El Ejercito de Chile en Visperas a La GdP.una Vision de Las Tropas 1866-1879.Valentina-Verbal

8/10/2019 El Ejercito de Chile en Visperas a La GdP.una Vision de Las Tropas 1866-1879.Valentina-Verbal

1/31

/ =>8HO HGSNK\D LH NEKOH HA Z^YHSM^ LH OM BXHSSM LHO YMNJKND. XAM ZK^KA LH OM^\SDYM^ (=5::-=52;) ZMOHA\KAMZHSCMO^\DN@FH[HS

EK^\DSKM >;:K^^A 92=;-92=;

A = - 39=8-=:8V

HO HGSNK\D LH NEKOH HA Z^YHSM^LH OM BXHSSM LHO YMNJKND.

XAM ZK^KA LH OM^ \SDYM^(=5::-=52;)

NEKOH^ MSF[ DA \EH HZH DJ \EH YMNKJKN RMS7 M ZKHR

JSDF \EH \SDDY^

Zmohatkam Zhrcmo ^tdn`fhyhrXakvhrsklml Zkm lho Fmr, Nekoh.

vmohvhrcmoIbfmko.ndf

Shsufha

Hsth mrtnuod mcdrlm ua thfm pdnd hstulkmld pdr om ekstdrkd-brmjm7 om vklm lho Hgrnktd lh Nekoh hatrh om Buhrrm nda Hspmm(=5:8-=5::) y om Buhrrm lho Ymnnd (=52;-=55


2/31

=>: / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

KA\SDLXNNKA

Om ekstdrkm fkoktmr mntumo ad sh rhlunh m om amrrmnka y hxpoknmnka lh buhrrms

y cmtmooms, skad quh hs funed fs mfpokm y ndfpohgm. Ha hjhntd, puhlha lks-

tkabukrsh ha hoom vmrkms oahms lh kavhstkbmnka, v. br., om ekstdrkm fkoktmr pdotk-

nm (quh sh rhhrh m om mntumnka lh ods fkoktmrhs ha ho mndathnhr pdotknd), om

ekstdrkm fkoktmr sdnkmo (quh trmtm msphntds sdnkmohs lh om vklm lh ods fkoktmrhs),

om ekstdrkm lh om thnadodbm fkoktmr (quh hstulkm oms mrfms, oms jdrtknmnkdahs,

htn.), om fkoktmrkm ekstrknm (quh mamokzm uakjdrfhs, cmalhrms, fhlmooms, htn.), oms

ckdbrmjms lh fkoktmrhs, y, pdr nkhrtd, om ekstdrkm lh oms buhrrms y cmtmooms=. \dlms

hstms rhms tkhaha ua puatd lh rhjhrhankm ha tdrad mo numo bkrma, d ema lh bkrmr7

om vklm lh ods hgrnktds.

Ha hsth shatkld, tdlmvm sda hsnmsds ods trmcmgds quh sh lhlknma m hstulkmr ho

mndathnhr lho Hgrnktd lh Nekoh ha tkhfpds lh pmz. Om fmydrm lh oms dcrms lh

ekstdrkm fkoktmr lh Nekoh sh rhhrh m om ekstdrkm d nraknm lh oms buhrrms y cm-

tmooms, nda fmydr d fhadr maoksks hstrmtbknd y tntknd3. Hstd sh lhch, ha ad

pdnm fhlklm, m om nkrnuastmankm lh quh, emstm emnh ad funed tkhfpd mtrs, om

ekstdrkm fkoktmr hstmcm, nmsk hxnouskvmfhath, ha fmads lh fkoktmrhs y ad lh eks-

tdrkmldrhs prdpkmfhath tmohs. [ thakhald ua a hfkahathfhath phlmbbknd7 ho

hstulkd lh oms buhrrms y cmtmooms lho pmsmld skhfprh sh em hstkfmld ndfd uamtko ehrrmfkhatm pmrm ods prdjhskdamohs lh oms mrfms, puhstd quh hs ua mrth

quh supdah om mlquksknka lh uam hxphrkhankm>.

[ sk ckha, nktmald m Sdchrtd Mrmankckm Nomvho, ods hgrnktds sda pmrm ndfcmtkr,

pdr od quh sh lhch kajhrkr, hatdanhs, quh om ekstdrkm fkoktmr ha otkfd trfkad

lhch shr mnhrnm lh om cmtmoom3-=.Lds Zdofhahs. ^ma-

tkmbd, Kfprhatm y Oktdbrmjm Cmonhoos y Nm., =; Mrmankckm Nomvho, Sdchrtd, Ho ndanhptd lh Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr. Yrkfhrm Gdramlm lh Ekstdrkm

Fkoktmr. kbods UZKK-UKU. matkmbd, Nhatrd lh hstulkds h kavhstkbmnkdahs fkoktmrhs (NH^KF) Lhpmrtmfhatd lh Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr lho Hgrnktd lh Nekoh, 399


3/31

/ =>2HO HGSNK\D LH NEKOH HA Z^YHSM^ LH OM BXHSSM LHO YMNJKND. XAM ZK^KA LH OM^\SDYM^ (=5::-=52;) ZMOHA\KAMZHSCMO^\DN@FH[HS

Om fmthrkm lh hsth mrtnuod hs ho Hgrnktd lh Nekoh ha ua phrdld lh hatrhbuh-

rrms7 hatrh ho trfkad lh om Buhrrm nda Hspmm (=5:8-=5::) y ho ndfkhazd lh om

Buhrrm lho Ymnnd (=52;-=550 Sds Bmoomrld, Ndarmld, Nekoh y Cdokvkm lhahasus jrdathrms. ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Malrs Chood, =;:>.


4/31

=>5 / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

mnhrnm mo prhshath mrtnuod hs ho lh Nmrods Brhz, pucoknmld ha ho Cdohta lh om

Mnmlhfkm Nekoham lh om Ekstdrkmha =;>8, quh mcmrnm tdld ho phrdld rhpucoknm-

ad, muaquh m trmvs lh ua maoksks ha hxnhsd ndanksd:.

Brhz cusnmcm rhjutmr ho mrbufhatd, hsphnkmofhath cdokvkmad2, quh mrfm quh

auhstrd pms lhsmrrdoo, ha ods mds mathrkdrhs m om Buhrrm lho Ymnnd, uam

ndastmath y sksthftknm prhpmrmnka fkoktmr, drkhatmlm m hxpmalkrsh emnkm ho

adrth, thrrktdrkd lhokchrmlmfhath ndlknkmld pdr sus hadrfhs rkquhzms amturm-

ohs, pmrtknuomrfhath smoktrhrms. Mrfmcm Brhz7

^k ods pucoknkstms lho Motkpomad ha vhz lh omazmr om brmtuktm mnu-

smnka lh prhpmrmnka coknm sunkhath pdr auhstrm shrhaklml

pmrm mbrhlkr ad ym m ua vhnkad, skad m lds, euckhsha thakld

shrhaklml pmrm rhvksmr ods ldnufhatds maumohs lh auhstrd

Fkaksthrkd lh Buhrrm y Fmrkam, ad sh emcrma mtrhvkld m prh-

thalhr jualmr mrtknkdsmfhath uam tma mtrhvklm ndfd kagustm

mprhnkmnka. Moo hsta m om lkspdsknka lh numoqukhrm hsms Fh-

fdrkms, ha nuyms pbkams ho ohntdr handatrmr lds ehneds quh

oomfma juhrthfhath om mthanka, m smchr7 =) quh maumofhath,

sh hsjdrzmcma ods fkakstrds lho rmfd, ha prdcmr mo Ndabrhsd

Amnkdamo quh ods hjhntkvds rhmohshrma kajhrkdrhs m ods hjhntkvdsmutdrkzmlds pdr ohyhs hxprhsms. 3) quh hsds fksfds fkakstrds

(mua numald funems vhnhs hrma fkoktmrhs lh motm brmlumnka)

ad dpdama akaba kandavhakhath numald mo shr ahnhsmrkd em-

nhr hndadfms ha om mlfkakstrmnka pcoknm sh rhnurrkhsh, ha

prkfhr oubmr, m om shnnka buhrrm y fmrkam lho prhsupuhstd

amnkdamo. ^h smnrknmcma ms kabhaths nmatklmlhs, nuyd bmstd

rhprhshatmcm pmrm ho pms om trmaqukoklml, pdr hghfpod lh oms

rhbkdahs surhms, mfmbmlms pdr ods kalkds mrmunmads, htn.5

: Lh sod 35 pbkams, ndasklhrmald quh mlhfs mcdrlm od rhomtkvd m mrfmfhatds y tmatd lhoHgrnktd ndfd lh om Fmrkam.

2 ^h rhhrh, ndfd hghfpod lh su mshrtd, m Hlumrld Lkhz lh Fhlkam, quh ha uam dcrm suymlh =;=; sdstham od skbukhath7 ^h ndfprhalh, pdr od fksfd, quh ua md lhspus Nekoheuckhsh ahbdnkmld nda Cdokvkm ho pmntd lh ofkths lh =528. p. ==3.

5 Kcl., p. ==>.


5/31

/ =>;HO HGSNK\D LH NEKOH HA Z^YHSM^ LH OM BXHSSM LHO YMNJKND. XAM ZK^KA LH OM^\SDYM^ (=5::-=52;) ZMOHA\KAMZHSCMO^\DN@FH[HS

Ho fmthrkmo ldnufhatmo utkokzmld ha hsth trmcmgd hs lkvhrsd, phrd csknmfhath

sh rhlunh m lds tkpds7 oms fhfdrkms lho Fkaksthrkd lh Buhrrm y oms adrfms

gurlknms lh drlha fkoktmr, lkntmlms lurmath auhstrd phrdld. Mfcds tkpds lh

ldnufhatds phrfktha dcthahr uam brma nmatklml lh lmtds ndanrhtds, hsphn-nmfhath hstmlstknds. ^ka hfcmrbd, sh em hvktmld rhlunkr ho msuatd m fhrms

nkjrms, cusnmald mamokzmroms ha ho ndathxtd ekstrknd ha quh sh kashrtma0 kathr-

prhtaldoms y ndthgaldoms nda dtrms rhmoklmlhs nda oms quh sh ndahntma lh

fmahrm vkvm. M dcghtd lh brmnmr y ndasdoklmr oms mrfmnkdahs rhmokzmlms, sh

mmlha mobuads numlrds, numatktmtkvds y numoktmtkvds. [ pmrm jmnkoktmr om ohnturm

lh ods ldnufhatds, sh em mntumokzmld su drtdbrmjm mo tkhfpd prhshath.

LD\MNKA LH \SDYM^ HA HO HGSNK\D

Ad sda funems oms dcrms quh, ha trfkads hstmlstknds, trmtma om ldtmnka lho

Hgrnktd lh Nekoh ha ho phrdld ndfpohtd lh =5::-=52;. Xam lh hstms hxnhpnkd-

ahs hs ho mrtnuod lh Nmrods Brhz, rhjhrkld ha om katrdlunnka lh hsth trmcmgd.

^hrbkd Zkoomodcds rhkthrm, ha auhstrm pdnm y rhrkaldod, ho fksfd puatd lh

vkstm lh Brhz7

Ha jdrfm sdsthaklm om ekstdrkdbrmjm phrumam y cdokvkmam ema

moulkld ska fmydr maoksks m om pdotknm mrfmfhatkstm lh Nekoh

maths lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnnd. Hs uam mrfmnka quh amlkh

em ndfprdcmld, mnhptmlm ndfd kalulmcoh y mgham m tdlm lks-

nuska. Om thalhankm mrfmfhatkstm ad shrm fs quh om nda-

shnuhankm lh ods pomahs hxpmaskvds, prhpmrmlds ha om sdfcrm

y quh lhcma nuofkamr nda ho zmrpmzd lh =52;. Hstm nuhstka

hs lh hsms vhrlmlhs kandanusms, quh trmasjdrfmlms ha fktds

y ohyhalms ad mlfktha pruhcm ha ndatrm pdrquh sda pmrth lh

om ahnhsklml ndohntkvm;.

Nda ho dcghtd lh lhthrfkamr od fs hofhath quh shm pdskcoh oms nkjrms lh trd-

pms ha ho fmrnd lh auhstrd phrdld (=5::-=52;), ehfds mnulkld m lds juhaths

prkankpmohs7 m) fhfdrkms maumohs lho Fkaksthrkd lh Buhrrm (utkokzmlms pdr ho

fksfd Brhz), y c) ohyhs phrklknms quh mutdrkzma om juhrzm lho Hgrnktd phrfm-

ahath. Om prkfhrm lh hstms juhaths mndstufcrm m ndatrmstmr oms juhrzms mutdrk-

zmlms nda oms hjhntkvmfhath hxksthaths, kanousd ha trfkads lh su lkstrkcunka

ha oms lkstkatms uaklmlhs lho Hgrnktd7 rhbkfkhatds y cmtmoodahs.

; Zkoomodcds, ^hrbkd, Nekoh-Yhr7 od quh ads uah y ads shpmrm. ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Xakvhrsktm-rkm, 399


6/31

= ; :

Numlrd =.

Ldtmnka lho Hgrnktd lh Nekoh (=5::-=52;)=9

Md Juhrzm mutdrkzmlm==

Juhrzm hjhntkvm=5:: >.95> 2.89.22:=5:5 >.298=5:; 8.9=5 .8=:=52> >.8=: >.=2==52< >.8=: >.==528 >.82> >.=88=52: >.82> >.=:8=522 >.>=: >.=32=525 >.>=: 3. Mabuktm, Sknmrld, Ohyhs prdfuobmlms ha Nekoh lhslh =5=9 emstm =;=5.\dfd KK. ^matkmbd,

Kfprhatm, Oktdbrmjm y Hanumlhramnka Cmrnhodam, =;=3, p. 39:.=< Ymrm hsth ndaffikntd, vmsh7 Ndurnhooh hahuko, G. B., Mbrhska lh Hspmm ndatrm Nekoh. matkm-

bd, Kfprhatm lho Jhrrdnmrrko, =5::. Lhslh om phrsphntkvm amvmo (om Buhrrm nda Hspmm sh lkdprkankpmofhath ha ho fmr), vmsh7 Juhazmoklm Cmlh, Sdlrkbd, Om Mrfmlm lh Nekoh. Lhslh ommocdrmlm mo ^hsquknhathamrkd (=5=>-=;:5).Lhslh om okchrmnka lh Nekod (=53:) emstm ho alh om Buhrrm nda Hspmm (=5::). \dfd KK. \moohrhs Hfprhsm Yhrkdlstknm Mqu Hst, =;250y Ndoomlds Ahz, Nomulkd (hlkt.), Ho Ydlhr Amvmo Nekohad.\dfd KK. Zmopmrmsd, Shvkstm lhFmrkam, =;58.

Md Juhrzm mutdrkzmlm==

Juhrzm hjhntkvm=5:: >.95> 2.89.22:=5:5 >.298=5:; 8.9=5 .8=:=52> >.8=: >.=2==52< >.8=: >.=

=528 >.82> >.=88=52: >.82> >.=:8=522 >.>=: >.=32=525 >.>=: 3.


7/31

/ == lh fmrzd lh =5::=8.

Xa shbuald msphntd lho numlrd prhnhlhath, quh hs ua hohfhatd quh smotm m omvkstm, hs quh ha ods mds lh auhstrd fmrnd nrdadobknd sh mprhnk uam brmlumoy ndastmath lksfkaunka lh oms juhrzms hjhntkvms ha ho Hgrnktd phrfmahath d lh

oahm. Hstm sktumnka phrfkth ndastmtmr quh, mo fhads ha trfkads lh nmatklml lhtrdpms habmanemlms, ad emcrm hxkstkld uam pdotknm choknkstm lh pmrth lh Nekoh.

Xa thrnhr puatd lh maoksks sh rhhrh, gustmfhath, m od quh pdlhfds lhad-

fkamr prdcohfms lho habmaneh. Ha hjhntd, uam ndastmath lh auhstrd fmrnd

nrdadobknd hs ho lhsmgusth hatrh oms juhrzms ohbmofhath mutdrkzmlms y oms hjhn-

tkvmfhath hxksthaths d habmanemlms. ^h trmtm lh uam lkjhrhankm nmrmnthrkzmlm

pdr om kajhrkdrklml lh oms shbualms nda rhsphntd m oms prkfhrms. Ha ho ndaguatd

lho phrdld mqu hstulkmld, om lkjhrhankm hatrh oms juhrzms mutdrkzmlms y oms

habmanemlms ad rhsuotm shr dsthaskcoh. ^ka hfcmrbd, mnhrnaldsh m om Buhrrmlho Ymnnd, ha ho md 25 puhlh mprhnkmrsh uam nmatklml kfpdrtmath lh pomzms

vmnmaths7 lh >.==: sod sh odbrmrda oohamr 3..


8/31

= ; :

suholds lh ods sdolmlds nda rhsphntd m ods lh om pdcomnka nkvko4 Yuhlh, pdr

tmatd, mrfmrsh quh lknems rhfuahrmnkdahs ndastktuma om prkankpmo nmusm lho

lhsmgusth hatrh om juhrzm mutdrkzmlm y om hjhntkvm4 M om ouz lh mobuams juhaths

ndasuotmlms, ads pmrhnh quh ad hs stm om rmza lh jdald lh om lkspmrklml hatrhoms juhrzms mutdrkzmlms y oms habmanemlms.

Ha auhstrd phrdld, ho suhold lh ods sdolmlds cdrlhmcm ods ;-=3 phsds. Hatrh=58< y =52= msnhalm m ; phsds=5. Yhrd, ndajdrfh m ua mufhatd smomrkmo hstmcoh-nkld pdr uam ohy lh advkhfcrh lh =52=, bkrmcm ha tdrad m ods ==-=3 phsds, skha-ld fmydr pmrm ods sdolmlds lho mrfm lh mrtkoohrm pdr su fmydr hsphnkmokzmnkatnaknm=;. [ m nuatd msnhalma ods suholds lh om pdcomnka nkvko4 Xa hstulkd lhoKastktutd lh Hndadfm lh om Ydatknkm Xakvhrsklml Nmtoknm lh Nekoh hstmcohnh

quh ha ods mds =5::-=52; ho prdfhlkd lh ods smomrkds rhmohs bkrmcm ha tdrad mods =9 phsds39. Hstd ads oohvm m phasmr quh oms nmusms lh om lkspmrklml hatrh juhr-zms mutdrkzmlms y hjhntkvms sh lhch m rmzdahs fs ndfpohgms, fs numoktmtkvmsquh numatktmtkvms, rhrkaldsh, pdr hghfpod, m oms ndalknkdahs lh om vklm fkoktmr,hsphnkmofhath ha Mrmund, y m nkhrtds lhjhntds lho sksthfm lh habmaneh 3=. Yhrdhsth thfm vmolrm om pham trmtmrod lh fmahrm hsphnnm ha ua trmcmgd pdsthrkdr.

Xa numrtd puatd lh maoksks ndasksth ha ndthgmr oms trdpms hjhntkvms (ad oms mutd-rkzmlms) nda om pdcomnka tdtmo lho pms. Ymrm hsth hjhntd, sda lds ods nhasds quh

ehfds lh thahr m om vkstm7 ho lh =5:8 y ho lh =528. Ho prkfhrd mrrdg uam pdcom-nka tdtmo lh =.5=;.333 emcktmaths0 y ho shbuald, uam nmatklml lh 3.9:2.83. Ha

=58< sh mufhatm ha ua phsd, quhlmald ha ;0 maths, lhslh =58.

3= Ydr hghfpod, sh mpoknmcm ua lhsnuhatd m om prkfm lh habmaneh (prkfm quh, ha thdrm, hrm uakanhatkvd pmrm ho kabrhsd) y ho shrvknkd tham uam lurmnka lh 8 mds. Hstd od emnm vhr ndaprhdnupmnka ho Kasphntdr Bhahrmo lho Hgrnktd, Gds Matdakd Zkoombra. Zmsh7 Fhfdrkmlho Kasphntdr Bhahrmo lho Hgrnktd. Fhfdrkm quh ho Fkakstrd lh Hstmld ha ho Lhpmrtmfhatd

lh Buhrrm prhshatm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo lh =52


9/31

/ =HO HGSNK\D LH NEKOH HA Z^YHSM^ LH OM BXHSSM LHO YMNJKND. XAM ZK^KA LH OM^\SDYM^ (=5::-=52;) ZMOHA\KAMZHSCMO^\DN@FH[HS

m uam sdnkhlml fkoktmrkzmlm. Ymrm amlm puhlh emcomrsh lh uam amnka ha mrfmsndfd, pdr hghfpod, oohb m shrod om Jrmankm ampdohaknm3>.

[ ua qukatd puatd kathrhsmath lh ndastmtmr hs om lkstrkcunka bhdbrnm lh omslkvhrsms uaklmlhs lho Hgrnktd y lh oms trdpms ha hooms kashrtmlms. Cmstm tdfmrnumoqukhr fhfdrkm lh Buhrrm, lho md quh shm ha ho fmrnd lho phrdld lh hstu-lkd, pmrm ndfprdcmr jhemnkhathfhath quh om kafhasm fmydrm lh ods hjhntkvdslho Hgrnktd phrfmahath sh handatrmcm ndanhatrmlm ha om zdam lh Mrmund, ha hosur lho pms. [ hstd hs ms pdrquh om shbualm fktml lho skbod UKU ndkanklh ndauam buhrrm kathram, nda od quh sh ndadnh ndfd Ymnknmnka lh om Mrmunmam3.=32 sdolmlds pmrm hsh md, 3.58< sh handatrmcmaucknmlds ha lknem rhbka lho pms, od quh rhprhshatmcm ho ;=,>% lh om ldtmnkahjhntkvm lho Hgrnktd phrfmahath. Ydr dtrm pmrth, y ndasklrhsh quh hstmfds em-comald lh sod lds mds maths lho kaknkd lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnnd, ad hxkstmakabuam bumraknka ucknmlm mo adrth lho puhrtd lh Zmopmrmsd0 fhads ma ha omrhbka lh Mtmnmfm, fmthrkm lh lksputms thrrktdrkmohs lhslh ods tkhfpds lho Yrh-sklhath Cuoahs (=5 Ampdoha oohb m fdvkokzmr m fs lh = fkooa lh jrmanhshs. Zmsh7 Bkccs, A. E., NmptuodKKK. Oms juhrzms mrfmlms y ho mrth lh om buhrrm. Nrmwohy, N. R., Shbo, Guma y Gdvhr, GdsFmrm (hls.). Ekstdrkm lho fuald fdlhrad. Buhrrm y pmz ha tkhfpds lh rhvdounka =2;>-=5>9. \dfd KU. Cmrnhodam, Hlktdrkmo ^dpham, =;23, p. .

3< Ymrm hsth prdnhsd ekstrknd-fkoktmr, vmsh7 Ykatd Sdlrbuhz, Gdrbh, Om jdrfmnka lho Hstmldy om amnka, y ho puhcod fmpuneh. Lh om kanouska m om hxnouska. ^matkmbd, Nhatrd lh Kavhs-

tkbmnka Lkhbd Cmrrds Mrmam, 399>0 y Oha, Ohdamrld ht mo., Mrmunmam. Om jrdathrm fhstkzm.^kbod UKU. ^matkmbd, Hlknkdahs XN^E, 399, pp. :>-2>.3: Cuoahs, Bdazmod, Om Buhrrm lho Ymnnd.\dfd K. ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo lho Ymnnd, =;88, pp.

>>->:.


10/31

= ; :

Numlrd 3.

Lkstrkcunka lho Hgrnktd pdr bumraknkdahs ha =52232

32 Homcdrmnka lh om mutdrm.

Juhath7 Fhfdrkm lh Buhrrm y Fmrkam prhshatmlm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo ha sus shskdahs drlkamrkms lh

=522. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Amnkdamo, =522, pp. ==-= Nmzmldrhs ^matkmbd 322< Mrtkoohrm Zmopmrmsd 32>8 > lh oahm abdo 3;5: Brmamlhrds abdo =

2 > lh oahm Sunmpkooa ;

5 > lh oahm \kbuhrmo =8

; Brmamlhrds Fuonea 2

=9 Brmamlhrds Euhqua :8== Cuka = lh oahm kpmnd 5=3 Cuka = lh oahm Nmanurm >3=> Cuka = lh oahm Jdrta Fmkp 8=< 3 lh oahm Odohand 39=8 3 lh oahm \drrh 8 lh hahrd 5=: 3 lh oahm Nekbumkeuh =92=2 Nmzmldrhs Nekbumkeuh ::=5 3 lh oahm Yuhath lh Nekbumkeuh 8=; Cuka = lh oahm Fmrkoma 39

39 Cuka = lh oahm \drrh lh Brmamlhrds 53= Cuka = lh oahm Ndookpuook =;9

33 Nmzmldrhs Ndookpuook 29

3> Cuka = lh oahm Yhrmsnd =:3< Cuka = lh oahm Nurmnd lh oahm ^munhs 8535 Brmamlhrds ^munhs =3

3; Cuka = lh oahm Oufmnd 8=>9 Wmpmldrhs lh oahm Oufmnd >3:>= Brmamlhrds Oufmnd 85>3 3 lh oahm Nmhth >> Wmpmldrhs lh oahm Yura >5>< 3 lh oahm Ohcu >9>8 3 lh oahm ]uklknd 38>: 3 lh oahm \dota =9=>2 3 lh oahm ]uhuok 5>5 Mrtkoohrm Fmbmoomahs ;8


11/31

/ =9. Yhrd, pdnd m pdnd, y

om Buhrrm ndatrm om Ndajhlhrmnka Yhr-cdokvkmam oohb m shr om ndasmbrmnka lh

hood, hstm hatklml sh juh ndavkrtkhald ha ho ahnhsmrkd ndfpohfhatd quh om kastk-

tunka nmstrhash rhquhrm. Fs tmrlh, nda ho lhnhakd lh Cuoahs (=53. Om kastrunnka lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo sh handfhal mo Hgrnktd0 y

quhl cmgd ho ndatrdo, mlhfs lho Fkakstrd lh Buhrrm, lh ua Kasphntdr Bhahrmoprdpkd, d shm, lkstkatd lho edfakfd lhlknmld m om hatklml nmstrhash>>.

Nda dnmska lh om Buhrrm nda Hspmm (=5:8-=5::), sh pusd auhvmfhath m pruh-

35 Zmsh7 Moohalh^momzmr Mrrmu, Gdrbh, Hgrnktd y fkoknkms lho Shkad lh Nekoh (=2>2-=5=8).Cdohta lh om Mnmlhfkm Nekoham lh om Ekstdrkm. A ::. =;:3. pp. =93-=25.

3; Ehraalhz Ydanh, Sdchrtd, Om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo lh Nekoh. Ekstdrkm. A =;.=;59 Lhslh uam phrsphntkvm nuoturmo, fuy kathrhsmath hs ho trmcmgd lh Jhraalhz, Gdmqua, Ods

drbhahs lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo y om ndastrunnka lho nkulmlmad-sdolmld (Nekoh7 =53>-

=5>>). Fmpdned. Shvkstm lh Eufmaklmlhs. A 8:. 39== Zmsh7 Zmrms, Gds Matdakd, Shndpkomnka lh Ohyhs, rlhahs, Lhnrhtds uprhfds y Nkrnuom-rhs ndanhrakhaths mo Hgrnktd, lhslh hahrd lh =5:: m lknkhfcrh lh =529. \dfd KK. ^matkmbd,Kfprhatm Nekoham, =52=, pp. 39 y ss.

>3 Ekstdrkm lho Hgrnktd lh Nekoh, p. > Kcl., p.


12/31

= ; :

cm ho nmrnthr lh juhrzm ndfpohfhatmrkm lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo nda rhsphntd mo

Hgrnktd lh oahm. Hstm sktumnka juh pdsktkvmfhath vmodrmlm pdr ho Fkakstrd lh

Buhrrm Gds Fmauho Ykatd, qukha shmomcm ha =5::7

Om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo em prhstmld mo pms, lurmath hsth tkhfpd

Pho lh om buhrrmV, brmalhs h kfpdrtmaths shrvknkds.

Ndfd od eh ehned adtmr fs mrrkcm, hoom juh om oomfmlm m nu-

crkr oms bumraknkdahs lh funeds puatds lh om ndstm, fkhatrms

sh mufhatmcma oms juhrzms lh oahm. Ms hs quh om fmydr pmrth

lh ods nuhrpds lh quh ndastm, ema ndatrkcukld ha su tdtmok-

lml d ha pmrth m om lhjhasm lh om Shpcoknm. ^us shrvknkds ad

sh ema okfktmld m bumrahnhr ho oktdrmo, skad quh tmfcka em

mothramld nda om trdpm lh oahm lhstmnmlm ha oms pomzms lh om

jrdathrm>8.

Ydr om fksfm y hxpoknmcoh rmza lh om Buhrrm, ha =5:: om juhrzm hjhntkvm lh om

Bumrlkm Amnkdamo msnhalm m oms m om lh nmcmoohrm>:. Hstm

nkjrm juh lhsnhalkhald nda ho trmasnurrkr lh auhstrd phrdld, oohbmald ha =525

m ndatmr nda sod :.:52 pomzms>2. Hsth paluod, medrm nda rhomnka m om nmatk-

lml lh nvknds hxksthaths, lhfdstrmrm, auhvmfhath, om nmrhankm lh ua akfd

choknkstm lh pmrth lh Nekoh nda rhsphntd mo Yhr y m Cdokvkm. Mo fhads, lhslh ho

puatd lh vkstm lh hsth trmcmgd7 om ldtmnka lh trdpms.

Ha dtrms pmomcrms, phsh m quh, ndanhptumofhath, om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo sh hatha-

lm ndfd om ahnhsmrkm rhshrvm lho Hgrnktd lh oahm, ha om prntknm, hstm sktumnka

juh phrlkhald vkbhankm, pdr om nomrm y lrmftknm lksfkaunka lh sus pomzms. [,

ha hsth nmsd, ad tmatd pdr lhskathrs ha om sdnkhlml nkvko (lh om numo sh autrm),

>8 Kcl., p. ==.>: Kcl.>2 Fhfdrkm lh Buhrrm y Fmrkam prhshatmlm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo lh =525. matkmbd, Kfprhatm

Amnkdamo, 3: lh guakd lh =525, pp. =8 y =:.


13/31

/ =5.

Ha trfkads lh nkjrms om fhlklm kalknmlm em rhpdrtmld mo Hrmrkd ua medrrd

maumo lh 29.999 phsds, mprdxkfmfhath, quh ho Fkaksthrkd lho rmfd pmbmcm ha

sucvhankdahs m ods nuhrpds nvknds, lkmrkds pmrm oms bumrlkms lh prhvhanka,

mrrkhald lh numrthohs, htn.>;

Numlrd >.

Ldtmnka lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo (=5::-=525)> quh hstmcohnm quh tdlds ods nekohads ha hstmld lh nmrbmr

mrfms lhcha emoomrsh kasnrktds ha ods rhbkstrds lh oms fkoknkms sk ad hsta hsph-

>5 Kcl., p. =;

Kcl.


14/31

= ; :

nkmofhath hxnhptumlds pdr ohy


15/31

/ =


16/31

=89 / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

nkdamo ska prhstmr akabuam nomsh lh shrvknkds, y pulkhald shr

auhvmfhath dcokbmlds m hood sod ha nkrnuastmankms brmvhs y

urbhaths nmoknmlms pdr ua lhnrhtd suprhfd. Lh hstm fmahrm

sh prdvhh ho nmsd lh thahr quh smokr m om lhjhasm lho pms d lhsus kastktunkdahs, mo pmsd quh sh lm ha pmrth nufpokfkhatd m

om lkspdsknka ndastktunkdamo quh drlham quh tdlds ods nekoh-

ads ha hstmld lh nmrbmr mrfms lhcma emoomrsh kasnrktds ha ods

rhbkstrds lh oms fkoknkms. Ydr otkfd, sh lhthrfkam od rhomtkvd

m oms oknhankms y m ods nmsds lh nmfckd lh rhsklhankm, tma jrh-

nuhaths ha ods dnkmohs nvknds


17/31

/ =8=HO HGSNK\D LH NEKOH HA Z^YHSM^ LH OM BXHSSM LHO YMNJKND. XAM ZK^KA LH OM^\SDYM^ (=5::-=52;) ZMOHA\KAMZHSCMO^\DN@FH[HS

emy nkhrtm jmatmsfmbdrm ha hsm pmrtklm pmrm ods cmtmoodahs

nvknds


18/31

=83 / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

Numlrd :.

SHNOX\MFKHA\D M NDFKHAWD^ LH =52;

Shsuotm amturmo quh ha om lksnkpokam ekstrknm hxkstma lkjhrhankms lh kathrprh-

tmnka, sdcrh tdld numald ho thfm trmtmld hs ua ndaffikntd kathramnkdamo, quh

ouhbd lm pkh m om buhrrm hatrh ods ekstdrkmldrhs lh ods lkvhrsds pmshs ha

o kfpoknmlds. ^ sdrprhalh quh oms lkjhrhankms monmanha, kanousd, msphntds

numatktmtkvds, ndfd oms nkjrms lh trdpms lh ods lkvhrsds hgrnktds mo kaknkd lho

ndaffikntd. Ymrm hsth thfm, sh lm om nkrnuastmankm quh uam cuham pmrth lh ods

mutdrhs ndasuotmlds tkhalh m lhstmnmr om kajhrkdrklml aufrknm lh oms trdpms lh

su prdpkd pms y om ndaskbukhath suphrkdrklml lh oms lho hahfkbd.

Ydr hghfpod, om Ekstdrkm lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnndlho nekohad Lkhbd Cmrrds Mrm-

am mrfm quh m prkankpkds lh =52; ho hgrnktd lho Yhr sh ndfpdam lh 5.999

edfcrhs, hstd hs, lh .529 dnkmohs lh tdlms nmthbdrms, lh

ods numohs 3: hrma bhahrmohs8=. [ nda rhsphntd m Nekoh shmom7 Oms juhrzms lh

Nekoh mo ndfhazmr om buhrrm hrma fuy kajhrkdrhs. Ho hgrnktd lh tkhrrm ndastmcm

lh 3.^matkmbd 2.=92

Ndonembum ;3;Nurkn ;2>\monm >.9:=ucoh .8;>Mrmund :.9


19/31

/ =8>HO HGSNK\D LH NEKOH HA Z^YHSM^ LH OM BXHSSM LHO YMNJKND. XAM ZK^KA LH OM^\SDYM^ (=5::-=52;) ZMOHA\KAMZHSCMO^\DN@FH[HS

jmaths lkvklklds ha nkand phquhds cmtmoodahs lh >99 pomzms nmlm uad 83. Ydr

su pmrth, ho phrumad Fmrkmad Jhokph Ymz-^dola sdstkhah quh ho Yhr ndatmcm

nda ua tdtmo lh 8.3.999 =.399

Hankam:> Nekoham 5.552 2.999 3.3>;Juhath7 Cmrrds Mrmam, Lkhbd, Ekstdrkm lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnnd (=52;-=55=). Dcrms Ndfpohtms lh Lkh-

83 Kcl., pp. 23 y 2>.8> Ymz-^dola, Fmrkmad Jhokph, Amrrmnka ekstrknm lh om buhrrm lh Nekoh ndatrm ho Yhr y Cd-

okvkm.Mathnhlhaths y lhnomrmnka lh Buhrrm. Om nmfpmm fmrtkfm. \dfd K.Okfm, Hlktdrkmo

Fkoom Cmtrhs, =;2;, p. =99. Om prkfhrm hlknka lh hstm dcrm hs lh =559Jhrrhr8; Nekoham 3..=5= >.99

Ymz-^dola Yhrumam ;.999 .999 >.999 =.399Hankam:> Nekoham 5.552 2.999 3.3>;


20/31

=8< / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

bd Cmrrds Mrmam, \dfd UZK. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm, Oktdbrmjm y hanumlhramnka Cmrnhodam, =;=. Comand, B. N., Ekstdrkm fkoktmr lh Cdokvkm. Om Ymz, Kathalhankm lh Buhrrm \moohrhs, =;33, p. =, pp., >5 y >;. @rahr, Hfkokd y Cddaha Skvhrm, Gdrbh, Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr.\dfd KK. ^matkmbd,

Kfprhatm Nhrvmaths, =552, pp. 35;-3;2. Fmsda, \ehdldrus, Buhrrm ha ho Ymnnd ^ur. Cuhads Mkrhs,

Hlktdrkmo Jrmanksnd lh Mbukrrh, =;2=, pp. 3>-38. Ymz-^dola, Fmrkmad Jhokph, Amrrmnka ekstrknm lh om

buhrrm lh Nekoh ndatrm ho Yhr y Cdokvkm Mathnhlhaths y lhnomrmnka lh Buhrrm. Om nmfpmm fmrtkfm.

\dfd K.Okfm, Hlktdrkmo Fkoom Cmtrhs, =;2;, pp. =99-=93. Rkolh, F. Jhramald, Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr lh Cdokvkm.

Om Ymz, Kathalhankm Nhatrmo lho Hgrnktd, =;.

Medrm ckha, qu ldtmnka lh trdpms hjhntkvms tham Nekoh mo fdfhatd lh kak-

nkmrsh om buhrrm ha jhcrhrd lh =52;4:8.


21/31

/ =88HO HGSNK\D LH NEKOH HA Z^YHSM^ LH OM BXHSSM LHO YMNJKND. XAM ZK^KA LH OM^\SDYM^ (=5::-=52;) ZMOHA\KAMZHSCMO^\DN@FH[HS

Shpcoknm ema djrhnkld ndatkabhaths lh sdolmlds, vvhrhs y

lkahrd. Ha ho adrth sh hanuhatrma ndfpmrtkhald oms jmtkbms lh

om nmfpmm nuhrpds quh ndfd ods cmtmoodahs Cuoahs y Zmo-

pmrmsd, sda drbmakzmlds y sdsthaklds nda ods rhnursds lh odsrhsphntkvds fuaknkpkds:5.

Ho poma kaknkmo lho Bdckhrad hrm odbrmr om fdvkokzmnka lh =8.999 edfcrhs, d shm,

sh cusnmcm mufhatmr ha uams :.999 om nmatklml lh pomzms habmanemlms. Ha ua

prkfhr fdfhatd, sh phasmcm quh stm hrm om juhrzm ahnhsmrkm pmrm vhanhr m om

mokmazm phrumad-cdokvkmam ha om Yrdvkankm lh \mrmpmn:;. Ha hsth ndathxtd, hatrh

ho : lh fmrzd y ho > lh mcrko lh =52;, ho Bdckhrad pucokn vmrkds lhnrhtds, tdlds

hoods thalkhaths m rhhstrunturmr oms uaklmlhs lho Hgrnktd. Hstm rhhstrunturmnkandaskstk, csknmfhath, ha7 m) om nrhmnka ha ua auhvd cmtmooa7 ho cmtmooa lh

kajmathrm lh oahm, lhadfkamld ^matkmbd, ndfpuhstd (ndfd ods lhfs) lh

numtrd ndfpmms290 c) om hohvmnka lh ods cmtmoodahs Cuka = lh oahm, 3 lh

oahm, > lh oahm, .

^ka hfcmrbd, ad emy quh phasmr quh om mathlknem fdvkokzmnka rhsuot shankoom.

Ho Bdckhrad lhck hajrhatmrsh m vmrkds dcstnuods. Ho prkfhrd lh hoods juh om

kaknkmo dpdsknka lh nkhrtds pmromfhatmrkds m hatrhbmr, rpklm y lkokbhathfhath,

oms jmnkoklmlhs sdoknktmlms pdr ho Bdckhrad. Ha hjhntd, ha fmrzd lh =52;, numa-

ld ym sh emcm prdlunkld om dnupmnka lh Matdjmbmstm (=< lh jhcrhrd), uam

cuham pmrth lh ods pmromfhatmrkds sh fdstrmcma rhmnkds m nddphrmr nda ho Bd-

ckhrad ha ho dtdrbmfkhatd lh jmnuotmlhs hsphnkmohs pmrm mufhatmr ho pdthankmolh auhstrms Juhrzms Mrfmlms. Ydr hghfpod, ha om shska hxtrmdrlkamrkm lh om

Nfmrm lh Lkputmlds lh jhnem 3; lh fmrzd lh =52;, sh vhatko uam hanhalklm

:5 Fhfdrkm lh Buhrrm y Fmrkam prhshatmlm mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo lh =52;. matkmbd, Kfprhatmlh om Shpcoknm lh G. Ahz, =9 lh mbdstd lh =52;, p. ;.

:; Kcl., p. 3;.29 Lhnrhtd lh : lh fmrzd lh =52;. Zmsh7 Zmrms, Gds Matdakd, Shndpkomnka lh Ohyhs, r-

lhahs, Lhnrhtds ^uprhfds y Nkrnuomrhs ndanhrakhaths mo Hgrnktd, lhslh hahrd lh =5:: mlknkhfcrh lh =529. \dfd ZK. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm Amnkdamo, =52=, p. 5 Lhnrhtd lh > lh mcrko lh =529. Zmsh7 Kcl., p. ;.


22/31

=8: / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

lksnuska hatrh qukhahs cusnmcma lkjhrkr lknem ndanhska m nmfckd lh bmrma-

tms hohntdrmohs lh pmrth lho Bdckhrad. D shm, mobuads pdotknds ndalknkdamcma

ua msuatd lh shburklml hxthrkdr m uad lh pdotknm ldfstknm. Ho lkputmld Jrma-

nksnd Yrmld Moluamth2


23/31

/ =82HO HGSNK\D LH NEKOH HA Z^YHSM^ LH OM BXHSSM LHO YMNJKND. XAM ZK^KA LH OM^\SDYM^ (=5::-=52;) ZMOHA\KAMZHSCMO^\DN@FH[HS

^h em sdsthakld pdr pmrth lh ods shdrhs Fkakstrds quh om

mamrqum quh rhkam ha ho pms hohntdrmo sh lhch hxnouskvmfha-

th mo okcrh guhbd lh ods pmrtklds. [d sdsthabd od ndatrmrkd0 yd

mrfd ska vmnkomr quh ods fmohs quh sh omfhatma sh lhchahxnouskvmfhath m om fmad lho Bdckhrad, m om kathrvhanka fm-

akhstm lho Bmckahth ha oms hohnnkdahs.

Cmstm pmrm phrsumlkrsh lh hood, vhr od quh em pmsmld y hst

pmsmald ha tdlds ods lhpmrtmfhatds7 ho fdvkfkhatd kausktm-

ld lh Kathalhaths y Bdchramldrhs, om rhfdnka fs vkdohatm

emstm lh ods hfpohmlds fs sucmothrads lho drlha mlfkaks-

trmtkvd. Ha om prhshath nmfpmm hohntdrmo om kathrvhanka lho

Bdckhrad ad sh okfktm sod m mtmnmr ha ua lhpmrtmfhatd ods

nmalklmtds lh ua pmrtkld nuyds kathrhshs pmrhnh jmvdrhnhr ha

dtrds, skad quh vm emstm om phrshnunka thamz y lhsnmrmlm lh

ua pmrtkld, y ym ad sod lh ua pmrtkld pmrm kfphlkr su rhprh-

shatmnka ha ho Ndabrhsd, skad lh oms phrsdams phrskbukhald

om nmalklmturm lh tmo pmrtklmrkd pdr om lh dtrd lh oms fksfms

klhms, tma sdod pdr smtksjmnhr su nmprkned pdr ndfpohtd25.

Ad lhgm lh sdrprhalhr quh, hstmald Nekoh ha uam buhrrm hjhntkvm, lh kafkahathlhnomrmnka ohbmo, ad pdnds pmromfhatmrkds sh dpuskhrma m hatrhbmr oms jmnkoklm-

lhs quh ho Bdckhrad rhquhrm pmrm pdahr m oms Juhrzms Mrfmlms ha pkh lh ndf-

cmth. Ha sufm, oomfm om mthanka quh ua msuatd quh edy sh oomfmrm prdcohfm

pms d thfm lh Hstmld shm trmtmld ndfd uam nuhstka lho sdod Bdckhrad, d

shm, lh ua lhthrfkamld shntdr pdotknd lh om sdnkhlml. Dcvkmfhath, ad tdlds

ods lkputmlds mathpdama om nuhstka hohntdrmo m om lh om buhrrm. Wdrdcmcho

Sdlrbuhz2;rhjutmcm m Moohalh Ymlka lho skbukhath fdld7

[d, quh sdy edfcrh lh pmrtkld, skhfprh ndatrkcukr nda fk

vdtd m lmr m tdlds ods pmrtklds jmnkoklmlhs pmrm quh hxprhsha

sus klhms y jdrfuoha ods nmrbds quh nrhma ndavhakhath mo Bd-

ckhrad.

Yhrd edy om prhdnupmnka lh tdld nekohad lhch shr om brma

nuhstka lh om edarm lho pms. Xa sdod lm lh lhfdrm puh-

25 Cdohta lh ^hskdahs lh om Nfmrm lh Lkputmlds. ^hska 2%MLbuhzTChamvklhs


24/31

=85 / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

lh shr jmtmo pmrm Nekoh. Lhfdrmald ho prdpdrnkdamr rhnursds

mo Bdckhrad pmrm om prdshnunka lh om buhrrm, puhlh shr ua

mokhatd pmrm ods hahfkbds, ua nrkfha ndatrm om pmtrkm59.

^hrm hxthasd lhtmoomr oms vknksktulhs lh hsth lhcmth pmromfhatmrkd. ^od sh-

ohsh quh ad hxkstk ua mpdyd nhrrmld mo Bdckhrad ha ods ndfkhazds lho ndaffikn-

td. Yhrd, numald om buhrrm juh lhnomrmlm (8 lh mcrko lh =52;) y sh ndavkrtk ha

ua ehned kahvktmcoh, om fmydrm lho Ymromfhatd ndfhaz m mprdcmr oms ohyhs

ahnhsmrkms quh mutdrkzmcma mo Hghnutkvd pmrm lhnrhtmr ho mufhatd lh trdpms y

lkspdahr lh fmydrhs jdalds pcoknds. Ydr su kfpdrtmankm, ndavkhah ohhr a-

thbrmfhath om skbukhath ohy mprdcmlm pdr ho Ndabrhsd y prdfuobmlm pdr ho

Bdckhrad7

^matkmbd, > lh mcrko lh =52;.

Ydr numatd ho Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo em lmld su mprdcmnka mo

skbukhath

YSD[HN\D LH OH[7

Mrt. = ^h mpruhcm om rhsdounka lho \rmtmld lh shks lh mbds-

td lh =52< quh hxkstm nda om Shpcoknm lh Cdokvkm y om ndask-bukhath dnupmnka lho thrrktdrkd quh fhlkm hatrh ods pmrmohods

3> y 3< lh omtktul sur.

Mrt. 3 Ho Ndabrhsd prhstm su mprdcmnka pmrm quh ho Yrhsklha-

th lh om Shpcoknm lhnomrh om buhrrm mo Bdckhrad lh Cdokvkm.

Mrt. > ^h mutdrkzm mo Yrhsklhath lh om Shpcoknm7

= Ymrm quh mufhath oms juhrzms lh fmr y tkhrrm emstm quh od

nrhyhrh ahnhsmrkd0

3 Ymrm quh lh jdalds amnkdamohs kavkhrtm pdr medrm emstm num-

trd fkoodahs lh phsds ha ods dcghtds m quh sh rhhrh hstm ohy,

lhckhald rhalkr om ndrrhspdalkhath nuhatm lh kavhrska ha om

pdnm ha quh lhcha rhalkrsh oms nuhatms bhahrmohs lh om ml-

fkakstrmnka pcoknm0

> Ymrm ndatrmtmr hfprstktds emstm om sufm lh nkand fkoodahs

lh phsds, pulkhald ekpdthnmr m su nmrbd oms prdpkhlmlhs lho

Hstmld, d hstkpuomr dtrms bmrmatms7

59 Kcl., p. 23=.


25/31

/ =8;HO HGSNK\D LH NEKOH HA Z^YHSM^ LH OM BXHSSM LHO YMNJKND. XAM ZK^KA LH OM^\SDYM^ (=5::-=52;) ZMOHA\KAMZHSCMO^\DN@FH[HS

.

5= Zmrms, Shndpkomnka lh Ohyhs, rlhahs, Lhnrhtds ^uprhfds y Nkrnuomrhs ndanhrakhaths moHgrnktd, lhslh hahrd lh =5:: m lknkhfcrh lh =529. \dfd ZK, pp. ;9 y ;=.

53 Ekstdrkm lho Hgrnktd lh Nekoh.\dfd Z, p. 3;.5> Lh Fhsm, Gds, Bkschrt, \hrhsm y Fhsm Bkschrt, Nmrods L., Ekstdrkm lh Cdokvkm. Om Ymz, Hlktd-

rkmo Bkschrt y Nm ^.M., 399=, p.


26/31

=:9 / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

Mrbuhlms hs lh om fksfm pdsturm7 sdstkhah quh om pdcomnka nekoham rhprhshatm

ho ;>% lho tdtmo59.999 mofms, y om fktml m od fhads hrma gdramohrds ha hlml lh

nmrbmr mrfms. Ouhbd mbrhbm quh ua nonuod lh om pdnm gmcm ha 2.999 ho

afhrd lh nekohads rhpmtrkmlds lho Yhr quh jdrfmrda ha oms oms lho hgrnktdhxphlknkdamrkd55.

Shsuotm sdrprhalhath om nmpmnklml lh rhnoutmfkhatd y drbmakzmnka kaknkmo lh

oms juhrzms nekohams ha =52;. Muaquh hsth puatd sh hsnmpm mo hajdquh prkankpmo

lh hsth trmcmgd, ad pdnds mutdrhs ema mrfmld quh om nmusm lh om vkntdrkm lh

5< Mrbuhlms, Monklhs, Ekstdrkm Bhahrmo lh Cdokvkm. Ho prdnhsd lh om amnkdamoklml. Om Ymz, Hlk-

nkdahs Yuhrtm lho ^do, =;:2, p. > % ha ho fdfhatd lh kaknkmrsh om buhrrm. Ymrm om ekstdrkm lhosmoktrh nekohad lhspus lh om buhrrm, vmsh tmfcka7 Comn`fdrh, Emrdol, Bdckhrad nekohady smoktrh kabos =55:-=5;:.Hlktdrkmo Malrs Chood, ^matkmbd, =;220 y m Nduydufgkma, GumaSknmrld, Om hndadfm nekoham7 =5>9-=;>9. Shvkstm Xakvhrsktmrkm.A ;. =;5>. pp. ;5-==>.

52 Meufmlm, Ymsnumo, Buhrrm lho Ymnnd. Ldnufhatds dnkmohs, ndrrhspdalhankms y lhfs

pucoknmnkdahs rhjhrhaths m om buhrrm quh em lmld m om ouz om prhasm lh Nekoh, Yhr y Cdokvkm.\dfd K. ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Malrs Chood, =;53, p. 395. Hstm adrfm ndatkhah mobuams hxnhp-nkdahs, ndfd ho nmsd lh ods nekohads rhsklhaths pdr fs lh =9 mds d nmsmlds nda phrumamsy prdpkhtmrkds lh ckhahs rmnhs, skhfprh quh su ndaluntm shm katmnemcoh. ^ka hfcmrbd, ldslms lhspus sh lkntm ua auhvd lhnrhtd quh suprkfh lh pomad hstms hxnhpnkdahs. Kcl.

55 Hankam, Ekstdrkm lh Nekoh, p. 5:.


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/ =:=HO HGSNK\D LH NEKOH HA Z^YHSM^ LH OM BXHSSM LHO YMNJKND. XAM ZK^KA LH OM^\SDYM^ (=5::-=52;) ZMOHA\KAMZHSCMO^\DN@FH[HS

Nekoh ha om buhrrm juh su fmydr hstmckoklml kastktunkdamo. M ndatrmrkd shasu, ho

ekstdrkmldr phrumad Gdrbh Cmsmlrh mtrkcuyh om lhrrdtm lh su pms m lds nmusms

prkankpmohs7 Hstmld hfprknd y mcksfd sdnkmo. Ho Hstmld hfprknd qukhrh lhnkr

ho Hstmld kamutatknd, jrbko, ndrrdld pdr kfpurhzms y pdr madfmoms. Hs hoHstmld nda ua Yrhsklhath kahstmcoh, nda hohnnkdahs m vhnhs mfmmlms, nda

ua Ndabrhsd lh drkbha lksnutkcoh y pdnd hnmz ha su mnnka, nda lhfdnrmnkm

jmosm5;.

NDANOX^KA

Lhslh ua puatd lh vkstm numatktmtkvd, ho hgrnktd lho phrdld juh adtmcohfhath

hxkbud. Oms trdpms mphams suphrmrda ha prdfhlkd oms >.>99 pomzms, y ha nomrdlhsnhasd ha om fhlklm ha quh mvmazmcma ods mds, emstm oohbmr mo kaknkd lh om

Buhrrm lho Ymnnd. Mlhfs, hooms rhprhshatmrda ua 9,=% lh om pdcomnka tdtmo,

ndajdrfh mo Nhasd lh =528. Ydr dtrm pmrth, hstms trdpms sh sktumrda, ha su brma

fmydrm, ha om zdam sur lho pms, ha ho ndathxtd lho prdnhsd lh kandrpdrmnka

lh om Mrmunmam.

Om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo, quh amnk ndfd ua ndatrmphsd lho Hgrnktd, lhslh om

Buhrrm ndatrm om Ndajhlhrmnka Yhr-cdokvkmam (=5>2-=5>;) sh ndasdokl ndfd

om rhshrvm lh mquho. [, phsh m quh hstm kastktunka, m lkjhrhankm lh om hatklml

nmstrhash, s ndat nda bumraknkdahs ha ho adrth lho pms, om nmatklml lh sus

hjhntkvds juh lhsnhalkhald lh fmahrm tma adtdrkm m fhlklm quh pmsmcma ods

mds (oohbmald ha =525 m ndatmr nda morhlhldr lh 2.999 edfcrhs), quh, ha om

prntknm, thrfka phrlkhald tdtmo rhohvmankm lhslh ua puatd lh vkstm fkoktmr. [

hood ska ndasklhrmr nkhrtds msphntds numoktmtkvds ndfd oms nmrmnthrstknms lh su

kastrunnka pmrm uam buhrrm hjhntkvm.

Om ldtmnka lh trdpms y su ucknmnka sda jmntdrhs, hatrh dtrds, quh fdstrmrma

om ohgmam lh ua akfd choknkstm lh pmrth lh Nekoh ha ndatrm lho Yhr y lh Cdok-

vkm.

Xa prdcohfm phrfmahath lurmath ho phrdld, y quh ha bhahrmo sh prhshat lu-

rmath tdld ho skbod UKU, juh om ndastmath lkspmrklml hatrh oms trdpms mutdrkzmlms

y oms hjhntkvms. Hsth thfm hs kfpdrtmath lh trmtmr, ym quh, kalkrhntmfhath (mo

fhads), phrfkth mlhatrmrsh ha om rhmoklml sdnkmo lh om vklm lh ods sdolmlds. M

qu sh lhck lknem lkspmrklml4 Ndfd ym ehfds lkned, om rhspuhstm m prhbuatm

5; Cmsmlrh, Gdrbh, Ekstdrkm lh om Shpcoknm lho Yhr. =533-=;>>. Numrtd Yhrdld7 Om Buhrrmnda Nekoh. Hlktdrkmo Xakvhrsktmrkm, Okfm, =;5>, p.


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=:3 / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

mfhrktm ua trmcmgd hsphnnd. Yhrd pmrhnh shr lhfmskmld skfpokstm om ndasklh-

rmnka hxnouskvm mo jmntdr smomrkmo.

Od nkhrtd hs quh ods ehneds suphrmrda m oms kathankdahs. Ha om fmmam lho =< lhjhcrhrd lh =52;, ua nuhrpd lh 899 sdolmlds nekohads lhshfcmrn ha ho puhrtd

lh Matdjmbmstm. M oms 5 M. F., ho Ndrdaho Hfkokd ^dtdfmydr adtkn mo Yrhjhntd

cdokvkmad lh om nkulml, lda ^hvhrkad Wmpmtm, quh ho Hgrnktd lh Nekoh kcm m td-

fmr pdshska lh om nkulml.

^h kfmbkamrda ods sdolmlds nekohads, uad d lds mds maths, quh, ha vhz lh

mcrkrsh pmsd ha om lkjnko hsphsurm lh Mrmund, lhchrma nmfkamr pdr ho lhskhrtd

fs rkld lho fuald, shba sh mndstufcrm m lhnkr4 ^h rhspkrmcm ha Nekoh ua

mfckhath jmtmokstm, drkhatmld m hfpumr oms mrfms ha ho adrth, pdr rmzdahs fsd fhads gustms4

Oms kathrrdbmaths mathrkdrhs puhlha rhsufkrsh ha om brma prhbuatm lh hsth

trmcmgd, numo hs smchr sk Nekoh sh prhpmr d ad pmrm om Buhrrm lho 2;. Auhstrm

rhspuhstm hs quh Nekoh ad pomakn lknem buhrrm lhslh ua puatd lh vkstm fkok-

tmr, mo fhads ha ho pomad lh su ldtmnka lh trdpms, quh hs ho hajdquh prkankpmo

lh hsth mrtnuod. ktumnka stm quh ad hxnouyh, ha dtrd shatkld, om hxksthankm lh

od quh pdlhfds lhadfkamr hxpmaskdaksfd kfponktd, hxprhsmld csknmfha-

th ha om prhshankm lh nmpktmohs y phrsdams prdvhakhaths lh auhstrd pms. Oms

kavhrskdahs smoktrhrms y om fmydrktmrkm pdcomnka lh nekohads ha Matdjmbmstm

ndastktuyhrda uam nomrm fmakjhstmnka lh hstm rhmoklml.

Od nkhrtd hs quh, fs moo lh oms lhnkhankms lho hgrnktd hstulkmld, sdrprhalh

om brma lkokbhankm nda quh oms mutdrklmlhs lh Nekoh hajrhatmrda ods mndathnk-

fkhatds ha nursd. k ckha hs vhrlml quh ho Hgrnktd lh oahm, y nda fmydr rmza

om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo, ad sh handatrmcm lho tdld prhpmrmld pmrm ua ndaffikntd

coknd jrhath lds pmshs, ad hs fhads nkhrtd quh om nmpmnklml kastktunkdamo lhNekoh, y om hstrunturm ndehrhath y soklm lh su Hgrnktd, phrfktk fdvkokzmr m uam

brma nmatklml lh trdpms y lmr jdrfm, lh fmahrm hjhntkvm y rpklm, m ua auhvd

mpmrmtd fkoktmr0 puhstd ha pkh lh buhrrm y lhnklkld m ndashbukr om vkntdrkm.

JXHA\H^

Meufmlm, Ymsnumo, Buhrrm lho Ymnnd. Ldnufhatds dnkmohs, ndrrhspdalhankms y lh-

fs pucoknmnkdahs rhjhrhaths m om buhrrm quh em lmld m om ouz om prhasm lh

Nekoh, Yhr y Cdokvkm. \dfd K. ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Malrs Chood, =;53.

Mabuktm, Sknmrld, Ohyhs prdfuobmlms ha Nekoh lhslh =5=9 emstm =;=5.^matkmbd, Kfprha-

tm, Oktdbrmjm y Hanumlhramnka Cmrnhodam, =;=3.


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/ =:>HO HGSNK\D LH NEKOH HA Z^YHSM^ LH OM BXHSSM LHO YMNJKND. XAM ZK^KA LH OM^\SDYM^ (=5::-=52;) ZMOHA\KAMZHSCMO^\DN@FH[HS

Cdohta lh ^hskdahs lh om Nfmrm lh Lkputmlds(=5::-=52;).

Fhfdrkms lho Fkaksthrkd lh Buhrrm prhshatmlms mo Ndabrhsd Amnkdamo. ^matkmbd, lkvhr-

sms kfprhatms, =5::-=559.

Zmohankm Mvmrkm, Ouks, Mamohs lh om Shpcoknm. \hxtds ndastktunkdamohs lh Nekoh y Shbkstrd

lh ods nkulmlmads quh ema kathbrmld ods pdlhrhs hghnutkvd y ohbksomtkvd lhs-

lh =5=9. ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Malrs Chood, =;5:.

Zmrms, Gds Matdakd, Shndpkomnka lh Ohyhs, rlhahs, Lhnrhtds ^uprhfds y Nkrnuomrhs

ndanhrakhaths mo Hgrnktd, lhslh hahrd lh =5:: m lknkhfcrh lh =529. matkmbd,

Kfprhatm Amnkdamo, =52=.

CKCOKDBSMJM

Moohalh^momzmr Mrrmu, Gdrbh, Hgrnktd y fkoknkms lho Shkad lh Nekoh (=2>2-=5=8). Cdohta

lh om Mnmlhfkm Nekoham lh om Ekstdrkm. A ::. =;:3.

Mrmankckm Nomvho, Sdchrtd, Ho ndanhptd lh Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr. Yrkfhrm Gdramlm lh Ekstd-

rkm Fkoktmr. ^kbods UZKK-UKU. ^matkmbd, Nhatrd lh hstulkds h kavhstkbmnkdahs

fkoktmrhs (NH^KF) Lhpmrtmfhatd lh Ekstdrkm Fkoktmr lho Hgrnktd lh Nekoh,

399>. Numrtd Yhrdld7 Om Buhrrm

nda Nekoh. Hlktdrkmo Xakvhrsktmrkm, Okfm, =;5>

Mrbuhlms, Monklhs, Ekstdrkm Bhahrmo lh Cdokvkm. Ho prdnhsd lh om amnkdamoklml. Om Ymz,

Hlknkdahs Yuhrtm lho ^do, =;:2.

Cmrrds Mrmam, Lkhbd, Ekstdrkm lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnnd (=52;-=55=). Dcrms Ndfpohtms lh

Lkhbd Cmrrds Mrmam. \dfd UZK. ^matkmbd, Kfprhatm, Oktdbrmjm y hanumlhram-

nka Cmrnhodam, =;=


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=:< / E K ^ \ D S K M > ; :

Cdohta lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnnd =52;-=55=. ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Malrs Chood, =;2;.

Cuoahs, Bdazmod, Om Buhrrm lho Ymnnd.\dfd K. ^matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo lho Ymnnd, =;88.

Nmkvmad, \dfs,Ekstdrkm lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnnd hatrh Yhr, Nekoh y Cdokvkm

. Okfm, Ndr-pdrmnka Hlktdrm Nekrrh, 399).\dfd K. Cuhads Mkrhs,

Nrnuod Fkoktmr Ckcokdthnm lho dnkmo, =;9-=;>9. Shvkstm Xakvhrsktmrkm.A

;. =;5>.

Nrdzkhr, Sdamol L., Ho smoktrh emstm om Buhrrm lho Ymnnd. Xam rhvkska. Ekstdrkm. A

>9.=;;2.

Lh Fhsm, Gds, Bkschrt, \hrhsm y Fhsm Bkschrt, Nmrods L., Ekstdrkm lh Cdokvkm. Om Ymz, Hlk-

tdrkmo Bkschrt y Nm ^.M., 399=.

H`lmeo, Rkoehf, Ekstdrkm fkoktmr lh om Buhrrm lho Ymnnd. \dfd =. ^matkmbd, ^dnkhlml

Kfprhsdrm y Oktdbrmjm Xakvhrsd, =;=2.

Hankam, Jrmanksnd Matdakd, Ekstdrkm lh Nekoh.\dfd >=. matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Hrnkoom.

Hankam, Jrmanksnd Matdakd, Oms rhomnkdahs hatrh Nekoh y Cdokvkm (=5). ^matkmbd Hlk-

tdrkmo Amsnkfhatd, =;:>.

Jhraalhz, Gdmqua, Ods drbhahs lh om Bumrlkm Amnkdamo y om ndastrunnka lho nkulm-

lmad-sdolmld (Nekoh7 =53>-=5>>). Fmpdned. Shvkstm lh Eufmaklmlhs. A 8:.

39=.

Jkbuhrdm, Yhlrd Ymcod, Lknnkdamrkd Ckdbrnd lh Nekoh.\dfd K. Kfprhatm y Hanumlhram-

nka Cmrnhodam, =5;2.

Juhazmoklm Cmlh, Sdlrkbd, Om Mrfmlm lh Nekoh. Lhslh om mocdrmlm mo ^hsquknhathamrkd

(=5=>-=;:5).Lhslh om okchrmnka lh Nekod (=53:) emstm ho a lh om Buhrrm nda

Hspmm (=5::). \dfd KK. \moohrhs Hfprhsm Yhrkdlstknm Mqu Hst, =;25.

Bkccs, A. E., Nmptuod KKK. Oms juhrzms mrfmlms y ho mrth lh om buhrrm. Nrmwohy, N. R.,Shbo,

Guma y Gdvhr, Gds Fmrm (hls.). Ekstdrkm lho fuald fdlhrad. Buhrrm y pmz

ha tkhfpds lh rhvdounka =2;>-=5>9. \dfd KU. Cmrnhodam, Hlktdrkmo ^dpham,

=;23.

Babdrm, Fmrkd, Hasmyd ekstrknd sdcrh om adnka lho Hstmld ha Nekoh ha ods skbods UKU y

UU. matkmbd, Hlktdrkmo Xakvhrsktmrkm, 399>.


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El Ejercito de Chile en Visperas a La GdP.una Vision de Las Tropas 1866-1879.Valentina-Verbal

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