Tec Operantes

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hD;%-;4)*>@'04%5')M ngeles Ruiz, Marta Isabel Daz y Arabella Villalobos

1. Introduccin

2. Fundamentos tericos

3. Tcnicas operantes para el incremento y mantenimiento de

conductas

3.1. Reforzamiento positivo 3.2. Reforzamiento negativo 3.3. Programas de reforzamiento

4. Tcnicas operantes para la adquisicin de nuevas conductas

4.1. Moldeamiento 4.2. Encadenamiento 4.3. Instigacin/Atenuacin

5. Tcnicas operantes para la reduccin o eliminacin de conductas

5.1. Reforzamiento diferencial de otras conductas (RDO) 5.2. Extincin 5.3. Castigo 5.3.1. Castigo Positivo 5.3.2. Castigo Negativo 5.4. Sobrecorreccin

6. Programas de economa de fi chas

7. Contratos de contingencias

8. Mapa conceptual de tcnicas operantes

9. Aplicaciones y estudios de resultados

10. Resumen

11. Bibliografa recomendada

12. Referencias bibliogrfi cas

Burrhus Frederic Skinner 7ZPJ}SVNV`S}ZVMVZVJPHSLZJVUZPKLYHKVLSWZPJ}SVNVTmZPU\`LU[LKLSZPNSV??*VUK\J[PZ[HWVYL_JLSLUJPH:RPUULYJVUZPKLKYHIHSHJVUK\J[HJVTVUPJVVIQL[VKLLZ[\KPVJPLU[xJVKLSHWZPJVSVNxHZPLUKVD)54*P,%;-R%*2'*(4*d-)5>0-4*2'*;>%5-%&'%;-4)*4O7-'%54(')H*G,)*-%]')5-&4;->%')*P,'0>%*

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Objetivos

Este captulo ha sido escrito con el objetivo de que el lector o lectora

Recuerde los principios del condicionamiento operante Conozca las principales tcnicas de incremento de conductas Conozca las principales tcnicas de adquisicin de conductas Conozca las principales tcnicas de reduccin de conductas Conozca en qu consisten los programas de economa de fi chas y los

contratos de contingencias.

Palabras clave

s Condicionamiento Operante s Encadenamientos Reforzamiento s Instigacins Castigo s Desvanecimientos Extincin s Economa de fi chass Moldeamiento s Contrato de contingencias

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0'P>0.42>0')*b'H&H*;>O-243*)>%0-)43*'%50'&4*2'*2-)5-%5>)*>7_'5>)*>*4;5-]-242')*

0'P>0.4%5')3*'5;HfH*

Reforzadores tangibles.*a7_'5>)*O45'0-4(')*Z,'*@,'2'%*)'0*54%5>*0'P>0.42>K0')*@0-O40->)*;>O>*)';,%240->)3*;>O>*@>0*'_'O@(>*;>O-243*_,&,'5')3*0>@43*

4@4045>)*'(';50R%-;>)3*;0>O>)3*'5;H*

3160

"4%,4(*2'*hD;%-;4)*2'*6%5'0]'%;-R%*?>&%-5-]>*?>%2,;5,4(')


Reforzadores sociales.*G>%*(4)*O,')504)*2'*45'%;-R%3*]4(>04;-R%3*4@0>74;-R%3*0';>%>;-O-'%5>3*'5;H*Z,'*0';-7'*,%4*@'0)>%4*@>0*@405'*2'*>504)*;>O>*;>%)'K

;,'%;-4*2'*(4*0'4(-.4;-R%*2'*,%4*;>%2,;54H*Y>)*0'P>0.42>0')*)>;-4(')*)>%*2'*

(>)*0'P>0.42>0')*O1)*@>2'0>)>)*Z,'*P4;-(-54%*'(*-%;0'O'%5>*\*O4%5'%-O-'%5>*

2'* (4*;>%2,;54*2'* 5>2>)* (>)* )'0')*d,O4%>)3* 54%5>*%-c>)*;>O>*42,(5>)H* G'*

@,'2'%*),O-%-)5040*]'074(O'%5'*b'H&H*'0')*&'%-4(3*@>0*');0-5>*b'H&H*5'*'%]9>*

')5'*G"G*@404*2';-05'*Z,'*'0')*&'%-4(3*'5;Hf3*O'2-4%5'*;>%54;5>* P9)-;>* b'H&H*

4704.>3*@4(O424*'%*(4*')@4(24f*>*@>0*&')5>)*b'H&H*)>%0-)4fH*G@-'&('0*\*:,']0'K

O>%5*bABCBf*0')4(54%*;,450>*]'%54_4)*2'*(4*4@(-;4;-R%*2'(*0'P,'0.>*)>;-4(U*Cf*

G>%* P1;-(')*2'*42O-%-)5040*@,')5>*Z,'*)R(>*)'*%';')-54*,%4*@'0)>%4*Z,'* (>*

d4&43* Af* %>* 5-'%'%* ;>)5'* ';>%RO-;>* 4(&,%>3* Wf* @,'2'%* )'0* 42O-%-)5042>)*

-%O'2-454O'%5'*Z,'*)'*0'4(-;'*(4*;>%2,;54*\*Lf*)>%*0'P,'0.>)*%45,04(')*'%*(4*

O'2-24*'%*Z,'*)'*0';-7'%*d47-5,4(O'%5'*@>0*2-)5-%54)*;>%2,;54)*>*4;;->%')*

Z,'* )'* ((']4%* 4* ;47>* '%* (4* ]-24* ;>5-2-4%43* @,2-D%2>)'* O4%5'%'0* -%;(,)>*

;,4%2>*(4*;>%2,;54*Z,'*)'*2')'4*-%;0'O'%540*\4*d4\4*4(;4%.42>*(>)*%-]'(')*

2')'42>)*b'H&H*P'(-;-540*4*4(&,-'%*;,4%2>*d4;'*4(&>fH*

Actividades reforzantesU*)*'_'O@(>)*2'*4;5-]-242')*0'P>0.4%5')*)>%*-0*2'*;>O@04)3*-0*4(*;-%'3*_,&403*');,;d40*O[)-;43*'5;H*?,4(Z,-'04*2'*(4)*4;5-]-24K

2')* @(4;'%5'04)* Z,'* 0'4(-.4* ,%4* @'0)>%4* @,'2'* ,5-(-.40)'* ;>O>* 0'P>0.42>0*

@404*-%;0'O'%540*(4*>;,00'%;-4*2'*,%4*;>%2,;54H*G'*24*54O7-D%*'(*;4)>*'%*'(*

X\L HJ[P]PKHKLZ UV LZWLJPHSTLU[L NYH[PJHU[LZ WLYV X\L ZL SSL]HU H JHIVd47-5,4(O'%5'*>*;>%*74)54%5'*P0';,'%;-43*@,'2'%*,5-(-.40)'*;>O>*0'P>0.42>K

0')*2'*;>%2,;54)*>*4;5-]-242')*;,\4*P0';,'%;-4*>*@0>747-(-242*')*O'%>0*\*)'*

2')'4*-%;0'O'%540*b'H&H*0';>&'0*'(*;,405>*4%5')*2'*O'0'%2403*@>%'0)'*'(*;-%5,K

0R%*2'*)'&,0-242*4%5')*2'*;>%';540*(4*042->3*'5;fH*k0'O4;i*bCNJXf*P>0O,(R*(>*

Z,'*)'*;>%>;'*;>O>*'(*Principio de PremackU*G-*'^-)5'%*2>)*0')@,')54)*'%*'(*

0'@'05>0->*2'*,%*-%2-]-2,>3*,%4*2'*'((4)*;>%*4(54*@0>747-(-242*2'*4@40-;-R%*

bO1)*P0';,'%5'3*'H&H*O'0'%240f*\*>504*;>%*74_4*bO'%>)*P0';,'%5'3*'H&H*0';>&'0*

'(* ;,405>f3* @,'2'* ,5-(-.40)'* (4* @0-O'04* ;>O>* 0'P>0.42>0* 2'* (4* )'&,%24H* `%*

;>%;0'5>3*k0'O4;i*@-2-R*4*(>)*%-c>)*Z,'*)'*')5,]-')'%*,%>)*O-%,5>)*Z,-'5>)*

\*45'%2-'%2>*\*0'P>0.R*')4*;>%2,;54*@'0O-5-'%2>*Z,'*)'*')5,]-')'%*2,04%5'*

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@0>747-(-242*Z,'*54O7-D%*)'4%*2')'47(')H

3161

hD;%-;4)*>@'04%5')


3.2. Reforzamiento negativo

`(*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*%'&45-]>*d4;'*0'P'0'%;-4*4(*4,O'%5>*2'*(4*@0>747-(-242*2'*Z,'*

)'*0'@-54*,%4*;>%2,;54*4(*retirar un estimulo aversivo*-%O'2-454O'%5'*2')@,D)*2'*Z,'*)'*d4*0'4(-.42>*(4*;>%2,;54H*`)5>*')3*(4*0')@,')54*'O-5-24*@>0*'(*-%2-]-2,>*'(-O-K

%4*,%*')59O,(>*4]'0)-]>*Z,'*d4)54*'%5>%;')*')5474*@0')'%5'3*;>%*(>*;,4(3*(4*>;,00'%K

;-4*P,5,04*2'*')54*0')@,')54*)'*incrementaH*S%*'_'O@(>*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*%'&45-]>*)'094*'(*)-&,-'%5'U*,%*%-c>*4(*Z,'*%>*('*&,)54*-0*4(*;>('&->3*((>04*\*;>O>*;>%)';,'%K

;-4*2'*'((>*%>*('*((']4%*\*('*2'_4%*'%*;4)4*`)5>*-%;0'O'%5401*),*;>%2,;54*2'*((4%5>*

@,')5>*Z,'*;>%*'((>*']-54*-0*4(*;>('&->H*`%*'(*;4)>*2'*(4)*P>7-4)3*'(*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*

%'&45-]>*),'('*)'0*,%4*2'*(4)*@0-%;-@4(')*;4,)4)*2'*),*O4%5'%-O-'%5>H*k>0*'_'O@(>3*

)-*,%4*@'0)>%4*5'O'*]>(403*%>*;>&'*4]->%')*\*0'2,;'*;>%*'((>*),*4%)-'242*')51*0'P>0K

.4%2>*%'&45-]4O'%5'*),*;>%2,;54*2'*']-54;-R%H*?424*]'.*Z,'*']-54*]>(40*0'2,;'*),*

4%)-'2423*(,'&>*4,O'%5401*(4*P0';,'%;-4*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*2'*']-540* (>)*4]->%')H*0.4O-'%5>*@>)-5-]>3* %>* 5>2>)* (>)* ')59O,(>)*>* )-5,4;->%')* )>%*

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[L_[VZ7VYJVUZPN\PLU[LLSYLMVYaHKVYULNH[P]VZLKLUL[HTIPtUWVYZ\JHWHJPKHK2'*-%;0'O'%540*(4*;>%2,;54*4*(4*Z,'*')*;>%5-%&'%5'H

3.3. Programas de reforzamiento

Y>)*@0>&04O4)*2'* 0'P>0.4O-'%5>*)>%* (4)* 0'&(4)*Z,'*2');0-7'%*;RO>* P>O'%5403*

-%;0'O'%540*\*O4%5'%'0*,%4*;>%2,;54*'%*P,%;-R%*2'*(4*4@(-;4;-R%*2'*(>)*0'P>0.42>K

0')*,%4*]'.*'O-5-24*(4*;>%2,;54H*`^-)5'%*2>)*5-@>)*2'*@0>&04O4)*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>:Reforzamiento continuo y reforzamiento intermitente3*;>%*'P';5>)*2-P'0'%5')*)>70'*(4*;>%2,;54H*

Reforzamiento continuo -O@(-;4*@0')'%540*,%*0'P>0.42>0*)-'O@0'*Z,'*)'*0'4(-;'*(4*;>%2,;54*>7_'5-]>H*`)5'*5-@>*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*;>%]-'%'*,5-(-.40(>*@404*4,O'%540*

(4*P0';,'%;-4*2'*0')@,')54)*2D7-(')*>*O,\*-%')547(')*>*;,4%2>*@0'5'%2'O>)*-%)54,K

040*,%4*%,']4*;>%2,;54*'%*'(* 0'@'05>0->*2'(* -%2-]-2,>H*k>0*'_'O@(>3*)-*Z,'0'O>)*

-%)54,040*(4*;>%2,;54*2'*(4]40)'*(>)*2-'%5')3*4(*@0-%;-@->*;>%]'%201*0'P>0.40*;424*

294*Z,'*'(*%-c>*(>*d4&4H

Reforzamiento intermitente*),@>%'*42O-%-)5040*'(*0'P>0.42>0*2'*O4%'04*;>%5-%K&'%5'*4*(4*0'4(-.4;-R%*2'*,%4*;>%2,;543*@'0>*%>*'%*5>24)*(4)*>;4)->%')*Z,'*D)54*)'*

((']'*4*;47>H*G-&,-'%2>*;>%*'(*'_'O@(>*4%5'0->03*,%4*]'.* -%)54,042>*'(*d17-5>*2'*

(4]40)'* (>)*2-'%5')3*@>2'O>)* 0'P>0.40(>* )R(>*2'*]'.*'%*;,4%2>H*`(* 0'P>0.4O-'%5>*

-%5'0O-5'%5'*@,'2'*((']40)'*4*;47>*O'2-4%5'*2>)*5-@>)*2'*@0>&04O4)U*4f*programas de razn*\*7f*programas de intervaloH

3162

"4%,4(*2'*hD;%-;4)*2'*6%5'0]'%;-R%*?>&%-5-]>*?>%2,;5,4(')


4H Programas de raznH*%]-'%'*0'P>0.40*%>*'%*;424*>;,00'%;-4*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*2')'4243*)-%>*;,4%2>*'(*-%2-]-2,>*\4*(4*d4*0'4(-.42>*'%*]40-4)*>;4K

)->%')H*75-'%'*2'*P>0O4*;>%5-%&'%5'*4*(4*0'4(-.4;-R%*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*'(*%[O'0>*2'*]';')*@0']-4O'%5'*')5-@,(42>*b'H&H*

W3*X3*WBfH*G-&,-'%2>*;>%*'(*'_'O@(>*4%5'0->0*,%4*]'.*Z,'*\4*)'*d4*;>%)'&,-K

2>* Z,'* '(* %-c>* 42Z,-'04* (4* ;>%2,;54* 2'* (4]40)'* (>)* 2-'%5')* 5>2>)* (>)* 294)*

O'2-4%5'*,%*@0>&04O4*2'*0'P,'0.>*;>%5-%,>3*@404*O4%5'%'0*')54*;>%2,;543*

@>2094* )'0* ;>%]'%-'%5'* )'&,-0* ),O-%-)504%2>* '(* 0'P>0.42>0* 2,04%5'* AB* 294)*

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X*]';')*bX3X3X3Xf*Z,'*)'*(>)*(4]'*b+/XfH*`%*(>)*programas de razn variable*)'*0'Z,-'0'*54O7-D%*Z,'*d4\4*,%*;-'05>*%[O'0>*2'*0')@,')54*4%5')*2'*),O-%-)K

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;-R%*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*@,'2'*]40-40*4(0'2'2>0*2'*,%*@0>O'2->*2'*,%*0'P>0.4K

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@(>*@>2094*0'P>0.40)'*;,4%2>*(4*d4*((']42>*4*;47>*X3V3CA3*ABfH*

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fijos3*;,4%2>*'(*')@4;->*2'*5-'O@>*')51*;(404O'%5'*')547(';-2>*b@>0*'_'O@(>3*;424*CB*O-%,5>)f*>*variable*;,4%2>*)'*4@(-;4*)'&[%*,%*-%5'0]4(>*O'2->*b@>0*'_'O@(>3*Z,'*(4*>7)'0]4;-R%*504%);,004*4(*O'%>)*2'%50>*2'*,%*@'0->2>*2'*;424*

CB*O-%,5>)3*b'H&H*@>2094*)'0*54%5>*'%*'(*O-%,5>*W3*'%*'(*X3*>*'%*'(*CBfH*

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;>O7-%40)'*'%50'*)9H*S%*'_'O@(>*2'*'((>*)>%*(>)*programas de reforzamiento dife-rencial de tasas altas y bajasH*Y>)*@0>&04O4)*reforzamiento de tasas alta)*)'*,5-(-.4%*;,4%2>*)'*2')'4*>75'%'0*%[O'0>*4(5>*2'*0')@,')54)*'%*,%*-%5'0]4(>*;>05>*2'*5-'O@>H*

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5-'O@>H*

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-O@(-;4*0'2,;-0*(4*;>%2,;54*2'*_,&40*;>%*(4*q@(4\rH

3163

hD;%-;4)*>@'04%5')


`%*0'),O'%3*;>O>*)'c4(4%*?04-&d'423*t4.2-%*\*"4d>%'\*bCNMCf*(4*'(';;-R%*2'(*

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_'H*?,4%2>*'(*>7_'5-]>*')*2')400>((40*-%-;-4(O'%5'*,%4*0')@,')543*')*@0'P'0-7('*,5-(-.40*

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@,')54)H*`%*;>%504)5'3*;,4%2>*(4*0')@,')54*\4*d4*(('&42>*4*(>)*%-]'(')*2')'42>)*\*(>*

Z,'*)'*@0'5'%2'*')*O4%5'%'0(>)3*(>)*@0>&04O4)*2'*0'P,'0.>*-%5'0O-5'%5'*)>%*O1)*4@0>K

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0'P>0.424*Z,'*(>)*@0>&04O4)*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*;>%5-%,>H*`%*;>%)';,'%;-43*4,%Z,'*'(*

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LH*hD;%-;4)*>@'04%5')*@404*(4*42Z,-)-;-R%*2'*%,']4)*;>%2,;54)

Y>)*@0>;'2-O-'%5>)*>@'04%5')*74)42>)*'%*'(*O4%'_>*2'*;>%)';,'%;-4)* )'*d4%*

;'%5042>*P,%24O'%54(O'%5'*'%*'(*-%;0'O'%5>3*0'2,;;-R%*\*O4%5'%-O-'%5>*2'*;>%K

2,;54)*\4*'^-)5'%5')H*T>*>7)54%5'3*'(*4@0'%2-.4_'*0'Z,-'0'*54O7-D%*-%)54,040*;>%2,;K

54)*)-O@(')*>*;>O@('_4)*Z,'*%>*)'*'%;,'%504%*'%*'(*0'@'05>0->*d47-5,4(*2'(*-%2-]-2,>H*

7HYHPUZ[H\YHYSHZU\L]HZJVUK\J[HZZL\[PSPaHU[YLZ[tJUPJHZLZWLJxJHZ!Moldeamien-to, Encadenamiento e Instigacin/atenuacin o DesvanecimientoH*`%*')54)*5D;%-;4)*)'*@405'*2'*4(&,%>)*;>O@>%'%5')*Z,'*P>0O4%*@405'*2'*4(&,%4*O4%'04*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*

UHSX\LZLWYL[LUKLJVUZLN\PY`X\LZxLZ[mULULSYLWLY[VYPVOHIP[\HSKLSHWLYZVUH

4.1. Moldeamiento

,STVSKLHTPLU[VZLYLLYLHSYLMVYaHTPLU[VKLSVZWLX\L|VZWHZVZVHWYV_PTHJPVK%')*Z,'*;>%2,;'%*d4;-4*,%4*;>%2,;54*O'54*bI>((4%2*\*Gi-%%'03*CNJCm*Gi-%%'03*CNXWfH*

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3164

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4.2. Encadenamiento

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Diferencias entre moldeamiento y encadenamiento

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MOLDEAMIENTO ENCADENAMIENTO

Conducta final

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Procedimientos generales de entrenamiento

T>*)'*0'Z,-'0'*2'*,%*4O7-'%5'*')50,;5,042>*@404*'O-5-0*,%4*&4O4*2'*;>O@>054O-'%5>)

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G'*@,'2'*((']40*4*;47>*d4;-4*42'(4%5'*>*d4;-4*4501)

Otras conside-raciones de procedimiento

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%>*-O@(-;4*Z,'*(4*@'0)>%4*,5-(-;'*>504)*;>%2,;54)*O1)*42';,424)*@404*d4;'0(>H*

Y4*'^5-%;-R% %>*)R(>*')*[5-(*@404*'(-O-%40*;>%2,;54)*2')424@545-]4)*O4%5'%-24)*

O'2-4%5'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*@>)-5-]>3*54O7-D%*@,'2'*4\,240*4*'(-O-%40*(4)*O4%5'%-24)*

@>0*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*%'&45-]>H*`%*')5'*;4)>3*(4)*;>%2,;54)*4*'(-O-%40*>*0'2,;-0*),'('%*

)'0* ;>%2,;54)* Z,'* @'0O-5'%* ');4@40* >* ']-540* )-5,4;->%')* 4]'0)-]4)H* k>0* '_'O@(>3*

@>%'0)'*4*((>040*@404*%>*-0*4(*;>('&->*')*,%4*;>%2,;54*-%42';,424*Z,'*@,'2'*')540*

O4%5'%-D%2>)'*@>0*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*%'&45-]>*)-*4(*'O-5-0(4*(>&04*2'_40*2'*-0*4(*;>('&->3*

');4@4%2>*;>%*'((>*2'*,%4*)-5,4;-R%*Z,'*('*0'),(54*4]'0)-]4*>*2')4&04247('H*`%*')5'*

;4)>3* (4*'^5-%;-R%*4*(4*;>%2,;54*2'*((4%5>3*d4;-'%2>*Z,'*%>*)-0]4*@404*']-540* -0*4(*

;>('&->*@'0O-5-01*'^5-%&,-0*(4*;>%2,;54*2'*');4@'*4%5'*')54*)-5,4;-R%*4]'0)-]4H*`%*'(*

;4)>*2'*(>)*504)5>0%>)*2'*4%)-'2423*(4*'^@>)-;-R%*4*(4*)-5,4;-R%*5'O-243*@>0*'_'O@(>*

),7-0*4*,%*4]-R%*)-%*@'0O-5-0*0'P>0.40*(4*0')@,')54*2'*');4@'3*b'H&H*74_40)'*2'(*4]-R%*

@>0Z,'*('*@0>2,;'*4%)-'242f*-O@(-;4*((']40*4*;47>*,%*@0>;'2-O-'%5>*2'*'^5-%;-R%*

2'(*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*%'&45-]>*Z,'*O4%5-'%'*(4*;>%2,;54*2'*5'O>0H*

5.3. Castigo

?>O>*\4*)'*d4*)'c4(42>3*'(*;4)5-&>3*2')2'*'(*@,%5>*2'*]-)54*2'(*;>%2-;->%4O-'%K

5>*>@'04%5'3*d4;'*0'P'0'%;-4*4*(4*0'2,;;-R%*2'*(4*P0';,'%;-4*P,5,04*2'*,%4*;>%2,;54*

;,4%2>*504)*),*'O-)-R%*)'*@0')'%54*,%*')59O,(>*4]'0)-]>*>*)'*0'5-04*,%*')59O,(>*@>)-K

5-]>*2'*O4%'04*;>%5-%&'%5'*4*(4*;>%2,;54H*

Y4*O'04*-%50>2,;;-R%*2'*,%*')59O,(>*4]'0)-]>*>*(4*)-O@('*0'5-0424*2'(*')59O,(>*

@>)-5-]>*%>*)'*;>%)-2'04*;4)5-&>*4*%>*)'0*Z,'*((']'*4@40'_42>*(4*0'2,;;-R%*'P';5-]4*

KLSHJVUK\J[H+LUPYSVX\LZLJVUZPKLYHJHZ[PNVLUS\NHYKLZPTWSLWLUHSPaHJP}U')3*4(*-&,4(*Z,'*>;,0094*;>%*'(*@0'O->*\*'(*0'P>0.4O-'%5>3*,%4*;,')5-R%*'O@90-;4H*`)*

;4)5-&>*)R(>*)-*)'*0'2,;'*(4*P0';,'%;-4*2'*(4*;>%2,;54H

`(*;4)5-&>3*4*@')40*2'*(4*@0']'%;-R%*Z,'*),);-543*')51*@0')'%5'*d47-5,4(O'%5'*

'%*(4*]-24*;>5-2-4%4H*8'*d';d>3*'%*(4*0'&,(4;-R%*2'*%>0O45-]4)*)>;-4(')*\*_,092-;4)*

3173

hD;%-;4)*>@'04%5')


Z\LSLULZWLJPJHYZL SHZ ZHUJPVULZX\LHJVTWH|HYmUH Z\ PUJ\TWSPTPLU[V LNO,(54*@>0*'^;'2'0*(4*]'(>;-242*')547(';-243*;10;'(*@>0*0>740*>*O45403*),)@'%)>*@>0*

%>*4(;4%.40*0'),(542>)*4;42DO-;>)3*%>*]'0*(4*h=*@>0*%>*0';>&'0*'(*;,405>3*'5;HfH

5.3.1. Castigo Positivo

G'*'%5-'%2'*@>0*;4)5-&>*@>)-5-]>*(4*0'2,;;-R%*2'*(4*P0';,'%;-4*P,5,04*2'*,%4*;>%K

2,;54*;,4%2>*504)*),*'O-)-R%*se presenta ,%*')59O,(>*4]'0)-]>H*G'*@,'2'*d47(40*2'*

2>)*5-@>)*2'*')59O,(>)*%'&45-]>)U*@0-O40->)*>*-%;>%2-;->%42>)*\*)';,%240->)*>*;>%K

2-;->%42>)H

Y>) estmulos aversivos primarios* >* -%;>%2-;->%42>)* )>%* 4Z,'((>)* ;,\>*;401;5'0*4]'0)-]>*),'('*)'0*,%-]'0)4(3*;>O>*'(*2>(>0*P9)-;>3*(>)*0,-2>)*P,'05')3*

),O-%-)5040*@0>2,;5>)*%45,04(')*>*Z,9O-;>)*Z,'*@0>]>;4%*0'4;;->%')*P9)-;4)*

2')4&04247(')3*'5;H*

Y>) estmulos aversivos secundarios*>*;>%2-;->%42>)*)>%*(>)*')59O,(>)*Z,'*d4%*42Z,-0-2>* 54(*;401;5'0*@>0* (4*4)>;-4;-R%*;>%*>50>)*')59O,(>)*4]'0)-]>)H*

3VZNLZ[VZ`SHZKLZJHSPJHJPVULZLPUZ\S[VZ]LYIHSLZSSL]HYHJHIVHJJPVULZZ,'*@0>]>;4%*]'0&u'%.4*>*O4(')5403*)>%*4(&,%>)*'_'O@(>)*2'*')59O,(>)*4]'0K

)-]>)*)';,%240->)*>*;>%2-;->%42>)H

Y4*;>%)-2'04;-R%*2'*,%*')59O,(>*;>O>*4]'0)-]>*\*'(*&042>*2'*O4(')540*Z,'*@,'2'*

@0>]>;403*P,%24O'%54(O'%5'*'%*'(*;4)>*2'*(>)*')59O,(>)*;>%2-;->%42>)3*2'@'%2'*'%*

&04%*O'2-24*2'*;424*-%2-]-2,>H*6&,4(O'%5'3*4,%Z,'*,%*')59O,(>*@,'24*)'0*;>%)-2'04K

2>*4]'0)-]>3*),*;4@4;-242*@404*4;5,40*;>O>*;4)5-&>*2'@'%2'01*2'*(4*)-5,4;-R%*'%*(4*

Z,'*)'*4@(-Z,'3*Z,-D%*)'4*'(*4&'%5'*Z,'*(>*),O-%-)504*\*)-*(4*;>%2,;54*Z,'*)'*@0'5'%2'*

0'2,;-0*4(*-%50>2,;-0*'(*')59O,(>*4]'0)-]>*')51*)-'%2>*O4%5'%-24*@>0*,%*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*

@>)-5-]>*O1)*@>5'%5'H*k>0*'_'O@(>3*(>)*;4;d'5')*>*(4*4&0')-R%*P9)-;4*%>*5-'%'%*'(*O-)O>*

'P';5>*'%*5>2>)*(>)*%-c>)3*%-*0'),(54%*-&,4(*2'*4]'0)-]>)H*` %*O,;d>)*;4)>)3*2'@'%2'*2'*

Z,-D%*)'4*Z,-'%*(>*2-)@'%)4*b'H&H*@420'3*@0>P')>03*'5;Hf3*'%*@0')'%;-4*2'*Z,-D%*b'H&H*

4O-&>)3*d'0O4%>)3*%42-'f3*@>0*Z,D*;>%2,;54*b'H&H*@>;>*>*O,\*]4(>0424)*>*-O@>054%K

5')f*\*Z,D*@-'02'*@>0*(4*0'2,;;-R%*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*;4)5-&424*b'H&H*@0')5-&->*4%5'*(>)*4O-K

&>)3*'5;HfH* `)*@>0*'((>*@>0* (>*Z,'*'(*'P';5>*'%* (4* 0'2,;;-R%*2'* (4*;>%2,;54*')*O1)*

-O@>054%5'*Z,'*'(*&042>*2'*4]'0)-R%*Z,'*@,'24*450-7,-0)'H

5.3.2. Castigo Negativo

`^-)5'%*2>)* 5-@>)* P,%24O'%54(')*2'*;4)5-&>*74)42>*'%*(4*0'5-0424*2'*')59O,(>)*

@>)-5-]>)U*Tiempo-fuera de reforzamiento*\ Coste de Respuestas.

3174

"4%,4(*2'*hD;%-;4)*2'*6%5'0]'%;-R%*?>&%-5-]>*?>%2,;5,4(')


Tiempo fuera de reforzamiento positivo

?>%)-)5'*'%*%'&40*'(*4;;')>*5'O@>04(*4*(>)*0'P>0.42>0')*-%O'2-454O'%5'*2')K

@,D)*2'*Z,'*)'*0'4(-;'*(4*;>%2,;54*-%42';,424*Z,'*)'*2')'4*0'2,;-0*>*'(-O-%40H*`(*

d';d>*2'*Z,'*(>*Z,'*0'4(O'%5'*)'*0'5-0'*)'4*'(*4;;')>*4*(>)*0'P>0.42>0')3*d4;'*Z,'*

4(&,%>)*4,5>0')*;>%)-2'0'%*Z,'* (4* 5D;%-;4*'%* 0'4(-242*2'7'094* ((4O40)'* tiempo-

fuera de reforzadores generalizados '%* (,&40* 2'* 5-'O@>KP,'04* 2'* 0'P>0.4O-'%5>*

@>)-5-]>H*

`( tiempo fuera de reforzamiento positivo )'*,5-(-.4*P,%24O'%54(O'%5'*;>%*%-c>)H*

"4%240*4*%-c>)*@'Z,'c>)*4(*qrincn de pensarr3*>*4*%-c>)*4(&>*O1)*O4\>0')*4*),*

;,405>*)-%*Z,'*5'%&4%*4;;')>*4*%-%&,%4*4;5-]-242*0'P>0.4%5'*b'H&H*_,&403*]'0*(4*h=*>*

d47(40f*)>%*'_'O@(>)*;(1)-;>)*2'*5-'O@>KP,'04*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*@>)-5-]>H*

G@-'&('0*\*:,']0'O>%5*bABCBf*)'c4(4%*Z,'*@404*Z,'*'(*5-'O@>KP,'04*2'*0'P>0.4K

O-'%5>*@>)-5-]>*)'4*0'4(O'%5'*'P';5-]>*')*;>%]'%-'%5'*Z,'*)'*;,O@(4%*(4)*)-&,-'%5')*

;>%2-;->%')U

Y4*@'0)>%4*d4*2'*)'0*;>%);-'%5'*2'*(4)*04.>%')*@>0*(4)*Z,'*)'*')51*4@(-;4%2>*')5'*5-@>*2'*;4)5-&>*\*;>%>.;4*),*2,04;-R%H

Y4*2,04;-R%*2'(*tiempo-fuera*d4*2'*)'0*70']'H*`%*&'%'04(*)'*;>%)-2'04*Z,'*X*TPU\[VZVTLUVZ ZLYxH Z\JPLU[L LUUP|VZWLX\L|VZ)HYRSL` YLJVKO-'%24*Z,'*'%*%-c>)*O4\>0')*2'*X*4c>)3*,%4*0'&(4*@>2094*)'0*-%;0'O'%540*C*

O-%,5>*@>0*4c>H

T>*2'7'*')540*@0')'%5'*%-*-%50>2,;-0)'*%-%&[%*0'P>0.42>0*2,04%5'*'(*5-'O@>KP,'04*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*@>)-5-]>H

T>*2'7'*5'0O-%40*d4)54*Z,'*)'*d4\4*;,O@(-2>*'(*5-'O@>*')547(';-2>H GR(>*2'7'*5'0O-%40*;,4%2>*'(*%-c>*)'*')51*;>O@>054%2>*42';,424O'%5'3*')5>*

')3*%>*2'7'01*')540*0'4(-.4%2>*;>%2,;54)*%'&45-]4)*>*-%4@0>@-424)*b'H&H*&0-540f*

242>*Z,'*)-*)'*5'0O-%404*O-'%504)*(4)*')51*0'4(-.4%2>3*Z,'24094%*0'P>0.424)*

%'&45-]4O'%5'H

`(*5-'O@>KP,'04*%>*2'7'*)'0]-0*@404*4\,240*4(*%-c>*4*');4@40*2'*,%4*)-5,4;-R%*Z,'*('*0'),(5'*2')4&04247('*>*-%;RO>243*'%*;,\>*;4)>*)'*')54094*;>%]-05-'%2>*

'%*,%*@0>;'2-O-'%5>*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*%'&45-]>* b-%;0'O'%54094* (4*;>%2,;54*

-%42';,424f*'%*(,&40*2'*;4)5-&>*b0'2,;-0*(4*;>%2,;54*-%42';,424fH

S%>*2'*(>)*-%;>%]'%-'%5')*2'(*5-'O@>*P,'04*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*')*Z,'*4('_40*4*(4*

@'0)>%4*2'(*O'2->*>*;>%5'^5>*'%*'(*Z,'*)'*d4*((']42>*4*;47>*(4*;>%2,;54*@0>7('O43*

@404*%'&40*'(*4;;')>*4*(>)*0'P>0.42>0')3*-O@-2-'%2>*;>%*'((>*'(*0'P,'0.>*@>)-5-]>*2'*

>504)*;>%2,;54)*Z,'*),@>%2094%*,%4*4(5'0%45-]4*2'*4;;-R%*O1)*42';,424*>*424@545-]4H

3175

hD;%-;4)*>@'04%5')


Coste de respuesta

`( coste de respuestaZLYLLYLHSHWtYKPKHKL\UYLMVYaHKVYWVZP[P]VKLSX\LKPZK@>%'*'(*-%2-]-2,>H*

Y4*0'5-0424*2'*@,%5>)*>*2'(*;40%'5*2'*;>%2,;-0*@>0*;>O'5'0*,%4*-%P04;;-R%*2'*

[YmJVLZ\ULQLTWSVKLJVZ[LKLYLZW\LZ[HJVTVWYVJLKPTPLU[VKLJHZ[PNV)*4)@';5>)*Z,'*d4;'*O1)*'P';5-]>*'(*;>)5'*2'*0')@,')54*')*(4*'%50'&4*2'*0'P>0.42>K

0')*@>)-5-]>)*)-*)'*-%;0'O'%54*(4*;>%2,;54*42';,424H*`%*'(*'_'O@(>*4%5'0->03*;,4%2>*

WVY]VS]LYHYLZWL[HYSHZUVYTHZKL[YmJVZLYLJ\WLYHUSVZW\U[VZWLYKPKVZLPUJS\KZVZLPUJYLTLU[HUWVYZ\J\TWSPTPLU[VZLLZ[m[YH[HUKVKLPUJYLTLU[HYSHLJHJPH2'(*;>)5'*2'*0')@,')54*;>O>*@0>;'2-O-'%5>*@404*0'2,;-0* (4)*;>%2,;54)*2'*-%P04;K

;-R%H

5.3.3. Factores que influyen en la efectividad del castigo

Y4* 'P';5-]-242* 2'(* ;4)5-&>* d4* )-2>* 2'O>)50424* @>0* %,O'0>)>)* ')5,2->)3* 54%5>*

71)-;>)*;>O>*4@(-;42>)3*((']42>)*4*;47>*2')2'*(>)*4c>)*JB*b(.3*CNJJm*

Y'0O4%* \*=>0%204%3* ABBAfH*0')* ;>O>*I4&>@-4%3* /-)d'03* G,((-]4%3** \*

Y'E(4%;*bCNNMf*>*j4;i'03*G5''&'3*T>05d,@3*G4))>3*E'0&3*+'-O'0)3*'5*4(H*bCNNBf*4@>0K

54%*']-2'%;-4*'O@90-;4*2'*Z,'*'(*;4)5-&>3*;,4%2>*)'*;>O7-%4*;>%*@0>;'2-O-'%5>)*

2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*\*2'*'^5-%;-R%3*5-'%'*'P';5>)*-%O'2-45>)*)>70'*(4*;>%2,;54*Z,'*)'*

2')'4* '(-O-%40* \* ),)54%;-4(O'%5'* ),@'0->0')* 4* (>)* 'P';5>)* @0>2,;-2>)* @>0* '(* ,)>*

'^;(,)-]>*2'*@0>&04O4)*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>H*`^-)5'%*O,\*@>;>)*')5,2->)*Z,'*d4\4%*

LUJVU[YHKVLMLJ[VZULNH[P]VZZPNUPJH[P]VZWVYSHHWSPJHJP}UKLWYVJLKPTPLU[VZKL;4)5-&>*bY'0O4%*\*6F4543*CNNJfH*S%4*2'*(4)*04.>%')*@,'2'*2'7'0)'*4*Z,'*(4*O4\>094*

2'*(>)*')5,2->)*0'4(-.42>)*d4%*,5-(-.42>*,%4*;>O7-%4;-R%*2'*;4)5-&>*\*0'P,'0.>*\*)'*

d4%*((']42>*4*;47>*O,\*@>;>)*')5,2->)*,5-(-.4%2>*;4)5-&>*;>0@>04(H*

)3*(4*O4\>094*2'*(>)*4,5>0')*')51%*2'*4;,'02>*'%*,5-(-.40*@0>;'2-K

O-'%5>)*2'*;4)5-&>3*P,%24O'%54(O'%5'*;4)5-&>*@>)-5-]>3*)R(>*;,4%2>*>50>)*@0>;'2-K

O-'%5>)*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*@>)-5-]>*P4((4%*'%*4(;4%.40*(4)*;>%2,;54)*>7_'5-]>H*j4;K

i'03*I402-%&3*E'0&3*?>>@'0KE0>F%*\*E400'55>*bABBNf*)'c4(4%*Z,'*'(*,)>*2'(*;4)5-&>*

ZLYxH\U[YH[HTPLU[VKLLSLJJP}ULUHX\LSSVZJHZVZLUSVZX\LVIPLUUVZLPKLU[PK;4%*42';,424O'%5'* (>)* 0'P>0.42>0')*Z,'*O4%5-'%'%*,%4*;>%2,;543*>*7-'%*%>*)'*

W\LKLUJVU[YVSHYZ\JPLU[LTLU[LJVTVWHYHSSLNHYHMVTLU[HYSHZJVUK\J[HZHS[LYK%45-]4)H*`)5>*')*')@';-4(O'%5'*-O@>054%5'*'%*'(*;4)>*2'*(>*Z,'*)'*2')''*'(-O-%40*

)'4%*;>%2,;54)*4&0')-]4)*d4;-4*)9*O-)O>*>*d4;-4*(>)*>50>)H*6&,4(O'%5'3*(>)*@0>;'2-K

O-'%5>)*2'*;4)5-&>*)>%*')@';-4(O'%5'*'P';5-]>)*;,4%2>*(4*)'(';;-R%*2'(*5-@>*2'*;4)K

5-&>*)'*0'4(-.4*'%*P,%;-R%*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*@0>7('O4*\*)'*;>O7-%4*;>%*'(*0'P,'0.>*

;>%)54%5'*2'*(4)*;>%2,;54)*4(5'0%45-]4)H

3176

"4%,4(*2'*hD;%-;4)*2'*6%5'0]'%;-R%*?>&%-5-]>*?>%2,;5,4(')


8424)*(4)*@0']'%;->%')*Z,'*),);-54*(4*4@(-;4;-R%*2'(*;4)5-&>*@404*0'2,;-0*;>%2,;K

54)3*)'*),'('%*0')4(540*]40->)*4)@';5>)*Z,'*d4%*2'*)'0]-0*2'*&,94*@404*(4*4@(-;4;-R%*2'*(>)*

2-)5-%5>)*5-@>)*2'*;4)5-&>H*G@-'&('0*\*:,']0'O>%5*bABCBf*0')4(54%*(>)*;-%;>*)-&,-'%5')U

CH El castigo, sea positivo o negativo, debera ocurrir inmediatamente despus de la ocurrencia de la conducta inadecuad4H*?,4%5>*O'%>)*5-'O@>*@4)4*'%*(4*4@(-;4;-R%*2'(*;4)5-&>3*O4\>0*),'('*)'0*),*'P';5-]-242H

AH El castigo debera ser administrado cada vez que ocurre la conducta inade-cuada.* `%*&'%'04(3*'(*;4)5-&>* -%5'0O-5'%5'*')*O,;d>*O'%>)*'P';5-]>*Z,'*'(*;4)5-&>*;>%5-%,>H

WH La persona a la que se le aplica debe ser consciente de la contingencia '%50'*(4*;>%2,;54*-%42';,424*\*'(*;4)5-&>*Z,'*)'*>5>0&401H*

LH `l reforzamiento no debe administrarse muy a continuacin del castigo*@>0KZ,'*@,'2'*;>%50400')540* ),*'P';5>*\*42'O1)* 0'P>0.40* (4* ;>%2,;54*;4)5-&424*

b'H&H*;>%)>(40*4*,%*%-c>*Z,'*')51*((>04%2>*@>0Z,'*4;474*2'*)'0*0'@0'%2-2>*@>0*

0'4(-.40*,%4*;>%2,;54*-%42';,424fH

XH `l castigo ha de ir precedido por un aviso de advertencia*@404*Z,'*)'*@0>2,.K;4*,%4*4)>;-4;-R%*'%50'*(4*;>%2,;54*4*'(-O-%40*\*'(*;4)5-&>H** )'* d4%* ((']42>* 4* ;47>* '%* '(* (47>045>0->* \* P,%24O'%54(O'%5'* ;>%* ;4)5-&>*

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JVTVKLSULNH[P]V(SN\UVZKLSVZMHJ[VYLZX\LJVU[YPI\`LUHZ\LJHJPH`X\L`HZLd4%*;>O'%542>*4%5'0->0O'%5'*)>%U

Demora del castigo.*`%*&'%'04(3*(>)*')5,2->)*2'*'P';5-]-242*-%2-;4%*Z,'*4,O'%K54*;,4%2>*)'*4@(-;4*2'*P>0O4*O1)*-%O'2-454*\*;>%5-%&'%5'*4*(4*;>%2,;54*Z,'*)'*

KLZLHTVKPJHY4PS[LUILYNLY*\HU[VTmZZLHSLQLSHHWSPJHJP}UKLSJHZK5-&>*2'*(4*'O-)-R%*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*-%42';,4243*O'%>0*)'01*),*'P';5-]-242H

Programa de aplicacin.*`(*;4)5-&>*')*O1)*'P';5-]>*;,4%2>*)'*,5-(-.4*2'*P>0O4*;>%5-%,43*;424*]'0*Z,'*)'*((']4*4*;47>*(4*;>%2,;54*@0>7('O43*Z,'*;,4%2>*)'*

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b'H&H*@'&403*&0-540*\*5-040)'*4(*),'(>*;,4%2>*%>*)'*>75-'%'*(>*Z,'*)'*2')'43*'5;Hf3*

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3177

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Regulacin temporal del castigo en la secuencia de respuestaH* ?,4%2>* )'*2')'4*0'2,;-0*,%4*;>%2,;54*Z,'*@>2094*;>%)-2'040)'*'(*[(5-O>*')(47R%*2'*,%4*

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K\J[HUHSZLYmTmZLJHaZPZLJVTPLUaHUHJHZ[PNHYSVZWYPTLYVZLZSHIVULZ2'*(4*;42'%4*Z,'*;>%2,;'*4*),*0'4(-.4;-R%H*k>0*'_'O@(>3*'%*(4*;>%2,;54*2'*

(('&40*5402'*4(*;>('&->*@>0*(4*O4c4%4*@,'2'%*')540*-O@(-;424)*;>%2,;54)*54(')*

;>O>*(']4%540)'* 5402'3*'%50'5'%'0)'*'%*'(*4)'>3*2')4\,%40*2')@4;->*\*'%*'(*

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ZLYmTmZLJHaZPZLJVTPLUaHJHZ[PNHUKVSHZJVUK\J[HZULNH[P]HZWYL]PHZH)'0*@>)-7('3*;>O'%.4%2>*;>%*(4)*@0-O'04)*2'*(4*;42'%4H*S%4*2'*(4)*04.>%')*

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5>*');>(40*Z,'*'(*@0>P')>042>*-O@>%&4*,%*;4)5-&>*@>0*(4*0'4(-.4;-R%*2'*,%4*

;>%2,;54*-%42';,424*\*(4*;>%2,;54*)'*O4%5'%&4*@>0Z,'*(>)*;>O@4c'0>)*(4*

0'P,'0.4%*;>%* )-&%>)*2'*4@0>74;-R%* b'H&H* 0-)4)*>*42O-04;-R%f3*>*Z,'*'%*'(*

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Variaciones del castigoH*=40-4)* -%]')5-&4;->%')* d4%* 4@>0542>* ']-2'%;-4* 2'*Z,'*]40-40*'(*5-@>*2'*;4)5-&>*,5-(-.42>*P4]>0';'*(4*0'2,;;-R%*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*4*

'(-O-%40*>* 0'2,;-0H*k>0*'_'O@(>3* (4*,5-(-.4;-R%*)-)5'O15-;4*2'* (4* 5D;%-;4*2'*

5-'O@>KP,'04*;424*]'.*Z,'*,%*%-c>*0'4(-.4*,%4*;>%2,;54*-%42';,424*@,'2'*

((']40*4*Z,'*')5'*@0>;'2-O-'%5>*@-'024*),*;4@4;-242*@404*0'2,;-0*(4*;>%2,;K

54H* 6%;(,)>*'(*;4)5-&>* P9)-;>*)-)5'O15-;4O'%5'*,5-(-.42>*@,'2'*)'&,-0*)-'%2>*

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%>*0';>&'0*(4*O')43*'5;HfH

Reforzamiento de respuestas alternativas.*Y4*O4\>094*2'*(4)*4@(-;4;->%')*2'(*;4)5-&>*'%*h'04@-4*2'*?>%2,;54*]4%*4;>O@4c424)*2'(*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*@>)-5-]>*

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3178

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5.3.4. Efectos colaterales del castigo

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Reacciones emocionales adversasH*b'H&H*((4%5>3*047-43*O-'2>3*'5;Hf*;,\>)*'P';K[VZW\LKLUKPJ\S[HYLSHWYLUKPaHQLVSHYLHSPaHJP}UKLJVUK\J[HZHS[LYUH[P]HZO1)*42';,424)*4*(4*;>%2,;54*@0>7('O4*b'H&H*'(*'%P42>*2'*,%*%-c>*4(*4@4&40('*

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3179

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5.4. Sobrecorreccin

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