DANIEL CASSANY Sobre las fronteras retóricas del español escrito

7/30/2019 DANIEL CASSANY Sobre las fronteras retóricas del español escrito

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Ljsuit`xF4 utcpcke& hikptmxpcqj tbjpitch& j`cpcke& utcpcke mxxjxxgjkp& ckpjthzfpztmf& fcpjtmhs

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= ^mtpj `j fix `mpix jr~zjxpix m}zç ~tihj`jk `jf ~tisjhpi `j ckqjxpcemhcøk @jxhtc~hcøk `j mfezkmx ~tíhpchmxfjptm`mx tjhcjkpjx+ Mkífcxcx fckeöçxpchi s ~ti~zjxpm `c`íhpchm "BZG4>>5'14==2)ACFI< 4>>5'4>==#& `jf ^fmk Kmhcikmf `j Ckqjxpcemhcøk Hcjkpçachm& @jxmttiffi j Ckkiqmhcøk Pjhkiføechm `jf eidcjtki jx~mýif+ Jf j}zc~i `jFcpjtmhcpmp Htçpchm }zj hiit`ckm jxpj ~tisjhpi& ckpjetmì jk jf etz~i EtNjf "Etz~ `j tjhjthm xidtj m~tjkjkpmpej cjkxjksmgjkp `j ffjkeöjx#& pmgdcãk tjhcdj aikìx `jf eidcjtki hmpmfík higi etz~i hikxifc`mì `j ckqjxpcemhcøk

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X IDTJ FMX ATIKPJTMX TJPØTCHMX @JF JX^MÝIF JXHTCPI

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gc fjkezm s hzfpztm gmpjtkm9< ¹fix hikpjkcìx xik gíx hfmtix xc xj ~tjxjkpmk `j giì jxpík`mt& xcktmxeix kc tmxptix `j fm hzfpztm s `j fm tjpøtchm `j xz mzpit9 Pi`mqçm gíx? ¹jk gc hfmxj `j jxhtcpztm jkjx~mýif `jdi hittject jf jxpcfi& fm tjpøtchm& fm hitpjxçm i fix tmxeix xihcihzfpztmfjx }zj ki xjmk ~ti~cix`j fi bcx~mki9 S ffjemkì bmxpm jf fçgcpj? ¹gcx mfzgkix `jdjk hikxptzct zkm kzjqm c`jkpc`m` jk fm F4}zj jxpík m~tjk`cjkì9

Xck `z`m bis pjkjgix gzhbix gíx hikpmhpix hik bmdfmkpjx `j iptmx higzkc`m`jx s zxmgix gíxatjhzjkpjgjkpj `cqjtxix c`cigmx ~mtm jxhtcdct+ Fm efidmfcmhcøk "ptmkx~itpjx& gj`cix `jhigzkchmhcøk& ckpjtkjp# bm bjhbi gíx ‒~itixmx– fmx `cqjtxmx fjkezmx s hzfpztmx+ Jk fm tj` "jkit`jkmìtjx s gøqcfjx# fjjgix s jxhtcdcgix gzhbi gíx }zj mkpjx s gíx m gjkzì fi bmhjgix jkiptix c`cigmx& xjm jf bmdfm `jf `jxpckmpmtci i zkm fjkezm atmkhm hig~tjkxcdfj ~mtm mgdixckpjtfihzpitjx+ Bis pmgdcãk jxhtcdcgix jk hikpjrpix gíx `cqjtxix }zj mkpjx& gíx ckaitgmfjx sjx~ikpíkjix "gjkxmojx `j pjrpi& hbmpx& hittjix& aitix# i gíx jx~jhçachix s ~fmkcachmìx "uclcx ~tiajxcikmfjx& ujdx ckaitgmpcqmx#+ Higi hikptm~mtpc`m& bis jrcxpjk gzhbix tjhztxix ckaitgípchix }zjkix msz`mk m jkatjkpmtkix m jxpm pmtjm "ptm`zhpitjx jk fçkjm& `chhcikmtcix& dmxjx `j `mpixpjtgckiføechmx& qjtcachmìtjx itpietíachix& jph+#+

Jk xz hikhj~hcøk ~i~zfmt& fm ~jtxikm }zj ‖ìgckm‗ zkm xjezk`m fjkezm jx fm }zj ki higjpjjttitjx fãrchix i etmgmpchmfjx s xj jr~tjxm hibjtjkpjgjkpj jk `chbm fjkezm& ~jxj m }zj ~zj`m pjkjt

hcjtpi mhjkpi i jkpikmhcøk tmtix s `jxhikihcìx ~mtm fix kmpcqix ⎩

}zj pcjk`jk m pifjtmtxj+ ^mtm fmfjhpztm s fm jxhtcpztm& jxpix mx~jhpix hmtjhjk `j xjkpcì bis jk `çm& ~zjxpi }zj fm pjhkifieçm "gí}zckm`j jxhtcdct& it`jkmìtjx& gøqcfjx# kjzptmfcm fmx qmtcmhcikjx hmfcetíachmx& pc~ietíachmx j ckhfzxi `j`cxjýi s gm}zjpmhcøk& }zj ~i`çmk xjt ~ti~cmx i ptm`chcikmfjx `j hm`m higzkc`m` s }zj ~i`çmkc`jkpcachmt fix jxhtcpix ⎩ higi fm pc~ietmaçm mfjgmkm& fmx j`chcikjx dtcpíkchmx& jph+

@j giì }zj& xz~zjxpmgjkpj& jf c`jmf `j jxhtcpit jk F4 jx bis jf }zj ihzfpm xz itcejk hzfpztmf& xzfjkezm gmpjtkm s fm tjpøtchm ~ti~cm `j jxpm higzkc`m` kmpcqm& s }zj xj ~tjxjkpm higi zk mzpit gíx jkjxj F4& xcgzfmkì xjt ‖kmpcqi‗+ Xj ptmpm jk ~mtpj `j zk ~tihjxi `j mhzfpztmhcøk jxhtcpm i `j‖tjmfamdjpcmhcøk‗& jk jf }zj jf mzpit tjkzkhcm m xz hzfpztm s tjpøtchm kmpcqm& `jxmttiffm`mx hik xz F= sjk jf xjki `j xz higzkc`m`& ~mtm mì~pmt fmx ~ti~cmx `j fm higzkc`m` zxzmtcm `j fm F4& }zj xjgmkcacjxpmk jk xzx jxhtcpix+

M hikpckzmhcøk tjqcxmtã dtjqjgjkpj mfezkix jxpz`cix }zj mdit`mk jxpm hzjxpcøk `jx`j zkm

~jtx~jhpcqm xihcihzfpztmf s mkmfcmtã ìx hmxix `cajtjkpjx `j mzpitjx }zj jxhtcdjk jk F4& jk ìxhikpjrpix `cajtjkpjx& s }zj tjhcdjk qmtcix pc~ix `j hittjhhcikjx+ ]zcíx jxpix `mpix ki ~jtgcpmkiatjhjt tjx~zjxpmx hikhfzsjkpjx m fmx ~tjezkpmx mkpjtcitjx& ~jti xç }zj iatjhjk `mpix ~mtm tjafjrcikmt mftjx~jhpi s mqmkmt jk zkm ~tidfjgípchm }zj xjtí hm`m `çm gíx cg~itpmkpj& m gj`c`m }zj mqmkhj jkptjkixiptix jf ~fztcfckeöcxgi s fm gzfpchzfpztmfc`m`+

4+ CKQJXPCEMHCIKJX ^TJQCMX

Qjmgix jk jxpj m~mtpmì `j giì xzhckpi mfezkmx ckqjxpcemhcikjx }zj mdit`mk fmx ~tjezkpmx ~fmkpjm`mx jk fm ~tjxjkpmhcøk+

4+=+ Fm tjpøtchm s fmx ~tíhpchmx `j hm`m higzkc`m`

Higi gçkcgi& ìx `cxhc~fckmx jr~fitmk fmx `cajtjkhcmx jk jf zxi `j fm jxhtcpztm jk `cxpckpixc`cigmx s higzkc`m`jx?

․ Fm tjpøtchm hikptmxpcqm "qjt Hikkit =331 s 4>>=# jxpz`cm fmx qmtcmhcikjx }zj xj ~ti`zhjkjk jf zxi `j zk gcxgi eãkjti `cxhztxcqi jk c`cigmx s higzkc`m`jx `cajtjkpjx& i pmgdcãk jk`cajtjkpjx `cxhc~fckmx j~cxpjgiføechmx+ Xj hig~mtmk fmx jxptzhpztmx xckpíhpchmx& fm xjfjhhcøk fãrchm&fm itemkcmhcøk `jf `cxhztxi& jf pc~i `j mtezgjkpmhcøk& fm xjfjhhcøk `jf hikpjkcì i fmx aitgmx `jhitpjxçm jk `cajtjkpjx pc~ix pjrpzmfjx& higi ~it jojg~fi fmx hmtpmx jk jf ckefãx `j JJZZ s jfjx~mýif `j Gãrchi& fix jkxmsix mhm`ãgchmx jkptj qmtcmx fjkezmx i fix ckaitgjx ~tiajxcikmfjx `jmfezkm `cxhc~fckm+

Jk jf ígdcpi `j JFJ& ~it jojg~fi& ^mxpit "4>>:# hig~mtm høgi xj zpcfcm fm }zjom jk Jx~mým s

jk Mfjgmkcm& hik zk hit~zx `j hmtpmx `j }zjom jxhtcpmx ~it hcz`m`mkix jx~mýifjx jk jx~mýif& ~it hcz`m`mkix mfjgmkjx jk mfjgík s ~it jxpz`cmkpjx mfjgmkjx `j jx~mýif+ Tjxzgcjkì xzx tjxzfpmìx



@+ HMXXMKS


‐hikactgmìx jk xz ptmdmoi ~ixpjtcit `j pjxcx `j ìhpitmì& jk ~tihjxi `j jxhtcpztm‐& fixmfjgmkjx xj }zjomk gíx& `j gmkjtm gíx `ctjhpm& hik gjkix mpjkzmhcøk i gmpchjx& s hik zk ~mptøktjpøtchi gíx zkcaitgj& gcjkptmx }zj fix jx~mýifjx xik gíx tjmhcix m }zjomtxj ~it jxhtcpi& fi bmhjk`j giì gíx ck`ctjhpi "hik ~jtçatmxcx s gíx mpjkzmhcøk j cg~fçhcpix# s hik jxpcfix s jxptzhpztmxgíx qmtcmìx+

Jxpi xzecjtj }zj fm }zjom jxhtcpm pcjkj ~mptikjx hzfpztmfjx dmxpmkpj `cajtjkpjx jk Jx~mým sMfjgmkcm+ Jk Jx~mým xj jkpcjk`j higi zkm ~tíhpchm `jxmetm`mdfj s ckatjhzjkpj& }zj ejkjtmgifjxpcmx "m fmx ~jtxikmx mfz`c`mx& m fm ckxpcpzhcøk i m fm jg~tjxm& mf ~ti~ci mzpit }zj xj }zjom# s}zj ki jx bmdcpzmf }zj hikxcem xzx ~ti~øxcpix+ Jk hmgdci& jk Mfjgmkcm xj hikhcdj higi jfjojthchci `jf `jtjhbi `jgihtípchi `jf hcz`m`mki& hittcjkpj s it`ckmtci& higi zkm i~itpzkc`m` ~mtmgjoitmt "~mtm jf mzpit& ~jti pmgdcãk ~mtm fmx ~jtxikmx mfz`c`mx#& }zj ki aitixmgjkpj hig~tigjpjkc `jxmetm`m+ Xck `z`m& jxmx `cqjtejkhcmx hfmqmk xzx itçejkjx jk mx~jhpix xihcmfjx j bcxpøtchix `jjxmx ìx higzkc`m`jx+ Bis jk `çm& mfezkix gmkzmfjx `j jx~mýif higjthcmf ~mtm mfjgmkjx smckaitgmk `j }zj zkm }zjom gzs `ctjhpm s atmkhm tjxzfpm metjxcqm j ckhfzxi `jxhitpãx jk ~mtm jffjhpit jx~mýif+

․ Fix Kzjqix Jxpz`cix `j Fcpjtmhc`m` "qjt Dmtpik s Bmgcfpik 4>>># qmk zk ~ihi gíx mffí sxixpcjkjk }zj hm`m higzkc`m` bzgmkm jfmditm xzx ~ti~cix mtpjamhpix jxhtcpix& `jpjtgckmìx ~it fm

c`cixckhtmxcm xihcmf s jf `jqjkct bcxpøtchi& }zj xj zpcfcmk& xj fjjk s xj jxhtcdjk `j gmkjtm ~mtpchzfmt s }zj hikptcdzsjk m hikxptzct fm c`jkpc`m` `j xzx fjhpitjx s xzx mzpitjx `jkpti `j zk it`jk xihcmf ~tjjxpmdfjhcì+ @jkigckmk ~tíhpchm fjptm`m m hm`m zki `j jxix zxix i ckpjtmhhcikjx cttj~jpcdfjx&}zj xj ~ti~ikjk ìhzgjkpmt& `jxhtcdct s mkmfcmt jk `cajtjkpjx higzkc`m`jx bzgmkmx+ ît jojg~fi?

=+ Lmfgmk "=333# ptmkxhtcdj s higjkpm fmx ptmkxmhhcikjx }zj xj ~ti`zhjk jk fixjxhtcpitcix ~ÿdfchix `j fm ~fmm `j Xmkpi @igckei "@cxptcpi Aj`jtmf#& jkptj fix jxhtcdmkix s fixhfcjkpjx }zj kjhjxcpmk zk ìhzgjkpi m`gckcxptmpcqi i zk hmtpm `j mgit+

4+ _mqmfm "4>>2# `jxhtcdj fmx hmtpmx }zj mhig~mýmk m fmx ‒jkhigcjk`mx– "~m}zjpjx `jmfcgjkpix }zj fix ~jtzmkix `jf mfpc~fmki jkqçmk m xzx amgcfcmtjx jk Fcgm#& jk fmx }zj xjjr~fchmk fmx ÿfpcgmx kiqj`m`jx `j fm amgcfcm s }zj xzjfjk xjt jxhtcpmx ~it fix bcoix i fix

~m`tjx& mzk}zj }zcãk `jhc`j }zã xj jr~fchm xjm fm gm`tj mkmfamdjpm ⎩ jk zkm ckxøfcpm`cxptcdzhcøk `j fmx azkhcikjx s `jf ~i`jt jk jf zxi `j fm fcpjtmhc`m`‐+

8+ Kcýi'Gzthcm "4>=># ìhzgjkpm fm ptm`chcøk mkhjxptmf `j tjecxptmt ~it jxhtcpi fmx ~tckhc~mfjx mhpcqc`m`jx metçhifmx s xihcmfjx }zj tjmfcmk fix hcz`m`mkix `j fm ~idfmhcøk mk`ckm`j Pz~chihbm "^jtÿ#& jk pjrpix ~ÿdfchix jk jx~mýif }zj ~mtjhjk hikjhpmt hik fm ptm`chcøkmk`ckm `j fix lbc~zx "mkpcezix xcxpjgmx `j hit`jfjx hik kzìx zxmìx ~mtm tjecxptmt `mpix `jhmtíhpjt ~ÿdfchi jk fix ~zjdfix }zjhbzmx#+

Jxpmx ptjx ~tíhpchmx xik ~ti~cmx `j jxix ~mçxjx jk zk gigjkpi hikhtjpi `j xz bcxpitcm& s ki ~i`jgix ~tjxz~ikjt }zj pmgdcãk xj `jxmttiffjk jk jf tjxpi `j higzkc`m`jx bzgmkmx ⎩ ̀ j bjhbi&mfezkmx ckhfzxi bmk `jxm~mtjhcì jk gzhbix ~mçxjx bcx~mkix "higi = s 4# i kzkhm bmk ffjemì mjrcxpct "higi 8#4 ‐+ ît piì jffi& `jx`j fix Kzjqix Jxpz`cix `j Fcpjtmhc`m`& hm`m higzkc`m`fjptm`m `cx~ikj `j zk hikozkpi ~ti~ci `j mtpjamhpix jxhtcpix s `j ~tíhpchmx fjhpitmx s jxhtcpitmx ~tjjxpmdfjhc`mx& `jxmttiffm`mx bcxpøtchmgjkpj s jktmcm`mx hik fm hzfpztm s jf it`jk xihcmf `j jxjetz~i bzgmki+ M~tjk`jt m ckpjtmhpzmt ~it jxhtcpi s hik ãrcpi hik gcjgdtix `j jxm higzkc`m`tj}zcjtj& jkpikhjx& ~i`jt ~mtpchc~mt jk xzx ~tíhpchmx fjptm`mx& ~i`jt jkpjk`jtfmx s ~i`jt mhigi`mt

4 ît xz~zjxpi& mfezkmx `j jxpmx ~tíhpchmx& `jxhtcpmx bis jk Gãrchi i ^jtÿ& ~zj`jk pjkjt j}zcqmfjkpjx jk iptixfzemtjx+ ît jojg~fi& jk qmtcmx hcz`m`jx xz`mgjtchmkmx& bcx~mkmx s ~itpzezjxmx& pi`mqçm xj ~zj`jk jkhikptmt gi`jxpix ~zjxpix higjthcmfjx jk fix }zj zk jx~jhcmfcxpm jfmditm hik xz gí}zckm `j jxhtcdct fix jxhtcpix }zj fixhfcjkpjx `jxjmk& higi gzjxptm fm ~tjgcm`m ~jfçhzfm ‖Hjkptmf ì Dtmxcf‗ "=332#& jk fm }zj fm ~tipmeikcxpm xj emkmfm qc`m `j jxpm gmkjtm jk fm jxpmhcøk hjkptmf `j Tçi ì Omkjcti+ @jf gcxgi giì& jf qihmdfi jkhigcjk`m s fm

~tíhpchm `j jkqcmt ~m}zjpjx hik higc`m s tjemfix m fix ~mtcjkpjx fjomkix jx bmdcpzmf jk iptix ~mçxjx `j Mgãtchm`jf Xzt& mzk}zj ki pjkjgix `mpix `j }zj jk jxmx ~tíhpchmx pmgdcãk xj ckhfzsm zkm hmtpm kc gzhbi gjkix }zj jkxz ~ti`zhhcøk xj ~ti`zhm fm `cxptcdzhcøk xjrcxpm `j fmx azkhcikjx }zj tjfmpm _mqmfm+




HZM@JTKIX HIGCFFMX& =& 4>==0>

jf `cxhztxi ~ti~ci `jkpti `j xzx hmzhjx ~mtpchzfmtjx& `j gmkjtm }zj pjkem xjkpcì ~mtm jf mzpit s fixfjhpitjx+Jk hikozkpi& mgdix etz~ix `j jxpz`cix hikhfzsjk }zj hm`m higzkc`m` fjptm`m ~ixjj ~tíhpchmx s

tjpøtchmx ~ti~cmx `j fjhpztm s jxhtcpztm& }zj xik& jk dzjkm ~mtpj& `cajtjkpjx `j fmx `j iptmxhigzkc`m`jx+ Fm ~tjxz~ixchcøk `j }zj zkm hmtpm& zk jkxmsi i zk ckaitgj xik ‖cezmfjx‗ i ‖~mtjhcìx‗jk pi`mx ~mtpjx& gíx mffí `j fm qmtcmhcøk etmgmpchmf s fãrchm& jx ptjgjk`mgjkpj ckejkzm+ Mxç& m~tjk`jt m jxhtcdct jk zkm F4 ki jx xifi zkm hzjxpcøk `j m`}zcxchcøk `jf fãrchi s fm etmgípchm `jf c`cigm gjpm&kc pmg~ihi `jf m~tjk`cmoj `j fm jxptzhpztm s fm azkhcøk `j zkix pc~ix pjrpzmfjx< mf hikptmtci& xjtj}zcjtj zk m~tjk`cmoj gíx efidmf& }zj pmgdcãk ckhfzsm mx~jhpix ~tmegípchix& hzfpztmfjx s tjpøtchix+

4+4+ Jxptmpjecmx `j ~ti`zhhcøk jk hikpjrpix gzfpchzfpztmfjx

^jti& ¹}zã ihzttj hik jxpm `cqjtejkhcm jkptj fmx ~tíhpchmx s fmx tjpøtchmx `j F= s F49 ¹Jf mzpit `jdj xmfpmt `j zkmx m iptmx higi }zcãk hmgdcm `j qjxpcì9 ¹Xj ~ti`zhj mfeÿk pc~i `j gjxpcmoj ikjeihcmhcøk9 ¹]zã ~ti~øxcpix s jxptmpjecmx zpcfcm jf mzpit9

^mtm jr~fitmt jxpm hzjxpcøk& qjmgix ⎩ jk xjezkì fzemt ⎩ mfezkix jxpz`cix }zj mdit`mk fmckpjtmhhcøk jkptj bmdfmkpjx `j fjkezmx s hzfpztmx `cqjtxmx hik fm gj`cmhcøk `j zk jxhtcpi?

․ @jkpti `j fm hcpm`m itcjkpmhcøk `j fm tjpøtchm hikptmxpcqm& qmtcix jxpz`cix jr~fitmk fmxjxptmpjecmx }zj zxmk fix m~tjk`chjx `j ckefãx mhm`ãgchi higi F4 ~mtm jxhtcdct jk jxm fjkezm s jxjtjecxpti s kjeihcmt fm `cxpmkhcm tjpøtchm s hzfpztmf hik xz jr~jtcjkhcm ~tjqcm jk jxhtcpztm jk F=+ JkDjfhbjt s Hikkit "j`+# 4>>=#& qmtcix mzpitjx `j jrcpixix jxhtcpix ~tiajxcikmfjx s hcjkpçachix jkckefãx F4 kmttmk `j gmkjtm mzpidcietíachm xz jr~jtcjkhcm ~jtxikmf hik fm jxhtcpztm jk xz fjkezmgmpjtkm s jk ckefãx& jr~fchmkì høgi xj bmk m`m~pmì m fmx ~mtpchzfmtc`m`jx tjpøtchmx `j hm`mc`cigm `jkpti `j zkm `cxhc~fckm j~cxpjgiføechm+

Jk jxpm gcxgm fçkjm& Hmkmemtmomb "4>>8# jfmditm zkm xzejtjkpj hfmxcachmhcøk `j fmx jxptmpjecmxzxm`mx ~it mfezkix m~tjk`chjx ~mtm kjeihcmt fix hikihcgcjkpix s fm tjpøtchm bjtj`mìx `j xz F= "`jxz higzkc`m` `j bmdfmkpjx# hik fm ptm`chcøk& jf jxpcfi s fmx hikqjkhcikjx `j eãkjti `cxhztxcqicg~zjxpmx ~it jf ckefãx mhm`ãgchi "xz F4& hik xz hittjx~ik`cjkpj higzkc`m` `j bmdfmkpjx#+M`jgíx `j c`jkpcachmt& `jkigckmt s `jxhtcdct qmtcmx `j jxpmx jxptmpjecmx& fm pmdfm m~itpm htcpjtcix

}zj tjxzfpmk ÿpcfjx ~mtm tjafjrcikmt xidtj fmx ~tjezkpmx ~fmkpjm`mx m}zç ⎩ s pmgdcãk ~mtm iptixmtpçhzfix jk jxpj gikietíachi& higi jf `j _mqmfm ⎩ & ~it fi }zj qis m tjxzgct hik mfei gíx `j`jpmffj jxpm hfmxcachmhcøk+

Jf mzpit pcjkj jk hzjkpm ptjx htcpjtcix ~mtm qmfitmt zk jxhtcpi jk F4? fm qi& fm c`jifieçm s fmtjmfcmhcøk pjrpzmf + Fm qi xj tjacjtj m xc jf jxhtcpi ‖`jxmttiffm zk giì htjmpcqi `j mtpchzfmhcøk‗&}zj ckpjetj m~itpmhcikjx tjpøtchmx ~tihj`jkpjx `j fm F= s `j fm F4& s `cxpckezj jkptj zkm qigikiføechm "}zj ki hikxcezj jxm mtpchzfmhcøk& ~zjxpi }zj zkm `j fmx tjpøtchmx xj ihzfpm# s iptm qi`cmføechm "}zj xç fm hikxcezj& ~zjxpi }zj jf jxhtcpi ckhit~itm jfjgjkpix `j hm`m zkm#+ Fm c`jifieçm xj tjacjtj m xc jf pjrpi tjxcxpj m fmx hikqjkhcikjx cg~zjxpmx ~it fm F4 s jx hm~m i ki `j m~itpmt qmfitjx kzjqix m fm higzkc`m` `j bmdfmkpjx `j fm F4& s `cxpckezj jkptj zk pjrpi htçpchi "fix m~itpm#s ipti ki htçpchi "ki fix m~itpm#+ Ackmfgjkpj& fm tjmfcmhcøk pjrpzmf xj tjacjtj m xc jf jxhtcpi jx fixzachcjkpjgjkpj hibjtjkpj higi ~mtm ‖hikptifmt fmx `cqjtejkhcmx cg~fçhcpmx jk fix `cxhztxix jk F=s F4‗ s ~mtm ~tjxjkpmtxj mf fjhpit higi mfei hig~tjkxcdfj i xcekcachmpcqi "i& mf hikptmtci& higimfei `cxhit`mkpj& xck xjkpcì i pmk mfjomì `j fmx hikqjkhcikjx hikihc`mx ~it jf fjhpit }zj tjxzfpmckhig~tjkxcdfj#+

@j jxpj giì& xjeÿk Hmkmemtmomb& jf jxhtcpi c`jmf jk F4 xjtçm `cmføechi& htçpchi s hibjtjkpj+ît zk fmì xj emtmkpcmtçm fm hikxjhzhcøk jachm `jf ckpjthmgdci s fm higzkchmhcøk jkptj jf mzpit sxzx fjhpitjx& ~tihj`jkpjx `j `cajtjkpjx hzfpztmx s fjkezmx& ~zjxpi }zj jx pjrpi jx hibjtjkpj ~mtmmgdix ckpjtfihzpitjx+ ît ipti fmì& jf jxhtcpi m~itpm fm htjmpcqc`m` s fm `cxhzxcøk ckbjtjkpjx mfgjxpcmoj hzfpztmf& ~zjxpi }zj jx `cmføechi hik fm ckhfzxcøk `j jfjgjkpix `j fm F= s `j fm F4 shtçpchi ~it}zj tjpm i `cxhzpj fix qmfitjx `j fm F4 hik m~itpmhcikjx `j fm F=+

Jk xzx ~ti~cix jxpz`cix `j hmxi s jk fix tjxjýmìx ~it iptix mzpitjx& Hmkmemtmomb "4>>8#c`jkpcachm : jxptmpjecmx `cajtjkpjx& zxm`mx ~it fix mzpitjx ~mtm ejxpcikmt fm qmtcmhcøk tjpøtchm s

hzfpztmf& pc~cachm`m m ~mtpct `j jxpix htcpjtcix?



@+ HMXXMKS

HZM@JTKIX HIGCFFMX & =& 4>== 0=

Jxptmpjecm Qi C`jifieçm Tjmfcmhcøk pjrpzmf

Mhigi`mhcøk

Jqcpmhcøk

I~ixchcøk

Ptmkx~ixchcøk

M~ti~cmhcøk

Gikiføechi

Gikiføechi

Gikiføechi

@cmføechi

@cmføechi

Ki htçpchi

Ki htçpchi

îpjkhcmfgjkpj htçpchi

Htçpchi

Htçpchi

Hibjtjkpj

@cxhit`mkpj

@cxhit`mkpj

Hibjtjkpj

Hibjtjkpj

Jk fm mhigi`mhcøk jf mzpit tjkzkhcm m fm tjpøtchm `j xz F= s mì~pm qifzkpmtcmgjkpj fmxhikqjkhcikjx `j fm F4& ~it fi }zj jf jxhtcpi tjxzfpm hibjtjkpj& ~jti gikiføechi s mhtçpchi+ Jx fmjxptmpjecm zxm`m s tjhikihc`m ~it mzpitjx tj~zpmìx ‐higi fm ~ti~cm Zffm Hikkit‐& }zj jxhtcdjkhik ãrcpi jk ckefãx ~jxj m bmdjtxj mfamdjpcmì jk zkm F= gzs `cxpmkpj+ Jx pmgdcãk fm jxptmpjecm}zj hickhc`j hik jf c`jmf `j ihzfpmt fm hzfpztm kmpcqm s `j mhzfpztmhcøk i tjmfamdjpcmhcøk&

gjkhcikmì jk fm ~tjxjkpmhcøk+Fm jqcpmhcøk s fm i~ixchcøk xik jxptmpjecmx atzxptm`mx ⎩ ~zjxpi }zj tjxzfpmk `cxhit`mkpjx ⎩ & ~ti~cmx `j mzpitjx ckjr~jtpix }zj ki hikxcezjk kjeihcmt jachmgjkpj fmx `cajtjkhcmx jkptj fmxtjpøtchmx `j xz F= s `jf ckefãx F4 jk jf }zj jxhtcdjk+ Jk fm jqcpmhcøk& jf mzpit tjkzkhcm pmgdcãk m xzF=& higi jk fm mhigi`mhcøk& ~jti fm amfpm `j hikihcgcjkpix i jr~jtcjkhcm fj cg~c`j tjx~jpmt fmtjpøtchm `j fm F4+ Jk fm i~ixchcøk& jk hmgdci& jf mzpit }zcjtj cg~ikjt fm tjpøtchm `j xz F="gikiføechi#& ~it fi }zj jf jxhtcpi tjxzfpmkpj jx ~ipjkhcmfgjkpj htçpchi ~jti `cxhit`mkpj<Hmkmemtmomb ~ikj higi jojg~fi `j jxpm jxptmpjecm m zk jxpz`cmkpj xzsi }zj ckhfzçm jk xzx jxhtcpixjk ckefãx kmttmhcikjx qjtkíhzfmx ptm`chcikmfjx `j xz pcjttm kmpmf jk Xtc Fmklm+

Ackmfgjkpj& fmx ìx ÿfpcgmx jxptmpjecmx xik fmx ÿkchmx }zj hzg~fjk hik fix ptjx htcpjtcix s }zj ~i`jgix hikxc`jtmt xmpcxamhpitcmx+ Jk fm ptmkx~ixchcøk jf mzpit htjm zk ‖pjthjt jx~mhci‗ i `cxhztxi&`cajtjkpj `j xz fjkezm gmpjtkm s `jf c`cigm jk jf }zj jxhtcdj& jk jf }zj xj ckhit~itmk jfjgjkpix

~tihj`jkpjx `j fm F= s `j fm F4+ Jk fm m~ti~cmhcøk jf mzpit xj hcýj m fmx hikqjkhcikjx tjpøtchmx `jfm F4 ìgckmkpj& ~jti ckhit~itm jfjgjkpix tjpøtchix ~tihj`jkpjx `j xz fjkezm kmpcqm "qjt jkHmkmemtmomb 4>>4m s 4>>4d zkm `jxhtc~hcøk hig~fjpm s jojg~fcachm`m `j jxpmx jxptmpjecmx#+

Jk tjxzgjk& jxpm ~ti~zjxpm `j mkífcxcx ⎩ }zj jf mzpit ~tjxjkpm higi zk ~tcgjt jxdii ⎩ m~itpm htcpjtcix ~mtm mkmfcmt fix jxhtcpix jk F4 `jx`j zkm ~jtx~jhpcqm xihcihzfpztmf s hikhcdj fmjxhtcpztm jk F4 higi zkm aitgm `j gjxpcmoj jk fm }zj xj ckhit~itmk jfjgjkpix ~tihj`jkpjx `j fmx`cqjtxmx fjkezmx `jf mzpit "hik xzx hikihcgcjkpix hzfpztmfjx s xzx tjpøtchmx#& mtpchzfmkì zkmmfpjtkmpcqm mf c`jmf `j dittmt fm hzfpztm s fm tjpøtchm kmpcqmx `jf mzpit+

․ Fm ptm`zhhcøk jx iptm ~tíhpchm fjptm`m `j ckpjtmhhcøk jkptj ìx hzfpztmx m ptmqãx `j zk jxhtcpi ⎩ }zj pcjkj ~zkpix jk hikpmhpi hik fm jxhtcpztm jk F4 ⎩ & ~zjxpi }zj jf ptm`zhpit }zj mhpÿm higi‖gj`cmìt‗ `jdj qjtpjt jk fm fjkezm `jf fjhpit zk itceckmf jxhtcpi jk ipti c`cigm& }zj mpjxitm

qmfitjx& tjpøtchmx s ~tíhpchmx hzfpztmfjx `cajtjkpjx

8

+ Fix jxpz`cix `j ptm`zhpifieçm `cxpckezjk ìxjxptmpjecmx díxchmx `j ptm`zhhcøk& }zj tj~tjxjkpmk hikhj~hcikjx `cajtjkpjx `jf hikpmhpi ckpjthzfpztmf"Qjkzpc =33:#& `j fmx }zj ~i`jgix jkhikptmt aitgzfmhcikjx `jx`j ~tckhc~cix `jf xcefi RCR"Xhbfjcjtgmhbjt =2=8#? fm ìgjxpchmhcøk s fm jrptmkojtcmhcøk+ Qjígixfmx dtjqjgjkpj+

Fm ìgjxpchmhcøk "`jf fmpçk ‖ìgzx‗& i xjm ‖ptmjt m hmxm‗# hikxcxpj jk mì~pmt jk jf pjrpi `jffjem`m zk jxpcfi afzcì s ptmkx~mtjkpj& hikhit`mkpj hik fm tjpøtchm s fm hzfpztm `j fix fjhpitjx& ~mtmgckcgcmt jf hmtíhpjt jrptmkojti `jf itceckmf< hikxcxpj jk $`jomt mf fjhpit fi gmx ptmk}zcfi ~ixcdfj sffjqmt mf jxhtcpit m xz jkhzjkpti$ "Xhbfjcjtgmhbjt =2=8)=331? 8=:#+ ^mtm Qjkzpc jxpm jxptmpjecm

8 Ki tjxzfpm tjfjqmkpj m}zç jf bjhbi `j }zj jf ptm`zhpit bmdcpzmfgjkpj jxhtcdm jk xz F= i fjkezm gmpjtkm& }zjxzjfj xjt fm fjkezm `j ffjem`m `j fm ptm`zhhcøk "m}zjffm jk fm }zj jxhtcdj fm ptm`zhhcøk#& s }zj fm F4 xjm xifi fm

fjkezm `j xmfc`m i `jf itceckmf }zj xj fjj s jxpz`cm s `j fm }zj xj ptm`zhj ⎩

m `cajtjkhcm `j fm jxhtcpztm jk F4& }zjjx jf idojpi `j mkífcxcx jk jxpj mtpçhzfi+ Fmx jxptmpjecmx `j ptm`zhhcøk }zj xj jr~ikjk m}zç xj tjacjtjk mf ~tihjxi`j kjeihcmhcøk `j fm `cqjtejkhcm hzfpztmf jkptj fix ìx pjrpix& fi hzmf xcezj xcjkì ÿpcf ~mtm kzjxpti ~ti~øxcpi+





pcjkj hikxjhzjkhcmx kjempcqmx ~it}zj jx zkm tj`zhhcøk jpkihãkptchm `jf pjrpi jrptmkojti m fixqmfitjx hzfpztmfjx `j fm fjkezm `j ffjem`m+ Jx fm jxptmpjecm gíx jg~fjm`m ~it fmx hzfpztmxìgckmkpjx& higi fm mkefixmoikm& }zj xik ‖meetjxxcqjfs gikifckezmf& zktjhj~pcqj pi pbj aitjcek$ s}zj `jxhtcdj higi $mhhzxpigj` pi afzjkp ptmkxfmpcikx pbmp ckqcxcdfs ckxhtcdj aitjcek pjrpx ucpbpmtejp fmkezmej qmfzjx mk` ~tiqc`j tjm`jtx ucpb pbj kmthcxxcxpch jr~jtcjkhj ia tjhiekccke pbjct iuk hzfpztj ck m hzfpztmf ipbjt$ "Qjkzpc =33:? =:#+ Pmgdcãk xjeÿk jxpj mzpit& fm ìgjxpchmhcøk ~tigzjqj fm ckqcxcdcfc`m` `jf ptm`zhpit ⎩ fm gjoit ptm`zhhcøk jx m}zjffm jk fm }zj kc xc}zcjtm xjkipm }zj bm xcì ptm`zhcì ⎩ s xj mxihcm hik jf tjx~jpi hik jf ~i`jt jxpmdfjhcì+

Mf hikptmtci& fm jrptmkojtcmhcøk hikxcxpj jk ~ti`zhct zkm ptm`zhhcøk }zj ~tjgj`cpm`mgjkpjqcifm fmx hikqjkhcikjx fckeöçxpchmx s hzfpztmfjx `j fm higzkc`m` tjhj~pitm ~mtm tjx~jpmt jf hmtíhpjt jrptmkojti `jf itceckmf& ~tcgmt fmx `cajtjkhcmx hzfpztmfjx s amhcfcpmt }zj jf fjhpit jr~jtcgjkpj `jgmkjtm `ctjhpm fmx ~mtpchzfmtc`m`jx `j fm iptm hzfpztm< xcezcjkì fm gjpíaitm `j Xhbfjcjtgmhbjt "=2=8)=331? 8=:#& m}zç ‖jf ptm`zhpit `jom mf jxhtcpit fi gíx ptmk}zcfi ~ixcdfj s ffjqm mf fjhpit m xzjkhzjkpti$+ Jk fm ~tíhpchm& jxpm jxptmpjecm tj}zcjtj aitmt jf jxpcfi bmdcpzmf `j fm fjkezm `j ffjem`m"xckpmrcx& fãrchi& jxptzhpztm#& ~mtm ckpti`zhct tmxeix }zj gmt}zjk jf pjrpi higi mojki i jrptmkojti&bmxpm ffjemt m ~ikjt jk tcjxei fm hiketzjkhcm i hibjtjkhcm `jf jxhtcpi ~mtm jf fjhpit+ Qjkzpc "=33:#`jacjk`j fm jrptmkojtcmhcøk higi jxptmpjecm `cxc`jkpj }zj hzjxpcikm fm hzfpztm s fm c`jifieçm

ìgckmkpj& }zj tjx~jpm fmx m~itpmhcikjx `jf itceckmf s fm hzfpztm jrptmkojtm s }zj tjxcxpj mfjpkihjkptcxgi& jf kmthcxcxgi hzfpztmf s jf cg~jtcmfcxgi+

Jk hikozkpi& jxpix ìx etz~ix `j jxpz`cix mdit`mk jf ~tidfjgm `j fm kjeihcmhcøk `j tjpøtchmx shzfpztmx jk fm higzkchmhcøk ckpjthzfpztmf& xjm hzmkì zk mzpit jxhtcdj jk zkm F4 i hzmkì zk ptm`zhpit qcjtpj jk xz fjkezm gmpjtkm zk itceckmf jxhtcpi jk iptm fjkezm+ Fm jxptmpjecm ptm`zhpiføechm `jìgjxpchmhcøk hickhc`j hik jf c`jmf `j fm mhzfpztmhcøk& jk jf ~ti~øxcpi `j dittmt z ihzfpmt fix tmxeixhzfpztmfjx `jf itceckmf i `jf mzpit+ Mf hikptmtci& fmx jxptmpjecmx `j jrptmkojtcmhcøk ~mtm fm ptm`zhhcøk s`j ptmkx~ixchcøk s m~ti~cmhcøk ~mtm fm jxhtcpztm jk F4 "}zj qmfitmk fix jxhtcpix hik qi `cmføechm&c`jifieçm htçpchm s tjmfcmhcøk pjrpzmf hibjtjkpj# `jacjk`jk fm ~tjxjkhcm `j fm hzfpztm kmpcqm jk jfjxhtcpi ackmf& jk mfezkm xzjtpj `j kjeihcmhcøk hik fix tmxeix hzfpztmfjx `j fm fjkezm `j fix fjhpitjx iF4+

Qmgix m mkmfcmt m hikpckzmhcøk zk ~mt `j hmxix `j jxhtcpztm jk F4 ~mtm hikptmxpmt jxpmxaitgzfmhcikjx pjøtchmx hik fm ~tíhpchm tjmf+

8+ ^TCGJT HMXI? FI FMPCKI JK CKEFÃX

Jk gmsi `jf 4>>: ~zdfc}zã jf mtpçhzfi ‖^fmck fmkezmej ck X~mck‗ jk fm tjqcxpm Hfmtcps "4>>:? 0='00#& }zj xj ~tjxjkpm higi jf oiztkmf ia pbj ckpjtkmpcikmf mxxihcmpcik ~tigipcke ~fmck fjemf fmkezmej s}zj jx ⎩ xjeÿk gcx `mpix s ~jxj m hmtjhjt `j CXXK j ck`jrmhcøk jk fmx dmxjx `j `mpix hcjkpçachmx ⎩ fmÿkchm ~zdfchmhcøk ~jtcø`chm `j ígdcpi gzk`cmf& jx~jhcmfcm`m jk fi }zj hittcjkpjgjkpj xj hikihjhigi fjkezmoj ffmki " ~fmck fmkezmej# i xcg~fcachmhcøk `jf fjkezmoj ~ÿdfchi "m`gckcxptmpcqi& oztç`chi&pãhkchi& jph+#+ Jxpj kÿgjti ckhfzçm zk gikietíachi pcpzfmì ^fmck fmkezmej ck kik'Jkefcxb x~jmlcke mk` gzfpcfckezmf hizkptcjx& jk jf }zj qmtcix mzpitjx azcgix ckqcpmìx m tjxzgct jk ckefãx fmx ckchcmpcqmx`jxmttiffm`mx jk fm gjoitm `jf fjkezmoj ffmki jk fix ÿfpcgix mýix jk ~mçxjx higi Hmkm`í& Cxtmjf& Om~øk&Gãrchi i Xckem~zt+

^zjxpi }zj gc pjrpi `jdçm tjxzgct fi tjmfcmì jk pi`m Jx~mým& ~j`ç msz`m m jx~jhcmfcxpmxhmpmfmkjx& qmxhix& emffjeix& gm`tcfjýix s mk`mfzhjx& }zj m~itpmtik `mpix s ìhzgjkpix s }zj& jkmfezkix hmxix& fjsjtik s higjkpmtik zk ~tcgjt dittmìt `jf mtpçhzfi jk jx~mýif+ Zkm hifjem `j gczkcqjtxc`m`& jr~jtpm jk ptm`zhhcøk oztç`chm s hikihjìtm `jf ~fmck Jkefcxb& gj msz`ø hik fm qjtxcøkjk jxpm fjkezm& }zj tjqcxmgix m aikì qmtcmx qjhjx& ~mtm }zj fm aitgm `jf pjrpi azjxj hibjtjkpj hik xzaikì+

^jti m fm j`cpitm `jf gikietíachi ki fj ezxpø kzjxpti pjrpi& sm }zj fi jkgjk`ø `j mttcdm mdmoi jkhzjxpcikjx `j pc~ietmaçm& hittjhhcøk& jxpcfi s jxptzhpztm+ Jk jxpj m~mtpmì higjkpmtã mfezkmx `j fmxhittjhhcikjx tjmfcm`mx ~it fm j`cpitm s gixptmtã jf xcekcachmì s jf qmfit }zj xj ~cjt`j i emkm jk

mfezkix ~zkpix& mxç higi xzx cg~fchmhcikjx jk jf hikozkpi `j fm higzkchmhcøk+ Gc ~ti~øxcpi jx`jgixptmt }zj mfezkmx hittjhhcikjx? m# pigmk mf ‖~fmck Jkefcxb‗ higi gj`c`m i ~zkpi `j tjajtjkhcm



@+ HMXXMKS


~mtm hzmf}zcjt jxhtcpi ‐mf gmtejk `j }zj xz mzpit xjm i ki `j hzfpztm mkeføaikm‐< d# dittmk mfezkmx ~mtpchzfmtc`m`jx tjpøtchmx s hzfpztmfjx `jf pjrpi& }zj hikptcdzsjk m gixptmt fm c`jkpc`m` hzfpztmf `jfmzpit& s& jk `jackcpcqm< h# mxzgjk ~it `jajhpi }zj fi c`jmf jk fm higzkchmhcøk ckpjthzfpztmf s jk fmjxhtcpztm jk F4 jx }zj xj ~tjxhck`m `j fmx ~mtpchzfmtc`m`jx hzfpztmfjx s tjpøtchmx `j hm`m mzpit+

Xmdcì jx }zj jf ~tihjxi `j tjqcxcøk s j`chcøk `j mtpçhzfix jk difjpckjx jx~jhcmfcmìx ejkjtm jxpjpc~i `j xcpzmhcikjx? jf mzpit `jacjk`j xz jxpcfi s tjhbmm m}zjffmx hittjhhcikjx }zj hikxc`jtm }zj ~jtoz`chmk xz ptmdmoi< mf hikptmtci& jf j`cpit jrcej }zj xj jfcgckjk fix mx~jhpix }zj xj m~mtpmk `j fmx‖kitgmx `j fm hmxm‗ "difjpçk& j`cpitcmf i gj`ci#& }zj `jdjk hzg~fct piìx fix ptmdmoix ~zdfchmìx& mfgmtejk `j xz ~tihj`jkhcm hzfpztmf& fckeöçxpchm i pjgípchm+ Qmtcix ptmdmoix bmk jr~fitmì jxpm xcpzmhcøkjk `cajtjkpjx hikpjrpix s hik qmtcix idojpcqix? `jxhtcdct jf ~tihjxi `j hikxptzhhcøk `jf mtpçhzfihcjkpçachi "Gsjtx =33>#& `jpjtgckmt fm ckafzjkhcm }zj pcjkjk fmx hikqjkhcikjx aitgmfjx jk fmhikxptzhhcøk `jf hikihcgcjkpi hcjkpçachi "Bmeej =330#+ Jk jxpm ihmxcøk& jf mkífcxcx `j fm kjeihcmhcøkxidtj fm hittjhhcøk ~jtgcpctí jr~fitmt fmx atikpjtmx "ck#m`jhzm`mx i "ck#mhj~pmdfjx `j fm hittjhhcøk stjafjrcikmt xidtj jf c`jmf `j zkm higzkchmhcøk ckpjthzfpztmf "jkptj zk mzpit fmpcki \i `j fjkezm shzfpztm gmpjtkm hmpmfmkm s jr~tjxcøk pmgdcãk hmxpjffmkmW s zkm mz`cjkhcm gzk`cmf& `cqjtxm hzfpztmf sfckeöçxpchmgjkpj& fix hzmfjx zxmk jk jxpm ihmxcøk jf ckefãx higi fjkezm atmkhm ~mtm ptmkxgcpct zkhikpjkcì hcjkpçachi#+

8+=+ Hzmpti qjtxcikjx `j zk atmegjkpi

Hig~mtmtjgix hzmpti dittmìtjx? m# fm ~tcgjtm qjtxcøk jk jx~mýif< d# fm qjtxcøk jk ckefãx& ~ti~zjxpm ~it jf mzpit< h# fm qjtxcøk hittjec`m ~it fm j`cpitm< s `# fm qjtxcøk ~zdfchm`m+ Jf atmegjkpijfjecì jx tj~tjxjkpmpcqi `j fmx hittjhhcikjx s fix hmgdcix tjmfcmìx jk jf tjxpi `jf mtpçhzfi shikxpcpzsj jf ckchci `jf mtpçhzfi+ Tjx~ik`j m zkm `j fmx ckxptzhhcikjx `j fix j`cpitjx& }zj ~j`çmk ‖zkmckpti`zhhcøk dtjqj }zj tjxzgcjtm jf jxhjkmtci i jf hikpjrpi `jf mtpçhzfi‗+

Qjtxcikjx `jf ~tcgjt ~íttmai `j ^fmck Fmkezmej ck X~mck0

M+ Qjtxcøk jk jx~mýif "mzpit#

Jk fix ÿfpcgix 8> mýix& bjgixjr~jtcgjkpmì etmk`jx hmgdcix?bjgix ~mxmì `j fm `chpm`ztm m fm`jgihtmhcm s `j zkm m`gckcxptmhcøkhjkptmfcm`m m iptm hmxc aj`jtmf& hikeidcjtkix s ~mtfmgjkpix mzpikøgchix<bjgix jkptmì jk jf Hikxjoi `jJzti~m& fm IPMK s fm Zkcøk Jzti~jms bjgix mì~pmì jf jzti+ M`jgíx&bjgix tjhikihcì hzmpti fjkezmxhiiachcmfjx jk xzx pjttcpitcix "mtmkãx&hmpmfík)qmfjkhcmki& jzxljtm s emffjei#&

hik jf hmxpjffmki higi fjkezm ~ti~cm satmkhm jk piì jf ~mçx ⎩ xck hikpmt hikiptix c`cigmx tjhikihcìx ~it fmhigzkc`m` hcjkpçachm& higi jfmxpztcmki i fm amdfm mtmeikjxm& s fix}zj m~itpmk fix ckgcetmkpjx+ Hjthm `jzk 04* `j fm ~idfmhcøk jx dcfckeöj iqcqj jk higzkc`m`jx dcfckeöjx& hik xz ~ti~ci eidcjtki& ~mtfmgjkpi s ejxpcøkm`gckcxptmpcqm+ ît jxpmx

D+ Qjtxcøk jk ckefãx "mzpit s ptm`zhpitm#

Pbcx hizkpts bmx xjjk jkitgizxhbmkejx iqjt pbj hiztxj ia pbjxj fmxppbctps sjmtx? uj bmqj giqj` atig m`chpmpitxbc~ pi m `jgihtmhs mk` atig mhjkptmfcxj` eiqjtkgjkp pi ikj ubchb cxqjts hfixj pi djcke aj`jtmf& ucpb cpxmzpikigizx m`gckcxptmpcikx mk` ~mtfcmgjkpx< uj bmqj djhigj m gjgdjt ia pbj Jzti~jmk Hizkhcf& ia KMPI mkìa pbj Jzti~jmk Zkcik< mk` uj bmqjmì~pj` pbj jzti+ Uj bmqj mfxitjhiekcxj` aizt fmkezmejx mx hi'iaachcmf

ucpbck pbjct pjttcpitcjx "Mtmkjxj&Hmpmfmk)Qmfjkhcmk& Dmx}zj mkÈmfchcmk#& ubcfj X~mkcxb tjgmckx pbjfckezm atmkhm ait pbj hizkpts mx m ubifj+Ipbjt fmkezmejx& xzhb mx Mxpztcmk mk`pbj Mtmeikjxj Amdfm& it pbixj dtizebpucpb pbjg ds cggcetmkpx& bmqj mfxi djjk tjhiekcxj` ds pbj mhm`jgchhiggzkcps+ Kjmtfs 04* ia pbj X~mkcxb ~i~zfmpcik cx dcfckezmf it fcqjx ck

0

Fix xzdtmsmìx xik kzjxptix s fix higjkpmtcix jkptj hithbjpjx `j fm qjtxcøk H hittjx~ik`jk m fmx kipmx `j fmj`cpitm& }zj ckhfzsø jk jf hzjt~i `jf hittji jfjhptøkchi jk jf }zj jkqcø jf mthbcqi hik xzx hittjhhcikjx& ~zjxpi}zj tjkzkhcø m zxmt fm bjttmgcjkpm ̀ j ‒gmthmt hittjhhcikjx– fix ~tietmgmx ̀ j ~tihjxmgcjkpi ̀ j pjrpix+





hcthzkxpmkhcmx& ki tjxzfpm aíhcf tjxzgct jk ~ihmx ~mfmdtmx fmx gzhbmx s qmtcm`mxckchcmpcqmx ~mtm aigjkpmt jf fjkezmojffmki }zj xj bmk `jxmttiffmì+ ^zjxpi}zj ki jrcxpj kckeÿk jxpz`ci mhpzmf `jhikozkpi& bj hikpmì hik fmhifmditmhcøk `j qmtcix jx~jhcmfcxpmx ~mtmtjhiejt fi }zj xcezj+

dcfckezmf higgzkcpcjx& ucpb pbjct iukeiqjtkgjkpx& ~mtfcmgjkpx mk`m`gckcxptmpcikx+ Ecqjk pbjxjhcthzgxpmkhjx& cp cx kip jmxs pi ~tiqc`jm }zchl iqjtqcju ia pbj gmks `caajtjkpckcpcmpcqjx hmttcj` izp pi ~tigipj ~fmckfmkezmej+ Djhmzxj pbj ~tjxjkp xcpzmpcikbmx sjp pi dj xpz`cj` mx m ubifj& C bmqjtjfcj` ik pbj hiffmditmpcik ia m kzgdjt ia x~jhcmfcxpx ck hiffjhpcke pbjckaitgmpcik pbmp aiffiux+

H+ Qjtxcøk hittjec`m "j`cpitmgikietíachi#Ckpti`zhpcik

X~mck bmx xjjk jkitgizx hbmkejxxckhj pbj `chpmpitxbc~ jk`j` ck pbj

=35>x+ Ck pbjxj pbctps sjmtx X~mck bmxgiqj` atig m `chpmpitxbc~ pi m`jgihtmhs mk` atig m hjkptmfcxjèiqjtkgjkp pi ikj hfixjfs tjxjgdfckem aj`jtmpcik& ucpb mzpikigizx ~mtfcmgjkpx mk` m`gckcxptmpcikx+ X~mck oickj` KMPI& pbj Jzti~jmk Hizkhcf&pbj Jzti~jmk Zkcik mk` mì~pj` pbjjzti+Fmkezmejx

Ubcfj X~mkcxb tjgmckx pbjhizkpts–x fckezm atmkhm& X~mck

tjhiekcxjx aizt hi'iaachcmf fmkezmejx?=+ Dmx}zj ck pbj Dmx}zj Hizkpts mk` Kmqmttj

4+ Hmpmfmk ck Hmpmfikcm& pbj DmfjmtchCxfmk`x mk` Qmfjkhcm

8+ Emfchcmk ck Emfchcm0+ Mtmkjxj ck 999 \C%qj m``j` ck

xigj jrptm bjm`ckex mk` zxj` dzffjp ~ickpx pi dtcke izp xigj ia sizt fcxpj` ~ickpx+W

Pbj mhm`jgch higgzkcps aztpbjt tjhiekcxjx fmkezmejx xzhb mx Mxpztcmk

mk` pbj Mtmeikjxj Amdfm mk` pbixjcg~itpj` ds cggcetmkpx+

Kjmtfs 04* ia X~mkcmt`x mtj dcfckezmf it fcqj ck dcfckezmfhiggzkcpcjx ucpb mzpikigizxeiqjtkgjkpx& ~mtfcmgjkpx mk`m`gckcxptmpcikx+ Cp cx kip jmxs pixzggmtcxj ~fmck fmkezmej ck X~mck djhmzxj pbj xcpzmpcik bmx sjp pi djxpz`cj` mx m ubifj+ Ck utcpcke pbcxmtpchfj C bmqj tjfcj` ik ckaitgmpcikecqjk pi gj ds jr~jtpx+

@+ Qjtxcøk ~zdfchm`m

X~mck bmx xjjk jkitgizx hbmkejxxckhj pbj `chpmpitxbc~ jk`j` ck pbj

=35>x+ Ck pbjxj pbctps sjmtx X~mck bmxgiqj` atig m `chpmpitxbc~ pi m`jgihtmhs mk` atig m hjkptmfcxjèiqjtkgjkp pi ikj hfixjfs tjxjgdfckem aj`jtmpcik& ucpb mzpikigizx ~mtfcmgjkpx mk` m`gckcxptmpcikx+ X~mck oickj` KMPI& pbj Jzti~jmk Hizkhcf&pbj Jzti~jmk Zkcik& mk` mì~pj` pbjjzti+

FmkezmejxUbcfj X~mkcxb tjgmckx pbj hizkpts–x

fckezm atmkhm& X~mck tjhiekcxjx aizt

hi'iaachcmf fmkezmejx?=+ Mtmkjxj ck m xgmff qmffjs ck pbj^stjkjjx

4+ Dmx}zj ck pbj Dmx}zj Hizkpts mk` Kmqmttj

8+ Hmpmfmk ck Hmpmfikcm& pbj DmfjmtchCxfmk`x mk` Qmfjkhcm "ubjtj cp cxlkiuk mx ‖Qmfjkhcmk‗#

0+ Emfchcmk ck Emfchcm+Pbj mhm`jgch higgzkcps aztpbjt

tjhiekcxjx fmkezmejx xzhb mx Mxpztcmkmk` pbj Mtmeikjxj Amdfm mk` fmkezmejx

cg~itpj` ds cggcetmkpx jqjk pbizebpbjs ìk–p bmqj iaachcmf xpmpzx+

Kjmtfs 04* ia X~mkcmt`x mtj dcfckezmf it fcqj ck dcfckezmfhiggzkcpcjx ucpb mzpikigizxeiqjtkgjkpx& ~mtfcmgjkpx mk`m`gckcxptmpcikx+ Cp cx kip jmxs pixzggmtcxj ~fmck fmkezmej ck X~mck djhmzxj pbj xcpzmpcik bmx sjp pi djxpz`cj` mx m ubifj+ Ck utcpcke pbcxmtpchfj C bmqj tjfcj` ik ckaitgmpcikecqjk pi gj ds jr~jtpx+



@+ HMXXMKS

HZM@JTKIX HIGCFFMX & =& 4>== 0:

Fix hmgdcix gíx tjfjqmkpjx }zj aitgzfm fm j`cpitm "H# hik tjfmhcøk m fm ~ti~zjxpm `jf mzpit "D#xik? m# xzd`cqc`ct jf ~íttmai ÿkchi jk qmtcix ~íttmaix dtjqjx s `cxptcdzcìx jk ìx xzdm~mtpmìx& hikpçpzfi ckpjtki " Ckpti`zhpcik s Fmkezmejx#< d# bmhjt zkm fcxpm `j fmx fjkezmx gjkhcikm`mx& hik ~zkpix ikÿgjtix "dzffjpx#< h# xzxpcpzct fm =+¯ ~jtxikm `jf ~fztmf "uj bmqj giqj` # ~it jf pi~økcgi "X~mck bmxgiqj` #& s `# xcg~fcachmt mfezkix mx~jhpix fãrchix "bmqj djhigj m gjgdjt ; oickj` # s xckpíhpchix"~tcgjtm atmxj `jf atmegjkpi# i jfcgckmt fi idqci i tjhz~jtmdfj " ecqjk pbjxj hcthzgxpmkhjx ; Ò#+Ck`z`mdfjgjkpj& jxpix fix hmgdcix gjoitmk jf itceckmf jk pãtgckix `j amhcfc`m` `j fjhpztm s tm~c`j ~mtm ~tihjxmt jf jxhtcpi& ~jti fix ~zkpix d# s h# pmgdcãk gi`cachmk jf hikpjkcì jk zk xjkpcì }zj kihickhc`j hik jf tjxpi `jf pjrpi ‐kc hik fm qifzkpm` `jf mzpit‐+ Qjígixfi hik `jpmffj+

8+4+ Fm ~tjxjkpmhcøk `j fmx fjkezmx

Jk jf ~tcgjt dittmìt "M# jf mzpit i~pm ~it tjxzgct fm xcpzmhcøk xihcifckeöçxpchm jx~mýifm jk zkmatmxj& gjkhcikmkì pi`mx fmx fjkezmx qcqmx s tjhikihc`mx hcjkpçachmgjkpj& mxç higi xz jxpmpzx ~ifçpchi+It`jkm mfamdãpchmgjkpj fmx fjkezmx hiiachcmfjx& tjxzjfqj jf ~tidfjgm `j fm `jkigckmhcøk `jf hmpmfík s`jf qmfjkhcmki hik zkm dmttm ckhfckm`m "hmpmfík)qmfjkhcmki< }zj jx jf tjhztxi pc~ietíachi zxmì ~mtmck`chmt jr~fçhcpmgjkpj }zj ki xj ptmpm `j ìx fjkezmx `cajtjkpjx# s hcpm fmx fjkezmx }zj hmtjhjk `j

jxpmpzx ~ifçpchi jk zk ckhcxi ckpti`zhcì hik zk ezcøk fmtei "mxpztcmki s amdfm#& }zj xzecjtj ~tjhcxmgjkpj }zj bms zk hmgdci `j piki& ~fmki i tjecxpti jk jf `cxhztxi+ Pmgdcãk `jxpmhm fm gjkhcøkackmf m ‖fix \c`cigmxW }zj m~itpmk fix ckgcetmkpjx‗& }zj mdtj fm ~zjtpm m fix c`cigmx ki xcpzmìxbcxpøtchmgjkpj jk fm ~jkçkxzfm s }zj bmk ffjemì hik fm ckgcetmhcøk tjhcjkpj+

Fm qjtxcøk ckefjxm `jf mzpit s fm ptm`zhpitm "D# hikxjtqm fm gmsitçm `j fix tmxeix mkpjtcitjx&jrhj~pi jf it`jk mfamdãpchi& }zj xj ~cjt`j mf ptm`zhct jzxljtm ~it dmx}zj ‐jk fi }zj jx xck `z`m zkjttit‐+ M}zç xj zpcfcmk ìx atmxjx gíx hitpmx xj~mtm`mx ~it ~zkpi s xjezcì& jk qj `jf ckhcxiitceckmf+ Jxpm tjaitgzfmhcøk xckpíhpchm tjx~ik`j ~tidmdfjgjkpj mf bjhbi `j }zj fm ~tixm ckefjxm pcjk`jm zk jxpcfi gíx xjegjkpmì& hik atmxjx hitpmx& gcjkptmx }zj fm hmxpjffmkm s hmpmfmkm xzjfjk pjkjt ~jtciìx gíx fmteix+ Fix ptm`zhpitjx s fix etmgípchix ìhzgjkpmk jxpj `mpi "Hzjkhm 4>>=# stjhikihjk }zj jx hittcjkpj atmegjkpmt fm itmhcøk itceckmf jx~mýifm mf ptm`zhct mf ckefãx s qchjqjtxm+

Jk hmgdci& fm qjtxcøk hittjec`m ~it fm j`cpitm "H# s fm ackmf "@# xzxpcpzsjk fm jkzgjtmhcøk `j fmx

fjkezmx hiiachcmfjx ~it zk fcxpmì qjtpchmf& kzgjtmì s xjetjemì `jf pjrpi "pc~i dzffjp ~ickpx& jkckefãx#+ Jxpi ckhtjgjkpm fm fjecdcfc`m` `jf pjrpi s amhcfcpm }zj jf fjhpit ~zj`m ‒iojmt– fm fcxpm xck pjkjt }zj ~tihjxmt jf atmegjkpi xckpíhpchmgjkpj& `j c}zcjt`m m `jtjhbm+ ^jti jxm ~j}zjým gi`cachmhcøkpcjkj iptmx hikxjhzjkhcmx?

=+ Fm fcxpm pcjkj gíx qcxcdcfc`m` pc~ietíachm }zj fm jkzgjtmhcøk& ~it fi }zj fmx fjkezmxckhfzc`mx jk fm gcxgm m`}zcjtjk gíx tjfjqmkhcm hikhj~pzmf }zj fmx ki ckhfzc`mx& mkpj fix ioix`jf fjhpit+ Xj ~cjt`j fm hikpckzc`m` }zj bmdçm jk jf itceckmf "M)D#& }zj jg~jmdm hcpmkì mfhmxpjffmki& xjezçm hik fmx fjkezmx hiiachcmfjx& hikpckzmdm fzjei hik fmx gjkix tjhikihc`mx ~ifçpchmgjkpj "mxpztcmki s amdfm# s gjkhcikmdm mf ackmf fmx fjkezmx `j fix ckgcetmkpjx+ Mxç&ìk`j jf itceckmf bmhçm zkm jkzgjtmhcøk ÿkchm `j fmx fjkezmx& fm qjtxcøk ckefjxm gmthm zkm`cajtjkhcm pc~ietíachm azjtpj jkptj fjkezmx iachcmfjx s ki iachcmfjx+

4+ Fmx hcatmx `j fm fcxpm xzecjtjk zk it`jk jk fmx fjkezmx }zj hmtjhj `j xjkpcì? ki bms

tmikjx ~mtm hikxc`jtmt }zj jf qmxhi `jdm xjt ~tcgjti i jf hmpmfík xjezkì+ Jk fm qjtxcøkackmf& xj it`jkmk fmx fjkezmx mfamdãpchmgjkpj s xj kjzptmfcm jxpj gmpc& ~zjxpi }zj hzmf}zcjt fjhpit xj `m hzjkpm `jf htcpjtci zxmì jk fm it`jkmhcøk+ ^jti ckhfzxi mxç fmx hcatmx ipitemk gíxtjfjqmkhcm mf fcxpmì }zj iptix tjhztxix pc~ietíachix higi zk ~zkpi i zk ezcøk fmtei ‐}zjxjtçmk gjoitjx i~hcikjx& xck `z`m+

8+ Fmx qjtxcikjx H s @ hcpmk fix fzemtjx jk }zj xj bmdfmk fmx fjkezmx `j fm fcxpm& m`cajtjkhcm `j fmx ki ckhfzc`mx+ Ki jkptmtã m qmfitmt xc jxpm m`chcøk jx i ki dzjkm& hikxc`jtmkìjf hikihcgcjkpi ~tjqci }zj xz~ikjgix }zj pcjkj zk fjhpit jrptmkojti `j fm tjmfc`m` fckeöçxpchmjx~mýifm& i qmfitmkì jf etmì `j tj`zk`mkhcm }zj m~itpm fm ckhfzxcøk `j jxj `mpi " Dmx}zj ;

Dmx}zj Hizkpts< Hmpmfmk ; Hmpmfikcm< Emfchcmk ; Emfchcm#+ M}zç ckpjtjxm `jxpmhmt }zj jxpm`jhcxcøk tjpøtchm `cxhtcgckm m fmx fjkezmx ki iachcmfjx "mxpztcmki s amdfm#& }zj xj }zj`mk xckjxpm jx~jhcachmhcøk+





Jk tjxzgjk& fm ckpti`zhhcøk `jf fcxpmì& }zj jx zk tjhztxi hittcjkpj `jf fjkezmoj ffmki& m~itpm gíxfjecdcfc`m` mf atmegjkpi jxpz`cmì& ~jti gi`cachm xzpcfgjkpj xz xcekcachmì+ Mffç ìk`j jf mzpit ~tjxjkpmdm pi`mx fmx fjkezmx jx~mýifmx jk zk gcxgi ~fmki& gjkhcikmkì xz jxpmpzx "~ifçpchi&hcjkpçachi& ejietíachi#& fm qjtxcøk ackmf jk ckefãx jxpmdfjhj zkm `cxpckhcøk jkptj c`cigmx iachcmfjx s kiiachcmfjx s zxm qmtcix tjhztxix pc~ietíachix ~mtm tjxmfpmt fix ~tcgjtix+ Fm qjtxcøk ackmf "@# hikxptzsjzkm tj~tjxjkpmhcøk `cajtjkpj `j fm tjmfc`m` fckeöçxpchm jx~mýifm }zj fm qjtxcøk itceckmf "M)D#+

8+8+ Kixiptix i X~mck

Fm xjezk`m hittjhhcøk hittjx~ik`j m fm xzxpcpzhcøk `j fm ~tcgjtm ~jtxikm `jf ~fztmf "bjgix ) ujbmqj# ~it jf kigdtj `jf ~mçx "X~mck bmx# jk hckhi ihmxcikjx& jk fix xzojpix `j fmx ~tcgjtmx itmhcikjx`jf atmegjkpi+ Xck `z`m fm j`cpitm hikxc`jtm }zj jf pi~økcgi jx hikihcì s hmtjhj mgdceöj`m`&m`jgíx `j iatjhjt zk tjajtjkpj idojpcqi s hikxpmkpj& gcjkptmx }zj jf `jçhpchi ~tikigckmf kixiptix ~zj`j hmgdcmt `j qmfit "kixiptix fix jx~mýifjx ) kixiptix fix mhm`ãgchix ) kixiptix fix mzpitjx `jjxpj gikietíachi# s jrcej ~ikjt gíx mpjkhcøk jk fm fjhpztm& ~zjxpi }zj bms }zj mkmfcmt hmxi ~it hmxis `jxhzdtct fi }zj mdmthm jk hm`m gigjkpi `chbi ~tikigdtj< `j gmkjtm }zj fm qjtxcøk hik X~mck "H)@# jx gíx xcg~fj }zj fm }zj zxm ~tikigdtjx "M)D#+ ^jti jxj hmgdci ~tiqihm iptmx gi`cachmhcikjx?

=+

Jf kixiptix ~ixjj gmpchjx `j hjthmkçm& hifjhpcqc`m` s qifzkpm` }zj xj ~cjt`jk hikX~mck& }zj `jkigckm mf xzojpi `j giì `cxpmkpj j ck`cqc`zmf+ Jf hikozkpi `j qjtdix jk ~tcgjtm ~jtxikm `jf ~fztmf "uj bmqj giqj`& uj bmqj djhigj& uj bmqj mfxi tjhiekcxj` # m~itpm mfatmegjkpi fix qmfitjx `j ~tircgc`m` hik jf fjhpit& `j jx~jhcachmhcøk `j }zj jf xzojpi jx zketz~i `j ~jtxikmx s& pmgdcãk& `j }zj fmx mhhcikjx gjkhcikm`mx xj tjmfcmtik ~it qifzkpm` ~ti~cm+ Jf fjhpit ckpjt~tjpm }zj jf kixiptix)uj ckhfzsj mf mzpit `jf pjrpi s mf hikozkpi `j fmhcz`m`mkçm jx~mýifm& }zj jr~fchmk ‖xz‗ bcxpitcm `jx`j ‖xz‗ ~jtx~jhpcqm+ Jk hmgdci& fix qjtdixjk pjthjtm ~jtxikm xj j}zc~mtmk hik fm cg~jtxikmfc`m`& ihzfpmk jxix qmfitjx s jkzkhcmk fixbjhbix xck cg~fchmhcøk "X~mck bmx giqj`& X~mck oickj` c X~mck tjhiekcxjx#+

4+ Jf zxi xcxpjgípchi `jf pi~økcgi X~mck s `jf kigdtj X~mkcxb ~mtm tjajtctxj m fm fjkezm"}zj jx fm aitgm gíx hittcjkpj `j ptm`zhct hmxpjffmki mf ckefãx& mzk}zj pmgdcãk jrcxpmHmxpcfcmk# gmteckmfcm jf tjxpi `j fjkezmx s tjazjtm jf ~tjozchci hikihcì s amfxi `j

c`jkpcachmt }zj hm`m ~mçx i jxpmì pcjkj xifi zkm fjkezm "X~mck ‘ X~mkcxb# ‐s `j }zj jxpi jxfi hittcjkpj i `jxjmdfj‐+ Jk hmgdci& jf zxi `jf ~tikigdtj jqcpm fm tj~jpchcøk `jf pi~økcgi sfm mxihcmhcøk xzdhikxhcjkpj `jf pjttcpitci hik zkm xifm fjkezm+

Jk tjxzgjk& fm xzxpcpzhcøk `jf kixiptix ) uj ~it jf pi~økcgi X~mck hikxptzsj zk atmegjkpi gíxxcg~fcachmì s }zj jrcej gjkix jxazjti hiekcpcqi mf fjhpit& ~jti jfcgckm gmpchjx xcekcachmpcqix `jx`jfm ~jtx~jhpcqm `jf mzpit& }zj iatjhçm jk xz itceckmf zkm `jxhtc~hcøk gíx xzdojpcqm& ~tørcgm s xjkxcdfjhik fm `cqjtxc`m` fckeöçxpchm+

8+0+ Qmfitmhcøk? ffmki hikptm ~mtpchzfmt

Jk xz hittji& fm j`cpitm gjkhcikmdm }zj xzx hittjhhcikjx gjoitmdmk pmkpi jf aikì higi fm aitgm

`jf pjrpi "dipb pbj afiu mk` fmkezmej#& xcezcjkì zkm `j fmx `ctjhptchjx `j fm tjqcxpm& }zj tjhzjt`m fmkjhjxc`m` `j jxhtcdct jk ‖~fmck Jkefcxb‗ ‐xc dcjk xj tjhikihj jk iptm `ctjhptc }zj ‖uj ì kipejkjtmffs cg~ixj m bizxj xpsfj& mk` mffiu ait qmtcmpcikx ck xpsfj mk` hikqjkpcikx atig hizkpts pihizkpts‗‐+

@j giì }zj fm hzjxpcøk `j aikì jx `jhc`ct xc fm qjtxcøk itceckmf "M)D# jx i ki ‖~fmck Jkefcxb‗ sxc fix ~zkpix jkgjk`mìx ~i`tçmk jkptmt i ki `jkpti `j jxm hmpjeitçm `j ‖qmtcmhcikjx jk jf jxpcfi s fmxhikqjkhcikjx‗ `j zkm higzkc`m` hzfpztmf+ Qjmgix ìx `jackchcikjx `cazk`c`mx `j pjrpi ffmki ~mtmmkmfcmt jf ~tcgjt ~zkpi?

Zk pjrpi ffmki? m# zxm zk fjkezmoj "tjecxpti& qihmdzfmtci# m~ti~cmì mf fjhpit "kjhjxc`m`jx&hikihcgcjkpix# s mf ìhzgjkpi "pjgm& idojpcqi#< d# pcjkj zk `cxjýi tmhcikmf }zj ~jtgcpj jkhikptmt fmckaitgmhcøk cg~itpmkpj jk xjezc`m< h# xj ~zj`j jkpjk`jt fm ~tcgjtm qj }zj xj fjj& s `# hzg~fj fixtj}zcxcpix fjemfjx kjhjxmtcix "Hmxxmks =338? 45#+



@+ HMXXMKS


Pbj utcpcke mk` xjppcke izp ia jxxjkpcmf ckaitgmpcik ck m ums pbmp ecqjx m hi'i~jtmpcqj& gipcqmpj` ~jtxikm eii` hbmkhj ia zk`jtxpmk`cke cp mp actxp tjm`cke& mk` ck pbj xmgj xjkxj pbmp pbj utcpjt gjmkp cp pi djzk`jtxpii` "Hzppx 4>>0#+

Mgdmx `jackchcikjx hickhc`jk jk }zj zk pjrpi ffmki `jdj jkpjk`jtxj hik zkm xifm fjhpztm& xck`jgmxcmì jxazjti& s m`m~pmtxj m fmx hmtmhpjtçxpchmx `j fix ckpjtfihzpitjx "~ti~øxcpi `jf mzpit&

gipcqmhcøk s hikihcgcjkpix `j fix fjhpitjx& jph+#+ Htji }zj fm qjtxcøk itceckmf `jf atmegjkpi "D#hzg~fj hik mgdix ~ti~øxcpix& xc hikxc`jtmgix }zj jf atmegjkpi mkmfcmì ~jtpjkjhj m zk mtpçhzfihcjkpçachi }zj qmk m fjjt jx~jhcmfcxpmx jk fm `cxhc~fckm& mzk}zj xjmk `j ígdcpix gzs `cqjtxix"fckeöcxpmx& mdiemìx& jhikigcxpmx& jph+#+ @j giì }zj fmx hittjhhcikjx tjmfcm`mx ki xj ~zj`jk ozxpcachmt ~it jxpj ~ti~øxcpi+

Gíx mttcdm pmgdcãk bj `jajk`cì }zj fix jfjgjkpix hittjecìx m~itpmdmk tmxeix hzfpztmfjx ~ti~cix`j fm ~tihj`jkhcm `jf mzpit& `jx`j fm tjhikihc`m gmsit jrpjkxcøk `j fmx atmxjx jk jx~mýif bmxpm jf zxi`jf kixiptix i fm qifzkpm` `j ~tjxjkpmt fmx fjkezmx jk zk ~fmki `j cezmf`m`+ ît jffi& bzdcjtm xcì ~ixcdfj ~zdfchmt jf pjrpi jk xz qjtxcøk itceckmf& xck jf fcxpmì `j fjkezmx s hik jf kixiptix+ ^jti xc fmj`cpitm xzectcø jxix hmgdcix jx ~it}zj hikxc`jtmtik }zj jxmx gi`cachmhcikjx gjoitmk jf hikozkpi `jfm higzkchmhcøk+ Jk hikhtjpi& mxzgcjtik }zj fm emkmkhcm `j jachmhcm s hfmtc`m` jtm xz~jtcit m fm ~ãt`c`m `j fmx ~mtpchzfmtc`m`jx hzfpztmfjx& }zj cg~fçhcpmgjkpj ki xj hikxc`jtmtik tjfjqmkpjx+

Hikxc`jtmkì fmx jxptmpjecmx tjxjým`mx gíx mttcdm& ~mtjhj hfmti }zj fm j`cpitm ⎩ hik fm mhj~pmhcøkpíhcpm `jf mzpit ⎩ m~fchø mf pjrpi zkm jxptmpjecm `j mhigi`mhcøk "i `j ìgjxpchmhcøk& bmhcjkì zkxçgcf hik fm ptm`zhhcøk# ~mtm ihzfpmt fix tmxeix ~mtpchzfmtjx `j fm hzfpztm fmpckm `jf mzpit s ~mtmmhzfpztcmt jf jxhtcpi jk ckefãx+ ^tidmdfjgjkpj fm kjhjxc`m` `j dzxhmt zk jxpcfi ffmki& hik ‖~fmckJkefcxb‗& ckhtjgjkpø jxpm jxptmpjecm& mzk}zj ki bzdcjtm gipcqix ⎩ higi bjgix qcxpi+ Fix jojg~fixmkmfcmìx `j hittjhhcikjx& mzk}zj xjmk xzpcfjx& `jgzjxptmk jxpm jfjhhcøk& ~zjxpi }zj xj hittjx~ik`jkhik jfjgjkpix ~ti~cix `j fm hzfpztm kmpcqm `jf mzpit }zj jxpj qmfitm higi cg~itpmkpjx ~jti }zj fmj`cpitm `jxjxpcgø+

Higi fjhpit s higi ckqjxpcemìt& gj tjxzfpm gzhbi gíx ckpjtjxmkpj zk jxhtcpi }zj gzjxptj fixitçejkjx s fm tjpøtchm kmpcqm `jf mzpit `j giì hibjtjkpj& etmhcmx m fm m~fchmhcøk `j jxptmpjecmx `jptmkx~ixchcøk i `j m~ti~cmhcøk+ Gj ~mtjhjk gíx xzejtjkpjx j ckaitgmpcqix fix pjrpix `cqjtejkpjx&

htjmpcqix& `cmføechix s htçpchix& }zj fix hikqjtejkpjx& gikøpikix& gikiføechix s mhtçpchix+ Htji }zjpmgdcãk jx gíx tjx~jpzixi s ozxpi hik fm `cqjtxc`m` fckeöçxpchm s hzfpztmf `jf ~fmkjpm& m`jgíx `j xjt pmgdcãk gíx j`zhmpcqi s mzpãkpchi+ M`jgíx& hzmkì hm`m `çm jx gíx bmdcpzmf }zj fix mzpitjx ~zdfc}zjk xzx jxhtcpix jk fjkezmx atmkhmx ckpjtkmhcikmfjx higi jf ckefãx ⎩ ¡s pmgdcãk jf jx~mýif- ⎩ &jxpmx hzjxpcikjx m`}zcjtjk gíx ckpjtãx+ @j jffmx `j~jk`j }zj pjkemgix zk gzkì zkcaitgj s kjzpti&hik zkm ÿkchm tjpøtchm s hzfpztm mxã~pchm s `jxfihmfcm`m& i }zj m~ixpjgix ~it zk gzkì `cqjtxi&gzfpchzfpztmf s tj~fjpi `j ~mtpchzfmtc`m`jx tjpøtchmx+ "ît piì jxi& ~tigjpi xjt gíx jrcejkpj jk gc ~tørcgi mtpçhzfi jk ckefãx mf `jajk`jt gcx ~mtpchzfmtc`m`jx fmpckmx+#

0+ XJEZK@I HMXI? PJXCX @J GÍXPJT

Jk ozfci `j 4>=> zk jxpz`cmkpj `j ~ixetmì kmpztmf `j ^zki "^jtÿ#& `j fjkezm gmpjtkm }zjhbzm&

`jajk`cø xz pjxcx `j gíxpjt xidtj fm fjhpztm htçpchm jk fix fcdtix `j pjrpi& jxhtcpm jk jx~mýif s tjmfcm`m dmoi gc xz~jtqcxcøk+ Jk fix gjxjx mkpjtcitjx fjç s hittjeç qmtcmx qjhjx kzgjtixix atmegjkpix `j xzptmdmoi& }zj ~tjxjkpmdm mfezkmx ckhittjhhcikjx s ~mtpchzfmtc`m`jx etmgmpchmfjx s tjpøtchmx+ Jk jxpjm~mtpmì xifi gj tjajtctã m ìx atmegjkpix dtjqjx& ~mtm gixptmt iptix mx~jhpix `j fm ckpjtmhhcøk jkptjfjkezmx jk fm jxhtcpztm& jk hfmxj `j F4+

Jk fix xcezcjkpjx atmegjkpix bj xzdtmsmì s kzgjtmì hik hcatmx jk xz~jtçk`chjx fmx hittjhhcikjxtjmfcm`mx ~it jf ìhjkpj "pjrpi `j fm `jtjhbm# xidtj jf itceckmf `jf jxpz`cmkpj "m fm c}zcjt`m#?

Itceckmf `jf jxpz`cmkpjît ipti fmì& pmg~ihi xj ~tjxjkpmk

~tjezkpmx ~mtm hzjxpcikmt mf mzpit `jf pjrpi+Jk Hcjkhcmx Xihcmfjx xøfi zdchmgix ìx ~tjezkpmx qckhzfmìx= m jxpj htcpjtci jk jf

gmkzmf `jf GJ@< ~mtjhcjtm }zj fix mzpitjx`j fix fcdtix `j pjrpi tjxpmk cg~itpmkhcm m

Hittjhhcøk `jf ìhjkpjît ipti fmì& pmg~ihi xj ~tjxjkpmk

~tjezkpmx ~mtm hzjxpcikmt mf mzpit `jf pjrpi+ JkHcjkhcmx Xihcmfjx xøfi zdchmgix ìx ~tjezkpmxqckhzfm`mx= m jxpj htcpjtci jk jf gmkzmf `jf

GJ@< ~mtjhcjtm }zj fix mzpitjx `j fix fcdtix `jpjrpi tjxpmk cg~itpmkhcm m jxpj pc~i `j ~tjezkpmx+





jxpj pc~i `j ~tjezkpmx+Zk pjthjt htcpjtci jxpí qckhzfmì m4 fm

~tidfjgmpcmhcøk8& mffç xj ~ti~ikjk0 ~tjezkpmx ~mtm }zj jf jxpz`cmkpj tjafjrcikjxidtj xz0 m~fchmdcfc`m` jk fm qc`m tjmf s pigjzkm `jhcxcøk+

\‡W Jf xcezcjkpj hzm`ti kix ~ti~ithcikmzkm c`jm `j `øk`j ~tiqcjkjk fix pjrpix: shzíf jx fm acmdcfc`m` `j fmx azjkpjx1?

Zk pjthjt htcpjtci jxpí qckhzfmì hik4 fm ~tidfjgmpcmhcøk `j zk pjgm8& hik0 ~tjezkpmx ~mtm }zj jf jxpz`cmkpj tjafjrcikj xidtj fmm~fchmdcfc`m` jk fm qc`m tjmf `j zkm hzjxpcøk spigj zkm `jhcxcøk+

\‡W Jf xcezcjkpj hzm`ti kix ~ti~ithcikmzkm c`jm `j fm ~tihj`jkhcm `j fix pjrpix: s&pmgdcãk5& `j xz acmdcfc`m`1?

Fm hittjhhcøk kÿgjti = majhpm m fm hikhit`mkhcm `j eãkjti " ~tjezkpmx qckhzfm`mx# s hikxpcpzsj zkjojg~fi hfmti `j ckpjtajtjkhcm fckeöçxpchm `jf jxpz`cmkpj jkptj xz F= "}zjhbzm# s xz F4 `jf jxhtcpi"jx~mýif#& ~zjxpi }zj jf }zjhbzm hmtjhj `j eãkjti ~mtm fix mòjpcqix s fm hikhit`mkhcm hik jf kigdtj+Jk hmgdci& fm hittjhhcøk kÿgjti 4 xifi ~zj`j qmfitmtxj higi zkm jrptmfcgcpmhcøk `jf ìhjkpj& ~zjxpi}zj jf qjtdi qckhzfmt m`gcpj pmkpi fm ~tj~ixchcøk m higi hik:& ~it fi }zj tjxzfpm ckkjhjxmtcm j ckhfzximtdcptmtcm jxm hittjhhcøk& bmdc`m hzjkpm& m`jgíx& `j }zj jk jf ~íttmai mkpjtcit jkhikptmgix zkqckhzfm`mx m jxpj htcpjtci ki hittjecì+

Gíx ckpjtjxmkpjx ~mtm kzjxpti ~ti~øxcpi xik fmx xcezcjkpjx hittjhhcikjx ~it}zj majhpmk m

hzjxpcikjx `j jxpcfi s tjpøtchm+ Fm kÿgjti 8 hikxcxpj jk jx~jhcachmt jf xzxpmkpcqi ~tidfjgmpcmhcøk hikjf hig~fjgjkpi `j zk pjgm& ~mtm iatjhjt gíx `mpix jr~fçhcpix+ Fm kÿgjti 0 xzxpcpzsj zk `jçhpchi hikqmfit `j mkíaitm jkìaøtchm "mffç tjajtcì m pjthjt htcpjtci# }zj ckpti`zhçm zkm itmhcøk szrpm~zjxpm "mffç

xj ~ti~ikjk#& ~it zk hig~fjgjkpi hcthzkxpmkhcmf ckxptzgjkpmf "hik ~tjezkpmx# }zj xj qckhzfm hik fmatmxj mkpjtcit& `j gmkjtm }zj jf ~jtciì m`}zcjtj hibjxcøk ckptmitmhcikmf+ Fmx hittjhhcikjx kÿgjti :s 1 xzxpcpzsjk atmxjx ckpjttiempcqmx ck`ctjhpmx "`j `øk`j ~tiqcjkjk fix pjrpix s \`jW hzíf jx fm

acmdcfc`m` `j fmx azjkpjx# ~it hig~fjgjkpix `jf kigdtj "`j fm ~tihj`jkhcm `j fix pjrpix s `j xz acmdcfc`m` #& ~tjactcjkì mxç jf jxpcfi kigckmf+ Fm hittjhhcøk kÿgjti 5 "fm m`chcøk `j pmgdcãk# jxckkjhjxmtcm& ~zjxpi }zj ki hittcej kckeÿk jttit kc m~itpm km`m tjfjqmkpj+

Jxpj ÿfpcgi etz~i `j hittjhhcikjx ~mtjhj tjx~ik`jt m fm ckpjkhcøk `j ìpmt mf atmegjkpi `j zkjxpcfi gíx mhit`j hik fm ~tixm mhm`ãgchm jx~mýifm& }zj ~tjacjtj jf jxpcfi kigckmf mf qjtdmf& hikmdzk`mkhcm `j kigckmfcmhcikjx " ~tihj`jkhcm#& jx~jhcachmhcikjx hik hig~fjgjkpi "fm

~tidfjgmpcmhcøk `j zk pjgm# s hibjxcøk gíx cgdtchm`m "hik ~tjezkpmx ~mtm#+ Jxpj jxpcfi jx gíxmdxptmhpi j cg~jtxikmf& mf jqcpmt fix qjtdix }zj jrcejk xzojpix etmgmpchmfjx& s xj mfjom gíx `jf bmdfmhittcjkpj+ Xj ptmpmtçm xck `z`m `j ipti jojg~fi `j mhigi`mhcøk m fm F4& ~ti~zjxpi ~it jf ìhjkpjhittjhpit& }zj xj ‖m~ti~cm‗ `jf pjrpi `jf jxpz`cmkpj& jf hzmf fi mhj~pm xck tjhbcxpmt+

^jti& mzk}zj jxpjgix gíx mhixpzgdtmìx mf jxpcfi `j fm `jtjhbm ⎩ s ~it jffi ~zj`m ~mtjhjtkixgíx hjthmki s hfmti ⎩ & ki bms km`m jk jf atmegjkpi `j fm c}zcjt`m }zj xjm zk jttit i zkmmgdceöj`m`& }zj ~zj`m ozxpcachmt xz tjaitgzfmhcøk+ Xj ptmpm `j zkm ~tixm gíx qjtdmf& hjthmkm mf bmdfmhittcjkpj "hik `jçhpchix& atmxjx szrpm~zjxpmx& ckpjttiempcqmx ck`ctjhpmx& cg~fçhcpix#& }zj jf mzpit ~zj`jqcxzmfcmt higi gíx ~jtxikmf s ~ti~ci ‐s }zj ~zj`j ckhfzxi ~tjajtct m fm ~tixm mhm`ãgchm kjzptm+ Xcazjtm mxç& xj ptmpmtçm `j zkm mfpjtkmpcqm jxpcfçxpchm m fm jxhtcpztm mhm`ãgchm ìgckmkpj& pmk mfjom`m `jfzxi fckeöçxpchi hittcjkpj `j gzhbix jxpz`cmkpjx ‐qjt mtpçhzfi `j _mqmfm jk jxpj gcxgi gikietíachi+Fi }zj m~mtjkpjgjkpj jtm xifi cg~jtchcm jk jf ìgckci `jf tjecxpti mhm`ãgchi ‐xjeÿk fmxhittjhhcikjx `jf ìhjkpj‐& xj ~i`tçm ckpjt~tjpmt pmgdcãk higi zkm jfjhhcøk qifzkpmtcm s zk ckpjkpi `jtjxcxpct m fmx hikqjkhcikjx `j fm F4 s `j dzxhmt zk jxpcfi `cmføechi htjmpcqi s htçpchi+

HIKHFZXCIKJX? FMX ATIKPJTMX TJPØTCHMX @JF JX^MÝIF

^mtm pjtgckmt& ckpjkpmtã tjx~ik`jt m fmx ~tjezkpmx }zj ~fmkpjã mf ~tckhc~ci `jf mtpçhzfi& m ~mtpct `jjxpmx ptjx hzjxpcikjx?

C`jkpc`m` `jf mzpit s jxhtcpztm jk F4+ Gíx mffí `j fix `mpix s fmx pjitçmx& ki bms zkm ÿkchmtjx~zjxpm m fmx ~tjezkpmx ~fmkpjm`mx? jf mzpit ~zj`j jfject gixptmt z ihzfpmt xz tjpøtchm s hzfpztmkmpcqmx& ~zj`j jfject fm mhigi`mhcøk& fm i~ixchcøk i fm m~ti~cmhcøk higi jxptmpjecmx `j jxhtcpztm jk

: Zkm dÿx}zj`m jk jf Hit~zx `j Tjajtjkhcm `jf Jx~mýif Mhpzmf& `j fm TMJ& `m 22 ihzttjkhcmx ~mtm qckhzfmt m sxifi 4 ~mtm qckhzfmt hik& ~it fi }zj ckhfzxi jx gíx bmdcpzmf fm i~hcøk itceckmf+



@+ HMXXMKS


F4+ Pi`mx fmx tjx~zjxpmx xik fjeçpcgmx& ~zjxpi }zj jf mzpit pcjkj jf `jtjhbi `j ~tjxjkpmtxj m xzxfjhpitjx higi `jxjj& gixptmkì zkm hmtm i gíxhmtm " amhj# }zj tjafjoj xz F=& iptm }zj fj ~tjxjkpjhigi bmdfmkpj `j F4 i hzmf}zcjt iptm }zj gjhfj m~itpmhcikjx `j mgdix c`cigmx+ Fm jxptmpjecmjfjec`m hikptcdzsj `jhcxcqmgjkpj m hikxptzct fm c`jkpc`m` `cxhztxcqm `jf mzpit s piìx tjhikihjgixfm fjecpcgc`m` `j jxpm jfjhhcøk+

Jk gc hmxi ~mtpchzfmt& higi mzpit gj ezxpm gixptmt gcx itçejkjx hzfpztmfjx s tjpøtchix< s higifjhpit ~tjacjti fix pjrpix }zj gzjxptmk fm ptmsjhpitcm hzfpztmf s fckeöçxpchm `jf mzpit+ ]zcjti xjezct xcjkì hmpmfík s jx~mýif& pmgdcãk hzmkì jxhtcdi jk iptix c`cigmx+ Ki }zcjti gixptmt hmtmx`cajtjkpjx xjeÿk jxhtcdi jk zk c`cigm z ipti& m giì `j hig~ikjkpjx hzfpztmfjx }zj xj hikjhpmk ixj `jxhikjhpmk& xjeÿk fmx xcpzmhcikjx `j jxhtcpztm+ Jk jf j~cxi`ci `jf mtpçhzfi `j Hfmtcps "m~mtpmì4# hzmkì fjç jf hittji `j fm j`cpitm hik xzx hittjhhcikjx tjhikihç }zj gjoitmdmk gc pjrpi& ~jti gj`coj? ‖sm ki xis si jf }zj bmdfm mffç‗& ‖xj gztcø fm gctm`m ~jtxikmf }zj bmdçm jk jf itceckmf‗+

Ki jx xifi zkm jfjhhcøk ~jtxikmf+ @jx`j zkm ~jtx~jhpcqm xihcihzfpztmf ‐higi fm }zj xj`jacjk`j m}zç‐& ~mtjhj zpø~chi i cg~ixcdfj ~i`jt `jxqckhzfmt jf hikpjkcì `j zk jxhtcpi `j fixhikpjrpix xihcihzfpztmfjx jk }zj xj ckxjtpm& `j fm ~tíhpchm fjptm`m }zj xj `jxmttiffm hik ãf s `j fmbcxpitcm tjpøtchm i hzfpztmf `jf mzpit+ ]zcíx jxpi xjm ~ixcdfj hik jxhtcpix `j hcjkhcmx jr~jtcgjkpmfjxs xidtj pjgmx pãhkchix s zkcqjtxmfjx& }zj zpcfcmk xcxpjgmx ki qjtdmfjx `j tj~tjxjkpmhcøk `jf

hikihcgcjkpi "gmpjgípchm& }zçgchm& ckaitgípchm#& ~jti ~mtjhj gzhbi gíx `caçhcf hik fmx hcjkhcmxxihcmfjx s hik fmx bzgmkc`m`jx+ ît jffi& gj ~mtjhj gíx bikjxpi s hfmti gixptmt fm tjpøtchm s fmhzfpztm kmpcqmx `jf mzpit+

Fjkezm& hzfpztm s higzkchmhcøk+ Gzhbix mzpitjx jrptmkojtix jxhtcdjk jk jx~mýif higi F4 ~mtm higzkchmt xzx ~zkpix `j qcxpm& ~jti ~tjacjtjk gmkpjkjt xz tjpøtchm s xz hzfpztm kmpcqmx ‐cezmf}zj si mf jxhtcdct jk ckefãx+ Zpcfcmk jf jx~mýif xifi higi bjttmgcjkpm `j higzkchmhcøk& xck }zjbmsm qifzkpm` mfezkm `j ckpjetmhcøk hzfpztmf i `j mhzfpztmhcøk `j xzx aitgmx tjpøtchmx ~tipipç~chmx+Jx~jtmk jkhikptmt zk ckxptzgjkpi jxhtcpi `j higzkchmhcøk }zj xjm afjrcdfj& qjtxípcf s gmfjmdfj&}zj xj m`m~pj m xzx kjhjxc`m`jx+ Jx~jtmk jkhikptmt pmgdcãk zkm higzkc`m` `j fjhpitjx }zj xjmpifjtmkpj& hztcixm s tjx~jpzixm hik fmx aitgmx tjpøtchmx ~tihj`jkpjx `j iptmx higzkc`m`jx+

Jk jxpj xjkpcì& ~mtm fm fjkezm ckefjxm& Hmkmemtmomb "4>>1# xj tjacjtj m fix ‖Uitf` Jkefcxbjx‗&m fm `cqjtxc`m` `j qmtcj`m`jx `jf ckefãx jk jf gzkì& s m ‖~fztmfcmt fm jxhtcpztm‗& m afjrcdcfcmt fix

zxix tjpøtchix `j `jpjtgckm`mx ~tíhpchmx mhm`ãgchmx+ Tjhzjt`m }zj bis jk `çm jrcxpjk gíxbmdfmkpjx ki kmpcqix `jf ckefãx "~tihj`jkpjx `j Ck`cm& Kcejtcm& Jzti~m& jph+# }zj kmpcqix }zj pjkemkjxj c`cigm higi F= "itceckmtcix `j Etmk Dtjpmým& Jxpmìx Zkcìx& Mzxptmfcm& jph+#+ ^mtm jxpix ~ipjkhcmfjx mzpitjx jk ckefãx jxhtcpi higi F4& hmtjhj `j xjkpcì mgif`mtxj m fmx jxptchpmxhikqjkhcikjx tjpøtchmx s hzfpztmfjx `j fmx ~tíhpchmx fjptm`mx kitpjmgjtchmkmx i dtcpíkchmx& ~zjxpi}zj kc jffix higi mzpitjx kc dzjkm ~mtpj `j xzx fjhpitjx qcqjk jk jxpix ~mçxjx kc hig~mtpjk xzxaitgmx hzfpztmfjx+ ^mtm piìx jxpix mzpitjx tjxzfpm gzhbi gíx kmpztmf s ÿpcf dzxhmt aitgmx pjrpzmfjxbçdtc`mx s mdcjtpmx& }zj ~zj`mk ckhit~itmt jfjgjkpix itceckmfjx `j xz F=& `j gmkjtm `cmføechm&htçpchm s hibjtjkpj+

Mzk}zj jf jx~mýif jxpã fjoix pi`mqçm `j jxpm xcpzmhcøk& jxpí hfmti }zj pmgdcãk pcjkj gzhbixbmdfmkpjx ki kmpcqix& ~tihj`jkpjx `j `cajtjkpjx ikmx `jf gzkì& s }zj jf tmikmgcjkpi `j fm`cqjtxc`m` tjpøtchm pmgdcãk jx ~jtpckjkpj+ Gc hifjem Hmtgjk ^mxpit& ~tiajxitm `j jx~mýif jk

Mfjgmkcm& fi hzjkpm `j jxpm gmkjtm `jfchcixm?Tjhzjtì hzmkì jk jf 38 jg~jhã m `mt hfmxjx m}zç jk Mfjgmkcm+ Jxpmdm jgihcikm`m hik jf fcdti

Ckpjthmgdci+ Bmdçm zkm fjhhcøk jk fm }zj fix mfzgkix pjkçmk }zj tjmhhcikmt higi zk jx~mýif hzmkì pjjxpík hikpmkì zkm mkãhìpm+ Pjkçmk }zj `jhct? ‖¹Mb& xç9 ¡Ki gj `cemx-‗& ‖¡^zjx qmsm-‗& jph+ Mf ~tmhpchmtfi jk hfmxj zk mfzgki xj kjemdm m tjmhhcikmt+ Fj ~tjezkpã ~it }zã+ Gj tjx~ik`cø ‖~it}zj siki tjmhhciki mxç+ Si hmffi s jxhzhbi& ki xis jx~mýif& xis mfjgík bmdfmkì jx~mýif‗+ Ki fi bj ifqc`mìkzkhm s mbitm gj fcgcpi m gixptmt høgi tjmhhcikmgix kixiptix s m higjkpmtfi+ Xc `jhc`jk hi~cmtkix iki& jx hixm xzsm‡ Hmtgjk ̂ mxpit "hittji jfjhptøkchi? 5'=='=>#+

Fm mkãhìpm xj tjacjtj mf bmdfm hifi}zcmf& gzhbi gíx tjfmhcikm`m hik jf hig~itpmgcjkpihigzkchmpcqi s fm c`jkpc`m` xihcmf `jf xzojpi }zj fm jxhtcpztm+ ^jti xj ~zj`j m~fchmt pmgdcãk m fmhigzkchmhcøk jxhtcpm+ ]zj jxpm xjm `cfmpm`m jk jf jx~mhci s jf pcjg~i& }zj ~jtgcpm ~fmkcachmt s

hittject jf pjrpi i }zj zxj tjecxptix gíx aitgmfjx& ki hmgdcm fm kmpztmfjm `j fm tjfmhcøk jkptjfjkezm& hzfpztm j c`jkpc`m`+




HZM@JTKIX HIGCFFMX& =& 4>==:>

Fm hittjhhcøk jk F4+ Zki `j fix ígdcpix hikhtjpix `j fm `c`íhpchm `j JFJ jk fix }zj xjgmkcacjxpmk `j gmkjtm gíx hfmtm j ckgj`cmpm fmx tjafjrcikjx mkpjtcitjx jx& xck `z`m& jk fmhittjhhcøk `j fix jxhtcpix `jf mfzgkmì+ Fm m~fchmhcøk `j fmx itcjkpmhcikjx mkpjtcitjx tj}zcjtjmì~pmt zkm mhpcpz` `cajtjkpj mkpj jf jxhtcpi `jf mfzgki "m~tjk`c `j jx~mýif higi F4# }zj jx~jtmfm qmfitmhcøk `jf ìhjkpj "kmpcqi jk jx~mýif#+

Bmxpm mbitm fix ìhjkpjx bmdçmgix m~fchmì zkix htcpjtcix jxptchpix `j tjx~jpi m fm kitgm s fmptm`chcøk jx~mýifm s `j tjhbmi m fm tmtjm s m fm mfpjtkmpcqm< zk gi`jfi `j mhzfpztmhcøk+ ^jti fmkzjqm pjxcpztm jrcej zkm gctm`m gzhbi gíx hmzpm& tjx~jpzixm j ckhfzxi kjeihcmìtm hik jf mfzgki+Fmx ckhittjhhcikjx& fmx ckpjtajtjkhcmx s fm amfpm `j qihmdzfmtci xjezctík xcjkì jttitjx jqc`jkpjx sjkgjk`mdfjx< ~jti xjtí kjhjxmtci ~tjxpmt mpjkhcøk m fm jr~tjxcøk gíx ~mtpchzfmt `jf mfzgkmì& ~it}zj ~zj`j xjt zk ckpjkpi `j hikxptzct pjrpix htjmpcqix& `cmføechix s htçpchix ‐higi jk jfjojg~fi `jf m~mtpmì 8‐+Jk `jackcpcqm& jf ~tjxjkpj s jf azpzti `j fmx aitgmx tjpøtchmx `jf jxhtcpi jk jx~mýif jx s xjtí gzhbi

gíx ~fztmf& `cqjtxi s mdcjtpi+ Fjjt s jkxjýmt m jxhtcdct jk jx~mýif& hik mzpitjx `j ~tihj`jkhcmx`cqjtxmx& xjtí pi`mqçm gíx hig~fjoi j ckpjtjxmkpj+ Jx~jti }zj xj~mgix qmfitmt ~ixcpcqmgjkpj jxpmxcpzmhcøk s }zj xjmgix tjx~jpzixix hik pi`mx jxmx ~jtxikmx }zj }zcjtjk zxmt jf jx~mýif ~mtmhigzkchmtxj s }zj }zcjtjk jktc}zjhjtfi hik xz m~itpmhcøk tjpøtchm& ~jxj m }zj }zcjtmk xjezct zxmkì

iptmx tjpøtchmx s hzfpztmx+T JAJTJKHCMX DCDFCIETÍACHMX

Dmtpik& @+ s G+ Bmgcfpik "4>>>#? ‖Fcpjtmhs ^tmhpchjx‗& jk Dmtpik& @+& G+ Bmgcfpik s T+ Cqmkch& Xcpzmpj` Fcpjtmhcjx+ Tjm`cke mk` Utcpcke ck Hikpjrp + Fik`tjx& Tizpfjèj+ 5'=:+

Djfhbjt& @+ @+ s Z+ Hikkit "j`+# "4>>=#? Tjafjhpcikx ik gzfpcfcpjtmpj fcqjx& Hfjqjìk& Gzfpcfckezmf Gmppjtx+

Hmkmemtmomb& M+ X+ "4>>4m#? Htcpchmf mhm`jgch utcpcke mk` gzfpcfckezmf xpz`jkpx& Mkk Mtdit& Pbj Zkcqjtxcps ia Gchbcemk ̂ tjxx+

Hmkmemtmomb& M+ X+ "4>>4d#? Eji~ifcpchx ia Mhm`jgch Fcpjtmhs mk` Lkiufjèj Hikxptzhpcik& ^cppxdzteb&Zkcqjtxcps ia ̂ cppxdzteb ̂ tjxx+

Hmkmemtmomb& M+ X+ "4>>8#? ‖^tmhpchcke gzfpcfcpjtmhcjx‗& m~mtpmì jk ^+ L+ Gmpxz`m& M+ X+ Hmkmemtmomb& F+

Bmtlfmz& L+ Bsfmk`& G+ Umtxhbmzjt& ‖Hbmkecke hzttjkpx ck xjhik` fmkezmej utcpcke tjxjmthb? Mhiffi}zczg‗& Oiztkmf ia Xjhik` Fmkezmej Utcpcke & =4? =:='=53+

Hmkmemtmomb& M+ X+ "4>>1#? ‖Pbj ^fmhj ia Uitf` Jkefcxbjx ck Hig~ixcpcik? ^fztmfcmpcik Hikpckzj`‗& HHH & ozkci& :5)0? :23'1=3+

Hmxxmks& @+ "=338#? Fm hzckm `j f–jxhtc~pztm& Dmthjfikm& Jg~ÿtcjx+ Qjtxcøk hmxpjffmkm "=33:#? Fm hihckm `j fmjxhtcpztm& Dmthjfikm& Mkmetmgm+

Hmxxmks& @+ "4>>:#? ‖^fmck Fmkezmej ck X~mck‗& Hfmtcps& 08? 0='00+ Jk bpp~?))uuu+hfmtcps'ckpjtkmpcikmf+kjp)oiztkmfx):8+~à ">0'>8'4>=#+

Hikkit& Z+ "=331#? Hikptmxpcqj tjpbitch+ Htixx'hzfpztmf mx~jhpx ia xjhik`'fmkezmej utcpcke& Hmgdtcèj& HZ^+

Hikkit& Z+ "4>>=#? ‖Hbmkecke Hzttjkpx ck Hikptmxpcqj Tjpbitch? Kju ^mtm`cegx‗+ Jk? M+ C+ Gitjki s Q+Hifujff& ^jtx~jhpcqmx tjhcjkpjx xidtj jf `cxhztxi& Fjøk& MJXFM s Zkcqjtxc`m` `j Fjøk& j`chcøk jk H@'Tig+

Hzjkhm& G+ O+ "4>>=#? ‖Jxpz`c jxpcfçxpch c hikptmxpcz `j f–mt}zcpjhpztm `j f–itmhcø+ Jxpcf xjegjkpmp qx+ jxpcfhibjxcikmp‗& Hçthzfi `j Fckeöçxpchm M~fchm`m m fm Higzkchmhcøk& 5& xj~pcjgdtj+ Jkbpp~?))uuu+zhg+jx)ckai)hcthzfi)ki5)hzjkhm+bpg ">0'>8'4>==#+

Hzppx& G+ "4>>0#? Irait` Ezc`j pi ^fmck Jkefcxb& Irait`& 4+¯ j`+

Bmeej& O+ "=330#? ‖Pbj Qmfzj ia Aitgmf Hikqjkpcikx ck @cxhc~fckmts Utcpcke+ Mk Mrcifiechmf Mkmfsxcx ia ^tiajxxcikmf Xpsfj Gmkzmfx‗& Oiztkmf ia Dzxckjxx mk` Pjhbkchmf Higgzkchmpcik& ihpzdtj& 2? 0>2'01=+

Lmfgmk& O+ "=333#? Utcpcke ik pbj ^fmm& Gj`cmpj` Fcpjtmhs ^tmhpchjx mgike Xhtcdjx mk` Hfcjkpx ck Gjrchi Hcps& Kzjqm Ojtxjs& Bmg~pik ^tjxx+ Qjtxcøk hmxpjffmkm "4>>8#? Jxhtcdct jk fm ~fmm& Gãrchi& Aikì `j HzfpztmJhikøgchm+

Gsjtx& E+ "=33>#? Utcpcke Dcifies? pjrpx ck pbj xihcmf hikxptzhpcik ia xhcjkpcach lkiufjèj& Gm`cxik& Ucx+&Zkcqjtxcps ia Ucxhikxck ̂ tjxx+



@+ HMXXMKS

HZM@JTKIX HIGCFFMX & =& 4>== :=

Kcýi'Gzthcm& G+ "4>=>#? ‖^tíhpchmx fjptm`mx jrzdjtmkpjx jk fm ~jtcajtcm `j fm Tj~ÿdfchm `j fmx fjptmx‗+ Jk O+Lmfgmk s D+ Q+ Xptjjp "j`x+#& Fjhpztm& jxhtcpztm s gmpjgípchmx higi ~tíhpchmx xihcmfjx+ @cífieix hik Mgãtchm Fmpckm& Gãrchi& Xcefi RRC& ~íex+ ==:'=43+

^mxpit& H+ "4>>:#? ‖Jxpz`ci ptmkxhzfpztmf `jf pjrpi mtezgjkpmpcqi? Fm hmtpm `j }zjom jk jx~mýif s jk mfjgík‗+Ptmdmoi `j Gíxpjt& Gm`tc`& Zkcqjtxc`m` Mkpikci `j Kjdtcom+ Jkbpp~?))uuu+z~a+j`z)`pa)tjhjthm)etz~x)etmjf)FH)dcdfci)jxpz̀ ciptmkxhzfpztmf+~à ">0'>8'4>==#+

Xhbfjcjtgmhbjt& A+ "=282#? ‖Ödjt `cj qjtxhbcj`jkjk Gjpbi`jk `jt Ödxjtjpjkx‗ "=2=8#& jk Xàgpfchbj Ujtlj+Djtfçk& ~mtpj CCC& qif+ CC& ~íex+ 4>5'40:+ Qjtxcøk hmxpjffmkm "=331#? ‖Xidtj fix `cajtjkpjx giìx `j ptm`zhct‗+Jk A+ Fmamtem "j`+#& Jf `cxhztxi xidtj fm ptm`zhhcøk jk fm bcxpitcm? Mkpifieçm dcfckeöj& Dmthjfikm& JZD+&8>>'8:4+

Qjkzpc& F+ "=33:#? Pbj Ptmkxfmpit–x Ckqcxcdcfcps? M Bcxpits ia Ptmkxfmpcik& Fik`tjx& Tizpfjèj+

_mqmfm& Q+ "4>>2#? ‖Gmcf pbmp ajj`x pbj amgcfs? ~i~zfmt hittjx~ik`jkhj mk` iaachcmf fcpjtmhs hmg~mcekx‗& Oiztkmf ia @jqjfi~gjkp Xpz`cjx& 00 "1#? 285'202+

DANIEL CASSANY Sobre las fronteras retóricas del español escrito

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