Benítez Rubio, Fco. Javier - PAPELES DE ÉTICA Y BIOÉTICA - Ética y Moral

7/30/2019 Bentez Rubio, Fco. Javier - PAPELES DE TICA Y BIOTICA - tica y Moral

1/33

VEVCHCW AC Q@GE P I@MQ@GE

Q@GEP

KMYEH

Dgm, Bet`cy Iclqcr Ysi`m


2/33

Q@GE P KMYEHDgm, Bet`cy Iclqcr Ysi`m 9


He ycehàea jskele cw gmlwq`qsq`tekclqc kmyeh p usc( vmy qelqm( geh`d`gey sle

gmlasgqe jskele ac `l+kmyeh cw `lgsyy`y cl sle gmlqyea`gq`m `l ea`cgqm, Sl egqm

vscac wcy `ljmlcwqsk( vcym lslge `lkmyeh,

Bmw Hsw H, Eyelosycl

la`gc 9

E, q`ge p Kmyeh,

5, Vych`k`leycw cq`kmho`gmw, 7

9, Kmyeh, 47, Hew lmqew dslaekclqehcw ac he q`ge, ?

1, Kcqeq`ge, 0

3, E kmam ac gmlghsw`l, 56

I, Bswq`d`geg`l, 55

G, Dslaekclqeg`l,

5, Aey yermlcw p eyoskclqmw, 51

9, Sl ycvewm j`wqy`gm iyctc *5 veyqc), 5?

7, Sl ycvewm j`wqy`gm iyctc *9 veyqc), 50

A, q`ge Evh`geae,5, He a`kclw`l vygq`ge ac he cz`wqclgè, 99

9, He gmlwqysgg`l ac sl hsoey gmkl, 93

7, Dmykew ac vymgcacy, 9?

Iìh`moyede 77


3/33



E, Q@GE P KMYEH

5, Vych`k`leycw cq`kmho`gmw,Ac kmam ksp oclcyeh p ekvh`m( vyct`m p vymwvcgq`tm(

`lqymasgqmy`m `lghswm( Geyhmw Okcr *966?250) acd`lc he q`ge gmkm

euschhe a`wg`vh`le d`hmwd`ge usc qyeqe ac hmw ewslqmw kmyehcw( cw acg`y( ac

lscwqye gmlasgqe egqmw( ji`qmw( geygqcy p tàe cl oclcyeh( iebm ch vslqm

ac t`wqe ach i`cl( ach acicy m ach tehmy( geh`d`glamhe gmkm iscle m kehe(

aciàe m `lgmyycgqe( teh`mwe m w`l kmyeh, Vcym acg`y usc he q`ge qyeqe ac

he kmyeh( w`clam thàm veye hmw d`hwmdmw( vscac acbey ksgjew asaew

veye hmw usc lm cwql `l`gèamw cl cwqew eyqcw5,

He q`ge p he kmyeh veycgcl sle p he k`wke gmwe( gmkm w`

qst`cyel he k`wke wòl`d`geg`l( hm gseh cw( cl g`cyqm kmam(

`lgmyycgqm, Cl ch wclqàm kw iw`gm( cq`kmho`gm( q`ge p kmyeh wmlw`ll`kew, P asyelqc oyel veyqc ac he j`wqmyè ac he d`hmwmde hew

dymlqcyew clqyc chhew dscyml ksp h`tèlew,

Gmkm lmw a`gc Eyelosycl *5003250 e 91)( he cq`kmhmoe lmw

actschtc he dscyre chckclqeh( oewqeae gml ch heyom swm( ac hew veheiyew

myò`leyèw( e hew usc cw kclcwqcy ycoycwey veye ycgsvcyey ws wclqàm

esqlq`gm, Sle `ltcwqòeg`l cq`kmho`ge wmiyc he q`ge vscac wcy`kvmyqelqc p lmw vscac evmyqey jehheromw ac vymtcgjm, Qclckmw

sle amihc te ac eggcwm2 he oy`coe p he heq`le> vmyusc q`ge vymgcac

ach oy`com p kmyeh vymgcac ach heql, ( he q`ge vymgcac ach

5 Cl cwqe hlce( acd`l`y he q`ge veye Eyelosycl lm cw he kcye vymvmw`g`l ac sle

dykshe m he acgheyeg`l ac sle vymvmw`g`l ocly`ge( w`lm sl vymgcwm ac `ltcwqòeg`l pegmqek`clqm ach ewslqm vmy teyèw hlcew ac eyoskclqeg`l2 hm cq`kmho`gm( hm vycd`hmwd`gm( hmoclq`gm+j`wqy`gm( hm wmg`mho`gm( hm vw`gmho`gm( hm d`hmwd`gm p hm ychò`mwm,


4/33



tmgeihm ( qjmw( usc vmwcc amw wclqàmw2 slm kw eyge`gm p

elqòsm usc q`clc usc tcy gml he ycwàclgè m he kmyeae m ch hsoey

amlac wc t`tc> p mqym kw ycg`clqc( e veyq`y ac Ey`wqqchcw( uscwòl`d`ge ch kmam ac wcy m ch geygqcy ac he vcywmle, Ach vy`kcym(

czvh`ge Eyelosycl usc ch qjmw cw ch hsoey usc ch jmkiyc vmyqe cl w

k`wkm( cwqm cw( ch wschm d`ykc( ch dslaekclqm ac he vyez`w( ch qmvmw ac

amlac iymqel wsw egqmw, Ach wcoslam( lmw a`gc usc ch qjmw cw ch

kmam m dmyke ac tàe ac he vcywmle( usc egmoc qmaew hew a`wvmw`g`mlcw

elqc he tàe( ws geygqcy p wsw gmwqskiycw,

He q`ge lm wc eomqe cl ch qjmw( cl ch geygqcy m egq`qsa elqc he

tàe, wqc lm wsyoc vmyusc w, Ch geygqcy wc hmoye vmy ch ji`qm9( p

wqc vmy he ycvcq`g`l yc`qcyeae ac egqmw òsehcw cl ch q`ckvm, Cz`wqc(

vmy qelqm sl gygshm clqyc egqmw+ji`qmw+geygqcy> vmyusc eackw( ch

geygqcy q`gm cw dsclqc m vco *) ac lsctmw egqmw( usc

vymasg`yl lsctmw ji`qmw p ejmlaey cl ch qjmw, He q`ge wc

qclaye usc clgeyoey ac hmw qycw kmkclqmw2 ac he vyez`w kmyeh( ac

t`yqsacw p t`g`mw cl ch ji`qm p ach geygqcy( egq`qsa m ch jmlam kmam

ach wcy jskelm,

Ch heql lm dsc vcykceihc e cwqe d`lsye cq`kmho`ge p czvycwe

gml kmw e ekimw qyk`lmw oy`comw( qjmw p qjmw( hm usc qstm oyel`ldhsclgè cl he gmlgcvg`l shqcy`my ac he q`ge( wcol easgc

Eyelosycl Cwqc vymihcke wsyo`ye acwvsw( vmyusc hmw ymkelmw(

usc cyel oclqcw acd`ykc geygqcy kmyeh( w usc geyoeiel cwqc gmlgcvqm

gml ekiew egcvg`mlcw, He kclqehàea ach vscihm ac Ymke wc tc

9 Ch geygqcy lm cw ch qckvcyekclqm, wqc cw ch kmam ac wcy p t`t`y elk`gm( he

jz`w*) m qjmw*), He jcz`w q`clc usc tcy gml hmw ji`qmw usc qclckmw m he jei`qsa usc wceaus`cyc, Wmkmw kw usc lscwqym qehelqc p cwqeam ac l`km, Cwqmw vscacl qyeiebeywc(kma`d`geywc p clgesreywc,


5/33



gheyekclqc ycdhcbeae cl he egmqeg`l bcyyus`ge ac he gscwq`l2 ch

l`tch iw`gm ach veqjmw m hmw wclq`k`clqmw( sl wcoslam l`tch( he

gmwqskiyc( cl ch usc pe clqye he tmhslqea> p ch qcygcy l`tch usc cw chach geygqcy gmlus`wqeam e hm heyom ac he tàe p usc wc `kvy`kc cl

lmwmqymw k`wkmw t`t`clam, Hmw amw vy`kcymw l`tchcw wml ch qjmw

oy`com, Cwqc qcygcy l`tch( ch qjmw( cw hm usc vscac hhekeywc Kmw( cl

wclqàm vhcl`my,

W` wcos`kmw `ltcwqòelam sl vmgm kw vmy he j`wqmyè ach

qyk`lm( lmw clgmlqyekmw gml he cqj`ge sqclw m kmyeh t`tàe p gml he

cqj`ge amgclw m ycdhcz`l d`hmwd`ge wmiyc chhe, Ac he wcoslae wc mgsve

ch d`hwmdm kmyeh p ac he vy`kcye ch kmyeh`wqe, Ekiew vmwcel ch

k`wkm lghcm( p he a`wq`lg`l cwqyìe cl hmw vevchcw a`wq`lqmw usc

bscoel ekimw vcywmlebcw, Ch d`hwmdm kmyeh wc evh`ge cl he heimy

qcy`ge ycdhcz`mlelam wmiyc he tàe vygq`ge( hm wspm cye jegcy sle

ycdhcz`l qcy`ge oclcyeh wmiyc ch dclkclm ac he kmyehàea, Ch

kmyeh`wqe qyeqeie ac ycdmykey p ehclqey he vygq`ge kmyeh ac hmw wcycw

jskelmw, E veyq`y ac eus wc dscyml ach`k`qelam ekimw gekvmw( ch

ac he Kmyeh p ch ac he q`ge *ejmye gml kepwgshew) jewqe gmltcyq`ywc

cl amw `lwqelgèw ycheg`mleaew vcym a`wq`lqew, Qcl`clam vslqmw cl

gmkl( clgmlqyekmw `kvmyqelqcw a`dcyclgèw, Gmyq`le *966:216) lmwczvh`ge usc jep amw usc wmiycwehcl vmy ws `kvmyqelgè2 he vy`kcye

cw usc he q`ge lm wc eq`clc e sle `keocl ach jmkiyc acqcyk`leae(

egcvqeae gmkm àceh vmy sl oysvm gmlgycqm> he wcoslae cw usc he

q`ge lm cw sle kmyeh `lwq`qsg`mleh,


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9, Kmyeh,

E hm heyom ach q`ckvm( hmw qyk`lmw kmyeh p q`ge wc dscyml

cwvcgèh`relam cl amw a`ycgg`mlcw a`wq`lqew *Oseyòhè( 966?251), Ewkmyeh wc gclqy cl hmw dclkclmw p hew egg`mlcw> p he q`ge wc

gmlt`yq` cl he d`hmwmde vygq`ge usc cwqsaèie qcy`gekclqc cwew

egg`mlcw p cwmw dclkclmw, Gclqykmlmw ejmye cl he Kmyeh, Veye

Gmyq`le *9656211)( he kmyeh q`clc usc tcy gml acqcyk`ley s myacley

sle egg`l( gml he vycwgy`vg`l ac he gmlasgqe p gml ycgcqey dmykew

ac gmkvmyqek`clqm cl he tàe gmqàèle( cwqm cw( lmw a`gc hm usc jep

usc jegcy,

Gmlqekmw gml qycw wòl`d`geamw ac kmyeh2

5+ Gmkvmyqek`clqm( `la`tàseh m gmhcgq`tm( ewòllamhc he

vymv`caea ac cwqey my`clqeam cl ycheg`l e sl tehmy *Oseyòhè( 966?259),

Cwqc vy`kcy wòl`d`geam cw hm usc wc gmlmgc gmkm tàe kmyeh( qeki`lgmkm iscle tàe( p cw ch czqclwm c `lacd`lìhc gekvm m cwveg`m ac

ycacw w`kih`gew usc `ldhspcl cl he gmlasgqe jskele e hm heyom ac

he j`wqmyè p ch clqycgysrek`clqm ac gmyy`clqcw ychò`mwew( d`hmwd`gew(

vmhq`gew p gshqsyehcw, Cw sle g`cyqe ycosheyàea ac hew gmlasgqew

jei`qsehcw ac sl gmhcgq`tm, Sl gaòm ac gmlasgqe p ac

wclq`k`clqmw( wcosàm vmy qmamw hmw k`ckiymw( usc qyeqel ac ycosheych gmkvmyqek`clqm, Qmam cwc oysvm gmkveyqc sle acqcyk`leae

my`clqeg`l ctehseq`te( sl wqelaeya ctehseq`tm gmkl,

9+ Sle g`cyqe gmlasgqe gml he esqmyàea ac sle qyea`g`l( ac kmam

qeh usc gmlbslqekclqc wc cbcygc sle vycw`l m gmcyg`l vih`ge cl vym ach

egeqek`clqm oclcyeh`ream ac chhe *Oseyòhè( 966?259), Cwqc wòl`d`geam

yck`qc eh geygqcy `kvcyeq`tm m lmykeq`tm ac he ycosheg`l ac hew


7/33

Q@GE P KMYEHDgm, Bet`cy Iclqcr Ysi`m ?


ycheg`mlcw `lqcyvcywmlehcw ac kelcye a`ycgqe m kcaèae vmy hew

`lwq`qsg`mlcw bsya`gm+vmhq`gew ac he wmg`caea,

7+ Egg`mlcw gspe kmyehàea vscac evmpeywc cl yermlcw kwoclcyehcw usc he kcye tòclgè dgq`ge ac sle gmwqskiyc *Oseyòhè(

966?259), Cwqc hq`km wòl`d`geam gmlcgqe hm kmyeh gml he

mihòeqmy`caea m vymjì`g`l ac sle egg`l, He kmyehàea cw ch

gmlbslqm ac egg`mlcw usc q`clc sl geygqcy ac mihòeg`l gmkm dclkclm

kmyeh gclqyeh( p ch acwclqcla`k`clqm ac hew gscwq`mlcw eq`loclqcw eh d`l

hq`km ac he tàe *Oseyòhè( 966?257),

7, Hew lmqew dslaekclqehcw ac he q`ge

Acwvsw ac cwqe vy`kcye ach`k`qeg`l( lmw gclqyeyckmw cl he

q`ge, W` acgekmw usc he Kmyeh wc w`qseie cl he a`kclw`l ach egqm(

ejmye aeyckmw e he q`ge amw lmqew dslaekclqehcw p ycheg`mleaew,Vy`kcym( he q`ge cw d`hmwmde vygq`ge, Wcoslam( he q`ge cw veyqc ac he

d`hmwmde ycdhcz`te p qcy`ge, Tcekmw,

5, Gmkm d`hmwmde vygq`ge( he q`ge cw vclwek`clqm hhcteam e he

ycehàea( wegeam ach qcy yeg`mleh jewqe hm gmqàèlm ach ae e ae( ac

he eiwqyegg`l kclqeh eh gmkvmyqek`clqm gmlgycqm, Ew hm clq`clac

Gekvw *500929?)2 He q`ge cw d`hmwmde usc qyeqe ac he vygq`ge, Ws k`w`l

vewe( w`l asae( vmy cheimyey gmkvh`geaew gmlwqysgg`mlcw d`hmwd`gew usc

w`ytel ac vslqm ac veyqàe dèihc( vcym acic vewey qeki`l vmy he vyscie ac

hmw jcgjmw, *) Lm cw qeyce ac he q`ge ycwmhtcy gmldh`gqmw( vcym w

vhelqceyhmw, Gmyq`le clq`clac vmy q`ge eusch weicy vygq`gm usc wc

mgsve ac hew gmwew gmlq`loclqcw( euschhew usc vscacl wsgcacy ac

mqye kelcye, Vcym qeki`l cw sl weicy usc wc mgsve ac hew gmwew usc


8/33

Q@GE P KMYEHDgm, Bet`cy Iclqcr Ysi`m :


q`clc usc wcy ac sle wmhe p acqcyk`leae kelcye( hew usc acicl

wsgcacy lcgcweyèkclqc( vmyusc he ycehàea jskele lm wmhm cw hm

usc cw( qeki`l wc hc czòc hm usc acic wcy, Ew ac ekvhè cw he q`ge,Cwqe cw he vy`kcye lmqeg`l2 he q`ge cw sle qcmye d`hmwd`ge ac he

egg`l *Gmyq`le( 966:216),

9, He q`ge qeki`l cw( y`relam ch y`rm( euschhe dmyke ac ycdhcz`l

p hclosebc egcyge ac he ycdhcz`l p ch hclosebc kmyeh *Gmyq`le( 9656290), He

q`ge( vmy cwqey w`qseae cl sl l`tch ycdhcz`tm p cl sl a`wgsywm

d`hmwd`gm( cw gmlgcvqseh( eyoskclqeq`te( bswq`d`geq`te, Czvh`ge

Gmyq`le *9656276) usc whm acwac ch gmlgcvqm vscac he d`hmwmde gskvh`y ws

k`w`l ac egheyey p bswq`d`gey yeg`mlehkclqc hew vycqclw`mlcw jskelew e hm

tcyaeacym( hm gmyycgqm p hm isclm, He q`ge cw sle ycdhcz`l usc qyeqey

ac dslaekclqey p bswq`d gey hew vycwgy`vg`mlcw yceh`reaew vmy he

kmyeh, Cdcgq`tekclqc( he q`ge q`clc sle dslg`l dslaekclqeamye p

eyoskclqeamye `lchsaìhc, Clqcla`clam eus he dslaekclqeg`l

gmkm ch `lqclqm ac aey yerl( m ac vymvmlcy eyoskclqmw( ac ehom

jewqe ch d`leh, Acwac ch vslqm ac t`wqe ac cwqe qeyce dslaekclqelqc(

he q`ge( cw sl hclosebc usc jeihe ac mqym hclosebc( sl kcqehclosebc

qcy`gm+d`hmwd`gm egcyge ach hclosebc kmyeh *Gmyq`le( 9656216), Cwqe cw he

wcoslae lmqeg`l2 he q`ge q`clc sl cwqeqsqm qcy`gm+d`hmwd`gm( cwqm cw(gmlgcvqseh,

Vcym qclckmw usc kmwqyey gmkm cwew amw gseh`d`geg`mlcw m

tehmycw( hm qcy`gm p hm vygq`gm( wc ycheg`mlel, Ch kmam p kelcye cl

usc cwqew amw tehclgèw hmoyel keyàeywc cw he q`ge evh`geae2 sle

q`ge gt`ge( m sle qcmye ac he ackmgyegè( m sle q`ge ka`ge( m


9/33



cgmho`ge m cgmlk`ge> p( wmiyc qmam( sle eoclgè ac casgeg`l

kmyeh veye hew g`saeaelew,

1, Kcqeq`ge,

Gmkm jckmw a`gjm gml elqcy`myàea( cwqekmw elqc amw l`tchcw

ho`gmw a`wq`lqmw( he kmyeh p he q`ge, He q`ge( e ws tcr( q`clc amw

tehclgèw( sle vygq`ge p mqye qcy`ge+ycdhcz`te, Cw l`tch ycdhcz`tm wc

mgsve ac he kmyeh( @lqclqe aey yermlcw ac hew vycwgy`vg`mlcw

kmyehcw( ycwvmla`clam( clqyc mqyew( e he vycoslqe ac cw yermleihc

usc cz`wqel bs`g`mw kmyehcw= *Gmyq`le( 966:200), Vmy qelqm( gml he

aclmk`leg`l kcqeq`ge( uscyckmw acg`y *Ksoscyre( 966?2713+714)2

+ Cl sl wclqàm kclmy( thàm veye he d`hmwmde kmyeh elehq`ge(

wcye ch kcqehclosebc qgl`gm acwac ch usc wc eimyae ch czekcl ac

sl hclosebc+mibcqm acqcyk`leam( ch hclosebc kmyeh m q`gm,+ Cl wclqàm vhcl`my( cw he ycdhcz`l vmy ch dslaekclqm k`wkm

ac he q`ge, Cw sle ycdhcz`l wmiyc he ycdhcz`l k`wke( he ycdhcz`l

kcqeq`ge ycdhcz`mle wmiyc gsh cw ch dslaekclqm m he eswclgè ach

k`wkm cl hew amgqy`lew q`gew, Veye ckvcrey ws heimy( lmw a`gc

Gmyq`le *966:2566+565)( wc vhelqce sle gscwq`l e l`tch

cv`wqckmho`gm cw he q`ge sl weicy ieweam cl dslaekclqmw wcosymw

dyclqc e he kcye mv`l`l=> p mqye ycheg`mleae gml he esqmlmke( cw he

q`ge sl weicy gml dslaekclqmw vymv`mw m gmlwq`qspc sle

vymhmloeg`l ac mqyew `lwqelgèw( gmkm he mlqmhmoe( he vw`gmhmoe( he

qcmhmoe( he wmg`mhmoe m he elqymvmhmoe=


10/33



3, E kmam ac gmlghsw`l,

5+ Cl sl wclqàm wsvcyd`gèh p gmqàèlm( q`ge p kmyeh wml

w`ll`kmw> cl ch wclqàm kw vymdslam( d`hmwd`gm( q`ge p Kmyeh lmwml w`ll`kew7,

9+ He Kmyeh wc clgeyoe ac he a`ycgqe geh`d`geg`l ach

gmkvmyqek`clqm jskelm( egmlwcbelam p vycwgyì`clam( e qyetw ac

gaòmw p vy`lg`v`mw kmyehcw( usc qyeqeyl ac ycoshey hew egg`mlcw ac

hmw jmkiycw, He q`ge( gmkm weicy qcy`gm+vygq`gm( cw euschhe yeke

ac he d`hmwmde usc v`clwe he tàe kmyeh( ycdhcz`mlelam wmiyc hmw

elqcy`mycw gaòmw p vy`lg`v`mw kmyehcw( `lqclqelam tcy gkm

dslg`mlel p gshcw wml wsw geqcomyew cwvcgd`gew *Okcr( 966?295+

99),

7+ Geae vcywmle miye p egqe( `lacdcgqìhckclqc, He gscwq`l

q`ge lm cw us qclom usc jegcy( gkm jc ac gmkvmyqeykc( gshwcy k` gmlasgqe=( vmyusc ac cwm wc mgsvel hew kmyehcw, He

tcyaeacye gscwq`l q`ge cw vmy us acim jegcy hm usc jeom= He

q`ge jegc gmlgciìhc he kmyehàea( kscwqye he yeg`mlehàea usc jep

cl qmam miyey( qyeasgc cl gmlgcvqmw hm usc jep ac weicy cl hm vygq`gm

*Gmyq`le( 966:2??), He q`ge q`clc usc cwgheycgcy he yerl vmy he gseh

hmw bs`g`mw kmyehcw wc vycwclqel gmkm lcgcwey`mw c sl`tcywehcw, P cwmlm cw mqye gmwe usc aey yermlcw p eyoskclqmw( dslaekclqey cl

acd`l`q`te, P dslaekclqey cw a`wgcyl`y he dmyke *lcgcwàea p

sl`tcywehàea) vmy he usc sl gmlqclàm cw kmyeh,

7 Gselam vmloekmw hew k`lwgshew aekmw vmy clqclaàe he w`lml`kè, Veyeach`k`qey cwqy`gqekclqc wc jel sweam hew kepwgshew,


11/33



I, BSWQ@D@GEG@L

Vyct`m e he acd`l`g`l gmkl p oclcyeh ac gsehus`cy qyk`lm(lmw a`gc Eyelosycl *500329?)( usc qclckmw slew vycgmlgcvg`mlcw

vyctèw(vyecgmol`qe( ac cwe gscwq`l, Lea`c q`clc sle qeishe yewe cl

ws geicre( w`ckvyc qclckmw ehol q`vm ac àce m vycbs`g`m kw m

kclmw teom ieweam cl lscwqye czvcy`clgè( hmw qe vje`lkcle ac

Ey`wqqchcw * ), He vy`kcye egcvg`l gmkl p

vycd`hmwd`ge usc lmw clgmlqyekmw cw he usc ycheg`mle e he kmyeh p eh

cwqeam vw`gmho`gm2 qclcy iebe m ehqe he kmyeh, He wcoslae egcvg`l

ycheg`mle e he kmyeh gml hew isclew gmwqskiycw m hmw isclmw egqmw2

qeh m gseh g`ygslwqelgè cw kmyeh p he usc lm wc ebswqe cw `lkmyeh,

Qeki`l vymvmlc Eyelosycl( cl ws vcwus`we( he eyoskclqeg`l

oclq`gm+j`wqy`ge2 he leyyeg`l ac he j`wqmyè ac he q`ge kscwqye he

qclw`l clqyc ch `la`tàsm p he gmkslàea( clqyc ch wsbcqm p ch oysvm

wmgèh usc hm egmoc, Hhcoekmw vmy qelqm e hm wmgèh, Eus lmw

ycgscyae hm usc vclweie Myqcoe *Eyelosycl( 5003215)( usc w`l lcoey

he vycw`l wmgèh( clqclae usc ch jmkiyc q`clc gevegàea veye

ycqyecywc ach kslam p ycgmocywc cl w k`wkm( veye usc ws tàe

vcywmleh+kmyeh uscac ebcle e he vycw`l, Ch wcy jskelm vscac chco`yp acgà`y( ac qeh kmam usc ch jcgjm kmyeh lm wc ycasgc eh jcgjm

wmgèh( ekimw cz`wqcl p wml òsehkclqc jskelmw,

Cw ctàclqc( usc he wmg`caea cwq ej( usc t`t`kmw `lkcywmw cl

chhe p usc ksgjmw `la`tàsmw wc h`k`qel e myacley ws tàe gmldmykc

e hm wmgèhkclqc tòclqc, Vcym qeh p gmkm hm clq`clac Eyelosycl

*5003219)( lm jegc dehqe wcy l` sl jymc l` sl ocl`m( veye usc ch wcy


12/33



jskelm `la`tàseh( lmykeh p gmyy`clqc( wc jeoe vcywmlehkclqc

ycwvmlweihc ac ws tàe( p lm qyelwd`cye qmae ws ycwvmlwei`hàea e he

wmg`caea, Cz`wqc he vmwì`hàea ac ycicheywc dyclqc e he vycw`l wmgèh,Clqmlgcw( w` he kmyeh lm vscac wcy ycasgàe e wmg`mhmoe( e hm

czqcylm vscac wcy( clqmlgcw( ycasgàe e he vw`gmhmoe( e hm `lqcylm=

Eyelosycl *500321?) lm cwq ac egscyam gml ch vw`gmhmo`wkm

elohmwebl p elehq`gm( eyoskclqe cl ws gmlqye gml hew àcew ac

Rsi`y`2 he bswqcre m ebswqek`clqm( cl vy`kcy hsoey p hscom hew

vycdcyclgèw, Ch jmkiyc lm vscac aey cl qmamw hmw gewmw sle

ycwvscwqe eacgseae p ebswqeae e he ycehàea qeh p gmkm w jegcl hmw

el`kehcw, Hew cwqysgqsyew wmkq`gew czòcl he evey`g`l ac he

`lqchòclgè( veye vmacy jegcywc geyom ac he w`qseg`l p jeiywchew gml

hew gmwew, Ch jmkiyc lm wc cldyclqe eh kslam a`ycgqekclqc w`lm e

qyetw ach vclwek`clqm ycdhcz`tm( p vmy clac ac he q`ge, Ch jmkiyc

lm ycwvmlac esqmkq`gekclqc w`lm usc gmlwàcye he ycehàea elqcw

ac cbcgsqey sl egqm, Ch el`keh wc ebswqe a`ycgqekclqc e he ycehàea> cl

ch jmkiyc `lqcykcaè he vmwì`hàea( he hìcyqea p he vycdcyclgè, Ch

el`keh q`clc aeam cwc ebswqek`clqm( ch jmkiyc q`clc usc jegcy cwc

ebswqek`clqm( q`clc usc bswq`d`gey wsw egqmw, Qmam jmkiyc( vmy wcy

yeg`mleh( `lqchòclqc p hìyc( cw kmyeh,Vmackmw jeihey ac kmyeh gmkm cwqysgqsye( p ac kmyeh gmkm

gmlqclàm, Iw`gekclqc( he vy`kcye q`clc usc tcy gml hm usc jegckmw

p he wcoslae gml ch gkm hm jegckmw, Acwac mqym loshm( acg`kmw

usc he dmyke cw he cwqysgqsye ac he q`ge p ch gmlqclàm cw he keqcyè

ac he q`ge, Geae slm ac lmwmqymw t`tc ws ae e ae( ebswqlamwc e he

ycehàea, Lm legckmw gmkvhcqeamw( lmw tekmw jeg`clam cl ch


13/33



qyelwgsyy`y t`qeh( chò`clam p acwcgjelam vmwì`hàeacw, Ch ycwshqeam

ac cwc `y chò`clam p acwgeyqelam cw he kmyeh gmkm cwqysgqsye2 he

vcywmlehàea q`ge usc ehol ae uscaey d`beae, Ejmye i`cl( cliewc e us chco`kmw p acwgeyqekmw vmwì`hàeacw= Geae slm ac

lmwmqymw t`tc sl vympcgqm dslaekclqeh usc ose lscwqye tàe( p ch

lmyqc ac cwc vympcgqm cw he àce ach i`cl, Eus cwq he kmyeh gmkm

gmlqclàm2 ch vympcgqm lmykeq`tm vcywmleh gml ch usc ebswqekmw

lscwqymw egqmw,

Eyelosycl clq`clac usc he esqlq`ge kmyeh( he usc cw

gmkvhcqe( cw he usc q`clc ekiew a`kclw`mlcw kmlqeaew sle wmiyc he

mqye, T`t`y cw sl `ywc jeg`clam e w k`wkm jeg`clam gmwew keqcyèhcw

c `lkeqcyèhcw( p eh jegcylmw jeg`clam gmwew e hm heyom p elgjm ac

lscwqye tàe( dmybekmw ch geygqcy( he vcywmlehàea kmyeh( ch qjmw>

geae slm ac cwmw egqmw cw sle vmwì`hàea usc jegckmw lscwqye p

geae t`g`m p geae t`yqsa usc vmlckmw cl bscom gmyyòc m wsiyepe ch

geygqcy usc lmw tekmw gmlwqyspclam, Wmkmw ch eoclqc ach usc

ckcyocl hmw egqmw( wmkmw hmw esqmycw hìycw p e tmhslqea ac hmw egqmw

p wmkmw( d`lehkclqc( hmw egqmycw usc acd`lcl ws vymv`m acwq`lm,

Gmkm ed`yke Eyelosycl *25003909)( he qeyce kmyeh gmlw`wqc cl hhcoey e

wcy hm usc wc vscac wcy gml hm usc wc cw,


14/33



G, DSLAEKCLQEG@L

5, Aey yermlcw p eyoskclqmw,Hew a`wgsw`mlcw d`hmwd`gew jel ac hhcteywc e geim vmy kca`m ac

he eyoskclqeg`l p ch yermlek`clqm, Hew gscwq`mlcw q`gew( vmy qelqm(

gmkm veyqc ac he d`hmwmde( qeki`l je ac wcy qyeqeaew gml yermlcw p

eyoskclqmw, Gml hm usc he vy`kcye gscwq`l usc wehc e ychsg`y cw ch

hsoey usc mgsve he yerl cl he q`ge( cwvcgd`gekclqc he yerl

vygq`ge, P lm cw usc wce sl q`vm ac yerl a`dcyclqc( w`lm gmkm

evslqeie Nelq( cw he k`wke yerl vcym gml sl swm a`wq`lqm eh qcy`gm

*Ksoscyre( 966?2771),

Qmam cwqm ac eyoskclqey( m wce( ac swey he yerl veye aey

yermlcw ac lscwqyew gmwew( gmkclr gml Ey`wqqchcw, He egq`tàea

yeg`mleh ach jmkiyc( lm cw mqye gmwe usc aey yerl ac gycclgèw pgmlt`gg`mlcw, P ch vslqm ac myòcl ac cwqm cw he gycclgè egcyge ac hm

usc ch wcy jskelm cw( vmy cwm wc geh`d`ge ac dslaekclqeg`l

mlqmho`ge e he q`ge ac Ey`wqqchcw *Ksoscyre( 966?2774), Cw( e veyq`y

ac Nelq( gselam ch sl`tcywm ac hmw vymihckew kmyehcw wc qyewvewe eh

qcyyclm ac he bswq`d`geg`l m tehàeg`l ac hew lmykew kmyehcw p e

gmlwàcyeg`mlcw wmiyc he eoclgè kmyeh *Jcyycye( 5004206), Wc qyeqe acbswq`d`gey( ac eyoskclqey( ac cwqeihcgcy ycohew( gy`qcy`mw p

gmla`g`mlcw usc acic gskvh`y qmam bs`g`m kmyeh veye usc wce

egcvqeam gmkm bs`g`m kmyeh,

Cdcgq`tekclqc( lm wcy jewqe Nelq gselam wc yclslg`c e iewey

he q`ge cl he mlqmhmoe, Nelq qyeq ac vycwcytey `lacvcla`clqc he

q`ge ycwvcgqm e he mlqmhmoe( cwqm cw( ch wcy p ch acicy wcy qclel


15/33



usc cwqey cl gmkveyq`kclqmw cwqelgmw, He yeg`mlehàea vygq`ge( vmy

qelqm( q`clc usc cwqey cl hm usc acicye wcy( vmy cwm wc geh`d`ge ac

dslaekclqeg`l acmlqmho`ge e he q`ge ac Nelq1

, Vcym Nelq te kwehh gml he k`lsg`mwàea veymzwq`ge usc hc geyegqcy`re cl he gscwq`l

ach acicy, Ew hm czvh`ge Ksoscyre *966?277?)2 Jeihey ac yceh`rey hm

usc clqclackmw vmy acicycw `kvh`ge gmltcyq`y e wqmw cl d`lcw ac lscwqyew

egg`mlcw( gmkm tclaye e mgsyy`y w` lmw gmlwàcyekmw kmyehkclqc

mihòeamw e hsgjey vmy `lwqesyey sle wmg`caea kw bswqe( ew gmkm( ac vewm(

e egqsey kw bswqekclqc geae slm ac lmwmqymw,

Ch acicy( p vmy clac( ch d`l wc gmlwqyspc( ch jmkiyc hmw

gmlwqyspc q`gekclqc( vmy qelqm( lm t`clcl aeamw mlqmho`gekclqc

*m leqsyehkclqc w` uscyckmw czvycweyhm ew), Vcym gheym( w` cwqekmw

jeihelam ac gmlwqys`y d`lcw( lmw clgmlqyekmw gml he gscwq`l ac hmw

kca`mw ac hmw usc jep usc tehcywc veye chhm( veye gmlwqys`yhmw m

ehgelreyhmw gml lscwqymw egqmw, Cl Ey`wqqchcw cwqe kcaèg`l clqyc

d`lcw p kca`mw( ch cbcyg`g`m ac he yeg`mlehàea vygq`ge( wc

clgmk`clae e he vjylcw`w( usc Ksoscyre *966?277:) acd`lc gmkm

euschhe gevegàea `ltclq`te usc degshqe e sl eoclqc veye jegcy dyclqc e

w`qseg`mlcw `kvyct`wqew cl ch ki`qm ac ws egg`l , Veye Nelq( he

yeg`mlehàea vygq`ge wc iewe cl qycw ghewcw ac hcpcw vygq`gew2 ycohewac jei`hàea( gmlwcbmw ac weoegàea p kelaeqmw ac he kmyehàea, P

geae sle ac cwew hcpcw wc czvycwel kcaèlqc sl `kvcyeq`tm2

`kvcyeq`tm ac jei`hàea( `kvcyeq`tm ac weoegàea c `kvcyeq`tm ac he

kmyehàea, Hmw amw vy`kcymw qyeqel ac gmlcgqey hmw kca`mw gml hmw

d`lcw wsibcq`tmw( ac kelcye gmla`g`mleae( i`cl vmy sq`hàea( i`cl vmy

1 Eh d`leh ach vycwclqc qyeiebm( cl ch Elczm @@( wc jegc sl imwuscbm ach @kvcyeq`tm Geqcoy`gmnelqèlm,


16/33



he jei`hàea, Whm ch qcygcym ac chhmw cw geqcoy`gm c `lgmla`g`mleam(

cwqelam ch d`l cwq`vsheam ac dmyke mibcq`te, Cwqc `kvcyeq`tm kmyeh

kelae eiwmhsqekclqc ac kmam `lkcaèqm, Gmlt`gg`l p gycclgè(wcy p acicy wcy( vysaclgè m `kvcyeq`tm( wml a`wgsw`mlcw qel

elqòsew gmkm he vymvè d`hmwmde( usc gml ch vewm ach q`ckvm p ch

vclwek`clqm ac hmw oyelacw esqmycw je àm oeleam cl keq`gcw p

gmkvhcbàea,


17/33

Q@GE P KMYEHDgm, Bet`cy Iclqcr Ysi`m 5?


9, Sl ycvewm j`wqy`gm iyctc *5 veyqc),

He q`ge ac Nelqcw sle gmlwqysgg`l vcydcgqekclqc a`wceae p

acd`làe( amlac hmw gy`qcy`mw uscael vymh`be p czegqekclqcvslqseh`reamw, Qel vcydcgqe cw( usc lm mdycgc gmlgcw`l ehosle e he

ycehàea( qeh cw ws yòàcr c `ldhczì`hàea, He q`ge ach acicy

`kvcyeq`tm eiwmhsqm gmlqyewqe gml he asae usc czvycwe Nelq wmiyc

hew gevegàeacw kmyehcw ac hmw wcycw jskelmw, P gheym cwq( ac us

w`ytc sle yerl vygq`ge usc lm mihòe e he tmhslqea e yceh`rey ch

acicy= Jcoch clq`clac usc gml cwc h`wql qeh ehqm gmhmgeam vmy

Nelq( he kmyeh lm qcyk`ley ac eyyelgey lslge, Ac ehol kmam

jeiy usc vmlcy cl ycheg`l ch acicy vsym p ch bs`g`m kmyeh sl`tcyweh

gml he gmlg`clgè veyq`gshey ach wcy jskelm p wsw `kvcydcgg`mlcw, He

cq`gàea jcochèle mvmlc he gmlg`clgè kmyeh gmlgycqe( he usc egqe e

wei`claew ac ws `kvcydcgg`l p usc gmlq`le egqselam eslusc wcve

ac ws dehì`hàea( e he kmyeh qyewgclaclqeh nelqèle,

He vycoslqe usc wsyoc qyew Nelq p Jcoch( e veyq`y ac wsw

ycdhcz`mlcw wcy( gsh cw he tehàcr yceh ac he kmyeh sl`tcyweh= Jep

usc qclcy he geicre ksp i`cl eksciheae veye yco`ywc cl he tàe

kcaèlqc hmw `kvcyeq`tmw geqcoy`gmw, Ch jmkiyc kmyeh ac Nelq cw

sl jymc, Cw hcoq`km vycoslqeywc2 wc vscac vycqclacysl`tcyweh`rey hm usc whm slmw gselqmw vscacl hhctey egeim= Cl ch

`l t`qym ac he gmlg`clgè vsye qmam clgebe gmkm sl kcgelm

vcydcgqm( vcym `l t`tm( cl ch kslam yceh qelqe vcydcgg`l lm w`ytc(

lm veycgcl eislaey hmw wcycw jskelmw gml wckcbelqc vmqclgè

kmyeh, Cwqm lm wòl`d`ge usc jepe usc eielamley qmae vycqclw`l

q`ge( vmy `lsq`hàea m dsq`hàea( w`lm usc he q`ge je ac `y kw ehh ac


18/33

Q@GE P KMYEHDgm, Bet`cy Iclqcr Ysi`m 5:


he kcye acgheyeg`l ac vy`lg`v`mw, Sle cwvcg`c ac eaus`w`g`l ac he

kepmye ac caea( ac keasycr( ac wcy gevey ac eyq`gsheywc( ac

ycqmygcywc wmiyc w k`wke p aey ycwvscwqew kw gmkvhcbew wmiyc wk`wke p ws `kvhelqeg`l cl he tàe vygq`ge ac hmw wcycw jskelmw,

Elqcw ac hhcoey e cwqc gmltclg`k`clqm ac usc he q`ge q`clc

yerl ac wcy( ch wòhm Z@Z lmw qyebm he d`hmwmde ac he wmwvcgje *Keyz

p L`cqrwgjc) p he àce ac usc hmw tehmycw kmyehcw sl`tcywehcw lm whm

lm cz`wqcl( w`lm usc wml sl cloem m vcmy( vmyqetmgcw ac `lqcycwcw

`llmkiyeihcw2 hmw `lqcycwcw ac he ghewc amk`lelqc( wcol Keyz p hmw

`lqcycwcw ac he tmhslqeacw ai`hcw( wcol L`cqrwgjc *Gekvw(

5009254), Geae slm ac cwmw d`hwmdmw evmyq ws eyoskclqm veye

kmwqyey usc hmw g`k`clqmw ac hew gmlwqysgg`mlcw kmyehcw wml sle

vsye kcqedw`ge ac eiwmhsqmw usc lm w`ytc veye leae, Ch gmk`clrm

ach wòhm ZZ qekvmgm veycge jeheocm veye he ycw q`ge( w` lmw

d`bekmw cl ch vclwek`clqm ac sl Bcel+Vesh Weyqyc m ac _`qqoclwqc`l(

vmy cbckvhm, Veye ch vy`kcym( he gmlg`clgè vcywmleh t`tc he

`lchsaìhc hìcyqea gml sle eloswqè qcyyìhc, Lm jep sl myacl

czqcylm usc hc ac ver m qyelus`hàea, Lm jep veqcyleh`wkm gwk`gm

ehoslm usc egslc lscwqyew gmlg`clgèw p hew wmw`cosc> hm usc

qclckmw cw acwekveym( usc vscac wcy k`qòeam( jewqe g`cyqm vslqmvmy he eajcw`l e gaòmw m àcehcw kmyehcw, Weyqyc lm gycc cl he

sl`tcywehàea ac he kmyeh vmyusc( wclg`hhekclqc( lm gycc vmwìhc ws

dslaekclqeg`l> p cl gmjcyclgè gmlwòm k`wkm( l` wc vycw`mle

veye cheimyey sl w`wqcke q`gm, Ch vclwek`clqm ac _`qqoclwqc`l

qekvmgm acbe i`cl veyeam e lscwqym uscjegcy q`gm2 hm geqcoy`gm( p

hm eiwmhsqm( cw gmwe ac he kwq`ge( cyom `lgmksl`geihc( cyom vcywmleh


19/33



c `lqyelwdcyìhc, P gmkm ch hclosebc ac hmw tehmycw lm cw acwgy`vq`tm(

l` cw wswgcvqìhc ac elh`w`w( he q`ge wcy sle egq`qsa dyclqc e he

cz`wqclgè, Cwqm lmw czvh`ge Gekvw *5009250)Qyew jeicy àm vcya`clam he kepmy veyqc ac wsw qckew ac cwqsa`m vmy

jeiywchmw eyycieqeam hew g`clgèw cwvcgèh`reaew( he d`hmwmde clgsclqye( cl

he tehmyeg`l ach gmkvmyqek`clqm( sl qcyyclm ac ycdhcz`l usc lm whm lea`c

hc a`wvsqe( w`lm usc lea`c us`cyc veye w, He wmg`mhmoe( he cgmlmke( he

j`wqmyè( ch acycgjm wc kelq`clcl d`chcw e ws vycqclw`l ac cwqey hìyc ac

tehmycw, Cl geki`m( he d`hmwmde wsvcy jegc q`ckvm hmw vmw`q`t`wkmw

acg`kmll`gmw p ac vy`lg`v`mw ac wòhm( veye eajcy`ywc e he gmlt`gg`l ac

usc he gmkvhcbàea p tey`caea ac hmw a`wgsywmw jskelmw q`clcl vmgm ac

g`clqd`gmw k`clqyew( vmy ch gmlqyey`m( cwq và`clam e tmgcw sle a`wgsw`l

tehmyeq`te,

7, Sl ycvewm j`wqy`gm iyctc *9 veyqc),

Vcym cwqm ac aey yermlcw ac lscwqyew ehcoeg`mlcw kmyehcw lm

d`leh`r eus( l` ksgjm kclmw, He dslaekclqeg`l q`ge cw slm ac

hmw hsoeycw kw t`w`qeamw ac he d`hmwmde, Acwac ch o`ym h`lowq`gm

jewqe he egqsehàea tey`mw cldmuscw jel wàm hmw usc wc jel ewmkeam

e cwqm ac he dslaekclqeg`l q`ge acwac hew d`hew ach sq`h`qey`wkm p hed`hmwmde elehq`ge, Ch vy`kcym ac cwmw cldmuscw e hmw usc kc ycd`cym(

veyqc ac sle vmw`g`l mibcq`t`wqe( usc acd`clac he lm lcgcwàea ac he

dslaekclqeg`l pe usc hmw bs`g`mw ac tehmy wml ctàclqcw vmy w

k`wkmw e lscwqye `lqs`g`l> cw ch @lqs`g`ml`wkm q`gm, Cwqe hlce

hhcteae e ws kw yea`geh gmlwcgsclgè lmw hhcte e sle wcoslae

vmw`g`l( wsibcq`t`wqe( cl he usc wc ed`yke usc lm cw vmwìhc a`wgsq`y


20/33



wmiyc hm usc qclckmw cl lscwqye `lqs`g`l( pe usc eh wcy wqe

vcywmleh c `lqyelwdcyìhc( lm acbe leae usc vscae wcy gmkl p

gmkveyqìhc gml qmamw hmw ackw *Ksoscyre( 966?2715), Veye chCkmq`t`wkm( hmw bs`g`mw kmyehcw wc h`k`qel e czvycwey ckmg`mlcw p

oswqmw, Vcym jep kw ehqcyleq`tew e cwqew amw vmwqsyew usc

acd`clacl hm `llcgcwey`m p hm `kvmwìhc, Sl qcygcy cldmusc cw ch

Sq`h`qey`wkm( p ws qcmye ckvy`ge ac àclq`d`gey cw+acic( usc

acd`clac usc jep usc jegcy hm usc cw wmgèhkclqc q`h vmyusc ew wc

gmlqyìspc e he tàe eykml`mwe cl he gmkslàea, He gyq`ge eh

sq`h`qey`wkm pe he j`rm Jskc p ws aclslgè e he dehegè leqsyeh`wqe(

usc vewe ac sl cw dgq`gm e sl acic lmykeq`tm( hm usc te( veye

ckvcrey( cl gmlqye ac hmw vy`lg`v`mw ac he ho`ge acasgq`te,

Bswq`d`gey m acasg`y ch acicy cl t`yqsa ac he sq`hàea wmgèh( vewey ac

bs`g`m ac jcgjm e bs`g`m kmyeh( cw sle mvcyeg`l ho`gekclqc

`hcoq`ke *Ksoscyre( 966?2711),

Sle hq`ke evmyqeg`l he qclckmw cl ch Vycwgy`vq`t`wkm q`gm(

ac Y,K, Jeyc vmy cbckvhm( usc acd`clac ch clgeaclek`clqm

acasgq`tm ac hew lmykew cl qelqm usc yermlcw, He dslg`l ach

hclosebc ac he kmyeh cw vycwgyì`yhc ehom e ehos`cl( vycg`welam usc he

geyegqcywq`ge ac he sl`tcyweh`rei`hàea cw he usc jegc usc slevycwgy`vg`l m `kvcyeq`tm wce kmyeh, Jeyc( czvh`ge Gekvw *5009296)(

wc ycqymqyec jewqe Nelq gselam ed`yke usc hm geyegqcywq`gm ach acicy

kmyeh cw he czòclgè ac he sl`tcywehàea( vcym wc a`dcyclgè cl usc

he esqmyàea usc welg`mle p vymasgc ch acicy lm cw he yerl( w`lm ch

swm yceh ach hclosebc, Ycwvcqelam lm gecy cl he dehegè leqsyeh`wqe( w

clq`clac usc hmw acicycw wml yermleihcw2 cw vmwìhc czvh`gey


21/33



kcaèlqc yermlcw vmy us he ek`wqea cw iscle( vmy cbckvhm> cw

g`cyqm usc wcyl yermlcw ieweaew cl tehmyeg`mlcw evyclaàew vmy he

casgeg`l p he czvcy`clgè cl he tàe yceh( vcym wcyl yermlcw eh d`l peh geim, Ycwvcgqm eh vycwgy`vq`t`wkm( lmw clgmlqyekmw gml ch

vymihcke ac usc lslge jeiy sle dslaekclqeg`l hq`ke( vmyusc

w`ckvyc eveycgcy mqye p mqye p vmackmw cwqey ew jewqe ch `ld`l`qm,

Vcym jep kw( wcol Ksoscyre *966?2713) he bswq`d`geg`l

yeg`mleh lm ycgec( egqsehkclqc( cl bs`g`mw kmyehcw e`wheamw w`lm cl

vy`kcy hsoey( cl gmhcgg`mlcw ac bs`g`mw( usc ac ehol kmam jegcl

gmkvcla`m ac hew dmykew kmyehcw usc t`t`kmw> p wcoslam( ac

amgqy`lew q`gew ycwshqelqcw ac lscwqym ycdhcz`mley wmiyc hew

vy`kcyew, P e vmy chhmw lmw clgek`lekmw ejmye( jegè hew gmyy`clqcw

egqsehcw ac he q`ge( clqyc hew usc jep usc acwqegey( qelqm he ac Bmjl

Yehw gmkm he q`ge gmksl`geq`te ac he asvhe Evch+Jeicykew( usc

wsvmlcl sl yct`teh ach qyewgclaclqeh`wkm nelqèlm( m swelam sl

lmkclgheqsye kmacyle( cwqekmw elqc ch 9,6 ac Nelq, Ch Pm

qyewgclaclqeh nelqèlm cw ycgsvcyeam( cl dmyke ac lmg`l ac bswq`gè

p cl dmyke ach àceh ac gmksl`geg`l( ekimw ejmye( kcaèamw vmy

ch hclosebc *Gekvw( 5009291),


22/33



A, HE Q@GE EVH@GEAE

5, He a`kclw`l vygq`ge ac he cz`wqclgè,E hm heyom ac he veyqc d`leh ach wòhm ZZ( bslqm eh qcke ac he

dslaekclqeg`l ac he kmyeh( gmkclr e wsyo`y mqym ycheg`mleam gml

he evh`geg`l( cl he tàe yceh p gmqàèle( ac hm usc wc jeie

gmlwcosàm vycg`wekclqc cl cwc ki`qm ac he dslaekclqeg`l, He

tàe yceh gmkvhcbe ac hew wmg`caeacw egqsehcw( gml ws cwvy`qs

vmhày`gm p hew a`dcyclqcw cwdcyew ac hm wmgèh( j`g`cyml lcgcweyèw he

evey`g`l p acweyymhhm ac hew q`gew evh`geaew, He kca`g`le( he

i`mhmoe( he vmhq`ge( he cgmlmke p he ckvycwe( a`wq`lqmw yekmw ac

vymdcw`mlehcw( he `ldmykq`ge( he cgmhmoe( he casgeg`l( ch

vcy`ma`wkm( czòcl my`clqeg`mlcw q`gew `lqcya`wg`vh`leycw( lm vmy

gevy`gjm w`lm vmyusc t`t`kmw cl wmg`caeacw vhsyeh`wqew,He g`clgè lm jegc g`clgè( l` ch acycgjm jegc acycgjm( cqg, Cw

sl wcy jskelm( g`clqd`gm( eimoeam( ka`gm p cldcykcym( cqg, ch usc

hew v`clwe p yceh`re, Qmam wcy jskelm cw gmlwq`qsq`tekclqc kmyeh(

gmkm lmw a`bm Eyelosycl( vmy qelqm( eimoeamw( vcy`ma`wqew(

vymdcwmycw( `ltcwqòeamycw p g`clqd`gmw( ka`gmw p cldcykcyew( cqg,

tel e yceh`rey ws acwckvcm vymdcw`mleh gml ws gmlwq`qsg`l kmyeh,He vymdcw`mlehàea p ch gmlmg`k`clqm gcyqcym p evymvèam ac ws

heimy lm ch`k`lel he kmyehàea ac he vcywmle usc cwq acqyw ac

geae vymdcw`mleh,

He d`hmwmde je ac eqclacy hmw vymihckew usc hc vhelqce he

wmg`caea p vympcgqeywc cl ch a`wgsywm vih`gm( acbelam ac heam

g`cyqmw k`camw `ldslaeamw, He d`hmwmde( ehh vmy he Elqòcaea


23/33



clohmieie qmae he weiàsye p wc hc clgmkclaeie he wehteoseyae p

kcbmye ac qmamw hmw gmlmg`k`clqmw, Gml ch vewm ach q`ckvm dsc

vcya`clam gew` qmamw hmw ki`qmw ac ycdhcz`l2 g`clgè( `ltclq`te(bsy`wvysaclgè( h`lowq`ge( vmhq`ge( vw`gmhmoe( vcaeomoe(

elqymvmhmoe( cqg, Jsim sle cwvcgèh`reg`l cl hmw a`wq`lqmw gekvmw

ach gmlmg`k`clqm( usc acb dscye e hmw d`hwmdmw ac cwmw ki`qmw(

vmyusc pe jeie sl czvcyqm m sl qgl`gm( m sl vymdcw`mleh ac qeh m

gseh ki`qm usc wc cwvcgèh`reie cl ch k`wkm, Gml hm usc hhco sl

kmkclqm usc whm uscaeiel amw qcyy`qmy`mw vymv`mw2 ch gekvm ac hm

ycheg`mleam gml he kcqedw`ge( p ch gekvm ac hew gscwq`mlcw kmyehcw p

q`gew, He vy`kcye( usc w`ckvyc cwqstm cl vsole gml he ychò`l( dsc

bswqekclqc czvshweae k`clqyew wc usciyeie ch vympcgqm ac he

Kmacylàea, Ew usc whm hcw uscaeie e hmw d`hwmdmw hew gscwq`mlcw

q`gm+kmyehcw, Vcym ch d`leh ach wòhm ZZ( p ch wsyo`k`clqm ac hew

q`gew evh`geaew c `lqcya`wg`vh`leycw wsvmlcl veye ksgjmw

vclweamycw sle esqlq`ge ekclere vmy he vyaàe ac hm usc wcye ch

hq`km ycasgqm ach ycdhcz`mley d`hmwd`gm, Wce gmkm dscyc( he d`hmwmde

je ac qclcy cl gsclqe he a`kclw`l vygq`ge ac he cz`wqclgè, He q`ge

evh`geae lm cwq cl gmlqye ach cwvy`qs sl`tcyweh`wqe ac he d`hmwmde

kmyeh, @kvmyqe eus he tmhslqea ac he evh`geg`l vymv`m ac qmaed`hmwmde vygq`ge, Eh d`hwmdm hc gmyycwvmlac gmmya`ley sl cwveg`m ac

ycdhcz`l p acieqc cl ch usc w q`clc ehom usc evmyqey2 acg`yhc eh

g`clqd`gm( eh ckvycwey`m( eh vmhq`gm( eh ka`gm( e qmamw euschhmw usc w`clqcl

he vycw`l ac slmw gmldh`gqmw a`dg`hcw ac ycwmhtcy p e tcgcw `lghswm ac

vhelqcey( usc cwmw gmldh`gqmw q`clcl sle a`kclw`l q`ge( lm ycasgqìhc( vmy


24/33



qelqm( e he vcywvcgq`te vsyekclqc g`clqd`ge( vmhq`ge( ka`ge m bsya`ge

*Gekvw $ Gmyq`le( 966?2131),

W` `lqclqekmw vymdsla`rey cl hew yermlcw ach leg`k`clqm ac hewq`gew evh`geaew cl ch kslam egqseh( cl ch vmyus wc jel àm

lcgcw`qelam ws vycwclgè clqyc acqcyk`leamw gekvmw ac qyeiebm c

`ltcwqòeg`l( cl acqcyk`leamw wcgqmycw ac he tàe vih`ge( lmw

clgmlqyekmw gml amw chckclqmw `kvmyqelqcw2 he gmldèlre p he iscle

tmhslqea, Jegè edscye( jegè he g`saeaele( hew q`gew evh`geaew

qyeqel ac oclcyey gmldèlre, Ch wòhm ZZ( usc qelqm vymoycwm je

eyymbeam e he Jskelàea( lmw je clwceam hmw mwgsymw vcyd`hcw ach

wcy jskelm p acqcyk`leamw wcgqmycw vymdcw`mlehcw jel kmwqyeam

wsw geqewqyd`gew dmykew ac yceh`rey he vymdcw`l2 czvcy`kclqeg`l

gml wcycw jskelmw( g`clgèw eh wcyt`g`m ach ich`g`wkm( cwglaehmw ac

gmyysvg`l vmhq`ge( kel`vsheg`l cl hmw keww kcaè( gycaì`hàea

ac he ckvycwe gscwq`mleae( cqg, Acwac aclqym ac hew vymvèw

`lwqelgèw lm wc cwq weq`wdcgjm gml he gehàea ac hew vygq`gew

vymdcw`mlehcw p gml ch oyeam ac gmldèlre usc hew vymdcw`mlcw

`ldslacl e he wmg`caea, He ycgsvcyeg`l ach gya`qm vewe vmy sle

yct`qeh`reg`l q`ge, L` he hcoehàea l` hmw `lgclq`tmw cgmlk`gmw iewqel

veye hmoyey usc hmw vymdcw`mlehcw ehgelgcl hew k cqew ac he egq`tàea usc hewmg`caea hcw je clgmkclaeam2 hm l`gm cd`ger cw ewsk`y he q`ge ac he

vymdcw`l( hew czgchclgèw p vy`lg`v`mw usc he my`clqel*Gekvw $ Gmyq`le(

966?211?), Jegè aclqym( jegè hmw vymdcw`mlehcw( hew q`gew evh`geaew

qyeqel ac usc hew egq`tàeacw usc yceh`rel p hew `lwq`qsg`mlcw e hew

usc vcyqclcgcl usc vscael gmlwcos`y hew kcqew usc hc ael wclqàm

acwac he lmykeh`reg`l p gmqàèlàea p lm acwac ch jcymwkm ac hmw


25/33



vymdcw`mlehcw p czvcyqmw, Kcaèlqc he iscle tmhslqea( gmlwcos`y

weq`wdegcy hew lcgcwàeacw p acycgjmw ac qmamw hmw g`saeaelmw

*Gekvw $ Gmyq`le( 966?2110),

9, He gmlwqysgg`l ac sl hsoey gmkl,

Gmkm wc acge( t`t`kmw cl wmg`caeacw kmyehkclqc vhsyeh`wqew(

cl he usc gmlt`tcl a`wq`lqew q`gew p a`wq`lqmw gaòmw kmyehcw, Vmy

hm usc wsvmlcy sle wcy`c ac egscyamw iw`gmw p kl`kmw cw sl cyymy

vymv`m ac vcuscmw `loclsmw, Jep usc iswgeyhmw( m qyeiebey veye

gmlwqys`yhmw, Ejmye i`cl( us `lwqelgè cwq hco`q`keae veye

eimyaey hew gscwq`mlcw kmyehcw p acwac us q`ge vscac jegcyhm=

Vmyusc he q`ge lm q`clc l` ycvycwclqelqcw chcgqmw *gmkm he vmhq`ge)

l` esqmyàeacw usc keygel ch gek`lm e wcos`y *gmkm he ychò`l), P

w`l ckieyom jep usc aey ehosle ycwvscwqe e he vmiheg`l, wqewt`clcl ac a`dcyclqcw clghetcw wmgèhcw acwac he usc wc dscyml

gmlwqyspclam hew q`gew evh`geaew, Cz`wqcl wc`w chckclqmw ghetcw

aclqym ac he q`ge evh`geae *Gekvw $ Gmyq`le( 966?2113+114)2

+ Hew q`gew evh`geaew legcl ac he ycehàea wmgèh( usc `lqcyvche

lm whm e hmw q`gmw w`lm e he g`saeaele eh gmkvhcqm( p clqyc chhe e sl

lkcym ac vcywmlew cl cwvcgèh,

+ Hmw a`wq`lqmw Omi`cylmw ach kslam usc jel qclàm usc

myoel`rey gmk`w`mleamw ac q`ge veye ch ewcwmyek`clqm q`gm( elqc

acqcyk`leaew w`qseg`mlcw usc lm vscacl ackmyeywc cl heyomw

vymgcwmw bsa`gèhcw2 i`mqcglmhmoew( vygq`gew wel`qeyèw( a`ycgg`l ac

ckvycwew( gmkvmyqek`clqm ac vmhq`gmw p he eak`l`wqyeg`l vih`ge,


26/33



+ Hmw Czvcyqmw ac sl iscl lkcym ac ki`qmw jel àm

acwgsiy`clam e hm heyom ac ws vygq`ge vymdcw`mleh usc lm cz`wqcl

ycwvscwqew esqmkq`gew veye acqcyk`leamw vymihckew usc wcclgsclqyel cl ws heimy,

+He G`saeaele geae tcr kw acwv`cyqe p gmlwg`clqc ac ws

`kvmyqelgè( clqàea( acycgjmw( veyq`g`veg`l egq`te(

ycwvmlwei`hàea( cqg, ackelae wcy hmw vymqeoml`wqew ac ws vymvè

ycehàea wmgèh( kcaèlqc he achìcyeg`l e qyetw ach e mv`l`l

vih`ge,

+ Hmw D`hwmdmw kmyehcw clq`clacl usc cwqey ycwvmlwei`h`reamw

gml he vmge gmlgycqe cl he usc wc t`tc jegc vmwìhc ch gmkvymk`wm

gml hew q`gew evh`geaew,

+ Hew q`gew evh`geaew lm ycgecl gml czghsw`tàea cl hmw

ki`qmw egeak`gmw sl`tcyw`qey`mw( l` wsw ycwshqeamw wmlgmkvcla`mw wcwsamw veye h`qcw `lqchcgqsehcw, Eh gmlqyey`m( cw sl

qyeiebm `lqcya`wg`vh`leyyceh`ream cl gmk`qw p gmk`w`mlcw usc yclcl e

q`gmw( czvcyqmw p edcgqeamw> usc vsih`ge wsw ycwshqeamw cl dmyke ac

acgheyeg`mlcw gaòmw s my`clqeg`mlcw> p usc wc a`wvcywe vmy hmw

a`wq`lqmw ki`qmw ac he wmg`caea( l`tch hmgeh( cwqeqeh p ohmieh,

Cl acd`l`q`te( cwqw q`gew wsyocl vmy `kvcyeq`tm ac sle ycehàea

wmgèh usc lcgcw`qeiel ycwvscwqew kshqà`wg`vh`leycw cl wmg`caeacw

kmyehkclqc vhsyeh`wqew *Gekvw $ Gmyq`le( 966?211?), Wml sle dmyke

ac weicy p ac egqsey usc je wàm ackelaeae vmy sl iscl lkcym

ac egqmycw usc dmykel veyqc ac he ycehàea wmgèh qelqm e l`tch cwqeqeh

gmkm ohmieh,


27/33

Q@GE P KMYEHDgm, Bet`cy Iclqcr Ysi`m 9?


7, Dmykew ac vymgcacy,

Qclckmw hm qcy`gm( p qclckmw sle ycehàea e he usc

qyelwvmyqey hm vclweam, Lm cz`wqc sl l`gm kmam ac jegcyhm( acevh`gey e he tàe aèyè hmw vclwek`clqmw p ycdhcz`mlcw q`gew,

Tcyckmw hmw kw `kvmyqelqcw,

7,5, Kmachmw Vymgca`kclqehcw ac he q`ge evh`geae,

E, Vymgca`kclqeh`wkm gews`wqe,

Ch esoc ach Vymgca`kclqeh`wkm wc acic e usc lea`c wc gmlwàcye

gever ac `y kw ehh( dslaekclqelam yeg`mlehkclqc vy`lg`v`mw wswqelq`tmw,

Kscyqe he q`ge kcqedw`ge( lm uscae kw yckca`m usc ycdsoèywc cl he q`ge

vymgca`kclqeh*Oyegè( 966?20?),

Qclckmw eus( amw kmachmw ac gewswq`ge( ch 5 p ch 9, He

gewswq`ge 5 wc iewe cl sl vymgca`k`clqm qcy`gm+cwvcgsheq`tm p

acasgq`tm, Oyegè *966?20?+0:) hm acd`lc( g`qelam e Eyyew3

( gmkm cheyqc ac evh`gey gsehus`cy q`vm ac vy`lg`v`mw kmyehcw usc wc qcloel e kelm e

hmw gewmw gmlgycqmw, He gewswq`ge 9( m kmyeh qyèlosheq`ml( wc iewe cl sl

vymgca`k`clqm vygq`gm p ycqy`gm, @lqclqe wmhsg`mley hmw gmldh`gqmw e

veyq`y ac slew kz`kew dmyksheaew cl gy`qcy`m gmltcyoclqc p

vysaclqc ac jmkiycw wei`mw,

E,5, Gewswq`ge 5 m q`ge ac he yeg`mlehàea dmykeh+ocmkqy`ge,

Ws geyegqcywq`ge vy`lg`veh cw gmlwàcyey acasgq`tekclqc ch

gewm cl gscwq`l gmkm sle veyq`gshey`reg`l ac hmw vy`lg`v`mw

oclcyehcw, Sl cbckvhm ac cwqe q`ge he tckmw cl Ey`wqqchcw, Qeki`l

cl Vheql( Wv`lmre( Qmkw ac Eus`lm m Nelq, Lmw gclqyeyckmw cl he

ach cwqeo`y`qe, Cwqc Vymgca`kclqeh`wkm cwq dmykeam vmy amw

3 Eyyew( Bmjl A,( Gmkkml he kmyeh`qp( Jewq`low gclqcy ycvmyq( 5006,


28/33

Q@GE P KMYEHDgm, Bet`cy Iclqcr Ysi`m 9:


kmkclqmw( slm e vy`my` p mqym e vmwqcy`my`, Ch vy`kcym ac chhmw(

kmkclqm sl`tcyweh p acmlqmho`gm cwq gmlwq`qsàm vmy vy`lg`v`mw

sl`tcywehcw p ez`mkq`gmw, Ch wcoslam( veyq`gshey p qchcmho`gm( cwqgmlwq`qsàm vmy hew yermlcw gmlgycqew p g`ygslwqelgèhcw, Ch kmam ac

dslg`mlek`clqm cw ch wòs`clqc2 5) cwqeihcg`k`clqm ac he lmyke(

cwqm cw( hm usc cw gmyycgqm w`l qclcy cl gsclqe g`ygslwqelgè ehosle>

9) cwqeihcg`k`clqm ac he czgcvg`l( cwqm cw( hm usc ycwshqe isclm m

kclmw kehm cl ch jcgjm( w`qseg`l m gewm gmlgycqm *Oyegè( 966?200),

W` lm wc ael ekimw l`tchcw lm vscac jeicy bs`g`m kmyeh2 ycgqe yeq`m

eoì`h`sk, Cl g`cyqm wclqàm vmackmw acg`y usc ach vy`kcy l`tch

lmykeq`tm wc clgeyoe he q`ge p ach wcoslam l`tch gewswq`gm wc

clgeyoe he kmyeh,

E,9, Gewswq`ge 9 m q`ge ac he yeg`mlehàea j`wqy`gm+cgmho`ge,

Gmkm pe lm t`t`kmw cl cwmw q`ckvmw cl hmw usc wc jeihe ac

yerl vsye p eiwmhsqe( hew q`gew ac( vmy cbckvhm( Nelq m Wv`lmre(

ycwshqel `kvclweihcw( a`dg`hcw ac eak`q`y, Jckmw veweam vmy sle

ycacd`l`g`l ac he yeg`mlehàea usc lm ycvmwe pe l` cl he kcqedw`ge

l` cl hm qyewgclaclqeh( w`lm cl hm g`ygslwqelgèh ac hm j`wqy`gm+

cgmho`gm, W` gml ch vy`kcy kmachm hmw gmldh`gqmw wc ycwmhtel

egsa`clam e vy`lg`v`mw `lksqeihcw p lcgcwey`mw( cl cwqc lsctmkmachm( hmw gmldh`gqmw vscacl ycwmhtcywc egsa`clam e yermlcw

vygq`gew( j`wqy`gew e vmwqcy`my`, Vmy qelqm( wc gekièl hmw vy`lg`v`mw

kmyehcw eiwmhsqmw vmy qycw l`tchcw *Oyegè( 966?2565+567)2 5) hmw

àcehcw czvh`geq`tmw( wml veqymlcw j`wqy`gmw ac yeg`mlehàea p ac

`lqchòì`hàea usc ael wclqàm e hmw jcgjmw( cwqm cw( keygmw ac

ycdcyclgè mihòeamw usc cwqeihcgcl hk`qcw vcym usc wml


29/33



`yyceh`reihcw ac kmam gmkvhcqm m vcydcgqm> 9) hmw vymgca`k`clqmw

czvh`geq`tmw wml hmw hclosebcw( qgl`gew p kcqmamhmoew lcgcweyèw

veye jegcy ycehàea( eslusc wce veygèhkclqc( cwmw àcehcw, 7) hmwmibcq`tmw czvh`geq`tmw gmlgycqmw usc osèyl geae vymgca`k`clqm,

I, Vymgca`kclqeh`wkm a`wgsyw`tm,

Evch p Jeicykewgm`lgàcl cl ewòley e he q`ge he k`w`l ac

dslaekclqey he a`kclw`l lmykeq`te ac hm kmyeh *Gmyq`le( 50042593+

594), Ws q`ge( a`wgsyw`te( mdycgc sl dslaekclqm ac hm kmyeh usc

qyelwdmyke aèho`gekclqc ch vy`lg`v`m dmykeh nelqèlm ac he

esqmlmke ac he tmhslqea cl ch vy`lg`v`m vymgca`kclqeh ac he q`ge

a`wgsyw`te, Evch hm dmykshe gmkm wòsc2 Qmamw hmw wcycw gevegcw ac

gmksl`geg`l h`lowq`ge acicl wcy ycgmlmgàmw gmkm vcywmlew( vscwqm usc

cl qmaew wsw egg`mlcw p czvycw`mlcw wml `lqcyhmgsqmycw t`yqsehcw( p he

bswq`d`geg`l `h`k`qeae ach vclwek`clqm lm vscac yclslgèy e l`lol

`lqcyhmgsqmy p e l`losle ac wsw evmyqeg`mlcw t`yqsehcw e he a`wgsw`l,

Qmae vcywmle cw sl `lqcyhmgsqmy thàm cl òsehaea gmksl`geq`te(

gml hm usc l`lol `lqcyhmgsqmy thàm vscac wcy czghsàm e vy`my` ac

he eyoskclqeg`l gselam wqe tcywe wmiyc lmykew usc hc edcgqel,

Jeicykew hm czvycwe gmkm wòsc2 Whm wml tehàew euschhew lmykew acegg`l gml hew usc vmayel cwqey ac egscyam qmamw hmw vmwìhcw edcgqeamw

gmkm veyq`g`velqcw cl sl a`wgsywm vygq`gm,


30/33



G, Kmachm g`ygshey ac he jcykclsq`ge gyq`ge *Gmyq`le(

5004259:+571),

5, Kmkclqm nelqèlm, Cwqc kmachm lm qyeqe l` ac he evh`geg`lac vy`lg`v`mw oclcyehcw e gewmw gmlgycqcw( l` ac `lasg`y kz`kew

acwac hew acg`w`mlcw gmlgycqew, Wc qyeqe ac acwgsiy`y geae vcgshèy

vy`lg`v`m gmkl usc jep cl geae ki`qm, Vmy qelqm( vy`kcym( cl cwqc

kmkclqm he `lqcya`wg`vh`leyàea cw `kvycwg`laìhc, Wcoslam( cwqc

kmachm qyeqe ac wskey hmw evmpmw ac hew qmaew euschhew q`gew usc

us`cyel hm isclm veye ch wcy jskelm, Cwm w( ch chckclqm

gmmya`leamy hm vmlc cl he q`ge ach a`wgsywm( gml ws egg`l

gmksl`geq`te p he eyoskclqeg`l, Qeki`l he àce ac wsbcqm gmkm

`lqcyhmgsqmy thàm p usc l`gekclqc wml lmykew hcoq`kew euschhew

usc weq`wdeoel hmw `lqcycwcw sl`tcyweh`reihcw,

9, Kmkclqm ey`wqmqh`gm, Sle ac hew yermlcw ach leg`k`clqm ac

he q`ge evh`geae cwq cl he `lwsd`g`clgè ac he q`ge `la`tàseh, Cwq

kw usc ackmwqyeam usc cl mgew`mlcw he iscle tmhslqea vcywmleh

q`clc kehew gmlwcgsclgèw veye he gmkslàea, Vmy cwm cw lcgcwey`m

qyelw`qey ac he ho`ge ac he egg`l `la`tàseh e he ac he egg`l gmhcgq`te2

kmyeh`rey e hew `lwq`qsg`mlcw( p vmy wqew e hew vcywmlew, Hmw ki`qmw

ac he q`ge evh`geae wml egq`tàeacw wmgèhcw2 ch wel`qey`m *kca`g`le pcldcykcye)( he `ltcwqòeg`l i`mqcglmho`ge( he cgmlmke( he ckvycwe( he

cgmhmoe( hmw kca`mw ac gmksl`geg`l( hew myoel`reg`mlcw c `lwq`qsg`mlcw

wmgèhcw p hew egq`tàeacw vymdcw`mlehcw p md`g`mw, Vcym jckmw ac qclcy

ksp gheym usc hew `lwq`qsg`mlcw wml gy`wqeh`reg`mlcw ac he egg`l

jskele( yceh`reae vmy wsbcqmw jskelmw, Hmw chckclqmw ac

ycdcyclgè ac qmae q`ge evh`geae wml2


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+ Qmae hew egq`tàeacw gmmvcyeq`tew vcywòscl sl i`cl `lqcylm2

ch i`cl `lqcylm ac he welàea cw ch i`cl ach veg`clqc> ch ac he ckvycwe( he

weq`wdegg`l ac lcgcwàeacw jskelew gml gehàea> ch ac he vmhq`ge( ch i`clgmkl ac hmw g`saeaelmw> ch ac he amgclgè( he qyelwk`w`l ac he gshqsye p he

dmykeg`l ac vcywmlew gyq`gew> ch ac hew i`mqcglmhmoew( he `ltcwqòeg`l cl

vym ac sle jskelàea kw hìyc p dch`r, Gmkm hmw i`clcw+d`lcw pe cwql

aeamw( he q`ge evh`geae( cl geae gewm( qclay usc achìcyey wmiyc hmw

kca`mw gmlgycqmw usc jep usc ewsk`y veye hhcoey e hmw k`wkmw,

+ Qmaew hew egq`tàeacw gmmvcyeq`tew vcywòscl sl i`cl `lqcylm

eslusc veye jegcyhm jel ac qclcy cl gsclqe hmw kcgel`wkmw ac

dslg`mlek`clqm ac hew wmg`caeacw kmacylew, Gmyq`le vmlc ch

cbckvhm ac he egq`tàea ckvycweyèh2 aclqym ach gmlqczqm cgmlk`gm(

vcywòsc sl i`cl `lqcylm( he weq`wdegg`l ac lcgcwàeacw jskelew( eslusc

veye ehgelreyhm je ac gmlqey gml kcgel`wkmw( gmkm wml ch kcygeam( he

gmkvcqclgè p he iwuscae ach iclcd`g`m( p yceh`rey tehmycw vcgshèycw( gmkm

he iwuscae ac gehàea( he jei`hàea veye jegcy swc ac hmw ycgsywmw( ksp

cwvcgèhkclqc hmw ycgsywmw jskelmw( cqg,

+ Qmaew hew egq`tàeacw vcywòscl sl i`cl `lqcylm eslusc veye

jegcyhm jel ac qclcy cl gsclqe hmw kcgel`wkmw ac dslg`mlek`clqm

ac hew wmg`caeacw kmacylew p jel ac eqclcywc e he hco`wheg`ltòclqc p eh keygm gmlwq`qsg`mleh ac hmw cwqeamw ackmgyq`gmw,

+ Qmaew hew egq`tàeacw vcywòscl sl i`cl `lqcylm eslusc veye

jegcyhm jel ac qclcy cl gsclqe hmw kcgel`wkmw ac dslg`mlek`clqm

ac hew wmg`caeacw kmacylew( jel ac eqclcywc e he hco`wheg`l tòclqc

p eh keygm gmlwq`qsg`mleh ac hmw cwqeamw ackmgyq`gmw p d`lehkclqc(

eqclcywc e he gmlg`clgè kmyeh gt`ge, Gmyq`le clq`clac vmy q`ge


32/33



g`t`h eusch gmlbslqm ac tehmycw usc hmw g`saeaelmw ac sle wmg`caea

vhsyeh`wqe pe gmkveyqcl,

7, Kmkclqm gmlwcgsclgèh`wqe, Wòsc jei`clam sle vycoslqevmy gmlqcwqey2 us tehmycw p acycgjmw jel ac wcy yeg`mlehkclqc

ycwvcqeamw= Gsehus`cy egq`tàea m `lwq`qsg`l usc vycqclae wcy hcoq`ke

je ac ycgmlmgcy usc hmw edcgqeamw vmy hew lmykew ac cwc ki`qm wml

`lqcyhmgsqmycw thàmw, P cwqm czòc gmlwàcyey usc qehcw lmykew wcyl

bswqew l`gekclqc w` vsa`cyel wcy egcvqeaew vmy qmamw chhmw qyew sl aèhmom

yeg`mleh, Vmy hm qelqm( mihòe e qyeqey e hmw edcgqeamw gmkm wcycw amqeamw ac

sl gmlbslqm ac acycgjmw( usc cl geae gekvm ycgì`yl sle cwvcgèh

kmasheg`l, Hmw edcgqeamw vmy he qmke ac acg`w`l cl hmw gewmw

gmlgycqmw jel ac bsoey sl vevch gclqyeh cl ch kmachm acdclaàm vmy

Gmyq`le, P bslqm e wqmw( qeki`l jep usc vycwqey ksgje eqclg`l e

he vmlacyeg`l ac hew gmlwcgsclgèw cl ch ewcwmyek`clqm q`gm ac

gmk`qw p gaòmw q`gmw,

Dgm, Bet`cy Iclqcr Ysi`m


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Iìh`moyede2

+Eyelosycl( Bmw Hs`w H, Q@GEEhèlre Sl`tcywàea Qczqmw 5 ca`g`l : yc`kvycw`l 5003

Keayà

+ Gekvw( T`gqmyè( Oseyòhè( Mwteham( Wehkcyl( Dcylelam *Ca`qmycw)( GMLGCVG@MLCW AC HE

Q@GE Qymqqe GW@G Clg`ghmvcaè @icymekcy`gele ac D`hmwmde 9 5 Ca`g`l 5009 5 yc`kvycw`l

9661 Keayà

Vycwclqeg`l *T`gqmyè Gekvw) vv, 55+9:

Nelq`wkm *Mwteham Oseyòhè) vv, 37+?9

q`ge Gmksl`geq`te *Eache Gmyq`le) vv, 5??+966

q`ge Lcmgmlqyegqseh`wqe *K, Bmw Eoye Ymkcym) vv, 91?+94:

+ Gmyq`le( Eache CH CWQEQSQM AC HE Q@GE EVH@GEAE, JCYKCLSQ@GE GYQ@GE AC

HEW EGQ@T@AEACW JSKELEW @wcomye-57 *5004) vv, 550+571+ Gmyq`le( Eache Q@GE KL@KE, @LQYMASGG@L E HE D@HMWMDE VYGQ@GE Qcglmw 57

ca`g`l( 966: Keayà,

+ Gmyq`le( EacheQ@GE W@L KMYEH Qcglmw( 0 ca`g`l( 9656 Keayà

+ Okcr( G,( Ksoscyre( B, *Caw,) HE ETCLQSYE AC HE KMYEH@AEA, VEYEA@OKEW(

DYMLQCYEW P VYMIHCKEW AC HE Q@GE, Ehèlre Ca`qmyèh 966? Keayà

Ch ki`qm ac he kmyehàea2 q`ge p kmyeh *Geyhmw Okcr) vv, 50+39

Ch vymihcke ac he dslaekclqeg`l *Bet`cy Ksoscyre) vv, 777+7:5

Hew q`gew evh`geaew *T`gqmyè Gekvw $ Eache Gmyq`le) vv, 111+147

+ Oyegè( A`com VYMGCA@K@CLQMW AC ACG@W@L CL Q@GE GHL@GE Qyègewqche 9 Ca`g`l

Gmhcgg`l Jskelàeacw Ka`gew l 99( 966? Keayà

+ Oseyòhè( Mwteham *Ca`qmy) GSCWQ@MLCW KMYEHCW Qymqqe GW@G Clg`ghmvcaè

@icymekcy`gele ac D`hmwmde 59 5 Ca`g`l 5004 5 yc`kvycw`l 966? Keayà

@lqymasgg`l2 tàe kmyeh( q`ge p q`ge evh`geae *Mwteham Oseyòhè) vv, 55+99

Gmlmg`k`clqm p yerl cl he eyoskclqeg`l kmyeh *Keye Jcyycye H`ke) vv, :0+564

Gmk`qw ac q`ge *Eache Gmyq`le) vv, 905+764

+ Nelq( @, DSLAEKCLQEG@L AC HE KCQEDW@GE AC HEW GMWQSKIYCW D`hmwmde Jmp

Welq`hhele 5004 Keayà Qyeasgg`l( cwqsa`m p lmqew vmy Lmyicyqm Wk`ho Tàeh

Benítez Rubio, Fco. Javier - PAPELES DE ÉTICA Y BIOÉTICA - Ética y Moral

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Transcript of Benítez Rubio, Fco. Javier - PAPELES DE ÉTICA Y BIOÉTICA - Ética y Moral