Benítez Rubio, Fco. Javier - Introducción al Pensamiento Islámico

7/30/2019 Bentez Rubio, Fco. Javier - Introduccin al Pensamiento Islmico

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Cd Fmxpozmd `k cd Imcoxoid o `kc Rkexdlmkepo Ohhm`kepdc eo ekhkxmpd#akekzdclkepk# cdzadx mepzo`{hhmoekx rzkxkepdò cox hoepkvpox ke cox t{k x{zam%

Xoe hoeohmòx roz hdxm poòx rozt{k kx# xmlrck } ccdedlkepk# e{kxpzo rdxdò#

`kc h{dc fklox oò fdjcdz meimem`d` `k ykhkx7 } t{k# `k dcae loò { opzo#

fklox kxp{`mdò }d `kx`k cd k`{hdhme kxhocdz jxmhd% Kxpo eo oh{zzk hoe opzox

rkexdlmkepox } imcoxoidx% Kx roz co t{k ke cdx Fmxpozmdx `k cd Imcoxoid }

Rkexdlmkepo ozmkepdc k mxclmho cdx mepzo`{hhmoekx pmkeke t{k xkz cdzadx }rzocmndx% Rzmlkzo# kx l{hfo kc `kxhoeohmlmkepo `k cdx hdpkaozdx jxmhdx#

xohmdckx# h{cp{zdckx } zkcmamoxdx# t{k x{xpkepde kxox opzox l{eòx% C{kao# kxpe

cox rzkn{mhmox mepkzkxdòx } cdx mepkzrzkpdhmoekx kzzekdx t{k xk x{kcke pkekz `k

kxdx opzdx ymxmoekx `kc l{eò# cd ym`d } kc foljzk%

Fdxpd eo fdhk l{hfo kc rkexdlmkepo mxclmho kzd rzoi{e`dlkepk

maeozdò% Rohox zkhoeohde t{k i{kzoe cox l{x{cldekx cox t{k pzdexlmpmkzoe cdfkzkehmd `k cd Depmak`d`% D`klx `k t{k# } eo kx {ed h{kxpme lkzdlkepk

dekh`pmhd# i{k cd imcoxoid mxclmhd cd t{k mehm`m ke kc rkexdlmkepo cdpmeo `k cd

K`d` Lk`md# } eo dc hoepzdzmo% Poò co zkcdhmoedò hoe kc Mxcdl roz {e cdò fd

x{izmò kc ocymò } cd `kxm`md `k cd ld}ozd `k cox xkhpozkx mepkckhp{dckx }

dhd`lmhox k{zorkox7 } roz opzo# ke kc emykc ror{cdz# fd xmljocm~dò dc pkzzoz } d

cd `kydxpdhme> {ed zkcmame ymockepd i{e`d`d roz {e idepmho rdzd akepk


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mepockzdepk# xkhpdzmd } l{} ldemr{cdjck% Eo kx kvpzdo# depk poò kxpo# t{k cd

imcoxoid mxclmhd fd}d xmò xmklrzk {e rkexdlmkepo ocym`dò rdzd kc azde

rjcmho# } t{k xco ck fd rzkxpdò dpkehme {e rkt{ko az{ro `k kvrkzpox%

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Rkzo kc Mxcdl kx {ed holrcknd zkdcm`d` h{}o ehcko rzmehmrdc kx {ed

zkcmame t{k dhkrpd d @mox holo cd emhd } ykz`d`kzd zkdcm`d` `k cd t{k poò

`krke`k } pmkek ke cd lx dcpd kxpmld dc Rzoikpd L{fdlld`# x{ Keymdò% Rkzo

kxpk ehcko zkcmamoxo eo daopd dc Mxcdl# t{k pdljme kx {ed hoehkrhme `kc l{eòke cd t{k kxpe mlrcmhd`dx pdepo {ed ozadem~dhme xohmdc } rocpmhd holo {ed

hmymcm~dhme ldpkzmdc } {ed h{cp{zd kxrmzmp{dc&A{kzzkzo# :220>:2=-%

Mxcdl pdljme lkehmoed ma{dclkepk kc ljmpo kxrdhmdc } akoazimho ke t{k

ymyk cd hol{em`d` mxclmhd# @dz dc,Mxcdl o cd !hdxd `kc Mxcdl!# izkepk dc zkxpo `kc

{emykzxo eo l{x{cle# @dz dc,Fdzj o !hdxd `k cd a{kzzd!% N{epo d kxpox dxrkhpox

fd} opzox l{hfox `k azde mlrozpdehmd% @kxpdhdzklox {eo `k kccox> rdzdholrzke`kz hoe im`kcm`d` kc rkexdlmkepo mxclmho kx i{e`dlkepdc ro`kz

`mxhkzemz cox kcklkepox zdjkx rzkmxclmhox t{k fd} ke c% @k kepzk kxpox fd}

{eo t{k `kxpdhd ro`kzoxdlkepk>

Cd kxhdxd h{cp{zd t{k cox jk`{meox `k cox `kxmkzpox `k Dzdjmd roxkde depkx `kc

d`ykemlmkepo `kc mxcdl t{k`djd zk`{hm`d# i{e`dlkepdclkepk d cd rokxd# kvrzkxd`d ke {e

ckea{dnk `k eopdjck zmt{k~d# &-% Co t{k cd Dzdjmd rzkmxclmhd drozpdjd# r{kx# d cd hoeima{zdhme`k co t{k c{kao cckadzd d xkz {ed azde hmymcm~dhme kzd {ed ckea{d t{k# cd lx zmhd `kc pzoeho

xklpmho# xk hoeykzpmzd ke kc mexpz{lkepo d pzdyx `kc h{dc kxd hmymcm~dhme xk kvrzkx7 p{yo pdc

mlrozpdehmd# t{k ccka d zkklrcd~dz cdx ckea{dx rzormdx `k cox pkzzmpozmox ke t{k xk mlr{xo kc

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Kc r{epo `k rdzpm`d `kc Mxcdl kx cd Famzd# ke kc do 9:: `k e{kxpzd kzd#

h{deò Ldfold xk zkpmzd `kx`k cd Lkhd d Lk`med% Cd zkpmzd`d `kc Rzoikpd ldzhd

kc z{ljo `kimempmyo `kc Mxcdl% Ldfold# xme `kndz `k xkz kc keymdò `k @mox# xmeo


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roz kc lmxlo fkhfo `k xkzco# xk hoeymkzpk ke nkik rocpmho# lmcmpdz } n{`mhmdc# ke kc

ckamxcdòz x{rzklo `k cd [lld# cd e{kyd hol{em`d` mxclmhd% Cd e{kyd ik

roxp{cd {ed e{kyd xohmk`d`# d cd t{k e{ehd xk fdjzd cckadò xme cd d}{`d `k@mox% Imedclkepk Ldfold l{zm# rckedlkepk hoexhmkepk `k x{ lmxme {emykzxdc#

kc 6 `k n{emo `kc do 98:# `k e{kxpzd kzd% Kc Mxcdl `dz x{ rkh{cmdzm`d` `kimempmyd

d cox zdjkx } cox mehozrozdz `kimempmydlkepk d cd fmxpozmd%

Cdx rzmlkzdx `mxh{xmoekx t{k x{zamkzoe ke kc Mxcdl pzdx kc idcckhmlmkepo

`kc Rzoikpd i{kzoe `k pmro rocpmho &hoe ldpmhkx pkocamhox fdjzd t{k

r{ep{dcm~dz-# ymeh{cd`dx dc rzojckld `k cd x{hkxme# kepzk cox l{x{cldekxxka{mòzkx `k cd pzd`mhme Olk}d } cox rdzpm`dzmox `k cd Idlmcmd `kc Rzoikpd%

Drdzkhmkzoe pzkx azde`kx iozldhmoekx> cox X{eekx xka{mòzkx `k cd !pzd`mhme! }

t{k dro}djde dc Hdcmidpo# cox Xm!kx o rdzpm`dzmox `k cd idlmcmd `kc Rzoikpd } cox

Ndzm}kx# xkrdzdòx `k {eox } opzox% Kxpox krmxo`mox `de h{kepd `k hlo xoe `k

kxpzkhfox cox yeh{cox kepzk cd zkcmame } cd rocpmhd ke kc Mxcdl% Kxpox

loymlmkepox rocpmhox pmkek {ed xkzmk `k hoepzdrdzpm`dx `k pmro pkocamho t{kpmkeke t{k ykz hoe cdx hoe`mhmoekx `k dhhkxo dc aojmkzeo `k cd hol{em`d`# kc

kxpdp{po `kc j{ke l{x{cle# } xojzk poò kc rdrkc `kc foljzk# x{ cmjkzpd`

kxrkhmdclkepk# ke {e {emykzxo hzkdò } rzk`kpkzlmedò roz @mox% Cox T{d`dzkx

&roz td`dz o kepkzd `kpkzlmedhme f{lded- `kike`de cd cmjkzpd` }

zkxroexdjmcm`d` f{lded popdc } cox ]djdzkx &`k }djz co mekvozdjck-

hoeimzldjde co mekympdjck `k cox `mhplkekx `mymeox &A{kzzkzo# 4===>:4:-%Cdx òx rzmlkzdx hmkehmdx t{k xk `kxdzzoccde ke kc l{eò mxclmho i{kzoe

cd Kvakxmx Hozemhd } kc @kzkhfo% Kc l{x{cle p{yo t{k !ckkz! x{ pkvpo zkykcdò#

} h{deò xk `mhk kxpo# kx t{k p{yo t{k mz lx dcc `kc xmlrck knkzhmhmo lkhemho%

P{yo t{k `dzck xkepmò dc pkvpo# mepkzrzkpdzco } `kxh{jzmz co t{k da{dz`d dcc

`kepzo% X{zake cdx òx rzmlkzdx Hmkehmdx Pzd`mhmoedckx# cd Hmkehmd `k cd

Mepkzrzkpdhme# !mcl dc,pd!q

c# } cd Hmkehmd `k cd zkykcdhme# !mcl dc,pde~m

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kxpdx kehoepzdlox `kx`k l{} rzoepo kc `kxdzzocco `kc @kzkhfo# Imtf# o kc

holrke`mo `k eozldx kehdlmed`dx d zka{cdz cd ym`d `k cox hzk}kepkx ke x{

zkcdhme hoe @mox } kepzk x% Cox dzpimhkx `k kxpk `kxdzzocco i{kzoe cdx Kxh{kcdx`k @kzkhfo> ldcmgm } fdejdcm# cdx lx cmpkzdckx7 } fdedim } xdimm# cdx lx djmkzpdx% ]

n{epo d kxpdx x{zamkzoe holo d{vmcmdzkx opzdx hmkehmdx mlrzkxhme`mjckx rdzd x{

`kxdzzocco% @kxpdhde kxrkhmdclkepk cd Azdlpmhd } cd Fmxpozmd%

MMM%

Cd lmxme `k cckydz kc lkexdnk `k Dc d poòx cox foljzkx# cde~ d coxzdjkx zkhme mxcdlm~dòx `kx`k Dzdjmd fdxpd cox cpmlox hoeimekx `kc l{eò

kepoehkx hoeohmò% Kc Mxcdl eo xk loxpz mlrkzlkdjck d cdx meic{kehmdx

kvpkzedx# dc hoepzdzmo# dxmlmc meimem`d` `k ldemikxpdhmoekx `k cdx `mikzkepkx

h{cp{zdx hoe cdx t{k xk i{k kehoepzdeò% Kxrkhmdclkepk hoe Dcknde`zd ke Kamrpo#

òe`k `kx`k fdhd xmacox hoeymyd cd imcoxoid azmkad hoe cdx `mxpmepdx iozldx `k

hzmxpmdemxlo7 cd Xmzmd `k Depmot{d# cox xdjkox `k Fdzze# } roz x{r{kxpo hoeRkzxmd% Po`dx kxdx meic{kehmdx kezmt{khmkzoe d cd hmymcm~dhme l{x{clded# rkzo co

t{k `k ykz`d` hoepzmj{} d hoexocm`dz dt{kccd mehmrmkepk hmymcm~dhme i{k co t{k#

`k {e loò { opzo# fdjd `k cd Azkhmd Hcxmhd ke poòx kxox c{adzkx } h{cp{zdx% Kc

Mxcdl edhm d imedckx `kc xmaco YM kvpke`meòxk xojzk kc l{eò h{cp{zdc `kc

Lk`mo } Rzvmlo Ozmkepk ke kc t{k fdjd rkekpzdò rzoi{e`dlkepk kc ckadò `kc

rkexdlmkepo azmkao% @k df t{k cox rkexdòzkx l{x{cldekx klrk~dzdezkhmjmkeò kc xmehzkpmxlo imcoximho,pkocamho `k cox xmkpk rzmlkzox xmacox `k

e{kxpzd kzd% I{kzoe ekhkxm`d`kx h{cp{zdckx# d`klx `k r{zd h{zmoxm`d`

hmkepimhd# cdx t{k ck ojcmadzoe d dhkrpdz dt{kccox xdjkzkx% Hoeohmkzoe jmke d

Rcdpe } Dzmxppkckx } rzkimzmkzoe d xpk cpmlo% Cd dxmlmcdhme `k cd xdjm`{zd

azmkad }# roz pdepo# `k Dzmxppkckx# xk rzo`{no pklrzdedlkepk ke x{kco mxclmho%


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Cd pkocoad kxrkh{cdpmyd &gdcdl- } cd depm,zdhmoedcmxpd &Dx!dzkx- i{kzoe kc

rzmlkz iz{po `kc hoepdhpo `kc Mxcdl hoe !co azmkao!% @kx`k kc holmke~o f{jo ke kc

Mxcdl {ed zkickvme pkocamhd xojzk co @mymeo# rkzo fdxpd t{k eo drdzkhmkzoe coxl{!pd~mckx eo xk holke~ d zdhmoedcm~dz co zkykcdò> @mox kx kc rzmehmrmo `k

pzdxhke`kehmd } `k {em`d` djxoc{pd% Izkepk d xpox zkdhhmoedzoe cox t{k

rzkpke`de yocykz d cd pzd`mhme ozmamedc `k olemropkehmd djxoc{pd# d cd t{k

x{ldzoe {ed x{kzpk `k dpolmxlo t{k ekadjd po`d hd{xdcm`d`% Cd `mxr{pdx kepzk

dljox loymlmkepox xk xdc` hoe kc pzm{eio `k cox xka{eòx hoeymzpmeòxk ke cd

pkocoad oimhmdc `k cd x{eed% Ke cd zjmpd `k cox xm!kx# holo ykzklox lxd`kcdepk# poò kc rkexdlmkepo xk hkepz ke cd Rzoikhd% Cd Rzoikpocoad o

Imcoxoid Rzoipmhd# t{k pzdpd `k dchde~dz kc ykz`d`kzo xmaemimhdò `k cd

Zkykcdhme# pmkek x{ ehcko ke kc Mll% Rdzd cox rdzpm`dzmox `k Dc# kc Mldl

d`klx `k zkhoakz po`dx cdx i{ehmoekx xohmdckx } rocpmhdx opozad`dx roz cox

x{eekx# pmkek {ed xkzmk `k h{dcm`d`kx x{rkzmozkx# xojzkedp{zdckx mehc{xo#

opozad`dx roz kc hoeohmlmkepo `k co oh{cpo%


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KC L[E@O @K CD RZOIKHD

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Kc l{eò `k cd Rzoikhd kx {e kxrdhmo akorocpmho k fmxpzmho h{}o

i{e`dlkepo rzmehmrdc kx cd ldemikxpdhme fmxpzmhd `kc lkexdnk `k @mox d pzdyx

`k x{x kckamòx o keymdòx> cox Rzoikpdx &Hz{~ F`k~%# 4==2>424-% Pdepo kc N{`dxlo#

holo kc Hzmxpmdemxlo# holo kc Mxcdl holrdzpke kxpk kxrdhmo# kxpk ioeò hole#

d{et{k kxo x# hoe kym`kepkx xmea{cdzm`d`kx% Ykdlox jzkyklkepk dca{edx `k

kxpox kcklkepox holrdzpmòx%

Cd mlrozpdehmd `kc lkexdnk zd`mhd ke t{k rzkxkepd cd Ykz`d` cpmld dc

foljzk t{k cd `kxhoeohk% Xm rdzd cox azmkaox cd dckpfkmd kzd rkzldekehmd,

meldekehmd ke kc Xkz# rdzd cdx akepkx `k kxpk l{eò cd ykz`d` kx cd

pzdxhke`kehmd `k co t{k kxp roz ykemz% Kc hdzhpkz fmxpzmho `k cdx pzkx azde`kx

zkcmamoekx pzdxhke`kepkx } loeopkxpdx kx me`{`djck% Po`dx kccdx pmkeke {e

r{epo memhmdc hoehzkpo } ojnkpmydjck# {e `kxdzzocco# {e pzdxhke`kepdc r{epo imedc%

Kc r{epo `k dzzdet{k `kc Mxcdl kx cd famzd# fm}zd# ke kc 9:: h{deò Ldfold

rdzpk `k Cd Lkhd hoe z{ljo d Lk`med% Opzo dxrkhpo xmlmcdz kx t{k cdx pzkx

x{zake `k hol{em`d`kx pzmjdckx xklmpdx &Hz{~ F`k~%# 4==2>42:-7 } ke kxpdx

hol{em`d`kx cox cd~ox akekdcamhox `k rzovmlm`d` } rdzkepkxho xoe x{ldlkepk

mlrozpdepkx# hkepzdckx# xk ro`zd `khmz%


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Xmp{d`d ke kc yzpmhk x{z,ozmkepdc `kc L{eò depma{o# cd ldhm~d rkeex{cd dzjmad

t{k`dzd hdxm dc ldzake `k cd fmxpozmd fdxpd cd khcoxme `kc Mxcdl &Hz{~ F`k~%# 4==2>426-%Cd Rkeex{cd Dzjmad kxp iozld`d roz {ed kvpkexd dcpmrcdemhmk# zo`kdò

`k hoxpdx zohoxdx# hoe kxhdxox r{kzpox edp{zdckx k mepkazd`d roz azde`kx

`kxmkzpox t{k xk kvpmke`ke lx dcc `kc dlrcmo mxplo t{k cd {ek dc hoepmekepk#

t{k`deò i{kzd `k cd zkame `k cdx azde`kx cc{ymdx% Cd `{zk~d `k cd akoazdid } `k

x{ hcmld kvrcmhd x{imhmkepklkepk cd klmazdhme `k cd pzmj{x xklmpdx `kx`k Dzdjmd

d poò kc Rzvmlo Ozmkepk# `kx`k cd depma{d Hdc`kd# d cdx hoxpdx `kc lk`mpkzzeko`kx`k kc holmke~o `k cox pmklrox%

Kikhpmydlkepk# Dzdjmd i{k maeozd`d roz ykhmeox } hoet{mxpdòzkx `{zdepk

xmacox# em Dcknde`zo# em cox Rkzxdx# em cox Zoldeox imndzoe x{x onox ke dt{kc

lmxpkzmoxo `kxmkzpo% Fdxpd t{k kc Rzoikpd eo dc~ x{ yo~ ke eoljzk `k @mox#

Dzdjmd eo kepz ke cd fmxpozmd% Cd izoepkzd ke kc eozpk xoco hoeohm kc kxrckeòz

`k Rkpzd# ke cd Edjdpkd# } c{kao i{k pkxpmao `k cox keizkepdlmkepox kepzk coxjm~depmeox } cox rkzxdx% Ke kc mepkzmoz# xoco pzkx hm{`d`kx rzoxrkzdjde roz kc

holkzhmo `k hdzdydedx> Cd Lkhd# cd lx mlrozpdepk# Lk`med } Pd}i% Cd Lkhd kzd

cd hm{`d` xdepd `k cox zdjkx rzkmxclmhox# xk`k `k cd Rmk`zd Ekazd# cd Gdjd# {e

jkpmco hdò `kc hmkco%

Kc `kxdlrdzo kvmxpkehmdc `k cox zdjkx rzkmxclmhox kx kvpzdoz`medzmo> kc

r{kjco fkjzko pked d ]dyf# t{k fdjc d Djzdfdl# èòck x{ rdcdjzd }{emeòxk dc r{kjco `k Mxzdkc7 rkzo cox zdjkx hdzkhde d{e `k cd rdcdjzd `k

@mox% Cox zdjkx dòzdjde d x{x `moxkx dxpzdckx `kx`k cknox# xme kxrkzde~d `k t{k

hdljmdzde x{ iozp{ed> `k dt{ t{k edhmkzd cd hzkkehmd pde jk`{med ke cd hka{kzd

`kc `kxpmeo% Rozt{k kc `kxmkzpo kx mekxpdjck } hdrzmhfoxo# {ed pozlkepd `k dzked

r{k`k xkhdz cdx i{kepkx } jozzdz cdx z{pdx% Dx kc zdjk eo r{k`k hoeimdz# holo

cox azmkaox# ke cd {emiozlm`d` hhcmhd `k cd edp{zdck~d# t{k cdpk jdno cd drdzmkehmd


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`kc hdljmo% Kxpd mekxpdjmcm`d` ojcmad dc r{kjco zdjk d eo d`lmpmz opzd ykz`d`

t{k kc `kxpmeo lmxpkzmoxo } dzhdeo# kxkehmd `k cdx hoxdx> poò hdljmd kvhkrpo

@mox% Kc l{eò } cox foljzkx fde edhmò hoe {e `kxpmeo mzzkyohdjck# depk kc h{dcxco hdjk `khmz @mox co t{mkzk% Poò co zdjk yd d zkickndz `kxr{x kxpd

hoehkrhme> kc dzpk# cd ixmhd# kc cakjzd# cd pzmaoeolkpzd# k mehc{xo cd imcoxoid%

Kc L{eò `k cd Rzoikhd kepzd ke kxpdx pmkzzdx `k cd ldeo `k cox n{òx# t{k

ke x{ `mxrozd# cckadzoe d Lk`med `{zdepk kc xmaco MM `%H% D imedckx `k kxpk lmxlo

xmaco xk fdjde d`{kdò `kc holkzhmo `k kxd ~oed `k cd Rkeex{cd%

Drzovmld`dlkepk roz cdx lmxldx ikhfdx drdzkhke cox rzmlkzox hzmxpmdeox rozDzdjmd# d{et{k ke lkeoz elkzo } zmt{k~d% Cox hzmxpmdeox kzde

ld}ozmpdzmdlkepk lmxmoekzox ekxpozmdeox } loeoimxmpdx# } x{ die rzoxkcmpmxpd

eo rdxd `kxdrkzhmjmò kepzk cox zdjkx rzkmxclmhox% Kx mlroxmjck# roz pdepo#

t{k Ldfold# t{k `{zdepk azde rdzpk `k x{ ym`d xk `k`mh dc holkzhmo# kezocdò

ke cdx hdzdydedx t{k hz{~djde kc `kxmkzpo dzjmao roz x{x h{dpzo r{epox

hdz`medckx# eo hoeohmkzd dljdx zkcmamoekx%

MMM%

Cd zkykcdhme `kc Rzoikpd# roz pdepo# eo xdck `k cd ed`d%

Kc lk`mo zkcmamoxo xojzk kc t{k xk loym Ldfold i{k kc lx rzmlmpmyo rocmpkxlo } {e

rocm`kloemxlo dzhdmho# t{k hoe`{hde d cox h{cpox rokpdx } d cox zmhox holkzhmdepkx dc

kxhkrpmhmxlo } ldpkzmdcmxlo lx dh{xdòx% Zo`kdeò d kxpk lk`mo zkcmamoxo d{phpoeo# kcloeopkxlo n{ò } hzmxpmdeo# t{k eo xco hoeohm ke x{x ymdnkx hoe cdx hdzdydedx# xmeo t{k r{ò

pzdpdz ke Lk`med } Cd Lkhd &Hz{~ F`k~%# 4==2>448-%

Xm jmke cd meic{kehmd roz hoeohmlmkepo r{k`d xkz d`lmxmjck holo

dza{lkepo ke cd i{e`dhme `kc Mxcdl roz Ldfold# eo xk r{k`k zk`{hmz xpd d

xmlrck xmehzkpmxlo n{`ko,hzmxpmdeo%


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Ldfold t{mkzk `dz zdhkx# } eo `k xmlrck xdeazk holo cdx pzmjdckx# xmeo `k kxrzmp{# d cox

zdjkx# } ckx mexmxpk ke t{k xoe fmnox `k Dè } ckapmlox fkzk`kzox `k Djzdfdl% ]# roz pdepo#

`kroxmpdzmox `k cd rzolkxd `k ]dfq,Kcofml dc ymkno Rdpzmdzhd &Hz{~ F`k~%# 4==2>440-%

Cd lmxme rzoipmhd `k Ldfold eo fd} t{k ykzcd `kx`k kc rzmxld `k Nkxx

`k Ed~dzkp# xmeo `kx`k cd z{`mlkepdzmd ym`d kxrmzmp{dc rzkmxclmhd> cd dzked `kc

`kxmkzpo# cd maeozdehmd# cd rocmadlmd# kc dzòz a{kzzkzo } {e `kxpdhd`xmlo

kxrzmp{ holkzhmdc% Kc Rzoikpd oizkhk d cox x{}ox cd roxmjmcm`d` `k dhhk`kz d cd

`mymem`d`# dc @mox emho# roz cd yd `k cd pzdxhke`kehmd% Pzdx xmacox `k `kxdlrdzo

kvmxpkehmdc# kepzk mepkzlmedjckx `{edx } {e xoc `k n{xpmhmd# kc r{kjco zdjk xdjzdd è`k `mzmamz x{x rckadzmdx `k d}{`d } jxt{k`d `k lmxkzmhoz`md%

Ldfold eo p{yo cd lkeoz `{`d> kzd kc keymdò `k @mox d x{ r{kjco &Hz{~ F`k~%#

4==2>440-%

L{fdlld` kx kc Rzoikpd# kc Keymdò `k @mox# h{}d lmxme kx hol{emhdz cox xkhzkpox `k

@mox# r{zmimhdz d cox xkzkx f{ldeox } `dzckx d hoeohkz co t{k eo xdjke# kexkdz kc cmjzo# xk {e

zkhcdlo rdzd cox hzk}kepkx# de{ehmdz } pkxpmloemdz cd J{ked Eopmhmd &Pdld}o# :22=>;:-

L{fdlld` mje Dj`dccdf `k cd pzmj{ `k T{zd}xf# `kc hcde `k Fdxfml#

hzmdò roz Dlmed# x{ ld`zk# roz dc,L{ppdcmj# x{ dj{kco rdpkzeo } roz Dj{ Pdcmj#

x{ po# `kxroxdò hoe Gfd`mnd# cd rzmlkzd hzk}kepk# {ed zmhd ym{`d hoe cd t{k

p{yo xkmx fmnox# dlmao `k Dc mje Pdcmj } `k Dj{ Jdgz# kc c`kz a{kzzkzo ke cdx

jdpdccdx `k Jd`z# [f{` } kc Ioxo# i{e`dòz `kc dc,L{`dmed &Lk`med- xojzk kc

odxmx `k ]dpzmj# }# imedclkepk# imkc rkzkazmeo `k cd Lkhd7 eo kzd {e xkz `mymeo# em kcfmno `k {e @mox# em xmt{mkzd {e eakc% Ldfold kzd {e foljzk lx kepzk opzox

l{hfox% Fd xmò d`lmzdò } ykekzdò# zkykzkehmdò mehc{xo# rkzo e{ehd fd xmò

ojnkpo `k h{cpo o dòzdhme% @mox xk zkykcd ke kc Hoze d pzdyx `kc Rzoikpd7 roz

kxo cox l{x{cldekx ozde holo kc Rzoikpd# eo ozde dc Rzoikpd%


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MY%

Eo poòx kepmke`ke t{k kc Mxcdl kx {ed d{pepmhd zkcmame } t{k Ldfold

kx {e ykz`d`kzo Rzoikpd% Xmklrzk fde kvmxpmò mepkepox `k lmemlm~dz dc Mxcdl dcpzdpdzco jmke holo {e hoen{epo `k x{rkzhfkzdx# jmke holo {e xmehzkpmxlo

n{`ko,hzmxpmdeo# o jmke holo {ed hzmxpmdem~dhme x{m akekzmx `k cox dpzdxdòx

zdjkx# {ed kxrkhmk `k fkzknd hzmxpmded `kxjohd`d t{k eo r{ò xkz dpdnd`d d

pmklro } pkzlme hzkdeò {ed zkcmame rzormd rkzo `kazd`d`d `k x{ zd~% Rkzo cd

mepkzrzkpdhme cmekdc `k cd fmxpozmd xdazd`d kx# `kx`k kc rzmehmrmo# l{} hcdzd rdzd

Ldfold> kc Mxcdl kx kc h{clke `kc rzohkxo zkcmamoxo `k cd f{ldem`d`% @moxt{mkzk t{k kc foljzk xk xolkpd dc oz`ke ekhkxdzmo } rkzikhpo# t{k lknozd poò

co depkzmoz% Rdzd kxo zkhmjk Ldfold cd Zkykcdhme# roz kxo kx kc xkcco `k cd

Rzoikhd &Hz{~ F`k~% 4=6;>:1 P%M-

D hoepme{dhme zkrzo`{~ho epkazdlkepk cdx rdcdjzdx `kc mexmaek dzdjmxpd

kxrdoc Hz{~ Fkzee`k~ &4==2>4:8,4:0-% Kx {ed hmpd l{} cdzad rkzo kvrcmhd }

kvroek hoe hcdzm`d` co t{k kc Mxcdl x{roek rdzd x lmxlo%Rdzd kc Mxcdl @mox kx {eo } emho# rkzxoedc } kxkehmdclkepk `mikzkepk } `mxpmepo `k poò co

hzkdò% Hzkdòz kv emfmco x{m kp x{jnkhpm `k poò h{depo kvmxpk roz {e dhpo yoc{epdzmo } cmjzk `k x{

ldaedemlm`d` } olemropkehmd# t{k p{yo c{adz ke kc pmklro% Hoexkzydòz `k poò h{depo fd xmò

hzkdò# } rzoym`kepk `k po`dx x{x hzmdp{zdx% Olemxhmkepk# hoe hmkehmd {emykzxdc } rdzpmh{cdz# `k

poòx cox kykepox% D{vmcmdòz akekzoxxmlo `kc foljzk lk`mdepk cd oz`medzmd d}{`d edp{zdc } cd

kvpzdoz`medzmd `k cd azdhmd7 } n{~adòz `k cox f{ldeox xkae x{x dhpox# zkl{ekzdeò d {eox hoe

kc Rdzdxo } hdxpmadeò d cox ldcydòx hoe kc Meimkzeo% Rkzo @mox eo xco fd r{kxpo x{x xkdckx ke

kc [emykzxo roz c hzkdò } ke kc hozd~e `kc foljzk# xmeo t{k rdzd t{k kxpk r{k`d hoeohkzco

lknoz xk fd ldemikxpdò dc foljzk d pzdyx `k cox Rzoikpdx# x{x keymdòx# `kx`k Dè fdxpd

Ldfold% Holo kc foljzk# {ed yk~ } opzd# xk fd drdzpdò `k cd yd `k cd xdcydhme } fd

`kxymzp{dò cd Zkykcdhme rzoipmhd# holo x{hk`m pzdx cd rzmlkzd zkykcdhme d Dè# x{

Hcklkehmd xk fd ldemikxpdò ke cdx azde`kx lmxmoekx rzoipmhdx# holo cdx `k Djzdfdl# Lomxx }

Nkxx } cd `kimempmyd `k Ldfold%


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Cd lmxme rzoipmhd `k Ldfold hmkzzd kc l{eò `k cd Rzoikhd# r{kx xm jmke kc lkexdnk

memhmdc `kc Rzoikpd `k cox zdjkx yd ozmkepdò rzmldzmdlkepk d kxpox# cd Zkykcdhme mxclmhd

d`t{mkzk pdc rkzikhhme t{k yd `mzmam`d d poò kc aekzo f{ldeo% Kc hoepkemò `k kxpd Zkykcdhme

pklrozdc kx mepklrozdc } kpkzeo%

Kc Dchoze# t{k i{k imndò roz kxhzmpo `k cdx zkykcdhmoekx ozdckx `kc Rzoikpd# kx {ed hormd

imkc } cmpkzdzmdlkepk rkzikhpd `k cd Xdjm`{zd Mehzkd`d `k @mox> kc Dchoze kpkzeo% Cd Zkykcdhme

l{x{clded `mym`k ke òx d cox pmklrox } dc l{eò7 cox pmklrox depkzmozkx d kxpd zkykcdhme xoe

kc pmklro `k maeozdehmd &]dfmcm}}d-7 cox t{k ck xma{ke# kc pmklro `k cd Xdjm`{zd `mymed% Kc l{eò

eo l{x{cle kx kc l{eò `k cd rkz`mhme# dc t{k fd} t{k mxcdlm~dz roz cd hoeymhhme } d{e roz cd

rzkxme# `k df x{ eoljzk> @dz dc,Fdzj# Hdxd `k cd A{kzzd% Kc l{eò l{x{cle kx cd Hdxd `k cd

x{lmxme d @mox> @dz dc,Mxcdl# l{eò `k cd xdjm`{zd% Cox hzk}kepkx iozlde {ed hol{em`d`#

[lld7 cox eo hzk}kepkx iozlde kc l{eò `k cox meimkckx# t{k `kjke xkz hoeykzpmòx dc Mxcdl% Rkzo

holo @mox xk fd ldemikxpdò d pzdyx `k x{x Rzoikpdx depkx `k cd Zkykcdhme `kimempmyd `k

Ldfold# cox t{k xma{ke dt{kccdx ykz`d`kx zkykcd`dx# d{et{k xkde lkeox rkzikhpdx t{k cdx

dchozemhdx o fd}de rd`khmò `kazd`dhme roz kc pmklro o roz f{ldedx lo`mimhdhmoekx# eo

r{k`ke xkz hoexm`kzdòx holo meimkckx kxpzmhpox# xm xk dpmkeke d pkvpox kxhzmpox t{k rzohk`ke `k

@mox% Xoe kxpox cox dfc dc,Gmpdj# cd akepk `kc Cmjzo# holo cox n{òx } hzmxpmdeox# t{k pmkeke kc

`kzkhfo `k a{dz`dz } ojxkzydz x{x zkcmamoekx# r{kx kxpdx d{et{k lx mlrkzikhpdx t{k kc

Mxcdl xoe pdljme hdlmeox `k xdcydhme# t{k kx co t{k cd mcmlmpd`d Lmxkzmhoz`md `k @mox t{mkzk

rdzd poòx cox foljzkx%

Y%

Kc Hzmxpmdemxlo holke~ xmkeò {ed zkcmame {zjded% X{ rzmlkzd `mi{xme

i{k cd `k mz x{xpmp{}keò cd zkcmame hmymc zolded% Ke cdx ~oedx òe`k cdx hm{`d`kx

kzde lmeozmpdzmdx o roho zkrzkxkepdpmydx# kc hzmxpmdemxlo pkzlme roz

`kxdrdzkhkz% Kxpo xk knklrcmimh rkzikhpdlkepk hoe cox jk`{meox `kc `kxmkzpo

dzjmao# } ke po`d cd azde izdend cmpozdc `kc eozpk `k izmhd# `kx`k Kamrpo dc

Ldazkj# rdxdeò roz cd Pzmrocmpded# Hmzkedmhd } P{emhmd# `kx`k cd hoxpd

lk`mpkzzekd d cdx kxpzmjdhmoekx `kc Xdfdzd% D`klx `k kxpo# kc l{eò eld`d

rk`d {ed xkexmjmcm`d` kxrkhmdc } `mxpmepd t{k kc hzmxpmdemxlo {zjdeo `kc xmaco MY


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`% H% eo ro`d `dz% Ldfold eo kzd {e {zjdempd# xmeo {e foxho hoe`{hpoz `k

hdzdydedx roz h{}dx ykedx hozzd dzked `kc `kxmkzpo% Ldfold hoeohd

rkzikhpdlkepk kc rdo t{k pked kepzk cdx ldeox t{k ke ed`d xk rdzkhd d cdxakepkx t{k fdjde rojcdò kc Mlrkzmo%

L{hfox fde t{kzmò j{xhdz cd zd~e `k cd zrm`d mxcdlm~dhme `kc Eozpk `k

izmhd } `k cd Rkeex{cd Mjzmhd ke cd ymockehmd kvpzkld } kc idedpmxlo% D{et{k cd

hoet{mxpd dzld`d dzzond r{ep{dclkepk `dpox mehoepkxpdjckx# eo kx lkeox hmkzpo

t{k fd} idhpozkx `k l{hfo lx rkxo% Rzmlkzo cdx hoeykemkehmdx xohmo,

khoelmhdx `k cox hoet{mxpdòzkx zdjkx t{k zkdhpmydzoe khoelmhdlkepk kc`khd`kepk mlrkzmo jm~depmeo% ] d`klx# kc rkh{cmdz kxpdp{po `k pockzdehmd rdzd

cox r{kjcox `kc cmjzo% Eo f{jo rkzxkh{hmoekx ldxmydx em ldxdhzkx ymockepdx roz

lopmyox zkcmamoxox `{zdepk cd rzmlkzd kvrdexme `kc Mxcdl% ] xojzk poò# kc

kxrzmp{ jk`{meo t{k pzm{ei fm~o mlroxmjck t{k xma{mkzd `kxdzzocceòxk cd

h{cp{zd {zjded } hm{`d`ded azkhozzolded# }d `k roz x pohd`d ke cox xmacox

imedckx `kc Mlrkzmo%

YM%

D loò `k hoehc{xme } zkx{lke# cd imcoxoid mxclmhd kx cd ojzd `k {eox

rkexdòzkx rkzpkekhmkepkx d {e r{kjco t{k roxkk {e Cmjzo Xdazdò# cmjzo t{k

i{kzd zkykcdò d {e Rzoikpd# } i{k kxk Rzoikpd kc t{k co loxpz d poò kc r{kjco%

Holo jmke kx xdjmò kc Mxcdl eo kx kc emho R{kjco `kc Cmjzo% Ke poòx kxoxr{kjcox fd} {ed mepkexd rzojcklpmhd dhkzhd `k cd holrzkexme k mepkzrzkpdhme

`kc xkepmò ykz`d`kzo `k cox lmxlox% Cox n{òx `k cd Poz# cox hzmxpmdeox `k cd

Jmjcmd# kc ôzodxpzmxlo `kc Dykxpd# } kc Mxcdl `kc Toze &dx kx holo co ccdld

Hozjme hoe cd T mzemhd hdzdhpkzxpmhd- pmkeke hd`d {eo {e xkepmò ykz`d`kzo `k

cdx zkykcdhmoekx `mymedx d pzdyx `k x{x zkxrkhpmyox cmjzox xdazdòx% Hd`d cmjzo


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4=


xdepo zkykcdò mlrcmhd {ed depzorocoad# {ed h{cp{zd kxrmzmp{dc } {ed imcoxoid

rzormdx# hoe xklknde~dx rkzo mzzk`{hpmjckx {eox d opzox%

Kc Mxcdl hoexm`kzd t{k cd Zkykcdhme dchozemhd h{clmed } hmkzzd kc hmhco `kcd Zkykcdhme Rzoipmhd# hoexpmp{}keò `k kxpk loò cd cpmld zkcmame# pdepo ke

kc xkepmò hzoeocamho# holo ke kc òhpzmedc% Rdzd kepke`kz kc l{eò `kc Mxcdl#

fd} t{k zkhozzk kc hdlmeo `k cd pzdxhke`kehmd &r{epo ke hole `kc n{`dxlo#

`kc hzmxpmdemxlo } `kc Mxcdl-# t{k drdzkhk } xk `kxdzzoccd ke {e ldzho

akorocpmho l{} jmke `kimemò#kc l{eò `k cd rzoikhd% X{ i{e`dlkepo zd`mhdc kx

cd ldemikxpdhme fmxpzmhd `kc lkexdnk `k @mox d pzdyx `k x{x kckamòx okeymdòx> cox rzoikpdx# cox t{k rzkxkepde dc foljzk cd Ykz`d` cpmld% Xm rdzd kc

foljzk azmkao cd ykz`d` kzd cd dckpfkmd &rkzldekepk kym`kehmd `kc xkz-# rdzd cox

foljzkx `kc l{eò `k cd rzoikhd# cd ykz`d` i{e`dlkepdc kx co t{k kxp roz

ykemz%


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:2


HOZE# X[EED# XFDZMD ] COX HMEHO RMCDZKX

M%

Kc Hoze kx# d x{ yk~# i{kepk `k ozdhme# a{d rdzd kc holrozpdlmkepo } ojnkpo zmp{dc% Kx

ckò } zkhmpdò roz cox l{x{cldekx ke kc h{cpo hol{empdzmo# rkzo pdljme ke kc ljmpo rzmydò#

ke cdx imkxpdx zkcmamoxdx } ke cdx hkckjzdhmoekx idlmcmdzkx% Kxp ke cd jdxk `k cdx hzkkehmdx `kc

Mxcdl `k x{x ck}kx } `k x{x zmp{dckx% Hoexpmp{}k {ed a{d rdzd cd ym`d# cd hoe`{hpd } cd zkickvme `k

cox l{x{cldekx &Pdld}o# :22=>44:-%

Cd d{pozd `kc Hoze rkzpkekhk d @mox# Dc,t{zde xmaemimhd cd zkhmpdhme o cd

ckhp{zd ke yo~ dcpd7 Ldfold pzdexlmpk co t{k @mox ck `mhpd `kx`k kc do 942# ke

kc t{k zkhmjk cd rzmlkzd `k cdx zkykcdhmoekx# fdxpd x{ l{kzpk ke kc 98:% Kc Rzoikpd

holrdzpm kxpdx rdcdjzdx hoe Gfd`mnd# x{ kxroxd# } hoe cdx rkzxoedx `k x{

kepozeo idlmcmdz7 c{kao# kc hzh{co `k cox o}kepkx i{k d{lkepdeò%

Kc Hoze pmkek 440 x{zdx &pdljme ccdld`dx d~ozdx- } 9%;89 dck}dx

&pdljme ccdldòx ykzxh{cox-% Xk kxpz{hp{zd# hoe kvhkrhmoekx# `kx`k cd x{zd lx

cdzad &cd : hoe :69 dck}dx- fdxpd cd lx hozpd &cd 426 } cd 442 xco pmkek 8

dck}dx-% Hd`d {ed `k cdx x{zdx roxkk {e pp{co# holmke~de hoe cd jdxldcd

&kvhkrpo cd eoyked-# {ed izl{cd zmp{dc t{k `mhk> Ke kc eoljzk `k @mox# kc

Lmxkzmhoz`moxo# kc Hcklkepk7 } kc c{adz ke kc t{k i{k zkykcd`d# jmke Lkhd o jmke

Lk`med% Cd rzmlkzd `k cdx x{zdx# Idpmfd# kx cd ozdhme ndh{cdpozmd lx mlrozpdepk

`kc Mxcdl>

Ke kc eoljzk `k @mox# kc Holrdxmyo# kc Lmxkzmhoz`moxo$ Dcdjdò xkd @mox# Xkoz `kc

[emykzxo# kc Holrdxmyo# kc Lmxkzmhoz`moxo# @{ko `kc `d `kc N{mhmo% D Pm xco xkzymlox } d Pm xco


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:4


mlrcozdlox d}{`d% @mzakeox roz cd yd zkhpd `k cox t{k p fdx dazdhmdò# eo `k cox t{k fd

meh{zzmò ke cd mzd# eo `k cox kvpzdymdòx%

Cox kxrkhmdcmxpdx ke cmpkzdp{zd } cmeaxpmhd fde kcdjozdò {ed hzoeocoad

ke co zkikzkepk d cd kxhzmp{zd `kc Hoze &Pdld}o# :22=>440,441-% Kc rzmlkz rkzoò

&942,94; ke Lkhd- homehm`k hoe cdx rzmlkzdx zkykcdhmoekx } rzk`mhdhmoekx

rjcmhdx% Kc Rzoikpd meympd d cd rkzxkykzdehmd } d cd hdzm`d`% Rkzo co zkdclkepk

mlrozpdepk `k kxpk rkzoò kx cd mepzo`{hhme `kc fozm~oepk kxhdpocamho ke kc

l{eò zdjk> Ldfold de{ehmd kc N{mhmo imedc &roz knklrco cd x{zd ;:# Kc

Loepk-% Ke kc xka{eò rkzoò &94;,94= ke Lkhd- drdzkhke izkh{kepkx

zkikzkehmdx dc n{`dxlo } dc hzmxpmdemxlo hoe cox t{k kc mehmrmkepk Mxcdl

holmke~d d mepkzdhp{dz &roz knklrco cd x{zd 4=# Ldzd-% Co lx mlrozpdepk `k

kxpk rkzoò kx t{k }d xk fdhk fmehdrm ke cox rzo`mamox `kc Rzoikpd &roz knklrco

cd x{zd 1:# Cox akemox-% Kc pkzhkz rkzoò &94=,9:: ke Lkhd- pzdexh{zzk ke cox

dox depkzmozkx d cd xdcm`d `k Ldfold `kc pkzzmpozmo lkt{# pmklro ke t{k cdx

dlked~dx d x{ ym`d `knde f{kccd ke kxpdx x{zdx% Xk l{kxpzd l{} imzlk izkepk dc

rocmpkxlo `k x{x hoehm{`d`deox# izkepk d dca{eox òaldx hzmxpmdeox }

`kpkzlmed`dx ojxkzydehmdx n{`dx% Kc h{dzpo rkzoò &9:8 fdxpd x{ l{kzpk- eox

l{kxpzd d {e Ldfold t{k }d eo xco kx Rzoikpd xmeo pdljme nkik } hd{`mcco%

Ldfold t{k kepmke`k holo ed`mk kc kxrzmp{ jk`{meo `k x{ r{kjco# pzdpd `k

òpdzco `k poò pmro `k eozldx> rdzd cdx dcmde~dx kepzk cdx pzmj{x# rdzd imzldz

hoepzdpox# zkxocykz `k{`dx } zkhd{`dz mlr{kxpox# ke cox ldpzmloemox } cdx

fkzkehmdx# rdzd t{k cox zmpox } cox h{cpox ldepkeade x{ r{zk~d# cd cmloxed d cox

ekhkxmpdòx# kc Zdldè } cd Rkzkazmedhme &fdnn- d cd Lkhd# cd ozdhme

hol{empdzmd% Kc dxrkhpo n{z`mho kx co kxkehmdc `k kxpk rkzoò# kc eozldpmymxlo

lme{hmoxo } zma{zoxo xk dro`kzd `kc Hoze rdzd xmklrzk%

Kc Hoze kx {e cmjzo klmekepklkepk zkcmamoxo7 co h{dc eo t{mpd t{k co

rocpmho }# kxrkhmdclkepk# co n{z`mho kxpe rzkxkepkx% @mox kx pzdxhke`kepk } kc

xkz f{ldeo `krke`k `k c% Kxpd xkzd cd cekd pkocamhd rzmehmrdc `kc Hoze# d cd


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t{k jmke ro`zdlox dd`mz t{k cd dhpmp{` t{k kc xkz f{ldeo fd `k loxpzdz depk

x{ @mox kx cd `k popdc x{lmxme> Mxcdl xmaemimhd rzkhmxdlkepk kxo# cd dhkrpdhme

x{lmxd } holrckpd d cd yoc{epd` `k @mox% Holo fklox `mhfo depkzmozlkepk# kxpdljme cd rzmehmrdc i{kepk `kc `kzkhfo mxclmho% Ke x{x ramedx t{k`de

rcdxld`dx {e j{ke elkzo `k eozldx `k holrozpdlmkepo ke cd hopm`mdem`d`

`kc hzk}kepk> ldpzmloemo# fkzkehmd# holkzhmo# mlr{kxpox# `kcmpox# kph% Rkzo kc

fkhfo `k t{k kxpdjck~hd e{lkzoxdx eozldx `k hoe`{hpd eo co hoeymkzpk ke {e

h`mao hmymc o rkedc `kc l{x{cle7 d{et{k jmke kx hmkzpo t{k `kx`k cox rzmlkzox

lolkepox cd pzd`mhme n{z`mhd xk dro`kz `kc lkexdnk hozemho# roemkeò cdzkykcdhme# cd hol{emhdhme kepzk @mox } kc xkz f{ldeo d pzdyx `k cox Rzoikpdx o

mepkzlk`mdzmox# ke {e xka{eò rcdeo%

MM%

D`klx `kc Hoze# } holo xka{e`d i{kepk `kc Mxcdl# kxp cd X{eed# t{k

ymkek d xmaemimhdz pzd`mhme } hoxp{ljzk% X{ zkikzkehmd xoe pdepo kc loò `k ym`d} dhp{dhme t{k p{yo Ldfold holo cox `mhfox roz c rzohcdldòx } t{k i{kzoe

zkhoamòx# ke {ed xkzmk `k zkcdpox &fd`mpf ke xmea{cdz-# roz rdzpk `k x{x

xka{mòzkx% Kxpox fd`mhkx hoexpmp{}ke cd jdxk `k cd Xfdzmd# cd ck} mxclmhd }

n{kade {e rdrkc i{e`dlkepdc ke cd ozpoòvmd dhp{dc% X{ d{pozm`d` kx `k zdeao

meikzmoz dc Hoze# d{et{k ke eo rohdx ykhkx fd x{rcdepdò d xpk &Pdld}o#

:22=>4:;-% Cox kxrkhmdcmxpdx fdhke {ed òjck hcdxmimhdhme> {ed t{k dpmke`k d x{xhoepkemòx &jmoazimhox# n{z`mhox } òalpmhox o òhpzmedckx- } opzd t{k dpmke`k

d cd imdjmcm`d` `k cd mxedò hd`ked `k pzdexlmxme &xmfd` o ake{meox# fdxxde o

imdjckx } `dmio xoxrkhfoxox-% Kc Mxcdl x{eempd hoexm`kzd t{k cdx hockhhmoekx `k

fd`mhkx lx d{pozm~d`dx xoe cdx `k dc,J{ndzm# mje Fd}}dn# mje Ldhfd# Dj{ @dq{`#

dc,Pmzlm`fm } dc,Edxdm# kxhzmpdx po`dx kccdx kepzk cox xmacox MV } V% Kc Mxcdl xfmpd

pdljme fd `kxdzzoccdò x{ rzormd hmkehmd `k cox fd`mhkx `kxpdhdeò cdx


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hockhhmoekx `k G{cmem } dc,T{llm ke kc xmaco V# } cdx `k dz,Zd`m# L{im`# dc,

L{zpd`d } dc,P{xm ke kc xmaco VM%

MMM%

Ldfold eo i{k em pkcoao em# l{hfo lkeox# n{zmxpd% @kc lmxlo loò# kc

Hoze em kx {e h`mao hmymc em kx {e h`mao rkedc% Kc Rzoikpd kx {e keymdò `k @mox

} kc Cmjzo Xdazdò {ed hoeyohdpozmd zkcmamoxd } {ed rzor{kxpd pmhd% Roz t{

kepoehkx cd hkepzdcm`d` djxoc{pd `k cd ck} ke kc Mxcdl? @k cdx lx `k xkmx lmc

dck}dx t{k ro`klox ckkz ke kc Hoze# {edx xkmxhmkepdx pmkek t{k ykz hoe cox`kjkzkx zkcmamoxox `kc j{ke hzk}kepk } xco {edx ohfkepd hoe h{kxpmoekx ckadckx>

zka{cdhme `kc holkzhmo# `kc ldpzmloemo# kc `myozhmo } cdx fkzkehmdx } cdx rkedx d

hmeho `kcmpox &zojo# iozemhdhme# hdc{lemd# jde`m`dnk } folmhm`mo- &Pdld}o#

:22=>4:=-% @k è`k rzoymkek cd zam`d zkacdlkepdhme# l{hfdx ykhkx zkrzkxmyd

k meickvmjck# `kc Mxcdl? Kxpo kx rkzpmekepk ke kxpk pzdjdno eo rozt{k xkd {e

rzojckld t{k dikhpk fo} ke `d d cdx `mihmckx zkcdhmoekx kepzk Ozmkepk }Ohhm`kepk% Cd rkzpmekehmd ymkek rozt{k }d cox rzmlkzox idcdxmid } x{x roxpkzmozkx

xka{mòzkx# cox rkexdòzkx de`dc{xkx# ykze hlo x{x zkickvmoekx hfohdze

hoepzd kxpd mepzdexmakehmd } cmpkzdcm`d` kvdhkzjd`d%

Xfdzmd `kzmyd `kc yohdjco xfdzddt{k xmaemimhd drzovmld`dlkepk zkhozzkz

kc xke`kzo t{k pk cckyd fdxpd cd i{kepk &Pdld}o# :22=>484-% Rdzd kc Hoze xmaemimhd

kc hdlmeo t{k cckyd d @mox# {e hdlmeo t{k fde `k zkhozzkz poòx cox hzk}kepkx%Rkzo hoe kc rdxo `kc pmklro pkzlme roz hoeykzpmzxk &o `kiozldzxk- ke cd xkzmk

`k mepkzrzkpdhmoekx n{z`mhdx t{k mepkepdjde zkxroe`kz d cdx xmp{dhmoekx

fmxpzmhdx hdljmdepkx% ] kx t{k kc Mxcdl p{yo {e vmpo i{ca{zdepk# pdepo t{k ke

l{} roho pmklro xk rdx `k cd `{ed } cd dzked d cox ykzakckx `k Dc,De`dc{x# `k

cox odxmx } cdx hdzdydedx d cox x{ep{oxox rdcdhmox hdcmidckx } `k cdx pzmj{x d cdx

azde`kx `medxpdx% Hoe poò kcco# p{ymkzoe cox imkckx t{k keizkepdzxk d rzojckldx


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hoe cox t{k kc Rzoikpd eo r{ò hoepdz o rcdepkdz% Cd Xfdzmd i{k kcdjozd`d roz

cox xdjmox l{x{cldekx t{k `{zdepk cox xmacox YMM dc MV p{ymkzoe t{k keizkepdzxk

d kxpox hdljmox } e{kydx xmp{dhmoekx eo hoepklrcd`dx roz kc Hoze% Rdx `k xkzdcao pzdxhke`kepk } t{k ldzhdjd kc kxrzmp{ `kc hzk}kepk d cd ckpzd fmxpzmhd t{k

fdjd t{k xka{mz d rmkx n{epmccdx%

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&rdzpk òalpmhd-# cd `kc hozd~e &rdzpk lozdc- } cox dhpox kvpkzeox `mzmamòx d @mox# d hd`d {eo

} d cox `klx &h{cpo-% Zka{cd po`dx cdx zkcdhmoekx f{ldedx> khoelmhdx# rocpmhdx# idlmcmdzkx#

hoe}{adckx% Mehc{}k dx{epox ckadckx } n{zmx`mhhmoedckx# zmpox `kyohmoedckx# pkocoadx#

holrozpdlmkepox lozdckx# eozldx `k fmamkek rkzxoedc } j{ke holrozpdlmkepo &Pdld}o#

:22=>48:-%

N{epo d cd Xfdzmd kehoepzdlox dc Imtf o Hmkehmd `kc @kzkhfo mxclmho# t{k

co t{k pzdpd kx `k kcdjozdz# n{xpmimhdz } drcmhdz cd ck}% Xme kepzdz ke cdx dz`{dx

rzoi{e`m`d`kx dhcdzdpozmdx `k x{x zkxrkhpmydx òalpmhdx } cox c{adzkx `k

mlrcdepdhme# kx rzkikzmjck hcdxmimhdzcdx xma{mkeò kc oz`ke `k x{ drdzmhme

&Pdld}o# :22=>48;,489#:94,:9:-% Kepzk cox xmacox YMMM } MV x{zake cox h{dpzo azde`kx

loymlmkepox n{z`mhox mxclmhox% Cd rzmlkzd `k kccdx kx cd Kxh{kcd Fdedimpd

i{e`d`d roz Dj{ Fdemid ke Jda`d` &191-# d x{x xka{mòzkx xk ckx hoeohk holo

fdedikx% X{x i{e`dlkepox xoe> zd} { ormeme `kc n{zmxhoex{cpo# mnpmfxde o

kckhhme rzkikzkepk7 } imedclkepk mnpmfd`# t{k cox rzmehmrmox `k n{xpmhmd r{k`ke

kyoc{hmoedz } d`drpdzxk d cdx `mykzxdx hmzh{expdehmdx fmxpzmhdx } akoazimhdx% Cd

xka{e`d kx cd Kxh{kcd Ldcmgmpd i{e`d`d roz Ldcmg Mje Dedx t{k kzd ozmamedc `k

Lk`med &1=;-# d x{x xka{mòzkx xk ckx ccdld ldcmgkx% D kxpk n{zmxpd xk `kjk kc

rzmlkz lde{dc `k `kzkhfo mxclmho# kc L{qdppd% X{ i{e`dlkepo kx kc mxpmxcdf o

mepkzx rjcmho } `k cd hol{em`d` xojzk kc mnpmfxde% Cd pkzhkzd ke cd Kxh{kcd

Xfdimpd hzkd`d roz Dc,Xfdimm# t{k fdjd xmò `mxhr{co `k cdx òx kxh{kcdx

depkzmozkx &6:2-# d x{x xka{mòzkx xk ckx hoeohk holo xdimpdx% X{x i{e`dlkepox

xoe> M}ld o hoexkexo# tm}dx o dedcoad k mnpmxfdj dc fdco rzkx{ehme `k `kzkhfo


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:;


xojzk mnpmfxdek mxpmxcdf%Cd h{dzpd } cpmld kx cd Kxh{kcd Fdejdcmpd i{e`d`d roz

Dfld` Mje L{fdlld` Mje Fdejdc &6;;-# d x{ xka{mòzkx xk ckx hoeohk holo

fdejdckx% @kxhoeide `k poòx cox i{e`dlkepox depkzmozkx d{et{k {xde hoekxpzmhpdx cmlmpdhmoekx dca{eo `k kccox &tm}dx } zd}-% Xco kc Hoze } cd X{eed xoe

i{kepkx òhpzmedckx ojnkpmydx%

Holo yklox kc Imtf {pmcm~djd ke x{ cdjoz mepkzrzkpdpmyd {e ydzmdò zdlo

`k i{e`dlkepox n{z`mhox% @k kepzk kccox `kxpdhdlox kc mnpmfd` o cd

mepkzrzkpdhme `kc òjck hoepkvpo7 } xk fdhk rozt{k x{ kcmlmedhme pke`z {ed

mlrozpdepk meic{kehmd ke kc Mxcdl roxpkzmoz% Kxpd lo`dcm`d` `k lk`mdhmefkzlke{pmhd pmkek ke h{kepd kc hoepkvpo ke kc t{k xk kxhzmjm kc pkvpo } kc

hoepkvpo ke kc t{k xk drcmhd% Cd kxh{kcd Fdedimpd zkh{zzk d kccd dxm`{dlkepk } cd

Ldcmgmpd pdljme d{et{k `k iozld lx zkxpzmeam`d% Cdx opzdx òx kxh{kcdx# lx

cmpkzdckx } xkykzdx# `kxrzkhmdjde kc mnpmfd` roz mepzo`{hmz rdzlkpzox

me`mym`{dcmxpdx } `mykzakepkx# d cox t{k hoexm`kzdjde rkzemhmoxox% Kxpdx kxh{kcdx

kepke`de t{k kxpk i{e`dlkepo roed dc mepzrzkpk depkx t{k d co mepkzrzkpdò#co h{dc mjd ke hoepzd `k cd ckpzd hozemhd% D rdzpmz `kc xmaco V cox `mzmakepkx

rocpmhox } zkcmamoxox hmkzzde cd r{kzpd d kxpk kxrzmp{ hzpmho% Kx kc pzm{eio `k cd

d{pozm`d` } `k cd ojxkzydehmd `k cd ck}% Holo `mhk Pdld}o# dc x{rzmlmz mnpmfd`# kc

`kzkhfo mxclmho xk det{mcoxd k {emiozlm~d &Pdld}o# :22=>488-%

MY%I{k kc rzormo Rzoikpd Ldfold# ke ym`d# kc t{k mexpmp{} cox hmeho rmcdzkx `k

cd zkcmame% Kxpox xoe>

Cd Xfdfd`d kx kc pkxpmloemo o rzoikxme `k ik `kc l{x{cle> Eo fd} lx

`mox t{k @mox } L{fdlld` kx x{ Rzoikpd% Pzdx kxpk kxh{kpo hzkò xk hoehkepzd

cdx ykz`d`kx i{e`dlkepdckx `kc Mxcdl% Kc pdqfm`# {em`d`,{emhm`d` `k @mox# cd

lmxme rzoipmhd `k Ldfold# rkzo pdljme cd dhkrpdhme `k cd kxhzmp{zd xdazd`d


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hozemhd# } {ed rzkhmxd kxhdpocoad t{k drozpd cd hzkkehmd ke {e N{hmo Imedc }

opzd ym`d pzdx cd l{kzpk%

Xdcdp{ ozdhme% Kc imkc l{x{cle `kjk ozdz hmeho ykhkx dc `d ke `mzkhhmed cd Lkhd &`kepzo `k cd Lk~t{mpd cd tmjcd# `mzkhhme# kx me`mhd`d roz kc lmfzdj-%

D`klx kc Hoze rzkxhzmjk cd ojcmadpozmk`d` `k cd ozdhme hol{empdzmd `kc

ymkzekx ke cd lk~t{mpd% Lk~t{mpd rzoymkek `k cd rdcdjzd zdjk ldxhfm`# kc c{adz

`k cd roxpzdhme &Pdld}o# :22=>4;4-# roz pdepo kx {e c{adz `k keh{kepzo }

ozdhme# eo {e pklrco `k h{cpo% Depkx `k cd ozdhme# kc ozdepk `kjk fdhkzxk cdx

djc{hmoekx r{zmimhdòzdx# pdepo `kc kxrzmp{ holo `kc h{kzro# d pzdyx `kc a{xcodjc{hme ld}oz } q{`{ o djc{hme lkeoz%

Kc ^dgdp kx cd cmloxed } kvrzkxd `kxrzke`mlmkepo# akekzoxm`d` }

xocm`dzm`d` hoe kc opzo% Ke kc Hoze xoe l{} dj{e`depkx cdx zkikzkehmdx d cd

cmloxed holo `kjkz mekvh{xdjck `k cox imkckx# t{k d`klx mlrcmhd `kpkzlmed`dx

dhpmp{`kx holo kc hdzmo# kc rkzè# cd dhoam`d# kc zkhoeohmlmkepo `kc opzo } cd

`mxhzkhme%Kc Xdqe o d}{eo hoelklozd kc memhmo `k cd zkykcdhme `kc Hoze d Ldfold

lmkepzdx d}{edjd# ke kc lkx `k zdldè# ke kc Loepk Fmzd% Kx {e dhpo `k

xmaemimhdòx lcpmrckx> cd r{zmimhdhme kxrmzmp{dc# cd d{po`mxhmrcmed ixmhd rkzxoedc

} pdljme# kc zki{kz~o `k cox cd~ox `k xocm`dzm`d`%

Fdnn o rkzkazmedhme d cd Lkhd% Lkzkhk cd rked ckkz dpkepdlkepk cdx

rdcdjzdx `k Pdld}o%

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fdhkzcd% Eo kxpe ojcmadòx cox emox } emdx } cdx rkzxoedx hoe `mxhdrdhm`d`% Cdx l{nkzkx

r{k`ke fdhkzcd d hoe`mhme `k t{k fdade kc ymdnk ke holrdd `k dcae idlmcmdz rzvmlo o hoe

{ed rkzxoed `k rzojd`d foekxpm`d`%

W\


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[ed yk~ ke Lkhd# pmkeke t{k `dz xmkpk y{kcpdx ke pozeo d cd Gddjd ke dhpmp{` `k f{lmc`d`

} zkrmpmkeò ke zdjk kxpd meyohdhme> flk dt{# Xkoz# flk dt{$ Eo pmkekx emeae dxohmdò$

flk dt{$ D pm cd dcdjde~d# kc dloz } kc mlrkzmo$ C{kao fdhke xmkpk ykhkx kc zkhozzmò kepzk Dx,

Xdid } dc,Ldzqd# òx iozldhmoekx zohoxdx t{k kxpe ke cdx hkzhdedx `k cd Gddjd% Kc `d = `k `{c,

Fm}}d xk zkeke fdxpd cd r{kxpd `kc xoc ke cd ccde{zd `k Dzdidp# t{k xk keh{kepzd d ykmepmhmeho

gmclkpzox fdhmd kc x{`kxpk> kx kc lolkepo h{cledpk `k cd rkzkazmedhme% Kxpd zk{eme

xmljocm~d } depmhmrd kc keh{kepzo imedc `kc `d `k cd zkx{zzkhhme rdzd kc n{mhmo `k @mox%

Roxpkzmozlkepk xk `mzmake d cd Lkhd } rkzeohpde ke kc c{adz xdazdò `k L{~`dcmid%

@kxr{x cox rkzkazmeox hoake xmkpk rmk`zdx t{k cde~de hoepzd pzkx kxpkcdx t{k zkrzkxkepd

d Xdpdex } ldpde {e demldc ke lklozmd `kc xdhzmimhmo `k x{ fmno t{k eo ccka d hoex{ldz

Djzdfdl% Kx cd Imkxpd `kc Xdhzmimhmo# hkckjzd`d ke poò kc l{eò l{x{cle hoeiozlk d {e

lmxlo zmpo% T{mkekx pmkek lk`mox# xdhzmimhde {e demldc# oyknd o hdjzd# } `mxpzmj{}ke cd ld}ozd

`k cd hdzek kepzk cox rojzkx &Pdld}o# :22=>494-%


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ZKCMAME ] IMCOXOID

M%

Fd} òx azde`kx zdxaox d `kxpdhdz ke cd imcoxoid mxclmhd> kc kxpdz ldzhd`d

roz cd zkcmame } roxkkz {e hdzhpkz zdhmoedcmxpd% Dljdx imjzdx xk kepzkcd~de hoe

i{kz~d rdzd `dz iozld dc pknmò `kc rkexdlmkepo mxclmho%

T{k eo t{krd emea{ed `{`d# `kx`k kc r{epo `k ymxpd imcoximho# cd K`d`

Lk`md xk hdzdhpkzm~d roz kc rzkòlmemo h{cp{zdc `k cd zkcmame% Xkz `kepzo `kc

kxrzmp{ zkcmamoxo n{ò# hzmxpmdeo k mxclmho# òe`k pke`z c{adz cd ckepd

zkh{rkzdhme `k cox d{pozkx depma{ox d lk`m`d t{k xk yd ck}keò co `mxroemjck#

`kxr{x `kxh{jzmkeò# pzd`{hmkeò } pzdexlmpmkeò x{x ojzdx# hoe ojnkpo# ke cd

ld}oz rdzpk `k cox hdxox# `k hoehmcmdzcox hoe cd ik% Kikhpmydlkepk# cd imcoxoid

mxclmhd x{zak ke kc xkeo `k {ed hol{em`d` h{}o zdxao kxkehmdc kx cd

zkcmamoxm`d`% Kzd mekympdjck t{k co zkcmamoxo meic{}kzd ke kc rkexdlmkepo

imcoximho% Jxmhdlkepk kehoepzdlox mèpmhox hoepkemòx ke cd zkcmame } cd

imcoxoid7 cd `mikzkehmd cd kehoepzdlox ke kc lpoò `k x{x kexkde~dx%

Cd imcoxoid# } x{ zdhmoedcm`d` rkh{cmdz# pzdpd `k rzkhmxdz kc coaox `kc Hoze

} kxpo eo kx dcao t{k xkd dxkt{mjck dc r{kjco% Dc kx azde`k rdzd cox hzk}kepkx }

pdljme rdzd cox rkexdòzkx } hmkepimhox l{x{cldekx% Rkzo kx t{k d`klx cd

ojzd `k @mox eo xco kx dhhkxmjck lk`mdepk cd mc{lmedhme# pdljme r{k`k xkz

zd~oed`d# kepke`m`d } holrzke`m`d% Cd rdcdjzd `k @mox i{k hol{emhd`d d cox


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foljzkx d pzdyx `kc Rzoikpd Ldfold7 poòx cox hzk}kepkx dhkrpde kxpk r{epo%

@k kxpk fkhfo e{hckdz# k meekadjck# x{zak cd ekhkxm`d` `k holrzke`kzcd } eo

xco dhkrpdzcd% Izkepk d cox t{k rmkexde t{k kc rkexdlmkepo mxclmho kxloeocpmho# hkepzdò ke cd x{lmxme ojp{xd `k {ed xkzmk `k rzmehmrmox#

kehoepzdlox cd imcoxoid `k coxidcxmid# t{k hzkk roxmjck kc dhhkxo d cd Ykz`d` hoe

me`krke`kehmd `k cd Zkykcdhme%

MM%

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Hoze# roz {e cdò7 `k cdx `mxh{xmoekx `k cd hol{em`d` pzdx cd l{kzpk `kc

Rzoikpd# roz opzo7 } roz cpmlo# holo kc Mxcdl eo xk zkhc{} `kepzo `k cd

Rkeex{cd Dzjmad# `kc hoepdhpo hoe cox opzox r{kjcox } h{cp{zdx%

Zkrkpmlox {ed yk~ lx# rdzd `kndz hcdzdx cdx roxmhmoekx `k rdzpm`d> kc

Mxcdl kx {ed {em`d` zkcmamoxd# rocpmhd } h{cp{zdc ke cd t{k cd zkcmame kx kcdxrkhpo hkepzdc } {emimhdòz `kc hoen{epo% Xojzk kc kxhdxxmlo rdpzmloemo

mepkckhp{dc zdjk rzkmxclmho xk mz hoeima{zdeò {ed hmymcm~dhme oz`ked`d ke

pozeo d {e knk hkepzdc> kc xolkpmlmkepo djxoc{po d @mox% Cd `mlkexme zkcmamoxd

ozmamedc kx cd Zkykcdhme t{k @mox hoehk`m d Ldfold ke kc Hoze% Kc Cmjzo kx cd

azde i{kepk `kc Mxcdl%

Cd Rdcdjzd `k @mox kx hoeohm`d roz cox foljzkx azdhmdx d cd lk`mdhme `k

Ldfold# kc Keymdò `k @mox# kc Xkcco `k cd Rzoikhd# kc cpmlo `k cox Kckamòx rdzd

lk`mdz kepzk @mox } x{x hzmdp{zdx% Eo kehoepzdzklox ke kc Hoze {e h{kzro

òhpzmedzmo xmxpklpmho> em pkocamho# em n{z`mho# em lozdc# em imcoximho% Hoe kc

pzdexh{zzmz `kc pmklro xk i{kzoe kehoepzdeò `mykzxox ehckox `k xmaemimhdhme#

hoe co t{k xk mepzo`{no ke cd ym`d `k cox hzk}kepkx cd fkzlke{pmhd# } cox


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mepzrzkpkx `k co kxhzmpo> cd zkdcm`d` hopm`mded hojzd xkepmò d pzdyx `k cd

kvakxmx hozemhd%

Kc r{epo `k rdzpm`d `k cd zkykcdhme kx cd Xdfd`d> Eo fd} lx t{k {e @mox#Dc# } Ldfold kx x{ Keymdò% Cd {em`d` xk ldemimkxpd holo pkoided ke cd

l{cpmrcmhm`d` `kc l{eò } cd edp{zdck~d% Dx t{k kc hoeohmlmkepo# mcl# fd `k

kehdlmedz dc foljzk d `kxh{jzmz co t{k xk oh{cpd pzdx co lcpmrck%

MMM%

Co lx hdzdhpkzxpmho `k cd imcoxoid l{x{clded# i{k cd i{xme kepzk

imcoxoid } zkcmame# kepzk ik } zd~e% Cd imcoxoid } cd zkcmame mxclmhd pzdpde `k

kvrzkxdz cd lmxld ykz`d` d{et{k `k iozld `mikzkepk xkae cdx roxmjmcm`d`kx `k

holrzkexme f{lded% Poòx cox imcxoiox l{x{cldekx# `kx`k Dc,Gme`m d Mje

P{id}c } Dykzzokx kxp{ymkzoe hoeykehmòx `kc dh{kzò i{e`dlkepdc kepzk cd

meykxpmadhme imcoximhd } cd zkykcdhme rzoipmhd% Opzd hoxd kx t{k kc ckea{dnk

imcoximho xkd lx zma{zoxo } zdhmoedc t{k kc `k cd zkcmame# d`drpdò d opzo pmro`k lkepkx# em lknozkx em rkozkx# `mikzkepkx% Rkzo t{k kxpo eo eox hoei{e`d> cox

ozpoòvox `k {ed } opzd zkcmame xmklrzk lmzdzoe hoe ldcox onox cox rzoazkxox

`k cd imcoxoid# }d t{k ke hmkzpox dxrkhpox x{x lpoòx } hoehc{xmoekx rdzkhde

`mihmckx `k hoehmcmdzxk hoe cdx kexkde~dx jxmhdx `k cd zkcmame pdc } holo cdx

`kxdzzoccdjde pkcoaox } n{zmxpdx% Cox imcxoiox i{kzoe xoxrkhfoxox } pdljme

o`mdòx# } roz kxo xk ckx hdxpma# xk eka x{x ckapmlox lzmpox } xk hdcmimh `kfkzknkx d x{x xka{mòzkx%

Cdx zkcdhmoekx kepzk imcoxoid } zkcmame `{zdepk cd K`d` Lk`md eo i{kzoe

ihmckx } kx izkh{kepk kehoepzdz {ed foxpmcm`d` kvpzkld`d fdhmd cd imcoxoid kepzk

cox kxhzmpozkx hzmxpmdeox# l{x{cldekx } n{òx% Jdxpk zkhoz`dz dc azde pkcoao

rkzxd Dcadhkc# d{poz `k cd Zkymymimhdhme `k cdx hmkehmdx zkcmamoxdx# }`k h{}dx m`kdx

xk mjd d drzoykhfdz eo roho cd hmkehmd hdpcmhd% Ke rckeo xmaco VM kxhzmjm x{


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Pdfdi{p dc,idcxmid &Cd `kxpz{hhme `k cox imcxoiox- fdhmkeò {e `do pkzzmjck d cd

imcoxoid# `d`d x{ c{hm`k~ k mepkcmakehmd# ke rdzpmh{cdz# d cd imcoxoid dzmxpopcmhd% X{

xoc{hme dc rzojckld `k cdx zkcdhmoekx kepzk imcoxoid } zkcmame i{k l{} `mxpmepdd cd drozpd`d roz cox idcxmid% Lmkepzdx t{k kxpox x{jzd}dzoe cd dzloed kepzk

{eo } opzo ljmpo# Dcadhkc cd hoe`ke kezamhdlkepk roz hozzolrkz cd r{zk~d

`kc lkexdnk zkcmamoxo% Ke x{ ormeme# cd `khd`kehmd `k cd ik mxclmhd xk `kjd

rzmehmrdclkepk d cd idxhmedhme t{k xojzk cox imcxoiox zdjkx knkzhmkzoe cox

eoljzkx `k Xhzdpkx# Rcdpe }# xojzk poò Dzmxppkckx# rzehmrk `k poòx kccox%

Roz kxo xk kexd hoe Dc,Gme`m# Dc,Idzdjm } xojzk poò hoe Dymhked# xmehkzoxhzk}kepkx# rkzo imcxoiox kljkjmòx `k rkexdlmkepo fkcemho%

D`kcdepdzklox jzkyklkepk {e roho `k cd ldpkzmd d pzdpd rdzd mc{xpzdz kc

rzojckld `k cd mepockzdehmd k meholrzkexme fdhmd cox imcxoiox> kc rzojckld `k

xm kc l{eò kx kpkzeo o kx hzkdò ke kc pmklro% H{deò cox xdjmox l{x{cldekx

hoeohmkzoe kc rkexdlmkepo `k Dzmxppkckx xk dymy kc `kjdpk> kc l{eò kx kpkzeo%

Dt{kcco ro`d x{roek {ed dlked~d d cox roxp{cdòx hkepzdckx `kc Mxcdl% Kckeizkepdlmkepo kepzk imcxoiox } pkcoaox kzd mekympdjck% Kxpox pkcoaox xmklrzk

depkr{xmkzoe d h{dct{mkz rzmehmrmo zdhmoedc kc `dpo zkykcdò `k cd hzkdhme

pklrozdc kv emfmco } xk loxpzdzoe zkdhmox d {pmcm~dz cd hoehkrhme `k cd

hd{xdcm`d` `kzmyd`d `k cd imcoxoid dzmxpopcmhd% Kc l{eò kx ojzd `mzkhpd `k @mox#

t{k kx `{ko } xkoz `k poò h{depo kvmxpk ke kc {emykzxo } eo ekhkxmpd `k ed`d

em `k ed`mk% Eo kx roxmjck cd kldedhme kpkzed `kc l{eò zkxrkhpo `k @mox%Rdzd Dykzzokx# cd pkxmx `k cd kpkzem`d` `kc l{eò eo kx mzzdhmoedc% Kx t{k

pdepo cd hzkdhme pklrozdc `kc l{eò holo x{ kpkzem`d` xoe me`kloxpzdjckx% Cd

xoc{hme t{k `dz kc hozòjx eo kx hoepzdzmd d cd zkcmame mxclmhd% Rzkxkzyd kc

`dpo zkykcdò `k cd hzkdhme `kc l{eò d{et{k xk dcknk `k cd xoc{hme oizkhm`d

roz cd ozpoòvmd% Hzkkz ke {e l{eò pklrozdc o mepklrozdc kx {ed h{kxpme `k

ik% Kc hzk}kepk r{k`k dikzzdzxk d cd m`kd `kc memhmo pklrozdc `kc l{eò xm dx co


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`kxkd# rkzo kc t{k d`klx `k hzk}kepk xkd foljzk `k hmkehmd xdjk t{k kx l{hfo

lx rcd{xmjck cd m`kd `k {e l{eò kpkzeo# xme rzmehmrmo em ime }# roz

hoexma{mkepk# hzkk ke kccd% Em ke xpk em ke opzox r{epox fd} hoepzd`mhhme kepzkzd~e } ik# imcoxoid } zkcmame% Ke kxpk hdxo cd imcoxoid eo r{k`k `kloxpzdz hlo

fd xmò hzkdò kc l{eò# rkzo x hlo eo fd xmò hzkdò% Xojzk kxpk } opzox

pkldx xk rzoi{e`m~dz ke cdx ramedx t{k xma{ke%

MY%

Rdzd pkzlmedz# fdhkz lkehme } d`kcdepdz opzo dxrkhpo mlrozpdepk t{klx d`kcdepk xkz `kxdzzoccdò hoe `kpkemlmkepo> co azmkao } co mxclmho% Kx

mlrozpdepk pzdpdz kc dx{epo `k cd mehozrozdhme `kc rkexdlmkepo azmkao dc ozjk

zdjo,mxclmho% [ed rzmlkzd m`kd# kx t{k kc rkexdlmkepo azmkao kzd kc t{k kxpdjd

d cd ldeo `{zdepk cd kvrdexme `kc l{eò l{x{cle7 o t{k# d`klx# cd

kvhkcxmp{` `k pdc rkexdlmkepo kzd {ed h{kxpme t{k dt{kccox foljzkx pdljme

mepkcmakepkx eo r{`mkzoe `kndz `k cdò% Xoe j{kedx zd~oekx# rkzo rdzd Lofdlk`]djzm xoe mex{imhmkepkx# eo kvrcmhde holrckpdlkepk kxpd h{kxpme% Xkae kxpk

dzdjmxpd ldzzot{# eo xk pzdpdjd `k hoehmcmdz xme lx# em xmlrcklkepk dhhk`kz d

cox xdjkzkx dnkeox rozt{k i{kzde jkccox% Fdjd lymckx lx dh{hmdepkx rdzd t{k

dt{kcco x{hk`mkzd pdc } holo x{hk`m% Kx mlroxmjck ekadz cd drozpdhme `k co

azmkao ke co mxclmho# rkzo co t{k x hoeymkeke dhcdzdz kx kc xkepmò `k kxk

keh{kepzo% I{k co azmkao co t{k kepz ke kc ldhm~o m`kocamho `k co zdjo,mxclmho# } eo dc hoepzdzmo# t{k co mxclmho xk fmhmkzd fkckeo% I{kzoe cox

kcklkepox azmkaox kxhoamòx cox t{k kepzdzoe ke cd kxpz{hp{zd mxclmhd#

zkdn{xpeòxk } zk`kimemeòxk%


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MXCDL ] OHHM@KEPK

M%

Xmklrzk t{k xk fdjcd `kc Mxcdl xk rcdepkde holrdzdhmoekx hoe kc

Ohhm`kepk hzmxpmdeo% Cd ld}ozd `k cdx ykhkx# hoe kc die `k holrzke`kz {edxhdpkaozdx t{k eox xoe kvpzddx# xk pzd~de poò pmro `k rdzdckcmxlox } dedcoadx

kvrcmhdpmydx lx o lkeox hkzpkzdx% Opzdx ykhkx# cd ldcd ik o kc `kxhoeohmlmkepo

yoc{epdzmo cckyde d pzd~dz djkzzdepkx k mekvdhpdx pzdxcdhmoekx% Xojzk kxpo xk

ro`zd fdhkz {e jzkyk holkepdzmo rdzd pkzlmedz cd mepzo`{hhme%

Ke kc Mxcdl eo kehoepzklox e{ehd kc kt{mydckepk kvdhpo `k cdx hdpkaozdx

ohhm`kepdckx% Kxk kx kc rzmlkz kxhocco d xozpkdz dc pzdpdz hoe kxpk rkzoò `kcrkexdlmkepo% Xm jmke holo rkexdòzkx ohhm`kepdckx eo ro`klox `kxrzke`kzeox

`k po`dx e{kxpzdx rzkholrzkexmoekx# jmke fdzdlox ke eo `kndz t{k xpdx

mepkzimkzde ke co e{kyox pkldx t{k fd} t{k zkrkexdz hoe kc mxcdl } eo pzdpdz `k

dloc`dz po`dx cdx hdpkaozdx# hoehkrpox k mexpdehmdx mxclmhdx d cdx ohhm`kepdckx%

Roz knklrco } rdzd klrk~dz# ke kc Mxcdl eo kehoepzdlox kc kt{mydckepk kvdhpo

`k co t{k ke Ohhm`kepk fklox `dò kc eoljzk `k imcoxoid% Idcxdid } Id}cdx{i eokt{mydcke d e{kxpzdx rdcdjzdx imcoxoid } imcxoio% Dx co kvrcmhd Hozjme

&4==0>48->

Kc kxpdjckhmlmkepo `k {ed `mxpmehme ekpd kepk imcoxoid } pkocoad xk zkloepd ke

Ohhm`kepk d cd kxhocxpmhd lk`mkydc } rzkx{roek }d {ed xkh{cdzm~dhme# m`kd t{k eo pked hdjm`d

ke kc Mxcdl# roz cd xkehmccd zd~e `k t{k kc mxcdl eo fd hoeohmò kc ikelk eo Mackxmd# hoe x{x

mlrcmhdhmoekx } x{x hoexkh{kehmdx%


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Pzdxrcdepdz dc Mxcdl hoeicmhpox zkcdhmoedckx rzormox `k Ohhm`kepk# lk

zkimkzo d Imcoxoid yx Zkcmame# kx rcdepkdz cd h{kxpme `k ldekzd kt{myohd`d% Cd

meykxpmadhme imcoximhd ke kc Mxcdl xk hkepz ke kc fkhfo i{e`dlkepdc `k cdRzoikhd } x{ Zkykcdhme% Roz kxo cd Imcoxoid mxclmhd dòrp cd iozld `k imcoxoid

rzoipmhd# fkhfo kxpo xme rzkhk`kepk ke cd fmxpozmd `kc rkexdlmkepo ohhm`kepdc

k{zorko%

MM%

Ke kc Mxcdl eo kvmxpk kc ikelkeo rocm`zmho `keolmedò Mackxmd7 eo fd}em ldamxpkzmo òalpmho# em d{pozm`d` roepmimhmd x{rzkld meidcmjck# em hoehmcmox

t{k `kimede {ed xkzmk `k rdt{kpkx `k òaldx d xka{mz% Kc Mxcdl pmkek cd fdtpdp# }

xpd zkt{mkzk cd memhmdhme t{k hoe`{~hd dc hzk}kepk d kccd% Eo fd} ldamxpkzmox ke

cd fdtpdp# rkzo x fde `k kvmxpmz cox a{dx% Cox foljzkx `k `mox# cox mldlkx xoe

kxpox a{dx% Kc Mldl kx {e mexrmzdò# Pdcml# kc t{k xk zkcdhmoed hoe cd fdtpdp%

Rkzo kx t{k# d`klx# cd hoehmkehmd zkcmamoxd `kc Mxcdl eo kxp hkepzd`dxojzk {e fkhfo fmxpzmho r{ep{dc% Kc rkexdlmkepo mxclmho eo hoeohk kxo t{k

roz Ohhm`kepk fklox ccdldò hoehmkehmd fmxpzmhd% Kc knk `k x{ rkexdlmkepo eo

kx fozm~oepdc em pklrozdc% Cox rkexdòzkx mxclmhox t{k kxp{`mdzklox yke kc

l{eò `k iozld kxrdhmdc } ykzpmhdc> dxhkexo } `kxhkexo# co `k `kepzo } co `k

i{kzd# co drdzkepk } co oh{cpo# co kvopzmho } co kxopzmho# xoe x{x hdpkaozdx

kxkehmdckx% Kxpo# xm xka{mlox cd fkzlke{pmhd `k Hozjme# t{k`d rcdxldò ke pzkxrdzkx `k pzlmeox hz{hmdckx rdzd kepke`kz kc rkexdlmkepo mxclmho> Xfdzmdp }

Fdtpdp# ^fmz } Jpme } imedclkepk# Pde~c } Pdqc &Hozjme# 4==0>:=-% Kxpdx rdzkndx

`k pzlmeox ldepmkeke# d cd yk~# {ed zkcdhme `k holrcklkepdzmk`d` }

hoepzdxpk% Rdzd kepke`kzeox> cd Ck} } cd Ykz`d`# co Kvopzmho &drdzkepk } cmpkzdc-

} co Kxopzmho &oh{cpo-# cd Zkcmame roxmpmyd &cd ckpzd `k cd Zkykcdhme- } cd

Kvakxmx kxrmzmp{dc mepkzmoz% D cd ymxpd `k kxpo ro`klox hoehc{mz t{k kc Mxcdl eo


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xk daopd ke x{x dxrkhpox kxopzmhox# ckadcmxpdx } cmpkzdcmxpdx% Kc Mxcdl eo kx xocd }

kxpzmhpdlkepk cd Xfdzmdp% Xm dx i{kzd eo xk f{jmkzd rkzlmpmò cd kvmxpkehmd d cox

imcxoiox% Kc Mxcdl kx {e holrckno loxdmho `k xkzkx } kxpdzkx# `k kepke`mlmkepoxk mepkzrzkpdhmoekx t{k# holrdzpmkeò {e ehcko mzzke{ehmdjck# xk kvrde`k holo

{e zm~old%

Kc rkexdlmkepo mxclmho eo holmke~d hoe cox imcxoiox zdhmoedcmxpdx t{k

ccdldlox idcxmid% Kc `mxh{zzmz `kc rkexdlmkepo mxclmho holmke~d kc `d `kxr{x

`k cd l{kzpk `kc Rzoikpd% Roz kxo# kxh{hfdeò cdx xdjmdx rdcdjzdx `k Hozjme#

holke~dlox roz cd pkoxoid `kc xfmxlo# rozt{k i{kzoe xpox# cox rzmlkzox kefdhkzxk hdzao# lk`mdepk cd zkickvme# cd kxrkh{cdhme rzoipmhd# cd kvakxmx

kxrmzmp{dc# `k cdx azde`kx holrcknm`d`kx t{k dcjkzadjd kc Cmjzo Xdazdò% Kxpox

imkckx l{x{cldekx orpdzoe roz `dz rzkroe`kzdehmd dc xka{eò roco `k cdx

`mhopoldx kvr{kxpdx depkzmozlkepk> fdtpdp# jpme } pde~c%


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OZMKEPK


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XFMXLO4

XFD

M%

Kc Mxcdl kx {ed zkcmame rzoipmhd# pdljme kx {ed hol{em`d` `kc Cmjzo&dfc dc,Gmpj-% X{ rkexdlmkepo xk ozmkepd `kx`k kc rzmehmrmo fdhmd kc @mox t{k xk

zkykcd ke kxk Cmjzo roz lk`mo `kc lkexdnk t{k kc eakc `mhpd dc rzoikpd t{k co

zkhmjk7 lkexdnk t{k pzdexlmpk cd {em`d` } cd pzdexhke`kehmd `k kxk @mox# pdqf %

Poòx# zkcmamoxox# imcxoiox } lxpmhox# hzk}kepkx `k d rm# homehm`ke ke kxk pkld%

D`klx# kc rkexdlmkepo xk ozmkepd fdhmd cd rkzxoed t{k zkhmjk } pzdexlmpk kc

lkexdnk> kc Rzoikpd% Roz pdepo xk r{k`k `khmz t{k kc Mxcdl pmkek {ed pkocoad# {edrzoikpocoad# {ed depzorocoad } {ed aeoxkocoad rzormdx%

Xfmxlo rzohk`k `k cd rdcdjzd zdjk xf!d# t{k xmaemimhd az{ro `k d`krpox% ]

xoe kc hoen{epo `k dt{kccox t{k xk ymeh{cde d cd m`kd `kc Mldldpo ke cd rkzxoed

`k !Dc mje Dj Pcmj# rzmlo } }kzeo `kc Rzoikpd roz x{ fmnd Ipmld } `k x{x

x{hkxozkx% Cd rdcdjzd mldl `kxmaed d dt{kc t{k xk ldepmkek o hdlmed `kcdepk

`k cox `klx% Xoe òx cdx zdldx rzmehmrdckx `kc xfmxlo> kc xfmxlo`{o`khmldeo o mldlmxlo } kc xfmxlo xkrpmldeo o mxldmcmxlo% Cd zkikzkehmd

e{lzmhd dc{`k d {e `kpkzlmedò xmljocmxlo% Lmkepzdx t{k cd mldlocoad

`{o`khmlded xmljocm~d hoe kc Hmkco `k cdx òhk hoexpkcdhmoekx ~o`mdhdckx cd

mldlocoad xkrpmlded `kc mxldmcmxlo xmljocm~d hoe cox xmkpk hmkcox rcdekpdzmox }

x{x dxpzox lymckx%

4Hozjme# 4==0>81,420


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MM%

Rdzd fdhkzeox {ed m`kd# jmke ro`zdlox hoepkvp{dcm~dz hzoeocamhdlkepk

kxpk dx{epo> Dc Dj{ Pdcmj kx# rdzd cox x{eekx# kc h{dzpo `k cox Hdcmidx Knklrcdzkx&gfdcmidf# x{hkxoz- t{k l{kzk ke kc 994# d xco := dox `kc idcckhmlmkepo `kc

Rzoikpd Ldfold% Kc aojmkzeo `k Dc xk hdzdhpkzm~ roz cdx c{hfdx mepkxpmedx hoe cd

r{ndepk `medxpd Olk}d% Pzdx x{ l{kzpk# L{dqm}}d# Olk}d aojkzedòz `k Xmzmd#

kx eoljzdò hdcmid% X{x xka{mòzkx eo kxpe `k dh{kzò hoe kxpd x{hkxme hoe co

t{k xk rzo`{hk cd azde z{rp{zd `kepzo `kc Mxcdl> rdzd cox xfmpdx# Dc# xk

hoeymkzpk ke kc rzmlkz Mldl% D rdzpmz `k dt{ xk x{hk`ke opzox xkmx Mldlkx# kccpmlo `k kccox kx Dc,X`mt t{k idcckhk ke kc 19;% @{zdepk lx `k {e xmaco kc

xfmxlo ymym {emimhdò%

Fdxpd kc YM Mldl# Nd!idz dc,X`mt# xfmpdx `{o`khmldeox k mxldmckx

ykekzdzoe {ed lmxld cekd `mexpmhd `kc Mldldpo% Kc Mll Ndidz eoljz holo

x{hkxoz d x{ fmno Mxlmc% Rkzo dc lozmz rzkldp{zdlkepk# Ndidz eoljz {e e{kyo

x{hkxoz t{k kzd pdljme fmno x{}o> Lx G~kl% Kc xfmxlo xk rdzpm ke òxazde`kx pzoehox% Roz {e cdò cox x{hkxozkx `kc fmno `kc `mi{epo Mxlmc# `k df co

`k mxldmckx# {e xfmxlo d {cpzde~d% Roz opzo cdò# cox x{hkxozkx `k G~kl# t{k `k

mldl ke mldl# cckydzoe x{ ojk`mkehmd fdxpd kc VMM Mldl# Lofdlld` dc,Ldf #

fmno `kc Mldl Fdxde !Dxgdz# lmxpkzmoxdlkepk `kxdrdzkhmò kc lmxlo `d ke t{k

lozd x{ noyke rd`zk% Roz kxo xk ckx hoeohk holo xfmpdx `{o`khmldeox% Xmaco }

lk`mo `kxr{x `k cd Famzd kc Mxcdl x{izd x{ rzmlkz azde hoeicmhpo rocpmho }kxrmzmp{dc%

MMM%

Ke kc xkeo `kc Mxcdl# fd xmò kc rkexdlmkepo xfmpd kc t{k fd dcmlkepdò cd

imcoxoid `k pmro rzoipmho t{k kx cd t{k hozzkxroe`k d {ed zkcmame rzoipmhd>

imcoxoid t{k eo xk `knd kehkzzdz em roz cd fmxpozmd em roz cd ckpzd `k cox òaldx o


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cdx ck}kx `k cd camhd zdhmoedc% Kc xfmxlo eo kx# `kx`k c{kao# em {ed pkocoad em

{ed imcoxoid zdhmoedckx dc {xo# ke kc xkepmò hcxmho ohhm`kepdc t{k pmkek kc

hoehkrpo zdhmoedc% X kx roxmjck kpmt{kpdzcd holo {ed d{pepmhd pkoxoid# {edxdjm`{zd `k @mox# hoe {ed hofkzkehmd mepkzed djxoc{pd# rozt{k kx cckyd`d d x{x

lvmldx hoexkh{kehmdx% Kc rkexdlmkepo xfmpd kxp ozmkepdò fdhmd cd

ldemikxpdhme rcked `k poòx cox xkepmòx kxrmzmp{dckx { oh{cpox `k cdx zkykcdhmo,

ekx `mymedx% Cd kxrkzd `k kxpd ldemikxpdhme kxp pmrmimhd`d ke cd kxrkzd `k cd

rdz{xd o d`ykemlmkepo acozmoxo `kc Mldl Oh{cpo dc ime `k cox pmklrox%

MY%

Xk zk`{hk cd zkcmame mxclmhd d cd xocd mepkzrzkpdhme ckadcmxpd } n{`mhmdc }

kvopzmhd# ~fmz? Xm xk zkxroe`k dimzldpmydlkepk# eo fd} }d c{adz rdzd fdjcdz `k

imcoxoid% Rkzo xm kepke`klox t{k kc ~dfmz# kxk kcklkepo kvopzmho# kx cd keyocp{zd

`k dcao `mxpmepo# kc jpme# co mepkzmoz o kxopzmho7 kepoehkx# cd ckpzd `k cd zkcmame

roxmpmyd# cd xfdz!dp# d`t{mkzk x{ xkepmò ke cd fdtpdp# ke cd zkdcm`d` kxrmzmp{dc oxkepmò kxopzmho `k cdx zkykcdhmoekx `mymedx% Dfozd jmke# kxpk xkepmò kxopzmho

eo kx dcao t{k xk r{k`d hoexpz{mz hoe d}{`d `k cd camhd# d aocrkx `k xmcoamxlo%

Pdlroho lk`mdepk cd `mdchpmhd% Kc xkepmò oh{cpo xco r{k`k xkz pzdexlmpmò

holo fkzkehmd kxrmzmp{dc> {e keozlk hozr{x hoe cd kexkde~d pzd`mhmoedc `k cox

mldlkx `kc xfmxlo ke pdepo t{k fkzk`kzox `k cox rzoikpdx% Hd`d {eo `k cox

mldlkx fd xmò# ke x{ lolkepo kc Ldepkekòz `kc Cmjzo# fdhmkeò kvrchmpo }pzdexlmpmkeò d x{x `mxhr{cox kc xkepmò oh{cpo `k cdx zkykcdhmoekx%

Y%

Kc hmhco `k cd rzoikhd kxp hkzzdò% Lofdlld`# kc Xkcco `k cox rzoikpdx

&Gfpml dc,dejm}!-# fd xmò kc cpmlo `k cox rzoikpdx% Depkzmozlkepk d c#

kvmxpmkzoe opzox t{k drozpdzoe {ed xfdz!dp d cd f{ldem`d`> Dè# Eo#


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Djzdfdl# Lomxx } Nkxx% Cd e{kyd t{k drozpd kc Rzoikpd Lofdlld` kx cd

cpmld% Rdzd kc Xfmxlo# kc imedc `k cd rzoikhd eo x{roek kc imedc `k cd kvmxpkehmd%

X{roek kc holmke~o `k {e e{kyo hmhco# kc `kc Mldldpo% Pdepo cox Rzoikpdx holocox Mldekx xoe cd cmpk `k cd F{ldem`d`% D kccox ckx fd xmò zkykcd`d cd ykz`d`

roz @mox% Fde `k xkz# roz pdepo# cox A{dx kxrmzmp{dckx `k cd F{ldem`d`%

Kxpk hmhco `kc Mll pdljme kx hoeohmò roz kc holrcmhdò hoehkrpo `k

qdc}dp% @kc lmxlo loò t{k kc hmhco `kc Mldl x{hk`k dc `kc Rzoikpd# kc jpme

x{hk`k dc~fmz# } cd fdtpdpx{hk`k d cd xfdz!dp% D{et{k dt{ x{hkxme eo me`mhd

cd kcmlmedhme# rozt{k e{ehd xkze pzlmeox hoepzdzmox t{k xk kcmlmede% Fkez}Hozjme co ldpm~d fdjcdeò `k xml{cpdekm`d` kepzk xfdz!dp} fdtpdp% Xmklrzk xk

`de dljox pzlmeox } ro`zdlox fdjcdz `k rzkroe`kzdehmd xme xkrdzdhme `k

{eox `k cox rocox rkzo e{ehd `k xkrdzdhme holrckpd%

Kikhpmydlkepk# kc xfmxlo dx{lk roz holrckpo cox xkhzkpox `k cox mldlkx>

rzkydckhk rzoi{e`dlkepk co kxopzmho% ] rzkpke`kz cmlmpdz cdx kexkde~dx `k cox

mldlkx d h{kxpmoekx `k `kzkhfo } zmp{dc kx l{pmcdz cd jkcck~d `kc xfmxlo% Cokxopzmho ke kc xfmxlo eo mlrcmhd cd djocmhme `k cd xfdzdp } `kc ~fmz% Xmaemimhd

t{k xm kcmlmedlox dc jpme } cd fdtpdp# cd zkcmame zkx{cpdepk xk hoeymkzpk ke {e

rkxdò } orzkxmyo hdpcoao `k òaldx%


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XFMXLO @[O@KHMLDEO

M%

Cd rzoikpocoad kx kc zdxao x{xpdehmdc `kc xfmxlo% ] rdzd xpd co t{k fd} ke

n{kao kx# ed`d lx } ed`d lkeox# kc `kxpmeo kxrmzmp{dc `kc xkz f{ldeo% Rdzd

djoz`dz xklkndepk pdzkd xk ekhkxmpd# ke rzmlkz c{adz# cd kvmxpkehmd `k foljzkx

mexrmzdòx# kxpo kx# foljzkx `mymeox hoe iozld f{lded% ] xka{eò# {ed

aeoxkocoad rzoipmhd ccked `k iozldx xmljcmhdx% ]d xk fd `mhfo t{k rdzd kc

xfmxlo# hoe kc hmkzzk `kc hmhco `k cd rzoikhd holmke~d kc hmhco `k cd qdc}dp# kc

memhmo `k cd memhmdhme kxrmzmp{dc# cd kxrkzd `k {e i{p{zo dc t{k xk rkzldekhk

djmkzpo% Kc Rzoikpd kx kc keymdò roz @mox d cd pmkzzd `k cox foljzkx rdzd t{k

xpox xkde a{mdòx ke kc i{p{zo lk`mdepk cd ke{ehmdhme `k cd Ck} @mymed%

Kc Xfmxlo zkhoeohk pzkx azdòx `k rzkikzkehmd ke x{x Rzoikpdx> qdc# edj

o rzoikpd } zdxc o keymdò% Dc qdc hozzkxroe`k cd qdc}dp# dc edj hozzkxroe`k

cd rzoikhd o eojoqqdp# } dc zdxc hozzkxroe`k cd zmxcdp o lmxme `kc keymdò% Cd

qdc}dp# dc xkz kc hozd~e } co kxopzmho# kx lx klmekepk t{k cd drdzmkehmd

kvopzmhd# r{kx xpd pmkek ekhkxm`d` `k dt{kccd> co lmxlo t{k cd lmxme `kc zdxc

o keymdò rzkx{roek kc kxpdò kxrmzmp{dc `kc edj# d x{ yk~ xpk rzkx{roek dc

qdc% Kc Qdc o dlmao `k @mox# memhmdò k memhmdòz kxrmzmp{dc# kx lx klmekepk

t{k cd h{dcm`d` `k edj# } xpd# d x{ yk~# lx klmekepk t{k cd h{dcm`d` `k zdxc o

keymdò &kvpkzmozm`d` hzkhmkepk-% Dca{eox d{pozkx xfmkx depma{ox {pmcm~de {ed


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lkpiozd> cd zmxcdp kx holo cd hozpk~d# cd eojoqqdp kx holo cd dclke`zd# cd

qdc}dpkx holo kc dhkmpk `k cd dclke`zd% Ke opzox pzlmeox# cd lmxme `kc zdxc#

xme kc kxpdò `k edj# xkzd holo cd xfdz!dp# cd zkcmame roxmpmyd# rzmyd`d `k cdpdztdp# cd yd lxpmhd# holo co kvopzmho xme co kxopzmho# holo cd hozpk~d ydhd

xme cd dclke`zd% ] kc kxpdò `k edj xme cd qdc}dp xkzd holo cd yd lxpmhd

&pdztdp- rzmyd`d `k cd zkdcm~dhme kxrmzmp{dc &fdtpdp-# holo cd dclke`zd xme kc

dhkmpk%

MM%Ke kc Xfmxlo n{epo d cd rzoikpocoad hoeymyk {ed mldlocoad# t{k ke

hmkzpo xkepmò cd holrckpd% Xm cd rzmlkzd `kxdzzoccd cd ima{zd } kc xmaemimhdò `k

cox Rzoikpdx# cd xka{e`d `kxdzzoccd cd ima{zd } kc xmaemimhdò `k cox Mldlkx% Kc

Toze eo kx {e cmjzo h{}d hmkehmd r{k`d xkz dx{lm`d roz cd imcoxoid hole% Kx

rzkhmxo zkhoe`{hmz kc pkvpo fdxpd kc rcdeo ke t{k eox l{kxpzd x{ ykz`d`kzo

xkepmò% xpd eo kx lmxme `k cd `mdchpmhd% Fdhk idcpd {e foljzk t{k xkd d cd yk~{e fkzk`kzo kxrmzmp{dc } {e mexrmzdò# t{k roxkd co kxopzmho} co kvopzmho% c kx

kc Ldepkekòz `kc Cmjzo# kc Mldl o A{d% Eo r{k`k hoeohkzxk d @mox xmeo roz

@mox% Eo kx roxmjck cckadz d cox hoeohmlmkepox zkykcdòx lx t{k roz zkykcdhme

`mymed# qdf}# o roz mexrmzdhme# mcfl% @kxr{x `kc Rzoikpd kx mlroxmjck t{k cd

Pmkzzd t{k`k ydhd `k {e adzdepk `k @mox t{k zkxroe`d roz c depk cox foljzkx#

rdzd t{k xpox xk dhkzt{ke d c%R{k`k xkz zkhoeohmò rjcmhdlkepk o cckydz {e loò `k kvmxpkehmd `k

mehoaempo% Xkd holo i{kzk kx kc A{d me`mxrkexdjck rdzd cckadz d cox xkepmòx

oh{cpox `kc Cmjzo# cox h{dckx zkt{mkzke {ed c{~ `mymed# {ed ymxme mepkzmoz# {ed

d{`mhme kxrmzmp{dc% Cd mldlocoad kx {e roxp{cdò kxkehmdc `k cd imcoxoid

rzoipmhd% Cd rzmlkzd h{kxpme kx xpd> t{me# `kxr{x `kc Rzoikpd# ro`d

zkmyme`mhdz cd h{dcm`d` `k Ldepkekòz `kc Cmjzo? Kc Xfmxlo kx {ed hol{em`d`


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kxrmzmp{dc } kc Mldl kx x{ a{d% Kc Mldl memhmd kc xkepmò oh{cpo `k cdx

Zkykcdhmoekx } eo kx {e lkzo ldamxpkzmo òalpmho o kc d`lmemxpzdòz `k {ed

Mackxmd% Cox mldlkx zkhmjke cdx h{dcmimhdhmoekx `k Ima{zdx `k c{~# Kepm`d`kxrzkhxlmhdx# Krmidedx`mymedx% Xoe cox rmcdzkx `k cd Pmkzzd# dt{kccox d t{mkekx

i{k `d`d cd xdjm`{zd mei{xd% Xoe kc zjoc `k cd rzoikhd# cox fkzk`kzox `kc

hoeohmlmkepo t{k pzdexlmpke% X{ hoeohmlmkepo djdzhd cd popdcm`d` `k cox

pmklrox# xoe meldh{cdòx# dt{kccox d t{mkekx fdjcde cox eakckx# lofd``dpfe%

MMM%Holo fdjdlox `mhfo n{epo d cd Rzoikpocoad,Mldlocoad xk `kxdzzoccd

{ed aeoxkocoad# h{}d i{ehme rzmloz`mdc kx hoeohkz d cd `mymem`d`%

Kc Edj kx rzoikpd rdzd x lmxlo% Pmkek ymxmoekx } o}k cd yo~ `kceakc ke x{kox rkzo e{ehd ke kxpdò `k ymamcmd% Eo ck holrkpk

rzohcdldz kc lkexdnk t{k fd zkhmjmò `k @mox%

Kc Edj lozxdc# kc Rzoikpd Keymdò o kc Rzoikpd @ohkepk# kx kc t{k fdpkemò cd ymxme `kc eakc ke x{kox# rkzo pdljme ke cd ymamcmd% Kx

keymdò d rzohcdldz x{ lkexdnk d az{rox roho e{lkzoxox%

Cox Azde`kx Rzoikpdx xoe xmkpk> Dè# Eo# Djzdfdl# Lomxx# @dym`#Nkxx } Lofdlld` kc fonndp `k @mox% Pmkeke cd lmxme `k ke{ehmdz

{ed xfdz dp# {ed Ck} @mymed e{kyd t{k djzoad d cd t{k ck rzkhk`k%

Poò hoeohmlmkepo ykz`d`kzo kx ke zkdcm`d` {ed pkoided o krmided

`mymed% Roz kxo cd aeoxkocoad xfmpd xk ccdld pdljme fmkzoaeoxmx% D`klx# kc

hozd~e kx kc zadeo hoe hdrdhm`d` rdzd dhoakz cd zkdcm`d` kxrmzmp{dc% Cd m`kd `kc

hoeohmlmkepo holo krmided h{}o zadeo `k rkzhkrhme pmkek x{ xk`k ke kc

hozd~e# hoe`{hk d kxpdjckhkz òx xkzmkx rdzdckcdx h{}ox pzlmeox zkxrkhpmyox

xoe folcoaox>

, Ymxme kvpkzmoz# jdxdz dc,~fmz> Ono Ymxpd , cd rkzhkrhme# m`zg , kc xoc%


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, Ymxme mepkzmoz# jdxzdp dc,jpme> Hozd~e# tdcj , cd mepkcmakehmd# !dtc , kc

hoeohmlmkepo# mcl , kc eakc# cd Mepkcmakehmd Dakepk%

Xk `d d kxpk eakc,Mepkcmakehmd kc eoljzk `k Hcdlo &Tdcdl-# rozt{k kx cdhd{xd mepkzlk`md kepzk @mox } kc foljzk rdzd cd dhp{dcm~dhme `kc hoeohmlmkepo

ke kc hozd~e# holo kc hcdlo &cd rc{ld- kx lk`mdòz kepzk kc kxhzmpoz } kc rdrkc

ke t{k `mj{nd o kxhzmjk% Xme cd mc{lmedhme `kc xoc# kc ono eo r{k`k ykz% Xme cd

mc{lmedhme `kc eakc,Mepkcmakehmd# kc mepkckhpo f{ldeo eo r{k`k hoeohkz% Eo xk

pzdpd# r{kx# `k rdxdz `kc oz`ke xkexmjck dc x{rzdxkexmjck% Eo fd} pdlroho

djxpzdhhme d rdzpmz `k co xkexmjck% Xk pzdpd `k òx dxrkhpox# ke òx rcdeox`mikzkepkx# `k {e lmxlo rzohkxo% Kxpo kx co t{k cox Mldlkx ccdlde hoeohmlmkepo

roz kc hozd~e o ldzmidp tdcj}d% Cd aeoxkocoad `kc hozd~e pmkek pzkx azdòx

`mikzkepkx `k klmekehmd> kc hoeohmlmkepo `k cox imcxoiox# kc hoeohmlmkepo `k cox

mexrmzdòx } kc hoeohmlmkepo `k cox Rzoikpdx% Cox Imcxoiox hoeohke cox rzmlkzox

rzmehmrmox roz cd ojxkzydhme } kc kxi{kz~o% Kc hoeohmlmkepo `k cox mexrmzdòx }

`k cox Rzoikpdx xk rzo`{hk rozt{k cd mexrmzdhme# mcfl# xk dro`kzd `k kxpoxfoljzkx% Cd dqcm} ke cox Mexrmzdòx> kc eakc rzo}khpd cd hmkehmd xojzk kc

x{nkpo% Pold iozld `k d{`mhme kxrmzmp{dc% Cd Qdf} ke cox Rzoikpdx>

hol{emhdhme `mymed `kc eakc dc Rzoikpd% Pold iozld `k ymxme hcdzd ke kxpdò

`k ymamcmd%

MY%Rdzdckcd d kxpd fmkzoaeoxmx# pzdexh{zzk {ed fmkzofmxpozmd# kxpo kx# {ed

fmxpozmd t{k kx hoexkh{kehmd rcked `k cdx lo`dcm`d`kx `k rkzhkrhme `k cox

fkhfox x{rzdxkexmjckx% Xm cd fmxpozmd xk fdhk hdzao `k cox fkhfox klrzmhox# kxpd

lkpdfmxpozmd xk fdhk hdzao `k cd m`kd `k cox hmhcox `k cd Rzoikhd } cd Qdc}dp%

Holrdzloxco hoe cd hoehmkehmd fmxpzmhd `kc hzmxpmdemxlo } x{ jxt{k`d `k {ed

`dpdhme rzkhmxd% Cd hoehmkehmd `kc foljzk hzmxpmdeo kxp imnd`d xojzk hmkzpox


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fkhfox `dpdjckx rdzd c ke cd fmxpozmd> cd Kehdzedhme } cd Zk`kehme% Rdzd kc imkc#

cd m`kd t{k pmkek `k x{ ozmake } `kc rozykemz# `k cox t{k `krke`k kc xkepmò `k x{

ym`d rzkxkepk# kxp imnd`d xojzk fkhfox t{k xoe ma{dclkepk zkdckx# rkzo t{krkzpkekhke d kxpd lkpdfmxpozmd `mymed%

Kc xkepmò `k x{ ozmake co rkzhmjk ke c mepkzzoadepk rcdepkdò roz @mox kc

@d `kc Rdhpo d cd f{ldem`d` d`lmhd% Rkzo emea{ed hzoeocoad r{k`k imndz cd

ikhfd kvdhpd `k kxk @d `kc Rdhpo# t{k pmkek c{adz ke kc pmklro `k cd

rzkkvmxpkehmd `k cdx dcldx% Kc opzo clmpk rdzd kc xfmpd# }d xkd rkexdòz o xmlrck

hzk}kepk# kx kc `k cd rdz{xd `kc Mldl dhp{dclkepk oh{cpo% Kc pmklro rzkxkepk kxkc pmklro `k cd oh{cpdhme#afd}jdp# `kc Mldl% Xco {ed imcoxoid rzoipmhd# dc xkz

kxkehmdclkepk kxhdpocamhd# r{k`k fdjcdz `k c% Kepzk kxpox òx clmpkx# xk

`kxdzzoccd kc `zdld `k cd kvmxpkehmd f{lded ymymò roz hd`d hzk}kepk% Cd

rzoazkxme `kc pmklro `k cd oh{cpdhme fdxpd kc `kxkecdhk imedc roz cd rdz{xd# kx

kc hmhco `k cd qdc}dpt{k x{hk`k dc hmhco `k cd rzoikhd% Kc hmhco `k cd rzoikhd kx

holo {e hzh{co hoexpmp{mò roz {ed xkzmk `k r{epox# hd`d {eo `k cox h{dckxzkrzkxkepd {e rzoikpd# {e lolkepo rdzhmdc `k cd rzoikhd% Kc r{epo t{k ldzhd kc

holmke~o `kc hmhco `k cd rzoikhd xojzk cd pmkzzd i{k cd kvmxpkehmd `k Dè% @k

edj ke edj# &cd pzd`mhme h{kepd lx `k 422%222-# `k keymdò ke keymdò &xk

h{kepde lx `k 822-# `k azde rzoikpd ke azde rzoikpd &fde xmò xmkpk-# kc hmhco

rzoazkxd fdxpd cd kvmxpkehmd `k Nkxx t{k i{k kc cpmlo azde rzoikpd rdzhmdc% Hoe

cd ykem`d `k Lofdlld`# kc hzh{co xk holrckpd } xk hmkzzd% Holo Gfpml#Lofdlld` kx cd krmided `k cd Zkdcm`d` rzoipmhd kpkzed# `kc Kxrzmp{ x{rzklo o

Depfzorox hkckxpmdc% Kc Kxrzmp{ x{rzklo xk krmidem~d ke c roz cd kxkehmd lmxld

`k cd rzoikhd%

Cd h{clmedhme `k cd fmkzofmxpozmd# pdljme `k cd Mldlocoad# kx kc pkld

`kc Mldl oh{cpo% D co cdzao `k cd dj{e`depxmld cmpkzdp{zd pkoximhd xfmpd fd

zkhmjmò mee{lkzdjckx eoljzkx% Zkhoaklox `k Hozjme cox lx {x{dckx> Xfmj dc,


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~dleo kc t{k òlmed kxpk pmklro# Mll loepd~dzo Mldl kxrkzdò# Tml

dc,Tm}ldpo Mldl `k cd Zkx{zzkhhme% Holo x{ eoljzk me`mhd kc Mldl oh{cpo kx

meymxmjck d cox xkepmòx rkzo eo d cox hozd~oekx `k cox hzk}kepkx% Kc Mldl oh{cpo#fdxpd kc lolkepo `k cd rdz{xd# eo kx ymxmjck lx t{k ke x{ko# o jmke ke

ldemikxpdhmoekx rkzxoedckx t{k pmkeke kc hdzhpkz `k dhoepkhmlmkepox

ymxmoedzmox%

Kc pmklro `k cd Azde Oh{cpdhme o Afd}jdp gojz kx kc pmklro `k {ed

rzkxkehmd `mymed `k mehaempo# } rzkhmxdlkepk roz xkzco e{ehd r{k`k hoeykzpmzxk

ke ojnkpo# `kxdimdeò po`d xohmdcm~dhme `k co kxrmzmp{dc% Kc d`ykemlmkepo `kcMldl ldemikxpdz imedclkepk kc xkepmò oh{cpo `k po`dx cdx zkykcdhmoekx% Kc

kxopkzmxlo mxclmho zkrzkxkepdò roz kc xfmxlo rzoipmho roxkk kc xkhzkpo `kc

kh{lkemxlo ykz`d`kzo } zolrk kc meloymcmxlo pde d lke{ò zkrzohfdò dc

Mxcdl ckadcmxpd `k cd xfdz!dp% Cd i{p{zd drdzmhme `kc Mldl# `kc Foljzk Rkzikhpo#

`kc Foljzk Mepkazdc# rzkx{roek cd lkpdlozioxmx `kc hozd~e `k cox foljzkx7

`krke`k `k cd im`kcm`d` `k x{x d`krpox t{k xk zkdcmhk rzoazkxmydlkepk kxdrdz{xd# roz x{ rzormo dhpo `k xkz% @k df `kzmyd po`d cd pmhd `kc hdjdcckzo

kxrmzmp{dc# m`kd t{k keacojd poò kc kpfox `kc xfmxlo# hoe cd rdzdònd `k x{

rkxmlmxlo n{epo d x{ kxrkzde~d# r{kx x{ ymxme djzd~d roz dljdx rdzpkx kc

fozm~oepk `k cd lkpdfmxpozmd> cd rzkkvmxpkehmd `k cdx dcldx } cd Zkx{zzkhhme#

T{m}ldp# t{k kx {ed pzdexima{zdhme `k cdx hoxdx%


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MXLDMCMXLO

M%

D cd fozd `k dedcm~dz kc hmxld } kxhmxme `kepzo `k cdx imcdx `kc Xfmxlo ke

x{x òx zdldx ro`klox {pmcm~dz# lkpdizmhdlkepk# kxd òjck ymxme `kc mxcdl `k

kxopzmho } kvopzmho% Cd hd{xd drdzkepk } kvpkzed# kvopzmhd# i{k `kx`k c{kao {e

hcdzo hoeicmhpo `mexpmho# rocpmho xm xk t{mkzk% Cox imkckx xfmpdx eo xk r{xmkzoe `k

dh{kzò ke t{me `kjd xkz kc x{hkxoz `kc YM Mldl% Rkzo d`klx# fklox `k

fdjcdz `k {ed hd{xd mepkzed o kxopzmhd> cd zd`mhdcm~dhme `k `kpkzlmed`dx

roxp{zdx ke co zkikzkepk d cd Mldlocoad% Kikhpmydlkepk# kc YM Mldl# Nd!idz X`mt

fdjd eoljzdò x{hkxoz d x{ fmno ld}oz# Mxl!c7 rkzo xpk l{zm

rzkldp{zdlkepk depkx t{k x{ rd`zk% X{zad kepoehkx cd `{`d> hozzkxroe`d cd

meykxpm`{zd `kc Mldldpo dc fmno `k Mxl!c# o jmke kc Mldl Nd!idz pked `kzkhfo d

pzdxcd`dz cd meykxpm`{zd d opzo `k x{x fmnox# Lx G~kl# fkzldeo lkeoz `k

Mxl!c? Co `mymeo } co f{ldeo xk n{epde {ed yk~ lx rdzd holrcmhdz cdx hoxdx d

cd ym`d `k cox foljzkx% Xk lk~hcde dt{ cox rzojckldx f{ldeox# `k o`mox }

zkehmccdx kepzk rkzxoedx } idlmcmdx# hoe cox pzdxhke`kepkx `k kepke`kz h{c kx cd

iozld hozzkhpd `k cox mldlkx%

MM%

D{et{k kc Mldl Nd!idz `kxd{pozm~ d cox xkrpmldeox# kxpk loymlmkepo

xma{m d`kcdepk7 } xco xmaco } lk`mo `kxr{x# hoe cd drdzmhme `k cd `medxpd


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idpmlm`d ke Kc Hdmzo# rdzkhd t{k cd azde kxrkzde~d mxldmc xk fdzd zkdcm`d`> kc

zkmeo `k @mox ke cd Pmkzzd% Rkzo {ed yk~ lx# {e rzojckld `k x{hkxme `mexpmhd

zolrk cd cekd `k rkexdlmkepo `kc xfmxlo mxldmc o {cpzdxfmxlo% Ke 061/42=:l{kzk kc YMMM hdcmid idplm`d# dc,Loxpdexmz# `kndeò holo x{hkxoz d dc,Loxpdc# x{

xka{eò fmno% Kxpo ohdxmoe cd kxhmxme `k cd hol{em`d` mxldmc ke òx zdldx%

Rzmlkzo# kxpdjde cox mxldmckx ccdldòx ohhm`kepdckx &`k Kamrpo } ]klke- t{k

zkhoeohmkzoe kc Mldldpo `kc fmno `k dc,Loxpdexmz# } hoepme{dzoe cd depma{d pzd`m,

hme idplm`d% Xka{eò# cox mxldmckx ccdldòx ozmkepdckx# kx `khmz cox mxldmckx

`k Rkzxmd t{k p{ymkzoe roz hkepzo rzmehmrdc cd keholmke`d `k Dcdl{p &ke cdxloepddx dc x{òkxpk `kc ldz Hdxrmo-%

MMM%

Yocydlox# jzkyklkepk } depkx `k kxp{`mdz roz xkrdzdò cdx òx zdldx

kxhme`m`dx `kc }d# } ydcad cd zk`{e`dehmd# kxhme`mò mxldmcmxlo# d cdx zd~oekx

kxopzmhdx `k cd azde z{rp{zd ke kc xkeo `kc xfmxlo% Dczk`kòz `kc noyke MldlMxl!c xk i{kzoe hoeazkadeò {ed xkzmk `k `mxhr{cox t{k xdhdjde

hoexkh{kehmdx zd`mhdckx dhkzhd `k cd krmided `mymed ke cd mldlocoad> po`d

zkdcm`d` kvopzmhd hozzkxroe`k {ed zkdcm`d` kxopzmhd% R{xmkzoe poò kc eidxmx

ke cd Zkx{zzkhhme Kxrmzmp{dc o T{m}ldpke `kpzmlkepo `k cd ojxkzydehmd `k cd

Ck} o xfdzdp% Rkzo d`klx kc aeoxpmhmxlo xfmpd# }d `k roz x kx `k {ed dcpxmld

kxrkh{cdhme lkpdixmhd# hdkz ke {edx zk`kx kvpzddx rdzd kc xfmxlo> cd aeoxmxldemt{kd depma{d% Xme ro`kz xdhdz hoehc{xmoekx `kimempmydx kx roxmjck t{k kc

hoepdhpo hoe kc ldemt{kxlo `k hozpk ~ozoxpzmho `kc depma{o Mze pkead l{hfo

t{k ykz hoe kxpox e{kyox zdxaox ke kc mxldmcmxlo%


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MXLDMCMXLO IDPMLM@D

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Cd aeoxmx mxldmc rdzpk `k {ed mep{mhme mekidjck> dc Rzmehmrmo { Ozmamedòz#

Loj`m!# kc Lmxpkzmo `k cox Lmxpkzmox# eo kx roxmjck dpzmj{mzck eoljzkx# dpzmj{pox#

em h{dcmimhdhmoekx% Kc pdqf` xk `kxdzzoccd } xk eox l{kxpzd d pzdyx `k cox fo``#

rc{zdc `k fd``# t{k xmaemimhd clmpk o azdò% Dca{edx i{kepkx {pmcm~de kc pzlmeo

fozm~oepk o xjmt# } opzox d{pozkx kc pzlmeo dzheakckx% Kxpox azdòx xoe pdepo

hkckxpkx holo pkzzkxpzkx7 d hd`d azdò hkckxpk hozzkxroe`k {e azdò pkzzkxpzk%

Cox azdòx x{rkzmozkx xoe cd Pzd`d } cox azdòx meikzmozkx xoe cd Frpd`d% Kc

hoen{epo popdc `k azdòx } nkzdzt{dx kx kc Rckzold% [pmcm~deò {ed pkzlmeocoad

ohhm`kepdc `mzdlox t{k kc mxldmcmxlo idpmlm`d n{epd ke x{ pkoxoid aexpmhd d

{ed loedòcoad } {ed oepocoad nkzzt{mhd% Ke t{ fd`` dicozd# `kx`k kc

Rzmehmrmo# cd zkykcdhme `kc xkz? Hlo# `kxr{x `k cd rzmloz`mdc Krmided `mymed#

dicozde poòx cox `klx fo``?

MM%

Ke cd Nkzdzt{d d rdzpmz `kc [eo# mehoaeoxhmjck k mekidjck# xco x{

zkykcdhme# cd Rzmlkzd Mepkcmakehmd r{k`k xkz hoeohm`d% Dx t{k kc Ykzjo `mymeo

hzkdòz o Ykzjo Mlrkzdpmyo# Rzmlkzd Mepkcmakehmd o Mepkcmakehmd [emykzxdc# kc xkz

r{kxpo ke mlrkzdpmyo kx kc r{epo `k rdzpm`d% Cd mepkckhhme roz cd t{k xk


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zkhoeohk d x lmxlo holo `mymem`d`# zkdcm~d cd `kcmlmpdhme `kc xkz `k cd Rzmlkzd

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rdzpmz `k dt{ oh{zzk cd rzohkxme `kc xkz d rdzpmz `k cd Rzmlkzd Mepkcmakehmd% @kkxd rzmlkzd rkzikhhme kldedz po`d cd rzohkxme `kc xkz% Cd Xka{e`d

Mepkcmakehmd o kc Dcld [emykzxdc# Pc o kc t{k xma{k# kx cd rzmlkzd kldedhme `k

cd Mepkcmakehmd {emykzxdc# kx kc xka{eò fozm~oepk o clmpk% Cd Pkzhkzd

Mepkcmakehmd# kc pkzhkzo `k cox clmpkx } cd xka{e`d `k cdx kldedhmoekx kx kc Dè

kxrmzmp{dc hkckxpk# o eakc `k cd f{ldem`d`# kc D`dl zfe%

Rkzo oh{zzk t{k kxpk oz`ke pzdpd `k zkhfd~dz kc clmpk t{k ck rzkhk`k }cckadz lx dcc% Co t{k oh{zzk zkdclkepk kx t{k hdk fdhmd dpzx } rdxd d xkz cd

@khmld Mepkcmakehmd% Kxpk zkpzdxo mepzo`{hk ke {e xkz `k c{~ {ed `mlkexme t{k

ck kx kvpzdd# } t{k xk pzd`{hk ke ordhm`d`% Imedclkepk# kepzk cd Xka{e`d

Mepkcmakehmd } cd @khmld xk rzo`{hke {ed xkzmk `k xmkpk e{kydx kldedhmoekx

ccdldòx Xmkpk Ykzjox @mymeox o Xmkpk T{kz{jmekx# t{k d}{`dze dc Dè d

zkpozedz dc c{adz t{k ck hozzkxroe`k

MMM%

Kxpdx xoe cdx nkzdzt{dx hkckxpkx# } d hd`d {ed hozzkxroe`ke {edx

nkzdzt{dx pkzzkxpzkx% Kc Epmt kx kc folcoao pkzzkxpzk `k cd Rzmlkzd

Mepkcmakehmd% Kx kc rzoikpd de{ehmdòz `k cd Ck}# `k cd Xfdzdp hol{emhd`d roz kc

eakc% Kc Qdx kx kc folcoao `k cd Xka{e`d Mepkcmakehmd% Kx kc Mldl fkzk`kzokxrmzmp{dc `kc Rzoikpd# `kroxmpdzmo `kc xkhzkpo `k cd zkykcdhme rzoipmhd% Kx kc

kehdzadò `k cd kvakxmx o pdqc% Kc Mldl x{hkxoz `k Dxx kx kc folcoao `k cd

Pkzhkzd Mepkcmakehmd } fdhk roxmjck kc kt{mcmjzmo `k co kxopzmho } co kvopzmho%

Hd`d {eo `k cox e{kyox xmkpk azdòx pm

Benítez Rubio, Fco. Javier - Introducción al Pensamiento Islámico

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Transcript of Benítez Rubio, Fco. Javier - Introducción al Pensamiento Islámico