(Aviones en Combate: Ases y Leyendas No.52) La Guerra Aérea Sobre los Balcanes

7/30/2019 (Aviones en Combate: Ases y Leyendas No.52) La Guerra Aérea Sobre los Balcanes

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purgs" Cg guti`lncgrg`g Vlpufcdkg ^rp skg# : Vlpufc dng ^lrvdg# bi tgrì

lb nrlgr sus pripdgs au lrzgs grhg`gs pgrg `lalb` lr ub arlbtl `l 7"1:: kh

nibtrg cgs au lrzgs husuchgbgs y nrigtgs" LD QV^ -Lolrn dti slrvdi `l Fis(

bdg$ nrli lb hgyi `l 7446 su pripdg aulrzg glrlg# nib gyu` g `l 7g OVQ

-Aulrzg Glrlg Al`lrgc yueiscgvg$# lb Fgbo g Cukg"

Cgs gnisg`gs au lrzgs `lc eifdlrb i fisbdi sl gprlsurgrib g piblr lb

slrvdndi ndlrti buhlri `l gvdibltgs pgrg gfgstlnlr sus lbncgvls sdtdg(

ìs" G lstl lsaulrzi nibtr dfuyi cg g`qudsdndib lb lc hlrngì bleri `l

mlcdniptlris Hd c Hd(= prinl`lbtls `l au lbtls `l Luripg I rdlbtgc y ù(

rgbtl cis trls gadis sdeud lbtls pdcitis fisbdis y hlrnlbgrdis sl `l`dng(

rib g cc lvgr g ngfi hdsdibls tlhlrgrdgs trgs cgs cdb lgs slrvdgs pgrg

gfgstlnlr g cgs aulrzgs husuchgbgs qul nihfgtdgb lb ub gs gfruhgì(

rgs nib`dndibls `l dbalrdird`g`"

ci s gvdibls `l vdedcgbndg rg`gr

Gwgns Fildbe L(>G `l cg Aulrzg `l

Gclrtg Plhprgbg Glrit rgbspirtg`g

`l cg IPGB nihlbzg rib g pgt ruccgr

sifrl cis Fgcngbls lb cg prdhgvlrg

`l 7446 y 7: mgb sleudì mgndlbì

lb cg rledib `ls`l lbtibnls

-@G^G$"



cis trdpucgbtls `l cis gvdibls qul

vicgfgb g ^grgolvi cDlvgfgb

nmgclnis gbtdfgcgs pgrg pritlelrsl

`l cis `dspgris mistdcls" cis

gvdibls lstgfgb tghfdch

lqudpgìsnib

ub fcdb`gol `lKlvcgr y sdstlhgs `l guti`lalbsg

pgrg lvdtgr slr gcngbzgìs cis

hdsdcls gbtdglrlis -Pdh Vdpcly$"

Prgbsgcc N"71: `l cg cuatwgaal

gclhgbg lstgndibgìs lb oucdi `l

7446 lb cgs gtlstg`gs pdstgs `l

_gerlf# qul sl mgfdg nibvlrtdì lb

lc prdbndpgc nlbtri `lc pulbtl glrli

`lc GNB\V g ^grgolvi -Pdh Vdpcly$"

CG DBPLVQLBNDIB INND@LBPGC

Cgs aulrzgs glrlgs `l cg IPGB lbtrgrib pir prdhlrg vlz lb gnndib lb

cg gbtdeug Tueiscgvdg ùrgbtl lc vlrgbi `l 7446# nugbì cg Gcdgbzg `l

nd`di lbvdgr ubg aulrzg bgvgc g c hgr G`rdgtdni pgrg dhpiblr lc lhfgr(

ei `l grhgs `lnrltgì pir cg IB\ nibtrg ti`gs cgs rlpufcdngs qul mgstg

lbtibnls mgfdgb nibstdtudì cg Vlpufcdng Al`lrgc îndgcdstg `l Tueis

cgvdg" LD nihpiblbtl glrli `l lstg iplrgndib lstgfg airhgì pir gvdi

bls Gwgns `l vde dcgbndg rg`gr Fildbe L(>G ^lbtry plrtlblndlbtls g cgAulrzg `l Gclrtg Plhprgbg Glritrgbspirtg`g Huctdbgndibgc `l cg IPGB

lbngregìs `l cg niflrturg glrlg `l cis fuquls `l cg Gcdgbzg"

Hdlbtrgs tgbti cg ngpdtgc fisbdg lstgfg sdlbì nlrng`g pir cgs aulrzgs

slrvdgs y sus ndu`g`gbis fihfgr`lgìs pir cgs pdlzgs `l grt dcclrdg lh

pc gzg`gs lb cgs hibtgbgs qul ri`lgb cg ndu`g`" @urgbtl ìs hlsls sl

cdfrgrib lbngrbdzgìs nihfgtls lb cis gcrl`lìrls `l cg ngpdtgc lbtrl

cgs aulrzgs euflrbghlbtgcls y cgs tripgs `lc Lol rndti slrvdi `l Fisbdg"

\b plqulbi nibtdbelbtl `l ngsnis g_cd cls `l cgs Bgndibls \bd`gs qul(

ì gtrgpgì `lbtri `l cg n du`g` # plri adbgc hlbtl sl nibsdeud i bleindgr

ub gnulrì pgrg plrhdtdr qul ls tg s aulrzgs gsuhdlslb lc nibtric `lc glripulrti sdtugì lb cis sufurfdis `l cg zibg lstl `l cg ndu`g`# pgrg pi(

`lr lstgfclnlr ub pulbtl glrli `l gy u`g muhgbdtgr dg `lstdbg`g g cg

pifcgndib ndvd c" Cg pisdfdcd`g` `l qul cg ag ctg `l gfgstln dhdlbti `l gcd

hlbtis privingsl lc mghfrl lbtrl cis mgfdtgbtls `l cg ndu`g` sdtdg`g aul

lc agntir qul hgs nibtrdfuyi g cg dbhl`dgtg gntdvgndib `l gqulc pulbtl

glrli"

Zlri ùrgbtl vgrdis `dgs bi aul pisdfcl gntdvg r lc pulbtl glrli# mgs

tg qul lD prlsd`lbtl argbnls# Argbyids Hdttlrrgb`# rlgcdzl ub gtrlvdì

vdgo l g cg ndu`g` lc 6= `l oubdi g firì `l ub Luriniptlr G^>1< @gu

pmdb `lc %Grhll `l c %Gdr

argbnlsg plrtlblndlbtl g cg ubd`g` `l trgbspirtl`l plrsibgcd`g`ls LP1:" Gc `dg sdeudlbtl# sdeud lbì cgs ir`lbls dhpgr

td`gs plrsibgc hlbtl pir Hdttlrrgb`# ìs gv dibls `l trgbspirtl Prgbsg cc

N"71: gtlrrdzgrib lb ^grgolvi pgrg `gr nihdlbzi g cg iplrgndib `l pulb

tl glrli" Itrgs aulrzgs glrlgs# `lhistrgbì qul bi lrgb hlbis qul cis

argbnlsls# rlndfdlrib cg ir` lb `l lbvdgr gvdibls `l trgbspirtl g ^grgo l

vi ngregìs nib gyu`g y suhdbdstris" Zribti # gvdibls ghlrdngbis# flc

egs# frdhbdnis# ngbg`dlbsls# gclhgbls# erdleis# dtgcdgbis# `l Grgfdg ^gu`d

y turnis rlgcdzgfgb g `dgr di vulcis rleucgrls g ^grgolvi `ls`l fgsls sd

tug`gs lb ti`g Lu ripg# gubqul

pgrg hl`dgìs `lc hls `l ou(cdi cg hgyirdg `l cis gvdibls

lbn greg ìs `lc pulbtl glrli

mgndgb lsngcg lb _gerlf"

Cg sl`l `lc Gcti Nihdsgrdg

ì `l cgs Bgndibls \bd`gs pg

rg cis Vlauedgìs -GNB\V$#

rg`dng`g lb Edblfrg sl lbngr

ei `l cg niir`dbgndib `l cis

vulcis `lc pulbtl glrli" Gc pi

ni tdlhpi# lc glripcclrti `l ^grgolvi iplrgfg fgoi lc nibtric

`l lsplndgcdstgs `l c %Grhll `l

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`l cgs Bgndibls \bd`gs " Gc prdbndpdi sl lbnihlbì g cgs tripgs ngbg

`dlbsls cg nusti` dg `lc gl ripulrti mgstg qul aulrib rllhpcgzg`gs pir

aulrzgs argbnlsgs g adbgcls `lc vlrgbi" @urgbtl gqulc vlrgbi cclegfgb gc

glripulrti # gmirg sdtugì lb hl`di `l ubg zibg huy gntdvg `lc arlbtl #6: vulcis `dgrdis" Lrg nirrdlbtl qul cis gvdibls `l trgbspirtl aulslb rl

ndfdìs nib `dspgris gc gprixdhgrsl gc glripulrti y# lb vgrdgs ingsdi

bls# cg IB\ tuvi qul susplb`lr lc pulbtl glrli g ngusg `l cg dbtlbsd`g`

`l cis nih fgtls lb cgs prixdhd`g`ls `lc glripulrti : lb cg slb`g `l gpri

xdhgndib "

Lc > `l slpt dlhfrl `l 7446 cg trgel`dg mdzi gpgrdndib # nugbì ub

gvdib `l trgbspirtl Gclbdg E666 `l cg Aulrzg Glrlg dtgcdgbg aul gcngb

zgì y `lrrdfgì ùrgbtl cg agsl adbg c `l cg gprixdhgndib gc glripulr

ti `l ^grgolvi# privingbì cg hulrtl `l cis nugtri trdpucgbtls qul dfgb

g firì" \bg pgtruccg `l fccsqul`g y rlsngtl lb nihfgtl nihpul'dtg pir

mlcdn1ptlris Fl cc GM(c U Nifrg y ^ dkirsky NM(<>L `lc Nulrpi `l Hg

rdbls `l cis Lstgìs \bdìs rln dfdi aulei gc gprixdhgrsl g c cuegr ìb

`l sl mgfdg lstrl ccgì lc gpgrgti" Mgstg cg alnmg bg`dl sl mg gtrdfudì cg

rlspibsgfdcd`g` pir lc gtgqul nibtrg lc gvdib dtgcdgbi# gubqul sl pri

ùoi sifrl ubg zibg `dsputg`g pir cis trls fgbìs lb nibacdnti" Cg nib

slnulbndg `lc gtgqul aul qul lc pulbtl glrli qulì susplb`dì ùrgbtl

ub hlsiCg \^GA rlgfrdi lc pulbtl glrli lc > `l intuf rl y# pinis `dgs

`lspuls# cis ngbg`dlbsls# argbnlsls y gcl

hgbls sl ubdlrib g cg iplrgndib nib gvdi

bls `l trgbspirtl grhgìs nib sdstlhgs

`l guti`lalbsg nibtrg hdsd cls" @dg trgs

`dg# ùrgbtl cis trls gadis sdeudlb tls # cis

gvdibls `l GNB\V gtlrrdzgrib lb l c

gl ripulrti# g plsgr `l sus tlrrdfcls nib

`dndibls hltliriciedngs # cgs hdbdhgs

gyu`gs g cg bgvlegndib y `lc nibstgbtl

plcderi `l slr gcngbzgìs lb vulci : lb

tdlrrg pir cis `dspgris `l cgs aulrzgs nib

tlb`dlbtls" Lc pulbtl glrli `l GNB\V

hgbtuvi cg ndu`g` `l ^grgolvi gfgstln d`g

ùrgbtl trls dbvdlrbis hgs# y mgstg l c ad

bgc `l cg iplrgndib# lb lblri `l 7441# sus

gpgrg tis rlgcdzgrib 76"4< 7 vulcis g cg

Lstl gvd1b `l trgbspirtl G btibiv

Gb (76 aul ubi `l cis prdhlris

gvdibls `lc lstl `l Luripg qul

aulrib acltgìs pir cg Aulrzg `l

Zritlnnd1b `l Bgndibls \bd`gs"

Lhplz1 g rlgcdzgr vulcis g

^grgolvi `ls`l cgs fgsls ciedstdngs

`l _gerlf y Flcergì lb oucdi `l

7446 -Pdh Vdpcly$"

LD plrsibgc `l tdlrrg `l c%Grhll `l

c%Gdr argbnlsg `lsngreg `l lstl

cinkmll` N(7>:L ub ngreghlbti `l

gyu`g muhgbdtgrdg ùrgbtl cis

prdhlris `dgs `lc pulbtl glrli g

^grgolvi lb oucdi `l 7446 -PdhVdpcly$"



Cis lbvdgìs lsplndgcls `l pgz

Nyrus Qgbnl y Cir` @gvd` Iwlb sl

prlpgrgb pgrg sufdr g firì `l ub

mlcdn1ptlri Flcc 076 acltgì pir cg

Aulrzg `l Zritlnnd1b `l cg IB\ lblc glripulrti `l Zclsi# lb _gerlf #

lb bivdlrbfrl `l 7446" @l 7446 g744< \BZVIAIV lrbpcl1

arlnulbtlrblbtl gvdibls y

mlcdn1ptlris acltgìs pir cg IB\

pgrg gpiygr sus iplrgndibls lb cg

gbtdeug Tueiscgvdg -IB\$"

Cis Hn@ibblcc @iuecgs A) G(7=N

Mirblt nib fgsl lb lc pirtggvdibls

\^^ Pmliìrl Viislvlct rlgcdzgrib

rbdsdibls sifrl Fisbdg ùrgbtl lc

vlrgbi `l 744> gctlhgbì su

nibadeurgnd1b? `l suplrdird`g`

glrlg y `l gpiyi glrli pr1x drbi

-Pdh Vdpcly$"

ndu`g`" @urgbtl lstl plraiì ubis 65:

gv dibls rln dfdlrib `dspgris# y <: `l

l ccis aulrib gcngbzgìs pir cis `ds

pgris lalntugìs `ls`l tdlrrg" Lxnlp

ti l c E"666 dtgcdgbi y ub Dcyusmdb 77 (56

acltgì pir cg ~ B \ # qul sl sg cdi `l cg

pdstg `lspuls `l ub hgc gtl rrd zgo l#

bdb e-7Oc gv dib aul `lrrdfgì"

744>? ^VLFVLBDNG

Cis ls aulrzis dbtlrbgn dibgcls pir nib

sleudr cg pgz priùol rib lsngsis rl

suctgìs ùrgbtl cis uctdhis hlsls `l

7446# y cis nI cccfgtls sl rlnru`lndlrib

gcrl`lìr `l ubg sl rdl `l lbncgvls

nibtricgìs pir cis Dccusuch gbls s d

tugìs lb cg pgrtl i rdlbtg c `l Fis bd g"

Gqul ccis lbncgvls s dtugì lb cis gcrl`lìrls `l ^rlfrlbdng# _lpg y

Ei rgz`l# qul cDlvgfgb hl ls sdtdgìs# lstgfgb `lslsplrg`gccclbtl lsng

sis `l g cdccclbtis# hl`dn dbgs y hgtl rdgc sgbdtgrdi" LDol al argbnls `lc Hgb

ì lb Fisbdg( Mlrzleivdbg `l cg Aulrzg `l Zri tlnn dib `l Bgn dibls

\bd` gs # E@ Zmdcdppl Hir dccib# ni bsdeud i dbtriùndrsl lb ^rlfrlbdng

ìb`l lbnibtri qul cg sd tugndib `l cg pifcgn dib qul gtls tgfg cg ndu`g`

lrg `lslsplrg`g# nib 6<"::: plrsibgs sifrlv dvdlbì lb nib`dn dibls ng

sd hl`dlvg cls"

LD prl"s d`lbtl birtlg hlrd ngbi Fdcc Ncdbtib ir`lbi g cg \^G A qul ir

egbdzgsl cg iplrgndib Zrivd`l Zrihdsl pgrg lalntugr cgbzghd lbtis `l ngr

egs `l gyu`g muh gbdtgrd g sifrl cis lbncgvls# `ls`l su ergb fgsl glrlg

`l Vm l db (Hgdb# nl rng `l Abdbnairt lb Gclhgbd g" Cg iplrgn dib `di ni

hd lbzi lc 6= `l alfrlri `l 744># y cis gv dibls `l trgbspirtl Cin kmll`

N( 7>:L Mlrnuc ls `l cg \^GA cDlvgrib g ng fi cgbzg cccdlbtis bin turbis

`l ng regs `l vdvlrls y itris suhdbdstris sifrl cis lbncgvls nlrngìs" Air

hgn dibls `l mgstg bulvl gv dibls g cg vlz rlg cdzg rib sg cd`gs bin turbgs

sifrl Fisbdg irdlbtg c `l airhg rleuc gr ù rgbtl ngsd `d ln din mi Dcclsls" G

prdbndpdis `l 7440# cg iplrgn dib `l pulbtl glrli y cgbzghdlbti `l ngr

egs aul rlairzg`g ni b hgs `l 00 gv dibls Mlrnucls # `l cis nugcls air

hgfg pgrtl ub aulrtl nibtdbel btl `l cg Vlsl rvg `l cg \^GA y `l cg

# (

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Cis Ulstcgb` Cybx MG^ 0-AV$ `l cg

Glribgutdqul Bgvgcl argbnlsg

trgbspirtgrib lqudpis `l

dbsplnndib g cis fuquls `l ngreg

qul bgvlegfgb pi r lc G`rdgtdni

sisplnmisis `l dbtlbtgr vdicgr lc

lhfgrei `l grhgs dhpulst i pi r cg

IB\ nibtrg ti`gs cgs gbtdeugs

rlpufcdngs yueiscgvgs -Pdh Vdpcly$"

Cis Fildbe KN (7>< ^trgtitgbklr

rlsuctgrib lslbndgcls pgrg

hgbtlblr lb hgrnmg cg iplrgndib

@lby Acdemt `lslhpladgbì su

hdsdib `l rlgfgstlndhdlbti `l

nihfustdfcl lb vulci g cis ngzgs

gcdgìs qul sl `drdedgb g pgtru\gr cgzibg `l vulci primdfdì sifrl

Fisbdg -Pdh Vdpcly$"

Eugr`dg Bgndibgc Glrlg# lbvdgì pir cis ghlr dngbis g cg fgsl `l Vm ldb

Hg db # oub ti nib gvdibls N"71: argbnlsls y gclhgbls" @urgbtl cg ipl

rgnd 1 b `l cgbzg hd lbt i `l ng regs# cis bir tlg hlrdng bis aul ri b

lvi cu ndibgbì sus tlnbd ngs `l cgbzghd lbti# pgsgbì `l cgbzgr pg cclts

`l hg`lrg nib suhdbdstris g cgbzgr gutlbtdngs &fihfgs lb rgndhi `l

vdvlrls& nihpulstgs pir ergb`ls pgqultls `l ngrt1b# qul sl rihpdgb nlr

ng `lc sulci# lspgrndlb` i pgqultls `l rgndibls gcdhlbtdndgs hdcdtgrls

sifrl cg zibg `l ng d` g"

Nugbì sl Dclvgrib g ngfi cis uct dhis cgbzghdlbtis `l ngregs lb

geisti `l 7440# gc gn tdvgr sifrl Fisbd g lc Lolrndti slrvdi `l Fisbdg su

sdstlhg `l `lalbsg fgsgì lb hd sdcls suplrad ndl(gdrl e udgìs pir rg`gr#

sl mgfd gb lalntugì ub gs 6"=6= sgcd`gs "

Cg nrdsds lb tirb i g ^rlfrlbd ng bi sl rlsicvd1 mgstg gfrdc `l 744>

nugbì cg IB\ `lncgr1 lc lbncgvl &zibg sleurg& `lshdcdtgrdzg`g y `ls

pc le1 lb lc tripgs ngbg`dlbsls `l hgbtlbdhdlbti `l pgz pgrg pritlelr(

7:" G nibtdbugnd1b cg IB\ dbtlbt1 gfrdr ub g rutg `l lvgnugnd1b `ls`l

^rlfrlbd ng pgrg sgngr `l gcd d g cis nlbtlbgrls `l plrsibgs mlrd`gs gtrg

pg`gs lb lc cuegr ùrgbtl lc hls `l hgrzi" LD 60 `l hgrzi ml cdn1ptl

ris Glrispgtdgcl ^G">>: " l cg Gv dgnd1b Cdelrg `lc Lolrndti argbn ls y

Uls tcgb` ^lg Kdbe MN"0 `l cg Viyg c Bgvy frdtgbd ng aulrib cis prdhl

ris lb vicgr mgstg ^rlfrlbdng" Cis mlcdn1ptlris argbnlsls au lrib sihl

tdìs g ub dbtlbsi fi hf gr` li grtdcc lri nugb` i `ls plegfgb `l su

dhprivdsg`g zibg `l gtlrrdzgol" Qgrdis sic`gìs `l cgs Bgndibls \bd

`gs au lrib mlrdìs y ìs ^lg Kdbe Dclegrib mgstg cg zibg pgrg lvg

nugrcls " Cis mlcdn1ptlris frdtgbd nis tghfdlb au lrib fihfgr`lgìs plri

nibsdeudlrib cDlvgr g sgcvi g cis mlrdìs mgstg Puzcg" Lb lsg lping# lc

glripulrti `l lsg ndu`g` `lc birtl `l Fisbd g# nibtri cgì pir aulrzgs `l

cg IB\# aul fihfgr`lgì hdlbtrgs cis mlrdìs lstgfgb sdlb` i `lslh

fgrngìs `l cis mlcdn1ptlris"

NI BPVIC @L NVD^ D^Cg dbnlsgbtl lsngcg`g `lc nibac dnti `l

Fisbd g ùrgbtl lc itibi `l 7446 mgfdg

ifcdegì g cg nihubd`g` db tlrb gndibgc

g dbnrlhlbtgr sus lsaulrzis `l &nibtric

`l nrd sds& pgrg nibtlblr y cdhdtgr cg eul

rrg" Lb intufrl `l 7446# cg IB\ `l

nrlt1 ubg &zibg `l vul ci primdfdì&

pgrg gvdibls hdcdtgrls sifrl Fisbd g# y

cg Aulrzg `l Gclrtg Plhprgbg Gl ritrgbspirtg`g `l cg IPGB lxtlb d1 lc rg

`d i `l gnnd1b `l sus iplrgndibls pgrg



Cis gpgrgtis `l cg vlrsdib `l

suplrdird`g` glrlg `lc @gssguct

Hdrgel 6:::# lc hi`lcl N# aulrib

cis prdhlris gvdibls `l c%Grhll `l

c?0drargbnlsg qul aulrib lbvdgìs gDtgcdg pgrg pgrtdndpgr lb cg

iplrgndib @lby Acdemt

-\^ @i@)ONN-@$$"

Cis hdcdndgbis fisbdi(nrigtgs `lcMQI lhpclgrib mlcdniptlris Hd c

Hd(= pgrg rlgfgstlnlr sus lbncgvls

lb Fisbdg nlbtrgc sdtdgìs pir cgsaulrzgs euflhghlbtgcls ùrgbtl

lc sgberdlbti nibacdnti Nrigtg

Husuchgb -Pdh Vdpcly$"

dbncudr lc nibtric `l gqulccg zibg# nib gvdi

bls L(> vicgbì nibstgbtlhlbtl sifrl lc

hgr G`rdgtdni y Muberdg" Ls ti uctdhi tl

bdg ub lsplndgc sdebdadngì# pulsti qul lrg

cg prdhlrg vlz qul aulrzgs glrlgs `l cg

IPG iplrgfgb sifrl lc tlrrdtirdi `l ub

Lstgì gbtdeui hdlhfri `lc Zgnti `l Qgr

sivdg" Cgs agnndibls lbarlbtg`gs lb Fis

bdg `lhistrgrib ubg titg c `lsprlinupgnd1b

pir cg zibg `l vulci primdfdì dhpulstg

pir cg Bgndibl \bd`gs# y lb hl`di `l cg

nrdsds `l ^rlfrlbdng# lb hgrzi `l 744># lc

Nibsloi `l ^leurd`g` `l cg IB\ tih1 cg

`lndsd1b `l plrhdtdr qul cg IPGB utdcdzg

sl sus lalntdvis glrlis pgrg dhpiblr lc

nuhpcdhdlbti `l cg primdfdnd1b `l vul cis " Gvdibls `l ngzg birtlghl rd

ngbis# frdtgbdnis# micgb`lsls# argbnlsls y turnis sl trgscg`grib g Dtgcdg#

u iplrgrib `ls`l cis pirtggvdils qul bgvlegfgb pir geugs `lc G`rdnStd

ni# pgrg gntugr fgoi l c hgbì `l cg <& Aulrzg Glrlg Pgntdng Gcdg`g

-^GPGA$ `l cg IPGB nib hdsd1b `l dhpiblr lc rlsplti `l cg zibg `l

vulci primdfdì" LD 76 `l gfrdc `l 744># cis gvdibls `l cg IPGB ni

hlbzgrib g cDlvgr g ngfi cg iplrgnd1b @lby Acdemc# ùrgbtl cg nug c pg

truccgs glrlgs `l nihfgtl pgtruccgrib ùrgbtl 60 mirgs gc `dg cis ndlcis

`l Fisbdg pgrg dhpl`dr qul cgs ag nndibls lb nibacdnti lhpclgslb gvdi

bls `l nihfgtl lb lstg cunmg"

Cgs iplrgndibls `l cis ngzgs lstgfgb nibtricg`gs pir ubgs rlecgs `l

lbarlbtghdlbti huy lstrdntgs pgrg lvdtgr nugcqudlr dbnd`lbtl &picdtdng

hlbtl& plrou`dndg c# `l hiì qul s17: gqul ccis gvdibls qul lstuvdlslb

dbtlrvdbdlbì gntdvghlbtl lb hdsdibls `l nihfgtl pi` dgb slr nihfgt d

ìs pir cis gpgrgtis `l cg IPGB ; cis `lhgs gvdibls : mlcdn1ptlris s1(

7: pi` dgb slr g`vlrtdìs `l qul `lfdgb gtlrrdzgr y sl cls pi` dgb lalntugr

pgsg`gs `l g`vlrtlbndg g ergb vlcind`g` pgrg ifcdegrcls g l cc i" Gubqul

cg s agnndibls lbarlbtg`gs lhpclgrib arlnulbtlhlbtl mlcdn1ptlris pgrg

rlgcdzgr hdsdibls `l gfgstlndhdlbti# pir 7: elblrg c bi lhpclgrib sus gvdi

bls `l ngzg ùrgbtl 744> y 7440"

Cg vucblrgfdcd`g` `l cgs tripgs `l hgbtlbd hdlbti `l cg pgz `l cg IB\

gbtl cgs rlprlsgcdgs `l cg aulrzgs cing cls mdzi qul cg nulstd1b `l cis

gtgquls glrlis sl nibvdrtdlsl lb lc tlhg `l ergb`ls nibtrivlrsdgs pi cd

tdngs lb cgs ngpdtgcls `lc hubì# yg qul hdlbtrgs cis Lstgìs \bdìs lstgfgb `dspulstis g mgnlr usi `lc grhg glrlg# cis luriplis sl histrgfgb

hgs ngutlcisis" Zlri lb hl`di `l ti`gs gqulccgs `dsnusdibls picdtdngs

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g gcti bd vlc lstgfgb cgs tripgs `l cg Aulrzg `l Zritlnn d1b `l cgs Bgndi

bls \bd`gs y cis gv dgìrls `l cg sgGPGA `l cg IPGB " Lb o ubdi `l

744> # cg nihubd`g` dbtlrbgnd ibgc gni r`1 pripirndibgr g cgs tripgs `l

\BZVIAIV gpiyi glrli pr1x dh i lb ngsi `l qul sus aulrzgs aulsl b

gtgng`gs# y l b nibslnulbndg sl gutirdz1 g cg <&GPG A g nihlbzgr g laln

tugr vulcis `dgrdis nib gv dibls `l g piyi glrli sifrl Fisbd g pgrg lstgr

prlpgrgìs pgrg dbtlrvlbdr lb ngsi `l qul cgs tripgs `l Bgn dibls \bd

`gs au lsl b gtgng`gs# plri s17: sd lc sln rltgrdi elblrgc `l cgs Bgndibls

\bd`gs# : su rlprlslbtgbtl `ls debgì# 7: gutird zgfg" Ls tg sdtugnd1b au l

cg qul sl nibind1 nihi l c gnulrì `l cg &ìf cl ccgvl& " ^17: ub hls hgs

tgr`l# cg bulvg ngpgn d` g` ia bsdvg `l cg IPGB au l utdcdzg`g pgrg `gr

ub uctdhgtuh gc Lolrndti slrvdi `l Fisbdg pgrg qul sl rltdrgsl `lc Hib

tl Dehgb# qul ìhdb g lc vg ccl ìb`l sl lbnulbtrg ^grgolvi "

Cgs fgsls glrlgs `l Dtg cdg sl nibvdrt dlrib lb pini tdlhpi lu lc ird

elb `l ubg nibstgbtl nirrdlbtl `l lsnug`ribls `l cg IPGB nugbì cgs

aulrzgs glrlgs gcdg`gs l hplzg rib g ri tgr sus ubd`g`ls pgrg pgrt dn dpgr lb

cg iplrgnd1b @lby Acdemt" Cg hgyirdg `l cis `lstgnghlbtis `l cis ls

nug`ribls pgsgfgb lbtrl ìs y trls hlsls `l sl rvdndi lb Dtg cdg# laln

tugbì hd sdibls `dgrdgs sifrl Fisbd g# fdlb plrsdeudlbì g cis gpgrgtis

qul vdicgfgb cg zibg `l vulci primdfdì# : fdlb lolrndtgbìsl lb cis

prinl`dhdlbtis `l g piyi glrli pr1x dh i nib cis `lstgng hlbtis tgntdnis

`l nibtric glrli `l cgs Bgn dibls \bd `gs qul lstgfgb sifrl l c tlrrlbi"

@urgbtl lc itibi# cis gvdibls `l cg IPGB lhplzg rib g lbtrgr lb gn

nd1b pgrg hgtlrdgcdzgr 7: qul sl `lbihdb1 ubg & prlslbndg glrlg& sifrl

cgs tripgs `l cgs Bgn dibls \bd`gs qul lstgfgb ghlbgzg`gs pir tripgs

mis tdcls" Bi rhg ch lbtl# cg gpgrdnd1b `l

cis aul rt lhlbt l g rh gìs Ag drnmdc`

G(cIG Ugrtmie : `l cis ^lplngt O geugr

ifcdegfgb g cis &slbirls `l cg eulrrg&

fisbdis g rltdrgrsl y g plrhdtdr qul cgs

aulrzgs `l cg IB \ nibtdbugslb nib su

hdsd1b muhgbdtgrd g"

^GVGOLQI 7440

Mgn dg l c adb gc `l 744> pgrlndg qul cg db tlrvlbnd1b dbtlrbgndibgc lb Fisbd g mg(

71 fdg cclegì g ub ngcclo1b s db sgcd`g" Piìs

Qgrdgs aulrzgs glrlgs gcdg`gs

lbvdgrib cinkmll` Z(> Irdib g cg

fgsl `l ^deiblccg# lb ^dndcdg# pgrg

pgtruccgr lc G`rdgtdni lb fusng `l

fuquls qul dbtlbtgslb rihplr lc

lhfgrei `l grhgs lb ubgiplrgndib qul aul `lbihdbg`g

^mgrp Eugr`" Lb cg dhgelb vlhis

ub Z(>Z Irdib `l cg Aulrzg Glrlg

pirtueulsg -Pdh Vdp)ly$"

G pgrtdr `lc hls `l gfrdc `l 744> y

ùrgbtl ìs gcdis y hl`di# cis

ngzgs Zgbgvdg Pirbgì A> `l cg VGA

pgtruccgrib cg zibg `l vulci

primdfdì ùrgbtl cg iplrgndib

@lby Acdemt `ls`l cg fgsl glrlg `l

Edidg `lc Niccl sdtug`g lb lc sur `l

Dtgcdg -Pdh Vdp)ly$ "



Lstl gvd1b `l trgbspirtl Gbtibiv

Gb (>6 rlgcdz1 hdsdibls rleucgrls `l

suhdbdstri g vgrdis pubtis sdtugìs

pi r ti`g cg gbtdeug Tueiscgvdg#

dbncuylbì hunmgs hdsdibls g

^grgolvi -IB\$"

Cis mlcdn1ptlris Glrispgtdgcl

^G >07 Egzlccl `l cg Gvdgnd1b

Cdelrg `lc L olrndti argbnls -GCGP$ sl

g`lbtrgrib lb Fisbdg lb gceubgs

`l cgs hdsdibls plcderisgs `l cg

eulrrg rlgcdzg`gs pi r cis pdcitis

innd`lbtgcls -Pdh Vdp)ly$"

cis pcgbls `l pgz mgfdgb argngsgì y cgs agnndibls lb nibacdnti bi his

trgfgb bdbecdb db`dndi `l lstgr ngbsg`gs `l nihfgtdr" \b gtgqul nib erg

bg`gs `l hirtlri qul sl priùoi lb ^grgolvi g prdbndpdis `l alfrlri `l

7440# qul mgfdg ngusgì cg hulrtl `l 1= ndvd cls# aul l c mlnmi qul gng

f1 `l `lnd`dr g cis cd`lrls picdtdnis innd`lbtgcls g gìptgr ubg gntdtu`

hgs lblredng lb l c prifclhg fisbdi" LD bulvi olal `l cgs aulrzgs `l cg

IB\ lb ^grgolvi# lc PE frdtgbdni ^dr Hdnmglc Visl# nibsdeud1 ngpdtg

cd

zgr lstl bulvi lstgì `l gbdhi `lspuls `l qul cg IPGB `dlslub

uctdhgtuh ghl bgzgbì nib cDlvgr g ngfi gtgquls glrlis sd cgs agnndibls

lb nibacdnti bi rlt drgfg b ti`gs sus grhgs plsg`gs aulrg `l ub g zibg `l

lxncusd1b `l ub rg`di `l >6 kh gcrl`lìr `l cg n du`g` : cgs `logfgb fg

oi nibtric `l cgs aulrzgs `l cg IB\ " Lb lc uctdhi hdbuti# trgs cg cDleg

`g `l tripgs rusgs# cis slrvdis nl`dlrib y rltdrgrib sus pdlzgs `l grt dcclrdg"

Lsti hgrn1 cg gelb`g `lc gbi sdeud lbtl# ùrgbtl lc nugc sl priùolrib

ubg slrdl `l sdtugndibls `l nrdsds lb cis gcrl`lìrls `l ^grgolvi rlcgtd

vgs gc nibtric `l cgs grhgs plsg`gs slrvdgs" @urgbtl gqulc vlrgbi Visl

si cdndt1 qul sl rlg cdzgslb gtgquls glrlis nibtrg cgs grhgs qul bi lstg

fgb lhp cgzg`gs lb cis pubtis nibtricgìs `l cis gcrl`lìrls `l cg ngpdtgc fisbdg"

ALFVLVI @L 7440? NIH FGPL^ GLVLI^

LD < `l alfrlri `l 7440# lc <61 : Lsnug`r1b `l ngzg Fcgnk Kbdemts `lc

Gcg =1 cDle1 g cg fgsl `l Gvdgbi nib sus Fc ink 0: A(71 pgrg prlstgr slr(

vdndi fgoi hgbì `l cg IPGB# ousti lb ub hihlbtg lb qul cg G cdgbzg

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y cg IB\ lstgfgb lb hl`di `l ubg

`dadndc sdtugnd1b nib cgs aulrzgs slr(

vdgs `lspcleg`gs gcrl`lìr `l ^g

rgolvi # `lspuls `l qul ubgs

erg bg`gs `l hirtlri gngfgslb nib

cg v d`g `l ìnlbgs `l plrsibgs lb

ub hlrngì `l cg ndu`g`" Prls sl

hgbgs `lspuls lc lsnug`r1b `ls

lhpldd1 ub `lstgngì pgplc lb ubg

gnnd1b lb cg qul aulrib `lrrdfgìs

nugtri gv dibls slrvdis"

Lb lc lspgn di `l gqulc frlvl

nihfgtl # l c Ngpdtgb Fif Udcfur

Urdemt sl nibvdrtd1 lb lc pdciti `l A(71 nib hgyir buhlri `l vdntirdgs

`l cg \^GA" Lb gqulc hihlbti# pir rgzibls `l sleurd`g` iplrgtdvg# cg

\^GA sl ble1 g d`lbtdadngr pufcdnghlbtl g Urdemt `lfdì g qul ti`g

vdg lstgfg rlgcdzgbì hdsdibls sifrl Fisbdg airhgbì pgrtl `l cg ipl

rgnd1b @lby A\em ) `l cg IPGB" û bihfrl sl mdzi pufcdni vgrdis hlsls`lspuls # nugbì cg nihpgbdg Cinkmll` Airt Uirtm# agfrdngbtl `lc A(71#

Dl nibnl`d1 lc Zrlhdi Irylb ^lhplr Qdplr pir &sus suplrdirls nugcd

`g`ls nihi pdciti& "

Gqul c agtg c nihfgtl nihlbz1 pini `lspuls `l cgs <?>: mirgs `l cg

hg`rueg`g `lc 60 `l alfrlri `l 7440# nugbì ub gvd1b Gwgns `l cg

IPGB `ltlnt1 ubg ai rhgn d1b `l sl ds rlgntirls qul sl `drdedgb g ti`g

vl cind`g` gc ûr `ls`l Fgbog Cukg mgndg Fisbdg nlbtrg c" Ilspuls sl su

pi qul cis ÎKI ME(6 Eg clf mgfdgb `lsplegì `l cg fgsl glrlg `l

\`fdbg sdtug`g lb cg rled1b `l Krgodbg# lb Nrigndg# nibtricg`g pir cis

slrvdis" Urdemt y lc qul lbtibnls lrg su pubti# lc pini nibindì Ngp^nitt I%Erg`y# lstgfgb lalntugbì ub vulci `l pgtruccg glrlg `l nih

fgtl sifrl Histgr# lb lc surlstl `l Fisbdg# utdcdzgbì cis db`dngtdvis rg

`di Fcgnk :> y :0 " Lb gqul c hihlbtg lstgfgb lbnug`rgìs lb lc

<61 : A^# qul lstgfg tlhpirgc hlbtl `lstgngì lb Gvdgbi `ls`l su fgsl

`l Vghstldb" Ils`l lc Gwgns ub nibtricgìr `l ngzg trgbshdtd1 g cis

ìs pdcitis lc vlntir pgrg dbtlrnlptgr g cis gvdibls slrvdis" GD hdshi

tdlhpi# lc L(>G lhplz1 g lhdtdr pir rg`di g`vlrtlbndgs g cis slrvdis#

ir`lbgbìcls qul gtlrrdzgslb : sg cdlslb `l cg zibg `l vulci primdfdì

dhpulstg pir cg IB\ : qul# `l 7: nibtrg rdi# slrdgb gtgngìs" Bi mufi

rlspulstg g cgs g`vlrtlbndgs"G cgs <?06 mirgs `l cg hg`rueg`g#

Urdemt y I %Erg`y trgbshdtdlrib bul

vgs g`vlrtlbndgs g cis slrvdis# cgs

nug cls tghfdlb aulrib debirg`gs" Ls

ti sunl`dg pini `lspuls `l qul

Urdemt mufdlsl vdsti g cis gvdibls

slrvdis lalntugr pgsg`gs `l fihfgr

`li sifrl ubg agfrdng `l grhgs sd

tug`g lb cg ndu`g` `l Bivd Prgvbdk

qul lstgfg fgoi nibtric husuchgb"Urdemt vdi lxp cisdibls lb tdlrrg y

pd`d1 plrhdsi gc Nlbtri Nihfdbgì

`l Iplrgndibls Glrlgs `l cg IPGB

cis mlcdniptlris Flcc 076^Z

Grgpgmis `l cg Aulrzg Glrlgbiruleg gpiygrib gc Fgtgccib

bir`dni `l cg IB\ `lspclegì lbFisbdg g pgrtdr `l 744> fgoi lcbihfrl `l ni`dei Bir(Gdr -Pdh

Vdpcly$"

ci s mlcdniptlris Fildbe Nmdbiik

MN6 `l cg VGA airhg rib lcnihpiblbtl `l trgbspirtl plsgì

`l cg 60& Frdeg`g glrihivdc `lcLolrndti frdtgbdni# qul `lslhpldd1

ub pgplc aub`ghlbtgc lb cg Aulrzg

`l Vlgnndib Vgpd`g `l cg IB\-Nlbtri `l Zriùnndib `l Hl`dis

`l Nihubdngndib `lc HgbìPlrrlstrl$"



`l Qdnlbzg pgrg gtgngr" ^leub cgs rl

ecgs `l lbarlbtghdlbti `l cg IB\ y

`l cg IPGB# lb gqulccgs ndrnubstgb

ndgs cg IPGB pi`dg sleudr ub pri

nl`dhdlbti `l &ubg sicg cDgvl&# pir

7: qul lc Nlbtri Nihfdbgì `l Ipl

rgndibls Glrlgs puì# ngsd dbhl`dg

tghlbtl# `gr g Urdemt cuz vlr`l pgrgrlgnndibgr g lstg acgergbtl vdicgndib

`l cg zibg `l vulci primdfdì"

Cis Egclf vicgfgb gmirg ruhfi gc

Birtl# gc tdlhpi qul dbtlbtgfgb `ls

nlb`lr g fgog nitg pgrg utdcdzgr lc tl

rrlbi hibtgadisi pgrg inuctgr su prlslbndg g cg vded cgbndg `l cis rg`grls

`l cg IPGB" Zlri Urdemt lstgfg yg sdtugì `ltbcs `l sus nicgs" G cgs

<?0< mirgs cgbzi su prdhlr hdsdc gdrl(gdrl gvgbzgì `l gcngbnl hl`di

-GHVGGH$ GDH(76: nibtrg cis Egclf " LD hdsdc `l eudg rg`gr sl

hdgntdvg lbnibtri bcpd`ghlbtl lc nghdbi g su ifoltdvi gcngbzgbì gcprdhlr Egclf# qul vicgfg g ubis <"::: pdls" Gmirg cis `lhgs Egclf

mgfdgb `lsnlb`dì g ubg gctdtu` `l pinis nlbtlbgrls `l pdls pgrg trgtgr

`l lsngpgr y rlerlsgr g \`fdbg" Urdemt nibtdbui cg plrslnundib# cDl

egbì g tlblrcis `lbtri `l cg `dstgbndg ladngz `l lhpcli `l sus hdsdcls

^d`lwdb`lr GDH(4; `dspgri ìs `l lstis hdsdcls fusngìrls `l ngcir"

Zuì vlr nihi mgndgb dhpgnti y nibvlrtdgb cis gvdibls slrvdis lb fi

cg s `l aulei" Cis pdcitis `l cis A(71 bi v dlrib gfrdrsl bdb eu b

pgrgngd`gs " Nib sus hdsdcls ngsd geitgìs y lc nihfustdfcl g pubti `l

geitgrslcl # Urdemt tuvi qul nl`lr su pulsti lb cg plrslnundib g

I %Erg`y# qul mgstg lbtibnls mgfdg gntugbì nihi lsnictg suplrdir pgrg su olal `l pgtruccg" I % Erg`y `lsnlb`di pgrg lbtrgr lb nihfgtl y `ds

pgri ub ^d`lwdb`lr plri lc hdsdc bi g`qudrdi lc ifoltdvi y agcci lc tdri"

Cis ìs gpgrgtis `l cg pgtruccg Fcgnk lstgfgb gmirg g pubti `l lbtrgr

lb cg nib`dndib"&fdbei& `l nihfustdfcl# gsd qul sl rltdrgrib g rlpistgr

`l ub Fildbe KN(7><V ^trgtitgbklr qul vicgfg lb ndrnucis irfdtgbì

sifrl lc G`rdgtdni" Itrg pgrlog `l A(71N `lc <61 : A^ # Kbdemt 6< T 61#

\b ^lplngt Ogeugr G `l DODcrhll `l

DODcdr argbnlsg ùrgbtl ubg pgtruccg

`l gpiyi glrli prixdhi sifrl

Fisbdg grhgì nib pi`s `l

nimltls `l vulci cdfrl -Pdh Vdpcly$"

Cis Hn@ibblcc @iuecgs A(7^L

^trdkl Lgecl `l cg 0=&Gcg `l ngzg

`l cg \^GA rlerlsgrib g cg fgsl

glrlg `l Gvdgbi# Dtgcdg# `lspuls `l

lbngflzgr lc gtgqul nibtrg cg fgsl

glrlg `l \`fdbg# sdtug`g lb cg

rledib nrigtg `l Krgodbg nibtricg`g

pir cis slrvdis ->7 & AU ZGc"

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mgfdg rlndfdì tghfdlb `lc Gwgns lc vln tir pgrg lalntugr cg dbtlrnlptg

nd1b" G cgs <?<: mirgs Kbdemt 6< nibsdeud 1 sdtugrsl `ltbds `l cis trls

Eg clf qul qul`gfg b" Nibsdeud1 lalntugr ub fulb lbegbnml y `lrrdf1 ub

gpgrgti sl rvdi nib ub ^ d`lw db`lr" Zgrg lbtibnls cis slrvdis lstgfgb yg

nlrng `l cg Aribtlrg dbtlrbgn dibgc y cis A 7 1 tuvdlrib qul `gr pir tdbg

Ddzg`g cg plrsln und1b pirqul cg IPGB bi tlbdg gutird zgn d1b pgrg gtg

ng r gv dibls au lrg `lc ls pgn di gl rli `l Fis bdg" Cis pdcitis slrvdis

nibsdeud lri b gtlrrdzgr g sg cvi lb \`fdbg" G cis pinis hdbutis cg bitd

ndg `l cg prdhlrg gnn d1b hdcdtgr ialbsdvg lb cg mdstird g `l cg IPGB sl

lx tlb`d1 pir tiì l c hubì" Urdemt y sus niclegs nibnl`dlri b `lspuls

vgrdgs lbtrlv dstgs g cis hl`dis `l nihubdngn d1b sifrl lc db n d`lbtl# utd

cdzgbì sus & db`dng tdvis rg`d i& nihi hl`d i `l d`lbtd tdngn d1b# plri `ls

puls rlerlsgrib `dsnrltghlbtl g sus vulcis iplrgtdvis "

EIVG_@L# GFVDC @L 7440

Ergndgs g cg bulvg gntdtu` &lblredng& gìptg`g pir cg IPGB y cg IB\

tgbti lb tdlrrg nihi lb lc gdrl# cg dbtlrvlbnd1b dbtlrbgn dibgc lb Fisbdg

pgrlndg qul gc tdb lhplzg fg g `gr rlsuctgìs" Pghfdlb pgrlndg qul lstgfg lhplzg bì g tihgr ai rhg ub g cti lc aulei y ubg lspln dl `l pcgb

`l pgz " Dblcusi cis nrigtgs y cis husuchgbls mgfdgb gnnl`dì g `logr

`l nI cccfgtdr lbtrl sd y g ubdr sus aulrzgs nibtrg cis slrvdis" Zlri cis

hgbìs `l cg IB\ y `l cg IPGB bi mgf dgb tlbdì lb nulbtg cg db

tculbndg `l c olal `lc Lolrn dti slrvdi `l Fisbd g# Elblrgc Vgtki Hc g`dn#

gc qul bi Dl prlinupgfg 7: hgs hdbdhi lc pcgb `l pgz bd lstgfg `d spulsti

g qul cg IB\ # cg IPGB : nugcqudlr itri Dl `dolsl 7: qul tlbdg qul mg

nl r" Lb gfrdc ir`lb1 g su lolrn dti qul cgbzgsl ubg ialbsdvg nib tiìs

sus laln tdvis pgrg tihgr lc lbncgvl `l Eirgz`l sdtugì lb lc lstl `l

Fisbd g" Gpgrtl `l ub plqulbi lqudpi `l ifslrvgìrls Dccdcdtgrls y ub lqudpi `l ni btric glrli tgntdni frdtgbd ni bi mgfdg bdbeubg ubd`g` `l cg IB\

lb cg zibg# y pribti aulrib lc fc gbni `lc aulei slrvdi"

G prdhlrgs mirgs `l cg tgr`l `lc cI `l gfrdc # ubg pgrlog `l A( 71 `lc

< 76: A^ lstgfg lalntugbì ub vulci `l pgtruccg sifrl Fisbdg nugbì

cDle1 ubg cDghg`g `l sinirri trgbsh dtd`g pir ub lqudpi `lc ^lrvdndi Gl

rli Lsplndgc -^G^$ frdtgbdni qul ls tgfg rln dfdlbì `dspgris `l ub ng

rri `l nI cccfgtl sl rvdi lb Eirgz`l" LD gvd1b Cinkmll` LN(7 >:L g firì

`lc nugc lstgfg lc Nlbtri Glritrgbspirtgì `l Hgbì y Nibtric `l cg

zibg `l nihfgtl `drded1 g cis ìs A 7 1 qul dbtlbtgrib lbnibtrgr cis ng

rris `l ni hfgtl slrvdis" Cgs bufls fgogs cls dhpd`dlrib lbnibtrgr su ifoltd vi prdbndpgc# pir 7: qul lc lqu dpi `l nibtric glrli tgn td ni `lc ^G^

frdtgbdni cls rl`drded1 g ub ifo l

td vi slnub` grd i# ub pu ls ti `l

hgbì `l grtdcclrdg " G plsg r `l cgs

hgcgs nib`dndibls hltliric1e d

ngs # cis A ( 71 ni cing rib nugtri

fihfgs `l 665 ke Hk"=6 sifrl lc

ifoltdvi# y nibsdeudlrib `ltlblr

tlhpirgc hlbtl lc gvg bnl slrvdi"

Cis gtgquls `lc Lolrndti slrvdi `lFis bd g ni bt dbugrib g c `d g s d

eudlbtl# y ubg pgrlog `l Hn@ib(

bl cc @i ue cgs AG (7 =G # `l c

Cis gvdibls `l Eulrrg lclntr1bdng

Eruhhgb LG(1= Zriwclr `l cg

Hgrdbg y `lc Nulrpi `l Hgrdbls `l

cis LL "\\ " gpiygrib ti`gs cgs

iplrgndibls glrlgs gcdg`gs

dhpirtgbtls ùrgbtl lc grdi 744<

pgrg blutrgcdzgr cg ghlbgzg `l cis

hdsdcls suplradndl(gdrl eudgìs pir

rg`gr -Pdh Vdpcly$"



@urgbtl lc vlrgbi `l 744<# cis

mlcdniptlris `l trgbspirtl Hdc

Hd (61 `l cg Gvdgndib `lc Lolrndti

unrgbdgbi tlbdgb su fgsl lb ^pcdt#

Nrigndg# pgrg trgbspirtgr gyu`g

muhgbdtgrdg g Puzcg# lb lc birtl `l

Fisbdg# pgrg hdcls `l rlauedgìs

husuchgbls qul mgfdgb sdì

lxpucsgìs `l ^rlfrlbdng `lspuls`l qul gqulccg µzibg sleurg & aulsl

inupg`g pi r cis slrvdis -Pdh

Vdpcly$"

Ngzgfihfgr`lris Hdkiygb HdE(67

fds nib fgsl lb Zucg# ^pcdt y _gerlfnibstdtuylrib cg pubtg `l cgbzg `l

cg iplrgndib ^tirh# cg ialbs vg qul

`lrriti `lndsdvghlbtl g cgs aulrzgs

slrvdgs `l cg rledib `l Krgodbg

->7 & AUZG$ "

LD Nulrpi `l Gvdgndib `lc Lolrndti

frdtgbdni lbvdi g Nrigndg g

prdbndpdis `l 744< cis mlcdniptlris

Cybx GM "5 `lc 110& Lsnug`rib pgrg

gpiygr gc nibtdbelbtl frdtgb dni `l

cg IB\ `lspclegì lb Fisbdg#pripirndibgbìcl ubg huy

blnlsgrdg ngpgnd`g` `l rlspulstg

grhg`g rgpd`g y `l rlnibindhdlbti

-Pdh Vdpcly$"

QHAG(-GU$(6^ c `lc Nulrpi `l Hgrdbls `l

cis Lstgìs \bdìs rlpdtdlri b lc gtgqul"

Gqul ccis gtgquls glrlis# cis prdhlris og

hgs rlg cdzgìs pir gv dibls `l cg IPGB# ng c(

hg rib tlhp irgc hlbtl cg s dtu gn dib# plri

pinis `dgs `lspuls cis slrvdis vicvdlri b g

gtgng r" \b gv dib `l rlnibin dhdlbti Ltlb

`gr` DQ argbnls aul gcngbzgì pir ub hd s dc

fusngìr `l ng cir hdlbtrgs lalntugfg rlpl

td`gs pgsg `gs pgrg trgtgr `l lbni btrgr ifol

td vis pgrg cgs gnn di bls `l gpiyi gl rli

prix dh i" û pdciti nibsde ud i sg cvgrsl lyln

tgbìsl si frl tlrrdtirdi nibtricgì pir cis fisbd is# y hgs tgr`l aul lx

tr gdì `l c lbncgvl lb ub mlcdni ptlri Zuhg `l cg ubd `g` `l c G CGP

`ls tgng `g lb ^pcd t# oubti ni b lc lqudpi `lc ^G^"

Ni b cgs aulrzgs slrvdgs g pubti `l lbtrgr lb Ei rgz`l# cg IPGB dh

pusi gmirg it rg zi bg `l lxn cu sdi b `l grhgs gcrl`lìr `lc lbncgvl y

ghlbgzi nib cclvgr g ng fi dbtlbsis gtgquls glrlis g hlbis qul Hcg`dnsusplb`dlsl su ialbsdvg" Lc elblrgc sl rvdi `ltuvi lc gtgqul" Cgs tripgs

`l cg IB\ lbtrgrib g cg aulrzg lb lc lbncgvl y cg nrdsds pgsi" Gmirg cis

arlbtls `l Fis bd g lstgfgb lxt rgddghlbtl trgbqudcis"

\@F DBG# BIQDLHFVL @L 7440

Cis ls aulrzis `dpcihgtdnis dbtlrbgn dibgcls pgrg hl`d gr lb ub pc gb `l

pgz aulrib plr`dlbì egs g c ccleg r lc itibi"

Prgs \@ gtgqul glrli nibtrg \`fdbg# `l ìb`l prinl`dgb cis gtgquls

gl rlis slrvdis y cis pistl rd irls gtgq uls `l cg IPGB nibtrg lhpcgzg

hdlbtis `l grhgs gbtdglrlgs `lc birils tl `l Fisbd g# cis slrvdis privingrib ubg lsngcg`g lb lc nibacdnti tihgbì nihi rlmlbls g hgs `l 6::

si c` gìs `l cg IB\ lb cis gcrl`lìrls `l ^grgolvi " Cis eifd lrbis innd

`lbtgcls sl lnmgri b gtrgs y sl blegrib gvl r lc agri c `l Hc g`d n" Cgs ipl

rgn dibls gl rlgs `l cg IPGB sl rlùol rib `rgstdnghlbtl y l c Lol rndti

slrvdi `l Fisbd g cdflri g sus rlmlbls "

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g?a(g( %82a(g""«u

LB GT\@G @L

^GVGOLQI

Lagn ti r qu l pr iv ini l c `lsl bng` lbghd lbt i `l cis g tgqu ls

glrlis `l cg IPGB au l ub gtgqul db`d snrdhdbgì nib ergbg`g s

`l hirtlri ni btrg ^g rgo lvi cg hgbgbg `lc 6= `l geisti `l 744 <#

qul ngusi cg hu lrtl `l >5 ndvdcls y n dlbtis `l mlrdìs " G cgs pings mi(

rgs cg IPGB y cgs au lrzgs `l cg IB\ mgfd gb ni hpc ltgì cis prlpgrgtd(

vis pgrg cc lvg r g ng fi ub g sl rd l `l gtgqu ls gl rlis qu l ng hfd grd gb

`b%ts td ng hlbtl lc lqudcdfrd i hdcdtgr lb Fis bdg " ^l `ltlrhdbi qu l cis slr(

vdis lrgb cis nucpgfc ls `l c gtgqu l ni b hirtlris # y cg ccgvl IB\ (IPGB

&`l cis fihfgr`lis& au l gnn dibg`g" Gmirg cis eifd lhis inn d`lbtg cls

bi tlb dgb itrg gctlh gtd vg hgs qul gpiygr g sus olals hdcdtgrls" LD rl cioqul hgrng fg cg mirg `l c cgbzg hdlbti `l cg iplrgn dib @lcdflrgtl Ai rnl

sl mgfdg pulsti lb hgrnmg"

@urgbtl l c `dg 6= `l geisti# lb lc Nl btri Ni hfdbgì `l Iplrgn di(

bls Gl rlgs `l Qd nl bzg sl lstgfgb

mgn dlb` i cis prlpgrg td vis blnlsg

rd is pgrg rlubdr pg rg cg iplrgn dib

ubg aulrzg `l hgs `l ><: gv dibls"

@ls`l sus fgsls au lrib lbvdgìs g

Dtg cdg gv dibls `l gtgqul y gv dibls

bi`rd zg pgrg qu l lc prdhlr gtgqu lpu`dlsl rlgcd zgrsl g prdhlrgs mirgs

`lc >: `l geisti " LD ol al `lc Ni h(

piblbtl glrli `lc Hgbì IPGB `lc

sur `l Luripg# l c PE `l cg \^GA

Hdk l Vyg b vi ci mgs tg Qdnlbzg pg(

rg mgnlrsl ngrei plrsibgchlbtl `lc

hgbì `l cg i plrgndib" Cg <& GPGA

`lfdg lolnutgr lc pc gb `l gtgqul gl(

rli lb nii r`dbgndib ni b cgs au lrzgs

`l cg IB \ `lc El blrgc ^hdtm# g trgvls `lc LH -Lstgì Hgyir$ `lc Nugr(

tlc El blrg c `l Iplrgndibls `l cg Aulrzg `l Vlgnndib Vgpd` g `l cg IB\ #

qul tlbdg su fgsl lb Kd sl co gk# hu y nlrng `l ^g rgolvi" Lb Qd nl bzg # cis

hdlhf ris `lc LH gl rli # fgoi lch gbì `l c `drlntir `lc Nlbtri `l Ipl(

rgndibls glrlgs# lc Ntl" `l cg \^G A Mgc Mirbfure# lhp lzi g trgfgogr g

pc lbi rlb`dhd lbti pgrg gs debgr cgs grhgs y cis gv dibls `d spibdfcls g cis

ifo ltd vis" Cg acitg gl rlg sl iregbd zi lb ubg sl rdl `l erupis `l gtgqul#

lb cis qu l sl ni hfdbgfgb cis gvdibls lbng regìs `l cgbzg r fihfgs :

`d spgrgr hds dcls ni b ngzgs# gv dibls nib hdsdib `l suprls dib `l cgs `l(

albsgs gl rlgs lblhdegs# ubd`g`ls `l fccsqu l`g y rlsngtl lb ni hfgtl# y

gv dibls bi`rd zg pgrg l c gfgs tln dhdlbti `l nihfu stdfc l lb l c gdrl# gpi(

ygìs pir gv dibls `l rlnibin dhdlbti" Ng`g ubi `l cis erup is lstgfg air(

hgì pir gvdibls plrtlbln dlbtls g vg rdgs `l cgs bgndibls qul pgrtdndpgfgb

Zgrg cg iplrgndib @lcdflrgtl Airnl#

cg \^GA lbvdi gc glripulrti `l

Zdsg# lb Dtgcdg# ub `lstgnghlbti `l

gvdibls bi`rdzg Hn@ibblcc @iuecgs

KN(7: Lxtlb`lr pgrg guhlbtgr`rgstdnghlbtl cg ngpgnd`g` `l

rlgfgstlndhdlbti lb vulci `l cis

lalntdvis glrlis `l cg IPGB -Pdh

Vdpcly$"

66 lb cg iplrgn dib `l cg IPGB "



ci s Hn@ibblcc @iuecgs A)G7=N

Mihlt grhgìs nib hdsdcls

gbtdcPg`gr GEH(== MGVH rlgcdzgrib

nibstgbtls pgtruccgs pgrg

rlspib`lr g cg ghlbgzg `l cis

hdsdcls suplradndl(gdrl nibtrg cisgvdibls gcdgìs qul iplrgfgb

sifrl Fisbdg -Pdh Vdpcly$"

@urgbtl 744<" cis Hn@ibblcc

@iuecgs A)G(7=@ Mihlt fdpcgzgs`lc QHAG-GU$(<>> `lc Nulrpi `l

Hgrdbls `l cis LL "\\"

pripirndibgrib ubg gutlbtdng

ngpgnd`g` huctdhdsd1b g cgs

iplrgndibls `l cg IPGB" vg qulrlgcdzgrib hdsdibls nib hdsdcls

gdrl(gdrl GDH(4 ^d`lwdb`lr" fihfgs

eudg`gs pir mdslr Zgvlwgv Q grhgsgbtdcPg`gr GEH(== MGVH -Pdh

Vdpcly$"

@LG@(LTL GC ^\VL^PL

Cis gv dibls `l cg IPGB lhplzg rib g `ls

pleg r g cdctdhgs mirgs `l c 64 `l geisti# ni b

`ls tdb i g sus ifol td vis sdtu gìs lb l c ls tl

`l Fis bdg" Lb cg prdhl rg agsl `l cg iplrg

n dib bi sl gtgng rib ifol td vis sdtu gìs lb l c

ils tl `l Fis bdg" Cis gvdibls bi`rd zg `l cg

\^ GA KN( 7> < T Hn@ i bb l cc @i u e cgs

KN(DI ls tgfgb irfdtgbì sifrl l c G`rdgrd

ni# nlrng `l ^pcdt # pgrg rlgf gstlnlr `l nih

fustdfcl gc prdhlr erupi `l g tgqul nihpu lsti

pir 70 gp grg tis nib hd s dib `l suprls dib `l

cgs `l albsgs glrlgs lblhd egs - ^ LG@ $ y trls

gv dibls `l g tgqul" Cis Mirblt# A(7 1 y Eruh

hgb LG(1 F Zriw clr# grh gìs ni b hds dc ls gbtdrrg`gr `l g ct g vl cin d`g`

-MG VH $ GE H(== T fihf gs e ud g`gs pir cgsl r Zgvlwgy# tlbagb cg hd

sdib `l `g ddgr cg rl` `l `l albsg gl rlg dbtle rg`g `l cis sl rvdis lb l c ls

tl `l Fisbdg" LD erup i gtgni 7< ifo ltdvis # lbtrl cis qu l lstgfgb fgtl rags

`l hd s dcls suplradnd l( gdrl# nlbtris `l nihubdngndibls# rl`ls `l rg`g

rls y fccccklrls `l hgbì" Dbhl`dgtghlbtl gbtls `l priùn drsl cis gtg

qu ls # gpgrg tis `l cg Hgrdb g `l eulrrg `l cis Lstgìs \bdìs cgbzg rib

ub lbo g hfrl `l sl ddul cis tgn td ni gl rlis GEH(707 # lb ub dbt lbt i `l

ifcd eg r g cgs `l albsgs gl rlgs `l c Lo lrn dti sl rvdi `l Fis bdg g qu l gntd(

vgslb su rl` `l rg`grls pgrg qu l

cis MG VH sl lbeg bnmgslb g cg

sl ddg c lhdtd`g pir cis rg`grls gn

td vis" Zlri cis sl rvdis hgbtu vdl

rib su `d sndpcdbg y bi hi r`d lrib

l c gbzul ci "

Cgs prdhlrgs fihf gs ngyl rib

pini `ls pu ls `l cgs 6 `l cg hg

`rueg `g `l c >: `l geis ti si frl

ubg fgtl ra g `l hd s dc ls suplrad n dl

g drl -^GH $ l hpcg zg` g g c bi rtl

`l ^g rgo lvi" LD prdbndpg c fubklr

`l ni btri c `l `l albsg gl rlg sl r

v di s dtugì lb l ch ibtl Ogmirdb g#

g c ls tl `l ^g rgo lvi # rln dfdi ub db

tlbsi fihfgr`li pgrg dhpl`d r nu g cqud lr tdpi `l rl spulstg nii r`db g

`g pir pgrtl `l cis ^GH : cg grtdcc l rag gbtd gl rlg sl rvdg " Cgs gnn di bl s

`l eulrrg l cln tri bdng rlg cd zg `gs pir cis E ruhhgb LA DDD G Vgvlb y

cis LN( 7>: M Ni h pgs Ng cc nleg ri b tiìs cis rg`g rls qu l qu l`gfgb lb

aub n dibghd lbt i# g c deug c qul cis lbcgnls rg`d i lbt rl cgs fgtl rags ^G H"

Irfdtgb` i si frl l c G`rd g td ni ls tg fg l c gv dib `l dbt l cdel bn dg l cln tri

bdng `l cg \^GA VN( 7>< Vd vl t Oi dbt ifsl rvg b` i nug cqud lr rls puls tg

`l cg rl` `l `l albsg gl rlg `l c Lo l rn dti sl rv di `l Fis bdg" G`lhgs ls

tgfg lb l c g drl ubg pgrlog `l gv dibls `l gpiyi gl rli prix dh i cd stis

pgrg rls pib` lr g n ugcqud lr dbtl rvl bn di b `l cg grtdcclrag sl rvd g# y ub

erupi `l ml cd ni ptlris `l fccsqu l`g y rlsng tl `l ni hf gtl ^dkirsky Zg

vl Ciw DDD HM(<> O T gvdibls bi`rd zg MN (7 >: n uyg dbtlrvlb n dib bi

au l blnlsg rd g"

rb

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GPGW\L^ NIBPVG ^GVGOLQI

G nibtdbugndib cg <g GPGA `l cg IPGB lbvdi

gc prdhlri `l cis ndbni erup is `l gtgqul qul

lbtrg rd gb lb gnn dib gqulc `dg sifrl ^g rgo lvi"

Cgs nghgrgs `l tl clv dsdib adch grib gc prdhlr

erup i gtgngbì ifo ltd vis sdtugìs lb cis gcrl

`lìrls `l ^g rgolvi lb hl`di `l cg isnurd`g`

`l cg binml" ^l `d stdb eudgb cgs dhgelbls ag btgshgcls `l cis Mirblt `d spgrgbì flbeg cgs sl

bulci hdlbtrgs cgbzgfgb fihfgs eud g`gs pir

cgslr ni btrg cis ifo ltd vis sdtugìs lb cis hib

tls qul ri`lg b cg ngpdtg c fisbd g" Cg ndu`g` rl

tuhf i ni b cgs lbi rh ls lx pc is dibls g c sl r

g cng bzg ìs cis `lpis dtis `l hubdndibls slr

vdis # oubti nib sus lhpcgzg hdlbtis `l fgtl

rd gs ^G H y puls tis `l hgbì"

LD Erup i `l gtgqul G )ag sifrl ^grgolvi lstgfg ai rhgì pir 7: gpg

rgtis `l gtgqul y nugtri gv dibls ^LG@" Lbtibnls cg grtdcclrdg `l cgs

au lrzgs `l cg IB \# lhpc gzg`g lb l c hibtl Dehgb# sl ubd i g c fihfgr

`li ùrgbtl hgs `l ubg mirg# lalntugbì ubis 1:: `d spgris nibtrg cgs

pis dn dibls `l grtdcc lrdg y cis ngrris `l ni hfgtl sl rvdis `ls pc legìs lb

lc arlbtl " GD `ls pubtgr lc gcfg# ^grgolvi sl lstrlhln di nib cis gtgquls

`l c Erup i `l gtgqul Frgvi qul lbtrgfg lb gnn dib gtgngbì hgs `lpi

s dtis `l hubdndibls"

Ndbni mirgs `lspuls # cis 76 gpgrgtis `l c Erup i `l gtgqul Nmgrcdl

au lrib lbvdgìs g fihfgr`lg r `lpis dtis `l hubdn dibls y cis gchgnl

bls `l gfgs tln dhdlbti sdtugìs lb cgs prix dhd`g`ls `l Zgcl# cg ng pdtgc

`l cis sl rvdis `l Fisbd g" \b Hdrgel 6:::B K(6 argbnls

gc LN6)> Nmghpgebl aul g cngb zgì pir ub hd s dc pirtgtdc fusngìr `l

ng cir" ûs trdpucgbtls sl lyln tgrib y aulrib ng pturgìs # plri bi aulrib

Ddflrgìs mgstg lc hls `l `d n dlhfrl `lspuls `l cg adrh g `l cis gn ul r

ìs `l pgz `l @gy tib"

Cg IPGB nibtdbui nib su ng hpgbg `l fihfgr`lis # y# pir cg tgr`l#

l c Erup i `l gtgqul @lctg gtgni hgs `lpis dtis `l hubdn dibls" @urgbtl

cg hgbgbg# au lrib lbvdg` is ìs Erup is `l ^LG @ `l zibg airhgìs pir

76 y 6< gp grgtis # rlsplntd vghlbtl# pgrg rlspib`lr g cg ghlbgzg `l cis

^G H slrvdis " Zir cg tgr`l sl rlpdtdi ls tg gnndib# y lb lsg ings dib sl lb

vdgrib itris ìs Erup is `l ^LG @ `l zi bg ni hpu ls tis pir 74 y 1 gpg

rgtis lb ng`g pgtruccg" Cis Mi rb lt `l cg Hgrdbg y `l c Nulrpi `l Hgrdbls

`l cis Ls tgìs \bdìs y `l c Lo l rn dt i `l c Gdrl ls pg bi c# oubti nib

Zriw clr `l cg Hgrdbg birtlg hl rd ng bg aulrib cis lbng regìs `l cDlvgr g

ng fi lstgs hdsdibls # plri cgs `lalbsgs gl rlgs `l c Lolrndti sl rvdi `l Fis

bd g plrhgblndlrib &gegzgpg`gs& y bi dbtlbtgrib `lsg adgr g cis gv dibls

`l cg IPGB "

Gpiyi GLVLI ZVI]DHI ÎFVL ^GVGOLQI

G 7: cgrei `lc `dg sl hgbtuvi ubg nibstgbtl prlslbn dg `l gv dibls `l gpi

yi gl rli prix dh i sifrl ^g rgo lvi pgrg pritlelr g cgs tripgs `l cg : \"

Lb lsg gnn dib pgrtdn dpgrib 1: gv dibls qul sl turbgrib lb ubg rutg `l

pgtruccg sifrl ndu` g` lbtrl cgs 0?>: `l cg hg`ru eg`g y cg hl`dg bin ml"

@urgbtl cgs mirgs `l cuz# pgrlo gs `l G( cIG `l cg \^GA y A(7 1 micgb(

Gvdibls `l vgrdgs aulrzgs glrlgs

gcdg`gs aibbgfgb pgrtl `l cis

erupis `l gtgqul nihfdbgìsùrgbt l cg iplrgnd1b Gccdl` Airnl"

Gqu d vlhis g ub Cinkmll` Hgrtdb

A(71G Ademtdbe Agcnib `lc

>66µ Lsnug`r1b micgb`ls

rlgcdzgbì ubg pgtruccg `l gpiyi

glrli pr1x dhi oubti g ub Igssguct

Hdrgel 6:::: `l cg > % Lsng`rl `l

Nmgssl `l c%Grhll `l c%Gdr argbnlsg-Pdh Vdpcly$"



CGHDBG^ LB NICIV

Hdkiygb HdE(64# BW`l slrdl? 7=770# 7656 Lsnug`r1b `l Ngzg Kbdemts# Oueiscgvlbski Vgtbi

Qgzùmipcivsti -OVQ$ -Aulrzg Glrlg yueiscgvg$# fgsl glrlg `l Fgtgobdng# Flcergì# ^lrvdg#

oucdi `l 7447

G pgrtdr `l 74=5# cg Aulrzg Glrlg yueiscgvg rlndfdi 70

H dE(64 hibip cgzg y ub pgr `l gpgrgtis `l cg vlrsdib fdpcg

zg" Ls tis gv dibls lbtPgrib lb gnndib lb cgs eulrrgs `l

Ls civlbdg# Nrigndg y Fisbdg lbtrl 744 7 y 7446# prdbndpgc

hlbtl lb su nibadeurgndib `l gtgqul g tdlrrg" Lb cg eulrrg `l

7444 lb Kisivi# lc 765: Lsnug`rib aul lc qul prlslbti ubg

hgyir rlsdstlbndg g cgs aulrzgs glrlgs `l cg IPGB# g nibsl

nulbndg `l 7: nugc plr`d i slds gpgrgtis lb nih fgtls glrlis

nibtrg ngzgs `l cg \^GA y `l cg A"G" micgb`lsg" LD buhlri

`l gpgrgtis `lstrudìs lb tdlrrg sleub cis dbairrbls `l cg

IPGB pgrln dg db`dngr qul tiìs cis HdE(64 yueis cgvis

mgfdgb sdì `lstrudìs; plri gc hlbis ub i `l lccis mg sdì

vdsti lb vulci `lspuls `lc adbgc `l cg eulrrg# trgs 7: nugc sl

mg sgfdì qul cis yueis cgvis nrlgrib ub g ergb ngbtd`g` `l

HdE(64 sladulci ìtgìs nib Aulbtls elblrgìrgs `l ngcir

pgrg nibaub`dr g cg dbtlcdelbndg `l cg IPGB"

Hdkiygb Eurlvdnm HdE(67fds# BW`l slrdl?7:># 7lr Lsnug`r1b `l ngzg# Mrvgtski Vgtbi_rgkipcvstvi -MV_$ -Gvdgnd1b `l Eulrrg Nrigtg$# Glripulrti `l Zclsi# _gerlf# Nrigndg#oubdi `l 7446

LD H E (6 7 & 7:>& aul l c tlrnlr gvdib `l ngzg g rlgnndib qul

cDlvi cis l hfclhgs `l cg Gvdgndib `l Eulrrg nrigtg n ugbì

sl nrli cg aulrzg glrlg `l lstg oivlb rlpufcdng db`lplb`dlbtl

lb 7446 " Ls tl HdE(6D # qul gbtlrd irrb lbtl mgfdg plrtlbln d

ì g cg Aulrzg Glrlg yueis cgvg y mgfdg cDlvgì lc buhlri

`l sl rd l 75715# aul cDlvgì l b hgyi `l 7446 gc glripulrti

nrigtg `l ^pcdt pir ub pdcicI qul mgfdg `lslrtgì `l cg A"G "yueis cgvg " Dbhl`dgtghlbtl aul pdbtgì nib cgs db sdebd gs

nrigtgs y lbtri lb gnndib ùrgbtl cis prdhlris `dgs `l cg

eulrrg lb Fisbd g" LD D lr Lsnug`rib `l ngzg bi tgrì hunmi

lb slr nibin d` i pir lc sifrlbihfrl `l Cis Ngfgcclris Bl(

eris gc nugc mgnl gcu sdib cg db sdebd g `lc ngfgcclri qul cDlvg

pdbtg`g lb l c hi rr i" Pghfdlb cDlv g pdbtgì lc clhg

Istvlbcbdk Qukivgrg -Ql begìr `l Qukivgr$ lb mibir g cg

ndu`g` sdtdg`g `l Qukivgr" Prls g dcis `lspuls cis nrigtgs mg

fdgb g`qudrdì yg ub is 0: H dE(67 qul mgfdgb plrtlblndì

g \nrgbd g# y qul aulrib gsdebgìs g cis Lsnug`ribls `l ngzg 67 : T 66: g td lhpi `l pgrtdndpgr lb cg ia bs dvg nibind`g

nihi iplrgndib ^tirh nuyi ifoltdvi lrg qul _gerlf nibsd

eud lsl mgnlrsl nib lc nibtric sifrl cg rledib `l Krgo dbg" 6<



cinkmll` N(7>:L Mlrnucls# B6 `l slrdl 0:<>5# Gcg `l Prgbspirtl# _gerlf# Nrigndg# oucdi `l

7446# iplrgndib Zrivd`l Zrihdsl

Hdlbcrgs cg dbclrvlbndib dbclhgndibgc lb cg eulrrg `l

Fisbd g dfg e gbgbì dhpucsi ùrgbcl lc vlrgbi `l 7446# cis

gvdibls `l crgbspirtl Cinkmll` N( 7>:L Mlrnucls `l c

>5° Lsnug`rib `l Prgbspircl Glrli# & Dgs hisngs `l ni cg

gzuc &# aulrib cis prdh lris gv dibls `l cg \^GA qul gclrrdzg

rib lb ^grgolvi pgrg trgbspirtgr gy u`g muhgbdcgrd g" Nugbì

sl mdzi lvd`lbcl qul gqulc pulbcl glrli bi dfg g slr ub g

iplrgnd ib `l ubg slhgbg# cg \^GA i r`lbi qul sl lbvdgsl b

rlaulrzis g c >5° Lsnug`rib nib fgsl lb Vm l db (Hg db pgrg

qul cg ubd`g` pu`dlsl hgbclblr lc rdthi qul cg iplrgn dib

rlqulrdg" Lscg hdsdib au l lbni hlb` g`g g cg > 75& Gcg `l

Prgbspirtl Glrli `l cg fgsl `l cg Aulrzg Glrlg birtlghlrd

ngbg `l Zipl# qul sl crgscgì g Vm l db (Hg db pgrg crgfgogr

niì ni b niì ni b lc >5° Ls nug`rib" Cgs ìs ubd`g`ls nih

fdbgrib su plrsibgc y sus gpgrgcis pgrg cDlvg r g ngfi cgs

hd sdibls nib `ls cdbi g ^grgolvi # qul mgndgb lsng cg lb

_gerlf : ^pcdc# lb Nrign dg# pgrg rlnielr pg cclts ngregìs

nib gy u`g muh gbdcgrdg prinl`lbc l `l cis g ch gnlbls `lc G cti

Ni hdsgrdgì `l cgs Bgn dibns \bd`gs pgrg cis rlauedgìs

-GNB\ V$"

cinkmll` Mlrnucls N"Hk "7P# B6 `l slrdl? ]Q6:1# Lsnug`rdccg `l Aulrzgs Lsplndgcls#

056 Lsnug`rib `l cg VGA" Glripulrti `l ^grgolvi# Fisbdg# oucdi `l 7446# Prgbspirtl Glrli `l

gyu`g muhgbdtgrdg `lc GNB\V

Cg VGA sl ubd i g cg i pl rgndib `l crgbspirtl gl rli `l c

GNB\V pgrg sinirrlr g ^grgolvi ùrgbcl cis prdhlris `d

gs `l oucdi `l 7446 oubti ni b cis gv dibls argbnlsls y bir

clg hlrdngbis" Cg Lsn ug`rdccg `l Aulrzgs Lspln dgcls `l c

05° ^qb " hgbtuvi plrhgblbclhlbcl ub i `l sus g vd ibls lbl c glripulrti `l Zc lsi# lb _gerlf# y pis tlrdirhlbt l lb l c

gl ripulrci `l Gbn@bg(Agcni bgrg# s dcugì lb cg NI^ cg dcg

cdgbg `lc G` rdg cd ni # qul rlg cdzi g `d g rdi vulcis `l gy u`g g c

glripulrti `l ^g rgolvi ùrgbc l hgs `l crns g ddis" GD ns

nug`rib sl Dl lbni ccclb`1 l^ cg cgrlg pirqun s us gv dibls ls

cgfg b lqudpgìs nib lqudpis lspln dg cns ngpgnls `n lv dcgr

qul au lsl b g cngbzgìs pir cis hds dcls fu sngìrls `l ng cir

qul ri`lgfgb l c glripulrti `l ^g rgolvi" Zgrg cgs crdpucgndibls `l cg VGA lrg g cei ni rr dn bcl cnblr cgbzgr nmgaa

pgrg rihplr l c &lbeg bnml rg`gr& `l cis ng ddibns gbcdgnrn

is nib pubcl rdg `drde d` g pir rg`g r"



Hdc Hd(=HPQ# B6 `l slrdl? P4(MGG# Aulrzg Glrlg `lc Lolrndti `l cg Vlpufcdng `l Fisbdg

Mlrzleivdbg -FdM $# Hlòueirol# bivdlhfrl `l 744>

G 7: cgrei `l ti`g cg eulrrg `l Fisbdg# l c Eifdlrbi `l ^g

rgolvi utdcdzi mlcdniptlris Hdc Hd(= pgrg hgbtlblr cg ni

hccbdngndib ni b cis lbncgvls g ds cgìs s dtugìs `ltrgs `l cgs

cdblgs slrvdgs y nrigtgs" Cg hgyi rdg `l l ccis mgfdgb sdì g`

qudrdìs lb l c hlrngì bleri `lc lstl `l Luripg y prinl(

(((`dgb `l Aulbtls rusgs y nmlngs" LD P4(MGG# qul gbtlrdir

hlbtl mgfdg sd` l pripdl`g` `l cg cdblg glrlg siv dltdng Gl

riacit# aul rlq udsgì pir aulrzgs nrig tgs lb Hlòueirol

nugbì cDlei g lsg n du`g` nrigtg# nlrng bg g His tgr# pgrg

rlg cdzg r ub arustrgì dbtlrnghfdi `l prds diblris"

Ulstcgb` ^lg Kdbe MN "Hk"0# =0<6 Lsnug`r1b Glribgvgc# Viygc Bgvy frdtgbdng# gnugrtlcghdlbti

`l @dvucod# ^pcdt# Nrigndg# slptdlhfrl `l 7440

Lb lc itibi `l 7446# cis ^lg Kdbe `l cg Viygc Bgvy pdbtg

ìs `l fcgbni lstgf cln dlrib cc fgsl tlhpirgc lb l c gnugrtl

cghdlbti `l @d vuco d# prixdhi g cg n du`g` `l ^pcdt# lb cg nistg

nrigtg `lc G`rdgtdni# pgrg gpiyg r gc ni btdbelbtl frdtgbd ni `l

cg AcDlrzg `l Zritlnn dib `l Bgn dibls \bd`gs -\BZVIAIV $"

LD lsnug`rib hgbtuvi su `lstgnghlbti lb ^pcdt ùrgbtl inmigddis pgrg gpiygr prdhlri g cgs tripgs `l cg IB\ y `lspuls

g cgs `l cg IPGB `lspc leg`gs lb Fisbdg" û Dccd sdib prdbn d(

pgc lrg cg `l nvgn ccgn dib `l fgogs# gubqul ùrgbtl cis prd(

hlris `dgs `lc `lspcdleul `l cg Aulrzg `l Dhpc lhlbtgn dib

`l cg IPGB -DAIV$ l c lsn ug`rib aul lhpclgì lb hdsdi

bls `l priylnndib `l aulrzg trgb spi rtgbì cgs pdlzgs `l ngh

pgt%dg `l 7:< hh `l cg Viyg c Grtdcclry g bulvgs pisdndibls#

pgrg `d s ccg`dr g cg s aulrzgs cing cls `l rlgc dzgr gnndibls mis

tdcls" G pgrtdr `l `dndlhfrl `l 744< cis ^lg Kdbe `lc lsnug`rib acclrib rlpdbtgìs `l ni cir vlr`l i cdvg nib hgbnmgs

`l ngcc7uacgol &`l td erl& fcgbngs pgrg rlaclog r cg bulvg ngpg

nd`g` ia bs dvg `l cg s au lrzgs `l cg IPGB" 65



Cinkmll` Hgrtdb A(71N Fcink 0:# B6 `l slrdl? GA=4::7 # >7 7 Gcg `l ngzg# \^GA# fgsl µglrlg `l

Gvdgbi# Dtgcdg# gfrdc `l 7440

Cg >7 % Gcg `l ngzg lstgfcln di su fgsl lb cg fgsl glrlg `l

Gv dgbi# Dtgcdg# lb gfrdc `l 7440 pgrg hgtlrdgcdzgr ub g prl

slbndg plrhgblbtl `l gvdibls `l nihfgtl `l cg \^GA lb cgrledib sur `l cg IPGB" @urgbt l cis nibacdntis `l Fisbdg y

Kisivi cg > 7 Gcg lstu vi sdlhprl lb lc nlbtri `l cg gnndib#

puls sus lsnug`ribls `l ngzg <7:: T <<<: cD lvgrib g ngfi

ub g g hpcdg eghg `l hd sdibls" Cg ubd`g` plr`di ìs `l ^cc ^

gpgrgtis sifrl cis Fgcngbls# ubi `l lccis lc pd citgì pir lcNgp ^ni tt I%E rg`y lb oubdi `l 744< "

Eruhhgb LG(1F Zriwclr# B6`l slrdl 717554#06 Lsnug`rib `l Eulrrg Lclntribdng Pgntdng `lc

Nulrpi `l Hgrdbls# Nulrpi `l Hgrdbls `l cis Lstgìs \bdìs -QHGW(0$ # \^^ Ghlrdng#

iplrgndib @lcdflrgtl Airnl# slptdlhfrl `l 744<

Cgs hdsdibls `l s uprls dib `l cgs `lalbsgs glrlgs lblhdegs

-^LG @$ pgrg gpiygr cgs iplrgn dibls glrlgs g cdg`gs sifrl

cis Fgcngbls lrgb nibs d`lrg`gs lslbndgcls pir cis hgb` is

suplrdirls birtlg hlrdngbis# nibsndlbtls `l qul cg ipdbdib

picdtdng lb Ugsmdbetib nibsd`lrgfg dbgnl ptgfc ls cgs fgogsngusg`gs pir µl c aulei lblhdei" G nibsln ulbndg `l l cci# cis

lsn ug`ribls `l Zriw clr `l cg Hgrdbg y `lc Nulrpi `l Hg

rdbls `l cis LL"\\" rlg cdzgrib ub lbirhl buh lri `l hd(

sdibls sifrl cis Fgcngbls# `ls`l qul cis prdhlris LG(1F

aulrib `lspc legìs lb cg fgsl gl rlg `l Gv dgbi ùrgbtl cg

nr dsds `l Fdmgn lb biv dlhfrl `l 7440" LD THGW(0 iplri

sifrl Fisbdg l b 744< y ùrgbtl cis -&tdhis `dgs `l cg ipl

rgn dib @lcdflrg tl Airnl" Lbtrl sus hd sdibls ls tu vi cg `lgtgng r cis rg`g rls `lc Lolrn dti slrvdi `l Fisbd g qul dcuhd

bgfgb g cis gv dibls `l cg IPGB ùrgbt l l chls `l int ufrl

`l 744<"



Hn@ibblcc @iuecgs LA(7=F+ Mirblt# B dc `l slrdl? NLi 7<(76 lb nicg )7<(6< lb hirri# Gcg 7<#

Lolrndti `lc Gdrl -Aulrzg Glrlg lspgbicg$# iplrgndib @lby Acdemt# lblri `l 744<

Cg pgrtdndpgndib lspgbicg lb cgs iplrgndibls `l hgb tlb d(

hdlbti `lcg

pgz lb Fisbdg nihlbzi lb 7446# nib lc `lspcdleul `l ub nibtdbelbtl `lc Lolrndti `l Pdlrrg lb cg ndu`g`

`l Histgr" Cis gvdibls `l nihfgtl `lc Lolrndti `lc Gdrl ls

pgbic bi pgrtdndpgrib lb cgs iplrgndibls glrlgs `l cg IPGB

sifrl cis Fg7ngbls mgstg lc hls `l bivdlhfrl `l 7440# ù

rgbtl lc nugc aul lbvdgì ub `lstgnghlbti `l Mirblt g cg

fgsl glrlg `l Gvdgbi# Dtgcdg" G 7: cgrei `lc gbg 744<# cgs

ìs Gcgs `l Mirblt `lc Lolrndti `lc Gdrl# cg 76 y cg 7< # sl

aulrib tuhgbì lb lc lbvdi `l sunlsdvis `lstgnghlbtis

pgrg pgrtdndpgr lb cgs iplrgndibls `l cg IPGB" Cis Mirblt lspgbicls pgrtdndpgrib lb lc gtgqul glrli `lc hls `l hg

yi `l 744< nibtrg cis `lpisdtis `l hubdndib `l Zgcl# cg

prdhlrg gnndib ia bs dvg `lc Lolrndti `lc Gdrl `ls`l cg

DD Eulrrg Hub`dgc" Gceubis hlsls `lspuls# cis pdcitis ls

pgbicls vicvdlrib g lbtrgr lb gnl dib ùrgbtl cg iplrgndib

@lcdflrgtl Airnl y tghfdlb lb 7444 pgrtdndpgrib lb cg ipl

rgndib Gccdl` Airnl"

@gssguct Hdrgel 6::::# B dc `l slrdl? >(]F# >l Lsng`rib `l Nmgssl Gr`lbbls# `l cg >7 Lsng`rl `l

Nmgssl -LN>)>$ # iplrgndib @lcdflrgtl Airnl# slptdlhfrl `l 744<

Cg pgrtdndpgndib `l cg Aulrzg Glrlg argbnlsg lb cgs iplrgndibls lb cis Fgcngbls sl rlhibtg g cis prdhlris `dgs `lc

`lspcdleul `l cgs tripgs `l cg IB\ pgrg pritlelr lc glri

pulrti `l ^grgolvi" Cis gvdibls `l gtgqul Hdrgel 6::::

iplrgrib `ls`l cg fgsl glrlg `l Dstrgbg lb Dtgcdg ùrgbtl

cgs iplrgndibls @lc dflrgtl Airnl y Gccdl` Airnl# utdcdzgbì hubdndibls eudg`gs `l prlndsdib# nihi cis hdsd cls eudg

ìs pir cgslr G^(>:C y cgs fihfgs eudg`gs pir cgslr `l cg

slrdl Zgvlwgy" Lb geisti `l 744< sl plr`di ub Hdrgel 6:::

nugbì rlgcdzgfg ubg hdsdib `l fihfgr`li sifrl Zgcl" 64



:

Hn@ibblcc @iuecgs A)G(7=N Mirblt# B dc `l slrdl 7101>6#=5 Lsnug`rib `l Ngzgs `l Gtgqul

-QAG(=5$)=7 Gcg Glrlg Lhfgrng`g -NQU(=$# \^^ Pmliìrl Viislvlct# iplrgndib Gccdl` Airnl#

hgyi `l 7444

G 7: cgrei `l cg pgsg`g `lng`g# lc \^^ Pmliìrl Viislvlct

mg prlstgì slrvdndi nib dbtlbsd`g` lb cis Fgcngbls# `lspuls

`l mgflr cDlegì g cg zibg lb cg prdhgvlrg `l 744># ùrgbtl

cg nrdsds `l ^rlfrlbdng" Lstl gvdib rlgcdzi gceubgs `l cgs prd

hlrgs hdsdibls `l pgtruccg glrlg `l nihfgtl sifrl Fisbdg

`l cg iplrgndib @lby Acdemt lb gfrdc `l 744> y lstuvi gc

arlbtl `lc prdhlr erupi `l gtgqul qul lbtri lb gnndib sifrl

Fisbdg ùrgbtl cg prdhlrg binml `l cg iplrgn dib @lcdflrgtl

Airnl lb geisti `l 744<" LD pirtggvdibls mgfdg rlgcdzgì

ubg bdpd`g trgvlsdg trgbsgtmdbtdng pgrg dbtlrvlbdr lb cg ipl

rgndib Gccdl` Airnl lb gfrd c `l 7444" LD Mirblt 7101>6 lstg

pdbtgì nib cis nicirls `lc gpgrgti `lc NGE `lc NQU(=# yg

qul lrg lc gvdib gsdebgì gc NB @gcl Cycl ^pgrky# qul lrg

lc olal `lc Gcg glrlg `lc Viislvlct"

Frdtdsm Glrispgnl Mgrrdlr EV"Hk 5# B dc `l slrdl? _@0>5# 7lr Lsnug`rib -`l Ngzg$ `l cg VGA" fgsl

glrlg `l Edidg `lc Niccl# Dtgcdg# iplrgndib Gcc dl` Airnl# hgyi `l 7444

Cis Mgrrdlr `l cg VGA iplrgfgb `ls`l cg fgsl glrlg dtgcdgbgùrgbtl ti`g cg iplrgndib Gccdl` Airnl# y cDlegrib g rlgcdzgr

hgs `l =:: hdsdibls nibtrg ifoltdvis slrvdis sdtugìs lb

Kisivi y lb lc sur `l Tueiscgvdg" Gbtl `lc adbgc `l cg eulr(

rg# lb oubdi `l 7444# lc `lstgnghlbti `l Mgrrdlr `l cg VGAmgfag guhlbtgì mgstg 71 gpgrgtis" Cgs prdbndpgcls grhgs

`l cis Mgrrdlr lrgb cgs fihfgs eudg`gs pir cgslr `l cg slrdl

Zgvlwgy y cgs VFC(5<< "



Ag drnmdc G(7:G Ugrtmie# B6 `l slrdl =:1<0# 47 6 Lsnug`rib `l ngzg# \^GA# fgsl glrlg `l Edidg

`lc Niccl# Dtgcdg# hgyi `l 7444# iplrgndib Gccdl` Airnl

@urgbtl cg nghpgdcg `l Kisivi# cis Ug rtmie aulrib cis

prdbndpg cls gvdibls `l gtgqul g t dlrrg `l cg \^GA# y rlg cdzg

ri b hd sdibls `d grdgs nibtrg cgs ubd`g`ls `lc Lolrn dti slrvdi

`lspcleg`gs lb gqul ccg priv dbndg yueiscgvg" @urgbt l cgs

prdhlrgs slhgbgs `l cg eulrrg# lc = 7: Lsnug`rib iplri

`ls`l cg fgsl glrlg `l Gvdgbi# lb lc birtl `l Dtg cdg# plri g

adbgcls `l gfrd c aul trgscg`gì g E didg `lc Ni ccl pgrg rlùndr

cis t dlhpis `l tbdbsdti mgstg Kisivi" \b gcg hdxtg `l rlslr

vg aul `lsp cleg`g lb ^dn dcd g ùrgbtl lc hls `l hgyi pgrg

ùp cdngr lc buhlri `l G(cIg `dspis dndib `l cis hgbìs

gcdgìs " Cis Ug rtmie cclvgrib g ngfi g ceubgs `l cgs

hds dibls hgs plcderisgs# yg qul lrg rrlnulbt l qul `lsnlb

`dlslb mgstg cgs zibgs `l g cngbnl l adngz `l cgs g rhgs gbtdgl

rlgs pgrg cing cdzgr ifo ltdvis pgrg itris fihfgr`lris g cdgìs"

\b G( cIG rln dfdi ub dhpgnti `drln ti lb ub i `l sus hitirls#

g plsgr `l 7: nugc nibsdeudi rlg cdzgr ub gtlrrdzgol airzisi lb

lc glripulrti `l Zltrivln# lb Hgnlìbdg# `lhistrgbì gs'

cg rlputgn dib `l lstl gv dib `l sl r ngpgz `l gfsirflr slvlris

`g dSis lb nihfgtl y nibt dbu gr lb vulci g plsgr `l l cci"

Fildbe Nmdbiik MNHk"6# 656 Lsnug`rib# VGA# Nghp Zdplr# Hgnlìbdg# 77 `l oubdi `l 7444

Cis Nmdbiik `l cg VG A `lslhpldcgrib ub pgplc huy `lstg

ngì lb cg iplrgndib `l dbslrndib `l cg IPG lb Kisivi lboubdi `l 7444" Prgbspirtgrib g cgs tripgs `l cg <% Frdeg`g

Glritrgbspirtg`g `lc Lolrn dti frdtgbdni pgrg inupgr cgs g ctu

rgs qul ìhdbgb cg egregbtg `l Kgngbdk# g 7: cgrei `l cg nugc

`lfdgb pgsgr cgs tripgs `l cg IPGB pgrg lbtrgr lb cg pri(

vd bndg" Piìs cis gpgrgtis qul pgrtdndpgrib lb cg iplrgndib

aulrib lqudpgìs nib cis hiùcis `l `lalbsg nihpcltis ynib hdbdng dcibls l b cgs pulrtgs" Cis inmi Nmdbiik qul aul

rib `lspclegìs lb Hgnlìbdg pgrg cg iplrgndib cclvgfgb

cis `dstdbtdvis `l db vgsdib lb ai rhg `l Q dbvlrtd`g `l cg

IPGB" >7



Hdc Hd(60p# @dstrdti Hdcdtgr `l Hisnu# Gvdgnd1b `lc lolrndti `l cg Al`lrgnd1b Vusg# glripulrti

`l Zrdstdbg# Kisivi# geisti `l 7444

Cg pgrtdndpgndib ru sg lb cg iplrgndib dbtlhgndibgc `l hgb

tlbdhdlbti `l cg pg z lb Kisivi mg sdì huy dbtlbsg `ls`l

oubdi `l 7444# yg qul lb gqulccg priv dbndg g`hdbdstrg`g pircg IB\ mgb sdì `lspclegìs hgs `l >"::: sic`gìs" Cis

ml cdniptlris nib fgsl lb lc glripulrti `l Zrdst bg sl utdcdzg

rib pgrg gpiygr g cis trls fgtg ccibls `l pgrgng d`d stgs ru sis

`lspclegìs lb Kisivi# y pgrg cclvgr g ngfi hd sdibls `l

lsnictg g nibviyls y `l rlnibindhdlbti" Lc lstgnghlbti `l

gv dgndib sl ai rh g g pgrtdr `l lalntdvis prinl`lbtls `l `dvlrsgs ubd`g`ls `lc @d strdti Hdcdtgr `l Hisn c' " Hu nmis `l sus

pdcitis y trdpucgbtls lrgb vltlrgbis `l cis nibacdntis `l

Nmlnmlbd g y `l Gaegbds tgb"

Flcc IM(<0@ Kdiwg Ugrrdir# B dc `l slrdl 0:750# Zgtruccg @grt3 Mirsl# 7lr Lsnug`r1b `lc

077 Vledhdlbti `l Ngfgcclrdg `lc Lolrndti `l cis LL"\\" Nghp Fib`stllc# Kisivi# alfrlri `l 6:::

Zgrg gpiygr gc nibtdbelbtl `l hgbtlbdh dlbti `l cg pgz `l

1"::: si c`gìs `lc Lolrndti `l cis LL "\\ " `l cg GerupgndibPgntdng Agcnib# ub g pitlbtl gerupgndib `l ml cdniptlris lstg

fclndi tghfdlb su fgsl lb Nghp Fib` stllc# lb lc surlstl `l

Kisivi" G cis Kdiwg Ugrrdir sl cls lbnihlb` i lc nihltd

ì `l rlg cdzgr hd sdibls `l rlnibindhdlbti lb cgs prixdhd(

`g`ls `l cis pubtis `l v diclbndg ltb dng hgs nibacd ntdvis : g

7: cgrei `l cg slbsdfcl & aribtlrg& lbtrl Kisivi y ^lrvdg" Lchgstdc `l lstis ml cdniptlris cclvg hibtgìs slbsirls `l

dhgelb tlrhdng qul sl utdcdzgb pgrg rledstrgr lb vd`li cis

dbnd`lbtls pgrg su pistlrdir gbgc sds pir cis lxplrtis lb dbtl

cdelbndg `l cg IPGB"



Lb 7446" cis N"71:Prgbsgcds N"71: `l c%Grhll `l c%Gdrargbnlsg aulrib cis prdhlris gvdibls `l trgbspirtl innd`lbtgcls qul

gtlrrdzgrib lb ^grgolvi pgrg dbdndgr lc pulbtl glrli `l GNB\V g cg ndu`g`" qul sl pricibei ùrgbtl hgs `l trls giis-Pdh Vdpclyc"

Cis gvdibls Eruhhgb G(1L Dbtru`lr rlgcdzgrib hdsdibls `l gpiyi glrli prixdhi sifrl Fisbdg ùrgbtl lc vlrgbi `l

744> iplrgbì `ls`l lc \^^ Pmliìrl Viislvlct -Pdh Vdpclyc"

Lb alfrlri `l 744<" lc pirtggvdibls `l cg Viygc Bgvy MH^ Dccustrdius aul lbvdgì gc hgr G`rdgtdni cDlvgbì g firì ubg

ubd`g` `l FGl ^lg Mgrrdlr A)G 6" lb lc qul slrdg lc prdhlr `lspcdleul iplrgtdvi `l lstl hi`lci `l gvdib -FGlc" >>



Zgrg cg iplrgndib @lcdflrgtl Airnl# lb geisti `l 744<# ub lsnug`rib `l Hn@ibblcc @iuecgs A)G(7=N Mirblt `lc Nulrpi

`l Hgrdbls `l cis LL "\\"# lc QAHG(6<7 # aul lrbfgrngì g firì `lc pirtggvdibls \^^ Ghlrdng -Pdh Vdpcly$"

Cis ^lg Kdbe `lc =0<& Lsnug`rib Glribgvgc `l cg Viygc Bgvy trgbspirtgrib mgstg sus gslbtghdlbtis cgs pdlzgs `l grtdcclrdg

`l cg Viygc Grtdcclry nugbì cgs tripgs frdtgbdngs `l DAIV sl g`lbtrgrib mgndg lc birilstl `l Fisbdg ùrgbtl lc hls `l

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Cis Fildbe F(<6 ^trgtiairtrlss `l cg \^GA qul

iplrgfgb `ls`l cg fgsl glrlg `l cg VGA lb Agdrair`# lb

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GEH (=1 nibtrg ifoltdvis yueiscgvis

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@iuecgs A(7<N Lgecl `lc 04>& Lsnug`rib `l ngzg

`lrrdfgrib nugtri HdE(64 `urgbtl cg iplrgndib Gccdl`

Airnl -\^ @i@) ONN-@$$"

Cis mlcdniptlris `l gtgqul Hn@ibblcc @iuecgs GM(10G Gpgnml y cis mlcdniptlris `l

trgbspirtl \M(1: `lc Lolrndti birtlghlrdngbi cDlegrib gc glripulrti `l Vdbgs lb Pdrgbg

lb gfrdc `l 7444# `urgbtl lc `lspcdleul `l cg Gerupgndib t3dntdng Mgwk -\^ @i@) ONN-@$$" ><



Lb 7444 cis gvdibls dbtlralrd`irls `l eulrrg lclntr1bdng Eruhhgb LG(^= Zriwclr tlbdgb qul gnihpgbgr g ng`g ubi `l

cis erupis `l gtgqul `l cg IPGB qul sl `drdedgb mgndg lc lspgndi glrli yueiscgvi pgrg blutrgcdzgr cis rg`grls `l

`drlnnd1b `l tdri `l cis hdsdcls ^GH -\^ @i@) ONN-@DO"

Lb 7444 cis cinkmll` Hgrtdb A(7^NO Ademtdbe Agcnib `l cis lsnug`ribls `l ngzg 6> y 5=# nib fgsl lb cg fgsl glrlg `l

Gvdgbi# Dtgcdg# cDlvgrib lc plsi `l cgs iplrgndibls `l cg IPGB pgrg cg suprlsd1b `l cgs `lalbsgs glrlgs lblhdegs `urgbtl

cgs prdhlrgs slhgbgs `l cg iplrgnd1b Gccdl` Airnl -\^ @i@) ONN-@DO "



`lsls cclvg rib lc plsi `l cg hdsdib y

lb vg rdgs ings dibls `dspgrgrib hdsd

cls Hgvlrdnk eu dgìs pir cgslr" Cgs

pisdndibls `l cg grtd cclrdg slrvdg# `l

hirtlris# `l ngrris `l nihfgtl# g`l

hgs `l lqu dpis `l cgbzgìrls `l hd

sd cls gb tdglrlis y fubklrls# aulrib

gtgngìs pgrg rlspib`lr g cgs pltd

ndibls `l gyu`g `l cis lq udpis `l

ni bt ric glrli tgntdni `l cg IB\"

Nugbì bi lstgfgb inupgìs rls(

pib`dlbì gc aulei slrvdi# cis gvdi

bls `l gpiyi glrli prixdhi lrgb

`drdedìs nibtrg vgrdis ifoltdvis ad

oi s s dtu gìs lb cg zibg `l ^grgolvi" Zir cg binml # cis Cinkmll`

GN(7>:M ^plntrl `l gtgqul aulrib cis lbngregìs `l gtgngr y `lsgci

og r nugcqudlr gslbtghdlbti `l grhgs slrvdi qul sl Dl inurrdlsl rlvlcgr

sl" LD Erupi `l gtgqul Lnmi gtgni itri `lpisdti `l hubdndibls pini

`lspuls `l cgs 5 `l cg hgbgbg pgrg nihpcltgr cgs gnndibls `l gtgqul

`lc prdhlr `dg" Hdlbtrgs tgbti lb Qdnlbzg# lc lqudpi `l pcgblghdlbti

`l Vygb lstgfg yg trgfgogbì g pclbi rlb`dhdlbti pgrg prlpgrgr hlb

sgol `l gsdebgndib `l hdsdib glrlg pgrg lc `dg sdeudlbtl" G prdhlrgs mi

rgs `l cg binml cis gvdibls yg lstgfgb sdlbì prlpgrgìs y cgs trdpucgndibls

gsdstdgb gc frdladbe pgrg `dstrdfudr cgs hdsdibls `l cis ndbni erupis `l

gtgq ul `lc `dg sdeudlbtl" Cis ifoltdvis vicvlrdgb g slr cis fubklrls `l

hubdndibls y cis `lpisdtis `l gfgstlndh dlbt:0

slrvdis sdtugìs lb tir

bi g ^grgolvi y Zgcl" ^l trgtgfg `l ifoltdvis agndcls y lrgb d`lgcls pg

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ZG\^G LB CI^ FIHFGV@LI^

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grhgs plsg`gs `l cis gcrl`lìrls `l ^grgolvi" G plsgr `l qul cis slr

vdis md ndlrib `lsadcgr gceubis ngrris `l nihfgtl `lcgbtl `l cgs nghg(

rgs `l tlclvdsdib# cg IPGB y cg IB\ nibsd`lrgrib qul cis slrvdis bi

mgfdgb nuhpcdì nib cg lx delbndg `l rltdrgr ti`gs cgs grhgs plsg`gs

aulrg `l cg zibg `l lxn cu sdib `l 6: kh gbtls `l cgs DD `l cg binml `lc

0 `l slptdlhfrl" Lb nibslnulbndg cis gvdibls `l gtgqul `l cg IPGB

rlndfdlrib cg ir`lb `l lbtrgr `l bulvi lb gnndib"

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rib ub g slrdl `l ifoltdvis sdtugìs lb cgs prixdhd`g`ls `l ^grgolvi# lb

trl cis nugcls lstgfgb lc gnugrtlcghdlbti `l Cukivdng y ub dhpirtgbtl

nihpcloi `l gchgnlbghdlbti `l hubdndibls lb Mg`dznd" Gc slr gcngbzg

ìs cis ifoltd vis# sl priùolrib ub gs lb irhls lxpcisdibls qul db`dng

fgb qul cgs fihfgs eud g`gs pir cgslr mgfdgb ngdì sifrl fccIklrls cclbis

`l hubdndibls# y bi sifrl ubgs dbstgcgndibls vg`gs " Cis erupis `l gtg

qul lstgfgb nihpulstis pir ubis 6: gpgrgtis ng`g ubi# gsd qul pgrl`g

qul lstgfg ngylbì ubg ccuvdg nibstgbtl `l fihfgs sifrl cgs pisdndibls

`lc Lolrn dti slrvdi `l Fisbdg lb cis gcrl`lìrls `l ^grgolvi" Cg ccleg`g

`l ubg lsplsg nufdlrtg `l bufls sifrl cg ndu`g` pir cg tgr`l aul 7: qul

cdfri g cis slrvdis `l suLrdr ubg `lstrunndib gub hgyir"

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aulrib gcngbzgìs pir hdsdcls `l

gtgqul g tdlrrg Pihgmgwk

`dspgrgìs `ls`l lc

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nihub dngndibls slrvdgs lb lc il stl

`l Fisbdg qul`grib dbtlrruhpd`gs

ousti lb lc hihlbtg lb qul cgialb s vg tlrrlstrl nrigtg lhplzg fg

g egbgr dhpucsi" Lstg ls cg

aitie rga dg tihg`g `lspuls `lc

gtgqul ls`l ub \GQ Zrl`gtir `l

Elblrgc Gtihdns -\^ @i@) ONN-@$$ "

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rib hgs clois lb lc lstl `l Fisbdg# pg

rg gtgngr ifoltdvis nihi l c nihp cloi

`l fubklrls `lc hibtl Mgmirdbg# nlb

tris `l nihubdngndibls sdtugìs nlrng

`l Puz cg# ub `lp1sdti `l hubdndibls lb

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pulsti `l hgbì gctl rb gtdvi `lc Lolrndti slrvdi `l Fisbdg sdtugì lb Mgbs

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hunmis gvdibls tuvdlslb qul rlerlsgr

g cg fgsl cclvgbì ti`gvrg g firì su

ngreg `l fihfgs" @urgbtl cg oirbg`g

cis erupis `l gtgqul nibtgrib nib l c

gpiyi `l ubis <: gvdibls nib hdsd1b

^LG@"

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lc `dg lchgc tdlhpi dhpd`d1 qul cg IPGB cclvgsl g ngfi cg hgyirdg `l

cis gtgquls prlvdstis# plri gc cclegr cg binml lc tdlhpi sl `lsplo1 y cg

IPG vicvd1 g rlgbu`gr sus gnndibls ialbsdvgs"

MICFVIIKL LBPVG LB L^NLBG

Nugbì cis fihfgr`lris `l cg IPGB sl lstgfgb qul`gbì sdb ifoltd

vis qul gtgngr# lc lbvdgì `l pgz birtlghlrdngbi# Vdnmgr` Mi cfriikl#

aul lbvdgì g Flcergì pgrg dbtlbtgr nibvlbnlr g Hdcislv dn `l qul plr(

ug`dl l g Hcg`dn pgrg qc'"l clvgbtgsl lc nlrni `l ^grgolvi" Cis bSpdìsgvgbnls nrigtgs# agndcdtgìs pir cis gtgquls glrlis `l cg IPG nibtrg

cg zibg `l Fgbog Cukg# Puzcg y @ifio # mgfrgb nibsleudì pir adb nib

vlbnlr g Hcg`dn `l qul tlbdg qul gnlptgr ub gnulrì" Hd cislvdn Dl mg

frg ghlbgzgì nib gfgbìbgr g su sulrtl gc Lolrndti slrvdi `l Fisbdg

g hlbis qul sl gvdbdlsl g adrhgr ub gnulrì pgrg rltdrgr sus ngbibls

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nibind1 cg bitdndg `lc gnulrì lc 70 `l slptdlhfrl# cg <& GPGA vicvd1

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bls `l gtgqul" G pgrtdr `l lsl hihlb ti sl hgbtuvi sifrl Fisbdg ubg

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tgfgb lb tdlrrg"

^l `di g cis slrvdi ub pcgzi# mgstg cgs cI` l cg binml `l c `rg 71 `l

slptdlhfrl# pgrg rltdrgr ti`gs sus grhgs plsg`gs `l ^grgolvi y sdtugr

cgs aulrg `lc rg`di `l 6: kh `l cg zibg `l lxncusd1b" Zlri lstl pcgzi

aul `lspuls ghpcdgì lb 56 mirgs hgs# yg qul hunmis `l cis ngrris `l

nihfgtl slrvdis lstgfgb gvlrdgìs y mgfrg l ng lz `l nihfustdfcl pg

rg cis nghdibls qul `lfdgb rlhicngr cgs pdlzgs `l grtdcclrdg" Cis gvdi

bls `l rlnibindhdlbti `l cg IPGB y cis \GQ Zrl`gtir sl hgbtuvdlrib

huy gntdvis pgrg vlrdadngr qul sl lstgfg cclvgbì g ngfi ubg gu tlbtdngrltdrg`g y bi sl trg tgfg `l itrg hgbdifrg `l pripgegb`g `l cis slrvdis"

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IB\

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pgrg trgscg`gr g cis lbvdgìs `l

pgz dbtlhgndibgcls pir ti`g cg

gbtdeug Tueiscgvdg -Pdh Vdpcly$"

sg `l cis ni btdbuis l dbt lbsis ni hfg tl qu l sl priùnd gb lb cis g crl

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gl ri pulrti `l ^g rgo lvi lcc ^ `l sl ptd lhfrl# Dl ni rrls pib`d 1 g ub

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albsg argbnls qu l rlg cd z1 ubg vds dtg pg rg l clvg r cg hirg c `l cg eugrbd

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ls tgì g dscg`g ngs d pir ni hpc lti `ls`l l c hls `l hgyi" GD `dg sdeud lbtl

l c pulbtl gl rli ls tgfg aubn dibgbì g pclbi rlb`dhdlbti y in mi gv di

bls `l trgbspirtl g tlrrd zg ri b l b l c `ls trizgì gl ripul rti `l ^g rgolvi"

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\^G A sl ubdlrib g sus ni clegs argbnlsls# oub ti nib cis N" 71:: gclhg

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Aulrzg `l Zritlnn d1b `l Bgn dibls \bd`gs lhplzg rib g utdcdzg r l c gl ri

pulrti pgrg cDlvgr cis huy blnlsg rdis suhdbdstris pgrg cg eugrbdn d1b `l

cg IB\" GD ng fi `l pinis `dgs # cis ni bviyls pID% ng rrl tlrg tlbdgb gn

nlsi cdfrl g cg n du`g`# 7: nug c rlùo i cg blnls d`g` `l c pulbtl gl rli # pl

ri GNB\ V 7: hgbtu vi ti`gv dg ùrgbtl trls hlsls hgs mgs tg vgn dgr sus

ergb`ls g chgnlbls `l Gbni bg y ^pcdt"

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`l qul cg iplrgn d1b @lcdflrgtl Airnl mgfdg priùn dì g ceub l alnti lb

cg gn tdtu` `l c Lolrn dti sl rvdi `l Fisbdg"

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lc 4 `l in tufrl `l 744< lb rls puls tg g ub gtgqu l `l cg grtdcclrdg `l cis

sl rvdis `l Fis bd g ni btrg cg fgsl `l cgs Bgn dibls \bd`gs lb Puz cg" \b

A(7 1 `l c < 7:° Lsn ug`r1b `l ngzg `l cg \^G A# qu l iplrgfg `drd e dì pir

ub lqudpi `l nibtric gl rli tgn td ni `gbls qul gn tugfg `ls`l tdlrrg # ni b

s deud 1 l bni btrgr cg fgtl rdg `l grtdcc l rd g sl rvdg qu l mgfdg laln tugì l c gtg

qul nlrng `lc hibtl _l p" LD & Fudtrl& `dspgr1 ub nimltl Hk 11 `l a1s airi

fcgbni# tgh fdlb ni bind` i ni hi &Udccdl Zltl& # ni btrg l c ifo l td vi# plri

ag cc1" LD lqudpi `l ni btri c gl rli tgn td ni trgbshdtd 1 cgs nirrlnn dibls pir

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ni A(7 1 `lhi cdlrib l c ifo ltd vi nib fihfgs eud g`gs pir cgslr# nib 7: qul

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gnulrìs `l @gytib"

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qul sl priùolsl ub vgì `l sleurd`g` sdebd adngfg qul lrg blnlsgrdi ccl

vgr g ngfi ubg dhpirtgbtl iplrgndib `l trgbspirtl glrli" Hdlbtrgs qul

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tric `l sus tripgs `lspcleg`gs lb Fisbdg # `l c hgbì `l cg IB\ gc hgb

ì `l DAIV# bi mgfag aulrzgs birtlghlrdngbgs `lspcleg`gs lb cis Fg cngbls"

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trgbsalrlbndg `l gutird`g` `l cgs Bgndibls \bd`gs pgrg prlpgrgr cg fgsl

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lb hl`di `lc tlrrdfcl n cdhg `l `dndlhfrl# pg

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sl gvgbzg`g lb Pgszgr# lb Muberag"

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cis zgpgìrls `l c Lolrn dti birtlghlrdngbi

tlb`dlslb ub pulbtl sifrl lc rdi ^gvg# qul

sladgcg cg Aribtlrg lbtrl Nrigndg y Fisbdg#

ùrgbtl cis uct dhis àgs `l `dndlhfrl `l

744<# pir 7: qul lc Hgbì `l Hivdcd`g`

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Cg \^GA y lc Lolrndti `l cis LL "\\ "

lbvdgrib g cg fgsl glrlg `l Vmldb

Hgdb# Gclhgbdg # lb `dndlhfrl `l

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lc `lspc dleul `l cgs aulrzgs `l cg

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tgbti lb cg hdsdib DAIV nihi lb

ÂIV" y lb su nibtrdfundib lstgfgb

dbncu dìs cis mlcdniptlris `l

trgbspirtl plsgì QAU(Aikklr

NM (<>E ^lg ^tgccdib `lc

Mllrsacdlenrrledhlbt D -Qdntir

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`l cis Gnulrìs `l Zgz `l @gytib

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Fihfgr`dlr NC(6=4 argbnlsls Q

gclhgbls aulrib lbvdgìs g Fisbdg

lb 7441 pgrg nibtricgr lcnuhpcdhdlbti `l cis tlrhdbis

hdcdtgrls `l cis Gnulrìs `l pgz `l

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rris `l nihfgtl# mlcdn1ptlris y itris hg

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sd1b gnirgzg`g aul `lspcleg`g g vgb

eugr`dg pgrg pritlelr cg zibg ìb`l `lfdg

tlb`lrsl lc pulbtl sifrl lc rdi ^gvg nib

sus ml cdn1ptlris `l gtgqul Hn@ibblcc

@iuecgs GM(10G Gpgnml" Lclhlbti s `l

cg frdeg`g sl g`lbtrgrib lb Fisbdg# lstg

fclndlbì ubg fgsl gvgbzg`g lb Puzcg#

pir `lcgbtl `lc erulsi prdbndpgc `l cg @d

vdsd1b" Cg ubd`g` `l Gpgnmls `l cg frd

eg`g # lc 6° Fgtg7c1b `lc 665& Vledhdlbti

`l Gvdgnd1b# aul `lspcleg`g pir ti`g Fis

bdg pgrg gpiygr g cgs aulrzgs g cdg`gs# g`lh gs `l g cgs birtlghlrdngbgs"

û prlslbndg sl mdzi bitgr lb ^grgolvi nugbì rlgcdzgrib pgtruccgs `l

sleurd`g` ùrgbtl cgs vdsdtgs `l gctis hgbìs `l cg IPGB y `dp cihHd

nis dbtlrbgndibgcls" Cis ^dkirsky \M(1: Fcgnkmgwk `lc Lolrndti bir

tlghlrdngbi tghfdlb trgbs pirtg rib g hdlhfris `l cg s aulrzgs lsplndgcls

argbnlsgs lb ub gtgqul nibtrg cg fgsl `l ub erupi `l eulrrd cclris Hu

ogmd`dbls# husuchgbls rg`dngcls# pr1xdhg g ^grgolvi"

Gc cclegr lc vlrgbi `l 7441 Fisbdg lstgfg trgbqudcg lb su hgyir pgr

tl# y cgs aulrzgs `l cg IPGB lhplzgrib g rlirdlbtgrsl g gpiygr cg rl

nibstrunnd1b `l gqulc pgds gsicgì pir cg eulrrg"

Lb d l h f r l `l 7441# DAIV pgs1 lc tlstdei g cg bulvg aulrzg hdcd

tgr `l cg IPG # `lbihdbg`g Aulrzg `l Lstgfdcdzgnd1b -ÂIV$# plri cg

<& GPGA nibtdbu1 rlgcdzgbì sus nihltdìs `l cg hdshg airhg qul mgs

tg lbtibnls" Cis ngzgs y gvdibls `l gtgqul `l cg IPGB prinl`lbtls `l

Lstgìs \bdìs# Ngbg`g# Flcedng# Ergb Frltgbg# Argbndg# Gclhgbdg# Mi

cgb`g # Dtgcdg# Lspgbg y Purqudg sdeudlrib pgtruccgbì g `dgrdi cis ndlcis

`l Fisbdg pgrg gpiygr g cgs aulrzgs tlrrlstrls `l cg Gcdgbzg" @urgbtl cg

nghpgbg `l cgs lclnndibls `l slptdlhfrl `l 7445 sl priùoi ubg nrdsds

hlbir# ùrgbtl cg nugc 7: Gpgnmls `lc Lolrndti birtlghlrdng bi aulrib

rlqulrdìs nib hunmg arlnulbndg pgrg pripirndibgr pritlnnd1b glrlg g

cgs ubd`g`ls tlrrlstrls `l cg IPG gdscg`gs" Cg nrdsds pgs1# y `ls`l lb

tibnls Fisbdg mg lstgì prgntdnghlbtl lb pgz"

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E\LVVG NDQDC

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g vdi clbtg rupturg `l cg gbtdeug Vlpufcdng Al`lrgc îndg cdstg `l

Tueiscgvdg ùrgbtl cis prdhlris gddis `l cg `lng`g `l 744: `l

oi `l cg`l lb erg b pgrtl g Kisivi# nib ubg hgyirdg `l 7#= hd

ccibls `l mgfdtgbtls `l irdelb gcfgbls qul# pgrg nibsleudr sus gspdrgndibls

`l db`lplb`lbndg# mgfdgb gìptgì ubg tgntdng `l rlsdstlbndg pgsdvg nib

trg sus eiflrbgbtls slrvdis" @urgbtl cg prdhgvlrg `l 744=# ubg slrdl `l

vdiclbtis nmiquls lbtrl cgs aulrzgs pg rghdcdtgrls `l sleurd`g` slrvdgs y

hdlhfris `l ub erupi ncgb`lstdbi nibindì nihi Lolrndti `l Cdflrg

ndib `l Kisivi -\NK$ privini ubg pgucg tdbg lsngcg`g `l cg vdiclbndg #

qul cDlvi g cg priv dbn dg mgstg lc fir`l `l ubg eulrrg gfdlrtg" Cg dbtlr

vlbndib `dpcihgt dng `l c hl`dgìr birtlghlrdngbi lb cis Fgcngbls @dnk

Micfriikl lb intufrl `l 744= gccgbi lc nghd bi pgrg lc `lspcdleul `l

cis lqudpis `l suplrvdsdib `lc gcti lc aulei `l cg Hdsdib `l Tlrdadng

ndib `l Kisivi -KTH$ pritled`g pir cg Aulrzg `l Lxtrgnndib `l cg

IPGB# nib fgsl lb cg vlndbg Hgnlìbdg" Geulc erupi tgntdni nih

pulsti pir tripgs frdtgbdngs# argbnlsgs # micgb`lsgs# gclhgbgs l dtgcdgbgs

lstgfg gpiygì pir ub lclhlbti `l gvdgndib nihpulsti pir mlcdniptl

ris Fil dbe NM(05@ Nmdbiik micgb`lsls # Geustg G(764 Hgbeustg y

GF6 76 dtg cdgbis# y Glrispgtdg cl Zuhg ^G ">>: y Egzlccl argbnlsls "

Ci ndlrti ls qul gqulc gcti l c aulei bubng aul rlspltgì# y lb cg prd

hgvlrg `l 7444 cis `dpcihgtdnis innd`lbtgcls dbtlbtgrib bleindgr lc ad

bgc `l cg eulrrg nib ìs slsdibls `l bleindgndibls nlclfrg`gs lb ~ r g b n d g "G adbg cls `l hgrzi# cgs nibvlrsgndibls `l pgz mgfdgb argngsgì y cgs

aulrzgs glrlgs `l cg IPGB rlndfdlrib cg ir`lb `l lbtrgr lb gnndib" ^l

lsplrgfg qul cis `drdelbtls slrvdis nl`dlslb g cgs prlsdibls y gnlptgslb

ad rhgr lc pcgb `l pgz"

Cis gcdgìs `l cg IPGB lhplzgrib g rlairzgr sus lalntdvis glrlis

`lsp clegìs lb cis gcrl`lìrls `l cis Fgcngbls# prlpgrgìs pgrg gtgngr

Tueiscgvdg" Cg prdhlrg iclg`g `l rlaulrzis cDlei lb alfrlri `l 7444#

nib inmi fihfgr`lris Fildbe F(<6 ^trgtiairtrlss `l cg \^GA grhg(

Cis mlcdn1ptlris Fildbe NM (05@

Nmdbiik `l cg Aulrzg Glrlg

micgb`lsg cDlegrib g Hgnlìbdg lb

lblri `l 7444 pgrg gpiygr g cg

Aulrzg `l Lxtrgnnd1b `l cg IcGB

-Pdh Vdpcly$"



Cg fgsl glrlg `l Gvdgbi# lb Dtgcdg#

lrg cg fgsl gvgbzg`g `l ub

lsnug`rib `l fihfgr`lris

Cinkmll` A775G Bdemtmgwk qul

lbngflzi cis gtgquls glrlis `l cg

IPGB nibtrg ifoltdvis sdtugìs

`lbtri `l Tueiscgvdg `ls`l lc

nihdlbzi `l 7= iplrgndib Gccdl`

Airnl -\^ @i@)ONN-@$$"

ìs nib hdsdcls `l nrunlri qul cclegrib g cg fgsl glrlg `l cg VGA `l

Agdrair` # lb Dbecgtlrrg" G cg fgsl glrlg `l Gvdgbi# lb Dtgcd g# aulrWb lb

vdgìs ubg ìnlbg `l ngzgs db`ltlntgfcls Cinkmll` A(775 G Bdemtmgwk

oubti nib ub nibtdbelbtl `l Eruhhgb LG(1F Zriwclr" Lb vgrdgs fgsls

`l cg zibg# lbtrl cgs qul lstgfgb cg fgsl glribgvgc `l ^deiblccg# lb ^d

ndcdg# cg fgsl glrlg `l Hirib# lb Lspgbg# y cg fgsl glrlg `l cg VGA `l

Hd`clbmgcc lb lc Vldbi \bdì# aulrib `lspclegìs ubis 64 gv dibls bi

`rdzg? 6< Fildbe KN(7>< ^trgtitgbklr y nugtri Hn@ibblcc @iuecgs

KN(DIG Lxtlb`lr" Lstis gvdibls bi`rdzg sl suhgfgb g cis qul yg lstg

fgb `lspclegìs lb Luripg"

Lstg acitg glrlg nihpulstg pir ubis 6<: gvdibls g cdgìs# `l cis nug

cls 6:: plrtlblndgb g cg \^GA# qulì fgoi lc nibtric iplrgtdvi `lc Nlb

tri Nihfdbgì `l Iplrgndibls Glrlgs ufdngì lb cg fgsl glrlg `l @gc

Hicdb # nlrng `l Qdnlbzg# Dtgcdg " LD olal `lc nihpiblbtl Glrli `lc Hgb

ì ûr `l Luripg `l cg IPGB# lc PE `l cg \^GA Hdkl ^mirt# aul lc

lbngregì `l `drdedr cg gnuhucgndib `l aulrzgs `ls`l su nugrtlc elbl

rgc `l Bgpicls" Nugbì cg mirg `l cgbzgr cis gtgquls lstuvi prixdhg#

lc elblrgc ^mirt vici mgstg Qdnlbzg pgrg `drdedr cg eulrrg `ls`l gqulc

nlbtri nihfdbgì `l iplrgndibls glrlgs `l gctg tlnbiciedg " Lstl puls

ti `l hgbì nibtgfg nib lb cgnls `l `gtis dbairhgtdzgìs y vdg sgtlcdtl

nib ti`gs cgs fgsls glrlgs `l cg IPGB qul pgrtdndpgfgb lb cg iplrgndib

y lb cgnls `l `gtis lb tdlhpi ngsd rlg c nib cis vdtg cls lclhlbtis `l vd

ed cgbndg `lspclegìs lb cis Fgcngbls# nihi cis gvdibls `l rlnibind

hdlbti Cinkmll` \(6V @rgeib Cg`y# cis gvdibls `l vde dcgbn dg rg`gr

Gwgns L(>G ^lbtry y cis sgtlcdtls `l rlnibindhdlbti birtlghlrdngbis"

Cis hdlhfris `lc Lstgì Hgyir utdcdzgrib sdstlhgs db airhgtdnis pgrg

lcgfirgr y trgbshdtdr cis hlbsgols `dgrdis `l gsdebgndib `l hdsdibls

glrlgs" Lstis hlbsgols nibtlbdgb ti`g cg dbairhgndib rlcgtdvg g iplrg

ndibls# ifoltdvis# nihubdngndibls# rutgs g sleudr y itris `gtis blnlsg

rdis pgrg qul cis pdcitis g cdgìs pu`dlslb niir`dbgr sus hdsdibls" Bdbeub

gvdib g cdgì vici sifrl cis Fgcngbls# g lxnlpndib `l cis gvdibls db`l

tlntgfcls `l cg \^GA# sdb lstgr dbncudì lb lc hlbsgol `l gs debgndib `l

hdsdibls glrlgs `l cg IPGB# pgrg egrgbtdzgr qul tiìs cis gvdibls trg

fgogfgb lb cgs arlnulbndgs rg`di nihubls y qul tiìs cis pcgbls `l vul(

7: lstuvdlslb plralntghlbtl nii r`dbgìs" LD Nlbtri Nihfdbgì `l

Iplrgndibls Glrlgs sl mgfdg nrlgì lb 744> pgrg nibtricgr cg zibg `l

vulci primdfdì sifrl Fisbdg# y `ls`l lbtibnls mg lstgì lb nibtdbui

aubn dibghdlbti" Zir lcci# g adbg cls `l 744= puì lxtlb`lr su zibg `l

iplrgndibls pgrg gfgrngr Kisivi nugbì sl cgbzi cg iplrgndib Lgecl

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Cis gvdibls `l rlnibindhdlbti

Cinkmll` \(6^ @rgeib Cg`y

pripirndibgrib prulfgs `ltgccg`gs

`l c nibacdnti `l Kisivi ùrgbtl cgs

iplrgndibls Lgecl Lyl y Gccdl`

Airnl -GAÎ\PMO"

cg KQH qul lstgfgb sifrl l c tlrrlbi lb

Kisivi g trgvls `lc Nl btri IPGB `l

Niir` dbgn dib `l Tlrdadngn dib lb Ki

sivi -KTNN$ ufdngì lb Kuhgbivi#

Hgnlìbd g" Cg nlcucg `l dbtl cdelbndg

`l c KTNN trg fgoi lstrlnmghlbtl nib

cis hdlhfris `l cg KQH pgrg d`lbtd

ad ng r y cing cdzgr ti`gs cgs aulrzgs slrvdgs `ls pcleg`gs `lbtri `l Kisivi"

Lstg db airhg ndib dfg g rlsuctgr vg cdi

sds dh g pgrg cis lqudpis `l pcgblghd lbti

`l ifol tdvis `lc Nlbtri Nihfdbgì `l

Ip lrgn dibls Glrlgs"

Nugbì lc 6: `l h g r ~ i `l 7444 7:

ifsl rvgìrls `l cg K QH aulrib rltdrg

ìs `l Kisivi# cis gbg cdstgs `l dbtl cd

elbndg `lc K QNN aulrib gfsirfdìs pir

l c Nugrtlc Elblrgc `lc Nulrpi `l Vlgnn dib Vgpd`g `lc Hgbì Gcdgì `l Lu(

ripg -GVVN$ `l cg IPGB# qul gngfgfg

`l cDleg r g Hgnlìbd g pgrg mgnl rsl ngr

ei `l c hgbì `l cgs tripgs tlrrlstrls

innd`lbtg cls `lspc leg`gs lb gqulc plq ulbi pgds `l cis Fgcngbls "

LC ZV DHLV GPGW\L

Prgs cg rupturg `l cgs nibvl rsgn dibls `l pgz nl clfrg`gs lb Zgrds ù

rgbtl cg tlrnl rg sl hgbg `l hgrzi # cis cd`lrls picdtd nis `l cg IPGB

guti rdzg rib 7: qul sl nihi iplrgn dib Gccdl` Airnl" Lstg iplrgn dib `lfdg nibsdstdr lb ubg nghpgbg g `lsgrriccgr lb trls agsls nib if

o ltdvis cdhdtgìs " Cg agsl ubi nibsdstdrdg lb cg `lerg`gn dib `l cis sdstlhgs

dbtle rgìs `l `lalbsg glrlg yueis cgvis " LD pripis dti `l cg agsl ìs lrg

`le rg`gr prie rls dvg hlbtl g c Lolrn dti yueiscgvi -QO$ T g cgs ubd`g`ls

lspln dgcls `l cg pi cdndg pgrghdcdtgr `l c Hdbdstlrdi `lc Dbtlrdir# hl`dgb

tl g tgqu ls nibtrg db stgcgn dibls ciedstdngs# rutgs `l g fgs tln dhdlbti y# pir

-D7tdh i# nibtrg cgs tripgs `ls pc leg`gs " Zlri 7: hgs dhpirtgbtl lrg qul

cg agsl ìs `lfd g qul`gr cdhdtg`g g ifo ltdvis sdtugìs pir `lfgoi `lc pg

rg cl ci 00# dbncudìs lb 7: qul sl nibinl rd g ni hi &l c Plgtri `l iplrg

n dibls `l Kisivi&" Lb cg -'ctdhg agsl `l cg iplrgn dib cg nghp gbglx tlb`lrd g su rg`di `l gnn dib pgrg gtgng r t dpis `l ifo ltd vis deugcls g

cis `l cg agsl ìs sdtugìs lb ti`g Tu eis cgv dg" LD pc gb tlbdg ub ngrgn

tlr slnulbndgc y cis Dd`lrls picdtd nis y cis Lstgìs Hgyirls `l cg IPG

bi prlvl dgb qul cgs ag sls ìs y trls sl lo ln utgslb mgstg qul cgs `lalb

sgs gl rlgs yueiscgvgs mufdlslb s d`l hgn mgng`gs ùrgbtl hunmi tdlh

pi" LD ireg bg picdtdni suprlhi `l cg IPGB# lc Nibsloi `lc Gt cgbtdni

Bi rtl# lx dedi guti rd zg r l c pgsi g cgs `d al rlbtls agsls `l cg nghpgbg y

qu l g c prdbndpdi `l cg i plrgn dib si ci aulslb `lspc leg`gs cgs aulrzgs bl

nlsg rd gs pgrg lolnutgr cg agsl ubi" Cis Dd`lrls picdtdnis lb Ugsmdbetib

yl b itrg ng pdtgcls g cdg`gs lstgfgb nibvlbndìs `l qul Hd cislv dn nl`l rdg g cgs `lhgb`gs innd`lbtg cls `ls puls `l ubis pinis `dgs `l fih

fgr`lis" î ci sl guti rd zi ub g cds tg `l <: ifol td vis# y sl dhpusi cg

Ddhdtgn dib `l qul sl rlùo lsl g c hdbdhi l c b-chlri `l vdn tdhgs hi rtg(



LD 61 `l hgrzi ìs Hdkiygb

HdE (64 yueiscgvis aulrib

`lrrdfgìs sifrl Fisbdg pir cis

Hn@ibblcc @iuecgs A(7<N Lgecl `lc

04>µ Lsnug`r1b `l ngzg `l cg \^GA

-\^ @i@)ONN-@$$ "

cls lbtrl l c plrsibgc `lc lolrndti y cg picdndg yueis cgvis" Zir lolhpc i#

si ci pi`dgb gtgngrsl gn ugrtl cghdlbtis vgndis y lhpc gzghdlbtis `l ni

hubdngndibls : `l rg`gr iplrgìs g `d stgbndg " Lstl dfg sl r ub ngsi nmd

sdni `lc lhpc li `l cg aulrzg hdcdtgr pgrg lbvdgr g`vlrtlbndgs picdtd ngs"

Gceubis hdcdtgrls inn d`lbtg cls nihpgrgrib cg iplrgn dib nib cg lstrgtl

edg utdcdzg`g lb cg Eulrrg `l Qdltbgh" LD rlsuctgì aul `lsgstrisi pgrg

cis mgf dtgbtls `l Kisivi"

WZLVGNDIBL^ T HGC PDLHZI

Cg iplrgn dib Gccdl` Airnl sl dbdndi g cgs 6: ?:: mirgs # mirg cing c# cg bi

nml `lc 60 `l hgrzi# nib ubg sg cvg `l hdsdcls `l nrunlri cgbzgìs `ls

`l lc hgr y `ls`l lc gdrl `dspgrgìs `ls`l cis =(<6 `l cg \^GA# fuquls

`l cg Hgrdbg `l cis Ls tgìs \b dìs y ub sufhgrdbi `l cg Viygc Bgvy

qul bgvlegfgb lb geugs `lc G`rdg td ni" Aulrib gcng bzgìs 6> lhpc gzg

hd lbtis `l `lalbsg glrlg sd tugìs lb ti`g Tueiscgvdg y g nibtdbugndib

`lsplegrib trls iclg`gs `l gvdibls trdpucgìs pgrg gtgng r hgs pisdndi

bls `l sdstlhgs `l `lalbsg glrlg# g`lhgs `l glri`rihis # pulstis `l

hgbì y nlbtris `l nihubd ngndibls"

Prgs cg rupturg `l cgs nibvlrsgndibls `l pgz# cgs `lalbsgs yueis cgvgs

cc lvgfgb yg vgrdis `dgs lb lstgì `l hgxdhg gclrtg y cis lalntd vis hgs

dhpirtgbtls# nihi cis gvdibls `l ngzg# cis cgbzgìrls `l hdsdcls su

plradndl(gdrl -^GH$# pdlzgs `l grtd cc lrdg y vlmdnucis gnirgzgìs mgfdgb

s dì trgscg`gìs aulrg `l sus fgsls y `dsplrsgìs pir lc nghpi " Cg rl

trgbshdsdib lb `drlnti pir cg NBB `lc `lspleul `l cis =(<6 `ls`l su

fgsl lb Dbecgtlrrg ùrgbtl cg hgd%dgb g `lc `dg 60 `di g c hgbì `l cg `l

albsg glAlg yueis cgvg lb _lbuh ub g gclrtg hgs prlndsg sd ngfl `l qul

lc gtgqul g cdgì lstgfg lb ngh db i"

Cis prdhlris gtgq uls nib hdsdcls `l nrunlri ni bsdeud lrib `gd%dgr cgs

`lalbsgs glrlgs yueis cgvgs# gubqul bi ciergri b `logrcgs aulrg `l nih

fgtl# `l hiì qul nugbì cis gv dibls trdpuc gìs `l cg IPGB sl gpri

xdhgfgb g tlrr dti rdi lblhd ei # nugtri ngzgs HdE(64 `lsplegrib pgrg

dbtlrnlptgr cis" Nugbì lc erupi `l gtgqul `l cg IPGB sl gnlrngfg g cg

ngpdtg c yueis cgvg # =lcergì# ub L(>G Gwgns `l cg IPGB trgbshdtdi g

cis A( 71 micgb`lsls y A(7<N `l cg \^GA lc vlntir pgrg dbtlrnlptgrcis"

\b gv dib `l vded cgbndg lclntribdng =Gl Bdhri` V D `l cg VGA d`lbtdad

ni pisdtdvghlbtl g cis HdE(64 ni hi mist dcls# gutir dzgbì g cis ngzgs

`l cg IPGB lbtrgr lb nihfgtl nibtrg cis gpgrgtis yueis cgvis" Prls `l

cis HdE aulrib `lrrdfgìs pir hdsd

cls GH VGGH `l cg IPGB # y ubg `l

lsgs vdntir dgs aul rlncghg`g pir lc

>66:

Lsnug`rib `l cg Vlgc Aulrzg

Glrlg micgb`lsg"

Gbtls `l q\#l ghgblndlsl tiìs cis

gvdibls g cdgìs mgfdgb rlerlsgì g sus

fgsls# y hunmis `l sus pdcitis gsleu

rgrib `lspuls qul cg lxpl rd lbndg mg

fdg sdì ubg `l cgs hgs lxdelbtls `l sus

ngrrlrgs" Cg agsl `l rlgfgstlndhdlbti `l

nihfustdf cl lb vulci `l gqulccg db

nursdib aul lsplndg chlbtl `datndc# yg

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pistgr lb hl`d i `l cg isnurd`g` `l ubis td

pis `l gvdibls bi`rdzg qul bi cls lrgb ag

hdcd grls " Cg s `lal bsgs gl rlgs sl rv dgs

tghfdlb lstuvdlrib huy gntdvgs y ifcdeg

rib g trgfgogr huy ùri g cis gvdibls `l

cg IPGB nib hdsd1b `l suprls d1b `l cgs

`lalbsgs glrlgs lblhd egs" Cis sgtl cdtls y

cis gvdibls \6 `l rlnibin dhdlbti rlg cdzg(rib lbtibnls su trgfgoi pgrg pripirndibgr

g cg nl cucg `l lvgcugnd1b tgntdng `l `gddis

`lc Nlbtri Nihfdbgì `l Iplrgndibls Gl

rlgs cis v dtgcls `gtis `l gntug cdzgnd1b si

frl cis rls uctgìs ni bsle udìs pir cg

prdhlrg iclg`g `l gtgquls glrlis"

G ngusg `l cg pitlbndg `l cg rl` `l `l

albsg gl rlg slrvdg# ùrgbtl cis prdhlris `dgs `l cg iplrgn d1b Gccdl` Air(

nl cg IPGB sl cdhdt1 g rlg cdzg r ubd nghlbtl gtgquls binturbis" @urgbtl

cgs mirgs `l cu z si cgr# cgs au lrzgs glrlgs `l cg IPGB laln tugfgb pgtrucdgs glrlgs `l nihfgtl sifrl cis pgdsls ghlbgzg ìs pir cg au lrzg glrlg

Tu eis cgvg# lbtrl cis qul lstgfgb Gcfgbdg# Fis bd g# Muberdg y Hgnlì

bd g" G`lhgs aul blnlsgrdi hgbtlblr ubg nibstgbtl prlslbndg `l pritln

nd1b sifrl l c G`rdgtd ni pgrg `d sug`dr g cg au lrzg gl rlg yueis cgvg `l

dbtlbtgr gtgquls nibtrg cg tcitg `l cg IPGB qul pgtruccgfg arlbtl g cgs

nistgs `l Hibtlble ri" Cg utdcd`g` `l lstgs pgtruccgs qu l`1 `lhistrg`g

nugbì ubg pgrlog `l A(D^N qul vicgfgb sifrl Fisbd g rlndfd1 ub vln

tir pgrg dbtlrnl ptgr g ìs HdE(64 qul vi cgfgb lb `drlnnd1b g lsl pgds"

@lspuls `l slr gcng bzgìs pir cis hds dcls `l cis gpgrgtis ghlrdng bis#

sl lstrl ccgrib gc birlstl `l Puzcg" Cis ìs pdcitis sl lylntgrib # plriaulrib rlnie dìs pir cg s tripgs rusgs qul airhg fgb pgrtl `l cg Aulrzg

`l lstgfdcdzgnd1b `l cg IPGB -^ AI V$ `ls pc leg`gs lb Fis bd g y aulrib

lbtrlegìs g sg cvi lb Tueis cgv dg"

LD lspgn di glrli `l Fisbd g `lsl hpldd1 ub pgplc nrundgc lb lc nibtcd n

ti# pulsti qul plrhdtdg g cis gvdibls y hd s dcls `l nru nlri g cdgìs ub gn

nlsi agn dc g cis ifol td vis ncgvl sdtugìs lb Tueis cgv dg" Dbhl`d gtghlbtl#

cg IPGB nlrr1 g c trHdni gl rli ndv dc lc lspgn di glrli `lc pgds pgrg pi`lr

gnnl`lr g lc s db dhpl`dhlbtis " Cis glripulrtis `l ^grgolvi # Histgr y Fgb

o g Cukg qul`grib nlrrgìs g cis vulcis n dv dcls# y ^grgolvi aul `ls debg

ì ni hi glripulrti g ctlrbgtdvi pgrg ngsis `l lhlrelbndg"@urgbtl lstl tdlhpi# cg IPGB plrh gbln d1 lb lstgì `l gclrtg hgx d

hg lb prlvlbnd1b `l gtgquls gl rlis sl rvdis pir si rprlsg# y l c 6= `l

hgrzi# cis frdtgbd nis pd`d lrib prls tgì g cg \^GA ub Cin kmll` N( ^

Eg cgxy pgrg trgs cg`gr ub g fgtl rdg `l hd s dcls `l g ctg vl cin d`g` ^mir t g

Hgnlìbd g pgrg pritlelr l c glripulrti `l Zltrivln" LD nihpiblbtl `l

gv dibls trdpuc gìs `l cg aulrzg `l gtgqul `l cg IPGB lhpc l1 dbdndg c(

hlbtl fihfgs eud g`gs pir cgslr `l cg sl rd l Zgvl wgy y itrgs hubdndi

bls eud g`gs `l prln dsd1b nib eu dgì 1ptdni" ^l lstgfc ln dlrib ubgs rle cgs

`l lbarlbtghd lbti huy lstrd ntgs pgrg lvdtgr `gddis ni cgtlrg cls g cg pi

fcgn d1b ndvd c# plri lc hgc td lhpi mdzi qu l cis pdcitis gcd gìs lbnibtrgslb ergb`ls `d adnuctg`ls pgrg piblr lb prgnt dng cis rlqud sdtis dhpulstis

pgrg l c cgbzghd lbti `l grhgs" Cgs lsplsgs nufd lrtgs `l bufls y cg db(

tlbsg cDuvdg dhpd`dlrib qu l cis pdcitis pu`dlslb lbnibtrgr sus ifo ltd vis

Oufdcisis sic`gìs yueiscgvis

lxghdbgb cis rlstis `lc ngzg

db`ltlntgfcl Cinkmll` A(775Bdem t mgwk `l cg \^GA lc 65 `l

hgrzi `l 7444"



Cg Aulrzg glrlg `l cis Lhdrgtis

Grgfls \bdìs lbvdi nugtri

Glrispgtdgcl ^G >>: Zuhg qul

cDlegrib gc glripulrti `l Vdbgs" lb

Gcfgbdg" lb gfrdc `l 7444 pgrg

ubdrsl g cg iplrgndib `l trgbspirtl

glrli pgrg gyu`gr g cis nghpis `l

rlauedgìs `l cg aribtlrg -Pdh

Vdpcly$"

G 7: cgrei `lc nibacdnti sdeudlrib

cDlegbì vulcis ndvdcls gc

glripulrti `l Zltrivln" lbHgnlìbdg" nibvdrtdlbìci lb ubi

`l cis glripulrtis nib hgyir

gntdvd`g` `lc hubì gc nihpgrtdr

cis buhlrisis gvdibls `l gyu`g

nib lc trgadni ndvdc"

i hgbtlblr ub fulb lbegbnm l nib sus `lsde

bgìrls cgslr" @urgbtl cis prdhlris inmi `d

gs `l cg eulrrg aulrib gfirtg`gs hgs `l cg

hdtg` `l cgs sgcd`gs `l gtgqul `l cg IPGB"

@urgbtl vgr dis `dgs# g 7: cgrei `l cg pgrtl dbd

ndgc `lc ni bacdnti# bi puì cgbzgrsl bdb eubg

fihfg y cg IPGB tuvi qul cdhdtgrsl g utdcd

zgr sus hds dcls `l nrunlri pgrg gtgngr sus ifol td vis prlv dstis"

Cg bin ml `lc 65 gc 6= `l hgr zi cg ia bs d(

vg glrlg suardi ub dhpirtgbtl `lsngcgfri g c sl r `lrrdfgì lb hdstlrdi

sgs ndrnubstgbnd gs ub A(775 nlrng `l Flcergì# cg ngpdtgc `l Tueiscgvdg "

Cc lbis `l g clerdg# cis hgbìs hdcdtgrls yueis cgvis rlncghgrib mgflr

`lrrdfgì gc ngzg db`ltln tgf cl nib ub hd sd c suplradndl(gd rl# plri mgstg

cg aln mg cg \^GA sl mg blegì g `lndr ni hi aul `lrrdfgì gq ulc gpg

rgtl `l 0: hdcc ibls `l ìcgrls"

Cgs dhgelbls `l vd`li `l cis rlstis `lc gpgrgti hulstrgb 7: qul pgrl

nl b sl r irdad n dis lb cgs gcgs priùndìs pir priylntd cls `l ngbib `l>: hh # qul qud zgs pul`gb db`dng r qul lc ccghgì gv dib & dbvdsdfcl& pg

rg lc rg`gr ngyi vdntdhg `l ubg pd lzg gbtdglrlg : `l ub HdE " LD ubdni gs

plnti agvirgfcl `l gqulc dbnd`lbtl aul cg ladngz iplrgndib `l fccsqul`g y

rlsngtl lb nihfgtl hibtg`g pir lc Hgbì `l Iplrgn dibls Lspln dg cls `l

cg \^GA" Cis mlcdniptlris HM(<>O Zgvl Ciw DD `lsplegrib `l cg fgsl

gl rlg `l Puz cg# lb Fisbd g# hdlbtrgs qul cis Ugrtmie Agdrnmdc` G( cIG `l

cg \^GA aulrib cis lbngregìs `l cg niflrturg `l pritlnndib pgrg cg hd

sdib q\l&nibsdeudi lxtrgl r g sg cvi gc pdciti `lc nirgzib `l c tlrr dtirdi yu

eis cgvi" Cg aulrzg `l rlsngtl blnlsdti vgrdgs mirgs pgrg lbnibtrgr gc pdciti

`lrrdfgì# y cis gvdibls bi`rdzg KN( 7><V y Cinkmll` HN(7>: Nihfgt

Pgcib sl lbngregrib `l rlpistg r g cis HM(<>O yg cis G(DI(G ùrgbtl cg

iplrgn dib"

GQ\@G G CI^ VLA\EDG@I^

Zinis `dgs `lspuls `l qul cg IPGB dbdn dgsl su nghpgbg glrlg # lc rl

edhlb yueis cgvi `lnd` di dbnrlhlbtgr su ls aulrzi `l nibtrg(d bsurelb

n dg nibtrg lc \N K dbdn dgbì ub prie rghg hgsdvi `l & cdhpdlzg ltb dng&

pgrg lxpuc sg r `l Kisivi g ti`g cg pifcgndib `l i rdel b gcfgbls " Ndlb

tis `l hdcls `l plrsibgs muyl rib mgndg cgs aribtlrgs `l Gcfgbd g y Hg

nlìbd g `lsfir`gbì cis rlnursis `l

cgs iregbd zgn dibls muh gbdtg rdgs qul

sl lbni btrgfg b lb cg zi bg" Cg ls

trgtle dg `l cg IPGB `l lbv dgr g`

vl rtlbndgs picdtdngs g Flcergì mgfdg

argngsgì" Hdcislvdn ls tgfg `lvi c(

vdlbì lc ei cpl " Cis cd` lrls innd

`lbtgcls lstgfgb suhdìs lb lc ngis"

Cgs `lncgrgndibls `lc prlsd`lbtl bir(

tlghlr dng bi Fdcc Ncdbtib y `lc prd

hlr hdbd stri frdtgbdni Piby Fcgdr#

gadrhgbì qul bi sl lhpclgrdgb tri

pgs tlrrlstrls# si ci sdrvdlrib pgrg lb(

W

Nrb?? :

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c2

b

3

vg clbtibgr g Hdcislvdn" Bg`dl tlbdg 05



iu

?z?

u

Cis gvdibls `l trgbspirtl

Hn@ibblcc @iuecgs N(75

Eciflhgstlr `l cg \^GA rlgcdzgrib

ndlbtis `l sgcd`gs nib `lstdbi g cgrlùnd`g pdstg `lc glripulrti `l

Vdbgs pgrg trgbspirtgr g cismihfrls y gc hgtlrdgc `l cgGerupgndib Pgntdng Mgwk-\^ @i@) ONN-@$$"

n cgri qul lrg 7: qul mgfd g qul mgnlr g ni btdbugn dib# gpgrtl `l nibtd

bugr ni b cis fihfgr`lis" Mgstg cg nuhfrl `l Ugsmdbetib# g hl`d gìs

`l gfrdc # cis hgbìs hdcdtgrls `l cg IPG tlb dgb pings `drln td vgs air

hgcls sifrl nugcls lrgb cis pripis dtis y ifo ltd vis `l cg G cdgbzg"

î frl l c tlrrlbi# lb cis Fgcngbls# aulrzgs hdcdtgrls `l cg IPGB rl

ndfdlrib i r` lb `l gnu`dr lb gyu`g `l cis rlauedgìs# lstgfc lndlbì ng h

pis lb Hgnl ìbdg y trgbspirtgbì pir vdg glrlg gy u`g muh gbdtgrd g g

Gcfgbd g# E rln dg y Hgnlìbd g" Cis ml cdni ptlris frdtgbd nis# argbnlsls#

micgb`lsls l dtg cdgbis ni b fgsl lb lc gl ripul rti `l Zltrivln lbtrgrib

lb gnn dib trgbspirtgbì ng reg hlbtis `l gyu`g muh gbdtg rd g pgrg gfgs

tlnlr cis buhlrisis nghpis qul sl clvgbtgrib lb Hgnlìbd g ùrgbtl

l c hls `l gfrdc pgrg gnielr g cis ndlbtis `l hdc ls `l rlauedgìs qul

gtrgvlsgfgb ng`g `dg cg aribtlrg"

Lclhlbtis `l ni btri c `l trgbspirtl gl rli tgntdni `l cg \^GA `lspc l

eg rib lb Zltrivln# Hgnlìbdg# y lb Plsgc ibd ng# Erln dg# pgrg `lsngregr

cis ergb`ls ng reg hlbtis `l gy u`g muhgbdtg rdg trgbspi rt gìs pir cis

Fil dbe N (7 5# Cin kmll` N(<# N(7 >: y N( 707 `l cg \^G A qul cDlegfgb

`l cgs fgsls `l Vghstl db # lb Gclhgbdg# y `l G bnibg# lb ctg cdg" Cis ml

cdniptlris MM( >> A `lc >6 ^cirhi `l cg Hgrdbg dtg cdgbg laln tugrib cis

prdhlris vulcis mgs tg cgs rle dibls aribtlrd zgs prixdhgs g Kukls nib

suhdbd stris pgrg cis rl au edgìs " G lstg iplrgn dib sl ubdlrib pini `ls

puls cis ^dkirsky HM(<> O `lc Hgbì `l Iplrgn dibls Lspln dg cls `l cg

\^GA prinl`lbtls `l cg Gerupgn dib Pgn td ng Nibo ubtg `l Iplrgn dibls

Lspln dg cls nib fgsl lb Frdb`dsd# oubti nib cis ^dkirsky N M(<>L# `l cg

MN(0 `l cg Hgrdbg birtlg hl rd ngbg prinl`lbtls `l su fgsl ufdng`g lb

cg lstgn dib gvgbzg `g `l gpiyi cie dstd ni `l Fgrd " Zlri cis birtlghlrd

ng bis si ci vi cgrib ùrgbtl ub `dg mgs tg Kuk ls `lfdì g qul sl nibsd

`lrgfg qul l c rdlsei qul supibdg cg ghlbgzg `l cis hdsdcls suplradndl(g drl

sl rvdis lrg `lhgs dgì g cti" Cis mlcdniptlris bi rt lghlrdng bis sl nib

nlbtrgrib lbtibnls lb lc gfgs tlndhdlbti `l cis nghpis `l rlauedgìs ufd

ng ìs g 7: cgrei `l cg Aribtlrg y g l ccis sl cls ubd lrib tghfd lb cis

N M(<>L `lc Nulrpi `l Hgrdbls prinl`lbt ls `l cis fuquls `l gsg cti gb

adfdi Db nmib# Bgssgu y Klgrsgel qul bgvlegfgb pir lc G`rdgtdni"

GNB\ V pd`d i gy u`g pgrg trgbspirtgr cis su hdbdstris blnlsg rdis pg

rg cis hdcls `l rl au edgìs qul sl nibnl btrgfgb lb tlrrdfcls nib`dndibls

lb Kukls " y su plt dn dib aul gtlb`d`g rgpd` ghlbt l pir cis Zuhg argbnl(



Hgrdbls birtlghlrdngbis lhfgrngb

lb ub ^dkirsky NM(<>L ^lg ^tgccdib

`l cg 61% \bd`g` Lxpl`dndibgrdg `l

Hgrdbls (nib ngpgnd`g` `l rlgcdzgrhdsdibls `l iplrgndibls

lsplndgcls( ùrgbtl cg agsl `l

trgscgì `l aulrzg s `l cg IPGB gKisivi -\^ @i@)ONN-@$$"

sls # sud zis y `l cis Lhdrgtis Grgfls \bd

ìs # pir cis Fl cc 0 76 gustrdgnis# pir cis

Nmdbiik e rdleis y micgb`lsls# pir cis Hdc

Hd(= unrgbdgbis y pir buhlrisis mlcd

n1 ptlris ndvdcls gcqudcgìs"

\b lclhlbti `l nibtric `l trgbspirtl gl

rli t"k tdni `l cg \^GA sl mdzi ngrei `lc

nibtric `lc tbdad

ni glrli lb lc glripulrtiVdbgs `l Pdrgbg # qul lb pini tdlhpi sl nib

vdrtd1 lb ub i `l cis mlcdpulrtis hgs nib

nurrdìs `l Luripg lb lc qu l sl priùndg b

hgs `l 6:: hiv dhd lbtis `d grdis" @l cg gsde

bgn d1b `l hd sdibls g cis vulcis sl lbng r

egrib lxplrtis `l GNB\ V y `l cg Aulrzg

`l Ml cdn1ptlris `l Gpiyi `l cg VGA `ls

`l su pulsti `l hgbì g` min lstgfc ln dì lb lc glripulrti Vdbgs"

Lstl glripulrti sl nibvdrtd1 lb lc prdbndpgc pubti `l lbtrg`g `l gy u

`g muhgbdtgrd g trgbspirtg`g pir vdg gl rlg # y ùrgbtl gqulc plrdiì rlndfd1 vul cis prinl`lbtls `l cis Lstgìs \bdìs # `lc Vldbi \bdì# `l

Flcedng # Argbndg# Grgfdg ^gu`d y itrgs bgn dibls qul trgdgb rleuc grhlb

tl suhdbdstri s" Gc adbgc `l c hls `l g frdc # lc NE `l cg Aulrzg `l cg IPGB

lb Gcfgbdg sl mgfdg lstgfclndì lb lc pulrti `l @urrls pgrg niir`dbgr

cg iplrgn d1b `l gy u`g muhgbdtgrdg; plri s17: lolrndg ub cl vl nibtric si

frl cgs aulrzgs huctdbgn dibgcls qul cclegfgb gc pgds # y bdbeubg gutird

`g` sifrl cgs aulrzgs `l nihfgtl birtlg hlrdngbgs qul pribti dfgb g

gfg rritgt" l c gl ripulrti Vdbgs "

CG A\LV_G @LC GZGNMLLb ub lsaulrzi hgs pgrg dbnrlhlbtgr lc rdthi `l `lstrunnd1b `l cis hl

`d is gnirgzgìs y lqudpis plsgìs slrvdis # l c Zlbtgei bi `ln d`d1 lbvdgr

g Gcfgbdg ub g frdeg`g `l ml cdn1ptlris `l gtgqul Gpgnml GM(10G" LD Zlb

tgei bi `lncgr1 qul cg hd sd1b `l su Gerupgnd1b Pgntdng Mgwk lrg &ls

tgfc lnlr ubg rl cgn d1b lstrlnmg y plrsibgc& nib cis slrvdis ; plri `ls`l

lc prdbndpdi lc `lspcdleul `l cis ml cdn1ptlris `l gtgqul dfg g lstgr sl

ddgcgì pir cg hgcg sulrtl"

Gc prdbndpdi lc glripulrti Vdbgs lstgfg nibels tdibgì nib cis vulcis

`l gy u`g muhgbdtgrdg # 7: nugc dhpd`d1 qul cis gvdibls `l trgbspirtl

N( 75 prinl`lbtls `l Gclhgbdg trgbspirtgslb cis lq udpis `l gpiyi 7:(edstdni `l cg gerupgn d1b tgntdng" Cis prdhlris Gpgnml bi cclegrib g Vd

bgs mgstg cg tlrnl rg slhgbg `l gfrdc `ls puls `l mgflr mlnmi lsng cg lb

Frdb`dsd# lb lc sur `l Dtgcdg" LD ngrgntlr gbgrqudni `l Gcfgbdg y lc ergb

gcngbnl `l cis cgbzgìrls huctdpcls `l nimltls slrvdis tghfdlb md zi qul

lc Eifdlrbi birtlghlrdngbi sl histrgsl ngutlcisi nib rlsplnti g plr

hdtdr g sus tripgs cclegr g bdbeub cu egr qul lstuvdlsl pr1x dhi g cg nrd

tdng rle d1b aribtlrdzg ni b Kisivi" Prls `dgs `lspuls `l su cdl eg`g g

Vdbgs ubi `l cis GM(10 sl lstrl7c1# 7: nugc bi nibtrdfuy1 g hlo irgr cg

dhgel b `l cg gerupgnd1b tgn tdng" Itri gnnd`lbtl nist1 cg vd`g g cis ìs

trdpucgbtls `l ub Gpgnml "

Gc tlrhdbgr lc hls `l gfrdc # lc Lolrndti birtlg hlrdngbi tlbdg lstgn di

bgìs lb Vdbgs = mlcdn1ptlris `l trgbspirtl NM(05@ Nmdbiik y 6> \M(

E c

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3

1:G Fc gnkm gw k# oubti nib su au lrzg dbdndgc `l 60 GM(10G" Nib lstis 04



iu?z

u

i( %????$

a(NC

«u

mlcdniptlris g`dndibgcls # lc Lolrndti birtlg

hlrdngbi lstgfg lb nib`dndibls `l dbdndgr cis

prlpgrgtdvis pgrg g`lbtrgrsl lb lc pgds y cDl

vgr cg eulrrg g cis slrvdis lb slrdi; plri lc prl

sd`lbtl N cdbtib # gnibslogì pir sus gctis

hgbìs hdcdtgrls `lc Zlbtgeibi# sl blei g

`gr cuz vlr`l pgrg qul cg Gerupgn dib Pgntd

ng Mgwk lbtrgsl lb gnndib# yg qul sl tlhdgqul pi`rdgb priùndrsl ub <:, `l fgogs arlb

tl g cgs aulrtls `lalbsgs gbtdglrlgs slrvdgs"

CG A\LV_G ^L NIB^PDP\TL

Nugbì pgrg cis Dd`lrls gcdgìs qulì ncgri

qul cis slrvdis bi dfgb g ìfclegrsl# sl `l

nd`di dbnrlhlbtgr cg nghpgbg glrlg pgrg pi

`lr sleudr ubg ìfcl lstrgtledg# nibsdstlbtl lb cDlvgr g ngfi gtgquls

lstrgtlednis nibtrg ^lrvdg rlgcdzgìs gc hdshi tdlhpi qul gtgquls tgntd

nis nibtrg cgs ubd`g`ls `lc Lolrndti yueiscgvi `lspcleg`gs lb Kisivi "

Qgrdgs bgndibls lbvdgrib hgs gvdibls# gubqul cg hgyirdg cDlegrib `l

cis Lstgìs \bdìs" LD pirtggvdibls \^^ Pm liìrl Viislvlct rlndfdi ir

`lb `l `drdedrsl gc G`rdgtdni nib su gcg glrlg nihpulstg pir hgs `l 5:

gvdibls `l nihfgtl y mlcdniptlris" LD =7: Lsnug`rib `l ngzg # lqudpg

ì nib hgs `l 6: gvdibls nibtrgngrri Agdrnmdc` G(cIG Ugrtmie aul lb

vdgì g Edidg `lc Niccl# lb lc sur `l Dtgcdg pgrg slrvdr nihi pubtg `l

cgbzg `lc gtgqul nibtrg cgs ubd`g`ls gnirgzg`gs slrvdgs `lspcleg`gs lb

Kisivi" G`lhgs ub lsnug`rib g`dndibgc `l Cinkmll` Hgrtdb A(71N

Ademtdbe Agcnib aul lbvdgì g Dtgcdg pgrg ubdrsl g cis Qdplr `l cg >7 &

Gcg `l Ngzg"

Zlri ub lclhlbti aub`ghlbtgc pgrg cg rlbivg`g nghpgbg glrlg aul

lc `lspcdleul `l ìs gvdibls `l vdedcgbndg rg`gr Oidbt ^tgr Birtmrip

Eruhhgb L(=N# oubti nib ub buhlri `l gvdibls bi trdpucgìs \GQ

DGD)PVU Mubtlr y Elblrgc Gtihdns VWDG Zrl`gtir qul pripirndibg

rib gc Nlbtri Nihfdbgì `l Iplrgndibls Glrlgs ubg dhprlsndb`dfcl

ngpgnd`g` `l vdedcgbndg lb tdlhpi rlgc sifrl Kisivi"

Zgrg guhlbtgr lc gcngbnl `l cg nghpgbg glrlg lstrgtledng aul lbvdg`g

itrg ìnlbg `l A(D D 5 g cg fgsl glrlg `l ^pgbe`gmclh# lb Gclhgbdg# `ls

`l ìb`l ng` g binml rlgcdzgrib hdsdibls bin

tuhgs nibtrg ifoltdvis lstrgtlednis sdtugìs lb

^lrvdg # oubti nib cis A(71NE qul iplrgfgb

`ls`l gqulccg fgsl" Pghfdlb sl ubdlrib g cg

ia bs dvg cis FGl Pirbgì EV D frdtgbdnis pri

nl`lbtls `l cg fgsl `l cg VGA lb Frueelb# Gcl

hgbdg# y cis Hn@ibblcc @iuecgs A(7<L ^trdkl

Lgecl `l cg \^GA prinl`lbtls `l cg fgsl gl

rlg `l cg VGA `l Cgklbmlgtm # lb Dbecgtlrrg "

Mgstg qul Lscivgqudg bi gfrdi su lspgndi gl

rli gcg IPGB g prdhlris `l gfrdc # cis gvdibls

nib fgsl lb lc Vldbi \bdì y Gclhgbdg tlb d(

gb qul mgnlr ub vdgol `l sdltl u inmi mirgs `l

ùrgndib sifrl Argbndg l Dtgcdg pgrg cDlegr mgs(

tg lc tlgtri `l iplrgndibls"

@urgbtl cg iplrgnd1b Gccdl` Airnl

cis gvdibls LNV Zgbgvdg Pihgì `l

cg cuatwgaal gclhgbg rlgcdzgrib

hgs `l <:: hdsdibls# ùrgbtl cgs

nugcls `dspgrgrib 6>1 hdsdcls

gbtdrrg`gr MGVH GEH(== -@G^G$"

cis N"71:Prgbsgcc `l c%Grhll `l

c%Gdr argbnlsg lrgb vdsdtgbtls

mgfdtugcls `lc glripulrti gcfgbls`l Vdbgs# qul aul rlnibstrudì pir

cis dbelbdlris `l 7= IPGB pgrg qul

pu`dlsl sipirtgr lc lbirhl

vicuhlb `l trgadni qul gfsirfd1

ùrgbtl cg nrdsds `l cis rlauedgìs

-\^ @i@)ONN-@DD"



G 7: cgrei `l cgs trls prdhlrgs slhgbgs `l gfrdc # cis A(77 5 T A( D^L

`l cg \^GA# oubti nib cis hds dcls `l nrunl ri nibvlbndibgcls cgbzgìs

`ls`l l c g drl birtlg hlrd ngbis y cis hds dcls `l gtgqul g tdlrrg Pihg

mgw k `l cg Hgrdbg `l cis Lstg` is \bdìs" gtgngrib ub buhlri ng`g

vlz hgyir `l ifo ltd vis sdtugìs lb cis gcrl`lìrls `l Flcergì y itrgs

`l cg s prdbndpgcls ndu` g`ls slrvdgs " G cg iplrgn dib sl ubdlrib tghfd lbcis fihfgr`lris Birtmrip Eruhhgb F(6 ^pdrdt# qul rlgcd zg rib hd

sdibls `ls`l su fgsl `l Hdssi urd pgrg cgbzg r hgs `l 1:: priylntdcls

`l gtgqul `drlnti niboubti -O@ GH$ e ud gìs pir EZ ^" Nihi ifo ltdvis

sl lsniedlri b nugrtl cls el blrgcls hdcdtgrls y `l cgs au lrzgs `l pi cdndg #

rladblrdgs y `lpis dtis `l pltricli# cis pulbtls prdbndpgcls sifrl l c rdi

@gbufdi# cgs rls d`lbndgs `l Hdc islvdn# gs d nihi su sl`l picdtdng # cgs

lstgn dibls `l cg tlclv dsdib sl rvdg y sus rlpltdìrls# g`lhgs `l cgs db

ùstrd gs pripdl`g` `l dhp irtgbtls sleudìrls "`lc rle dhlb" Zgrg l cci sl

lsniedlrib nihi grhgs hd s dcls `l nrunl ri# O@GH y hubdnd ibls eud g

`gs pir tl clv dsdib# nihi cgs E =\(D ^ y GE H(7 >:" Cis gtgquls sl cDlvg rib g ngfi# pir 7: elblrgc# nib ergb prln dsdib# gubqul# dblvdtgfclhlbtl#

sl priùo lrib gnn d`lbtls qul pri vingrib cg hulrtl `l ndv dcls" @urgb

tl lc hls `l gfrdc cg dbtlbs d` g` `l cis fihfgr`lis aul lb guhlbti y

cgs dh gelbls `l tlclv dsdib trgbshdtd`gs `ls`l Flcergì his trgfgb ub

nrln dlbtl bd vl c `l `lstru nndib `l cis ifo ltdvis `l dbarglstrunturgs n cg

vl qul gceubis nihlbtgrd stgs cDleg rib g vg cirgr lb hgs `l 7: hdc hd (

7D:bls `l ìcgrls " Bi i fstgbtl# cg slbs dfdcd`g` picdtdng `l ls tis gtgquls

ifcdegfg g qul tuvdlsl b qul sl r gutird zgìs ng`g `dg pir cis Dd`lrls

g cdgìs gc hgs gcti bdvlc# ni hi lc prls d

`lbtl birtlghlrdngbi Fdcc Ncdbtib y l c prdhlr hdbd stri frdtgbdni Piby Fc gdr"

Cis gtgquls nibtrg Flcergì susndtgrib

ub gngcirgì `lfgtl sifrl cg lstrgtledg y cgs

tgntdngs `l cg nghpgbg gl rlg lbtrl ^mirt# lb

Dtgcd g# y su suplrd ir# Ncgrk# y vg rdis ei

fd lrbis g cdgìs" ^mirt qulrdg cDlvgr g ngfi

ubg iplrgndib nib tiìs cis lalntdvis `d s

pibdfcls pgrg `lstrudr ifo ltdvis &lstrgtle d

nis& sdtugìs lb lc dbtlrdir `l Tu eiscgv dg

pgrg lolrnlr ubg prls dib hgx dhg sifrl l crle dhlb `l Flcergì" Ni b lcci sl lsplrg

fg qul cg hirgc `lc rle dhlb y `lc pulfc i

yueis cgvi sl ìfc legsl nugbì &sl gpgeg(

ci s gvdibls bi`rdzg cinkmll`

Prdstgr rlgfgstlndlrib lb vulci g

gvdibls `l hunmgs aulrzgs glrlgsgcdg`gs g 7: cgrei `l cg iplrg ndib

Gccdl` Airnl -@G^G$"

\b iplrgìr `l hgbeulrg `l ub

Fildbe KN(7>^V ^trgtitgbklr sl

`dspibl g mgnlr lbvdgr nihfustdfcl

g ub ngzg ùrgbtl ubg iplrgndib `l

rlpistgol lb vulci sifrl Fisbdg-\^ @i@) ONN-@$}"

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ci s \GQ -vlmdnucis glrlis bi

trdpucgìs$ DGD)PVU `l cg

Gerupgndib tgntdng Mubtlr `lc

Lolrndti birtlghlrdngbi ip lrgfgb

`ls`l lc glripulrti `l Zltrivln" lb

Hgnlìbdg " `ls`l hl`dgìs `lc

hls `l gfrdc" lb fusng `l ifoltdvis

sl rvdis lb Kisivi {PA Mubtlr}"

@is lsnug`ribls `l Hn@ibblcc

@iuecgs A)G(7^N Mihlt `l cg

Hgrdbg birtlghlrdngbg

lbngflzgrib cgs iplrgndibls `l

gtgqul g tdlrrg `ls`l cg nufdlrtg

`lc \^^ Pmliìrl Viislvlct {Pdh

Vdpcly}"

slb cgs cunls& lb Flcergì y itrgs nd u`g`ls#

nugbì cis gtgquls glrlis `l cg IPG pusdl

slb sdstlhgtdnghlbtl aulrg `l slrvdndi cg rl`

`l suhdbdstri `l lblredg l cln trdng `lc pgds"

Cis gtgquls nibtrg ifoltdvis dbùstrdg cls vdb

nu cgìs nib sleudìrls ncgvl `lc rledhlb `l

Hdcislvdn tlbdgb tghfdlb lc pripisdti `l hd

bgr l c gpiyi `l cg lcdtl `drdelbtl g cg eulrrg`l Kisivi"

Zlri lstg lstrgtledg aul hitdvi `l priaub

`gs ni btrivlrsdgs" Ug mdbetib y cis eifdlr

bis gcd gìs sl histrgfgb lsnlptdnis rlsplnti

g qul cis gtgquls nibtrg cis `lbihdbgìs if

oltdvis &`l ìfcl usi&# nihi cgs nlbtrgcls `l `d strdfundib `l lblredg lcln

trdng# aulslb clegcls sleub cgs clyls `l cg eulrrg# yg qul pi` dgb n7gs dadngrsl

nihi ifoltdvis &n dvdcls&" GD hdshi tdlhpi qul pufcdnghlbtl hgbtlbd

gb su gpiyi g cis gtgquls birtlghlrdngbis nibtrg Flcergì# cis ei

fdlrbis argbnls y frdtgbdni ir`lbgrib `dsnrltghlbtl g sus aul rzgs glrlgsqul bi fihfgr`lgslb bdbeccc7 ifoltdvi `l Flcergì" Cis birtlghlrdng

bis `lnd`dlrib hgbtlblr cg prlsdib nibtdbugbì cis gtgquls nibtrg cg

ndu`g`# db prlinupgrsl pir 7: qul plbsgslb sus g cdgìs" Lqudpis slpg

rgìs nuyg gntdv d` g`ls lrgb nibind`gs sici pir l clhlbtis lstgìubd

`lbsls trgfgogfgb lb l c Nlbt ri Nihfdbgì `l Iplrgndibls Glrlgs

pcgblgbì y `drdedlbì cis gtgquls birtlghlrdngbis nibtrg =lcergì" Cis

gtgquls `l cis fihfgr`lris F(6 aul rib `drde dìs pir lc Zlbtgei bi `ls

`l Ugsmdbetib @N# nib ubg pgrtdndpgndib hdbdhg `lc Nl btri Nihfd

bgì `l Iplrgndibl Glrlgs"

LD fihfg r` li `l cg Lcbfgog`g nmdbg lb Flcergì lc < `l hgyi pusigc `lsnufdlrti cg `dvdsdib `l nrdtlrdis lbtrl Ugsmdbetib y sus g cdgìs lu(

riplis" Cg bitdndg `lc gtgqul# rlgcdzgì pir ub F(6# aul ubg sirprlsg lb

Cib`rls# Zgrds# Fibb y Fruslcgs# gsd nihi pgrg cg hgyirdg `lc plrsibgc

qul trgfgogfg lb l c Nlbtri Nihfdbgì `l Iplrgndibls Glrlgs" ^leub ub

pirtgviz `l cg G`hdbdstrgndib `l Ncdbtib# lc gtgqul aul nibslnulbndg `l

ub lrrir nihltdì pir cg Gelbndg Nlbtrgc `l Db tlcdelbndg -N DG$ y cg Gelb

ndg `l Dbtlcdelbndg `l @lalbsg -@DG$ privingì pir mgflr utdcdzgì hg

pgs bi gntug cdzgìs" @ls`l lc gtgqul# sl mgb mlnmi hunmgs lsplnucgndibls

sifrl cgs vlr`g`lrg rgzibls qul hitdvgrib lc fihfgr`li qul `lvgsti

cg lhfgog`g# ngusgbì cg hulrtl `l trls hdlhfris `l cg hdsdib `dpci(

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hgt dng nmdbg" ^l mg lspln uc gì nib

ìs tli rdgs pgrg lxpcdngr cg rgzi b pir

cg nugc lc prlsd`lbtl Ncdbtib mgfrdg gu

tird zgì gqulccg dbnursdib" Cg prdhl

rg slrdg qul cg lhfgog`g lstgfg sdlbì

utdcdzg`g pir lccd`lr pgrgh dcdtgr slrvdi

Grkg b nihi buì `l nihubdngn dibls "

^leub cg sleub`g# cis nmdbis mgfrdgb

lstgì utdcdzgbì lqudpis `l lx pcirg

ndib `ls`l lc dbtl rdir `l cg lhfgog`g

pgrg mgnlr ub sleudhdlbti `l cis gvdi

bls db`ltlntgf cls birtlghlrd ngbis"

Cis eifdlhis `l cis pgrsls hdlh

fris `l cg IPGB ls tgfgb nibtdbug

hlbtl prls dibgbì g Ncgrk pgrg qul

guhlbtgsl cis gtgquls `drlntis nibtrg

cg tripgs y ubd`g`ls `l pi cdnag yu

eiscgvgs `lspc leg`gs lb Kisivi y qul

lrgb cis lolnutirls `l cg nghpgbg `l

cdhpdlzg ltbd ng " ^mirt ls tgfg tIcgc

hlbtl lb `lsgnulrì ni b lstg d`lg# yg

qul# slecdcc lc# lc lbagsds prdbndpg c `l cg ng hpgbg `lfrg dr `drde dì nibtrg

7: qul l c ccghgfg & Dg ngflzg `l cg slrpdlbtl& " Ncgrk `lsg utirdzi g su ol (

al `lc nih piblbtl glrli y ubg dhpirtgbtl pgrtl `l cis lalntdvis gl rlis

`l cg IPG aulrib `l`dngìs g gtgng r g cgs aulrzgs yueis cgvgs lb Ki

sivi# nibsdeud lbì rlsuc tgìs nulstdibgf cls"

@urgbtl l c hls `l hgyi au lrib ccleg bì ergùgc hlbtl cis lalntd vis

glrlis qul Ncgrk mgfr g pl`dì mgstg qul sl rlubdlrib nibtrg Tu ei cg

vdg 4 76 gv dibls # lbtrl cis qu l lstgfgb ><< gv dibls `l gtgqu l y 66=

gvdibls bi`r dzg" @l lstis gv dibls# gprix dhg`ghlbtl 1:: lrgb birtlg

hlrd ngbis" LD plrsibgc `lc Nl btri Ni hfdbgì `l Iplrgn dibls Glrlgs

mgfrg guhlbtgì mgstg g cngbzgr cgs 7"0:: plrsibgs prinl`lbtls `l 7>

bgndibls g cdg`gs # qul `dgrd ghlbtl prie rghgfgb lbtrl <:: y 7"::: sg cd

`gs glrlgs"

Cis gvdibls ngzg(ngrris `l

nihfgt l Ag drnmdc` G(7:G Ug rtmie sl

prlpgrgb pg rg rlpistg r nihfust dfc lgbtls `l ` drdedrsl g ubg zibg `l

nihfgtl : ngog `l `lstrunn dib l b

Kisivi -\^ @i@ ) ONN-@O$ "

Cis gvdibls ngzg(ngrris `lnihfgtl Agdrnmdc` G(7:G Ugrtmie

`l cg \^GA y cis gvdibls `l gtgqul

FGl Mg rrdlr EV5 `l cg VGA

nihpgrtdlrib cg fgsl glrlg `l

Edidg `lc Niccl# lb lc sur `l Dtgcdg#

ùrgbtl cg hgyir pgrtl `l cg

iplrgndib Gccdl` Airnl

-\^ @i@)ONN-@$$"

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\b hdlhfri `lc plrsibgc `l tdlrrg`l cg \^GA lalntug cgs

nihprifgndibls prlvdgs gc vulci `l

ub Cinkmll` Hgrtdb A(71NO

Ademtdbe Agcnib lqudpgì nib

sdstlhgs `l grhgs gbtdrrg`gr

MGVH GEH (==" T nib hdsdcls

GDH (76: GHVGGH T GDH (4^d`lwdb`lr -\^ @i@) ONN-@O$

G 7: cgrei `lc nibacdnti cis

fihfgr`lris db`ltlntgfcls

Birtmrip Eruhhgb =(6G ^pdrdt

DDlvgrib g ngfi h dsdibls bintuhgs

nibtrg Tueiscgvdg `ls`l su fgsl `l

prinl`lbndg lb Hdssiurd" pgrg 7:

nugc `lfdgb slr rlgfgstlndìs `l

nihfustdfcl lb vulci vgrdgs vlnls

ùrgbtl cis cgreis vulcis g t rgvls

`lc Gtcgbtdni -\^ @i@)ONN-@O$"

CG ACIPG @L GQDIBL^ BI@VD_GZgrg gpiyg r cg ialbsdvg `l fihfgr`lis nibtrg Tu eis cgv dg `l cg iplrg

ndib Gccdl` Airnl sl `lspc lei ubg lbihcl acitg `l rlgfgstln dhdlbti `l

nihfu stdfc l lb vulci ni hpuls tg pir ub is 6:: gv dibls bi`rdzg `lspcl

egìs lb inmi pgdsls" Cg iplrgn dib `l rlgfgstln dhdlbti ( Dg hgyi r `ls

`l cg Eulrrg `lc Eicai lb 744 7( lrg aub`ghlbtgc pgrg ti`gs cgs iplrgn dibls

glrlgs g cdg`gs sifrl ^lrvdg" Lb lc pubti gce dì `l cg ialbsdvg glrlg# ù

rgbtl lc hls `l hgyi# cis gvdibls bi`rdzg `l cg IPG B hgbtuvdlrib D^

irfdtgs : rutgs `l rlgfgstln dhdlbti lb vulci ùrgbtl 60 mirgs gc `dg si

frl l c G`rdgtdni # Fisbd g# Muberdg# G cfgbd g y Hgnlìbd g" Cis gvdibls bi

`rdzg `l cg IPGB gpiygrib cis gtgquls glrlis `ls`l hgs `l D^ fgslssdtug`gs l b Gc lhgbdg # Erlndg# Argbndg# Dtgcdg# Muberdg# Lspgbg# lc Vl dbg

\bdì y cis Lstgìs \bdìs" \bis 75^ `l cis gvdibls bi`rdzg lrgb Hn@ib

bl cc @iuecgs KN( D IG T Fil dbe KN( 7>^L)V plrtlbln dlbtls g cg \^GA y

g cg Vlslrvg `l cg Aulrzg Glrlg y g cg E ugr`dg Bgndibgc Glrlg `l cis Ls

tgìs \bdìs # y lc rls ti prinl`dgb `l cg nibtrdfundib `l Ergb Frltgbg#

Argbnd g# Dtg cdg# Micgb`g y Lspgbg" Lbtrl lstis uctdhis gpgrgtis mgfdg

Prdstgr# QN(c IK # KN( 7>ÂV# Fil dbe 5:5PP# K@N(D : T KN(7 >: " ^leub

`doi ubi `l cis hdlhfris `lc Lstgì Hgyir glrli `l cg IPGB lbngreg

ì lc pcgblghdlbti `l cgs iplrgn dibls `l rlgfgstlndhdlbti lb vulci &Mg

fdg gvd ibls pir ti`gs pgrtls " û sdtugndib

lstgfg dhpulstg pir cg blnlsd`g` `l `d spi

blr `l ls pgndi pgrg lstgndibgr cis gvdibls&"

LD `lstgnghlbti `l rlgfgstln dhdlbti lb

vulci `l ^deibl ccg lstgfg airhgì pir 6::

plrsibgs y `dspibdg `l ubg ìnlbg `l gv di

bls KN( 7> ^V# qul `dg rd ghlbtl rlg cdzgfgb

hdsdibls `l rlgfgstlndhdlbti in upgbì vg

rdgs i rfdtgs lb lc ls pgn di glrli &ghd ei& `l

cis gcrl`lìrls `l Tu eiscgv dg"

& Bis lbng reghis `lc rlgfgs tln dhdlbti

`l nihfustdfcl lb vulci pgrg mgnlr pis d

fcl qul cis erup is `l gtgqul md ndlslb su

trgfgoi&# `lncgri lc niriblc ^tgrk " &^ d bi mu(



fdlslhis lstgì gcdd gbtls y `lspuls `l

cgs dbnursdibls# lccis bi mgfrdgb pi`dì

cgbzgr cgs fihfgs sifrl lc ifoltdvi" û

hdbdstrghis nihfustdfcl g tiì tdpi `l

gvdibls gcd gìs qul `dspibdgb `l ngpgnd

`g` `l rlpistgol lb vulci" LD clhg lx

trgitdndgc `l cg bitg `l gvdibls bi`rdzg

ls? % Bi ibl kdnks gss wdtmiut tgbklr egs%

-bg`dl `g pgtg`gs lb lc trgslri sdb lc nih

fustdfcl `l cis gvdibls bi`rdzg$& "

%%Nihi lrghis cg fgsl `l gv dibls bi

`rdzg [birtlghlrdngbgX hgs prixdhg gc

tlgtri `l iplrgndibls# cg hgyirdg `l buls

trgs hdsdibls# sd bi ti`gs# lstgfgb lbai

ng`gs mgndg cis ngzgs tgntdnis&# gtdrhgfg

lc Niriblc ^tgrk" %Pghfdlb tlbdghis qul lstgr lb vulci lb pini tdlh

pi pgrg suhdbdstrgr nihfustdfcl g cgs ubd`g`ls qul lstgfgb lb gclrtg pg

rg rlgcdzgr hd sdi bls `l fusqul`g y rlsngtl lb nihfgtl" Nugbì aulrib

`lrrdfgìs lc A(7 75 y lc A(71# pir bulstrg prixdhd`g`# audhis cg ub d

`g` lbngreg`g `l sg cdr g rlgfgstlnlr g cis lqudpis `l rlsngtl" Cg ipl

rgndib `l rlnuplrgndib `lc pdciti `lc A(77 5 aul pgrtdnucgrhlbtl lxndtgbtl#

pirqul nibsleudhis qul lc pdciti aulsl rlsngtgì" ûhdbdstrghis nih

fustdfcl gc gpgrgti qul 7: lbnibtri y bulstrg trdpucgndib `l vul ci lstg

huy ireu ccisg `l gqul cci" Pghfdlb sgcdhis pgrg nufrdr lc mulni `l itris

gvdibls bi`rdzg qul sl gvlrdgfgb lb itrgs fgsls hgs gclog`gs# lb Argb

ndg # Lspgddg : Dbecgtlrrg" Bis lbngreghis `l hgs `lc 7:, `l cgs hd

sdibls `l itris gvdibls bi`rdzg qul bi pu`dlrib `lsplegr : qul suardlrib

gvlrdgs ùrgbtl lc vulci" Gqulcci lrg ub trgfgoi lxtrg g`lh gs `l buls

tris nihltdìs `l gclrtg" &

NGOG^ @L @L^PV\NNDIB

Zgrg `lstrudr gc Lolrndti slrvdi lb Kisivi# lc Nlbtri Nihfdbgì `l

Iplrgndibls Glrlgs tuvi qul `dslddgr `ls`l lc prdbndpdi ub sdstlhg pg

rg lbnibtrgr y cingcdzgr ifoltdvis lb hl`di `l ub nghpi `l fgtgccg lb

nibstgbtl nghfdi y ngitdni" ^l trgtgfg `l ubg n7gsdng iplrgndib `l db

tlr`dnndib glrlg `lc nghpi `l fgtgccg # y pgrg lcci sl `lnd`di &`lslh

picvgr& lc vdloi prinl`dhdlbti # `l prifg`g ltdngndg# `l cgs airhgndibls

`l gtgqul lb &ngogs& " Kisivi aul `dvd`dì lb ubg slrdl `l ngogs `l `ls

trunndib : zibgs `l nihfgtl# nihi aulrib `lbihdbg`gs pir rgzibls `l

rlcgndibls pufcdngs" Ng`g ub g `l cgs ngogs `l `lstrunndib aul gsdebg`g

g ub gvdib `l Nibtric Glrli Gvgbzgì Glritrgbspirtgì# birhgchlb

tl ub A(71 `l Gvdgbi# ub G( D@G `l ^pgbe`gmclh : ub Eruhhgb A(70

Pihngt prinl`lbtl `lc Viislvlct" LD nihltdì `l lstl nibtricgìr gl

rli gvgbzgì lrg pgtruccgr sifrl su ngog `l `lstrunndib lb fusng `l if

oltdvis" Nugbì lbnibtrgfg ubi# pl`dg gc gvdib LN(7>: g firì `lc nugc

lstgfg lc Nlbtri Glritrgbspirtgì `l Hgbì y Nibtric `l _ibg `l Nih

fgtl qul Dl lbvdgsl gceubis gvdibls `l gtgqul qul lstuvdlslb Ddstis pg

rg gtgngr rlpistgbì lb gqulc hihlbtg `l cis gvdibls bi`rdzg : lb

gclrtg lb tdlrrg"

\bg vlz qul cis gvdibls `l gtgqul lstgfgb sifrl lc ifoltdvi lc nib

tricgìr glrli gvgbzgì glritrgbspirtgì `lfdg hgrngr lc ifoltdvi nib

Cis gvdibls `l gtgqul Zgbgvdg

Pirbgì `l cg LVGA lqudpgìs nib

pi`s `l `lsdebgìrls PDGCI

rlgcdzgrib `dgrdghlbtl dbnursdibls

nibtrg Tueiscgvdg -VGA$"

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fihfgs `l 665 ke : nimltls `l ais airi fcgbni pgrg qul cis gv dibls lb

ngregìs `l cgbzgr cgs fihfgs pu`dlslb gcngbzg r sus ifo ltd vis lb cg prd

hlrg pgsg`g" Lstl sdstlhg prltlb`dg pripirndibgr ub lclhlbti `dhdhdni

gc ls au lrzi `l dbtlr`dnndib y plrhdtdr g cg IPGB rlgnn dibgr bdpd`ghlb

tl gbtl hgbd ifrgs rlplbtdbgs `lc Lolrn dti slrvdi# plri rlsucti sl r ub pri

nlsi clbti" Lb prdhlr cueg r cgs ubd`g`ls slrvdgs lb Kisivi sl pritle dgb#

inuctgbì sus ng rris `l ni hfgtl# nghdibls y grtdcclrdg lb fisquls# agfrdngs #

ndu`g`ls y pulfc is " LD hgc tdlhpi tghpini gyu`gfg# plri 7: aub`ghlb

tgc ls qul cis pdcitis `l cg IPGB bi lrgb ngpgnls `l lbnibtrgr ub bu

hlri dhpirtgbtl `l ifo ltd vis"

Zir lbn dhg `l tiì lsti# cg prlin upgn dib picdtd ng pir cg pis dfdcd`g` `l

privingr fgogs lb cg pifc gn dib ndv dc sl trgùoi lb cg dhpis dndib `l ubgs

rle cgs `l lbarlbtghdlbti huy lstrdntgs " Gubqul cis vlmdnuc is gnirgzgìs

qul sl lbnibtrgfgb lb zibgs `lsplo g`gs lrgb ubg pd lzg cled tdhg pgrg cis

pdcitis `l cg IPGB # gqul ccis ifoltd vis sdtugìs lb zibgs pifc g`gs : qul

ls tgfgb nl rng `l ni cuhbgs `l rlau e dgìs bi pi` dgb slr gtgng ìs s db cg

guti rd zgndib `lc Nlbtri Nihfdbgì `l Iplrgn dibls Glrlgs" Lb ubg ful

bg oirbg`g# sleub cis db airhls# cis pdcitis `l cg IPG pi` dgb nibsleudr

gtgngr ndbni ngrris `l ni hfgtl " G prdbn dpdis `l gfrdc cg s nl cucgs `l dbtl

cdelbn dg `l cg IPGB lstdh gfgb qul mgfdg lb Kisivi hgs `l 0:: ngrris

`l nihfgtl y 0 "::: vlmdnucis gnirgzg ìs `l itris tdpis "

Cis pdcitis `l cis Mgrrdlr E V5 `lc Dlr Lsn ug`rib `l cg VGA lstgfgb

lb prdhlrg cdblg `l c arlbtl lb cg iplrgn dib Gccdl` Airnl y Dclegrib g

lalntugr hgs `l =:: sg cd`gs # plri bi cls rls uctgfg agn dc lb gfsi cuti lb

ni btrgr fulbis ifo l td vis" @lsnrdfdgb g Kisivi ni hi & ub pgds hulrti&

cDlbi `l pulfc is `ls dlrtis y lb ccghgs"

& Lrg deug c qul Fis bd g ùrgbtl cg eulrrg&# `doi ub pdc iti `l Mgrrdlr

ni b fgsl lb E di dg `l c Ni ccl ùrgbtl cg iplrgn dib Gccdl` Airnl" B i sl

hiv dg bg`g lb gfsi cuti ùrgbtl l c `d g" & Gpgrlbtlhlbtl lc Lo lrn dti sl r

vdi l b Kisivi sl mgfdg &lbtlrrgì&# lsnib`dlbìsl lb fisquls # pulf cis #

agfrdngs y pifc gn dibls pgrg hgbtlblrsl inudti g cg vde dcgbndg `l cg IPGB "

&N ugbì l c El blrgc N cgrk `do i qu l l c `dg lb qu l sl `ls trud gb n db ni

ng rris `l ni hfgtl# cg IPGB mgfdg tlbdì ub fulb `dg # 7: `lndg nib ti

`g lxgn tdtu` " G ceubis `d gs bi lbni btrgfghis bd ub si ci ng rri `l ni h

fgtl y bub ng nibsleudhis vlr ub erupi `l ifo l td vis vlr`g`lrgh lbtl

ergb`l ( `lndg l c pdciti `l Mgrrdlr( " @l hiì qul bis mgfrdg eustgì

lbnibtrgr ub fulb ifo ltdvi pgrg gtgng rci"&

& Cg hdtg` `l c prifclhg lrg l c hgc tdlhpi&# `lndg itri pdciti `l cg VGA"

&Blnlsdtgfghis lhpl zgr g debirgr cis `gadis nicgtlrgcls y lhplzgr g hg

nmgng r ifo ltdvis # plri cis picdtd nis bi lstgfgb `d spulstis g plrhdtdrci #&

CG EVGB GCG @L GQDGBI

&Lstg ls cg hgyir Gcg `l ngzg qul o ghgs sl mgyg rlubdì lb ubg hds

hg fgsl&# `do i ub hgbì supl rd ir `l cg \^GA lb cg fgsl dtg cdgbg lb

hgyi `l 7444" & Mgfdg 7=< gv dibls lb cgs pd stgs ( LG(1F# Nihpgss Ng cc

y GFNNN # A(7 1NE T NO `l cg Hgrdbg y `l c Nulrpi `l Hgrdbls `l cis

Ls tgìs \bdìs# Gwgns frdtgbd nis# ADG( 7= T A(77 5 lspgad icls y ngbg`d lbsls

y A(7 1 pirtueulsls" Lrg g cei albihlbg c" Piìs cis mulnis `l cgs pd stgs

`l ls tgndibghdlbti `l cg fgsl lstgfgb cDlbis" &

Cg fgsl `l Gv dgbi g cflreg birhgchlbtl g cis >"0:: mihf rls y hu (

o lrls `l cg > 7& Gcg `l ngzg # plri cg g aculbndg `l gv dibls y plrsibg c m d(



Cis gvdibls `l gtgqul @g ssguct

Hdrgel 6:::: `l c%Grhll `l c%Gdr

argbnlsg rlgcdzgrib hdsdiblsbintuhgs `l fihfgr`li nib

fihfgs eudg`gs pir mdslr `ls`l cgfgsl dtgcdgbg `l Dstrgbg -Hgtrg FGl

@ybghdns$"

zi qul cg pifcgndib `l cg fgsl suplrgsl lc ìfc l# cDlegbì g hgs `l

5"::: plrsibgs" ^leub ub pirtgviz `l cg fgsl glrlg? & Cg pifc gn dib tlh

pirgc lrg hgs buhlrisg# qul cg ìtgndib plrhgblbtl `l cg fgsl& "

LD Pnic" Fi l# o lal `lc 6>° Lsnug`rib `l ngzg nulbtg gsd sus lx plrdlb

ndgs?

&Oubti ni b lc 5=° Lsnug`rib `l Ngzg Lxpl`dndibgrdi -LA^$ bis lb

ng reghis `l rlgcdzgr hd s dibls ^LG@ ni b buls tri s A(71NO" Bisitris

lrghis cg prdhlrg ubd`g` -^LG @$ qul mgfdg cDlegì pgrg cg iplrgn dibGccdl` Airnl" Bis lbng reghis `l cg pritlnn dib `l cis erupis `l gtgqul

lb cis hiìs gdrl(gdrl y gdrl(s uplr ad ndl" î his cis % Qdplr Ulgslcs% y

tlblhis ubg ngpgn d` g` ubdng& "

&Bis irdlbtgfghis tgn td nghlbtl pgrg qul bulstris slbsirls tuvdlslb

ub g niflrturg `l c 7::, sifrl cg zibg [nib bulstri sdstl hg `l cingc dzg

ndib `l ifo ltd vis MGVH -MP^»$ nug bì cis gv dibls `l gtgqul ls tgfgb

ipl rgbì lb su zibg `l ifo ltd vis " ^l `dspibdg `l cg niflrturg `l cis Qd

plr Ulgslc 60 mirgs gc `dg" Nugbì lc gtgq ul aul nibtrg ub g zibg ìb

`l sl sgfdg qul lx dstdg cg ghlbgzg `l hd s dcls ^GH ^G(># y lb lspln dgc

`l cis ^G(1# bisitris nufrdhis cg zibg `l plcderi# cd stis pgrg cgbzg rclsub MGVH " C7 leg his g cg zibg g btls qul lc erupi `l gtgqul y trgzghis

l c lsqulhg `lc `ls pcdleul lblhd ei gbtls `l qul lccis sl gnlrngslb# pg

rg qul pu`dlrgb gou stgr sus rutgs sleccc7 c7\lstrg dbairhgndib" Bis lb

ng regfghis `l trgzgr lc ir`lb `l fgtgccg l clntribdni `lc lblhdei y lb

hunmis ngsis tghfdlb `l cg `lad bd ndi b `l cg s dtugn dib gl rlg " Nugbì lc

6>° LA^ lstgfg lb su pulsti# bdbec cc7 gv dib lrg `lr rdfgì" Lb cg nghpg

bg sl plr`dlrib ìs gvdibls# s db qul mufdlsl qul cghlbtgr cg plr`d`g `l

bdbeub #pdciti" Lstg ls cg rgzi b aub`ghlbtgc `l bulstrg hd sdib" Lsti sl

nibsdeudi sdhpclhlbtl hgbtlbd lbìbis lb bulstri pulsti# `dspg rgbì

MGVH # : mgn dlbì qul cis slrvdis bis `d spgrgsl b g bisitris lb cu egr`l g cis erupis `l gtgqul"&

LD 0 `l hgyi # ub pdciti Qdplr Ulgslc# plrtlbln dlbtl gc 5=° LA^ nib

fgsl lb Gvdgbi# nibsdeudi cg prdhlrg vdntird g g drl(g drl `l cis A(71NO `l

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iu

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LD Hdbdstlrdi `l @lalbsg frdtgbdni

aclti vgrdis gvdibls `l trgbspirtl

Gbtibiv Gb(760 `l nihpgdddgs

rusgs y unrgbdgbgs pgrg trgbspirtgr

lqudpi hdcdtgr plsgì g Hgnlìbdg "

cg \^GA lb cg Eulrrg `l Kisivi nugbì `lrrdfi ub ngzg HdE(64 `l cg

Aulrzg Glrlg yueiscgvg nlrng `l Flcergì"

Cis gVgrgtis nib hdsdib ^LG@ lsnictgrib g ti`gs cgs dbnursdibls

gcdg`gs lb lc lspgndi glrli yueiscgvi# plri cis trdpucgbtls `l cis A(71NO

dbairhgrib `l qul g hl`dgìs `l hgyi cg gntdvd`g` `l `lalbsg glrlg

sl mgfdg rlùndì `l airhg sdebdadngtdvg" &^d bis adoghis lb ti`g cg zi

bg `l rlspibsgfdcd`g`# cg sdtugndib sl trgbqudcdzi hunmi&# `lncgrgfg lc

Pnic" Fil" & Mgfdg hlbis elbtl rlspib`dlbì g cis gtgquls" Gc prdbndpdi `l cg eulrrg sici vimdfghis pir cg binml y g adbgcls `l hgyi lstg

fghis iplrgbì ngsd ùrgbtl 60 mirgs gc `dg"&

& Cis % hgcis % sgfdgb sgngr pgrtdì g sus sdstlhgs `l rg`gr" Nugbì

bisitris hloirgfghis lb lc lhpcli `l bulstris sdstlhgs `l grhgs# lccis

tghfdlb hloirgfgb utdcdzgbì sus sdstlhgs" Gqulcci lrg ubg lsplndl `l

oulei `lc egti y lc rgtib&# gsleurgfg lc Pnic" Fil# g`lhgs `l hlbndi

bgr lc `gti `l qul sici su lsnug`rib mgfdg `dspgrgì 7<: MGVH ù

rgbtl cis ìs prdhlris hlsls `l cg nghpgbg `l fihfgr`lis `l cg IPGB"

HD^DIB @L VL^NGPLCg binml `lc 6 `l hgyi `l 7444 aul ubg plsg`dccg pgrg lc pdciti `l

A(71N Ademtdbe Agcnib nuyi db`dngtdvi rg`di lrg &Mghhlr >0&" Prgs mg

flr sgctgì lb pgrgngd`gs `l su ngzg tingì sl lsnib`di lb ubg zibg `l

fisqul lsplsi pgrg inuctgr su pgrg`lri g cgs tripgs slrvdgs" &Mghhlr

>0& gngfgfg `l tlrhdbgr ub gtgqul nibtrg cgs fgtlrags slrvdgs `l hdsd

cls gbtdglrlis lhpcgzg`gs nlrng `l Bivd ^g`# lb Tueiscgvdg# nugbì ub

hdsdc lblhdei lxpciti nlrng `l su rlgntir y 7: nibvdrtdi lb lc sleubì

gvdib birtlghlrdngbi `lrrdfgì ùrgbtl cg iplrgndib Gccdl` Airnl" Pd

ri `l cg gbdccg `l lylnndib y `lspuls puì vlr nihi lc gvdib nmingfg

nibtrg lc sulci nibvdrtdlc'ìsl lb ub ficg `l aulei hdlbtrgs lc `lsnlb`dg mgstg tdlrrg lb pgrgngd`gs" & Mghhlr >0& `doi qul sici mgfdg erdtg

ì pir rg`di? & oHgy`gy' oHgy`gy' oHgy`gy% & gbtls `l lylntgrsl" Nib

lcci mdzi sgflr gc plrsibgc `l fusqul`g y rlsngtl qul tlbdg prifclhgs#

gc hdshi tdlhpi qul lvdtgfg qul cis slrvdis nibindlslb su pisdndib"

^leub lxpcdngrdg hgs tgr`l# rllstgfclndi cgs nihubdngndibls y gsleuri

gc lqudpi `l fusqul`g y rlsngtl qul lstgfg lb fulbgs nib`dndibls " Cls

`doi qul dfg g fusngr ub sdtdi hloir pgrg inuctgrsl y qul vicvlrdg g ls

tgfclnlr nibtgnti gc ngfi `l ubg mirg"

Hdlbtrgs tgbti# lc plrsibgc `l fusqul`g y rlsngtl sl gprlsuri g lbtrgr

lb gnndib sdb plr`d`g `l tdlhpi" LD Nlbtri Nihfdbgì `l Niir`dbgndib`l Vlnuplrgndib `l Zlrsibgc `l Qdnlbzg ir`lbi g nugtri A 71 qul yg ls

tgfgb lb lc gdrl qul nghfdgslb `l `drlnndib pgrg gpiygr cg iplrgndib `l

rlnuplrgndib hdlbtrgs lc lqudpi `l tdlrrg trgbshdtdg sdhuctgblghlbtl cis

`ltgccls aub`ghlbtgcls `l cg sdtugndib g cis pdcitis" Cis mlcdniptlris `l

rlsngtl `lsplegrib" LD nlbtri `l nibtric trgbshdtdi ub dbairhl hltliri

ciedni `l cg zibg ìb`l lc pdciti lstgfg gtrgpgì `ltrgs `l cgs Dablgs lbl

hdegs? fgstgbtl fulbi nib bufls `dsplrsgs g 7:"::: pdls y nib cubg cDlbg"

Lb lc h i h l ~ t i lb qul lc A 71 `l Mghhlr >0 sl mgfdg lstrlccgì# cgs trd

pucgndibls `l cis mlcdniptlris `l fusqul`g y rlsngtl lstgfgb slbtgìs g

kdcihltris `l `dstgbndg ouegbì g cgs ngrtgs y lsnunmgbì cgs bitdndgs `lcg nghpgbg glrlg pir cg rg`di"

&Idhis pir cg rg`di qul ub gvdib mgfdg sdì `lrrdfgì y qul lc `lrrd

fi mgfdg sdì nibadrhgì lb ^lrvdg&# `doi lc pdciti `lc mlcdniptlri qul



dfg lb ngflzg " &Piìs bis prlndpd tg

his gìs ml cdniptlris HM( <>O Zgvl

Ciw y g ub HM(1:E Zgvl Mgwk pg

rg rlsngtgr gc pdciti gbtls `l qul cis

slrvdis p\` dlslb ngpturgrcl" Nugbì

bis `d rdedghis g cis mlcdniptlris sg

fdghis qul pinis hdbutis `lspuls ls

tgrdghis nruzgbì cg ari btlrg" & Zini`lspuls `lc `lspleul# gceud lb cgbzi

ìs hdsdcls suplradndl(gdrl nibtrg cg

pgtruccg `l rlsngtl" Vlgnn dibg his db

hl`dgtghlbtl y cis hdsdcls ag ccgrib lc

td ri pir ub is 5: hltris "& Itris ìs

hdsd cls qul aulrib `d spgrgìs `lspuls

tghpini nibsdeud lrib gcngbzgr g cg

ai rhgndib " Cis slrvdis dbtlbtgrib dhpcgngfc lhlbtl `lrrdfgr cis mlcdnip

tlris" @lspuls `l ubis sdltl hdbutis `l fusqul`g lb lc pubti `l rlni

ed`g irde dbgc# cis pdcitis rlndfdlrib bulvg db ai rhgndib" Cis ir`lbgìrls`l g firì ngcnuc grib qu l cg bulvg sdtugndib `lc p dciti `lrrdfgì lstgfg

g ub is 65 kd cihltris `l `dstgbndg"

&Hdlbtrgs bis `drdedghis gc bulvi pubti `l rlnie d`g rlndfdhis db

tlbsi au lei `l gbb gs pirtgt dcls&# nibtdbui lc pdciti `lc mlcdniptlri qul

dfg lb ngflzg" Nugbì su mlcdniptlri gpgrlndi sifrl ubg lclvgndib# rl

ndfdi `dspgris qul suredlrib `ls`l ub l`d adndi `l ìs pcgbtgs" û ghl

trgccgìr nibtlsti gc aulei y lc gtgqul nlsi" Zini `lspuls# lc cd`lr lstgfclndi

nibtgnti pir rg`di nib Mghhlr >0" &Bis aul `drdedlbì mgstg lc cuegr

ìb` l sl lbnibtrgfg irdlbtgbìsl pir lc rudì `l bulstris ritirls" & Mgh

hlr >0 nibtgrdg hgs tgr`l qul gc mgnl rci gsd tlbdg cg lsplrgbzg `l qulcis ritirls qul idg aulslb `l mlcdniptlris ghdeis" Cis Zgvl Ciw pgsg

rib oubti g lc" Nugbì l c pdciti `lc Zgvl Mgwk vdi cg cuz `l pisdndib `l

Mghh lr >0# lalntui dbhl`d gtghlbtl ub vdrgol mgndg lc cu egr ìb`l cg

mgfdg cing cdzgì" Cis Zgvl Ciw sl lbngregrib `l nufrdr `ls`l l c gdrl g c

Zgvl Mgwk hd lbtrgs gtlrrdzgfg lb ub ncgri" @is lspln dgcdstgs lb tgn tdngs

lsplndgcls `l rlsngtl `l cg Aulrzg Glrlg y ub nibtricgìr `l nihfgtl sg c

tgrib aulrg `lc gpgrgti" Mghhlr >0 nirrdi mgstg cg zibg `lsplog`g `ls

`l ub erupi `l grficls y lc nibtricgìr `l nihfgtl gbb gì sl sdtui `l

dbhl`d gti g su lspgc`g pgrg pritlel rc l" Hdlbtrgs ubi `l cis lsplndgcds

tgs lb rlsngtl nufr dg gc lqudpi nib su gbb g# lc sleubì prlpgri g Mghhlr >0 pgrg cg lxtrgnndib" Lb lc hihlbtg lb qul cis nugtri mihfrls

suf dgb g firì `lc Zgvl Mgwk suredl

rib `dspgris `l cg isnurd`g`" &Nugbì

sufd g firì# hl lnml lbndhg `l Mgh

hlr >0 pgrg pritlel rcl `l cis `dspgris

`l g rhgs pirtgtdcls# pirqul bi sgfdg `l

ìb`l prinl`dgb&# rlnulr`g lc olal `lc

lqudpi `l tdlrrg" Nugbì lc Zgvl Mgwk

rlerlsgfg g ti`g vlcind`g` mgndg tlrrd

tirdi"ghdei# cis ìs Zgvl Ciw fcdb`gìs hgbd ifrg rib pgrg gìptg r ub g

airhgn dib `l &fing`dcci& pgrg pritl

elrci" Lc sic bgndlbtl rlndfdi g cis trls

Cgs `lalbsgs gbt dglrlgs pgrg fgog

nitg `lc Lolrndti yueiscgvi" nihi

ls tl sds tlhg `l hdsdcls ^G(4

Egskdb" ifc degrib g cis gvdibls `lcg IPGB g iplrgr g gc turg s hl`dgs

yg ctgs"

\bg lsnug`rd ccg `l gvdibls ^LG@

Cinkmll` Hgrt db A(7 1NO Ademt dbe

Agcnib grhgìs nib grhgs

gbtdrrg`gr GEH (== MGVH sl`dspiblb g `lsplegr pgrg ubg

hd sd1b sifrl Tueiscgvdg-\^ @i@) ONN-@O$"

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Zg rgngd`dstgs frdtgbdnis sl

pritlelb `lc pgdvg hdlbtrgs sl

prlpgrgb pgrg lhfgrngr lb ubZu hg `lc >>% Lsnug`rib lb cg

ngrrltlrg `l Zrdstdbg" lc `dg `l cgiplrgn dib `l dbslrndib -Aiti? Klvdb

Ngpib ) Nriwb Nipyrdemt$"

ml cdn1ptlris# g c deugc qul cis `d spgris `l cg grtdcclrdg plsg`g y `l cgs gr

hgs pi rtgtdcls slrvdgs" Nibsdeudlrib lvg`dr lc dbtlbsi au lei tlrrls trl y#

nugbì hdrgrib mgn dg gtrgs gc nru zgr cg aribtlrg# vdlrib qul cis priyln

tirls slrvdis sleud gb lsnrutgbì l c ndlci fusng bìcls"

WZLVGNDIBL^ AVGBNL^G^

G hl`dgìs `l hgyi # Zgrds ir`lb1 l c `lspcdle ul `l 7: gv dibls `l gtg

qul Hdrgel A(D NP g cg fgsl glrlg `l Dstrgbg# lb Dtgcdg# pgrg qul l c nibtdb el btl argbnls pu`dlsl cDlvgr g ngfi iplrgn dibls `l gtgqul ùrgbtl

60 mirgs gc `dg" Oubti nib s dltl gv dibls `l gtgqul Hdrgel 6:::: y Og

eugr g`dn dibgcls # l c `ls pcdle ul argbnls lclv1 lc buh lri `l gv dibls `l

cg Aulrzg Gl rlg argbnlsg lb Dtg cdg g ubis 0< " Lb lstl buh lri lstgfgb

dbncudìs 76 Oge ugrs y 7< Hdrgel 6:::: ni b fgsl lb Dstrgbg" Lb cg fg

sl gl rlg `l Erisslti# lb lc ûr `l Dtg cdg# mgfdg itri s in mi ngzgs Hdrg

el 6:::N" Cis gvdibls `l gtgqul ûplr Ltlb`gr` rlgcd zgrib hd sdibls

`l gtgqul `ls`l l c pirtggvdils Ain m mgstg adbgcls `l hgyi"

LD ol al `l c `ls tgng hlbti `l Dstrgbg# Ni riblc @gbdlc Fd ssib# `doi ? & Cg

d`lg lrg qu l cis Hdrgel 6::: iplrgslb `l bin ml y qul cis Hdrgel A DT cis Oge ugrs gn tugslb ùrgbtl lc `dg&"

Cis prdbndpgcls tdp is `l g rhgs utdcd zgìs au lrib cgs fihfgs Hgtrg `l

0<> ke - 7"::: Df$ eud g`gs pir cgslr# gs d ni hi cgs fihfgs `l 665 ke

-<:: Df $ `l cg slrd l Zgvlwgy agfrdng`gs pir Vgytmli b EF\(D I y cgs

EF\(7 1 `l 0<> ke - 7"::: Df $" Cgs fihfgs & tibtgs& : n cgs dngs tghfdlb

au lrib utdcd zg`g s pir cis Oge ugrs# lb ni hfdbgnd1b nib l c tl clhltri cg

sl r y l c ir`lbgìr `l `drlnnd 1b `l td ri `lc gv d1b" Cis gvdibls `l cg Hg

rdbg argbnlsg lhpc lg rib hds dc ls G^(D : eud gìs pir cgsl r pgrg gtgng r

ifo l td vis & `dc7ndcls&"

Cgs fihfgs `l cg sl rdl Z gvlwgy lrgb pipuc grls lbtrl cgs trdpucgn di

bls argbnls gs" &^ ib acdn dcls `l usg r y Dccuy prln dsgs&# `lndg ub pdciti"

&N ugb` i cgbzg fghis cgs fi hfgs ngdgb lb l c pubti ìb`l mgfdg dccis

gpubtgì"&

Zlri# sle ub cis pdcitis argbnlsls# bi lrg agn dc lbnibtrgr ifo ltdvis pg

rg sus fihfgs" &Cis slrvdis 7: mgb `d splrsgì tiì& `lndg ub vltlrgbi

pdciti `l Oge ugr" & Bubng mlh is nihfgtdì ni btrg elbtl nihi lstg# bi

lrg deug c lb lc Ei cai : lb Fis

bd g" ^lbtdhis ub ergb rlsplti

pir cis slrvdis" Gtgng fghis cis

ifoltdvis qul bis ir` lbgfg lc

Nl btri Nihfdbgì `l Iplrg

ndibls Glrlgs `l Qdnlbzg# pl

ri prdhlri tiìs cis ifo ltdvis

tlb dgb qul slr gprifgìs pir lc

eifdlhi argbnls" Lb Qdnlbzg#

lc EF Olgb Zgtrdg Egv dg` `ln d

`dg si frl lc gspln ti hdcdtgr y

`lspuls lbvdgfg cis ifo ltdvis

g Zgrd s# pgrg q$cl gcdd sl `lnd

`dlsl sd sl gtgngfgb : bi"&

&Gceubg s vlnls `lndgb qul

bi&# rlnul r` g ub pdciti" Lstgs

ls trd ntgs rle cgs `l lbarlbtg(



hd lbti lrgb vgcd`gs pgrg ifo l td vis ado is# plri nugbì mgfd g qul gtgng r

ifo ltd vis h1vdcls lb lc dbtlrd ir `l Kisivi# tgcls nihi ngrris `l ni h

fgtl y grtd cclrdg# cg gutird`g` pgrg cgbzg r cgs fihfgs sl `lclegfg g cis

pdcitis"

&^ d d` lbtdadngfghis lc ifo ltd vi y pi`dghis cgbzgr buls trgs fihfgs

nib sleurd`g`# lbtibnls pi`dghis gtgng r&# rlnulr`g ub gv dgìr argb

nls" & Zlri sd tlbdghis ù`gs # y lsti lrg ubg rle dg argbnlsg# `lfdì gc

hgc td lhpi : g qul mgfd g l`dadndis lb lc ndrnu ci `lc dcdslr : lb lc pub

ti `l pubtlrd g# lstgfghis guti rd zgìs g rlerlsg r s db mgflr cgbzgì cgs

fihfgs" Bi s dlhprl cgs cgbzgfghis" ^d tlbd ghis ù`gs rle rlsg fghis " %

LC ADB @L CG IZLVGNDIB GCCDL@ AIVNL

G 7: cgrei `lc hls `l hgyi # cg i plrgn d1b Gccdl` Airnl nibtdbu1 nib nrl

ndlbtl dbtlbs d` g` y `ls`l cg fgsl `l cg VGA lb Agdr air` cis Vinkwl cc

F( 7F y F(<6 `l cg \^G A cDlvgrib g ngfi &g tgquls `l zibg& nibtrg cis

glr1`rihis y `lp1s dtis `l hubdndibls slrvdis " Itris gv dibls `l gtg

qul `l cg IPGB sl `l`dngrib g `lfdcdtgr cg dbargls trunturg hdcdtgr yu

eis cgvg lb lc sur `l ^lrvdg y l b Kisivi" Hdlbtrgs tgbti# cis A(7 75# cis

F(6 y cis hd s dc ls `l nrunlri `lsg tgrib ub dbadlrbi lb ubg sl rd l `l if

ol tdvis lstrgtle dnis sdtugìs lb lc dbtl rd ir `l ^lrvdg"

G plsg r `l cis nibtdbuis fihfgr`lis `l cis lalntd vis glrlis `l cg

IPGB# Hd cisl vdn sleudg s db `gr db`dngn d1b gceubg `l lstgr `d spulsti g

gnl ptgr cgs lx delbndgs `l cg IPGB" @urgbtl lc hls `l hgyi# cis Dd`l

rls picdtdnis `l cg IPGB `dlrib db strunn dibls g sus Dccgbìs Dccd cdtgrls

pgrg qul lhplzgslb g prlpgrgr cis pc gbls pgrg ubg db vgs d1b `l Kisi

vi pir tdlrrg" Zlri lb cgs ngpdtgcls inn d` lbtgcls bi mgfdg lst1hgei su

adn dlbtl pgrg lhprlb`lr ub g sgberd lbtg eulrrg tlrrls trl# pir 7: qul l c

prls d` lbtl Ncdbtib ir`lb1 g su vdnlslnrltgrd i `l Lstgì# ^trifl Pgcfit#

qul dbdndgsl nibvlrsgn dibls nib cis ru sis pgrg nibvlbdr ub pc gb `l pgz "

LD > `l oubdi lc prls d` lbtl adbc gb`ls Hgrttd Gmtdsgg rd y lc lbvdgì `l

pgz ru si Qdktir Nmlrb ihyr`db vdgo grib g Flcergì y# pgrg sirprlsg `l

tiìs# Hd cislv dn gnlpt1 cgs pripuls tgs nugbì lc lbvdgì `l Hisnc'

gDcclbgz1 nib `lo grOl g su sulrt l sd rlnmgzg fg lc trgti " LD gnulr` i plr(

Cis mlcdniptlris Hdc Hd (^HPQ `l cgGvdgndib `lc Lolrndti rusi

lstgfclndlrib su fgsl lb lcglripulrti `l Zrdstdbg pgrg gpiyg r

cg pgrtdndpgndib `l Hisnu lb cg

Aulrzg `l Kisivi -KAIV$ cd`lrg` g

pir cg IPGB -Pdh Vdpcly$

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hdtdg qul cgs aulrzgs `l hgbtlbdhdlbti `l cg pgz `l cg IPGB lbtrgslb

lb cg privdbndg pgrg lstgfclnlr ubg g`hdbdstrgndib privdsdibgc `l cg

IB\" Cgs tripgs y cg picdndg yueis cgvg sl rltdrgrdgb `l cg privd bndg pl

ri# iadndgchlbtl# =lcergì hgbtlb`rdg cg siflrgbdg" Cgs aulrzgs yueis

cgvgs tlb`rdgb `lrlnmi g lbtrgr lb cg privdbndg y g nusti`dgr sus aribtlrgs

`l Kisivi lb ubg alnmg auturg bi lsplndadng`g"

LD Elblrgc ^dr Hdkl Ognksib# olal `l cgs aulrzgs `l cg IPGB lb Hg

nlìbdg# rlndfdi db strunndibls pgrg gfrdr cgs bleindgndibls nib cis hdcdtgrls yueis cgvis lb cgs qul `lf dgb lstgf clnlrsl cis tlrhdbis `l su

rltdrg`g `l Kisivi" Lstis tlrhdbis aulrib gnir`gìs lb ubg slrdl `l rlu

bdibls nl clfrg`gs lb Hgnlìbdg# plri# lbtrl tgbti# cis gvdibls `l gtg

qul `l cg IPGB sdeudlrib fihfgr`lgbì ifoltdvis yueiscgvis mgstg

qul lc nibvlbdi aul gnir`gì lc 4 `l oubdi"

Kisivi? c\BG QDNPIVDG NIB^LE\D@G ZIV CG

A\LV_G GLVLG9

Nugbì lc Elblrgc Ognksib nibncuyi sus nibvlrsgndibls# cis pgdsls

hdlhfris `l cg IPGB lhplzgrib g rlubdr cgs aulrzgs blnlsgrdgs pgrglbtrgr rgp d`ghlbtl lb Kisivi tgb pribti nihi cgs prdhlrgs tripgs yu

eis cgvgs lhplzgrib g rltdrgrsl lc 76 `l oubdi" G lstg aulrzg `l cg IPGB

sl Dl `di lc bihfrl `l Aulrzg `l Kisivi -KAIV$ y aul pulstg fgoi lc

hgbì `lc LH `lc NE `lc GVVN "

Mgndg lc adbgc `l 7444 mgfdg `lspclegìs lb Kisivi ub is 0:"::: sic

`gìs pgrg hgbtlblr cg pgz lbtrl sus mgfdtgbtls" Cgs iplrgndibls `l cg

IPGB lhplzgrib g tihgr ub ngrgn tlr huy `dalrlbtl nugbì KAIV tu

vi qul dbtlrvlbdr pgrg lvdtgr qul cgs ìs nihubd`g`ls `l cg privdbndg

lhplzgslb `l bulvi cg eulrrg" G nibslnulbndg `l su lxdti lb cg ipl

rgndib `l inupgndib `l Kisivi# cis mlcdniptlris `lslhplbgrib ub pgplc aub`ghlbtg c gpiygbì g cgs aulrzgs `l cg IPGB qul dbtlbtgfg b

dhpiblr cg cly y l c ir`lb lb gqulc pgds gsi cgì pir cg eulrrg"

Cg sdtugndib lb cg privdbndg sl mdzi hgs tlbsg nib cg ccleg`g `l ndlb

tis `l hdcls `l rlauedgìs gcfgblsls qul rlerlsgfgb `l su lx dcdi" Cis

gslsd bgtis ltb dnis sl nibvdrtd lrib lb nisg nirrd???btl ùrgbtl cis goustls

`l nulbtgs nib cg pifcgndib slrvdg qul mgfdg plrhgblndì lb cg zibg

`lspuls `l cg rltdrg`g `lc Lolrndti yueiscgvi "

@ls`l lc adbgc `l cg iplrgndib Gccdl` Airnl" cis gbgcdstgs mgb `dsln

ndibgì cg nibùnndib y cis rlsuctgìs `l cg hgyir ia bs dvg hdcdtgr qul

mg tlbdì cu egr lb Luripg `ls`l cg DD Eulrrg Hub`dgc"Zlri ti`gvdg sdeul mgfdlbì ìs prleubtgs qul bi mgb pi`dì slr rls

pib`d`gs sgtdsagntird ghlbtl" Lb prdhlr cuegr# d"pir qul `lnd`di Hdcislvdn

rltdrgr sus tripgs aulrg `l Kisivi lb oubdi `l 74449 T lb sleubì cu

egr# ti`gvdg bi sl mg cclegì g ubg nibn cu sdib `ladbdtdvg sifrl lc erg

ì `l `gbis dbtcdedis gc >lP Lolrndti yueiscgvi lb Kisivi"

Lb hgyi `l 6::: # lc Elblrgc Ognksib gadrhi gbtl ub nihdtl pgrd g

hlbtg rdi frdtgbdni qul cg nghpgbg `l fihfgr`lis `l cg IPGB bi aul

7: ubdni qul ifcdei g Hdcislvdn g nl`lr gbtl cgs lxdelbndgs `l cg IPGB"

& Bi nrli qul slg pru`lbtl `lùndr qul Hdcislvdn nl`dlsl sdhpclhlb(

tl g ngusg `l cg gnndib hdcdtgr&# `lncgri lc Elblrgc# qul tghfdlb lcie dicis ls aulrzis rusis pgrg nibsleu dr cg pgz" @doi qul gubqul cis fih

fgr`lis lstrgtlednis sifrl ^lrvdg lstgfgb lhplzgbì g mgnlr hunmi

`gbi# 7: qul ls ndlrti y nihprifgf cl ls qul cis gutlbtdnis `gbis dbtcd(



cI^ FGcNGBL^" 744=

""""""" Y(("" G\^PVDG """Y""" #Y "" S ?""""""""" &#."""# DG &

# # % ( ( ( % # % #(&# M\BEV #aY; L^CIQLBDG" """ ## YY O S# #?

%? • 0ufatgbg S &%%%%%S # % % % " % ( ( % r % ( % ( ( %

&%# ~ # # ( # """ _gnrlf """"""""""""""""""" YY ""%(S(%# "" # % """"#

% ( %((? NVIGNDG %?S"

+QDNaDDS@

V\HGBDG

• ~ g # ~ Y ~ """ 7 ( """ ( ( ( ( """""""""""" r&& 'a @Da("; # 2""" ""~ A ? ? s ?(%# #(&(((( Qukivw;%(# l Bivd^g` ((#(#

-%SS S # • Fgbog Cukg %"""""" 7 """ Flcerg`l~ ~ " # & """"""(""""""" # # ( ; ~ "\nc?Hbg c# "7\zDg D #~ %( # FI^BDGµMLV_LEIQDBG %( % # V L Z \ ~ \ N G AL@LVGC S"#

& ^bifrlbdngl (" @L T\EI^CGQDG #%(&S """ ^gbDalyi S """ ( ? """""% #

^pDdt&(( Eirgz`ll ^LVQDG &%& &# o? #((#(%&("""") # • Histw Y& • •~ & #%(%" ~ ( #

i ~ & % % % D ? # & # & ~i ~ ( S -HIBPLBLEVN^?#% S " ( % D@~ & • • • Zrdstdbg % ( " " " %

@ufrivbd % S S Zi`p?k?g&

"#t îadg " "

& + ) % ) S KIÎQI %

•••• •• Aribtlrg lbtrl rlpufcdnc'DsYY Y Aribtlr" l btrl privdbndgs

"" Glripulrti

hdccgs)kdcihltris gprixdhlìs

i 6: 0: 1: =: hdcdg'

D #%# #% # S &

g 6: 0: 1: =: 7:: 76: kdcihltris

HGV G@VDGPcNI

edìs lb Kisivi aulrib fgstgbt l hlbirls qul cis `gddis lstdhgìs" (

&Ci ndlrti ls qul nugbì lbtrghis lb Kisivi bi tu vdhis qul gpgrtgr

ndlbtis `l fgrngzgs `l ngrris `l nihfgtl ng cndbg`gs&"

@lspuls sl nibindlrib dbairh ls qul db`dngfgb qul cgs lvg cu gnd ibls

`l cis `gddis priùndìs pir cis fihfgr` lis `l cg IPGB `daub`d`gs pir

Ncgrk# lb cgs qul sl db`dngfg qul ùrgbtl cis fihfgr`lis mgfdgb sdì

`lstrudìs 4> ngrris `l nihfgtl# 7<< trgbspirtls gnirgzgìs `l plrsi

bgc y >=4 pd lzgs `l grtdcclrd g y hirtlris# lstgfgb fgsg`gs s17: lb cis

db airh ls y lb cgs

dhgel bls `l vd `li tihg`gs pir cis pdcitis " Cis rli

suctgìs `l ub lstu`di rlg cdzgì pir ub lqudpi `l lvgcugndib `l `gddis

`l cg \^ GA# lbvdgì g cg privdb ndg slrvdg pini `lspuls# aulri b hlbis

dhprlsdibgbtls" îci lbnibtrgrib cis rlstis `lstrudìs `l 70 ngrris `l

nihfgtl# 7= trgbspirtls gnirgzgìs `l plrsibgc y 6: pd lzgs `l grtdccl

rdg y hirtlris `lc Lolrn dti slrvdi `lstrudìs"

@ls`l lc nibacd nti mgb dì suredlbì ubg slrd l `l db airhls y ndargs

nibtrg`dntird is sifrl cg lbtd`g` y cis laln td vis `l cgs aulrzgs yueis cg

vgs `lspc leg`gs lb Kisivi# y sifrl lc ergì `l `gddis qul suard lrib"

Mgstg qul cis pgdsls gcdgìs bi `daub`gb sus `gtis nibnrltis sifrl cg

lvgcugndib `l cis `gddis priùndìs pir cis fihfgr` lis y l c Lolrndtiyueiscgvi bi gfrg sus grnmd vis# ls pini prifgfcl qul sl ccleul g pi

blr pubti adb gc gc &`lfgtl sifrl cg l vgcugndib `l `gddis `l cis fihfgr

`lis sifrl Kisivi&"

& % ""# YD "" ( ( ( & % ~D D Y "" % ""

? & #(% ~ ++ %lrriTln% ( % #

;%GBPDE\G VLZ\F\NG#;# T\EI^CGQG @L

HGNL@IBDG YO #a# • ZrdDlp ? """

& ##(( """ Y""(

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? t~ t d o Y@ls`l cis gtgquls `l cis

fihfgr`lris

db`ltlntgfcls F(6 mgstg

nih fgtls gdrl(gdrl; `ls`l

lc trgbspirtl `l tripgs

tlrrlstrls lb mlcdn1ptlris

mgstg cis fihfgr`lis nib

privdsdibls pgrg cis

rlauedgìs# lc grhg glrlg

mg `lslhpladgì ub pgplc aub`ghlbtgc lb lc

& Qdltbgh luripli%? Lstl cdfri hulstrg cgvlr`g`lrg lsngcg l dhpirtgbndg `lc

`lspcdleul `l cis lalntdvis glrlis lb cis

Fgcngbls# y lb lc sl

`ltgccgb cgs gntdvd`g`ls

`l cis gvdibls `l cg

IPGB y `l cg IB\ gsd

nihi cgs `l cis pdcitis

`l cg gbtdeug

Tueiscgvdg " Cg

vlr`g`lrg hl`d`g `l

cis `gadis dbacdedìs gc

>lr Lolrndti yueiscgvi lb Kisivi sdeul

sdlbì hgtlrdg `l `lfgtl# hdlbtrgs cisFgcngbls nibtdbugb sdlbì ubg rled1b `l

nibacdnti y ub aini `l i`dis rgndgcls"

(Aviones en Combate: Ases y Leyendas No.52) La Guerra Aérea Sobre los Balcanes

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