Trabajo bienes civil

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    WDJVG[]JACA AG LCQGNWC@C

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@

    @JMGDMJCQW[C GD AG[GMNE

    @JM$ _G[@C KG[GDJMG LED[GC@ LC[JD

    CWQE[9 K[CDAZ H[GHE[JE C@LC[CY EK[GHED

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    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    JDAJMG

    3$, _CQ[JLEDJE $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 13$3$, QGE[JC AG@ _CQ[JLEDJE $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7

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    1$, _E]G]JED $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ==1$3$, _E]G]JED Z _[G]M[J_MJD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =7

    1$;$, _E]G]JED E[JHJDC[JC Z AG[JVCAC $$$$$$$$1?1$=$, _[G]M[J_MJD CASWJ]JQJVC $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1?1$1$, _[GM[J_MJED @JKG[CQE[JC $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 131$7$, MEL_WQE ]W]_GD]JD G JDQG[[W_MJED AG_@CYE$ 1=1$6$, JDQG[AJMQE] $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 11

    7$, [GHJ]Q[E _WK@JME AG @C _[E_JGACA $$$$$177$3$, DCQW[C@GYC IW[JAJMC $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 167$;$, G]Q[WMQW[C Z CMQE] JD]M[JKJK@G] $$$$$$$16

    =

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    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    _CQ[JLEDJE3$, _CQ[JLEDJEG` pcq{jledje g} g` mediwdqe ag kjgdg} z ek`jhcmjedg} ag wdc pg{}edc med}jag{cae}mele wdc wdjvg{}c`jaca ag Ag{gmne, wdc wdjaca iw{ajmc$ G` pcq{jledje g} wd {gmgpqe{wdjvg{}c`, swg de vc{c pe{ `c} leajfjmcmjedg} c }w medqgdjae$

    Gd Ag{gmne mjvj` }g medemg mele qge{c ag` pcq{jledje, c cswg``c swg agfjdg z g}qwajcg` medmgpqe ag pcq{jledje z }w pc{qjmjpcmjd gd `c} aj}qjdqc} {g`cmjedg} iw{ajmc} gdq{gpg{}edc}$ G}qe} medmgpqe} g~pwg}qe} pe{ ajvg{}e} q{cqcaj}qc} z cwqe{g} {gdelk{cae},mele `e} f{cdmg}g} Cwk{z z [cw, Mc{keddjg{ z Kcwa{z@cmcdqjdg{jg

    MM]@_

    C[Q$ 68?$]ed}w}mgpqjk`g} ag med}qjqwj{ g` pcq{jledje ag `c fclj`jc9@e} kjgdg} jdlwgk`g}, lwgk`g} z }glevjgdqg}, swg de {gkc}gd `c mwcdqc medqgdjac

    gd g` C{qmw`e688 ag g}qg e{agdcljgdqe$C[Q$ 683$@cmed}qjqwmjd ag` pcq{jledje ag `c fclj`jc de ncmg pc}c{ `c p{epjgaca ag `e} kjgdg}swg c ` swgacd cfgmqe}, ag` swg `e med}qjqwzg c `e} ljglk{e} ag `c fclj`jc kgdgfjmjc{jc$G}qe} }`eqjgdgd ag{gmne ag aj}f{wqc{ ag `e} kjgdg}, }ghd `e aj}pwg}qe gd g` c{qmw`e }jhwjgdqg$.[GFE[LCAE, _$E$ 31 AG LCZE AG 3::6*

    C[Q$ 68;$Qjgdgdag{gmne ag nckjqc{ `c mc}c z ag cp{evgmnc{ `e} f{wqe} e kgdgfjmje} swg jdqgh{cdg` pcq{jledje ag `c fclj`jc, cagl} ag swjgd `e med}qjqwzg, }w mdzwhg z }w} njie}$ Qc`

    ag{gmne g}jdq{cd}lj}jk`g }jd glkc{he, }g pwgag g}qc{ c `c pe}jkj`jaca p{gvj}qc gd g` p{{cfe}ghwdae ag`

    C{qmw`e 6>8$C[Q$ 68=$@e}kgdgfjmjc{je} ag `e} kjgdg} cfgmqe} c` pcq{jledje ag `c fclj`jc }g{d {gp{g}gdqcae}gd }w} {g`cmjedg} med qg{mg{e, gd qeae `e swg c` pcq{jledje }g {gfjg{g, pe{ g` swg `emed}qjqwz, z, gd}w agfgmqe, pe{ g` swg delk{g `c lcze{c$G` {gp{g}gdqcdqg qgda{ qclkjd `c caljdj}q{cmjd ag ajmne} kjgdg}$.[GFE[LCAE, _$E$ 31 AG LCZE AG 3::6*

    C[Q$ 681$@e}kjgdg} jd}m{jqe} mele pcq{jledje ag `c fclj`jc }ed jdc`jgdck`g} z de g}qc{d }wigqe}c glkc{he dj c h{cvclgd c`hwde$.[GFE[LCAE,$ _$E$ 31 AG LCZE AG 3::6*

    C[Q$ 687$@cmc}c nckjqcmjd p{eqghjac pe{ g` pcq{jledje ag `c fclj`jc, dgmg}c{jclgdqg agkg{g}qc{ wkjmcac gd g` lwdjmjpje gd swg g}q aeljmj`jcae g` swg `e med}qjqwzc

    1

    http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligaci?n_jur?dicahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_civilhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaci?n_jur?dicahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieneshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligaci?n_jur?dicahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_civilhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaci?n_jur?dica

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    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    3$3$, QGE[JC AG@ _CQ[JLEDJE9

    @c qge{c ag` pcq{jledje med}jag{c swg g` pcq{jledje g} wdc mc{cmqg{}qjmc ag `cpg{}edc`jaca e cq{jkwqe ag `c pg{}edc`jaca, z pe{ `e qcdqe, g} jdagpgdajgdqg ag `e}kjgdg} swg wdc pg{}edc pe}gc$ Jdm`w}jvg, wdc pg{}edc pwgag de qgdg{ djdhd kjgd, z

    cd c}, qjgdg wd pcq{jledje$ Kcie g}qg medmgpqe, g` pcq{jledje g} mele wdc ke`}cvcmc, z `e swg qgdhc cagdq{e }ed `e} kjgdg} ag `c pg{}edc$ G}, gd eq{c} pc`ck{c}, wdccpqjqwa pc{c pe}gg{, ag qc` fe{lc swg g` pcq{jledje ag wdc pg{}edc qclkjd jdm`wzgkjgdg} fwqw{e}$@e} kjgdg} ag `c pg{}edc fe{lcd wd qeae wdjqc{je swg {g}pedag pe{ `c} ek`jhcmjedg}swg g}qc nczc medq{cae, g} agmj{, mwcdae wdc pg{}edc }g ek`jhc, ek`jhc c `c lc}c agkjgdg}$ G` lgie{ giglp`e p{mqjme ag g}qc agfjdjmjd ag pcq{jledje g} g` mc}e ag `e}cm{ggae{g} swj{eh{cfc{je}$ G` cm{ggae{ swj{eh{cfc{je qjgdg wd ag{gmne pg{}edc` }ek{g g`pcq{jledje ag` agwae{, pg{e de }ek{g `e} kjgdg}$ G` agwae{ pwgag gdcigdc{ qeae} }w}kjgdg} z }w}qjqwj{`e} pe{ eq{e} qeqc`lgdqg aj}qjdqe}, z g` cm{ggae{ de pwgag ncmg{ dcacpc{c gvjqc{`e$ C}, g` cm{ggae{ swj{eh{cfc{je qjgdg wd ag{gmne pg{}edc` }ek{g g`

    pcq{jledje ag` agwae{, pg{e de pwgag aj}pedg{ }ek{g }w} kjgdg} .}c`ve wd cmqe}jlw`cae med `c jdqgdmjd pe{ pc{qg ag` agwae{ ag pg{iwajmc{`g*$

    AG[GMNE [GC@9

    G} g` peag{ iw{ajme swg wd }wigqe gig{mg gd fe{lc aj{gmqc g jdlgajcqc }ek{g wd kjgd

    swg `g pg{ljqg }w cp{evgmncljgdqe qeqc` e pc{mjc` gd }gdqjae iw{ajme z g} cagl}

    epedjk`g c qg{mg{e}$

    AG[GMNE _G[]EDC@9G} `c fcmw`qca swg qjgdg wdc pg{}edc ``clcac cm{ggae{, pc{c g~jhj{ ag eq{e ``clcaeagwae{ wd ac{, wd ncmg{ e wd de ncmg{ ag mc{mqg{ pcq{jledjc`$

    _[E_QG[ [GL9

    }ed h{cvclgdg} swg }g jlpedgd c` }g{vjae{ ag wd fgwae `c ek`jhcmjed ag pchc{ wd

    mcded

    AG[GMNE [GC@ JD FCMGDAE9

    Cwd mwcdae `e de{lc` g} swg g` medqgdjae ag` A[ }gc ag mc{mqg{ dghcqjve .swgjlpedhcd c` }wigqe pc}jve `c ek`jhcmjd ag de ncmg{*, ag fe{lc g~mgpmjedc`, g~j}qgd A[

    ag mc{mqg{ pe}jqjve .swg med}j}qgd gd ek`jhcmjd ag ncmg{*

    AG[GMNE AG M[GAJQE9

    }ed g` peag{ ag g~jhj{ c eq{e wdc agqg{ljdcac medawmqc z p{g}qcmjd

    7

    http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atributo_de_la_personalidadhttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acreedor_quirografario&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atributo_de_la_personalidadhttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acreedor_quirografario&action=edit&redlink=1

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    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    ]WIGQE CMQJVE9

    g` p{epjgqc{je

    ]WIGQE _C]JVE9

    g} qeac me`gmqjvjaca swg agkg qgdg{ wdc medawmqc ag {g}pgqe }ek{g g}c me}c ag` qjqw`c{

    QJ_E] AG AG[GMNE] [GC@G]

    G` aeljdje e p{epjgaca$ G` aeljdje g} g` ag{gmne [gc` gd wdc me}c me{pe{c`, pc{c

    heyc{ z aj}pedg{ ag g``c c{kjq{c{jclgdqg9 de }jgdae medq{c `c `gz e medq{c ag{gmne

    cigde$ @c p{epjgaca }gpc{cac ag` hemg ag `c me}c }g ``clc9 Lg{c e Dwac _{epjgaca$

    Wdc agfjdjmjd }jdqqjmc ag `c p{epjgaca g} swg `c p{epjgaca g} `c hgdg{c` aeljdcmjd

    }ek{g wdc me}c me{pe{c`

    Ng{gdmjc$ ]g ajmg swg g} g` ag{gmne {gc` swg }g qjgdg }ek{g `c qeqc`jaca ag` pcq{jledje

    ag wdc pg{}edc ajfwdqc, g~mgpqe `e} ag{gmne} jdq{cd}lj}jk`g} e }ek{g wdc mweqc ag`

    lj}le$ ]g nc dghcae pe{ c`hwde} g` mc{mqg{ ag ag{gmne {gc` ag ng{gdmjc gd {cyd ag

    swg qeae ag{gmne {gc` agkg {gmcg{ }ek{g wdc me}c me{pe{c` z `c ng{gdmjc de `e g} pg{e

    g` majhe ajmg swg g` ag{gmne {gc` g} g` swg qgdgle} }ek{g wdc me}c }jd {g}pgmqe ag

    wdc agqg{ljdcac pg{}edc .C{q$ 768 jdm$ ;MM*, z c` nck`c{ ag me}c de aj}qjdhwg, c`{gv} ag `e swg }g ncmg med g` aeljdje, }j `c me}c g} me{pe{c` e jdme{pe{c` z cagl},

    g~p{g}clgdqg, gdwlg{c g` ag{gmne ag ng{gdmjc gdq{g `e} ag{gmne} {gc`g}$ G}

    mc{cmqg{}qjmc g` ag{gmne ag ng{gdmjc g` }g{ wd ag{gmne wdjvg{}c`9 de {gmcg }ek{g me}c}

    agqg{ljdcac}, jdajvjawc`jycac}, }jde }ek{g g` qeqc` e wdc mweqc ag` pcq{jledje

    q{cd}lj}jk`g ag` ajfwdqe

    Ag{gmne ag W}wf{wmqe W}e z Nckjqcmjd$ G` ag{gmne ag W}wf{wmqe g} wd ag{gmne

    {gc` swg med}j}qg gd `c fcmw`qca ag heyc{ ag wdc me}c med mc{he ag med}g{vc{ }w fe{lc

    z }w}qcdmjc, z ag {g}qjqwj{`c c }w awge }j `c me}c de g} fwdhjk`g9 e med mc{he ag ve`vg{

    jhwc` mcdqjaca z mc`jaca ag` lj}le hdg{e, e ag pchc{ }w vc`e{, }j `c me}c g} fwdhjk`g

    ]g{vjawlk{g} Cmqjvc}$ ]g{vjawlk{g p{gajc`, e }jlp`glgdqg }g{vjawlk{g, g} wd

    h{cvclgd jlpwg}qe }ek{g wd p{gaje gd wqj`jaca ag eq{e p{gaje ag aj}qjdqe awge$ ]g

    6

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    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    ``clc p{gaje }j{vjgdqg g` swg }wf{g g` h{cvclgd, z p{gaje aeljdcdqg g` swg {gpe{qc `c

    wqj`jaca$ Med {g}pgmqe c` p{gaje aeljdcdqg `c }g{vjawlk{g }g ``clc cmqjvc z med

    {g}pgmqe c` p{gaje }j{vjgdqg pc}jvc

    `c _{gdac$ G` medq{cqe ag p{gdac e glpge gdq{ghwg wdc me}c lwgk`g c wd cm{ggae{

    pc{c `c }ghw{jaca ag }w m{ajqe$ @c pc`ck{c p{gdac }j{vg pc{c ag}jhdc{ g` medq{cqe, `c

    me}c swg }g gdq{ghc gd hc{cdqc z g` ag{gmne {gc` swg }w{hg pc{c g` cm{ggae{

    @c Njpeqgmc$ ]ghd g` majhe g} wd ag{gmne ag p{gdac med}qjqwjae }ek{g jdlwgk`g}

    swg de agicd pe{ g}e ag pg{lcdgmg{ g` peag{ ag` agwae{$ Cagl} }g ajmg swg g} g`

    ag{gmne {gc` ag hc{cdqc swg cq{jkwzg c` cm{ggae{ `c fcmw`qca ag ag}pe}gg{, g~p{epjc{`e} kjgdg} vjdmw`cae} c `c hc{cdqc ag }w m{ajqe med g` fjd ag swg }gc }cqj}fgmne med

    p{gfg{gdmjc }ek{g g` p{gmje `eh{cae lgajcdqg `c g~p{epjcmjd

    QGE[JC] SWG AJ]QJDHWG @E] AG[GMNE] [GC@G] AG @E] _G[]EDC@G]9

    Kcwa{z @cmcdqjdjg{g9G` ag{gmne {gc` g}qck`gmg wdc {g`cmjd gdq{g g` qjqw`c{ ag` ag{gmne z g` kjgd ekigqe ag`ag{gmne$

    _e{ `e qcdqe }`e qjgdg ae} g`glgdqe}$ G` qg{mg{e }g pwgag g`jljdc{ pwg} cagl} agjdagqg{ljdcae, }w ek`jhcmjd de g} pgmwdjc{jc$G` ag{gmne pg{}edc` }g g}qck`gmg gdq{g }wigqe} agqg{ljdcae} pe{ `e swg qjgdg =g`glgdqe} cm{ggae{, agwae{ z ekigqe$

    Agle`elkg9Medmwg{ac med Kcwa{z$ Gd g` ag{gmne {gc` `c {g`cmjd gdq{g g` qjqw`c{ ag` ag{gmne z g`kjgd g} jdlgajcqc z aj{gmqc$Gd g` ag{gmne pg{}edc` `c {g`cmjd g} gdq{g ae} pg{}edc} agqg{ljdcac}$G` ag{gmne {gc`g} ck}e`wqe z hgdg{c `e} ag{gmne} ag pg{}gmw}jd z p{gfg{gdmjc

    Kedgmc}}g9Medmgpmjd gmedljmc ag` ag{gmne < medqjdgdqg pc{c wd medqgdjae gmedljme$Ag{gmne {gc` g} wdc fjhw{c pc{c }c`vchwc{ac{ `c {jswgyc agdq{e ag `c }emjgaca$Ag{gmnepg{}edc` g} wdc fjhw{c pc{c c}ghw{c{ g` mwlp`jljgdqe ag p{g}qcmjedg} gdq{g ae}pg{}edc} agqg{ljdcac}

    8

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    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    M@C]JFJMCMJED AG @E] KJGDG]

    3$, ME]C9

    Qeae `e swg qjgdg gdqjaca zc }gc }gc me{pe{c` e g}pj{jqwc`, dcqw{c` e c{qjfjmjc`, {gc` e

    ck}q{cmqc$

    KJGD9

    Qeae cswg``e }w}mgpqjk`g ag Cp{epjcmjd pc{qjmw`c{$

    MM]@_

    C[Q$ 6:1$_wgagd}g{ ekigqe ag cp{epjcmjd qeac} `c} me}c} swg de g}qd g~m`wjac} ag`melg{mje$C[Q$ 6:7$@c}

    me}c} pwgagd g}qc{ fwg{c ag` melg{mje pe{ }w dcqw{c`gyc e pe{ aj}pe}jmjdag @gz$C[Q$ 6:6$G}qdfwg{c ag` melg{mje pe{ }w dcqw{c`gyc `c} swg de pwgagd }g{ pe}gac} pe{c`hdjdajvjawe g~m`w}jvclgdqg, z pe{ aj}pe}jmjd ag `c @gz, `c} swg g``c agm`c{cj{{gawmqjk`g} c p{epjgacapc{qjmw`c{$

    3$3$,M@C]JFJMCMJED AG @E] KJGDG]9

    ME[_E[GE] JDME[_E[GE]

    LWGK@G] JDLWGK@G]

    FWDIJK@G] DE FWDHJK@G]

    CKCDAEDCAE E AG]MEDEMJAE

    ]JD AWGE

    ]G AG]MEDEMG C@ AWGE

    MED]WLJK@G] Z DE MED]WLJK@G]

    AJVJ]JK@G] G JDAJVJ]JK@G]

    WDCIGDCK@G] JDC@JGDCK@G]

    >

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    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    Kjgdg} me{p{ge} e me{pe{c`g}

    }ed cswg``e} swg emwpcd wd `whc{ gd g` g}pcmje z pwgagd }g{ pg{mjkjae} pe{ dwg}q{e}}gdqjae}$Kjgdg} jdme{p{ge} e jdme{pe{c`g}

    }ed cswg``e} swg de emwpcd wd `whc{ gd g` g}pcmje, dj pwgagd }g{ pg{mjkjae} pe{dwg}q{e} }gdqjae} z }ed m{gcmjd ag `c jdqg`jhgdmjc nwlcdc$

    Kjgdg} jdlwgk`g}9

    _e{ }w dcqw{c`gyc }edcswg``e} swg de }g pwgagd q{c}`cac{ ag wd `whc{ c eq{e

    Kjgdg} lwgk`g}9

    ]ed kjgdg} lwgk`g} cswg``e} swg pwgagd q{c}`cac{}g ag wd `whc{ c eq{e, zc }gc pe{ }

    lj}le} e pe{ wdc fwg{yc g~qg{je{, c} mele `e} ag{gmne} z cmmjedg} swg qjgdgd pe{

    ekigqe me}c} lwgk`g} e mcdqjacag} g~jhjk`g} pe{ cmmjd pg{}edc` z cswg``e} mwze

    ag}qjde }gc, c` }g{ }gpc{cae} ag wd jdlwgk`g, caswj{j{ g` mc{mqg{ ag lwgk`g}

    Kjgdg} gdcigdck`g}

    }ed cswg``e} }wmgpqjk`g} ag }g{ q{cd}ljqjae}, pe{ {gh`c hgdg{c` qeae} `e} kjgdg}pwgagd }g{ q{cd}ljqjae}

    Kjgdg} jdc`jgdck`g}}ed cswg``e} swg de pwgagd }g{ q{cd}ljqjae} z }e`clgdqg `c `gz `g} pwgag ac{ g}qg

    mc{mqg{

    Kjgdg} Fwdhjk`g}}ed cswg``e} swg pwgagd }g{ }wk}qjqwae} pe{ eq{e} ag` lj}le hdg{e, mc`jaca zmcdqjaca, qgdjgdae jhwc` peag{ `jkg{cqe{je$

    Kjgdg} de Fwdhjk`g}}ed cswg``e} swg qjgdgd wdc jdajvjawc`jaca p{epjc, pe{ `e swg de pwgagd }g{}wk}qjqwae} pe{ eq{e}

    Kjgdg} Med}wljk`g}}ed cswg``e}swg de pwgag wde }g{vj{}g gd }w w}e dcqw{c` }jd swg }g cheqgd

    Kjgdg} de Med}wljk`g}

    :

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    }ed cswg``e} swg pg{ljqgd wd w}e p{e`edhcae

    Kjgdg} Ajvj}jk`g}}ed cswg``e} swg pwgagd }g{ {gawmjae} gd pc{qg}, }jd swg pe{ g``e }g c`qg{g}gd}jk`glgdqg }w fe{lc, g}gdmjc e vc`e{

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;Kjgdg} Jdajvj}jk`g}}ed cswg``e} swg de pwgagd }g{ pc{qjae} f}jmc e jdqg`gmqwc`lgdqg gd pe{mjedg}aj}qjdqc}, ag qc` lcdg{c swg mcac pc{qg fe{lg wd qeae jdagpgdajgdqg ag `e} agl}

    Kjgdg} ag Awge Mjg{qe}ed cswg``e} mwze p{epjgqc{je }g gdmwgdq{c p`gdclgdqg jagdqjfjmcae

    Kjgdg} Le}q{gdme}}ed cswg``e} lwgk`g} swg dwdmc ncd qgdjae awge e kjgd nckjdae`e qgdjae }g jhde{c

    swjgd g} cmqwc`lgdqg

    Kjgdg} Vcmcdqg}}ed cswg``e} jdlwgk`g} mwze awge }g jhde{c

    3?

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    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;AG[GMNE] [GC@G]=$3$, @C _[E_JGACA9

    Ag{gmne ag hemg z aj}pe}jmjd swg wdc pg{}edc qjgdg }ek{g kjgdg} agqg{ljdcae}, ag

    cmwg{ae med `e pg{ljqjae pe{ `c} `gzg}, z }jd pg{iwjmje ag qg{mg{e$

    MM]@_

    C[Q$ 886$G`

    p{epjgqc{je ag wdc me}c pwgag heyc{ z aj}pedg{ ag g``c med `c} `jljqcmjedg} zleac`jacag} swg fjigd `c} `gzg}$C[Q$ 888$@cp{epjgaca de pwgag }g{ emwpcac medq{c `c ve`wdqca ag }w awge, }jde pe{ mcw}c agwqj`jaca pk`jmc z lgajcdqg jdagldjycmjd$

    C[Q$ 88>$]gagm`c{c ag wqj`jaca pk`jmc `c caswj}jmjd swg nchc g` Hekjg{de ag qg{{gde}cp{epjcae}, c fjd ag vgdag{`e} pc{c `c med}qjqwmjd ag` pcq{jledje ag `c fclj`jc e pc{cswg }gmed}q{wzcd mc}c} nckjqcmjedg} swg }g c`swj`gd c `c} fclj`jc} pek{g}, lgajcdqg g` pcheag wdc

    {gdqc lajmc$C[Q$ 88:$G`Hekjg{de ag` G}qcae pea{ g~p{epjc{ `c} me}c} swg pg{qgdgymcd c `e} pc{qjmw`c{g} zswg }g med}jag{gd mele deqck`g} z mc{cmqg{}qjmc} lcdjfg}qcmjedg} ag dwg}q{c mw`qw{c$

    QGE[JC] AG @C _[E_JGACA9

    Qge{c m`}jmc9Wdc p{epjgaca jdajvjawc` l`qjp`g, ajvjajac ag fe{lc jdqg`gmqwc`

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    W]E9

    Gd `c mwc` jlp`jmc cp{evgmnc{ `c me}c }jd c`qg{c{`c, ag lcdg{c swg pwgac {gjqg{c{}g

    med}qcdqglgdqg g}qc fe{lc ag cp{evgmncljgdqe$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;AJ]F[WQG9

    Jlp`jmc g` w}e z cp{epjcmjd ag `e} f{wqe} ag `c me}c zc }gcd g}qe} cdjlc`g} e

    p{eawmqe} ag `c qjg{{c, g} `c fcmw`qca ag cp{epjc{}g }`e ag `e} f{wqe}$

    AJ]_E]JMJED AG @C ME]C9

    Ag{gmne ag` p{epjgqc{je ag aj}pedg{ gd fe{lc lcqg{jc` lgajcdqg g` med}wle z

    q{cd}fe{lcmjd, z gd fe{lc iw{ajmc lgajcdqg `c gdcigdcmjd qeqc` e pc{mjc` ag `c me}c$

    LGAJE] AG CASWJ[J[ @C _[E_JGACA

    Ag cmwg{ae c }w Dcqw{c`gyc9

    C qjqw`e wdjvg{}c`9

    C cswg``c pe{ `c mwc` }g q{c}ljqg g` pcq{jledje, mele wdjvg{}c`jaca iw{ajmc, e c}gcmele mediwdqe ag ag{gmne} z ek`jhcmjedg}, med}qjqwzgdae wd cmqjve .kjgdg} z

    ag{gmne}* z wd pc}jve .mc{hc} z ek`jhcmjedg}*$

    Giglp`e `c Ng{gdmjc g}qc {gmedemjac gd dwg}q{e ag{gmne, zc }gc `ghqjle e

    qg}qclgdqc{jc mwcdae gd g}qc }g jd}qjqwzgd ng{gag{e}$

    C qjqw`e _c{qjmw`c{9

    G} cswg``c gd swg }g q{c}ljqg g` aeljdje ag kjgdg} agqg{ljdcae}$

    Giglp`e g} g` medq{cqe$

    Caswj}jmjedg} _{jljqjvc}9

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    Cswg``c gd `c mwc` `c me}c} de nc g}qcae gd g` pcq{jledje ag agqg{ljdcac pg{}edc, ag

    }wg{qg swg g` caswj{jgdqg ag `c lj}lc de {gmjkg ag wd qjqw`c{ cdqg{je{, }jde swg nc

    pg{lcdgmjae }jd awge , z pe{ `e qcdqe g} g` p{jlg{ emwpcdqg ag `c lj}lc$

    Giglp`e qg}e{e}$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    Caswj}jmjedg} Ag{jvcac}9

    ]wpedgd wdc q{c}lj}jd ag wd pcq{jledje c eq{e$ @c me}c nc qgdjae awge z nc g}qcae

    gd pcq{jledje ag wdc pg{}edc, swg `e q{c}ljqg c eq{c, pe{ `c mwc` }g ``clc caswj}jmjd

    ag{jvcac$

    Giglp`e} g` medq{cqe, `c ng{gdmjc, z `c caiwajmcmjd iwajmjc`$

    C qjqw`e Edg{e}e9

    G` caswj{jgdqg pchc wd mjg{qe vc`e{ gd ajdg{e, kjgdg} e }g{vjmje} c mclkje ag` kjgd swg

    {gmjkg$

    Giglp`e `c melp{cvgdqc, `c pg{lwqc gd `e} mwc`g} }g q{c}ljqg g` aeljdje c mclkje ag

    wdc medq{cp{g}qcmjd$

    C qjqw`e H{cqwjqe9

    Ncz medq{cqe} q{c}`cqjve} ag aeljdje mele `e g} `c aedcmjd, gd `e} mwc`g} g`

    caswj{jgdqg {gmjkg wd kjgd }jd qgdg{ swg mwk{j{ wdc medq{cp{g}qcmjd$

    Giglp`e `c ng{gdmjc$

    C [CYED AG @C MCW]C9

    _e{ cmqe} gdq{g vjve}9 Melp{gdagd g` cmqe iw{ajme gd hgdg{c`$

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    Mcw}c ag lwg{qg9 _wgag {gvg}qj{ ae} fe{lc} `c ng{gdmjc `ghjqjlc z qg}qclgdqc{jc z

    q{cd}lj}jd pe{ `e

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    MEDQ[CQE9

    G` medq{cqe mele fe{lc ag q{c}lj}jd c qjqw`e pc{qjmw`c{ pwgag }g{ edg{e}e e h{cqwjqe$

    Gd g` ag{gmne leag{de g}qg g} med}jag{cae mele wd lgaje lwz gfjmcy pc{c `c

    q{c}lj}jd ag` aeljdje pe{ } }`e {g}pgmqe ag me}c} agqg{ljdcac}$

    @c p{epjgaca }g q{c}fjg{g mele med}gmwgdmjc aj{gmqc g jdlgajcqc ag` medq{cqe$

    ]g aj}qjdhwgd `e} medq{cqe} q{c}`cqjve} ag aeljdje, gd `e} mwc`g} epg{cd gd fe{lc

    jdlgajcqc `c q{c}lj}jd ag `c p{epjgaca, }jd swg }gc gdq{ghcac `c me}c$

    @C _[E_JGACA AGDQ[E AG @C NG[GDMJC

    @c ng{gdmjc g} `c }wmg}jd ag qeae} `e} kjgdg} ag` ajfwdqe z ag qeae} }w} ag{gmne} zek`jhcmjedg} swg de }g g~qjdhwgd pe{ `c lwg{qg$ .C{qjmw`e ;67; ag` M$M$G$ z g` 3;>3 ag`

    M$M$F$*$

    Fe{lcd pc{qg ag `c ng{gdmjc qeae} `e} ag{gmne} pcq{jledjc`g} c} mele `c} agwac} swg

    pg{qgdgmjg{ed c` mcw}cdqg, pg{e qclkjd `c} cmmjedg} ag {gpc{cmjd ag ace} {gfg{jae}

    c` nede{, `jkg{qca g jdqgh{jaca f}jmc ag` mcw}cdqg, g` gig{mjmje ag c`hwde} ag{gmne}

    le{c`g} ag `c p{epjgaca jdqg`gmqwc` z mjg{qe} ag{gmne} swg cwd }jgdae pg{}edc`}jle}

    lcdqjgdgd gfgmqe} {gf`gie} swg de }g g~qjdhwgd med `c lwg{qg ag }w qjqw`c{$

    Q[CD]LJ]JD AG @C _[E_JGACA Z _E]G]JD AG@ @GHCAE9

    Gd lcqg{jc ag ng{gdmjc g~j}qg wd p{jdmjpje hgdg{c` gd g` swg `c p{epjgaca z pe}g}jd ag

    `e} kjgdg} ng{gajqc{je} }g q{c}ljqgd c` ng{gag{e gd g` lelgdqe lj}le ag `c lwg{qg g`

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    cwqe{ ag `c ng{gdmjc, z swg, c pc{qj{ ag g}g lelgdqe qjgdg ag{gmne c `e} f{wqe}, cwdswg

    de qgdhc `c pe}g}jd lcqg{jc`, ag}ag g` pwdqe ag vj}qc g} med}jag{cae g` pe}ggae{,

    pe{swg g` c`kcmgc pe}gg gd }w delk{g$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    Ajmnc {gh`c g} cp`jmcac pc{c `e} `ghcqc{je} mwcdae `c me}c ekigqe ag` `ghcae g}

    g}pgmfjmclgdqg agqg{ljdcac }g q{cd}ljqg c` `ghcqc{je gd g` lelgdqe lj}le ag `c

    lwg{qg ag` cwqe{ ag `c ng{gdmjc caswj{jgdae g` aeljdje z `c pe}g}jd iw{ajmc ag `e}

    kjgdg}$

    @GZ

    C{q$ 3;:? ag` majhe mjvj` fgag{c$ G` `ghcqc{je caswjg{g ag{gmne c` `ghcae pw{e z }jlp`g,

    c} mele c` ag ac mjg{qe, ag}ag g` lelgdqe ag `c lwg{qg ag` qg}qcae{$ C{qjmw`e ;66;

    ag` majhe mjvj` ag} g}qcae ag Ic`j}me$

    Gd {g`cmjd med g` 31;:ag` majhe mjvj` fgag{c`$ Mwcdae g` `ghcae g} ag me}c g}pgmjfjmc

    z agqg{ljdcac, p{epjc ag` qg}qcae{, g` `ghcqc{je caswjg{g }w p{epjgaca ag}ag swg cswg`lwg{g z ncmg }wze} `e} f{wqe} pgdajgdqg} z fwqw{e}, c de }g{ swg g` qg}qcae{ nczc

    aj}pwg}qe eq{c me}c$ C{qjmw`e ;86? ag` majhe mjvj` ag` g}qcae ag Ic`j}me*$

    EMW_CMJD E C_[E_JCMJD

    Leae dcqw{c` z e{jhjdc{je ag caswj{j{ `c p{epjgaca ag mjg{qc} me}c} swg mc{gmgd ag

    awge$

    Cp{gngd}jd ag wdc me}c me{pe{c` swg de qjgdg awge, med djle ag caswj{j{ `c

    p{epjgaca$

    Gd `c cmqwc`jaca }g nc {g}g{vcae mele wdc fe{lc ag caswj{j{ kjgdg} lwgk`g}

    agqg{ljdcae}$ Gd lcqg{jc ag jdlwgk`g zc de g} wd lgaje ag caswj}jmjd$

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    Ag}ag g` pwdqe ag vj}qc iw{ajme `c emwpcmjd }wpedg `e} }jhwjgdqg} {gswj}jqe}9

    Cp{gngd}jd e agqgdqcmjd ag wdc me}c$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    Gigmwqc{`c gd fe{lc pg{lcdgdqg z med djle ag caswj{j{ g` aeljdje$

    [gmcg{ gd me}c} swg de qgdhcd awge e mwzc p{emgagdmjc }g jhde{g .}wpedg swg `e}

    kjgdg} ekigqe} ag emwpcmjd de ncd qgdjae awge$

    G}qc fe{lc ag caswj{j{ `c p{epjgaca }e`e qjgdg jlpe{qcdmjc gd `e} kjgdg} lwgk`g}$ Zc

    swg }e`e }g {gh`clgdqcd gd mwcq{e fe{lc} ag emwpcmjd9

    Caswj}jmjd ag wd qg}e{e$

    Agpe}jqe emw`qe$

    Gd ajdg{e, c`ncic} e kjgdg} p{gmje}e}$

    Jhde{c{}g `c `ghqjlc p{emgagdmjc$

    Caswj}jmjd ag cdjlc`g} pe{ `c mcyc$

    Mcpqw{c{ c` cdjlc`$

    @c pe}g}jd$

    _{g}e e lwg{c gd g` cmqe$

    Caswj}jmjd med cdjlc`g} z eq{e} p{eawmqe} pe{ `c pg}mc$

    Mcpqw{c{ c` cdjlc`$

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    ]gc p{g}e e lwg{c gd g` cmqe$

    @c pe}g}jd$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    Caswj}jmjd ag agqg{ljdcac} chwc}$

    Swg de }gc p{epjgaca a `c dcmjd$

    De }gcd p{epjgaca ag `e} pc{qjmw`c{g}$

    Lgajcdqg `c mcpqcmjd ag `c} lj}lc}$

    CMMG]JD

    Lgaje ag caswj{j{ `c p{epjgaca lgajcdqg wdc g~qgd}jd ag` aeljdje$

    Ag{gmne pe{ g` swg g` p{epjgqc{je ag wdc me}c ncmg }wze qeae `e swg g}qc p{eawmg, z c

    agl} qeae `e swg }g `g wdg e jdme{pe{c dcqw{c` e c{qjfjmjc`lgdqg$

    Wdjd e jdme{pe{cmjd ag wdc me}c }gmwdac{jc c wdc p{jdmjpc` caswjg{g `e cmmg}e{je$

    _{jdmjpje} fwdaclgdqc`g}9

    @e cmmg}e{je }jhwg `c }wg{qg p{jdmjpc`$

    dcajg pwgag gd{jswgmg{}g }jd mcw}c, c me}qc ag eq{e$

    CMMG]JD DCQW[C@

    C@WVJED9 Cm{gmgdqcljgdqe dcqw{c` swg }wf{g `e} p{gaje} me`jdacdqg} c `c} {jkg{c} ag

    `e} {e}, pe{ g` agp}jqe ag lcqg{jc`g} swg `c me{{jgdqg vc fe{lcdae gd g}c} {jkg{c}$

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    CVW@]JED9 Mwcdae `c me{{jgdqg `eh{c ag}p{gdag{ wdc f{cmmjd {gmedemjk`g ag qg{{gde z

    `c ``gvc c wd p{gaje jdfg{je{ e c `c {jkg{c epwg}qc, e mwcdae c{{cdmc {ke`g} e me}c}$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    DCMJLJGDQE AG WDC J]@C9 _wgag }g{ pe{9

    C`wvjd2 pe{ g` agp}jqe swg }g ncmg gd g` mcwmg ag` {e, ag lcqg{jc`g} swg ``ghcd c

    med}q{wj{ wdc f{cmmjd ag qg{{gde {eagcac ag chwc$

    _e{ cvw`}jd2 mwcdae `c me{{jgdqg c{{cdmc wdc f{cmmjd ag qg{{gde ag wd p{gaje z swgac

    }jqwcac gd lgaje ag` mcwmg$

    _wgag ck{j{}g `c me{{jgdqg ag` {e gd ae} k{cye} e {clc`g} ag }wg{qg swg swgag wdc

    pe{mjd ag qg{{gde {eagcac ag chwc$

    LWQCMJED AG WD MCWMG9 G} p{gmj}e aj}qjdhwj{ }j `c me{{jgdqg g} dcmjedc` e

    p{epjgaca ag wd pc{qjmw`c{$

    ]j g} ag `c dcmjd2 g` mcwmg ckcdaedcae }jhwg }jgdae p{epjgaca ag `c dcmjd, z g` swg}g emwpg qclkjd `e }g{$

    ]j g} p{epjgaca ag pc{qjmw`c{2 g` mcwmg ckcdaedcae pg{qgdgmg{ c` awge ag` lj}le

    p{gaje, swg }jlp`glgdqg vg {g}q{jdhjac }w pe}g}jd pe{ `c jdwdacmjd e mclkje ag

    me{{jgdqg$

    Cmmg}jd C{qjfjmjc`

    c* Kjgdg} jdlwgk`g}9

    Gajfjmcmjd$

    _`cdqcmjd$

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    ]jglk{c$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    ]wpedg swg }g gajfjmc, }jglk{c e p`cdqc gd qg{{gde p{epje med lcqg{jc`g}, }glj``c e

    p`cdqc} cigdc}$

    Med g`glgdqe} p{epje} gd qg{{gde cigde$

    Swg wd qg{{gde `e ncmg gd p{gaje cigde z med lcqg{jc`g} ag eq{e$

    _{jdmjpc` g} g` qg{{gde, z cmmg}e{je `c med}q{wmmjd, p`cdqcmjd e }jglk{c$

    Ncz swg aj}qjdhwj{ mwcdae }g p{emgac ag kwgdc e lc`c fg

    k* Lwgk`g}

    Jdme{pe{cmjd9 mwcdae ae} me}c} lwgk`g} pg{qgdgmjgdqg} c aj}qjdqe} awge} }g wdgd

    pe{ ve`wdqca ag }qe}, pe{ mc}wc`jaca e pe{ ve`wdqca ag wde ag g``e}$

    Lgym`c9 gd }`jae}$

    Medfw}jd9 gd `swjae}, pwgag ``gvc{}g c mcke pe{ mc}wc`jaca z de }e`e pe{ ve`wdqca ag

    `c} pc{qg}$

    G}pgmjfjmcmjd9 med}j}qg gd ac{ fe{lc c wdc lcqg{jc cigdc, e }gc, gd q{cd}fe{lc{ pe{ g`

    q{ckcie g}c lcqg{jc$

    @e cmmg}e{je }jhwg `c }wg{qg ag `e p{jdmjpc`$

    Aedag lcqg{jc g} g` p{jdmjpc` mwcdae g` l{jqe c{q}qjme }gc jdfg{je{ c` vc`e{ ag `c

    lj}lc$ G` q{ckcie }g{ mwcdae g` l{jqe c{q}qjme }gc }wpg{je{ c` vc`e{ ag `c lcqg{jc$

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    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    CAIWAJMCMJD

    Agm`c{c{ swg wdc me}c me{{g}pedag c wdc pg{}edc e medfg{{}g`c gd }cqj}fcmmjd ag wd

    ag{gmne$

    De g} wdc fe{lc cq{jkwqjvc ag aeljdje, }jde }jlp`glgdqg agm`c{cqjvc$

    _e{ ve`wdqca ag `c caiwajmcmjd g` iwgy }jlp`glgdqg agm`c{c swg med cdqg{je{jaca wdcpg{}edc nc caswj{jae g` aeljdje ag wdc me}c$

    Emw{{g p{jdmjpc`lgdqg gd `e} mc}e} ag9

    )NG[GDMJC `e} ng{gag{e} caswjg{gd g` aeljdje ag `e} kjgdg} ag}ag g` lelgdqe ag `c

    lwg{qg ag` cwqe{ ag `c }wmg}jd$ Q{cljqcae g` iwjmje }wmg}e{je, wdc vgy swg ``ghc c `c

    pc{qjmjpcmjd z ajvj}jd ag `e} kjgdg}, g` iwgy caiwajmc me}c} agqg{ljdcac} e pc{qg}c`mweqc} agqg{ljdcdae `c pe{mjd swg me{{g}pedag c `e} ng{gag{e}$

    )VGDQC IWAJMJC@ Z [GLCQG mwcdae }g pjag pe{ g` cm{ggae{ `c caiwajmcmjd ag `e}

    kjgdg} ekigqe ag `c }wkc}qc agkjae c swg de }g p{g}gdqcd pe}qe{g}, g` iwgy ajmqc wdc

    {g}e`wmjd caiwajmcdae g}e} kjgdg}$

    G^QGD]JD AG@ AG[GMNE AG _[E_JGACA

    G~qgd}jd z `ljqg} ag` ag{gmne ag p{epjgaca$

    )Med}gmwgdmjc dcqw{c`9 aeljdje }ek{g `e} f{wqe} z p{eawmqe}2 z {g}pgmqe c jdlwgk`g} g`

    }wk}wg`e z g` g}pcmje c{ge$

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    )Med}gmwgdmjc ag` aeljdje9 pe{ vc ag cmmg}jd$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    c$ F{wqe} z p{eawmqe}9 de }g caswjg{g pe{ cmmg}jd, pwg} de ncz wdjd e jdme{pe{cmjd

    ag me}c} pc{c med}qjqwj{ wdc dwgvc g}pgmjg$ ]g caswjg{gd mele med}gmwgdmjc

    dgmg}c{jc ag` aeljdje, swg gd wde ag }w} g`glgdqe} pg{ljqg c }w qjqw`c{ cawgc{}g ag

    qeae cswg``e swg `c me}c p{eawmg gd fe{lc dcqw{c` e c{qjfjmjc`, g} agmj{, }jd `c

    jdqg{vgdmjd ag` nelk{g e med g``c$

    @e} F{wqe} }ed lcdjfg}qcmjedg} med}qcdqg}, dcqw{c`g} e c{qjfjmjc`g} ag wdc me}c, swg de

    c`qg{cd `c fe{lc e }w}qcdmjc ag }qc, z ag lcdg{c swg }jd ag}jdqgh{cmjd, `c me}c }g{gp{eawmg z `c caswj}jmjd ag g}qe} kjgdg} jlp`jmc g` hemg ag `c me}c$

    @e} _{eawmqe} } jlp`jmcd wdc c`qg{cmjd gd `c fe{lc z }w}qcdmjc ag `c me}c$ De }ed

    lcdjfg}qcmjedg} {ghw`c{g}, }jde j{{ghw`c{g}2 g jlp`jmcd wdc ag}jdqgh{cmjd swg pwgag

    }g{ gd fe{lc pcw`cqjdc, pg{e ag qc` lcdg{c swg med}qjqwzcd vg{acag{e} cmqe} ag

    aeljdje gd mwcdqe c` kjgd lj}le$

    k$ ]wk}wg`e z G}pcmje C{ge9 cmqwc`lgdqg g` p{epjgqc{je ag` }wk}wg`e, zc de pwgag

    ncmg{ qeac m`c}g ag g~mcvcmjedg} e ag ek{c} }jd qelc{ `c} p{gmcwmjedg} dgmg}c{jc}

    pc{c gvjqc{ pg{iwjmje} c` vgmjde, agkjgdae gigmwqc{ `c} ek{c} ag med}e`jacmjd swg `c

    qmdjmc cmed}gic pc{c de cfgmqc{ `c g}qckj`jaca ag `e} p{gaje} medqjhwe}$

    ]g med}jag{c swg qeae g` g}pcmje c{ge g}q }wigqe c` jlpg{je ag` G}qcae$

    Gd mwcdqe c` jdqg{} pc{qjmw`c{, de pea{ jlpgaj{}g swg g`gvg }w} med}q{wmmjedg} e

    cp{evgmng g` g}pcmje c{ge agdq{e ag `e} `ljqg} ag `c }ghw{jaca swg cmed}gic `c

    qmdjmc, z qclpeme pea{ jlpgaj{}g `c dcvghcmjd c{gc$

    IW[J]_[WAGDMJC AGFJDJAC NC]QC 3:>:

    ;3

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    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    =$;$, MEDAELJDJE

    G} g` {hjlgd iw{ajme swg jdqgh{c `c} leac`jacag} z `jljqcmjedg} c` aeljdje ag wd

    p{gaje e gajfjmcmjd z `c {gh`clgdqcmjd ag }w w}e z ag}qjde, pc{c }w cp{evgmncljgdqe

    mediwdqe z }jlw`qdge$

    J$ MEDAELJDJE9 jdlwgk`g mwzc p{epjgaca pg{qgdgmg p{e jdajvj}e c vc{jc} pg{}edc}2

    JJ$ MEDAELJDE9 pg{}edc f}jmc e le{c`, pk`jmc e p{jvcac, swg gd mc`jaca ag

    p{epjgqc{je e

    pe}ggae{ pe{ mwc`swjg{ qqw`e `ghc`, cp{evgmng `e} agpc{qclgdqe}, vjvjgdac}, `eqg} ag

    qg{{gde,

    `emc`g} e {gc} ag wd medaeljdje, c} mele, cswg``c} pg{}edc} swg nczcd mg`gk{cae

    medq{cqe gd

    vj{qwa ag` mwc` ag mwlp`j{}g gd }w} q{ljde}, ``ghwg c }g{ p{epjgqc{je }wigqe c` {hjlgdag p{epjgaca

    gd medaeljdje2

    JJJ$ C[GC] Z G@GLGDQE] MELWDG]9 }ed cswg``e} swg pg{qgdgmgd gd fe{lc p{e

    jdajvj}e c `e}

    medaljde}2 z }w w}e, lcdqgdjljgdqe z cp{evgmncljgdqe g}qc{ {ghw`cae pe{ g}qc @gz,

    `c g}m{jqw{c

    med}qjqwqjvc z g` {gh`clgdqe2

    JV$ C]CLK@GC9 g} g` {hcde }wp{gle ag` medaeljdje, gd aedag gd }g}jd mg`gk{cac

    pe{ qeae}

    `e} medaljde}, p{gvjc medvemcqe{jc, }g q{cqcd, aj}mwqgd z {g}wg`vgd, gd }w mc}e,

    c}wdqe} ag

    ;;

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    jdqg{} meld2

    V$ CALJDJ]Q[CAE[9 pg{}edc ag}jhdcac pe{ c lcze{c }jlp`g ag veqe} ag `e}

    jdqgh{cdqg} ag `c

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    C}clk`gc, gdmc{hcac ag {gmjkj{ `c} mweqc} ag lcdqgdjljgdqe swg mcac wde ag `e}

    medaljde}

    cpe{qc{, lj}lc} swg }g{d wqj`jycac} pc{c p{epe{mjedc{ c `c} {gc} z g`glgdqe}

    melwdg} ag`

    medaeljdje, `c epg{cmjd z g` lcdqgdjljgdqe swg }g {gswjg{c2 ag jhwc` fe{lc, qgda{ `c

    ek`jhcmjd

    ag jdfe{lc{ c `e} medaljde} ag` g}qcae fjdcdmjg{e, pe{ `e lgde} mcac }gj} lg}g}2

    VJ$ ]G]JED9 {gwdjd ag `e} medaljde}, p{gvjc medvemcqe{jc, pc{c delk{c{ c`caljdj}q{cae{ z

    {g}e`vg{ c}wdqe} {g`gvcdqg} {g`cmjedcae} med g` medaeljdje2

    VJJ$ G^QJDMJED VE@WDQC[JC9 `c ag}cpc{jmjd ag` {hjlgd ag p{epjgaca gd

    medaeljdje, pe{

    cmwg{ae ag` qeqc` ag `e} p{epjgqc{je} ag `e} p{gaje} swg medfe{lcd ajmne {hjlgd2

    VJJJ$ LCZE[JC ]JL_@G9 g` mjdmwgdqc pe{ mjgdqe l} wde, ag` qeqc` ag medaljde}2

    J^$ [GH@CLGDQE JDQG[DE9 g` e{agdcljgdqe ag `c} gajfjmcmjedg} }wigqc} c`

    {hjlgd ag

    medaeljdje, swg {ghw`c `c caljdj}q{cmjd, `e} ag{gmne} z `c} ek`jhcmjedg} ag `e}

    medaljde},

    g~pgajae pe{ `c} c}clk`gc} ag medaljde} medfe{lg c` fe{lcqe swg `g} p{epe{mjedg, c

    q{cv} ag

    `e} czwdqcljgdqe} {g}pgmqjve}, `c ]gm{gqc{c ag Ag}c{{e``e W{kcde, Vjvjgdac z Ek{c}

    _k`jmc} ag`

    Gigmwqjve ag` G}qcae2

    ;=

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    ^$ WDJACA AG _[E_JGACA G^M@W]JVC9 g} g` agpc{qclgdqe, mc}c, `emc` e `eqg ag

    qg{{gde z `e}

    g`glgdqe} cdg~e} swg `g me{{g}pedacd, }ek{g g` mwc` g` medaljde qjgdg wd ag{gmne

    ag p{epjgaca z ag w}e g~m`w}jve2

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    ^J$ MW@QW[C MEDAELJDC@9 g} qeae cswg``e swg medq{jkwzc c hgdg{c{ `c} cmmjedg}

    z cmqjqwag}

    swg pg{ljqcd, gd }cdc medvjvgdmjc, g` mwlp`jljgdqe ag` ekigqjve ag` {hjlgd ag

    p{epjgaca gd

    medaeljdje$ Gdqgdajdae}g mele g`glgdqe} dgmg}c{je}9

    g` {g}pgqe, `c qe`g{cdmjc, `c

    {g}ped}ckj`jaca, g` mwlp`jljgdqe, `c me{{g}ped}ckj`jaca, `c pc{qjmjpcmjd, `c }e`jac{jacaz `c

    cmgpqcmjd lwqwc, z

    ^JJ$ MELJQG AG VJHJ@CDMJC9 g` ag}jhdcae pe{ `c C}clk`gc ag medfe{ljaca med g}qc

    @gz,

    gdmc{hcae ag vjhj`c{ g` mwlp`jljgdqe ag `e} cmwg{ae} ag `c lj}lc, z ag` lcdgie

    q{cd}pc{gdqg ag`e} {gmw{}e} z fedae} swg cpe{qgd `e} medaljde} pc{c `c caljdj}q{cmjd,

    lcdqgdjljgdqe z lgie{c}

    ag` medaeljdje$

    G^_[E_JCMJD9

    _{jvcmjd ag wd kjgd pg{qgdgmjgdqg c wd pc{qjmw`c{, pc{c agajmc{`e c `c }cqj}fcmmjd agdgmg}jacag} me`gmqjvc}

    =$=$, ME_[E_JGACA9

    [g}pgmqe c` {hjlgd ag mep{epjgaca, dwg}q{e Majhe Mjvj` g}qck`gmg `c} {gh`c}hgdg{c`g}, agicdae c `c ve`wdqca ag `e} mep{epjgqc{je} g}qck`gmg{ `e swg `g} pc{gymcmedvgdjgdqg z `e swg g``e}, ag cmwg{ae med }w} mj{mwd}qcdmjc} z pgmw`jc{jacag},med}jag{gd epe{qwde g}qck`gmg{$G} jlpe{qcdqg }gc`c{, gd mwcdqe c` {hjlgd ag mep{epjgaca, `c aj}qjdmjd gdq{g `e}cmqe} ag aeljdje z `e} cmqe} ag caljdj}q{cmjd$

    ;1

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    @e} cmqe} ag aeljdje }ed cswg``e} gd `e} mwc`g} g` mepc{qmjpg gd `c p{epjgaca pwgag{gm`clc{ }ek{g `c me}c e g` ag{gmne ekigqe ag `c mep{epjgaca, z@e} cmqe} ag caljdj}q{cmjd }ed cswg``e} swg qjgdgd mele fjdc`jaca cqgdag{ g` mwjacaee med}g{vcmjd ag `c me}c, c} mele `eh{c{ swg `c me}c }g gdmwgdq{g gd medajmjedg} agpg{ljqj{ `c wqj`jaca pc{c `c mwc` fwgmed}qjqwjac$[g}pgmqe c `e} cmqe} aeljdje ag `c mep{epjgaca aj{gle} swg }ed qeae} cswg``e} swg c` ag{gmne

    ag p{epjgaca }g {gfjg{gd$ [g}pgmqe c `c caljdj}q{cmjd ag `c mep{epjgaca aj{gle}9AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    Ncz mep{epjgaca mwcdae wdc me}c e wd ag{gmne pcq{jledjc` pg{qgdgmgd c ae} e lc}

    pg{}edc}$

    @e} mep{epjgqc{je} de qjgdgd aeljdje }ek{g pc{qg} agqg{ljdcac} ag `c me}c, }j de wd

    ag{gmne ag p{epjgaca }ek{g qeac} z mcac wdc ag `c} pc{qg ag `c me}c gd mjg{qc

    p{epe{mjd, g} agmj{, }ek{g _C[QG C@MWEQC$

    MM]@_ 9

    C[Q$ >>=$NczMep{epjgaca mwcdae wdc me}c e ag{gmne pg{qgdgmg p{e jdajvj}e c vc{jc} pg{}edc}$

    Ag{gmne} z ek`jhcmjedg} ag `e} mep{epjgqc{je}3$ Ag{gmne c` w}e ag `c me}c meld medfe{lg c }w ag}qjde9 +Mcac pc{qmjpg pea{}g{vj{}g ag `c} me}c} melwdg}, }jglp{g swg aj}pedhc ag g``c} medfe{lg c }w ag}qjde zag lcdg{c swg de pg{iwajswg g` jdqg{} ag `c melwdjaca g jlpjac c `e} mep{epjgqc{je}w}c{`c }ghd }w ag{gmne$+; Ag{gmne c `c pc{qg c`mweqc z g` ag{gmne ag` qcdqe9 +Qeae medawge qjgdg `c p`gdcp{epjgaca ag `c pc{qg c`mweqc swg `g me{{g}pedac z `c ag }w} f{wqe} z wqj`jacag},pwajgdae, gd med}gmwgdmjc, gdcigdc{`c, mgag{`c e njpeqgmc{`c, z cwd }wk}qjqwj{ eq{e gd}w cp{evgmncljgdqe, }c`ve }j }g q{cqc{g ag ag{gmne pg{}edc`$ _g{e g` gfgmqeag `c gdcigdcmjd e ag `c njpeqgmc, med {g`cmjd c `e} medawge}, g}qc{ `jljqcae c `cpe{mjd swg }g caiwajswg gd `c ajvj}jd c` mg}c{ `c melwdjaca$ @e} medawge} heycdag` ag{gmne ag` qcdqe$+G` ag{gmne ag` qcdqe c swg }g {gfjg{g g` p{{cfe cdqg{je{, g} g` ag{gmne ag p{gfg{gdmjcswg medfe{lg c `c @gz qjgdg wde ag `e} mep{epjgqc{je} pc{c caswj{j{, gd jhwc`aca agmj{mwd}qcdmjc} swg wd qg{mg{e, `c pc{qg ag `c mep{epjgaca swg wd mep{epjgqc{je ag}gggdcigdc{$=$ Ag{gmne ag aj}f{wqg z med}g{vcmjd ag `c me}c9 g` medmw{}e ag `e} pc{qmjpg}, qcdqegd `e} kgdgfjmje} mele gd `c} mc{hc}, }g{ p{epe{mjedc` c }w} {g}pgmqjvc} pe{mjedg}$]g p{g}wlj{d jhwc`g}, ljgdq{c} de }g p{wgkg `e medq{c{je, `c} pe{mjedg}me{{g}pedajgdqg} c `e} pc{qmjpg} gd `c melwdjaca$Qeae mep{epjgqc{je qjgdg ag{gmne pc{c ek`jhc{ c `e} pc{qmjpg} c medq{jkwj{ c `e} hc}qe}ag med}g{vcmjd ag `c me}c e ag{gmne meld

    _C[QG C@MWEQC9

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    }g gdmwgdq{c csw f{cmmjedcae gdq{g `e} ajvg{}e} mep{epjgqc{je}, me{{g}pedajdae`g c

    mcac wde ag g``e} gd `c lgajac ag `c mweqc pc{qg swg `g pg{qgdgmg9 wd lgaje, wd qg{mje,

    gqm$ G}qc pc{qg jdajvj}c g} wdc mweqc jagc` e ck}q{cmqc ag` ag{gmne ag aeljdje gdqg{e z

    swg de me{{g}pedag med djdhwdc pc{qg f}jmc e lcqg{jc`lgdqg agqg{ljdcac ag `c me}c$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    G` ag{gmne ag p{epjgaca swg pg{qgdgmg c mcac medaljde, }g p{ezgmqc }ek{g `c

    qeqc`jaca ag `c me}c$

    FE[LC] AGME_[E_JGACAG]9

    3$VE@WDQC[JC9 Mwcdae g}qc }g med}qjqwzg gd {cyd ag `c lcdjfg}qcmjd agve`wdqcag} ag ae} l}pg{}edc} swg ag lcdg{c medmw{{gdqg agmjagd caswj{j{ wd kjgd kcie g}qg {hjlgd$;$FE[YE]C9 G}qc }g med}qjqwzg mwcdae `c me}c, zc }gc pe{ }w dcqw{c`gyc zc }gc pe{aj}pe}jmjd ag `gz, depwgag ajvjaj{}g, {gmedemjgdae dgmg}c{jclgdqg g}qg g}qcae ag jdajvj}jd jlpwg}qe pe{

    }w p{epjc dcqw{c`gyc$_eagle} lgdmjedc{ swg `c mep{epjgaca fe{ye}c qjgdg }w fwdaclgdqe gd swg c`hwdc}me}c} g}qd ag}qjdcac} c`}g{vjmje meld ag ajvg{}c} pg{}edc} gd {cyd ag }g{ dgmg}c{jc} pc{c g` w}e agcswg``c}, `e swg med``gvc c swgde }gc fcmqjk`g ag pc{qjmjd dj pwgacd }g{ cq{jkwjac} c }e`e wdc ag g``c}$=$QGL_E[C@9 Mele }g ag}p{gdag ag }w p{epjc meddeqcmjd g}qc }g g}qck`gmg e }gfe{lc djmclgdqg pe{mjg{qe `cp}e ag qjglpe pe{ `e swg medm`wjae g}qg ajmne {hjlgd }g g~qjdhwg$1$ME_[E_JGACA _G[LCDGDQG9 G}qc dgmg}c{jclgdqg agkg ag g~j}qj{,pe}qg{hdae}g c q{cv} ag`

    qjglpe, g} agmj{ ag lcdg{c pg{lcdgdqg `c me}c g}qc{ }wigqc c `c mep{epjgaca, g}qeagkjae c }w dcqw{c`gyc epe{ c} lc{mc{`e `c `gz.{g}w`qc }jlj`c{ c `c mep{epjgaca fe{ye}c*$7$ME_[E_JGACA GDQ[G VJVE]9 Gvjagdqglgdqg g}qc, }w{hg lgajcdqg `c medawmqc{gc`jycac pe{pg{}edc} vjvc}swjgdg} lgajcdqg wd medq{cqe.cmqe iw{ajme*wd ngmne iw{ajme wdj`cqg{c`e c q{cv} ag `cp{g}m{jpmjd, medmgag e m{gc `c mep{epjgaca {g}pgmqe ag mjg{qc me}c$6$ME_[E_JGACA _E[ MCW]C AG LWG[QG9 G}qc `hjmclgdqg qjgdg }w e{jhgd gd `clwg{qg ag mjg{qcpg{}edc, swjgd q{cd}ljqg ng{gajqc{jclgdqg wdc me}c kcie g` {hjlgd ag mep{epjgaca$

    =$1$, QJGL_E MEL_C[QJAE9

    G` qjglpe melpc{qjae g} wd ag{gmne ag w}e z aj}f{wqg, ag wd pg{jeae ag qjglpe ag

    vcmcmjedg} mcac ce, ag wdc wdjaca ag c`eicljgdqe gd wd melp`gie qw{}qjme, aw{cdqg

    wd d agqg{ljdcae ag ce},

    =$7$,W]WF[WMQE9

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    G` w}wf{wmqe g} wd ag{gmne {gc` qglpe{c` pc{c w}c{ z aj}f{wqc{ ag `e} kjgdg} e ag{gmne}cigde}, }jd c`qg{c{ }w fe{lc dj }w}qcdmjc$Gd g` ag{gmne ag p{epjgaca, g` p{epjgqc{je ag wdc me}c qjgdg g` iw} wqgda ? ag{gmne agw}e, g` iw} f{wgdaj e g` ag{gmne c` aj}f{wqg, z g` iw} ckwqgdaj, g` ag{gmne c` ckw}e$ C},mwcdae c`hwde} ag g}qe} ag{gmne} }ed medfg{jae} pe{ g` p{epjgqc{je c eq{c pg{}edc, `c

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    p{epjgaca }wf{g wd ag}lglk{cljgdqe z }g med}qjqwzg wd ag{gmne {gc` ajfg{gdqg c `cp{epjgaca, qc` me}c }wmgag p{gmj}clgdqg med g` w}wf{wmqe swg pwgag gdqgdag{}gmele wd ag}lglk{cljgdqe ag` ag{gmne {gc` ag p{epjgaca m{gdae}g wd ag{gmne {gc`ajfg{gdqg, g} agmj{, g` iw} wqgdaj z g` iw} f{wgdaj pg{qgdgmgd c c`hwjgd .c` w}wf{wmqwc{je*mele wd ag{gmne {gc`$ Ag}ag g` pwdqe ag vj}qc gqjle`hjme, g` w}wf{wmqe p{evjgdg agae} vemg} `cqjdc} swg }ed9 w}w} z f{wmqw}, swg }jhdjfjmcd +w}e+ z +f{wqe+,{g}pgmqjvclgdqg, `e swg de} ajmg swg gd g` w}wf{wmqe9+Wdc pg{}edc .w}wf{wmqwc{je* cwqe{jycae pe{ g` p{epjgqc{je e pe{ `c `gz, pwgag qelc{ wdcme}c cigdc, w}c{`c z cp{evgmnc{ `e} f{wqe} swg `c lj}lc _{eawymc+$Gd g}qg }gdqjae, agfjdg g` Majhe Mjvj` c` w}wf{wmqe {gfj{jdae}g c ` ag `c }jhwjgdqglcdg{c gd }w c{qmw`e :>?9 +G` w}wf{wmqe g} g` ag{gmne {gc` z qglpe{c` ag aj}f{wqc{ ag`e} kjgdg} cigde}$

    MM]@_

    C[Q$ :;7$G`w}wf{wmqe g} g` ag{gmne {gc` z qglpe{c` ag aj}f{wqc{ ag `e} kjgdg} cigde}$

    C[Q$ :;6$G`w}wf{wmqe pwgag med}qjqwj{}g pe{ `c @gz, pe{ `c ve`wdqca ag` nelk{g e pe{

    p{g}m{jpmjd$C[Q$ :;8$_wgagmed}qjqwj{}g g` w}wf{wmqe c fcve{ ag wdc e ag vc{jc} pg{}edc}, }jlw`qdgc e

    }wmg}jvclgdqg$C[Q$ :73$G`w}wf{wmqwc{je, cdqg} ag gdq{c{ gd g` hemg ag `e} kjgdg}, g}q ek`jhcae9J$Cfe{lc{ c }w} g~pgd}c}, med mjqcmjd ag` awge, wd jdvgdqc{je ag qeae} g``e}, ncmjgdaeqc}c{ `e}lwgk`g} z med}qc{ g` g}qcae gd swg }g nc``cd `e} jdlwgk`g}2JJ$Cac{ `c me{{g}pedajgdqg fjcdyc ag swg aj}f{wqc{ ag `c} me}c} med leag{cmjd, z `c}{g}qjqwj{ c`p{epjgqc{je med }w} cmmg}jedg}, c` g~qjdhwj{}g g` w}wf{wmqe, de glpge{cac} dj

    agqg{je{cac} pe{ }wdgh`jhgdmjc, }c`ve `e aj}pwg}qe gd g` c{qmw`e =>1$Ag `e} leae} ag g~qjdhwj{}g g` W}wf{wmqeC[Q$ :>=$G`w}wf{wmqe }g g~qjdhwg9J$_e{lwg{qg ag` w}wf{wmqwc{je2JJ$_e{vgdmjljgdqe ag` p`cye pe{ g` mwc` }g med}qjqwz2

    ;8

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    JJJ$_e{mwlp`j{}g `c medajmjd jlpwg}qc gd g` qqw`e med}qjqwqjve pc{c `c mg}cmjd ag g}qgag{gmne2JV$_e{`c {gwdjd ag` w}wf{wmqe z ag `c p{epjgaca gd wdc lj}lc pg{}edc2 l} }j `c {gwdjd }g

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    vg{jfjmc gd wdc }e`c me}c e pc{qg ag `e w}wf{wmqwcae, gd `e agl} }wk}j}qj{ g`w}wf{wmqe2V$_e{p{g}m{jpmjd, medfe{lg c `e p{gvgdjae {g}pgmqe ag `e} ag{gmne} {gc`g}2VJ$_e{`c {gdwdmjc g~p{g}c ag` w}wf{wmqwc{je, }c`ve `e aj}pwg}qe {g}pgmqe ag `c} {gdwdmjc}ngmnc}gd f{cwag ag `e} cm{ggae{g}2VJJ$_e{`c p{ajac qeqc` ag `c me}c swg g{c ekigqe ag` w}wf{wmqe$ ]j `c ag}q{wmmjd de g} qeqc`, g`ag{gmne medqjdc }ek{g `e swg ag `c me}c nczc swgacae2VJJJ$_e{`c mg}cmjd ag` ag{gmne ag` swg med}qjqwz g` w}wf{wmqe, mwcdae qgdjgdae wd aeljdje{gvemck`g, ``ghc g` mc}e ag `c {gvemcmjd2J^$_e{de ac{ fjcdyc g` w}wf{wmqwc{je pe{ qqw`e h{cqwjqe, }j g` awge de `g nc g~jljae ag g}cek`jhcmjd$

    =$6$, Ag{gmne ag w}e

    ]g gdqjgdag pe{ ag{gmne ag w}e cswg` ag{gmne {gc` swg `ghjqjlc pc{c qgdg{z wqj`jyc{wdc me}c e kjgd cigde ag cmwg{ae med `c} dgmg}jacag} ag` w}wc{je z, gd }w mc}e, }w

    fclj`jc$ @e} ag{gmne} z Ek`jhcmjedg} ag` w}wc{je }g agfjdgd gd g` qqw`e med}qjqwqjve z, cfc`qc ag }qg, }g {ghw`cd pe{ `e swg `c `ghj}`cmjd g}qck`gymc c` {g}pgmqe$G` ag{gmne ag w}e pwgag med}qjqwj{}g }ek{g mwc`swjg{ qjpe ag kjgd }w}mgpqjk`g ag w}e,zc }gcd lwgk`g} e jdlwgk`g}, z pwgagd }g{ qjqw`c{g} ag` ag{gmne ag w}e qcdqepg{}edc} f}jmc} meleiw{ajmc}, }j kjgd gd g}qg `qjle mc}e g} dgmg}c{je g}qck`gmg{ wd`ljqg qglpe{c`$ G} wd ag{gmne pg{}edc`}jle, swg de pwgag }g{ gdcigdcae dj qclpemec{{gdacae$ Gd g` ag{gmne g}pce` }g g}qck`gmg `c jlpe}jkj`jaca ag }g{ ekigqe agnjpeqgmc$G} l} `jljqcae swg g` w}wf{wmqe, acae swg de ac ag{gmne c` aj}f{wqg e hemg .ekqgdmjdag `e} f{wqe}* ag `c me}c$ _e{ g}g leqjve, wd w}wf{wmqwc{je pea{c c{{gdac{ `c me}c, pg{ede qjgdg g}g ag{gmne g` swg e}qgdqc wd ag{gmne ag w}e$

    Ag{gmne ag nckjqcmjd9

    G` ag{gmne ag nckjqcmjd g} cswg` ag{gmne {gc` swg eqe{hc c }w qjqw`c{ g` ag{gmne cemwpc{ gd wd jdlwgk`g `c pc{qg dgmg}c{jc pc{c ` z }w fclj`jc, med `c fjdc`jaca ag}cqj}fcmg{ }w} dgmg}jacag} ag vjvjgdac$_e{ }w dcqw{c`gyc, }`e pwgag {gmcg{ }ek{g wd kjgd {cy z, c` jhwc` swg gd g` ag{gmne agw}e, `e} ag{gmne} z ek`jhcmjedg} }g {ghw`cd pe{ `e aj}pwg}qe gd g` qqw`e med}qjqwqjve z, cfc`qc ag }qg, pe{ `e swg g}qck`gymc `c `ghj}`cmjd swg `e {ghw`g$

    ;>

    http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_realhttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenencia&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bien_mueblehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bien_inmueblehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_f?sicahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_jur?dicahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usufructohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_realhttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenencia&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bien_mueblehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bien_inmueblehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_f?sicahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_jur?dicahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usufructo

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    djmclgdqg pwgagd }g{ qjqw`c{g} ag` ag{gmne ag nckjqcmjd `c} pg{}edc} f}jmc} z depwgag }g{ ekigqe ag gdcigdcmjd e c{{gdacljgdqe

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    Ag` W}wf{wmqe gd Hgdg{c`

    C[Q$ :;7$G`

    w}wf{wmqe g} g` ag{gmne {gc` z qglpe{c` ag aj}f{wqc{ ag `e} kjgdg} cigde}$

    C[Q$ :;6$G`w}wf{wmqe pwgag med}qjqwj{}g pe{ `c @gz, pe{ `c dgmg}jaca ag` nelk{g e pe{

    p{g}m{jpmjd$

    C[Q$ :;8$_wgagmed}qjqwj{}g g` w}wf{wmqe c fcve{ ag wdc e ag vc{jc} pg{}edc}, }jlw`qdgc e

    dgmg}jacag}$

    C[Q$ :;>$]j

    }g med}qjqwzg c fcve{ ag vc{jc} pg{}edc} Dgmg}jacag} g}qg, }gc pe{ ng{gdmjc, }gc pe{

    medq{cqe, mg}cdae g` ag{gmne ag wdc ag `c} pg{}edc}, pc}c{ c` p{epjgqc{je, }c`ve swg c`med}qjqwj{}g g` w}wf{wmqe }g nwkjg{g aj}pwg}qe swg cm{gymc c `e} eq{e} w}wf{wmqwc{je}$

    MM]@_

    C[Q$ ::1$G`w}e ac ag{gmne pc{c pg{mjkj{ ag `e} f{wqe} ag wdc me}c cigdc, `e} swg kc}qgd c `c}dgmg}jacag} ag` w}wc{je z }w fclj`jc, cwdswg }qc cwlgdqg$

    C[Q$ ::7$@cnckjqcmjd ac, c swjgd qjgdg g}qg ag{gmne, `c fcmw`qca ag emwpc{ h{cqwjqclgdqg, gdmc}c cigdc, `c} pjgyc} dgmg}c{jc} pc{c } z pc{c `c} pg{}edc} ag }w fclj`jc$

    C[Q$ ::6$G`w}wc{je, z g` swg qjgdg ag{gmne ag nckjqcmjd gd wd gajfjmje, de pwgag gdcigdc{,h{cvc{, dj c{{gdac{ gd qeae dj gd pc{qg }w ag{gmne c eq{e, dj }qe} ag{gmne} pwgagd }g{glkc{hcae} pe{ }w} cm{ggae{g}$

    C[Q$ ::8$@e}ag{gmne} z ek`jhcmjedg} ag` w}wc{je z ag` swg qjgdg g` hemg ag nckjqcmjd, }gc{{gh`c{d pe{ `e} qqw`e} {g}pgmqjve} z, gd }w agfgmqe, pe{ `c} aj}pe}jmjedg} }jhwjgdqg}9

    C[Q$ ::>$@c}aj}pe}jmjedg} g}qck`gmjac} pc{c g` w}wf{wmqe }ed cp`jmck`g} c `e} ag{gmne} ag w}e zag nckjqcmjd, gd mwcdqe de }g epedhcd c `e e{agdcae gd g` p{g}gdqg mcpqw`e$

    C[Q$ :::$G`swg qjgdg ag{gmne ag w}e }ek{g wd hcdcae, pwgag cp{evgmnc{}g ag `c} m{c}, `gmng z`cdc gd mwcdqe kc}qg pc{c }w med}wle z g` ag }w fclj`jc$

    C[Q$ 3???$]jg` w}wc{je med}wlg qeae} `e} f{wqe} ag `e} kjgdg}, e g` swg qjgdg ag{gmne agnckjqcmjd emwpc qeac} `c} pjgyc} ag `c mc}c, swgacd ek`jhcae} c qeae} `e} hc}qe} agmw`qjve,{gpc{cmjedg} z pche ag medq{jkwmjedg}, `e lj}le swg g` w}wf{wmqwc{je pg{e }j g`

    p{jlg{e }`emed}wlg pc{qg ag `e} f{wqe}, e g` }ghwdae }`e emwpc pc{qg ag `c mc}c de agkgdmedq{jkwj{ gd

    ;:

    http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enajenaci?n&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrendamientohttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enajenaci?n&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrendamiento

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    dcac, }jglp{g swg c` p{epjgqc{je `g swgag wdc pc{qg ag f{wqe} e cp{evgmncljgdqe}kc}qcdqg} pc{cmwk{j{ `e} hc}qe} z mc{hc}$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    C[Q$ 3??3$]j`e} f{wqe} swg swgacd c` p{epjgqc{je de c`mcdycd c mwk{j{ `e} hc}qe} z mc{hc}, `c

    pc{qg swg fc`qg }g{ mwkjg{qc pe{ g` w}wc{je, e pe{ g` swg qjgdg ag{gmne c `c nckjqcmjd$

    =$8$, ]g{vjawlk{g9

    g` ag{gmne, }g{vjawlk{g g} `c dgmg}jacag} ag wd qjpe ag ag{gmne {gc` swg `jljqc g`aeljdje ag wd p{gaje c fcve{ ag `c} =?gmg}jacag} ag eq{e pg{qgdgmjgdqg c eq{c pg{}edc$

    M`c}g} ag }g{vjawlk{g}9

    Medqjdwc} e aj}medqjdwc}9 Medqjdwc} }ed cswg``c} mwze w}e g} e pwgag }g{

    jdmg}cdqg, }jd `c jdqg{vgdmjd ag djdhd ngmne ag` nelk{g$ Aj}medqjdwc} }ed `c}swg }g w}cd c jdqg{vc`e} l} e lgde} `c{he} z agpgdagd ag `e} cmqe} ag` nelk{g$

    Cpc{gdqg} e de cpc{gdqg}9 Cpc{gdqg} }ed `c} swg }g cdwdmjcd z g}qd medqjdwclgdqg c`c vj}qc pe{ }jhde} g~qg{je{g}, swg {gvg`cd g` w}e z cp{evgmncljgdqe ag `c} lj}lc}$ Decpc{gdqg} }ed `c} swg de p{g}gdqcd jdajmje c`hwde g~qg{je{ ag }w g~j}qgdmjc$

    _e}jqjvc} e dghcqjvc}9 ]g ``clc pe}jqjvc `c }g{vjawlk{g swg jlpedg c` awge ag`p{gaje }j{vjgdqg `c ek`jhcmjd ag agic{ ncmg{ c`hwdc me}c e ag ncmg{`c pe{ } lj}le,z dghcqjvc `c swg p{enkg c` awge ag` p{gaje }j{vjgdqg ncmg{ c`he swg `g }g{jc `mjqe}jd `c }g{vjawlk{g$

    @ghc`g} e ve`wdqc{jc}9 @c} }g{vjawlk{g} pwgagd g}qck`gmg{}g pe{ `c `gz .w eq{c}de{lc} ag` e{agdcljgdqe iw{ajme* e pe{ `c ve`wdqca ag `e} p{epjgqc{je}$

    MM]@_

    C[Q$ 3??;$@c}g{vjawlk{g g} wd h{cvclgd {gc` jlpwg}qe }ek{g wd jdlwgk`g gd kgdgfjmje ag eq{e

    pg{qgdgmjgdqg c aj}qjdqe awge$ G` jdlwgk`g c mwze fcve{ g}q med}qjqwjac `c }g{vjawlk{g, }g

    ``clcp{gaje aeljdcdqg g` swg `c }wf{g, p{gaje }j{vjgdqg$

    C[Q$ 3??=$@c

    }g{vjawlk{g med}j}qg gd de ncmg{ e gd qe`g{c{$ _c{c swg c` awge ag` p{gaje

    }j{vjgdqg pwgac g~jhj{}g `c gigmwmjd ag wd ngmne, g} dgmg}c{je swg g}q g~p{g}clgdqgagqg{ljdcae pe{ `c @gz, e gd g` cmqe gd swg }g med}qjqwz `c }g{vjawlk{g$

    C[Q$ 3??1$@c}

    }g{vjawlk{g} }ed medqjdwc} e aj}medqjdwc} cpc{gdqg} e de cpc{gdqg}$C[Q$ 3??7$]ed

    medqjdwc} csw``c} mwze w}e g} e pwgag }g{ jdmg}cdqg }jd `c jdqg{vgdmjd ag

    djdhd ngmne ag` nelk{g$C[Q$ 3??6$]ed

    =?

    http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_realhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordenamiento_jur?dicohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntadhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_realhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordenamiento_jur?dicohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntad

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    aj}medqjdwc} csw``c} mwze w}e dgmg}jqc ag c`hd ngmne cmqwc` ag` nelk{g$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;C[Q$ 3??8$]ed

    cpc{gdqg} `c} swg }g cdwdmjcd pe{ ek{c} e }jhde} g~qg{je{g}, aj}pwg}qe} pc{c }w

    w}e z cp{evgmncljgdqe$C[Q$ 3??>$]ed

    de cpc{gdqg} `c} swg de p{g}gdqcd }jhde ag }w g~j}qgdmjc$

    C[Q$ 3??:$@c}}g{vjawlk{g} }ed jd}gpc{ck`g} ag` jdlwgk`g c swg cmqjvc e pc}jvclgdqg

    pg{qgdgmgd$

    C[Q$ 3?3?$]j`e} jdlwgk`g} lwacd ag awge, `c }g{vjawlk{g medqjdc, zc cmqjvc, zc

    pc}jvclgdqg, gd g` p{gaje w ekigqe gd swg g}qckc med}qjqwjac, nc}qc swg `ghc`lgdqg }g g~qjdhc$

    C[Q$ 3?33$@c}}g{vjawlk{g} }ed jdajvj}jk`g}$ ]j g` p{gaje }j{vjgdqg }g ajvjag gdq{g lwmne}

    awge}, `c }g{vjawlk{g de }g leajfjmc, z mcac wde ag g``e} qjgdg swg qe`g{c{`c gd `c pc{qg swg `g

    me{{g}pedac$ ]j g} g` p{gaje aeljdcdqg g` swg }g ajvjag gdq{g lwmne}, mcac pe{mjedc{je pwgag

    w}c{ pe{ gdqg{e ag `c }g{vjawlk{g, de vc{jcdae g` `whc{ ag }w w}e, dj ch{cvdae`e ag eq{clcdg{c$

    L} }j `c }g{vjawlk{g }g nwkjg{g g}qck`gmjae gd fcve{ ag wdc }e`c ag `c} pc{qg} ag` p{gaje

    aeljdcdqg, }`e g` awge ag }qc pea{ medqjdwc{ aj}f{wqdae`c$C[Q$ 3?3;$@c}

    }g{vjawlk{g} q{cgd }w e{jhgd ag `c ve`wdqca ag` nelk{g e ag `c @gz `c} p{jlg{c}

    }g ``clcd ve`wdqc{jc} z `c} }ghwdac} `ghc`g}

    =$>$, AG[GMNE] AG CWQE[9

    G` ag{gmne ag cwqe{ .ag` f{cdm} a{ejq a( cwqgw{* g} wd mediwdqe ag de{lc} z p{jdmjpje}swg {ghw`cd `e} ag{gmne} le{c`g} z pcq{jledjc`g} swg `c `gz medmgag c `e} cwqe{g} .`e}ag{gmne} ag cwqe{*, pe{ g` }e`e ngmne ag `c m{gcmjd ag wdc ek{c `jqg{c{jc, c{q}qjmc emjgdqfjmc, g}q pwk`jmcac e jdajqc$

    Gd g` Ag{gmne cdh`e}cid }g wqj`jyc `c demjd ag mepz{jhnq .q{cawmjae `jqg{c`lgdqg mele(ag{gmne ag mepjc(* swg pe{ `e hgdg{c` melp{gdag `c pc{qg pcq{jledjc` ag `e} ag{gmne}ag cwqe{ .ag{gmne} pcq{jledjc`g}*$

    Wdc ek{c pc}c c` aeljdje pk`jme mwcdae `e} ag{gmne} pcq{jledjc`g} ncd g~pj{cae$G}qe }wmgag nckjqwc`lgdqg q{c}mw{{jae wd p`cye ag}ag `c lwg{qg ag` cwqe{.pe}qle{qgl cwmqe{j}*$ _e{ giglp`e, gd g` ag{gmne gw{epge, 8? ce} ag}ag `c lwg{qg ag`cwqe{$ Ajmnc ek{c gdqedmg} pwgag }g{ wqj`jycac gd fe{lc `jk{g, {g}pgqcdae `e} ag{gmne}le{c`g}

    =3

    http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_franc?shttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_jur?dicahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_subjetivohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cienciahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_anglosaj?nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_patrimonialeshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_p?blicohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muertehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_franc?shttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_jur?dicahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_subjetivohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cienciahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_anglosaj?nhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_patrimonialeshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_p?blicohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muertehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor

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    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    @GZ FGAG[C@ AG@ AG[GMNE AG CWQE[

    C{qmw`e =e$ @c} ek{c} p{eqghjac} pe{ g}qc @gz }ed cswg``c} ag m{gcmjd e{jhjdc` }w}mgpqjk`g}ag }g{

    ajvw`hcac} e {gp{eawmjac} gd mwc`swjg{ fe{lc e lgaje

    C{qmw`e 1e$ @c} ek{c} ekigqe ag p{eqgmmjd pwgagd }g{9C$ ]ghd }w cwqe{9

    J$ Medemjae9 Medqjgdgd `c lgdmjd ag` delk{g, }jhde e fj{lc med swg }g jagdqjfjmc c }w cwqe{

    JJ$ Cddjlc}9 ]jd lgdmjd ag` delk{g, }jhde e fj{lc swg jagdqjfjmc c` cwqe{, kjgd pe{ ve`wdqcaag`

    lj}le, kjgd pe{ de }g{ pe}jk`g qc` jagdqjfjmcmjd, z

    JJJ$ ]gwadjlc}9 @c} ajvw`hcac} med wd delk{g, }jhde e fj{lc swg de {gvg`g `c jagdqjaca ag`

    cwqe{

    K$ ]ghd }w melwdjmcmjd9J$ Ajvw`hcac}9 @c} swg ncd }jae ngmnc} ag` medemjljgdqe pk`jme pe{ p{jlg{c vgy gd mwc`swjg{

    fe{lc e lgaje, kjgd gd }w qeqc`jaca, kjgd gd pc{qg, kjgd gd `e g}gdmjc` ag }w medqgdjae e,jdm`w}e,

    lgajcdqg wdc ag}m{jpmjd ag `c lj}lc

    JJ$ Jdajqc}9 @c} de ajvw`hcac}, zJJJ$ _wk`jmcac}9

    c* @c} swg ncd }jae gajqcac}, mwc`swjg{c swg }gc g` leae ag {gp{eawmmjd ag `e} giglp`c{g},

    }jglp{g swg `c mcdqjaca ag }qe}, pwg}qe} c aj}pe}jmjd ag` pk`jme, }cqj}fchc{cyedck`glgdqg `c} dgmg}jacag} ag }w g~p`eqcmjd, g}qjlcac} ag cmwg{ae med `c dcqw{c`gyc

    ag `c ek{c, z

    k* @c} swg ncd }jae pwg}qc} c aj}pe}jmjd ag` pk`jme lgajcdqg }w c`lcmgdcljgdqe pe{ lgaje}g`gmq{djme} swg pg{ljqcd c` pk`jme ekqgdg{ giglp`c{g} qcdhjk`g} ag `c lj}lc, mwc`swjg{cswg }gc `c dae`g ag g}qe} giglp`c{g}

    M$ ]ghd }w e{jhgd9

    J$ _{jljhgdjc}9 @c} swg ncd }jae m{gcac} ag e{jhgd }jd g}qc{ kc}cac} gd eq{c p{gg~j}qgdqg, e swgg}qcdae kc}cac} gd eq{c, }w} mc{cmqg{}qjmc} pg{ljqcd cfj{lc{ }w e{jhjdc`jaca, z

    JJ$ Ag{jvcac}9 Cswg``c} swg {g}w`qgd ag `c cacpqcmjd, q{cawmmjd w eq{c q{cd}fe{lcmjd ag wdc

    ek{cp{jljhgdjc

    A$ ]ghd `e} m{gcae{g} swg jdqg{vjgdgd9

    J$ Jdajvjawc`g}9 @c} swg ncd }jae m{gcac} pe{ wdc }e`c pg{}edc

    JJ$ Ag me`cke{cmjd9 @c} swg ncd }jae m{gcac} pe{ vc{je} cwqe{g}, zJJJ$ Me`gmqjvc}9 @c} m{gcac} pe{ `c jdjmjcqjvc ag wdc pg{}edc f}jmc e le{c` swg `c} pwk`jmc z

    ajvw`hc

    kcie }w aj{gmmjd z }w delk{g z gd `c} mwc`g} `c medq{jkwmjd pg{}edc` ag `e} ajvg{}e} cwqe{g}swg ncd pc{qjmjpcae gd }w g`cke{cmjd }g fwdag gd g` mediwdqe med vj}qc} c` mwc` nc }jae

    medmgkjac, }jd swg }gc pe}jk`g cq{jkwj{ c mcac wde ag g``e} wd ag{gmne aj}qjdqe g jdajvj}e }ek{g

    g`mediwdqe {gc`jycae$

    =;

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    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    _E]G]JED

    1$, _E]G]JED9

    Gd g` e{agdcljgdqe iw{ajme }g gdqjgdag pe{ pe}g}jd `c }jqwcmjd fmqjmc ag qgdgdmjc

    ag wdc me}c e aj}f{wqg ag `c lj}lc pe{ wdc pg{}edc med `c jdqgdmjd ag nckg{ `c me}c

    mele p{epjc$ @c pe}g}jd qclkjd }g gig{mg }ek{g wd ag{gmne mwcdae }g aj}f{wqc ag`

    lj}le$

    MM]@_

    C[Q$ 8=6$_e}g}jdg} `c qgdgdmjc e hemg, pe{ wdc pg{}edc, e pe{ eq{c gd }w delk{g, ag wd kjgdme{p{ge e ag wd ag{gmne, {g}pgmqjvclgdqg, med g` djle ag melpe{qc{}g

    mele p{epjgqc{je} agg}g kjgd e mele qjqw`c{g} ag g}g ag{gmne$G} pe}ggae{ ag wd kjgd g` swg gig{mg }ek{g ` wd peag{ ag ngmne, }c`ve `eaj}pwg}qe gd g` c{qmw`e8=:$ _e}gg wd ag{gmne g` swg heyc ag `$C[Q$ 8=8$Mwcdaegd vj{qwa ag wd cmqe iw{ajme g` p{epjgqc{je gdq{ghc c eq{e wdc me}c,medmgajdae`g g` ag{gmne ag {gqgdg{`c qglpe{c`lgdqg gd }w peag{ gdmc`jaca ag w}wf{wmqwc{je,c{{gdacqc{je, cm{ggae{ pjhde{cqjmje, agpe}jqc{je w eq{e qqw`e cd`ehe, `e} ae}}ed pe}ggae{g} ag `c

    me}c$ G` swg `c pe}gg c qqw`e ag p{epjgqc{je qjgdg wdc pe}g}jd e{jhjdc{jc g`eq{e, wdc pe}g}jdag{jvcac$C[Q$ 8=>$Gdmc}e ag ag}peie, g` swg qjgdg `c pe}g}jd e{jhjdc{jc heyc ag` ag{gmne agpgaj{ swg}gc {g}qjqwjae g` swg qgdc `c pe}g}jd ag{jvcac, z }j }qg de pwgag e deswjg{g {gmek{c{`c, g`pe}ggae{ e{jhjdc{je pwgag pgaj{ swg }g `g a `c pe}g}jd c ` lj}le$

    CA W]WMC_JEDGD9g} `c pe}g}jed gig{mjac med g` cdjle ag }g{ awge

    Medmgpqe ag `c _e}g}jd }ghd Keddgmc}g$

    Ngmne iw{ajme med}j}qgdqg gd wd }ge{e gig{mjqcae }ek{g wdc me}c lwgk`g e jdlwgk`g,

    swg }g q{cawmg pe{ cmqe} lcqg{jc`g} ag w}e , ag hemg e ag q{cd}fe{lcmjd ``gvcae} c

    ==

    http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_subjetivohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_subjetivo

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    gfgmqe med `c jdqgdmjd ag melpe{qc{}g mele p{epjgqc{je} ag g``c e mele qjqw`c{ ag

    mwc`swjg{ eq{e ag{gmne {gc`$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    @c qge{c }wkigqjvc

    _c{c ]cvjhdz `c pe}g}jd g}q jdqgh{cac pe{ ae} g`glgdqe}9 me{pw} z cdjlw} }jgdae

    g}qg `qjle g` mc{cmqg{}qjme ag `c pe}g}jd z g` swg q{cd}fe{lc `c agqgdqcmjd gd

    pe}g}jd$ G` cdjlw} g} `c ve`wdqca ag qgdg{ `c me}c pc{c }, `c jdqgdmjd ag gig{mg{ `c

    p{epjgaca, pe{ `e mwc` g` cdjlw} pe}}jagdaj }g jagdqjfjmc med g` cdjlw} aeljdj z }g

    medq{cpedg c` cdjlw} agqjdgdaj swg g} p{epje ag` agqgdqcae{$ G}qg, de qgdjgdae e de

    pwajgdae qgdg{, `c jdqgdmjd ag q{cqc{ `c me}c mele p{epjc .pe{ gi$9 pe{swg ` lj}le `c

    nc {gmjkjae gd c{{gdacljgdqe, meleacqe e agp}jqe*, `c pe}gg pc{c eq{e .+deljdg

    c`jgdj+* swjgd g} g` vg{acag{e pe}ggae{ .gd `e} giglp`e} jdajmcae}, g` c{{gdacae{,

    meleacdqg e agpe}jqcdqg*$

    Ag cmwg{ae med ]cvjhdz, }`e `c pe}g}jd g{c p{eqghjac pe{ `e} jdqg{ajmqe}$ _g{e, gd

    {gc`jaca, g` cm{ggae{ pjhde{cqjmje, g` }gmwg}q{cqc{je z g` p{gmc{j}qc, swg }ghd `c

    agfjdjmjd ag ]cvjhdz agkcd }g{ med}jag{cae} agqgdqcae{g}, heyckcd ag p{eqgmmjd

    jdqg{ajmqc#9 _c{c {g}e`vg{ `c ekigmjd, ]cvjhdz {gmw{{j c` medmgpqe ag pe}g}jd

    ag{jvcac9 g` pe}ggae{ e{jhjdc{je peac q{cd}fg{j{ c eq{c pg{}edc }w pe}g}jd, e }gc, de

    }`e `c lg{c agqgdqcmjd }jde qclkjd `c pe}g}jd swg heyckc ag p{eqgmmjd jdqg{ajmqc`$C} g}c} q{g} fjhw{c} cdlc`c} gd g` }gdqjae ag swg ag}p{evj}qc} ag` +cdjlw} aeljdj+

    g{cd p{eqghjac} jdqg{ajmqc`lgdqg mele vg{acag{c} pe}g}jedg}, fwg{ed g~p`jmcac} pe{

    ]cvjhdz mele q{g} mc}e} ag pe}g}jd ag{jvcac pc{c }c`vc{ g` p{jdmjpje ag swg }`e `c

    pe}g}jd g{c p{eqghjac pe{ jdqg{ajmqe}$

    k* @c qge{c ekigqjvc$ Jng{jdh djghc swg `c g~j}qgdmjc ag `c pe}g}jd {gswjg{c wd

    +cdjlw}+ mc`jfjmcae2 z lwmne lgde} wd cdjlw} aeljdj$ [gmedemg swg `c pe}g}jd

    {gswjg{g wd g`glgdqe jdqgdmjedc`2 pg{e cfj{lc swg g}g g`glgdqe de g} g}pgmfjme ag `c

    pe}g}jd zc swg `c lg{c agqgdqcmjd qclkjd }wpedg wdc ve`wdqca }jd `c mwc` }g{c wd

    mc}e ag }jlp`g zw~qcpe}jmjd `emc`, mele mwcdae c wdc pg{}edc ae{ljac }g `g pedg

    c`he gd `c lcde$ Jhwc`lgdqg cfj{lc swg g` g`glgdqe jdqgdmjedc` de g} aj}qjdqe dj

    jdagpgdajgdqg ag` +me{pw}+9 g` +cdjlw}+ g} g` p{ep}jqe ag` pe}ggae{ ag }g{vj{}g ag `c

    me}c pc{c }w} dgmg}jacag} z g` +me{pw}+, `c g~qg{je{jycmjd ag g}g p{ep}jqe$

    =1

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    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    C}, }ghd Jng{jdh, pc{c swg g~j}qc pe}g}jd kc}qc `c {g`cmjd lcqg{jc` med `c me}c

    cmelpccac ag `c jdqgdmjd ag swg{g{ lcdqgdg{ g}c {g`cmjd$ Gd med}gmwgdmjc, pe{

    {gh`c hgdg{c`, qeac agqgdqcmjd g} pe}g}jd z heyc ag p{eqgmmjd jdqg{ajmqc`$

    ME[_W]9

    g} g` mediwdqe ag cmqe} lcqg{jc`g} swg aglwg}q{c `c g~j}qgdmjc ag` peag{ fj}jme swg

    gig{mg g` pe}ggae{ }ek{g wdc me}c pc{c {gqgdg{`c gd fe{lc g~m`w}jvc pg{e pe{ }j }e`e

    de jlp`jmc `c pe}g}jed

    CDJLW]9

    g} g` mc{cmqg{ p}jme`ehjme swg med}j}qg gd qgdg{ g` me{pw} med `c jdqgdmjed ag

    medawmj{}g mele pe{pjgqc{je e pe{ swg g} awge

    mc{cmqg{j}qjmc} pe}g}jed9

    3* g} wdc {g`cmjed e g}qcae ag ngmne

    ;* g` pe}ggae{ qjgdg g` peag{ ag gig{mg{ g` peag{ }ek{g wdc me}c

    =*swg g~j}qc g` me{pw} g` cdjlw} e {gl }jlj jdckgdaj mele g`glgdqe fwdaclgdqc` ag

    jlpe{qcdmjc

    1$3$, @C _[G]M[J_MJD9

    G} wd lgaje ag caswj{j{ kjgdg} e ag `jkg{c{}g ag ek`jhcmjedg}, lgajcdqg g` q{cd}mw{}e

    ag mjg{qe qjglpe z kcie `c} medajmjedg} g}qck`gmjac} pe{ `c `gz$ .C{qjmw`e 33=7 m$m$f$ z

    38=; m$m$g$i$*$

    =7

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    _wgagd caswj{j{ pe{ p{g}m{jpmjd qeae} `e} swg }ed mcpcmg} ag caswj{j{ pe{ mwc`swjg{

    eq{e qjqw`e, `e} lgde{g} z agl} jdmcpcmjqcae} pwgagd ncmg{`e pe{ lgaje ag }w}

    `ghqjle} {gp{g}gdqcdqg}$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    @c {gdwdmjc ag `c p{g}m{jpmjd agkg }g{ g~p{g}c e qcmjqc$ .g` ckcdaede ag ag` ag{gmne

    caswj{jae*$

    @c p{g}m{jpmjd agkg ag }g{ {gm`clcac zc swg de epg{c efjmje}clgdqg$

    G` g}qcae, `e} lwdjmjpje} z agl} pg{}edc} iw{ajmc} ag e{agd pk`jme }g med}jag{c{cd

    mele pc{qjmw`c{g} pc{c `c p{g}m{jpmjd ag `e} kjgdg}, cmmjedg} z `e} ag{gmne} ag e{agd

    p{jvcae swg qgdhcd c }w fcve{ e gd medq{c$

    _[G]M[J_MJED _E]JQJVC9

    G} `c caswj}jmjd ag kjgdg} gd vj{qwa ag `c pe}g}jd$

    @c pe}g}jd dgmg}c{jc pc{c p{g}m{jkj{ agkg }g{9

    gd medmgpqe ag p{epjgqc{je

    pcmjfjmc

    medqjdwc

    pwk`jmc$

    @e} kjgdg} jdlwgk`g} p{g}m{jkgd gd 7 ce} mwcdae }g pe}ggd gd medmgpqe ag

    p{epjgqc{je, med kwgdc fg, pcmjfjmc, medqjdc z pk`jmclgdqg$

    Gd mjdme ce} mwcdae `e} jdlwgk`g} nczcd }jae ekigqe ag wdc jd}m{jpmjd ag pe}g}jd$

    =6

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    Gd ajgy ce} mwcdae }g pe}ggd ag lc`c fg, }j `c pe}g}jd g} gd medmgpqe ag

    p{epjgqc{je, pcmjfjmc, medqjdwc z pwk`jmc$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    ]g cwlgdqc{c gd wdc qg{mg{c pc{qg g` qjglpe }gc`cae cdqg{je{lgdqg }j }g aglwg}q{c,

    pe{ swjgd qgdhc jdqg{} iw{ajme gd g``e swg g` pe}ggae{ ag fjdmc {w}qjmc de `c nc

    mw`qjvcae aw{cdqg `c lcze{ pc{qg ag` qjglpe swg `c nc pe}gae, e swg pe{ de nckg{

    ngmne g` pe}ggae{ ag fjdmc w{kcdc `c} {gpc{cmjedg} dgmg}c{jc}, g}qc} nc pg{lcdgmjae

    ag}nckjqcac `c lcze{ pc{qg ag` qjglpe swg nc g}qcae gd peag{ ag cswg`$

    @e} kjgdg} lwgk`g} }g p{g}m{jkgd gd q{g} ce} mwcdae }ed pe}gae} pe{ kwgdc fg,

    pcmjfjmc z medqjdc$

    Mwcdae `c pe}g}jd }g caswjg{g pe{ vje`gdmjc z g}qc mg}g z `c pe}g}jd medqjdw

    pcmjfjmc, g` p`cye pc{c `c p{g}m{jpmjd }g{ ag ajgy ce} pc{c `e} jdlwgk`g} z mjdme

    pc{c `e} lwgk`g}$

    @c pe}g}jd swg }g pe}gg pe{ lgaje ag wd ag`jqe }g qgda{ gd mwgdqc pc{c `c

    p{g}m{jpmjd c pc{qj{ ag `c fgmnc gd swg nczc swgacae g~qjdhwjac `c pgdc e p{g}m{jqc `ccmmjd pgdc`, z }g med}jag{c{ `c pe}g}jd ag lc`c fg$

    @c pg{}edc swg nwkjg{g pe}gae kjgdg} jdlwgk`g} pe{ g` qjglpe z med `c} medajmjedg}

    g~jhjac} pe{ `c `gz pc{c caswj{j{ pe{ p{g}m{jpmjd pwgag p{elevg{ iwjmje medq{c g` swg

    cpc{gymc mele p{epjgqc{je ag g}e} kjgdg} gd g` [ghj}q{e _wk`jme c fjd ag swg }g

    agm`c{g swg `c p{g}m{jpmjd }g nc med}wlcae z swg nc caswj{jae, pe{ gdag `c

    p{epjgaca$

    @c }gdqgdmjc jdqg{`emwqe{jc swg agm`c{g `c cmmjd ag `c p{g}m{jpmjd }g jd}m{jkj{ gd g`

    {ghj}q{e pk`jme z }g{vj{ ag qjqw`e a p{epjgaca ag` pe}ggae{$

    _[G]M[J_MJED DGHCQJVC9

    =8

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    @c `jkg{cmjd ag ek`jhcmjedg} pe{ de g~jhj{}g }w mwlp`jljgdqe$

    @c p{g}m{jpmjd dghcqjvc }g vg{jfjmc pe{ g` }e`e q{cd}mw{}e ag` qjglpe fjicae pe{ `c `gz$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    ]g dgmg}jqc wd `cp}e ag ajgy ce} medqcae} ag}ag swg wdc ek`jhcmjd pwae g~jhj{}g

    pc{c swg }g g~qjdhc g` ag{gmne ag pgaj{ mw mwlp`jljgdqe$

    @c ek`jhcmjd ag ac{ c`jlgdqe} g} jlp{g}m{jpqjk`g$

    _{g}m{jkg gd ae} ce}9

    @e} nede{c{je}, }wg`ae}, ie{dc`g} w eq{c} {gq{jkwmjedg} pe{ `c p{g}qcmjd ag mwc`swjg{}g{vjmje$ @c p{g}m{jpmjd meljgdyc c me{{g{ ag}ag `c fgmnc gd swg agic{ed ag p{g}qc{}g

    `e }g{vjmje}$

    @c cmmjd ag mwc`swjg{ melg{mjcdqg pc{c mek{c{ g` p{gmje ag ekigqe} vgdajae} c

    pg{}edc} swg de fwg{gd {gvgdagae{g}$

    @c p{g}m{jpmjd me{{g ag}ag g` ac gd swg fwg{ed gdq{ghcae} `e} ekigqe}, }j `c vgdqc de}g njye c p`cye}$

    @c cmmjd ag `e} awge} ag neqg`g} z mc}c} ag nw}pgag} pc{c mek{c{ g` jlpe{qg ag`

    ne}pgacig z `c ag g}qe} z ag `e} fedaj}qc} pc{c mek{c{ g` p{gmje ag `e} c`jlgdqe} swg

    ljdj}q{gd$

    @c {g}ped}ckj`jaca mjvj` pe{ jdiw{jc}, zc }gcd ngmnc} pe{ pc`ck{c e pe{ g}m{jqe z `c swg

    dcmg pe{ g` ace mcw}cae pe{ pg{}edc} e cdjlc`g} z swg `c `gz jlpedg c`

    {gp{g}gdqcdqg ag cswg``c} e g` awge ag g}qe}$

    @c {g}ped}ckj`jaca mjvj` p{evgdjgdqg ag cmqe} j`mjqe} swg med}qjqwzgd ag`jqe}$

    =>

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    @c} pgd}jedg}, {gdqc}, c`swj`g{g} z mwc`g}swjg{c eq{c} p{g}qcmjedg} pg{jajmc} de

    mek{cac} c }w vgdmjljgdqe swgac{cd p{g}m{jqc} gd mjdme ce} medqcae} ag}ag g`

    vgdmjljgdqe ag mcac wdc ag g``c} zc }g nchc g` mek{e gd vj{qwa ag cmmjd {gc` e cmmjd

    pg{}edc`$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;_{g}m{jkgd gd mjdme ce} `c ek`jhcmjd ag ac{ mwgdqc}$ Gd jhwc` qg{ljde }g p{g}m{jkgd

    `c} ek`jhcmjedg} `jswjac} swg {g}w`qgd ag `c {gdajmjd ag mwgdqc}$

    @c p{g}m{jpmjd de pwgag melgdyc{ dj me{{g{ medq{c `e} jdmcpcmjqcae}, }jde mwcdae }g

    nczc aj}mg{djae }w qwqg`c medfe{lg c `c} `gzg}$ @e} jdmcpcmjqcae} qgda{d ag{gmne ag

    g~jhj{ {g}ped}ckj`jaca c }w} qwqe{g} mwcdae pe{ mw`pc ag }qe} de }g nwkjg{g

    jdqg{{wlpjae `c p{g}m{jpmjd$

    @c p{g}m{jpmjd de pwgag melgdyc{ dj me{{g{9

    J$ Gdq{g c}mgdajgdqg} z ag}mgdajgdqg}, aw{cdqg `c pcq{jc peqg}qca, {g}pgmqe ag `e}

    kjgdg} c swg `e} }ghwdae} qgdhcd ag{gmne medfe{lg c `c `gz2

    JJ$ Gdq{g `e} med}e{qg}2

    JJJ$ Gdq{g `e} jdmcpcmjqcae} z }w} qwqe{g} e mw{cae{g}, ljgdq{c} aw{c `c qwqg`c2

    JV$ Gdq{g mep{epjgqc{je} e mepe}g}e{g}, {g}pgmqe ag` kjgd meld$

    V$ Medq{c `e} cw}gdqg} ag` Aj}q{jqe Fgag{c` swg }g gdmwgdq{gd gd }g{vjmje pk`jme2

    VJ$ Medq{c `e} lj`jqc{g} gd }g{vjmje cmqjve gd qjglpe ag hwg{{c, qcdqe fwg{c mele agdq{e

    ag` Aj}q{jqe Fgag{c`$

    @C _[G]M[J_MJD ]G JDQG[[WL_G9

    =:

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    J$ ]j g` pe}ggae{ g} p{jvcae ag `c pe}g}jd ag `c me}c e ag` hemg ag` ag{gmne pe{ l}

    ag wd ce2

    JJ$ _e{ aglcdac w eq{e mwc`swjg{c hdg{e ag jdqg{pg`cmjd iwajmjc` deqjfjmcac c`

    pe}ggae{ e c` agwae{ gd }w mc}e2

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

    ]g med}jag{c{ `c p{g}m{jpmjd mele de jdqg{{wlpjac pe{ `c jdqg{pg`cmjd iwajmjc`, }j g`

    cmqe{ ag}j}qg ag g``c, e fwg}g ag}g}qjlcac }w aglcdac2

    JJJ$ _e{swg `c pg{}edc c mwze fcve{ me{{g `c p{g}m{jpmjd {gmedeymc g~p{g}clgdqg, ag

    pc`ck{c e pe{ g}m{jqe, e qmjqclgdqg pe{ ngmne} jdawack`g}, g` ag{gmne ag `c pg{}edc

    medq{c swjgd p{g}m{jkg$

    @c pe}g}jd pk`jmc9

    g} `c swg }g aj}f{wqc ag lcdg{c swg pwgac }g{ medemjac pe{ swjgdg qgdfcd jdqg{} ag

    jdqg{{wlpj{`c, de agkg }g{ m`cdag}qjdc, z qclkjd g} cswg``c swg }g ag{jvc ag wd iw}qe

    qqw`e jd}m{jqe gd g` [ghj}q{e _k`jme ag `c _{epjgaca

    1$;$, Caswj}jmjd e{jhjdc{jc9]g p{g}gdqc mwcdae g` kjgd caswj{jae de c }jae cdqg{je{lgdqg p{epjgaca ag pg{}edc

    c`hwdc, g} agmj{, swjgd gig{mjqc g` aeljdje }ek{g `c me}c {g}w`qc }g{ g` p{epjgqc{jee{jhjdc` e p{jljqjve .cdqg} agg` de g~j}qc eq{e*, de ncz medmw{{gdmjc ag ve`wdqca cigdc, g}qc fe{lc }g p{g}gdqcp{mqjmclgdqg gd `e} kjgdg} }jd awge $Qc`g} fe{lc} pwgagd }g{9C*@c emwpcmjd$K*@c cmmg}jd$M*@c p{g}m{jpmjd pe}jqjvc$

    Caswj}jmjd ag{jvcac9C ajfg{gdmjc ag `c cdqg{je{ .caswj}jmjd e{jhjdc{jc e p{jljqjvc* gd g}qc, g` kjgd zc }g ncgdmedq{cae agdq{e ag `c g}fg{c pcq{jledjc` ag eq{c pg{}edc, zc nc }jae p{epjgaca ageq{e }wigqe aj}qjdqe zcdqg{je{ c` dwgve caswj{gdqg$ ]g nck`c ag wd mclkje ag p{epjgqc{je e awge, gd {cydag` mwc` `c me}c, pc}c agwd pcq{jledje c eq{e$ G~j}qg `c medmw{{gdmjc ag wdc ve`wdqca cigdc.`c ag` cdqg{je{p{epjgqc{je*$ G}qc fe{lc ag

    1?

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    caswj}jmjd }g ag}p{gdag ag `e} cmqe} iw{ajme}, mele giglp`e} ag `c lj}lc qgdgle} c`c aedcmjd, `cmelp{cvgdqc , `c }wmg}jd, gqmqg{c$1$=$, _[G]M[J_MJD CASWJ]JQJVC E W]WMC_JED9@c w}wmcpjd .c vgmg} ``clcac p{g}m{jpmjd caswj}jqjvc* g} wd leae ag caswj{j{ `cp{epjgaca ag wdc me}c z eq{e} ag{gmne} {gc`g} lgajcdqg `c pe}g}jd medqjdwcac agg}qe} ag{gmne} aw{cdqg g` qjglpe swg }gc`c `c `gz$

    AG[GMNE MJVJ@ ;

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    `e} `jk{e} z fe`je} ag` [ghj}q{e c} mele mg{qjfjmcae} ag de g~j}qj{ c}jgdqe} ag djdhwdcg}pgmjg e agg}pgmjg agqg{ljdcac, }ek{g kjgdg} }gc`cae} e c mc{he ag mjg{qc} pg{}edc}$Q{cqdae}g ag qg}qclgdqe} e`h{cfe} agpe}jqcae} gd g` [ghj}q{e, }g ek}g{vc{ `eaj}pwg}qe gd g`c{qmw`e 31?:

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