tesis valoracion

8/7/2019 tesis valoracion

1/35

Departament dEconoma Aplicada

DOCTORADO EN ECONOMIA APLICADA

TESINA DE8CRDITOS

ACONTINGENTVALUATIONEXERCISEWITHAFIXBIDAND VARYING

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYLEVELS

BYDULCE ARMONIA BORREGO

ADVISOR DR.PERE RIERA

OCTOBER 2007

1


2/35

ABSTRACT

In dichotomous choice contingent valuation, the environmental change is fixed throughout the

sample whereas the monetary bid changes. This paper applies this procedure to estimate the

debit or value of a natural resource damage. In a value to value framework, the equivalent

credit in environmental improvement has to be calculated. For that, a variant of the

dichotomous choice contingent valuation method is proposed, where the monetary bid is fixed

to the estimated debit value and the amount of environmental compensation varies. In that way,

the minimum amount of physical compensation for the damage is calculated. The case study is

preformed in a forest fire occurred in the northeast of Spain.It is estimated that for each hectare

of forest burned, a primary remediation of one hectare, and a compensatory remediation of

approximately hectare for the interim losses, are needed.

2


3/35

1 INTRODUCTION

Resource equivalency approaches have been broadly used in the United States to measure

environmental liability with the purpose of protecting natural resources. Recent European Union

environmental laws have been enacted to ensure that environments are rehabilitated and

restored by providing compensation for damage of man-kind to natural resources (European

Commission, 2006). In this context, environmental liability may be defined as the responsibility

of polluters to restore the environmental damage to a baseline condition.

In general, two approaches can be used to calculate the amount of required compensation: the

physical natural resource needed to compensate for the harm (resource to resource or habitat

to habitat) and the social value of the harm (value to value). The European Directive on

Environmental Liability gives priority to the former, but also contemplates the latter.

In a resource equivalency analysis, the debit or damage is computed in terms of lost of

damaged resources. The planned compensation or credit is equivalent in resource terms to

the debit. Similarly, in a habitat equivalency analysis, the debit and credit in terms of habitat are

equated. Also, in the value equivalency analysis (VEA), the value to society of the credit offsets

the social value of the debit. Depending on the approach adopted, the results would be

expressed in different metrics, for example the area of required remediation (e.g. ha of forest),

3


4/35

the number of organisms or species to be replaced (e.g. trees, birds, and other wildlife), the

time units of recreational use, the monetary units, etc.

This paper applies a stated preference approach the contingent valuation method (CVM) as a

tool for estimating the appropriate remediation for a burned forest in Catalonia, Spain, in a value

to value framework. The contingent valuation method is probably the most widely used method

for the valuation of environmental resources (Carson, 2004). A questionnaire describes the

change to be valued, explaining how it will be implemented, and the method of payment

(Mitchel and Carson, 1989). In its open ended format, the elicitation question asks a sample of

the population to report their maximum willingness to pay (WTP) to obtain an improvement or

avoid a worse situation, or their minimum willingness to accept to forego an improvement or

accept a worse situation. More often, however, a dichotomous choice approach is used. The

respondent is faced with and environmental change and a payment (or a compensation), and is

asked to state whether she would agree with the new situation at the given cost. The amount

asked to be paid, usually called bid, varies across the sample, while the environmental change

remains constant.

Most VEA approaches have employed attributed-based stated choice methods in order to

identify the preferred alternatives that will provide compensation from interim losses (Bishop et

al., 2000; Swait et al., 1998). The main contribution of this paper is to propose and apply a

4


5/35

variant of the contingent valuation method in a value to value or VEA framework. While the debit

is estimated with a standard CVM application, the credit uses a dichotomous choice type of

question where the environmental change varies and the bid is fixed and equal to the debit. In

this way, the minimum amount of environmental change that offsets the value of the

environmental damage to be compensated is estimated.

Thus, the application to a forest fire and the subsequent afforestation uses two sequential CVM

questionnaires. The first questionnaire estimates the economic value to citizens of the

Barcelona province for a forest fire prevention program using the typical dichotomous choice

format. The size of the forest area prevented from burning is defined in accordance to past

events caused by power lines in the central part of Catalonia. The second questionnaire,

measures the public preferences for the amount of the restoration project to provide services of

equivalent value due to the incident, using the explained variant of the dichotomous choice

format.

Next section presents a brief overview of the theoretical framework of CVM. Section 3 provides

information about the construction of the survey design. Section 4 addresses details of the

experimental design and about the application in the pilot study. Section 5 reports the results,

and section 6 the conclusions. Appendices A and B reproduce the questionnaires used in the

pilot study.

5


6/35

2 FOUNDATION

Welfare economics provides the framework for assessing natural resource damages. It is

assumed that individuals are the best judges of their own level of well-being or utility; know their

preferences; and their well-being increases with consumption. The utility function has the form

of , where)(xuu = is the vector of goods that is given to the individual. Individuals choose

the consumption that maximizes their utility subject to a budget constraint. Consumption takes

the form of , where denotes prices of the market goods and the individuals

income. Thus, a utility function can be expressed by

)( ypx= ,xx xp y

),,( szxuu = , where denotes the non-

market good levels (assumed exogenous) and the characteristics that might influence

individuals preferences, e.g. age, education level, sex, etc.. By solving the maximization

problem, , one can obtain the optimal consumption combination, in particular,

the optimal quantity of .

z

s

Max )( sxu

*x

,,z

The utility function can also be expressed in an indirect form:

),,,(),,( szypvszxu x= .

The indirect function depends on the prices of market goods , the income of the individual

, the initial and final level of the public good change ( , and other characteristics of

the individual . The utility function can include a random variable, represented by the

)( xp

), 10 z)(y z

)(s

6


7/35

stochastic component, , reflecting the limited or imperfect information that a researcher faces.

Thus, the indirect utility function is represented by , where the change from

the original to the final level of the public good and is what typically the researcher

intends to value.

),,,,,( 10 szzypv x

oz( )1z

,,,,()

1

szAypv x

yes

Compensating variation (CV) is a measure of welfare change that provides a basis for

estimating the value of resource damages. Using a dichotomous choice contingent valuation

format, the probability of a respondent saying yes to a propose payment of a bid amount ofA

monetary units is equal to the probability of CV or maximum willingness to pay being greater or

equal thanA. Or, what is the same,

[1])},,,,(Pr{}Pr{

0

szypv x=

An assumption on the distribution of the stochastic term, together with varying the bid amounts

asked to respondents, is the basis for the econometric estimations undertaken in actual

applications to elicit the mean or median CV. Graphically (figure 1), the probability of saying yes

to the bid amount A is modeled through 1-G(A), where G(A) is the cumulative distribution

function (cdf) of the compensatory variation or maximum willingness to pay. The value of the

integral of the cdf corresponds to the mean of the maximum willingness to pay estimation.

7


8/35

Figure 1. Probability of saying yes to a given bid amount

Pr 1

0.5

1 )(AG

WTP 0 MA + ,

Similarly, the level in the provision of the public good can vary, keeping the bid amount

constant. The probability of saying yes to the proposed change at a costA depends on whether

the change is large enough, provided as an improvement. Consequently, expression [1] applies.

The difference is that now an assumption on the distribution of the stochastic term, together with

a varying , elicits the minimum mean or median amount of public good compensation

required for a fixed payment ofA. In graphical terms, the probability of saying yes to the

proposed amount of public good compensation can be represented by the cdf of the amount of

public good required, G(Z). In the cdf representation of figure 2, it is assumed that

)(1z

)(1z

z is a

continuous variable truncated at zero, reflecting the hypothesis that all individuals would say no

to paying A and getting no compensation, or a negative one. The estimated mean of the

minimum public good compensation can be calculated by the truncated integral of the cdf,

which in the canonical truncation case corresponds to .[ ]

0

) dZ(ZG

8


9/35

Figure 2. Probability of saying yes to a given public good increase, truncated at zero

Pr 1

G )(Z

0.5

Z 0 MZ +

3 CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONTINGENT VALUATION MARKET

For this study two different valuation exercises are needed. Both exercises correspond to a

contingent valuation pre-test survey conducted in Catalonia. The first exercise obtains values of

a fire prevention program for one third of the pinus nigra forest area in Catalonia. A second

survey presents apinus nigra afforestation program in other parts of Catalonia as compensatory

restoration plan and identifies the amount of size compensation required to return individuals to

the pre-fire utility level.

The first stage of this study aims to assess social values for losses due to a large forest fire

occurred in Catalonia in 1994 that affected approximately one third of the pinus nigra forest

area. Even though this particular incident happened some years ago, it was presented as a

future scenario in the questionnaire. The baseline and post-fire information about this event was

9


10/35

available from the Forest Ecological Inventory of Catalonia (IEFC) and the Spanish Second

National Forest Inventory (IFN2) carried out in the burned area just one year before the

occurrence of the large forest fire.

The affected species is included in the EU Habitats Directive with a high priority of conservation.

This species is the third most extensive pine type growing in Catalonia. The lack of regeneration

of thepinus nigra results in changes in the landscape. In mixed forests, oaks have resprouted,

as well as grasslands and open shrublands. Pinus nigra forests are mainly used for recreational

alternatives such as mushroom picking or rural tourism.

The information presented to respondents in a survey was provided by pinus nigra and forest

fire specialists in Catalonia in order to ensure accurate information in the questionnaire. In

particular, the expected effects for the next years until full recovery as well as consequences on

the habitat for wildlife species and recreation were estimated by ecology specialists.

Two focus groups were conducted with a total of nineteen participants selected from the general

public. In addition, several one-on-one interviews were undertaken before the pre-testing to

ensure clarity in the information provided to respondents with respect to the consequences of

large pinus nigra forest fires for the next 10 years, and reliable WTP responses, and the

acceptance of the market institution simulated in the questionnaire.

10


11/35

3.1 Prevention of large forest fires

Following current practice in natural resource damage assessment (see for instance Carson et

al., 2003), a future large forest fire prevention program was considered. Thus, the fire

prevention program proposed in the questionnaire aims at protecting and preserving one third of

the pinus nigra forest area distributed in the central surface of Catalonia that would otherwise

burn in the next 10 years. The constructed scenario of the CV questionnaire on the first stage

emphasizes the duration and extent of damage of the expected fire from the time of the incident

until the forest recovers to baseline conditions. Thus, the information provided to respondents

indicates that after the occurrence of the expected large forest fire it would take about 50 years

to return the environmental levels to baseline conditions.

With respect to the concept ofinterim losses, focus groups and personal interviews showed that

people distinguished the differences between permanent and temporary consequences of

losses. Debriefing questions revealed that they understood correctly the fact that after the fire

event, regeneration was almost inexistent, and that eventually the landscape would be covered

with some oaks and shrublands after natural regeneration.

11


12/35

3.2 Compensatory program

The second step in a value equivalency approach requires the identification a compensation

program that offsets the value for interim losses. The approach selected was the plantation of

pinus nigra trees as it would provide similar habitat lost, and conceptually, the loss can be off-

set through the provision of similar resources but off-site. The practical reason for choosing an

off-site regeneration program is to test for WTP distance decay from the damage site, which is

the object of a different paper.

As already mentioned, for purposes of this study, a modified form of the CVM was used to

estimate the adequate quantity of compensatory program, by keeping the bid amount constant

to the value estimated from the previous questionnaire, and varying the amount of

compensation.

4 APPLICATION

4.1 Design

In the autumn of 2007, the questionnaire was pre-tested on a small sample of municipalities

belonging to the province of Barcelona (San Andreu, Manresa, and Sabadell). Forty one people

12


13/35

participated in the pre-test for the prevention program, and forty four in the compensation one.

The survey was designed to be conducted using face-to-face interviews with residents of at

least 18 years of age. The median interview time was 14 minutes, including debriefing questions

regarding the content of the questionnaire, if they understood correctly the current situation of

the forest (for both versions, the pre- and post-fire situations), if they considered the information

provided was simple and clear enough, understood the concept of interim losses, as well as any

question about the program, and the payment vehicle.

Almost all respondents stated to be familiar with the main effects and consequences of the large

forest fires in Catalonia. After the elicitation question, respondents were asked about their

reasons for accepting or rejecting the WTP question, which is used to identify protest answers

in the survey. Finally, the results obtained in the pre-test were useful to define the range of bit

amounts and the forest compensation levels to use in the final version of the questionnaires.

4.2 Prevention questionnaire

After the introductory presentation, the first part of the questionnaire asked respondents to

indicate the level of concern for some general problems such as immigration, household

expenses, environmental protection, and unemployment (see appendix A). This question had

the intention to start the respondents process of thinking in a general context.

13


14/35

Next, the questionnaire informed about the surface covered by forests in Catalonia and some

pictures introduced the four main forest types, which included the pinus nigra specie. From

these pictures respondents were asked to indicate which of those four types, if any, they had

visited in the past. The information included a map showing the distribution of the pinus nigra

forests.

After this, the questionnaire informed about the forest to be preserved, its current density of the

forest, the likelihood for a large fire and its consequences. The program to avoid large forest

fires was to be promoted by a non profit organization. At this point respondents were informed

that in case of the implementation of the prevention program it would have to be supported by

all Catalonia residents by annual compulsory contributions to a special fund over the next 10

years. The WTP question took a single bounded dichotomous choice form. Three different bids,

20, 50 and 100, were randomly assigned to respondents.

Finally, the third part of the questionnaire included some debriefing questions and collected

socioeconomic characteristics of the respondent and their household.

14


15/35

4.3 Compensation questionnaire

The compensation questionnaire was structured similarly to the prevention one (Appendix B).

Before asking respondents how much they would pay for the remediation program, the scenario

described the post-fire scenario and the expected years until full recovery. Then they were told

that a non profit foundation was promoting a program with the aim of compensating the interim

losses. The proposed remediation consisted of an afforestation program in suitable areas of

Catalonia other than the burned area. They were told that the afforestation plan would have a

cost and it would have to be covered by Catalonia residents in compulsory annual contributions

over a 10 year period.

As already explained, the elicitation question stated a fixed bid for different amounts of

compensation program (i.e. hectares of afforestation) due to the losses caused by the

environmental damage. The afforestation surface was expressed in percentage terms of the

originally burned are. Four levels were randomly assigned to respondents, 10%, 20%, 60% and

100%.

15


16/35

5 RESULTS

5.1 Prevention

One third of the pre-test interviews for the valuation of the prevention program resulted in

protest answers. The main protest reason for not willing to pay was that the program should be

paid by the government. Protest answers were discarded for the WTP estimation.

Consequently, 26 interviews constituted the database for the pre-test value elicitation. Table 1

shows some statistics from the respondents.

Table 1. Mean of demographic characteristics fromthe prevention survey

Pilot 1Percent males 46,15Percent females 53,85Education level (years) 12Age 39,3Visit to the forest (%) 61,00

A logit model relating the yes/no answer to the cost of the prevention program presented to the

respondents was estimated to elicit the mean WTP (Hanemann, 1984). Table 2 reports the

regression results. The mean WTP resulted in 68.7 euros per year, in values of 2007, during 10

years to implement a program that would prevent one third of the area ofpinus nigra in the

central part of Catalonia from burning.

16


17/35

Table 2. Logit regression results forprevention

Variable Coefficient

Constant0.931(0.8)

Bid-0.135(0.12)

Log likelihood - 17.295

2 1.299

Observations 26

Note: Standard errors in parentheses

The debriefing questions at the end of the questionnaire revealed no major problems in the

understanding of the good to value and of the questionnaire in general.

5.2 Compensation

The compensation questionnaire used the WTP from the previous exercise rounded to 70

euros. The protest response rate was 36%, leaving 26 elicitation answers for the analysis.

Again, the main reason for protesting was that the government should take care of the program

implementation without extra payments from the citizens, followed by the opinion that forest

owners should pay. Table 3 shows some statistics from the surveyed population

17


18/35


19/35

7 DISCUSSION

The procedure followed above of estimating first the interim damage social value and then the

equivalent compensation, requires some certainty on the amount and type of damage and the

compensation scheme. In practice, equivalency analysis lacks such a certainty. In that regard a

choice modelling approach yielding marginal values would bring flexibility into the equivalency

exercise. On the other hand, the end estimation is of a discrete change, and this is believed to

be better approximated by contingent valuation than by choice modelling marginal estimations

extrapolated to account for a discrete change (Hanley et al., 1998; Hanley et al., 2001; Bateman

et al., 2002; Alpizaret al., 2003.)

The procedure described above can, however, be adapted to marginal value estimation by

varying both the bid level and the environmental change level, keeping the same elicitation

question format as far as the respondent is concerned. The results could simultaneously be

expressed in terms of environmental change per monetary unit, or in terms of monetary change

per environmental unit.

Another possibility is to combine the discrete and marginal values. By split sampling, both a

discrete and a marginal value estimation could be used. Then, the discrete value could be used

as a basis and variations be adjusted via marginal values. This would combine the expected

better accuracy of contingent valuation in discrete estimations with the flexibility sometimes

19


20/35

required in equivalency analysis applications. This issue could constitute a future research

topic.

7 CONCLUSIONS

Sometimes, like in equivalency analyses, researchers might be interested in estimating both the

value of a damaged environmental resource, or debit, and the minimum amount of

environmental improvement (credit) that offsets the loss value. This paper proposes a

sequential approach, where a standard CVM application is used to calculate the value of the

damage first, and a modified CVM variant estimates the mean or median of the minimum

compensation required. The variant consists of fixing the bid amount and varying across the

sample the environmental quality level. Both CVM applications are based on a random utility

maximization model.

A pre-test application to some forest management in the northeast of Spain suggests that

the sequential approach is feasible. The fact that in a single bounded format, the elicitation

question in both CVM variants looks the same to the respondents, i.e. whether a given amount

of euros would be paid for an environmental change, facilitates the implementation of the

minimum compensation approach.

The debit pre-test application to a forest prevention program that would save one third of

the pinus nigra area in central Catalonia that otherwise was expected to be burned over the

next 10 years, showed a mean value of practically 70 euros (in 2007 values) to be paid annually

20


21/35

for 10 years. The 70 euros value of the interim losses constituted then the bid amount for the

credit calculation. The mean minimum compensation consisted in planting pinus nigra, off-site,

for an extension equivalent to 52% of the stated burned area (one third of thepinus nigra forest

in central Catalonia). In other words, each damaged hectare requires one hectare of primary

remediation and approximately half a hectare of compensation for the interim losses. These

results are only preliminary, since they come from a small pilot survey.

It is left for further research a full size implementation of the case study, and the use of

other than a single bounded dichotomous choice format of the elicitation question. Also, the

combination of discrete and marginal estimations can be researched in the framework of

equivalency analysis.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The research is based upon the EU Resource Equivalency Methods for Assessing

Environmental Damage research program (REMEDE). In additional to its financial support,

especial thanks are due to the partners of REMEDE consortium.

21


22/35

REFERENCES

Adamowicz, W.; Louviere, J. 1998. Introduction to Attribute-Based Stated Choice Methods,

Final Report to the Resource Valuation Branch of the NOAA Damage Assessment. Center,

Advanis.

Alpizar, F.; Carlsson F.; Martinsson P. 2003. Using Choice Experiments for Non-Market

Valuation. Economic Issues8 (1): 83-110.

Bateman, I. J.; Carson R. T.; Day, B.; Hanemann, W. M.; Hett, T.; Hanley, N.; Jones-Lee, M.;

Loomes, G.; Mourato, S.; Ozdemiroglu, E.; Pearce, D. W.; Sugden, R.; Swanson, J. 2002.

Economic Valuation with Stated Preference Techniques: A Manual. Cheltenham, UK:

Edward Elgar.

Bateman, I.J.; Langford I.H.; Turner R.K.; Willis, K.G.; Garrod, G.D. 1995. Elicitation and

truncation effects in contingent valuation studies. Ecological Economics 12 (2): 161-179.

Bishop, R.; Breefle, W.; Lazo, J.; Rowe, R.; Wytinck, S. 2000. Restoration scaling based on

total value equvalency: Green Bay Natural Resource Damage Assessment, Final report.

Report prepared by Stratus Consulting Inc. Boulder, CO.

Carson, R.T. Forthcoming. Contingent Valuation: A Comprehensive Bibliography and

History. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Carson, R.T.; Mitchel, R.C.; Hanemann, M.; Kopp, R.; Presser, S.; Ruud, P.A. 2003.

Contingent Valuation and loss passive use: Damages from the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

Environmental and Resource Economics 25 (3): 257-286.

22
http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-uk&field-author=Bateman%2C%20I.J./202-0539892-0710246http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-uk&field-author=Carson%2C%20Richard%20T./202-0539892-0710246http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-uk&field-author=Day%2C%20B./202-0539892-0710246http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-uk&field-author=Hanemann%2C%20N/202-0539892-0710246http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-uk&field-author=Loomes%2C%20Graham/202-0539892-0710246http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-uk&field-author=Mourato%2C%20S/202-0539892-0710246http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-uk&field-author=Ozdemiroglu%2C%20Ece/202-0539892-0710246http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-uk&field-author=Ozdemiroglu%2C%20Ece/202-0539892-0710246http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-uk&field-author=Mourato%2C%20S/202-0539892-0710246http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-uk&field-author=Loomes%2C%20Graham/202-0539892-0710246http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-uk&field-author=Hanemann%2C%20N/202-0539892-0710246http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-uk&field-author=Day%2C%20B./202-0539892-0710246http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-uk&field-author=Carson%2C%20Richard%20T./202-0539892-0710246http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-uk&field-author=Bateman%2C%20I.J./202-0539892-0710246


23/35

European Commission. 2006. Homepage for Environmental Liability. (Available at

http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/liability/index.htm)

Hanemann, M. 1984. Welfare Evaluations in Contingent Valuation Experiments with

Discrete Responses. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 66 (3): 332-341.

Hanley, N.; MacMillan, D.; Wright, R. E.; Bullock, C.; Simpson, I.; Parsisson D.; Crabtree, B.

1998. Contingent valuation versus choice experiments: estimating the benefits of

environmentally sensitive areas in Scotland. Journal of Agricultural Economics 49 (1): 1-15.

Hanley, N.; Mourato, S.; Wright, R. 2001. Choice modelling approaches: a superior

alternative for environmental valuation? Journal of Economic Surveys 15 (3): 433-460.

Mitchell, R.C.; Carson, R.T. 1989 Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: the Contingent

Valuation Method. Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C.

23


24/35

APPENDIX A

I. PREVENCIN . No.

INCENDIOS DE BOSQUES DE LARICIOS EN CATALUA

FECHA: / / 2007

NOMBRE DEL ENTREVISTADOR:

HORA INICIO DE ENTREVISTA (HORARIO DE 24 HORAS) :

INDICACIONES PARA EL ENTREVISTADOR

1. LAS INSTRUCCIONES PARA EL ENTREVISTADOR ESTN EN MAYSCULAS YSOMBREADAS. El resto del texto es para leerlo al entrevistado

2. Las respuestas se marcarn encerrando con crculo3. Entrevistar solo a personas mayores de 18 aos4. Si se entrevista a un grupo familiar deber responder el cabeza de familia5. Intentar no mencionar el tema de la encuesta. Indicar que es un estudio de la

universidad sobre Catalua

Buenos das/tardes:

Quisiramos preguntarle por algunos temas de actualidad. Ser poco tiempo. Es para unestudio de la Universidad. Podra contestar unas preguntas?

a) Si [PROCEDER CON LA ENTREVISTA]

b) No [QUE TENGA UN BUEN DIA/TARDE]

La informacin que nos proporcione ser confidencial y utilizada nicamente para anlisis deeste estudio.

Gracias por participar.

[MOSTRAR TARJETA 1]1. Utilizando una escala del 1 al 5 en cada aspecto, por favor indique el nivel de preocupacinque siente por los siguientes temas. 1 es nada preocupado y 5 extremamente preocupado.

a) Inmigracin

b) Vivienda

c) Proteccin al medioambiente

d) Desempleo

24


25/35

Le voy a hablar en concreto sobre bosques. Mire, el 40% de Catalua son bosques.[MOSTRAR TARJETA 2]. El rea verde del mapa corresponde a la superficie cubierta porbosques en Catalua.

2. Ha visitado algn bosque de Catalua en los ltimos 12 meses? [MARCAR UNA

RESPUESTA]a) Sib) Noc) No recuerda

Muy bien, en cualquier caso en Catalua hay distintos tipos de bosques. Algunos estnformados por una sola especie y otros son mixtos.

[MOSTRAR TARJETA 3]Segn su abundancia predominan los bosques de pino carrasco seguidos por los de encinas,enseguida estn los de pinos albar y despus los bosques de laricios.

3. Cul de los siguientes tipos de bosques conoce o ha visitado?

a) Bosques de pinos carrascob) Bosques de encinasc) Bosques de pino silvestred) Bosques de pinos laricioe) Ningunof) No recuerda

Ahora nos centraremos en los bosques de pinos laricios. [MOSTRAR TARJETA 4] La imagenmuestra un bosque de pinos laricios.

Los laricios son el cuarto tipo de bosque ms abundante en Catalua y predominan en la partecolor verde del mapa. [MOSTRAR TARJETA 5]

En promedio, estos bosques tienen pinos de ms de 50 aos y miden unos 20 metros dealtura. Adems, son bosques densos con vegetacin acumulada bajo los pinos, de manera queun incendio forestal podra propagarse rpidamente y con alta intensidad, como ya ha ocurridoen el pasado.

4. Recuerda algunos efectos de los grandes incendios forestales?[MARCAR RESPUESTA]

a) Sib) Noc) No contesta

Ahora le hablar sobre los efectos de los grandes incendios forestales en los laricios. Despusde un gran incendio forestal los laricios no se regeneran y con el tiempo los robles tienden a

sustituirlos ya que viven como especie secundaria en la parte baja de estos bosques y susraces suelen sobrevivir al fuego. As que los paisajes cambian y los ecosistemas varan.

5. Utilizando la siguiente escala, Qu nivel de preocupacin siente por los incendios forestalesen Catalua? [MOSTRAR TARJETA 6 Y MARCAR RESPUESTA]

1 2 3 4 5 No contestaNada Muy

Preocupado Preocupado

Los cientficos prevn que 30% de laricios en Catalua podran extinguirse en los prximos 10aos en grandes incendios forestales.

25


26/35

Cuando ocurre un incendio forestal, es necesario que pase un cierto tiempo para larecuperacin del bosque, ya sea con una especie u otra. Durante este tiempo el bosque dejade aportar ciertos servicios para la sociedad y hbitat para determinados animales y plantas.

Las prdidas de servicios durante los aos que transcurren hasta que el bosque se recupera deesta situacin, se llamanprdidas temporales y en este caso pueden durar ms o menos 50

aos.6. Le queda claro el significado de perdidas temporales?[MARCAR RESPUESTA]a) Si

b) No. Cul es su pregunta?[TOMAR NOTA DE LA PREGUNTA]

Se estima que pasaran unos 50 aos para que los robles tuviesen una estructura de bosqueadulto, sin embargo unos 15 aos despus del incendio ya habra un paisaje con aspecto debosque muy joven.

7. En su opinin, En que medida se siente afectado por las consecuencias de los incendiosforestales? [MOSTRAR TARJETA 7 Y MARCAR RESPUESTA]

1 2 3 4 5 No contestaNada Extremamenteafectado afectado

En cualquier caso, una fundacin sin fines de lucro, est promoviendo un programa especialpara prevenir grandes incendios forestales en los bosques de laricios del centro de Catalua.

El programa se basa en la planificacin tcnica para una deteccin inmediata y extincin delfuego, as como en la prevencin de incendios con la creacin de caminos y puntos de agua enlos bosques de laricios.

En caso de llevar a cabo el programa, se preservaran los laricios en el centro de Catalua, deno aplicarse, se espera una disminucin de 30% de hectreas de laricios en los prximos 10aos.

[MOSTRAR TARJETA 8]

8. Utilizando la siguiente escala, Qu nivel de inters tiene por temas medioambientales?[MARCAR RESPUESTA]

1 2 3 4 5 No contestaNada Muy

Interesado Interesado

Pues bien, el plan para preservar los laricios en el centro de Catalua tiene un coste. Si los

residentes de Catalua aceptaran este programa, tendran que financiarlo directamente.

Por esto es importante saber si estara dispuesto a pagar contribuciones anuales durante losprximos 10 aos en un fondo especial. El dinero sera destinado exclusivamente para esteprograma y los pagos iniciaran en el 2008.

Le ha quedado claro cmo se financiara este programa?a) Sib) No. Cul es su pregunta?c) No contesta

Ahora le preguntar si estara dispuesto a pagar por este programa.

Antes de hacerle esta pregunta le pedir que considere el nivel de sus ingresos ya que seranpagos anuales obligatorios durante 10 aos iniciando en el 2008.

26


27/35


28/35

[SI HA RESPONDIDO QUE NO SABE]

11.C Por qu razn No sabe?[MOSTRAR TARJETA 12]Puede elegir ms de una respuestaa) Necesitara ms informacin para saberb) Es una situacin demasiado hipottica para creer que sea real

c) Otra:

12. Cuando decidi si pagara o no por el programa, En qu medida ha tomado en cuenta lossiguientes aspectos? Califique del 1 al 5 en cada aspecto.[MOSTRAR TARJETA 13, ANOTAREL NMERO CORRESPONDIENTE EN CADA ASPECTO]

a) El tiempo de recuperacin del bosque (50 aos)

b) Sus ingresos

c) La proteccin del medioambiente

d) El tiempo que duraran los pagos (10 aos)

e) Otra que haya tomado en cuenta: (especifique)

Para finalizar le har algunas preguntas sobre su hogar. Le recuerdo que todas susrespuestas son confidenciales y sern utilizadas nicamente para estadsticas delestudio.

13. Nombre

14. Telfono de contacto

15. Cuntos aos tiene viviendo en este domicilio? [MARCAR RESPUESTA]a) Menos de 6 mesesb) De 6 meses a 2 aosc) De 2 aos a 5 aosd) Ms de 5 aos

16. Cuntas personas viven en su casa incluido usted?

17. Tiene hijos?

a) Si. Cuntos de ellos son menores de 18 aos?

b) No

18. Cul es su ocupacin?

19. Podra indicar su ao de nacimiento?

20. Cul es su nivel de estudios? [MOSTRAR TARJETA 14]

21. Qu cantidad de las siguientes se aproxima ms a sus ingresos personales mensuales?[MOSTRAR TARJETA 15]

Con esto hemos terminado la entrevista. Muchas gracias por su tiempo.

28


29/35

[PARA RELLENAR POR EL ENTREVISTADOR AL FINAL DE LA ENTREVISTA]

HORA EN QUE FINALIZA ENTREVISTA :(HORARIO DE 24 HORAS)

1. Sexo de la persona entrevistada Mujer Hombre

2. La persona responda seriamente a las preguntas?a) Muy seriamenteb) Poco seriac) Nada de seriedad

3. En que medida la persona ha entendido la informacin del cuestionario antes dedecidir si pagara por la prevencin de incendios en bosques de laricios?

a) Ha entendido perfectamenteb) Ha entendido muy bienc) Ha entendido biend) Ha entendido poco

e) Ha entendido muy pocof) No lo ha entendido

4. La persona entrevistada ha tenido dificultad en responder si estara dispuesto apagar por la prevencin de incendios de laricios (pregunta 9)?a) Nob) Un poco. Por qu ha tenido dificultades?c) Mucho. Por qu ha tenido dificultades?

[TOMAR NOTA DE ALGUN COMENTARIO ADICIONAL QUE CONSIDERE IMPORTANTE]

29


30/35

APPENDIX B

I. COMPENSACIN .. No.

INCENDIOS DE BOSQUES LARICIOS EN CATALUA

FECHA: / / 2007

NOMBRE DEL ENTREVISTADOR:

HORA INICIO DE ENTREVISTA (HORARIO DE 24 HORAS) :

INDICACIONES PARA EL ENTREVISTADOR

6. LAS INSTRUCCIONES PARA EL ENTREVISTADOR ESTN EN MAYSCULAS YSOMBREADAS. El resto del texto es para leerlo al entrevistado

7. Las respuestas se marcarn encerrando con crculo8. Entrevistar solo a personas mayores de 18 aos9. Si se entrevista a un grupo familiar deber responder el cabeza de familia10. Intentar no mencionar el tema de la encuesta. Indicar que es un estudio de la

universidad sobre Catalua

Buenos das/tardes:

Quisiramos conocer su opinin sobre algunos temas actuales. Es para un estudio de laUniversidad. Ser poco tiempo, Podra contestar unas preguntas?

c) Sid) No

Esta encuesta es annima y la informacin que nos proporcione ser confidencial.

Gracias por su participacin

1. Utilizando una escala del 1 al 5 en cada aspecto, por favor indique el nivel de preocupacin

que siente por los siguientes temas. 1 es nada preocupado y 5 extremamente preocupado. [MOSTRAR TARJETA 1] [ANOTAR EL NMERO EN EL RECUADRO EN CADA ASPECTO]

a) Inmigracin

b) Vivienda

c) Proteccin al medioambiente

d) Desempleo

A continuacin le dar informacin sobre bosques y despus le preguntar su opinin sobre un

plan que podra aplicarse en Catalua.

30


31/35

Mire, en Catalua hay distintos tipos de bosques, algunos estn formados por una sola especiey otros son mixtos.

Segn su abundancia predominan los bosques de pino carrasco seguidos por los de encinas,enseguida estn los de pinos albar y despus los bosques de laricios.

[MOSTRAR TARJETA 2]2. Cul de los siguientes bosques conoce o ha visitado?

f) Bosques de pinos carrascog) Bosques de encinash) Bosques de pino silvestrei) Bosques de pinos laricios j) Ningunof) No recuerda

Ahora nos centraremos en los bosques de pinos laricios. La imagen muestra un bosque delaricios. [MOSTRAR TARJETA 3]

Los laricios son el cuarto tipo de bosque ms abundante en Catalua y predominan en la partecolor verde del mapa. [MOSTRAR TARJETA 4]

En promedio estos bosques tienen pinos de ms de 50 aos y miden unos 20 metros de alturaformando bosques densos que acumulan vegetacin bajo los pinos. Estas caractersticaspermiten que los incendios se propaguen a gran velocidad y con alta intensidad.

3. En una escala del 1 al 5, Qu nivel de preocupacin siente por los incendios forestales enCatalua?[MOSTRAR TARJETA 5] 1 es nada preocupado y 5 Extremamente preocupado

1 2 3 4 5 No respondeNada Muy

Preocupado Preocupado

En los ltimos aos se ha quemado el 30% de hectreas de laricios en grandes incendiosforestales. Actualmente en una parte de la zona han crecido robles, especie que a menudosustituye a los laricios despus del fuego, ya que viven como especie secundaria en la partebaja de estos bosques y sus races suelen sobrevivir al incendio. De manera que el paisaje hacambiado y los ecosistemas han variado.

El color rojo del mapa indica la zona de estos incendios. [MOSTRAR TARJETA 6]

4. Desde su punto de vista, Qu nivel de inters tiene respecto a temas medioambientales?[MOSTRAR TARJETA 7]

1 2 3 4 5 No respondeNada MuyInteresado Interesado

Cuando ocurre un incendio forestal, es necesario que pase un cierto tiempo para larecuperacin del bosque ya sea con una especie u otra. Durante este tiempo el bosque deja deaportar ciertos servicios para la sociedad y hbitat para determinados animales y plantas.

Las prdidas de servicios durante los aos que transcurren hasta que el bosque se recupera deesta situacin, se llaman prdidas temporales. Los estudios estiman que en este casopasarn unos 50 aos antes de que se recupere la estructura adulta del bosque.

5. Le queda claro el significado de perdidas temporales?

a) Si

31


32/35

b) No. Cul es su pregunta?

Una Fundacin sin nimo de lucro est promoviendo un plan para REGENERAR almedioambiente por lasprdidas temporales producidas por incendios de laricios en el centro

de Catalua.

El plan de REGENERACIN medioambiental consiste en plantar pinos laricios en terrenos deprados y montes en zonas distintas al incendio. El mapa muestra con color verde las posiblessuperficies de plantacin. [MOSTRAR TARJETA 8]

Las plantaciones estaran en estas zonas porque en la superficie quemada ya han crecidorobles en el tiempo que ha transcurrido desde el incendio.

6. Le queda clara esta situacin?[MARCAR RESPUESTA]

a) Sib) No. Qu le parece confuso?

En caso de poner en marcha este programa, la plantacin de laricios tendra un coste quepodra financiarse por todos los residentes de Catalua con pagos anuales durante losprximos 10 aos. Las plantaciones se llevaran a cabo peridicamente durante este tiempo.

Por esto es importante saber si estara dispuesto a pagar contribuciones anuales durante losprximos 10 aos en un fondo especial iniciando en el 2008.

En caso de que los ciudadanos aceptasen pagar, se REGENERARA al medioambiente por lasprdidas temporales , en caso de no aceptar, no se REGENERARA.

Ahora le preguntar si estara dispuesto a hacer un pago anual de [fijo] durante 10 aos por

este plan.

Es muy importante que considere el nivel de sus ingresos antes de decidir si quiere pagar[fijo] anuales por los prximos 10 aos.

Mire, segn los estudios se podran plantar [q] hectreas de laricios en Anoia que representan[q]% de la superficie total quemada. [MOSTRAR MAPA DE TARJETA 9]. El coste seran 10pagos de [fijo] durante 10 aos.

Algunas personas han manifestado aceptacin para las dos alternativas, otras han dicho que sisolo a una de stas y otras no han estado de acuerdo con ninguna.

7. En su caso, si la plantacin de [q] hectreas de laricios en Anoia fuese la nica alternativa

disponible,Pagara [fijo] durante 10 aos para el programa de forestacin?

a) Sib) Noc) No sabe

8. En una escala del 1 al 5, Qu nivel de seguridad tiene para su ltima respuesta?[MOSTRAR TARJETA 11]. 1 es nada seguro y 5 Totalmente seguro.

1 2 3 4 5 No sabeNada Totalmente

Seguro Seguro

32


33/35


34/35

e) La cantidad de hectreas de nuevos bosques

f) Otra que haya tomado en cuenta: (especifique)

Para finalizar le har algunas preguntas sobre su hogar. Le recuerdo que todas sus respuestas

son confidenciales y sern utilizadas nicamente para estadsticas del estudio.

13. Nombre

14. Telfono de contacto

15. Cuntos aos tiene viviendo en este domicilio? [MARCAR RESPUESTA]a) Menos de 6 mesesb) De 6 meses a 2 aosc) De 2 aos a 5 aosd) Ms de 5 aos

16. Cuntas personas viven en su casa incluido usted?

17. Tiene hijos?

a) Si. Cuntos de ellos son menores de 18 aos?b) No

18. Cul es su ocupacin?

19. Podra indicar su ao de nacimiento?

20. Cul es su nivel de estudios? [MOSTRAR TARJETA 16]

21. Qu cantidad de la tarjeta 19 se aproxima ms a sus ingresos personales? [MOSTRAR

TARJETA 17]

34


35/35

tesis valoracion

Documents

Transcript of tesis valoracion