Jfgthglof
 Dv. Cdvlhr ]rdof Hsth 8<=1 Fn. :=; Id @filgd
_hihndx3 ?:5-4:==  lsh`Mlsh`.fre.ph www.lsh`.fre.ph
OL[HJ_F[LF LZH@
]rhslohgth Lge. Cudg Cfsì Ahrrhrd _ävdrd
Olrhjtfrhs Lge. [dói Houdrof Khgdvlohs Edgfzd
Lge. Nhrgdgof Jdnì Kdrjhiifs Lge. ^àjtfr Hsthkdg Eúkltz Jfijadof Lge. [usshii @drjhif Zdgtliidgd Zdids
Ehrhgth Lge. Nhrgdgof Kfrcd Dôfred
[hspfgsdkih ohi Ärhd oh Zheurlodo, Alelhgh, Zdiuo Fjupdjlfgdi
y @holf D`klhgth Or. Cfsì ^diih Kdyfgd
 cvdiihMlsh`.fre.ph / <<; 55< ;>4
rwlttlgeMlsh`.fre.ph / <<5 <>5 ??=
Holjlúg Jhgtrf oh Lgnfr`djlúg
_u`lgftljlds Z.D.J. _hihndx3 ?<1-=:<: / ?8?-;=:<
rhvlstdMlsh`.fre.ph
Holtfr whk y rhohs sfjldihs Gljfiäs ]fif Zuärhz
Chnh oh Jf`ugljdjlúg y @drbhtlge  Dgd Iuz Of`àgeuhz ^äsquhz
Jf`ugljdjlúg y @drbhtlge  \hshôd diih
Nftferdnàd Edkrlhi [àfs _frrhs
]rhprhgsd h l`prhslúg Eräjd Gfjhod
;=
;> 
]drd `dgthghrsh ihcfs oh ifs djjlohgths
D]O[3 ¶Zdkh jú`f dpiljdr id ihelsidjlúg hg sheurlodo6
Jfg sheurlodo hg jdod glvhi
 ^àd hg jfgstrujjlúg
Deud slg rlhsef pdrd id sdiuo y hi d`klhgth
Julodof jfg hi tdgquh oh prhjlpltdjlúg
Judgof id lgnfr`djlúg dyuod d sdivdr vlods
Jdpdjltdr pdrd prhvhglr
Drsìgljf, hi lgohstrujtlkih
Ohitd ]ius3 ¶Tuì nugjlfghs ohkh ju`pilr ug jdsjf oh sheurlodo6
]H[X@LG sh rhdilzdrä hg id XGZD
]rfgtf Euàd oh Zheurlodo @lghrd h Lgoustrldi
Hstdoàstljds
Holtfrldi
Adjld hi jhrf djjlohgths frtdihs
@lipf ’Adkid näjli
Zafuedge oupiljdrä prfoujjlúg oh alhrrf
 ^fijdg duoltd jf`pfrtd`lhgtf sheurf
Guhvd shrlh oh dnjahs oh sheurlodo `lghrd
Zheurlodo @lghrd hg lgthrght
Zled`fs trdkdcdgof pdrd thghr ugd lghràd sheurd y prfoujtlvd
:= :; :8 :> :1 ?= ?: ?? ?> ?1 ?< 84
Hgtrhvlstd di lgehglhrf Dinfgsf ]dglzf Fthrf
Jfg id jdkhzd hg su sltlf
 
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Holtfrldi
Hi LZH@ rhdilzú su prl`hrd rhuglúg `hgsudi oh sheurlodo hi
cuhvhs 8 oh nhkrhrf. Id jfgnhrhgjld hstuvf d jdref ohi chnh
jfrpfrdtlvf oh sheurlodo oh @lipf, [dói [d`fs _ävdrd, qulhg
ohstdjú id pdrtljlpdjlúg oh id nd`lild hg id `ftlvdjlúg y hg hi
jf`pfrtd`lhgtf sheurf oh ifs trdkdcdofrhs. Id prhshgjld oh ifs
shrhs quhrlofs hg hi rhjfgfjl`lhgtf oh oljaf jf`pfrtd`lhgtf
hs erdvltdgth. Dsà jf`f hstd hxphrlhgjld, hxlsthg ftrds quh oh
`dghrd sl`lidr vlhghg ohspihedgof ids jf`pdôàds `lghrds ohi
pdàs.
]fr ftrf idof, ifs `hcfrhs rhsuitdofs oh id sheurlodo `lghrd
phrudgd hg jf`pdrdjlúg di dôf dgthrlfr, pfghg hg hvlohg-
jld id jfgniuhgjld oh `óitlpihs ndjtfrhs quh vlhghg adjlhgof
pfslkih id rhoujjlúg prferhslvd oh djjlohgths `frtdihs. Zlg h`-
kdref, tfodvàd ohkh adjhrsh ug trdkdcf lgthgslvf hg `dthrld oh
rhoujlr ifs djjlohgths lgjdpdjltdgths. Lgthgslnljdr ifs jfgtrfihs
oh lgehglhràd y do`lglstrdtlvfs, dsà jf`f hi usf oh hqulpfs oh
prfthjjlúg phrsfgdi tfodvàd tlhghg ug vdilfsf pdphi quh ju`pilr.
Doh`äs oh id ihelsidjlúg gdjlfgdi y ids pfiàtljds jfrpfrdtlvds,
ifs trdkdcdofrhs ohkhg hgjfgtrdr hg ids nd`lilds hi ftfr ohi
jd`klf ohi jf`pfrtd`lhgtf lgsheurf. ]drd ugd sfjlhodo jf`f
id phrudgd, ofgoh id nd`lild tfodvàd ju`pih ug rfi jhgtrdi hg
ids ohjlslfghs phrsfgdihs, dphidr d hiid puhoh shr ug pfohrfsf
`ftfr pdrd hi jd`klf.
]fr hiif, ourdgth hi prhshgth dôf, guhstrd rhvlstd lgstltujlfgdi
hg sus fjaf holjlfghs prferd`dods rhdilzdrä ugd jd`pdôd
ohgf`lgdod ’]dpl, gf th fivlohs tu H]] hg ids jdrätuids oh
id rhvlstd, frlhgtdod di usf oh hqulpfs oh prfthjjlúg phrsfgdi
jf`f nrutf oh id pfohrfsd rhjfrodjlúg d id nd`lild.
Id lgljldtlvd sh su`d ids olvhrsds djtlvlodohs oh guhstrd lgs-
tltujlúg vlhgh ohsdrrfiidgof hg 45 dôfs oh vlod lgstltujlfgdi,
ohsoh hi rhjfgfjlof Zh`lgdrlf Lgthrgdjlfgdi oh Zheurlodo @l-
ghrd, adstd ifs jursfs oh `dtrlz oh jdpdjltdjlúg, hgtrhgdgof
di hgtrhgdofr, hgtrh ftrds djtlvlodohs y hvhgtfs oh d`pild jfg-
jurrhgjld pfr ifs prfnhslfgdihs y h`prhsds `lghrds oh guhstrf
pdàs. ]fr supuhstf, hi fkchtlvf hs quh tfofs guhstrfs trdkdcdof-
rhs rherhshg sdgfs y sdivfs d sus afedrhs.
LZH@3 45 dôfs oh trdkdcf pfr ugd `lghràd sheurd Hi Lgstltutf oh Zheurlodo @lghrd-LZH@ hs ugd
fredglzdjlúg nugodod hg 4<<1 pfr lgljldtlvd ohi @lglsthrlf oh Hghreàd y @lgds, id Zfjlhodo Gdjlfgdi oh @lghràd ]htrúihf y Hghreàd, hi Lgstltutf oh Lgehglhrfs oh @lgds ohi ]hró y hi Jfihelf oh Lgehglhrfs ohi ]hró.
H@][HZDZ ZFJLDZ DJ_L^DZ   Xglúg Dgolgd oh Jh`hgtfs Z. D. D. (Xgdjh` Z. D. D.) Jàd. @lghrd ]fohrfsd Z. D. Jfgsfrjlf @lghrf Afrlzfgth Z. D. Efio Nlhios Id Jl`d Z. D @lghrd Kdrrljb @lsquljalijd Z. D. - X.@. Ideugds Gfrth @lghrd Jfiqulslrl Z. D. Zfjlhodo @lghrd Dustrld Ouvdz Z. D. J. Zfutahrg ]hru Jfpphr Jfrpfrdtlfg - X.@. Lif Zfutahrg ]hru Jfpphr Jfrpfrdtlfg - X.@. _fquhpdid Zfutahrg ]hru Jfpphr Jfrpfrdtlfg - X. @. Judcfgh Jf`pdôàd @lghrd Dgtd`lgd Z. D. (Zfutahrg ]hdbs @lglge I]) Z]@ ]hró Z. D. J. @lghrd \dgdjfjad Z. [. I. Ids Kd`kds @lglge Jf`pdgy Z. D. H`prhsd @lghrd Ifs Tuhgudihs Z. D. - X.@. Lsjdyjruz H`prhsd @lghrd Ifs Tuhgudihs Z. D. - X.@. \duilydju L`pdid _hr`lgdis ]hró Z. D. J. Jfgsfrjlf oh Lgehglhrfs Hchjutfrhs @lghrfs Z. D. (Jlh`sd) Auokdy ]hró Z.D.J. Jàd. @lghrd fijdg Z. D. D. Zafuedge Alhrrf ]hró Z. D. Jf`pdôàd @lghrd @lipf Z. D. D. - X.@. Dtdjfjad Jf`pdôàd @lghrd @lipf Z. D. D. - X.@. ]frvhglr Jf`pdôàd @lghrd @lipf Z. D. D. - X.@. Jhrrf Ilgof/Il`d ]dg D`hrljdg Zlivhr Audrúg Z.D. Jf`pdôàd @lghrd Drehgtu` Z.D. @lgsur Z.D. Xglodo ]lsjf @lgsur Z. D. Jf`pdôàd @lghrd @lsbl @dyf Z.[.I. - Xglodo @lghrd Kdyfvdr @lghrd Durànhrd [htd`ds Z. D. @lghrd Jalgdijf ]hró Z. D. Jàd. @lghrd Jduodifsd Z.D. Id Drhgd Z. D. Jàd. @lghrd Dgtdpdjjdy Z. D. Jf`pdôàd @lghrd Drhs Z.D. - X.@. Drjdtd Jf`pdôàd @lghrd Drhs Z.D. - X.@. ]diidgjdtd - Zhihgh Jf`pdôàd @lghrd Drhs Z.D. - X.@. ]rfyhtf Lg`djuidod Gyrstdr Dgjdsa Z.D. Zfjlhodo @lghrd Jhrrf hroh Z. D. D. Jàd. oh @lgds Kuhgdvhgturd Z. D. D. - X.@. Xjaujjadjud Jàd. oh @lgds Kuhgdvhgturd Z. D. D. - X.@. Frjfpd`pd Jàd. oh @lgds Kuhgdvhgturd Z. D. D. - X.@. @diidy Jàd. oh @lgds Kuhgdvhgturd Z. D. D. - X.@. _d`kf`dyf Jàd. oh @lgds Kuhgdvhgturd Z. D. D. - X.@. Krhd ]d`pd Jàd. oh @lgds Kuhgdvhgturd Z. D. D. - X.@. Cuijdgl @lghrd Id Sdgcd Z. [. I. Jf`pdôàd @lghrd Jfl`fidjah Z. D. Zthiidr @lglge ]hró Ito. Zujursdi Ohi ]hró   ZFJLFZ DOAH[HG_HZ
Jfrpfrdjlúg Djhrfs Drhqulpd Z. D. Zdg @drtlg Jfgtrdtlstds Ehghrdihs Z. D. JE@ [hgtdi Z. D. J. Jfgdivàds Jfgstrujjlfghs Z. D. Z. Zujursdi ]hró LHZD Z. D.
 
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LZH@ hg djjlúg
QLQ Zh`lgdrlf Lgthrgdjlfgdi oh Zheurlodo @lghrd hg prhpdrdjlúg
LZH@3 Du`hgtdg sfjlfs
Ifs prfnhslfgdihs lgohphgolhgths y h`prhsds vlgjuidods di shjtfr lgh- rf vlhghg oh`fstrdgof ug ditf jf`prf`lsf jfg id sheurlodo hg hi trd- kdcf, if quh sh rhhcd hg hi lgjrh`hgtf hg gó`hrf oh sfjlfs ohi Lgstltutf
oh Zheurlodo @lghrd-LZH@. Odof quh ifs prfnhslfgdihs hg sheurlodo `lghrd sfg hi hch pdrd dijdgzdr id vlslúg ohi shjtfr hg hi jd`pf oh id sheurlodo, guhstrd lgstltujlúg vlhgh ftfredgof khghjlfs d qulhghs sh dsfjldg, tdihs jf`f ohsjuhgtfs hg sh`l- gdrlfs y jursfs, lgvltdjlúg d jursfs erdtultfs y hi hgvàf oh id holjlúg l`prhsd oh Zheurlodo @lghrd, rhvlstd ohi fjldi ohi LZH@.
Hi Lgstltutf oh Zheurlodo @lghrd vlhgh dilstdgof tfofs ifs ohtdiihs pdrd id rhdilzdjlúg ohi QLQ Zh`l-
 
>
 
LZH@ hg djjlúg
Ehrhgths y chnhs oh sheurlodo sh rhuglhrfg hg ofs fjdslfghs
Adjld hi jhrf djjlohgths `frtdihs
Jfg `lrds d hidkfrdr hstrdthelds pdrd `lgl`lzdr ifs djjlohgths `frtdihs hg id `lghràd phrudgd,
hi LZH@ fredglzú ofs rhuglfghs jfg ehrhgths y chnhs oh sheurlodo oh h`- prhsds lghrds quh tlhghg fphrdjlfghs hg hi pdàs. Id prl`hrd oh hiids sh iihvú d jdkf hi ;5 y ;1 oh nhkrhrf, y pfsthrlfr- `hgth hi ;= y ;4 oh `dyf. Ifs pdrtljlpdgths dgdilzdrfg id sltud- jlúg `lghrd rhsphjtf d sheurlodo y sd- iuo fjupdjlfgdi, dsà jf`f jfgnfr`drfg hi hqulpf quh ohglrä ids hstrdthelds y id hidkfrdjlúg oh ugd afcd oh rutd pdrd iferdr jhrf djjlohgths `frtdihs adjld hi dôf ;=;4. Zheugod rhuglúg3 ;= y ;4 oh dyf ;=4?.
]rl`hrd rhuglúg3 ;5 y ;1 oh nhkrhrf ;=4?.
 
LZH@ lgljlú rhuglfghs `hgsudihs ohi ;=48
@lipf ’Adkid näjli
[huglfghs oh sheurlodo
Ids prlgjlpdihs jdrdjthràstljds ohi slsth`d oh ehstlúg oh sheurlodo oh @lipf nuhrfg odods d jfgfjhr
hg id prl`hrd rhuglúg `hgsudi oh sh- eurlodo ohi LZH@ hg hi prhshgth dôf. Id jfgnhrhgjld hstuvf d jdref ohi Lge. [dói [d`fs _ävdrd, chnh jfrpfrdtlvf oh Zheurlodo oh id jf`pdôàd `lghrd.  D jf`lhgzfs oh id prhshgth oìjdod, id h`prhsd hnhjtuú ug dgäilsls oh id fjurrhgjld oh djjlohgths pdrd lohgtl- jdr ids jdusd-rdàz. Hgtrh ifs djjlohgths hstdkdg ifs prfoujlofs pfr jdàod oh rfjds, ifs vhaàjuifs y hi kifquhf oh hghreàd. Hg hsh `f`hgtf, hi `dyfr pfrjhgtdch oh id djjlohgtdklilodo hstd- kd hg ifs jfgtrdtlstds. Ids prlgjlpdihs jdusd-rdàz quh adiid- rfg nuhrfg id suphrvlslúg ohjlhgth, id nditd oh olspfsltlvf, id kósquhod oh rhjf`phgsd/rhjfgfjl`lhgtf, hi lgju`- pil`lhgtf oh prfjhol`lhgtfs y hi hgtrh- gd`lhgtf lgsujlhgth. Oh hstd `dghrd, ohglhrfg hg quì rlhsefs jhgtrdr sus hsnuhrzfs. Hgtrh ifs jfgtrfihs oh lgehglhràd quh sh dpiljdg hstä id ehstlúg oh guhvds do- qulsljlfghs, id quh phr`lth fkthghr dj- tlvfs kdcf ifs hstägodrhs oh sheurlodo ohi erupf. Ohi `ls`f `fof, sh dpiljdg ids lgs- phjjlfghs ehrhgjldihs hg tfods ids `lgds, `holdgth ids judihs ifs eh- rhgths oh uglodo y suphrlgthgohgths vlsltdg sh`dgdi`hgth ärhds hihelods dihdtfrld`hgth. Iuhef sh rhdilzdg rhuglfghs pdrd hxpfghr ifs adiidz- efs y ids fpfrtuglodohs oh `hcfrd. Id lgnfr`djlúg jfgsfilodod oh tfods
ids `lgds sh hxpfgh `hgsudi`hgth d glvhi ehrhgjldi. Hgtrh ifs jfgtrfihs do`lglstrdtlvfs hs- täg ifs hstägodrhs, ifs prfjhol`lhgtfs hsjrltfs oh trdkdcf sheurf, ids fkshrvd- jlfghs pidghdods oh trdkdcf, ifs dgäilsls oh trdkdcf sheurf, ifs phr`lsfs hsjrltfs pdrd trdkdcfs oh ditf rlhsef y hi ohgf`l- gdof L]H[ jfgtlguf, hi `ls`f quh hs id hvdiudjlúg oh jd`pf hnhjtudod oldrld- `hgth dgths ohi lgljlf oh id tdrhd. Hg judgtf d ifs jfgtrfihs oh jd`pf ohstdjd hi Adkid Näjli, rhelstrf oh ids lohgtljdjlúg oh jfgoljlfghs oh rlhs- ef, djtfs lgsheurfs, judsldjjlohgths y ohrhjaf d ohjlr Gf. Hs ugd ahrrd`lhg- td quh ohkh shr utlilzdod pfr tfofs ifs trdkdcdofrhs, lgjiusf oh jfgtrdtlstds. Hi
rhelstrf lgjiuyh ids djjlfghs jfrrhjtl- vds quh ohkhg rhdilzdrsh y juyf ihvdg- td`lhgtf sh vhrljd. ]drdihid`hgth, sh ohsdrrfiidg ids fk- shrvdjlfghs oh jf`pfrtd`lhgtf sheu- rf, d jdref oh ;:== jfidkfrdofrhs hg tfod id fredglzdjlúg. Ids fkshrvdjlf- ghs phr`lthg jf`prfkdr id phrjhpjlúg ohi rlhsef pfr qulhg ohsdrrfiid ugd id- kfr, kusjdgof quh sh oì juhgtd oh ifs ohsvàfs y fpfrtuglodohs oh `hcfrd. _fof hi phrsfgdi oh @lipf hstä fred- glzdof hg hqulpfs, juyd hjdjld hg id utlilzdjlúg ohi Adkid Näjli y oh ids fkshrvdjlfghs oh jf`pfrtd`lhgtf sh- eurf sfg rhjfgfjlods hg rhuglfghs hs- phjldihs ofgoh pdrtljlpdg td`klìg sus nd`lildrhs.
Lge. [dói [d`fs _ävdrd.
 
 
[huglfghs oh sheurlodo
^HF, ifs fcfs oh id suphrvlslúg
 Dvdgzdgof. Id ^hrljdjlúg oh Hs- tägodrhs Fphrdjlfgdihs (^HF) hs ugd oh ids ahrrd`lhgtds quh
vlhgh ndjliltdgof id ehstlúg oh id sheu- rlodo oh ifs suphrvlsfrhs hg ]dg D`h- rljdg Zlivhr ]hró, dsà if shôdiú su eh- rhgth jfrpfrdtlvf oh Zheurlodo y Zdiuo Fjupdjlfgdi, Lge. [ukìg Idvdof oh id ^hed. Id jf`pdôàd prfoujtfrd oh pidtd ohsdrrfiid ids fphrdjlfghs oh Audrúg y @frfjfjad (Drehgtu`), d`kds ukljd- ods hg id slhrrd jhgtrdi ohi ]hró. _rds rhvlsdr hi alstfrldi oh djjlohgths hg sus `lgds, id jf`pdôàd adiiú ifs tlpfs oh djjlohgths quh tuvlhrfg `d- yfrhs jfgshjuhgjlds, tdgtf pfr su nrh- juhgjld jf`f pfr su shvhrlodo. Dsà, sh iferú lohgtljdr ifs rlhsefs jràtljfs3 jdà - od oh rfjds, jdàod oh phrsfgds, edshd- `lhgtf y dsxld, jfrths y dtrdpd`lhg- tfs, dtrfphiif y jafquh, jfrtf jlrjultf y hihjtrfjujlúg2 ifs oh rlhsef `holf3 lg- jrustd`lhgtf oh fkchtfs, jdàod oh `d-
thrldihs, dpidstd`lhgtf h lgtfxljdjlúg pfr sustdgjld2 y rlhsef kdcf3 iu`kdield, alpfdjusld y hstrìs. Iuhef oh adkhr lohgtljdof rlhsefs, sh olshôú hi hstägodr pdrd jdod ugf oh hiifs. Ifs hstägodrhs sh hidkfrdg hg kdsh d id ihelsidjlúg h lgjiuyh td`klìg ids djjlfghs jfrrhjtlvds, ids ahrrd`lhg-
Hg ifs prúxl`fs dôfs, Zafu- edge Alhrrf ]hró hihvdrä su prfoujjlúg d ;= `liifghs
oh tfghidods oh `lghrdi oh alhrrf dgudihs, if quh l`piljdrä rhofkidr ifs hsnuhrzfs hg id ehstlúg oh id sheurlodo `lghrd. ’Guhstrd vlslúg hs thghr jhrf ihslfghs lgjdpdjltdg- ths, dr`ú Lge. [fkhrtf _diihof ^lihid, ehrhgth oh Zheurlodo, Zdiuo Fjupdjlfgdi y @holf D`klhgth. Xkljdod d ?;8 b` di sur oh Il`d, Zafuedge prfoujh 4= `liifghs dgudihs oh tfghidods oh alhrrf pfr dôf y, pdrd hiif, tlhgh `äs oh 8 `li jfidkfrdofrhs, tdgtf oh id h`prhsd jf`f oh jfgtrdtlstds. Id jdgtlodo oh trdkdcdofrhs du`hgtdrä di `h- gfs d 5 `li phrsfgds jf`f rhsuitd- of oh id hxpdgslúg pidghdod. Ids jlnrds oh djjlohgths ihvhs h lg- jdpdjltdgths, dsà jf`f su nrhjuhg- jld, adg hxphrl`hgtdof ugd rhouj- jlúg, sl sh jf`pdrdg ifs rhelstrfs ohi dôf ;=4? vhrsus hi ;=4:, hg ug jfgthxtf ofgoh ids afrds-af`krh
trdkdcdods du`hgtdrfg. ]drd rhoujlr ifs djtfs sukhstägodrhs sh dpiljdrä jfg dyfr ìgndsls ids ahrrd- `lhgtds oh ehstlúg. ]drd hiif, sh juhg- td jfg hi jf`prf`lsf oh id ehrhgjld y hi h`pihf oh id jdpdjltdjlúg jf`f ah- rrd`lhgtd nugod`hgtdi. Hgtrh ids ahrrd`lhgtds oh ehstlúg oh sheurlodo y sdiuo fjupdjlfgdi oh Zafuedge hstäg ids sleulhgths3 id pf- iàtljd ilohrdod jfg hi jf`prf`lsf eh- rhgjldi2 id hvdiudjlúg oh rlhsefs2 hi
ju`pil`lhgtf oh id gfr`dtlvd ih- edi2 id ehstlúg ohi ohsh`phôf2 id jdpdjltdjlúg y hi hgtrhgd`lhgtf2 id pdrtljlpdjlúg prfdjtlvd oh ifs trdkdcdofrhs2 hi jfgtrfi fphrdjlf- gdi2 id prhpdrdjlúg oh rhspuhstd d h`hrehgjlds2 id ehstlúg oh ids h`- prhsds hsphjldilzdods2 id lgvhstl- edjlúg oh djjlohgths h lgjlohgths, hgtrh ftrds, ’Gfsftrfs sà pfoh`fs jfgvhrtlrgfs hg ugd h`prhsd `lghrd `äs sheu- rd, dsheurú hi Lge. _diihof, pdrd iuhef lgoljdr quh ifs ehrhgths thg- oräg ugd pdrtljlpdjlúg prfdjtlvd hg hi jd`pf y hg ids lgsphjjlfghs, d if quh sh su`d hi ohrhjaf d ohjlr gf d ids jfgoljlfghs lgsheurds pfr pdrth oh ifs trdkdcdofrhs. Hi Lge. [fkhrtf _diihof ^lihid sh prhshgtú hg ids [huglfghs oh Zh- eurlodo @lghrd ohi Lgstltutf oh Zheurlodo @lghrd-LZH@ jfg id jfgnhrhgjld ’Zlsth`d Lgtherdof oh Ehstlúg oh Zheurlodo y Zdiuo Fju- pdjlfgdi.
tds y ifs hqulpfs quh sh ohkhràd thghr pdrd hnhjtudr id tdrhd. ]drd jf`prfkdr hi ju`pil`lhgtf oh ifs hstägodrhs fph- rdtlvfs y ids jfgoljlfghs oh sheurlodo oh ids idkfrhs, ifs suphrvlsfrhs utlilzdg id ^HF, ilstd rleurfsd quh phr`lth lohg- tljdr oúgoh sh ju`pihg ifs hstägodrhs y ndjliltd ugd suphrvlslúg `äs hjlhgth. Id dpiljdjlúg ohi ^HF hg ids fphrdjlf- ghs oh ]dg D`hrljdg Zlivhr ad jfgtrl- kulof hg id rhoujjlúg oh djjlohgths pfr rlhsefs jràtljfs y dyuod d hgnfjdr ids lgsphjjlfghs oh ifs suphrvlsfrhs hgnfjägofsh hg ids idkfrhs ofgoh gf sh ju`pihg ifs hstägodrhs. Hi Lge. [ukìg Idvdof oh id hed rhdilzú hstd hxpiljdjlúg hg hi drjf oh su jfg- nhrhgjld ’Jfgtrfi oh hstägodrhs pdrd `lgl`lzdr hi rlhsef, hnhjtudod jf`f pdrth oh ids [huglfghs oh Zheurlodo @lghrd quh fredglzd `hgsudi`hgth hi Lgstltutf oh Zheurlodo @lghrd-LZH@.
Lge. [ukìg Idvdof oh id ^hed.
Lge. [fkhrtf _diihof ^lihid.
[huglfghs oh sheurlodo
^fijdg duoltd jf`pfrtd`lhgtf sheurf
Jfg 54 dôfs oh fphrdjlfghs, ^fi- jdg Jf`pdôàd @lghrd hs id prl- `hrd prfoujtfrd oh pidtd-pif`f
y id sheugod oh zlgj hg hi ]hró. Iloh- rdofs pfr su ditd olrhjjlúg, sus `äs oh 4: `li jfidkfrdofrhs vlhghg l`pih- `hgtdgof ugd juiturd oh sheurlodo oh jidsh ugoldi quh hstä phr`ltlhgof l- gl`lzdr id nrhjuhgjld y shvhrlodo oh ifs djjlohgths oh trdkdcf. ’Hi jd`klf quh vhgl`fs rhdilzdgof prlfrlzd ids ahrrd`lhgtds oh ehstlúg. Gfs hgnfjd`fs hg ifs rlhsefs jràtljfs, hg ids hstrdthelds oh ehstlúg y phrsh- vhrdr hg id l`pih`hgtdjlúg, shôdid hi Lge. Cudg @drjhildgf, ehrhgth jfrpfrd- tlvf oh Zheurlodo y Zdiuo oh ^fijdg. Id h`prhsd jfgslohrd nugod`hgtdi hi ohsdrrfiif oh jf`phthgjlds ’kidgods hg ifs iàohrhs quh adedg nugjlfgdr hi slsth`d oh ehstlúg oh sheurlodo, hgtrh ids quh hstäg hi of`lglf h`fjlfgdi y adklilodohs oh jf`ugljdjlúg, ids quh
ohkhg su`drhsh d ids jf`phthgjlds tìjgljds. Ifs iàohrhs adg slof hgtrhgdofs hg Du- oltfràd oh Jf`pfrtd`lhgtf Zheurf, hg jú`f dkfrodr d ifs jfidkfrdofrhs hg su djtlvlodo oldrld y hg jú`f hnhjtudr ids fkshrvdjlfghs ohi jf`pfrtd`lhgtf. Id lgnfr`djlúg ohi jf`pfrtd`lhgtf sh
jfgjhgtrd hg ugd kdsh oh odtfs y hg ifs jf`ltìs sh hnhjtód hi dgäilsls. Ourdgth ug dôf, id fredglzdjlúg rhvlsú hi L]H[ kdsh, dgdilzdgof jfg `dyfr prhjlslúg ids tdrhds y ifs rlhsefs quh l`piljdg. Leudi`hgth, sh hidkfrú ugd ilstd oh ids prlgjlpdihs jdusds oh djjl- ohgths `frtdihs h lgjdpdjltdgths, lohg- tljägofsh 4; rlhsefs jràtljfs. ]drd jfgtrfidrifs, sh ohsdrrfiiú y jf`ugljú su hstdgodrlzdjlúg, jdpdjltägofsh di phrsfgdi y hnhjtuägofsh hi sheul`lhg- tf d su ju`pil`lhgtf. Xgd oh ids jdrdjthràstljds ohi slsth`d oh ehstlúg oh sheurlodo oh ^fijdg hs id fredglzdjlúg oh guhvh sukjf`ltìs, juyd rhspfgsdklilodo oh olrhjjlúg rh- jdh hg ifs ehrhgths jfrpfrdtlvfs. Id jfgnhrhgjld ohi ehrhgth oh Zheurl- odo oh ^fijdg sh hnhjtuú hg hi `drjf oh ids rhuglfghs `hgsudihs quh fred- glzd hi Lgstltutf oh Zheurlodo @lghrd- LZH@.
Lge. Cudg @drjhildgf.
]ukiljdjlfghs
HQJIXZL^F HG HI ;=48
Guhvd shrlh oh dnljahs oh sheurlodo `lghrd Xgd guhvd shrlh oh djahs
oh sheurlodo pukiljdrä id rhvlstd Zheurlodo @lghrd
ourdgth hi prhshgth dôf. Hg hstd fjdslúg sh prhshgtdräg ifs th`ds oh hqulpfs oh prfthjjlúg phrsfgdi, trdkdcfs hg diturd, hspdjlfs jfggdofs y kifquhf y htlquhtdof, jdod ugf jfg dtrdjtlvfs olkucfs y `hgsdchs pdrd ug trdkdcf sheurf. Hi prl`hr djah, rhidjlfgdof d ifs hqulpfs oh prfthjjlúg phrsfgdi, hstdrä hg olstrlkujlúg hg hi `hs oh nhkrhrf. Diià sh lgoljd ifs hih`hgtfs quh ohkhg utlilzdr ifs trdkdcdofrhs oh `lghràd sukthrräghd y oh suphrjlh, doh`äs oh nrdshs quh frlhgtdg sfkrh su usf. Id olnuslúg oh hsth djah tlhgh hi duspljlf oh :@, Ohitd ]ius, Zheurlgoustrld, @fiohx, Bl`khriy,  Dgohs Zheurlodo, Jdsth`,  Dsfjldjlúg oh ]rhvhgjlfglstds oh [lhsefs, Hgelghhrlge Zhrvljhs y Jdsdgohs. Hg hi `hs oh `dyf hstdrä hg jlrjuidjlúg hi djah sfkrh trdkdcfs hg diturd, hi judi ohstdjd id ghjhslodo oh vhrljdr id jdilodo ohi slsth`d phrsfgdi oh ohthgjlúg oh jdàod. Ids h`prhsds quh duspljldg hsth djah sfg Idyahr, Ohitd ]ius, Zheurlgoustrld, NFQ Jfgnhjjlfghs y :@. Hi thrjhr djah d pukiljdr shrä hspdjlfs jfggdofs, hi `ls`f quh hstdrä d olspfsljlúg hg hi `hs oh defstf. Diià sh shôdid quh tfof trdkdcf ohkh shr hchjutdof sfif pfr phrsfgdi dutfrlzdof y id ghjhslodo oh ju`pilr hi prfjhol`lhgtf hsjrltf oh trdkdcf sheurf. Id h`prhsd hsphjldilzdod Hgelghhrlge Zhrvljhs ad jfgr`dof su duspljlf d hsth l`pfrtdgth ofju`hgtf. Nlgdi`hgth, hg fjtukrh sh olstrlkulrä hi djah sfkrh dlsid`lhgtf, kifquhf y htlquhtdof. Ifs `hgsdchs ju`pilr hi prfjhol`lhgtf hsjrltf oh jfgtrfi oh hghreàd y vhrljdr hi jfrth oh hghreàd hg hqulpfs kdcf `dgthgl`lhgtf y rhpdrdjlúg.
Jdkh ohstdjdr quh id olstrlkujlúg oh ifs djahs sh rhdilzd oh `dghrd hxjiuslvd d ids h`prhsds dsfjldods di Lgstltutf oh Zheurlodo @lghrd y, doh`äs, hstdräg djf`pdôdofs oh hgtrhvlstds d hsphjldilstds quh hxpiljdg dsphjtfs nugod`hgtdihs ohi th`d. Ifs vlohfs oh hstfs oläifefs
hstdräg olspfglkihs hg guhstrf jdgdi oh \fu_ukh3 www.yfutukh.jf`/ushr/sheurl`lg.
Lgnfr`hs3 rhvlstdMlsh .fre.ph _hin. ?<1-=:<:.
Jlhrrh3 Defstf
Jlhrrh3 @dyf
 
 
Zheurlodo @lghrd hg lgthrght
If `äs pfpuidr Oàd @ugoldi oh id Zheurlodo y id Zdiuo hg hi _rdkdcf ;=4? 5.>=< ihjturds
If `äs vlstf ]hrnli ohi suphrvlsfr oh sheurlodo3 prhshgth y nuturf :.:1: vlsudilzdjlfghs
]fst jfg `äs ilbhs 5 rheids käsljds pdrd l`pih`hgtdr ug slsth`d oh ehstlúg oh sheurlodo 44= ilbhs
If `äs jf`pdrtlof MIdyahr]hru rhdilzú Oàd ohi Dgod`lf Idyahr Jf`pdrtlof > vhjhs y : vhjhs `drjd- of jf`f ndvfrltf
If `hcfr ohi ;=4?
 
LZH@ hg djjlúg
LZH@ oljtd jursfs oh `dtrlz oh jdpdjltdjlúg `lghrd
Ohi 4> di ;= oh nhkrhrf, hi Lgstltutf oh Zheurlodo @lghrd-LZH@ oljtú ifs jursfs oh id @dtrlz Käsljd oh
Jdpdjltdjlúg oh djuhrof di [heid`hg- tf oh Zheurlodo y Zdiuo Fjupdjlfgdi @lghrd. Ourdgth hsds nhjads, sh l`pdr- tlhrfg jlgjf oh ids prlgjlpdihs `dthrlds quh lgoljd hi Dghxf 4?K ohi OZ G³=88- ;=4=-H@. Id prferd`djlúg ohi oljtdof oh ifs jursfs nuh id sleulhgth3 • 4> oh nhkrhrf3 Ehstlúg oh id sheurl-
odo y sdiuo fjupdjlfgdi kdsdof hg gfr`ds gdjlfgdihs. Hi jursf hxpiljú jú`f ids ihyhs oh sheurlodo, sdiuo y `holf d`klhgth prfpfrjlfgdg ids pdutds ghjhsdrlds pdrd prfthehr oh ifs philerfs y rlhsefs.
• 45 oh nhkrhrf3  Lgvhstledjlúg y rh- pfrth oh lgjlohgths. Hi jursf shôd- iú quh ids lgvhstledjlfghs hnhjtlvds
su`lglstrdg lgnfr`djlúg vdilfsd judgof sh ohsjukrhg ids jdusds, sh judgtljdg ids nditds oh jfgtrfi y sh l`pih`hgtdg djjlfghs jfrrhjtlvds.
• 41 oh nhkrhrf3 Lgsphjjlfghs oh sh- eurlodo. Hi jursf ohtdiiú ids jdrdjth- ràstljds oh hstd ahrrd`lhgtd pdrd id lohgtljdjlúg oh ohthrlfrf oh hstäg- odrhs, ärhds oh rlhsef f vuighrdklil- odo, philerfs y djjlohgths pfthgjld-
ihs hg `lgds, pidgtds y prfjhsfs. • 4< oh nhkrhrf3  Lohgtljdjlúg oh
philerfs, hvdiudjlúg y jfgtrfi oh rlhsefs-L]H[J. Hi jursf phr`ltlú jf- gfjhr hstd ahrrd`lhgtd pdrd dofptdr ug prfjhsf `lgujlfsf y slsth`ätljf hg ids hvdiudjlfghs oh rlhsefs.
• ;= nhkrhrf3 Ihelsidjlúg hg sheurl- odo `lghrd. Hi jursf prhshgtú oh `dghrd slsth`ätljd hi jfgcugtf oh gfr`ds rhidjlfgdods di trdkdcf hg `lghràd y su rheid`hgtdjlúg.
Ifs pdrtljlpdgths rhjlklhrfg jhrtljd- jlúg pfr ids fjaf afrds oh jdpdjltd- jlúg oh jdod jursf. ]rúxl`d`hgth ad- krä ugd guhvd prferd`djlúg oh jursfs oh id @dtrlz oh Jdpdjltdjlúg @lghrd. Hstì dthgtf.
@dyfr lgnfr`djlúg3 www.lsh`.fre.ph
 
Zled`fs trdkdcdgof pdrd thghr ugd `lghràd sheurd y prfoujtlvd
]fr3 Nhrgdgof Kfrcd Dôfred Ehrhgth ohi Lgstltutf oh Zheurlodo @lghrd (LZH@)
Hg ugd jfyugturd oh rhoujjlúg ohi prhjlf oh ifs `htdihs, ids h`prhsds `lghrds vlhghg l`pih-
`hgtdgof pfiàtljds oh rhoujjlúg oh jfstfs quh gf dnhjtdg ghedtlvd`hgth ifs rhsuitdofs hg sheurlodo idkfrdi.  D phsdr oh id rhoujjlúg oh jfstfs hg ifs ofs óitl`fs dôfs, sh dprhjld ugd ols`lgujlúg oh id djjlohgtdklilodo hg guhstrf shjtfr. Hg hnhjtf, ifs `hcfrhs vdifrhs hg id alstfrld oh id sheurlodo idkfrdi hg id `lghràd phrudgd sh dijdgzdrfg hg hi dôf ;=4?. Ifs rhsuitdofs d oljlh`krh `uhstrdg ugd rhoujjlúg hg id jdgtl- odo oh djjlohgths `frtdihs y hg ifs lgoljdofrhs jiäsljfs oh sheurlodo, jf`f sfg hi Àgoljh oh Nrhjuhgjld y hi Àgoljh oh Zhvhrlodo. Hg hi ;=4?, pfr prl`hrd vhz hg ?? dôfs, id `lghràd phrudgd tuvf id `h- gfr jdgtlodo oh djjlohgths `frtdihs. Hsphjàjd`hgth, ols`lguyú :;% jfg rhsphjtf di dôf dgthrlfr, oh ?5 d :;. Zh trdtd oh ugd `hcfrd sfsthglod, yd quh id jurvd oh djjlohgths vlhgh oh- jrhjlhgof ohsoh hi ;=4=. Zlg h`kdref, hi dgäilsls oh djjlohg- tdklilodo jfgslohrdgof sfif ifs djjl- ohgths jfg `uhrth puhoh iihvdrgfs d jfgjiuslfghs hquàvfjds. @äs doh- idgth dgdilzdrh`fs ftrfs lgoljdofrhs quh tlhghg hg juhgtd id jdgtlodo oh trdkdcdofrhs oh id djtlvlodo lghrd. Di rhsphjtf, ohkh`fs dgftdr quh id jdg-
Eränjf 43 DJJLOHG_HZ @F[_DIHZ
Eränjf ;3 @F[_DILODO ]F[ JDOD 4=,=== _[DKDCDOF[HZ
 
;4G³ 445 - Nhkrhrf ;=48
tlodo oh trdkdcdofrhs sh rhoucf hg 4: `li jfg rhsphjtf di ;=4:. (Eräjf 4) ]drd ohthr`lgdr id hvfiujlúg oh id sheurlodo `lghrd vd`fs d utlilzdr hi lgoljdofr @uhrths pfr jdod 4= `li trdkdcdofrhs. Hi judorf rhsphjtlvf `uhstrd quh hsth lgoljdofr jdyú hg :=% jf`pdrdof di ;=4:, if judi l`pil- jd ugd `hcfrd hg ifs rhsuitdofs. ]fr supuhstf, gf hstd`fs sdtlsnhjafs. Ohkh`fs sheulr trdkdcdgof pdrd th- ghr ugd `lghràd sheurd y prfoujtlvd. Guhstrf fkchtlvf ohkh shr jhrf djjl- ohgths. (Eräjf ;) Jfg rhsphjtf di Àgoljh oh Nrhjuhgjld (LN) jdyú >% jfg rhsphjtf di ;=4:. Hs hi shxtf dôf jfgshjutlvf quh hsth lgol- jdofr uhstrd ugd jdàod y hsphrd`fs quh jfgtlgóh hsd thgohgjld. (Eräjf :) Hi Àgoljh oh Erdvhodo f Zhvhrlodo (LE) td`klìg ols`lguyú 45% jf`f rh- suitdof oh id ols`lgujlúg oh ifs djjl- ohgths frtdihs. (Eräjf ?) Jf`f jfgshjuhgjld oh id jdàod oh ifs ofs lgoljdofrhs dgthrlfrhs hs quh hi Àgoljh oh Djjlohgtdklilodo (LD) td`- klìg sh rhoucf ;;%. (Eräjf 8)
 Di leudi quh hg hi ;=4:, ifs tlpfs oh dj- jlohgths jfg `dyfr jdgtlodo oh `uhr- ths nuhrfg pfr ohsprhgol`lhgtf oh rfjds jfg ;1%, sheulof oh ifs djjl- ohgths oh trägsltf jfg ;8%, vdrlfs oh ifs judihs fjurrlhrfg nuhrd oh ids ugl- odohs `lghrds. ]fr supuhstf, gf ady quh phrohr oh vlstd d ifs djjlohgths rhidjlfgdofs d ohrru`khs, fphrdjlúg oh `dqulgdrlds y jdàod oh phrsfgds, hgtrh ftrfs. (Eräjf >) Xg ndjtfr hg id `hcfrd prferhslvd hs id l`pih`hgtdjlúg oh ifs Zlsth`ds oh Zheurlodo y Zdiuo hg hi _rdkdcf, id `ls`d quh hstä lgerhsdgof d ug hstd- of oh `dourhz hg `ujads h`prhsds. Jdod vhz `äs fptdg pfr jfgtrfihs oh sheurlodo ourfs, frlhgtdofs d id hil`l- gdjlúg, sustltujlúg, dlsid`lhgtf y jfg- trfihs oh lgehglhràd. ]fr supuhstf, ids djjlfghs frlhgtdods di jd`klf juiturdi f ohsdrrfiif oh ugd juiturd prhvhgtlvd hg tfofs ifs glvhihs oh id fredglzdjlúg sfg vltdihs pdrd id prhvhgjlfg oh dj- jlohgths. Ids djtlvlodohs oh jdpdjltd- jlúg y `ftlvdjlúg, oh id `dgf oh ug ilohrdzef fredglzdjlfgdi, sfg ids jid- vhs ohi ìxltf.
Hi pdphi ohi [heid`hgtf Jf`f pdrth ohi jfgthxtf, d pdrtlr oh id pukiljdjlúg ohi [heid`hgtf oh Zheu- rlodo y Zdiuo Fjupdjlfgdi pdrd @lgh- ràd (O.Z. =88-;=4=-H@) hg hi dôf ;=4=, pfoh`fs fkshrvdr quh ifs lgoljdof- rhs oh sheurlodo adg hcfrdof. ]foh- `fs lgnhrlr quh hstd gfr`d ad thglof ug l`pdjtf pfsltlvf hg hi ohsh`phôf hg sheurlodo y sdiuo oh guhstrf shj- tfr. Hg hiid, ug pdphi l`pfrtdgth cuhed id jdpdjltdjlúg oh ifs trdkdcdofrhs2 ids h`prhsds `lghrds adg rhdilzdof lgvhrslfghs slegljdtlvds hg hsth shgtl- of. Jrhh`fs quh ady ug hsnuhrzf gf- tdkih hg ju`pilr jfg id ihelsidjlúg jfg id gdilodo oh prhvhglr ifs djjlohgths y hgnhr`hodohs.
 
 
Hg hi ]hró, hg ifs óitl`fs ;= dôfs, ifs lgoljdofrhs oh djjlohgths `frtdihs adg prhshgtdof ugd ols`lgujlúg
jfgslohrdkih. Zlg h`kdref, d phsdr oh tfofs ifs hsnuhrzfs rhdilzdofs, sh sleuhg prhshgtdgof djjlohgths jfg `uhrth hg id `lghràd hg hi ]hró. Hi tlpf y ids jdusds oh hstfs sujhsfs sfg jfgfjlofs erdjlds di `dghcf hstdoàstljf jhgtrdilzdof hg hi @lglsthrlf oh Hghreàd y @lgds. Ids jlnrds lgoljdg quh ifs djjl- ohgths pfr jdàod oh rfjds, djjlohgths oh trägsltf, jdàod oh phrsfgds y ifs rhidjlf- gdofs jfg edshs, su`dg `äs ohi >=%. Id lgnfr`djlúg hs vdilfsd, yd quh gfs phr`l- th lohgtljdr ids vdrldkihs jràtljds, jfgfjhr ids jdusds y, d pdrtlr oh hiif, pidgthdr hs- trdthelds pdrd hvltdrifs. Hg hi pdgfrd`d `lghrf `ugoldi gf hstd- `fs sfifs. Hg olvhrsfs pdàshs y h`prh- sds `uitlgdjlfgdihs sh ad hidkfrdof ifs ohgf`lgdofs ’]rftfjfifs oh prhvhgjlúg oh djjlohgths `frtdihs, ifs judihs puh- ohg shrvlrgfs oh rhnhrhgjld hg id dthgjlúg oh ids ghjhslodohs y rhquhrl`lhgtfs oh sheurlodo idkfrdi oh guhstrf pdàs. Hg ifs Hstdofs Xglofs sh vlhgh hchjutdgof id lgl- jldtlvd ohgf`lgdod JF[H ZDNH_\ (Afcd oh rutd hstägodr hg id ehstlúg lgtherdi oh rlhsefs3 =38=38) quh derupd d h`prhsds quh su`dg `äs oh 4== `li trdkdcdofrhs2 hiids pdrtljlpdg hg ug prferd`d quh prh- thgoh rhoujlr ids ihslfghs idkfrdihs/djjl- ohgths lgjdpdjltdgths d id `ltdo, jfg hi fkchtlvf gdi oh ’Jhrf vàjtl`ds `frtdihs hg ug phrlfof oh jlgjf dôfs, hs ohjlr, d ghs ohi ;=48. Odod id hxphrlhgjld gdjlfgdi h lgthrgdjlf- gdi, jrhh`fs quh id rhoujjlúg y hil`lgd- jlúg oh ifs djjlohgths `frtdihs rhqulhrh ohi jf`prf`lsf y ilohrdzef h`prhsdrldi vlslkih. ]fr hiif, ah`fs prfpuhstf id hch- jujlúg oh ug pidghd`lhgtf hstrdtìeljf quh phr`ltd hstdkihjhr ugd vlslúg jidrd adjld hi nuturf. Oh hstd `dghrd, ohsdrrf- iidrh`fs ug hgnfquh hstägodr oh ehstlúg oh Zheurlodo Gdjlfgdi, quh gfs jfgouz- jd adjld hi ’Jhrf djjlohgths `frtdihs hg hi dôf ;=;4. ]hgsd`fs quh ifs hsnuhrzfs dlsidofs h lgolvloudihs hg Zheurlodo y Zdiuo yd ju`pilhrfg su htdpd. ]fr hiif, hg hi ;=4?, hi LZH@ fredglzú ofs tdiihrhs oh pid- ghd`lhgtf hstrdtìeljf jfg ifs ehrhgths oh sheurlodo oh ids h`prhsds `lghrds ohi pdàs. Id lgljldtlvd phr`ltlrä jf`pdrtlr ids `hcfrds präjtljds oh sheurlodo pdrd iuhef hstdgodrlzdr ifs jfgtrfihs `äs hnhjtlvfs, thglhgof di [heid`hgtf oh Zh- eurlodo y Zdiuo Fjupdjlfgdi hg @lghràd jf`f hi hstägodr `àgl`f d ju`pilr. Ifs tdiihrhs td`klìg sh rhdilzdräg hg hi ;=48 y, jf`f rhsuitdof, tfods ids h`prhsds l- ghrds thgorh`fs ugd dehgod jf`óg. Hi fkchtlvf hs ohsdrrfiidr ugd Afcd oh [utd Gdjlfgdi jfg lrds d hil`lgdr ifs djjlohg- ths hg `uhstrd `lghràd.
Hi rhtf di ;=;4
sheurlodo, slgf td`klìg d trdkdcdof- rhs y nugjlfgdrlfs oh tfods ids ärhds y glvhihs oh ids h`prhsds `lghrds. Hg hi ;=4?, ah`fs jdpdjltdof d jdsl 4== `li trdkdcdofrhs hg olstlgtfs th- `ds, tfofs hiifs oh djuhrof d ifs hstägodrhs y rhquhrl`lhgtfs oh guhs- trfs dsfjldofs y oh id ihelsidjlúg. Jfgtd`fs jfg jursfs oljtdofs hg guhstrds shohs oh Il`d, Drhqulpd y Jdcd`drjd, y doljlfgdi`hgth if adjh- `fs hg ids prfplds uglodohs `lghrds. [hjlhgth`hgth ah`fs h`phzdgof id jfgstrujjlúg oh id shoh lgstltujlfgdi hg id jluodo oh Il`d, id judi jfgtdrä jfg d`klhgths olshôdofs pdrd id jd- pdjltdjlúg y hgtrhgd`lhgtf.
Dildgzds uglvhrsltdrlds Jfg id gdilodo oh hihvdr hi glvhi prf - nhslfgdi oh qulhghs olrlehg y trdkdcdg hg ids ärhds oh sheurlodo oh ids h`- prhsds, thgh`fs jfgvhglfs susjrltfs
jfg id ]XJ], id Xglvhrslodo Gdjlfgdi ohi Ditlpidgf, id Xglvhrslodo Gdjlfgdi ohi Jhgtrf y EH[HGZ, jfg ifs judihs sh fnrhjhg jursfs y olpif`dofs oh hsphjldilzdjlúg. ]hgsd`fs quh ifs sleulhgths pdsfs sh frlhgtdräg d nfrtdihjhr id nfr`djlúg hg sheurlodo y sdiuo oh tfods ids jd- rrhrds rhidjlfgdods d id `lghràd. Oh hstd `dghrd jfgtdrh`fs jfg suphr- vlsfrhs jf`phthgths hg sheurlodo y sdiuo quh yd gf rhqulhrdg jdpdjltd- jlúg jf`pih`hgtdrld judgof lgerh- shg d idkfrdr hg ids h`prhsds. Gf ohkh`fs ohcdr pdsdr id fpfrtuglodo oh rhjfgfjhr hi hsnuhrzf ohi Hstdof, ids h`prhsds, trdkdcdofrhs h lgstltujlf- ghs pdrd hi iferf oh id ols`lgujlúg oh id djjlohgtdklilodo hg guhstrf shjtfr. Hiif ohkh `ftlvdrgfs dóg `äs pdrd di- jdgzdr hi fkchtlvf oh jhrf djjlohgths, y quh jdod trdkdcdofr rherhsh sdgf y sdivf d jdsd.
Eränjf ?3 ÀGOLJH OH E[D^HODO vs G½ _[DKDCDOF[HZ
 
 
Jfg id jdkhzd hg su sltlf
Xg jdsjf oh prfthjjlúg pdrd id lg- oustrld hs ugd prhgod pdrd jukrlr id jdkhzd ohi usudrlf, quh hstä
ohstlgdod hshgjldi`hgth d prfthehr id pdrth suphrlfr oh id jdkhzd jfgtrd ahrl- ods prfoujlods pfr fkchtfs quh jdledg sfkrh hi `ls`f. ]drd jfgsheulr hstd jdpdjlodo oh prf- thjjlúg y rhoujlr ids jfgshjuhgjlds ohstrujtlvds oh ifs efiphs hg id jdkh- zd, hi jdsjf ohkh hstdr oftdof oh ugd shrlh oh hih`hgtfs juyf nugjlfgd`lhg- tf jfgcugtf shd jdpdz oh ju`pilr ids sleulhgths jfgoljlfghs3 4. Il`ltdr id prhslúg dpiljdod di jräghf,
olstrlkuyhgof id nuhrzd oh l`pdjtf sfkrh id `dyfr suphrjlh pfslkih.
;. Ohsvldr ifs fkchtfs quh jdledg, pfr `holf oh ugd nfr`d dohjudod`hg- th ilsd y rhofgohdod.
:. Olslpdr y olsphrsdr id hghreàd ohi l`- pdjtf, oh `fof quh gf sh trdgs`ltd hg su tftdilodo d id jdkhzd y hi juhiif.
Ifs jdsjfs utlilzdofs pdrd trdkdcfs hsphjldihs ohkhg ju`pilr rhqulsltfs doljlfgdihs, jf`f id prfthjjlúg nrhgth d sdipljdourds oh htdi nugolof (lgous- trlds ohi alhrrf y ohi djhrf), prfthjjlúg nrhgth d jfgtdjtfs hiìjtrljfs, htj. Ifs prlgjlpdihs hih`hgtfs ohi jdsjf sfg ifs sleulhgths3 Jdsquhth3 hih`hgtf oh `dthrldi ourf y oh thr`lgdjlúg ilsd quh jfgstltuyh id nfr`d hxthrgd ehghrdi ohi jdsjf. ^lshrd3 hs ugd prfifgedjlúg ohi jds- quhth pfr hgjl`d oh ifs fcfs. Did3 hs hi kfroh quh jlrjugod hi jds- quhth. Drgìs3 hs hi jfgcugtf jf`pihtf oh hih- `hgtfs quh jfgstltuyhg ug `holf oh `dgthghr hi jdsjf hg pfsljlúg sfkrh id jdkhzd y oh dksfrkhr hghreàd jlgìtljd ourdgth ug l`pdjtf. Kdgod oh jdkhzd3 hs id pdrth ohi drgìs quh rfohd tftdi f pdrjldi`hgth id jd- khzd pfr hgjl`d oh ifs fcfs d ug glvhi
 
;=
 
;8G³ 445 - Nhkrhrf ;=48
afrlzfgtdi quh rhprhshgtd dprfxl`d- od`hgth id jlrjugnhrhgjld `dyfr oh id jdkhzd. Kdgod oh gujd3 hs ugd kdgod rheuidkih quh sh dcustd ohträs oh id jdkhzd kdcf hi pidgf oh id kdgod oh jdkhzd y quh puhoh shr ugd pdrth lgtherdgth oh ol- jad kdgod oh jdkhzd. Kdrklquhcf3 hs ugd kdgod quh sh djf- pid kdcf id kdrkliid pdrd dyuodr d such- tdr hi jdsjf sfkrh id jdkhzd. Hsth hih- `hgtf hs fpjlfgdi hg id jfgstltujlúg ohi hqulpf, y gf tfofs ifs jdsjfs tlh- ghg pfr quì olspfghr fkiledtfrld`hgth oh ìi.
@drjdof Hi jdsjf puhoh lr `drjdof jfg ifs sleulhgths hih`hgtfs3 gó`hrf oh id gfr`d quh ju`pih, gf`krh f `drjd oh lohgtljdjlúg ohi ndkrljdgth, `foh- if (sheóg ohslegdjlúg ohi ndkrljdgth), dôf oh ndkrljdjlúg y rdgef oh tdiids.  Doh`äs sh puhoh prhshgtdr ug `drjd- of rhidtlvf d ifs rhqulsltfs fpjlfgdihs (pdrd ohthr`lgdods djtlvlodohs hsphjà- jds) hg ifs sleulhgths tìr`lgfs3 -;=½J f -:=½J3 rhslsthgjld d `uy kdcd th`phrdturd. +48=½J3 rhslsthgjld d `uy ditd th`ph- rdturd. ??= ^dj3 dlsid`lhgtf hiìjtrljf. IO3 rhslsthgjld d ohnfr`djlúg idthrdi. @@3  rhslsthgjld d ids sdipljdourds oh `htdi nugolof.
¶Oh quì tlhghg quh prfthehr6 Hg hi iuedr oh trdkdcf, id jdkhzd ohi trdkdcdofr puhoh adiidrsh hxpuhstd d rlhsefs oh gdturdihzd olvhrsd, ifs jud- ihs puhohg jidsljdrsh hg trhs erupfs sheóg su nfr`d oh djtudjlúg3 d. Ihslfghs jrdghdihs ohklods d djjlf-
ghs hxthrgds. k. [lhsefs pdrd ids phrsfgds pfr dj-
jlfghs sfkrh id jdkhzd. j. [lhsefs pdrd id sdiuo f `fihstlds
vlgjuidofs di usf ohi jdsjf oh sh- eurlodo.
¶Tuì julodofs ohkf thghr6 ]drd ugd prfthjjlúg hjdz jfgtrd ifs rlhsefs, ifs jdsjfs ohkhg `dgthghrsh ótlihs, ourdohrfs y rhslsthgths nrhgth d gu`hrfsds djjlfghs h lguhgjlds, oh `fof quh su nugjlúg prfthjtfrd quhoh edrdgtlzdod ourdgth tfod su vlod ótli. Hgtrh hstds lguhgjlds quh puhohg d`hgdzdr id hjdjld prfthjtfrd ohi jdsjf, jdkh jltdr3 id `dyfràd oh ifs jdsquhths oh ifs jdsjfs oh sheurlodo sfg oh `dthrld piästljd. Hg jfgoljlf-
ghs gfr`dihs hstd `dthrld piästljd sh dithrd `uy ihgtd`hgth2 slg h`kdref, ids sleulhgths djjlfghs puhohg djhih- rdr id rhoujjlúg oh id nugjlúg prfthjtf- rd ohi jdsjf, hsphjldi`hgth judgof sh trdtd oh `dthrldihs thr`fpiästljfs3 • Ohthr`lgdods djjlfghs quà`ljds. • Jdifr y nràf. • Iuz sfidr (rdoldjlfghs X^). • Djjlúg `hjägljd.
¶Jú`f hihelrifs6 Id hihjjlúg oh ug hqulpf prfthjtfr oh id jdkhzd rhquhrlrä, hg judiqulhr jdsf, ug jfgfjl`lhgtf d`pilf ohi puhstf oh trdkdcf y oh su hgtfrgf. ]fr hiif, id hihjjlúg ohkh shr rhdilzdod pfr phrsf- gdi jdpdjltdof, y hg hi prfjhsf oh hihj- jlúg id pdrtljlpdjlúg y jfidkfrdjlúg ohi trdkdcdofr shrä oh jdpltdi l`pfrtdgjld. Gf fkstdgth, dieugds rhjf`hgodjlf- ghs oh lgthrìs, d id afrd oh ohsdrrfiidr hi prfjhsf oh shihjjlúg, sfg3 • Dgths oh doqulrlr ifs hqulpfs oh
prfthjjlúg, jf`piìthsh id ilstd oh jfgtrfi quh eurd hg hi Dghxf L, ad- jlhgof rhnhrhgjld di lgvhgtdrlf oh rlhsefs h lguhgjlds hxthrgds jltd-
ofs hg ifs dpdrtdofs ’¶Oh quì `h tlhghg quh prfthehr6 y ’¶Tuì jul- odofs ohkf thghr6. Hg nugjlúg oh hstd ilstd sh hstuoldräg ids fnhrtds oh vdrlfs ndkrljdgths pdrd olstlgtfs `fohifs (hg ids fnhrtds ohkhg lg- jiulrsh nfiihtfs lgnfr`dtlvfs y oh`äs lgnfr`djlúg oh lgthrìs oh jdrd d id shihjjlúg ohi hqulpf).
• Di hihelr hi jdsjf oh sheurlodo, hs jfgvhglhgth thghr hg juhgtd hi nfiih- tf lgnfr`dtlvf ohi ndkrljdgth. Hsth nf- iihtf lgnfr`dtlvf jfgtlhgh tfofs ifs odtfs ótlihs rhnhrhgths d di`djhgd- `lhgtf, usf, il`plhzd, `dgthgl`lhg- tf, ohslgnhjjlúg, djjhsfrlfs, plhzds oh rhpuhstf, jidshs oh prfthjjlúg, nhjad f pidzf oh jdoujlodo, hxpil- jdjlúg oh ids `drjds, htj.
 
;> ZHEX[LODO @LGH[D
prhgodg hstd ihgeud, hi h`prhsdrlf ohkhrä pfghr d su olspfsljlúg id lgnfr- `djlúg ghjhsdrld prhshg- tdod oh fof quh ih rhsui- th jf`prhgslkih.
¶Jú`f usdrifs6  Dieugds lgoljdjlfghs präjtl- jds oh lgthrìs, sfg3 • Id `hcfr prfthjjlúg nrhg-
th d id phrnfrdjlúg id prf- pfrjlfgdg ifs jdsjfs oh `dthrldihs thr`fpiästljfs (pfiljdrkfgdtfs, DKZ, pf- ilhtlihgf y pfiljdrkfgdtf jfg krd oh vlorlf) prfvlstfs oh ug kuhg drgìs. Ifs jdsjfs oh dihdjlfghs `htäiljds ilehrds gf rhslsthg klhg id phrnfrd- jlúg pfr fkchtfs deuofs f oh kfr- ohs didofs.
• Gf ohkhg utlilzdrsh jdsjfs jfg sd- ilhgths lgthrlfrhs, yd quh puhohg prfvfjdr ihslfghs erdvhs hg jdsf oh efiph idthrdi. ]uhohg hstdr prf- vlstfs oh ug rhiihgf prfthjtfr idthrdi quh gf shd lgd`dkih gl sh nugod jfg hi jdifr.
• Ifs jdsjfs ndkrljdofs jfg dihd - jlfghs ilehrds f prfvlstfs oh ug rhkfroh idthrdi gf ohkhg utlilzdrsh hg iuedrhs oh trdkdcf hxpuhstfs di philerf oh sdipljdourds oh `htdi nugolof.
• Judgof ady philerf oh jfgtdjtf jfg jfgoujtfrhs hiìjtrljfs ohsguofs, ohkhg utlilzdrsh hxjiuslvd`hgth jdsjfs oh `dthrldihs thr`fpiästl- jfs. Ohkhg jdrhjhr oh frljlfs oh vhgtlidjlúg y ifs rh`djahs y ftrds pfslkihs plhzds `htäiljds gf ohkhg dsf`dr pfr hi hxthrlfr ohi dr`dzúg.
• Ifs jdsjfs ohstlgdofs d phrsfgds quh trdkdcdg hg iuedrhs ditfs, hg pdrtljuidr ifs fgtdofrhs oh hstruj- turds `htäiljds, ohkhg hstdr prfvls- tfs oh kdrklquhcf.
• ]drd `hcfrdr id jf`folodo tìr`ljd hi jdsquhth ohkh shr oh jfifr jidrf y olspfghr oh frljlfs oh vhgtlid - jlúg.
• Id nfr`d oh jdsjf äs jf`óg ohg- trf oh ids olvhrsds jf`hrjldilzdods hs id oh ’efrrd, jfg vlshrd y did dirhohofr. Hg jdgthrds y fkrds oh oh`filjlúg prftheh `äs ug jdsjf oh hsth tlpf phrf jfg ug did `äs dgjad, hg nfr`d oh ’sf`krhrf. Judgof sh trdkdcd d jlhrtd diturd hs prhnhrlkih utlilzdr jdsjfs slg vlshrd gl did, jfg nfr`d oh ’jdsquhth yd quh hstfs hih`hgtfs pforàdg hgtrdr hg
jfgtdjtf jfg ids vleds f plidrhs hg- trh ifs quh ohkhg `fvhrsh d vhjhs ifs trdkdcdofrhs, jfg hi jfgsleulhg- th rlhsef oh pìrolod ohi hqulilkrlf.
@dgthgl`lhgtf  Dieugds rhjf`hgodjlfghs oh lgthrìs sh lgoljdg d jfgtlgudjlúg3 • Ifs jdsjfs ndkrljdofs jfg pfilhtl-
ihgf, pfilprfplihgf f DKZ tlhgohg d phrohr id rhslsthgjld `hjägljd pfr hnhjtf ohi jdifr, hi nràf y id hxpfsl- jlúg di sfi f d nuhgths lgthgsds oh rdoldjlúg uitrdvlfihtd (X^). Zl hsth tlpf oh jdsjfs sh utlilzd jfg rheuid- rlodo di dlrh ilkrh f jhrjd oh nuhgths uitrdvlfihtd, jf`f ids hstdjlfghs oh sfiodourd, ohkh sustltulrsh di `h- gfs ugd vhz jdod trhs dôfs.
• Hg tfof jdsf, hi jdsjf ohkh ohs-
hjadrsh sl sh ohjfifrd, sh derlhtd, ohsprhgoh krds f jruch di jf`kdrif. _d`- klìg ohkh ohshjadrsh sl ad sunrlof ug efiph nuhrth, dugquh gf prhshgth slegfs vlslkihs oh adkhr sunrlof odôfs. • Id il`plhzd y ohslg- nhjjlúg sfg pdrtljuidr`hg- th l`pfrtdgths sl hi usudrlf suod `ujaf f sl hi jdsjf ohkhg jf`pdrtlrif vdrlfs trdkdcdofrhs. Id ohslgnhj-
jlúg sh rhdilzd su`hrelhgof hi jdsjf hg ugd sfiujlúg dprfpldod, jf`f nfr`fi di 8% f alpfjifrltf sú- oljf.
• Ifs `dthrldihs quh sh doalhrdg di jdsjf, tdihs jf`f yhsf, jh`hgtf, jfid f rhslgds, sh puhohg hil`lgdr pfr `holfs `hjägljfs f jfg ug ol- sfivhgth dohjudof quh gf dtdquh di `dthrldi ohi quh hstä ahjaf hi dr`d- zúg hxthrlfr. _d`klìg sh puhoh usdr deud jdilhgth, ug ohthrehgth y ug jhpliif oh jhrod ourd.
• Ifs jdsjfs oh sheurlodo quh gf sh utliljhg ohkhräg eudrodrsh afrlzfg- tdi`hgth hg hstdgthràds f jfiedofs oh edgjafs hg iuedrhs gf hxpuhs- tfs d id iuz sfidr olrhjtd gl d ugd th`phrdturd f au`hodo hihvdods.
H]]
Ilstd oh jfgtrfi oh H]]
 
;;
 
 
Ehf`hjägljd
Hg hi `ugof oh ids rfjds ]idgfs, ndiids, oldjidsds, vhgliids y `ujaf `äs...
Ohphgolhgof oh sus jdrdjthràstl- jds y jfgoljlfghs, id `dsd rf- jfsd puhoh vdrldr oh ugd `lgd
d ftrd, jf`f td`klìg oh ärhd hg ärhd ohgtrf oh ugd `ls`d `lgd. Jfg hi pdsf ohi tlh`pf jrhjhg ids id- kfrhs `lghrds y hi `lgdof sh rhdilzd d `dyfrhs prfnugolodohs, ohsdrrfiiäg- ofsh dsà olnhrhgths prfkih`ds oh lghs- tdklilodo hg id rfjd.  D g oh fredglzdr y `dgthghr ugd doh- judod hstrdtheld oh jfgtrfi oh id hs- tdklilodo oh id rfjd hg ids idkfrhs `l- ghrds, hi phrsfgdi oh ugd `lgd ohkh hstdr nd`lildrlzdof jfg ids jdrdjthràs- tljds y jfgoljlfghs oh id `dsd rfjf- sd prfplds oh su `lgd. Hg tdi shgtlof, hsth `dgudi vd d dyuodr di phrsfgdi d adjhr ohi d`klhgth sukthrräghf ug iuedr oh trdkdcf `äs sheurf. Judgof hi phrsfgdi oh id `lgd shd jd- pdz oh jfgfjhr id rfjd, vd d hstdr jfg `hcfr jdpdjlodo oh lohgtljdr ifs ph- ilerfs pfthgjldihs quh pforàdg jdusdr djjlohgths. Jfgfjhr id rfjd td`klìg phr`ltlrä tf- `dr ohjlslfghs jfrrhjtds sfkrh olnh-
rhgths dsphjtfs rhidjlfgdofs jfg ids idkfrhs `lghrds, hgtrh ftrds, sh pforä hstdkihjhr id olrhjjlúg hg id judi sh ohkhg dvdgzdr ids hxjdvdjlfghs, hi td`dôf oh ids `ls`ds, hi tlh`pf oh hxpfsljlúg dklhrtd oh id hxjdvdjlúg, hi tlpf oh sfsthgl`lhgtf d utlilzdr y hi `f- `hgtf hg quh ìsth ohkh shr lgstdidof.
Jdrdjthràstljds oh id rfjd
Id rfjd hs ug jfgcugtf oh sustdgjlds `lghrdihs quh nfr`dgof `dsds, jfgs- tltuyh erdg pdrth oh id jfrthzd thrrhs- trh. Zheóg su frlehg, ids rfjds puhohg shr àeghds, shol`hgtdrlds y `htd`úrjds.
[fjds àeghds, sfg dquhiids quh adg slof nfr`dods pfr id jfgsfilodjlúg ohi de`d. [fjds shol`hgtdrlds, nfr`dods pfr id ohpfsljlúg oh shol`hgtfs. [fjds `htd`úrnljds, nfr`dods pfr prfjhsfs oh ditds prhslfghs y th`ph- rdturds. Id rfjd olhrh oh id `dyfràd oh ftrfs
 
;?
 
;<G³ 445 - Nhkrhrf ;=48
`dthrldihs utlilzdofs hg id lgehglhràd. Hstd tlhgh olsjfgtlgulodohs (nrdjturds) oh olnhrhgths tlpfs, quh adjhg quh su hstrujturd shd olsjfgtlgud. Doh`äs, ohklof d ifs prfjhsfs ehfiúeljfs quh id adg dnhjtdof hgtrh hi tlh`pf oh su nfr`djlúg y id jfgoljlúg hg id judi id hgjfgtrd`fs hg id djtudilodo, prhshg- td ahthrfehghlodohs y prfplhodohs vdrldkihs. _fods hstds jdrdjthràstljds rhqulhrhg shr hvdiudods hg nfr`d phr- `dghgth ourdgth hi idkfrhf `lghrf. ]rl`hrf hs ghjhsdrlf olstlgeulr if quh hs hi ’`dthrldi rfjfsf f ohgf`lgdof td`klìg ’rfjd lgtdjtd y if quh hs id ’`dsd rfjfsd f td`klìg ohgf`lgdod ’`djlzf rfjfsf.
[fjd lgtdjtd  hs hi kifquh ukljdof hgtrh ids olsjfgtlgulodohs y pforàd shr rhprhshgtdod pfr ugd `uhstrd oh `dgf f trfzf oh thstlef quh sh utlilzd pdrd hgsdyfs oh idkfrdtfrlf. @dsd rfjfsd  hs hi `holf lg-sltu quh jfgtlhgh olnhrhgths tlpfs oh olsjfg- tlgulodohs jf`f oldjidsds, hstrdtfs, ndiids y ftrfs rdsefs hstrujturdihs. Ohphgolhgof oh jú`f sh prhshgthg
hstds olsjfgtlgulodohs f rdsefs hs- trujturdihs ohgtrf oh id `dsd rfjfsd, hstd thgorä ug ohthr`lgdof jf`pfr- td`lhgtf nrhgth d ids fphrdjlfghs oh `lgdof.
Olsjfgtlgulodohs oh id `dsd rfjfsd
ifs prlgjlpdihs tlpfs oh olsjfgtlgulod- ohs prhshgths hg id `dsd rfjfsd sfg3
]idgfs oh hstrdtlnljdjlúg  olvlohg hg jdpds f hstrdtfs d ids rfjds shol`hg- tdrlds. Ndiids  sfg nrdjturds quh adg thglof ohspidzd`lhgtf. Hstds sfg hstrujturds `hgfrhs quh sh prhshgtdg hg ärhds ifjdihs oh id `lgd f hstrujturds `uy l`pfrtdgths quh puhohg dtrdvhsdr tfod id `lgd. Sfgds oh jfrth sfg kdgods oh `dthrldi quh puhohg shr oh vdrlfs `htrfs oh hsphsfr, hg ofgoh ad fjurrlof ndiid- `lhgtf oh id rfjd. Oldjidsds, td`klìg ohgf`lgdods cug- tds, sfg nrdjturds quh gf adg thglof ohspidzd`lhgtf y ids quh äs jf`óg-
`hgth sh prhshgtdg hg id `dsd rfjf- sd. ]idgfs oh nfildjlúg f hsqulstfslodo sh nfr`dg hgtrh ids jdpds oh ids rfjds `htd`úrjds odgof id pdrlhgjld oh afcds f iä`lgds. Jfgtdjtfs iltfiúeljfs, quh jf`óg`hg- th nfr`dg, pfr hch`pif, id jdcd thjaf y jdcd plsf oh ugd vhtd. ^hgliids  sfg rhiihgfs oh ids nrdjturds jfg ftrfs dthrldihs.
Ftrfs rdsefs ehfiúeljd`hgth l`pfrtdgths
Hxlsthg ftrfs rdsefs ehfiúeljfs l`- pfrtdgths quh ohkhg shr tf`dofs hg juhgtd, jf`f3
]ilheuhs sfg hstrujturds hg ids judihs ifs hstrdtfs sh prhshgtdg jurvdofs. Olquhs  sfg lgtruslfghs oh rfjd àeghd oh nfr`d tdkuidr, quh sh prhshgtdg eh- ghrdi`hgth h`plgdods f vhrtljdihs. Jal`hghds f juhiifs vfijägljfs  sfg lgtuslfghs quh adg odof frlehg d ifs jfgfs vfijägljfs.
E
Dinfgsf ]dglzf Fthrf
’[hspuhstd d h`hrehgjlds rhqulhrh phrsfgds jfg hxphrlhgjld, hgtrhgdods y hqulpd`lhgtf dohjudof • Hs nugod`hgtdi jfgfjhr ifs rlhsefs oh jdod fphrdjlúg
_fods ids djtlvlodohs lgoustrldihs gf hstäg ilkrhs oh id fjurrhgjld oh h`hrehgjlds. ]rhpdrdrsh pdrd dnrfgtdrid oh `dghrd hjdz, hs ugd tdrhd quh lgvfiujrd d tfofs ifs hstd`hgtfs oh ugd h`prhsd. Hi lgehglhrf Dinfgsf ]dglzf Fthrf, pdst- prhslohgt oh id Zfjlhodo Gdjlfgdi oh ]rfthjjlúg Jfgtrd Lgjhgolfs y prhslohgth oh Hgelghhrlge Zhrvljhs (HZZDJ), hxpiljd dieugfs dsphjtfs quh ohkhg tf`drsh hg juhgtd.
¶]fr quì sh prfoujhg ids h`hrehgjlds hg ärhds lgoustrldihs6 Ids h`hrehgjlds fjurrhg pfr ugd nd- iid hg hi slsth`d oh sheurlodo. Hs l`- pfrtdgth thghr hg jidrf quh ids h`hr- ehgjlds lgjrh`hgtdg id shvhrlodo ohi l`pdjtf ohklof d sdihg nuhrdg oh jfgtrfi y, pfr gdturdihzd, puhohg shr `uy jf`piljdods. Dgth ugd h`hr- ehgjld, if prl`hrf hs rhspfgohr oh `dghrd lg`holdtd, jfg trdgqulilodo slg dpdslfgd`lhgtfs y rhspfgohr klhg, `htúoljf, fkshrvdofr, tìjgljf, hgtrhgdof. Fkvld`hgth, id prlfrlodo täjtljd slh`prh hs prfthehr id id vlod.
¶Juäihs sfg ifs tlpfs oh h`hrehgjlds6 Zfg olstlgtfs ifs hsjhgdrlfs quh
;>   ZHEX[LODO @LGH[D
:4G³ 445 - Nhkrhrf ;=48
puhohg ehghrdrsh. If käsljf sfg ifs lgjhgolfs, quh puhohg prfvfjdr hxpifslfghs f lgjiulr `dthrldihs phil- erfsfs, thghr gukhs oh vdpfrhs f oh edshs. Ftrfs hsjhgdrlfs sfg ifs djjl- ohgths jfg ihslúg, ohsoh ugd jdàod f ug efiph, adstd dieulhg dtrdpdof pfr dief, hg ug slgnàg, ndcd trdgspfrtdofrd f hihvdofr, dtrdpdof jfg ugd jdred hgjl`d f hg ugd hstrujturd jfidpsd- od. _d`klìg hstäg ifs rhsjdths, quh puhohg shr hg hspdjlfs jfggdofs, tóghihs, tdgquhs, oujtfs, vhaàjuifs y hstrujturds jfidpsdods. Hg hi shj- tfr `lghràd ifs hsjhgdrlfs puhohg shr `äs jf`pihcfs, ofgoh ids sfiu- jlfghs jfgvhgjlfgdihs gf ghjhsdrld- `hgth sh puhohg dpiljdr.
¶Tuì hs ugd hstrdtheld oh prfthjjlúg6 Hg pfjds pdidkrds, jdod rlhsef, jfg-  cugtf oh rlhsefs, tlpfs oh h`prhsd, `ìtfof oh fphrdjlúg, `dqulgdrld, hqulpfs y nuhgths oh hghreàd, hgtrh ftrfs, tlhghg ug ohthr`lgdof pfthg- jldi oh shvhrlodo hg jdsf oh ndiid,
jf`f lgjhgolf , hxpifslúg, au`fs f jfidpsf, htj. Id hstrdtheld dgdilzd hs- tfs pfthgjldihs prfkih`ds y trdkdcd hg `lgl`lzdrifs, hvltägofifs f trdsid- oägofifs, usdgof vdrlds ahrrd`lhg- tds quh thr`lgdg hg ug hsquh`d sh- eurf oh pidgtd, jfg ugd prfthjjlúg y ug slsth`d oh rhspuhstd dohjudof di rlhsef. ]fr hsf, id lgehglhràd gf hs dchgd d id rhspuhstd.
Dgth hsth d`pilf hsphjtrf, ¶quì tlpfs oh hstrdthelds oh rhspuhstd sh puhohg pidgthdr6 Judgof ug rhspfgohofr iihed d ugd h`hrehgjld, if prl`hrf quh tlhgh quh adjhr hs hgthgohr klhg hi hsjhgdrlf, lohgtljdr quì rlhsefs hxlsthg, quì prlfrlodohs ehghrdg y quì rhjursfs rhqulhrhg. Ifs glvhihs oh rhspuhstd d ugd h`hrehgjld lgoljdg jú`f vd d fphrdr hi slsth`d oh jf`dgof oh lgjlohgths, pfr ug idof, y jú`f sh `fvlilzdräg ifs rhjursfs, pfr hi ftrf. Id ifeàstljd hs nugod`hgtdi hg ugd h`hrehgjld. Gugjd ohkhg fivlodrsh quh hi rhs-
pfgohofr hs pdrth oh id sfiujlúg y gf ohi prfkih`d. [hspfgohofr slg hxph- rlhgjld, slg jfgfjl`lhgtf y slg ahrrd- `lhgtds, hs pfthgjldi`hgth pdrth ohi prfkih`d.
¶Tuì fredglzdjlúg `àgl`d ohkh thghrsh pdrd dthgohr ugd h`hrehgjld6 Jdod h`prhsd tlhgh rlhsefs, hsjh- gdrlfs y pfthgjldihs shvhrlodohs, if quh ohthr`lgdrä hi glvhi rlhsef y id fredglzdjlúg quh rhquhrlrä. ¶Tuì jfsd gf sh hsjdpd d glgeugd6 D th- ghr ug slsth`d oh jf`dgof oh lg- jlohgths, ug pidg oh jfgtlgehgjlds dohjudod`hgth hgtrhgdof hg ìpfjd oh pdz y duoltdof (pfr thrjhrfs), dsà jf`f jdpdjlodo pdrd jffrolgdr jfg id rhspuhstd hxthrgd f pidg oh dyuod `utud. Jfgnfr`h jd`klhg ifs rlhs- efs, id fredglzdjlúg y ifs rhjursfs td`klìg jd`kldräg.
 
Hgtrhvlstd
sdrld`hgth sh olshôd jfg ugd hs- trdtheld oh prfthjjlúg jfrrhjtd. Zh ju`pihg gfr`ds y júolefs, phrf gf sh `lrd hi pdgfrd`d jf`pihtf. ]fr hch`pif, ady `ujads h`prhsds quh jf`prdg ugd hstdjlúg jfgtrdlgjhg- olfs quh gf tlhgh gdod quh vhr jfg ifs rlhsefs d prfthehr. Jdod lgoustrld tlhgh su rlhsefs, ifs quh ohkhg dthgohrsh jfg lgehglhràd y hstrdtheld oh prfthjjlúg. Xg prh- eugtd sl`pih, ¶ifs trdgsnfr`dofrhs hgnrldofs pfr djhlth, sh hgjuhgtrdg hg hi `ls`f d`klhgth f holjdjlúg quh ifs tdkihrfs hiìjtrljfs oh olstrl- kujlúg, ifs tdkihrfs oh trdgsnhrhgjld y hi erupf hihjtrúehgf6 Oh shr dsà, hstäg pfglhgof hg rlhef id jfgtlgul- odo ohi ghefjlf oh id fphrdjlúg, y hsth prfkih`d gdjlú hg hi olshôf. Hi oàd ohi lgjhgolf glgeóg rhspfgoh- ofr pforä sfiujlfgdr hsth l`pdjtf. Hg `lghràd, ids sfiujlfghs oh lgeh- glhràd oh prfthjjlúg jfgtrdlgjhgolfs dug tlhgh `ujaf pfr adjhr. ]rheug- th hg su hqulpf f jfgtrdtlstd oh lg- ehglhràd, ¶Tulhg hs hi hxphrtf quh ohglú hi rlhsef y id hstrdtheld oh sfiujlúg6 ¡Hstd lgehglhràd gf hs ógl- jd`hgth tukhràds jfg deud! Hs olgä- `ljd oh nuhef, trdsnhrhgjld oh jdifr, vhgtlidjlúg, rhslsthgjld hstrujturdi di nuhef y `ujaf `äs. Ifs rhspfgohofrhs pfjf puhohg adjhr sl id sfiujlúg oh lgehglhràd gf prhvlú hsth tlpf oh hsjhgdrlfs.
¶Juäihs sfg ifs glvhihs oh rhspfgsdklilodohs6 Id prl`hrd pdrth oh id rhspuhstd tlhgh quh vhr hg jú`f hstä hstrujturdod id hstrdtheld oh prfthjjlúg oh id lgstd- idjlúg. Hxlsth ug erdg slegf oh lgth- rrfedjlúg sfkrh qulìg hs hi rhspfg- sdkih, pfr hch`pif, oh id rho oh deud jfgtrd lgjhgolf. ¶@dgthgl`lhgtf f Zheurlodo6 Jrhf quh hi ohpdrtd`hg- tf oh Zheurlodo gf puhoh ohjlr ’d l `h hgtrhedg tfof nugjlfgdgof2 hg `l fplglúg, sheurlodo ohkh quh shr hi rhspfgsdkih oh tfof if quh thged quh vhr jfg su rhspuhstd, hi pidg oh jfgtlgehgjld, hi hgtrhgd`lhgtf y ifs `holfs. ¶Tulìg adjh ids lgsphjjlf- ghs oh ifs slsth`ds6, ¶qulìg adjh ifs prftfjfifs oh pruhkd6 Ady ugd rhspfgsdklilodo l`pfrtdgth hg hi oh- pdrtd`hgtf oh Zheurlodo pdrd quh tfof nugjlfgh klhg. Hg `l hxphrlhg-
ehgjlds d ehgth quh gf hgtrhgds y gf hqulpds dohjudod`hgth oh djuhrof di tlpf oh rlhsef. Zl gf tlhghs prhsu- puhstf pdrd hqulpdrifs, gf dsu`ds quh vdg d rhspfgohr.
¶Hg hi jdsf oh ids chndturds6 Ohspuìs ohi ärhd oh Zheurlodo y ifs rhspfgohofrhs, vlhgh id rhspfgsd- klilodo ohi slsth`d oh jf`dgof oh lgjlohgths hg olstlgtfs glvhihs, jfg hgtrhgd`lhgtf, quh prhvld`hgth ad rhdilzdof sl`uidjrfs y duoltfràds. \ hstd rhspfgsdklilodo vd hsjdidgof hg chrdrquàd. Ohphgolhgof oh ifs glvhihs oh h`hrehgjlds (lgjlohgths) ohi slsth`d, ifs jf`dgodgths oh lgjlohgths vdg doqulrlhgof `dyfr rhspfgsdklilodo hg jfgtrfidr hi hsjh- gdrlf. Xg hsjhgdrlf olrlelof lgdohjudod- `hgth ehghrd djjlohgths, lgjrh`hg- td hi odôf (`äs shvhrlodo), dnhjtd id jfgtlgulodo oh ghefjlf y pfgh hg rlhsef id `drjd oh id h`prhsd.
\ hg hi jdsf ohi ehrhgth ehghrdi… Hi ehrhgth ehghrdi slh`prh tlhgh rhspfgsdklilodo. Zl ìi supfgh quh tlhgh ug hqulpf fredglzdof y quh nugjlfgd, phrf gugjd ad ahjaf ugd duoltfràd d trdvìs oh ug thrjhrf pdrd jf`prfkdrif, pforàd hgthgohrsh quh vlhgh djtudof oh `dghrd gheilehg- th. ]fr hi jfgtrdrlf, sl ad tf`dof tf- ods ids `holods oh jfgtrfi jfrrhjtds y puhoh oh`fstrdrif, hi slsth`d nug- jlfgd.
¶Tuì hs ug slsth`d oh jf`dgof oh
lgjlohgths6 Xg slsth`d oh jf`dgof oh lg- jlohgths hs id hstrujturd, fred- glzdjlúg y nugjlfghs quh ohkhg ju`pilr ids phrsfgds hg jdsf oh h`hrehgjlds, jfg hi prfpúsltf oh tf`dr id olrhjjlúg, id hstrdth- eld y hi jfgtrfi oh id fphrdjlúg. ]fr hch`pif, ug ehrhgth oh Do`l- glstrdjlúg pforàd thr`lgdr slhgof hi chnh ifeàstljf oh ugd fphrdjlúg oh h`hrehgjlds. Hs ug slsth`d frlhgtdof d id prfgtd sfiujlúg oh ids h`hrehgjlds.
jld, sheurlodo ohkh pdrtljlpdr jfg `dyfr ìgndsls, ohsoh hi olshôf y id lgehglhràd, adstd hg ids pruhkds y ifs prftfjfifs. Hg h`hrehgjlds, if jfg- trdrlf gf nugjlfgd.
 
 
Id jfgoujtd au`dgd dgth hi nuhef
Ids jdrdjthràstljds oh id jfgoujtd lgolvloudi y hg erupf oh ids phr- sfgds dgth ug lgjhgolf, sh adg
ohthr`lgdof nugod`hgtdi`hgth pfr hstuolfs oh lgvhstledjlúg hg ifs quh hi phrsfgdi ohi ohpdrtd`hgtf oh lgjhg- olfs lgthrrfeú d ifs lgolvloufs hg hi `f`hgtf oh prfoujlrsh ifs slglhstrfs. Id jfgoujtd oh ug lgolvlouf dgth ug lg- jhgolf hstdrä jfgoljlfgdod pfr odtfs ohi holjlf hg hi quh fjurrd hi lgjhg- olf y pfr id dpdrlhgjld ohi `ls`f hg hi `f`hgtf hg quh hs ohthjtdof. ]fr hch`pif, id jfgoujtd oh ifs fjupdgths vdrldrä sl phrjlkh fifr d au`f f sl ids iid`ds hstäg vlslkihs, jfg ug au`f fs- jurf quh fkstdjuilzd tftdi`hgth ifs pd- sliifs. Ifs odtfs oh prfthjjlúg jfgtrd lgjhgolfs quh fnrhzjd hi holjlf puh- ohg shr td`klìg jràtljfs pdrd hi `fof hg quh hi lgolvlouf phrjlkd id d`hgdzd quh supfgh hi lgjhgolf. Hvlohgth`hg- th, hg sltudjlfghs oh philerf oh id vlod, ids ohjlslfghs lgolvloudihs y ifs djtfs `äs l`pfrtdgths sh prfoujhg dgths oh quh iiheuh hi phrsfgdi hsphjldilzdof,
hs ohjlr, hg ids prl`hrds htdpds ohi lg- jlohgth.  Dsà puhs, id jfgoujtd oh ifs lgolvloufs hg jfgtdjtf olrhjtf jfg hi iuedr ofgoh sh lgljld rhsuitd jràtljd, gf súif pdrd hiifs `ls`fs, slgf td`klìg pdrd ftrfs fjupdgths ohi holjlf. Ady quh rhjf- gfjhr quh id jfgoujtd ditrulstd quh sh fkshrvd hg id `dyfràd oh ifs lgjhgolfs (jfg id lgthrdjjlúg oh ifs fjupdgths y hi hgtfrgf ofgoh sh ohsdrrfiid hi nuhef, oh ug `fof jfgsjlhgth y ohilkhrdof) dpdrhjh jf`f ugd rhdjjlúg ehghrdi. Id jfgoujtd gf dodptdtlvd f oh pägljf hs, dpdrhgth`hgth, id `hgfs jfrrlhgth hg jdsf oh lgjhgolf.
Hi prfjhsf oh ohjlslúg ohi lgolvlouf ]drd trdtdr oh hstrujturdr y hvdiudr ids jidvhs quh lgoljdg quh hxlsth di- eóg philerf, ug lgolvlouf sleuh slhth prfjhsfs. Zhls oh hstds htdpds sfg3 rhjfgfjl`lhgtf, jf`prfkdjlúg, ohgl- jlúg, jf`prf`lsf y rhjfgslohrdjlúg. Id sìptl`d, hi prfjhsf oh ugd shrlh oh ohjlslfghs oh ohnhgsd quh supfgh quh
adg lof ndiidgof sujhslvd`hgth ftrds ohnhgsds, gf sh ad ohsjrltf jf`f ug prfjhsf djtlvf ohgtrf oh id tf`d oh ohjlslfghs hg jdsf oh lgjhgolf.
4. [hjfgfjl`lhgtf Hi prfjhsf oh rhjfgfjl`lhgtf sh prf- oujh judgof hi lgolvlouf phrjlkh sh- ôdihs quh lgoljdg hi philerf oh lgjhg- olf. Hstds shôdihs puhohg shr `uy d`kleuds y gf lgoljdr jidrd`hgth ugd sltudjlúg erdvh. Gf fkstdgth, ids sh- ôdihs sfg, pfr if ehghrdi, jfgtlguds y oh lgthgslodo jrhjlhgth, ohklof d id olgä`ljd oh ids iid`ds, jdifr y au`f. _d`klìg ady lgnfr`hs quh lgoljdg quh id prholspfsljlúg gfr`di ohi lgolvlouf hs id oh rhjfgfjhr ids shôdihs oh didr- `d hg tìr`lgfs oh if quh puhoh fjurrlr jfg `dyfr prfkdklilodo, ehghrdi`hgth jfg rhidjlúg d hxphrlhgjlds dgthrlfrhs y hg id nfr`d oh ohshfs fptl`lstds. Hsth dsphjtf fptl`lstd oh id rhspuhstd dgth ugd didr`d puhoh shr hi rhsuitdof ol- rhjtf ohi jfgjhptf quh tlhgh hi lgolvl- ouf oh su vuighrdklilodo phrsfgdi.
> prfjhsfs jidvhs pdrd ohjlolr quì adjhr hg ug lgjhgolf
 
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:8G³ 445 - Nhkrhrf ;=48
Hi prfkih`d oh rhjfgfjl`lhgtf oh ids shôdihs oh d`hgdzd hs l`pfrtdgth pdrd id prfthjjlúg jfgtrd lgjhgolfs. Id djjlúg dodptdtlvd quh sh puhoh pfghr hg `drjad di prlgjlplf oh ugd didr`d oh lgjhgolf, id hvdjudjlúg oh ifs fju- pdgths ohi holjlf y id iujad jfgtrd hi nuhef, sh puhoh vhr rhtdrodod f dpid- zdod sl ifs lgolvloufs gf ohthjtdg ids shôdihs oh didr`d jf`f lgoljdtlvds oh ugd sltudjlúg oh h`hrehgjld. Id gdtu- rdihzd d`kleud oh hstds shôdihs adjh quh ifs lgolvloufs gfr`dihs, hs ohjlr, ifs quh gf hstäg hsphjldi`hgth prhpd- rdofs hg prhvhgjlúg jfgtrd lgjhgolfs, sfif rhjfgfjhg jf`f shôdihs oh didr- `d hi au`f hg erdg jdgtlodo f erdg- ohs iid`ds quh surehg oh rhphgth.
;. Jf`prfkdjlúg Hi prfjhsf oh jf`prfkdjlúg jfgslsth hg hi lgthgtf ohi lgolvlouf pfr ohthr- `lgdr id l`pfrtdgjld oh ids shôdihs oh rlhsef, quh djdkd jdsl slh`prh pfr rhjfgfjhr quh hi rlhsef hs phquhôf h l`prfkdkih. Gf fkstdgth, judgof ids shôdihs sfg d`kleuds, hi lgolvlouf lg- thgtdrä fkthghr lgnfr`djlúg doljlfgdi. Hg ftrds pdidkrds, id phrsfgd sh od juhgtd oh quh hstä fjurrlhgof dief, phrf gf hstä sheurf oh if quh hs hxdj- td`hgth. Zheóg adg oh`fstrdof ids lgvhstledjlfghs, id prhshgjld oh ftrds phrsfgds ourdgth hi prfjhsf oh rhjf- gfjl`lhgtf y jf`prfkdjlúg oh ug phil- erf lgalkh pfslkih`hgth f lguyh hg id rhspuhstd ohi lgolvlouf.
:. Ohnlgljlúg Hi prfjhsf oh ohgljlúg jfgslsth hshg - jldi`hgth hg ug lgthgtf ohi lgolvlouf pfr rhidjlfgdr id lgnfr`djlúg ohi phil- erf phrjlklof jfg dieugds oh sus vdrld- kihs, tdihs jf`f su gdturdihzd judiltdtl- vd, id `degltuo y su pfslkih ohsdrrfiif hg hi tlh`pf. Id dpdrljlúg oh thgslfghs y dgslhodo hg hi lgolvlouf pdrhjh quh hs `äs erdvh dgths oh iihedr d ohthr- `lgdr id hstrujturd f slegljdof oh id sltudjlúg, dugquh shd dpdrhgth quh tdi sltudjlúg gf hstä `uy jidrd. Hi jfgjhp- tf quh tlhgh hi lgolvlouf oh su pdphi hs ugf oh ifs ndjtfrhs jràtljfs hg sltudjlf- ghs rhidtlvds d id phrsfgdilzdjlúg ohi philerf y di hgtfrgf nàsljf. Ifs dsphjtfs nàsljfs `äs l`pfrtdgths hg hi prfjhsf oh ohgljlúg sfg id ehghrdjlúg, lgthg- slodo y prfpdedjlúg ohi au`f, iid`ds y jdifr.
?. Hvdiudjlúg Hi prfjhsf oh hvdiudjlúg sh puhoh
ohsjrlklr jf`f id djtlvlodo jfegfsjl- tlvd y psljfiúeljd ghjhsdrld pdrd quh hi lgolvlouf rhspfgod dgth hi philerf. Id jdpdjlodo ohi lgolvlouf pdrd rhou- jlr ifs glvhihs oh thgslúg y dgslhodo hs hi ndjtfr psljfiúeljf hshgjldi. Hg ugd sltudjlúg jrhdod pfr hi pfslkih ph- ilerf oh ug lgjhgolf, id hvdiudjlúg hs hi prfjhsf quh iihvd d id ohjlslúg oh rhdjjlfgdr, hgnrhgtägofsh di nuhef f auyhgof. Jfg id hvdiudjlúg sh jf`pih- td ugd ohjlslúg lgljldi quh l`piljd ugd rhspuhstd. D jdusd ohi ohsdrrfiif hg hi tlh`pf oh id ehghrdjlúg y prfpdedjlúg ohi nuhef, hi prfjhsf `hgtdi quh iihvd d id hvdiudjlúg, lgjiuslvh, puhoh thghr quh rhdilzdrsh hg sfif ugfs pfjfs sh- eugofs. Ids vdrldkihs ohi hgtfrgf nàsljf sfg ugd nuhgth l`pfrtdgth oh lgnfr`d- jlúg pdrd hi prfjhsf oh ohjlslúg oh ifs lgolvloufs quh ohkhg nfr`uidr pidghs oh dodptdjlúg, hvdjudjlúg f ohnhgsd. Ourdgth hi prfjhsf oh hvdiudjlúg, hi lgolvlouf puhoh ohjlolr dkdgofgdr hi holjlf (aulr) f utlilzdr ug hxtlgtfr pfr - tätli (iujadr). Ourdgth hsth tlh`pf, hi lgolvlouf hs hsphjldi`hgth susjhptlkih d ids djjlfghs y jf`ugljdjlfghs oh ifs ftrfs. Oh hsth `fof, puhoh l`ltdr ids rhdjjlfghs oh ifs lgolvloufs d ifs quh fkshrvd, if quh puhoh odr iuedr d ugd jfgoujtd dodptdtlvd f gf dodptdtlvd oh id `dsd, hg vhz oh d jfgoujtds lgolvl- oudihs.
8. Jf`prf`lsf Hi prfjhsf oh jf`prf`lsf jfgslsth hg ifs `hjdgls`fs quh utlilzd hi lgolvlouf pdrd lgljldr ugd jfgoujtd quh ih iihvh d pfghr hg drjad ifs pidghs oh ohnhgsd quh sh ad nfr`uidof ourdgth hi prfjh- sf oh hvdiudjlúg. Hstd rhspuhstd d id d`hgdzd ohi lgjhgolf puhoh rhsuitdr ug ìxltf f ug nrdjdsf. Zl id rhspuhstd nrdjdsd, hi lgolvlouf sh vh l`piljdof lg- `holdtd`hgth hg hi sleulhgth prfjhsf oh rhjfgslohrdjlúg y jf`prf`lsf. Zl id djjlúg hs ug ìxltf, id dgslhodo y thg- slúg sh rhoujhg y hi lgolvlouf sh rhidcd, dugquh id sltudjlúg ehghrdi ohi lgjhg- olf shd dafrd `äs erdvh.
>. [hjfgslohrdjlúg Hi prfjhsf rhjfgslohrdjlúg y oh dodp- tdjlúg oh guhvfs jf`prf`lsfs hs hi quh `äs thgslfghs jrhd hg hi lgolvl- ouf, ohklof di ndiif oh ifs dgthrlfrhs lgthgtfs oh dofptdrsh d id sltudjlúg. Oh hsth `fof, ids rhdjjlfghs hxlelräg ug `dyfr hsnuhrzf, y hi lgolvlouf tlhgoh d shr `hgfs shihjtlvf hg id hihjjlúg oh su rhspuhstd. Zl lgjurrh hg sujhslvfs
ndiifs, hi lgolvlouf sh nrustrdrä jdod vhz `äs, if quh adrä du`hgtdr id pf- slklilodo oh rlhsef oh djjlohgths, jfg ug `dyfr glvhi oh djtlvlodo y `hgfrhs prfkdklilodohs oh ìxltf.  Di dgdilzdr id jfgoujtd oh ifs lgolvl- oufs l`piljdofs hg ug prfjhsf oh rhjfgfjl`lhgtf, jf`prfkdjlúg, ohgl- jlúg, hvdiudjlúg, jf`prf`lsf y rhjfg- slohrdjlúg, ady quh rhjfrodr quh tfofs hstfs prfjhsfs sfg olgä`ljfs y sh `foljdg jfgstdgth`hgth hg judgtf d su `degltuo, vhifjlodo h lgthgslodo. Ids djtlvlodohs psljfiúeljds y slfiúel - jds gfr`dihs oh ugd phrsfgd hstdräg prfkdkih`hgth pfr ohkdcf oh su glvhi ourdgth hi prfjhsf oh rhjfgfjl`lhgtf, pfrquh sh jfgjhgtrd hg id phrjhpjlúg oh ids shôdihs oh rlhsef. Ourdgth hi prfjhsf oh jf`prfkdjlúg y ohgljlúg ohi rlhsef, hxlstlrä ugd jf- `ugljdjlúg dklhrtd jfg ifs `lh`krfs `äs jhrjdgfs oh id pfkidjlúg d`hgd- zdod. Hi phràfof oh alphrdjtlvlodo pd- rhjh quh sujhoh, lgljldi`hgth, ourdgth hi prfjhsf oh jf`prf`lsf y sh adjh `äs lgthgsf ourdgth hi prfjhsf oh rh- jfgslohrdjlúg y guhvf jf`prf`lsf. Id thgslúg lrä du`hgtdgof hg jdod htdpd sujhslvd, pfrquh id `ftlvdjlúg prlgjl- pdi oh id jfgoujtd hs id rhoujjlúg oh thgslúg. Hi dsphjtf, id prfxl`lodo, id prfpd- edjlúg, hi tlh`pf y ifs edshs túxljfs prfoujlofs pfr hi lgjhgolf, tlhgohg td`klìg d prholspfghr di lgolvlouf d ug glvhi oh djtlvlodo `äs ditf, quh oh- phgoh oh su phrjhpjlúg oh tfods hstds vdrldkihs. Hg hi prfjhsf oh rhjfgslohrdjlúg y oh guhvf jf`prf`lsf, hi glvhi oh dj- tlvlodo ohi lgolvlouf puhoh jfgvhrtlrsh hg alphrdjtlvf f nrhgìtljf, f sh puhoh hxprhsdr hg ug hstdof jdtdstrújf, oh jf`pihtd lg`fvlilodo nàsljd h lgjdpd- jlodo oh hxprhsdrsh jfg jfahrhgjld. Hstfs lgolvloufs phrjlkhg id d`hgdzd jf`f dief quh sfkrhpdsd su glvhi oh dodptdjlúg. Id thgslúg hs hgtfgjhs erdvh y hiifs suju`khg tftdi`hgth. Jhsdg oh jf`pfrtdrsh oh `fof dodp- tdtlvf y dofptdg ugd djtltuo jf`pihtd- `hgth dpdrth oh id sltudjlúg, `holdgth ug `hjdgls`f oh rhtrdl`lhgtf psljfiú- eljf.
 
]drd `dgthghrsh ihcfs oh ifs djjlohgths
Hi tìjgljf oh `dgthgl`lhgtf ohs- tlgdof d id rhpdrdjlúg y puhstd hg shrvljlf oh lgnrdhstrujturds,
lgstdidjlfghs hg ehghrdi, hstä hxpuhstf d rlhsefs oh vdrlfs tlpfs (`hjägljfs, nàsljfs y hrefgú`ljfs), pfr id vhrsdtlil- odo y vdrlhodo oh trdkdcfs d rhdilzdr y iuedrhs ofgoh ohsdrrfiidrifs. Oh djuhrof d ofjhgths oh id uglvhrsl- odo oh Zhvliid, hi trdkdcf oh `dgthgl- `lhgtf supfgh id rhdilzdjlúg oh tdrhds hg iuedrhs `uy olspdrhs y usdgof ugd erdg ed`d oh ahrrd`lhgtds (tdgtf `d- gudihs jf`f hiìjtrljds) y oh `holfs duxlildrhs (hsjdihrds, dgod`lfs, jdkd- iihths, htj.). Gf ady quh fivlodr id hxpfsljlúg d rlhs- efs l`pfrtdgths jf`f ifs ohrlvdofs oh trdkdcfs hg diturd, jfgtdjtfs jfg sus- tdgjlds quà`ljds philerfsds, `dglpuid- jlúg `dgudi oh jdreds, htj.
Ifjdihs y hqulpfs oh trdkdcf Zfg tfods dquhiids zfgds pfr ids quh sh
trdgsltd f hg ids quh sh rhdilzd dieóg trd- kdcf (tdiihrhs, di`djhghs, lgstdidjlfghs, pdsliifs, ohphgohgjlds, hxthrlfrhs, htj.). • [lhsef oh efiphs y jfrths, prfoujl-
ofs pfr `äqulgds jfg pdrths `úvl- ihs slg prfthjjlúg.
• [lhsef oh jdàods hg hi ls`f pidgf prfoujlof pfr sujlhodohs, erdsds y djhlths, ahrrd`lhgtds oh id prf- pld fphrdjlúg ohcdods hg hi suhif, ohnfr`djlfghs f lrrheuidrlodohs ohi plsf y usf oh jdizdof lgdohjudof.
• [lhsef oh jdàods oh diturd ohs- oh hsjdihrds oh `dgf, dgod`lfs, puhstfs hihvdofs f dkhrturds hg hi suhif.
• [lhsef oh prfyhjjlúg oh pdrtàjuids ohrlvdof ohi usf oh ohthr`lgdod `dqulgdrld f ahrrd`lhgtds.
• [lhsef oh jfrths pfr ahrrd`lhgtds jfg suphrjlhs philerfsds.
[lhsef hiìjtrljf Id hihjtrljlodo hs ug nhgú`hgf nàsljf
_drhds oh `dgthgl`lhgtf rhqulhrhg hstdr dihrtds d `óitlpihs rlhsefs quh jfgslsth hg hi `fvl`lhgtf oh hihj- trfghs d trdvìs oh id `dthrld. Hxlsthg ofs tlpfs oh jfgtdjtf hiìjtrljf3 olrhjtf h lgolrhjtf. • [lhsef oh jfgtdjtf hiìjtrljf olrhj-
tf, prfoujlofs di tfjdr dieugd pdr- th oh guhstrf juhrpf ug jfgoujtfr pfr hi quh jlrjuid jfrrlhgth hiìjtrljd y ohrlvägofsh hstd d tlhrrd (f d ftrf pfthgjldi).
• [lhsef oh jfgtdjtf hiìjtrljf lgol- rhjtf, prfoujlof di tfjdr dieugd pdrth oh ug hqulpf (`äqulgd, ah- rrd`lhgtd f lgstdidjlúg, htj.) quh gf ohkhràd hstdr hg thgslúg phrf quh, pfr olvhrsfs `ftlvfs, sà if hstä.
 
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:1 ZHEX[LODO @LGH[D
pfr jfgtdjtf olrhjtf f pfr lgadidjlúg3 ohr`dtfsls, dihrelds h lrrltdjlfghs, htj.
Dehgths nàsljfs Zfg ifs odôfs d id sdiuo prfoujlofs pfr nhgú`hgfs nàsljfs (rulof, fgods hihjtrf`degìtljds, jdifr f nràf, htj.). _d`klìg sh jfgth`pidg ifs philerfs oh rdoldjlfghs y quh`dourds prfoujlofs hg ids fphrdjlfghs oh sfiodourd. • [lhsef oh hxpfsljlúg d rulof pfr
hqulpfs y ahrrd`lhgtds rulofsfs. • [lhsef oh hxpfsljlúg d jd`pfs
hihjtrf`degìtljfs. • [lhsef oh hxpfsljlúg d th`phrdtu-
rds y jfgoljlfghs jil`ätljds dovhr- sds.
• [lhsefs oh oh sfiodourd3   ù ]fslkihs ihslfghs hg ifs fcfs pfr
nditd oh nfr`djlúg, oh ifs fphrdrlfs quh trdkdcdg jfg sfiodourd hiìjtrl- jd, djhrjd oh ifs rlhsefs d ifs quh hstäg hxpuhstfs.
  ù  Zh hvltdrä `lrdr olrhjtd`hgth hi drjf vfitäljf, yd quh id lgthgslodo iu`lgfsd puhoh prfoujlr erdvhs ihslfghs. Doh`äs, pdrd prhvhglr hstd sltudjlúg, shrä fkiledtfrlf hi usf oh prfthjjlúg fjuidr hsphjldi pdrd sfiodourd (pdgtdiids ndjldihs).
  ù Ourdgth id rhdilzdjlúg oh ids fph- rdjlfghs oh pljdof oh ifs jfrof- ghs oh sfiodourd, sh puhohg prf- oujlr prfyhjjlfghs oh nrde`hgtfs f pdrtàjuids ohsprhgolods, sh rh- jf`lhgod hi usf oh hqulpfs oh prfthjjlúg phrsfgdi jhrtljdofs quh prfthcdg hi juhrpf y id jdrd oh oljads prfthjjlfghs.
• _rdkdcfs hg d`klhgths jfgtd`lgd- ofs. ù  Id zfgds ohstlgdods pdrd trdkd-
 cfs hg sfiodourd, sh olspfgoräg hg iuedrhs vhgtlidofs f sh ols- pfgorä oh vhgtlidjlúg drtljldi pdrd hvltdr id lgadidjlúg oh edshs túxljfs. Zl gf hs pfslkih sh oftd- rä d ifs trdkdcdofrhs oh `dsjd- rliids jfg itrfs dohjudofs d ifs au`fs prfoujlofs.
• Tuh`dourds pfr hxlsthgjld oh `h- jahrfs pdrd sfiodourd slg väivuids dgtlrrhtrfjhsf oh id iid`d. Nditd oh nfr`djlúg f prhjlpltdjlúg hg id rhdil- zdjlúg oh ifs trdkdcfs. ù  Ifs `hjahrfs pdrd sfiodourd
`holdgth edshs iljudofs, hstdräg oftdofs oh väivuids dgtlrrhtrfjh- sf oh id iid`d, hg prhvhgjlúg ohi rlhsef oh hxpfsljlúg.
ù  Zh hvltdräg ids fphrdjlfghs oh fxljfrth hg id vhrtljdi oh dquhiids
zfgds ofgoh adyd phrsfgds trd- kdcdgof f `dthrldi jf`kustlkih.
• ]drd trdkdcfs jfg erupf oh sfiod- ourd hiìjtrljd hs hsphjldi`hgth l`- pfrtdgth id dslegdjlúg oh hqulpfs oh prfthjjlúg lgolvloudi pdrd hvltdr quh`dourds3 jukrhplhs, pfidlgds, `dgeultfs, eudgths y `dgolihs oh juhrf, ednds dgtlprfyhjjlfghs, pdg- tdiids ndjldihs dgtlsfiodourd, `ds- jdrliids (sl gf ady sujlhgth vhgtlid- jlúg). _fofs ifs hqulpfs pfshhräg `drjdof oh jhrtljdjlúg.
• Di`djhgd`lhgtf y trdgspfrth lgdoh- judof oh ids kfthiids.
[lhsef oh lgjhgolf y hxpifslúg • [lhsef oh lgjhgolf f hxpifslúg pfr
trdkdcfs hg prfxl`lodo oh prfouj- tfs lgd`dkihs f `hzjids hxpifsl- vds3 ù Gf dju`uidr sustdgjlds lgd`d-
kihs lgghjhsdrld`hgth. ù  Hil`lgdr ids pfslkihs nuhgths oh
hghreàd oh djtlvdjlúg. ]rfalklr nu`dr.
ù  ^hgtlidr id zfgd oh nfr`d nfrzdod f gdturdi.
ù  Jf`prfkdr phrlúoljd`hgth id ahr`htljlodo oh ids jfgoujjlf- ghs oh eds.
ù  Hg dt`úsnhrds pfthgjldi`hgth hxpifslvds gf sh rhdilzdräg trdkd-  cfs hg thgslúg (usf oh lgstdidjlúg hiìjtrljd dgtlohderdgth).
ù  Hg trdkdcfs jhrjdgfs d `dthrldi lgd`dkih sh thgorä d `dgf ug hxtlgtfr dohjudof d id jidsh oh nuhef.
ù  Zh ohkh jfgfjhr id djtudjlúg hg jdsf oh h`hrehgjld.
Liu`lgdjlúg • [lhsefs ohklof d ohnljlhgth glvhi
oh liu`lgdjlúg quh puhoh prfvf- jdr tdgtf ndtled jf`f efiphs, jfr- ths u ftrds ihslfghs pfr nditd oh vlslklilodo. ù  Zh ohkhrä iihvdr d jdkf ug `dg-
thgl`lhgtf hg judgtf d il`plhzd y rhpfsljlúg oh iu`lgdrlds pdrd edrdgtlzdr ug glvhi oh liu`lgd- jlúg jfgstdgth y djhptdkih.
ù  Hg hi di`djìg y tdiihr sh rhjf- `lhgodg glvhihs oh liu`lgdjlúg suphrlfrhs d ifs 48= iuxhs.
ù  Zh julodrä id liu`lgdjlúg dj- jhsfrld, oh tdi nfr`d quh gf l`pilquh rlhsefs hiìjtrljfs pfr ohnljlhgth hstdof ohi jdkihd- of.
@dglpuidjlúg oh jdreds y pfsljlfghs nfrzdods • [lhsef oh sfkrhhsnuhrzf ohklof
d id hihvdjlúg y hi trdgspfrth oh jdreds y d ifs trdkdcfs hg pfstu- rds nfrzdods (dedjadof, krdzfs hg ditf f juhrpf lgjilgdof, htj.) ù  Zlh`prh quh shd pfslkih, sh
rhdilzdrä hi trdgspfrth oh jdreds `hjägljd`hgth.
ù  [hsphtdr ids jdreds `äxl`ds sheóg hodo y shxf.
ù  Zhihjjlúg oh ótlihs y ahrrd`lhg- tds dohjudofs pdrd hvltdr pfs- turds nfrzdods.
ù  ]drd hihvdr ugd jdred, sh nihxlf- gdräg ids rfoliids, sh dedrrdrä nlr`h`hgth id jdred jfg ids `d- gfs y `dgthglhgof id hspdiod rhjtd sh hgohrhzdräg ids rfol- iids.
Fphrdjlfghs
 
¶Zdkh jú`f dpiljdr id ihelsidjlúg hg sheurlodo6
Hi ilkrf, ohgf`lgdof Euàd pdrd l`pih`hgtdr id gfr`dtlvd oh sh-  eurlodo y sdiuo hg hi trdkdcf ohi
]hró, hstä olrlelof hsphjldi`hgth d ifs hgjdredofs oh id sheurlodo y sdiuo hg hi trdkdcf. Diià hgjfgtrdräg hi dgäilsls oh jdod ugf oh ifs < prlgjlplfs y 4=: drtà- juifs oh id ihy ;<51:, ids `foljdjlf- ghs oh id ihy :=;;; y if rheid`hgtdof hg hi OZ ==8 y OZ ==>. Hi ilkrf hs ug hstuolf `uitlolsjlpilgdrlf y dgdiàtljf oh id curlspruohgjld gdjlfgdi, id gfr`dtlvd phrudgd y sus prlgjlpdihs nuhgths lgthrgdjlfgdihs, d jdref oh ifs hsphjldilstds Cdl`h Juzquìg ohi ]hró, ]dkif ]lgtf oh Jfif`kld, Cdvlhr ]rdohrd y [dquhi Zhrrdgf, d`kfs oh Hspdôd. Ifs jf`hgtdrlfs, ids rhjf`hgodjlfghs y hxpiljdjlfghs kusjdg rhsfivhr ids ouods hg tfrgf d jú`f iihvdr d id präjtljd tfods ids hxlehgjlds oh id ihy djrf oh sheurl- odo y sdiuo hg hi trdkdcf, sus `foljd- jlfghs y gfr`dtlvds jf`pih`hgtdrlds.
Xgd vdilfsd ahrrd`lhgtd pdrd l`pih`hgtdr id gfr`dtlvd oh sheurlodo y sdiuo hg hi trdkdcf sh hgjuhgtrd di dijdgjh oh tfods ids h`prhsds ohi pdàs. Zh trdtd oh ugd euàd pukiljdod pfr id Dsfjldjlúg ]hrudgd oh ]rhvhgjlfglstds oh [lhsefs ( D]O[), id `ls`d quh jfgtlhgh jfgshcfs y dgäilsls pdrd ugd l`pih`hgtdjlúg hxltfsd oh id ihelsidjlúg oh id sheurlodo y sdiuo fjupdjlfgdi.
D]O[ pukiljd Euàd pdrd l`pih`hgtdr id gfr`dtlvd oh sheurlodo y sdiuo hg hi trdkdcf ohi ]hró
]ukiljdjlfghs
Jdkh ohstdjdr quh id euàd hxpiljd jú`f hidkfrdr ifs ofju`hgtfs quh hxleh id ihelsidjlúg pdrd hvlohgjldr su ju`pil- `lhgtf. Dsà `ls`f, lgjiuyh ug JO jfg ifs `fohifs oh nfr`dtfs, prfjhol`lhg- tfs, pidghs, prferd`ds, pfiàtljd y oh`äs ofju`hgtfs quh sh rhqulhrhg. Id euàd shrä oh `ujad utlilodo d h`prh- sdrlfs, y jfgsuitfrhs, dsà jf`f d qulhghs sh ohsh`phôdg jf`f duoltfrhs lgoh- phgolhgths h lgsphjtfrhs oh id Zugdi, doh`äs oh ifs hstuoldgths oh jdrrhrds dsfjldods d id sdiuo fjupdjlfgdi, href- gf`àd, sheurlodo h alelhgh lgoustrldi.
¶Oúgoh doqulrlrid6 Olstrlkujlúg d glvhi gdjlfgdi d jdref oh id Dsfjldjlúg ]hrudgd oh ]rhvhg- jlfglstds oh [lhsefs.  Dv. [hpókiljd oh ]dgd`ä 88;5, Fn, ;=4, Zurquliif, Il`d. Jfrrhf hihjtrúgljf3 lgnfMdpor.fre.ph. _hiìnfgf3 ;?:>?;?. ]rhjlf3 Z/. 4;= sfihs `äs edstfs oh hgvàf.
Olspfglkih hg ids prlgjlpdihs ilkrhràds ohi ]hró.      ]      X      K      I      L     [      [      H      ]
      F      [      _      D      C      H
:8G³ 445 - Nhkrhrf ;=48
 
Jfgnldgzd hg jdod glvhi
Ifs dgod`lfs oh trdkdcf sfg jfgs- trujjlfghs th`pfrdihs quh sh prh- jlsdg pdrd prfpfrjlfgdr ug djjh-
sf y iuedr oh trdkdcf sheurfs pdrd id jfgstrujjlúg, `dgthgl`lhgtf, rhpdrd- jlúg f oh`filjlúg oh holjlfs y ftrds hstrujturds. Käsljd`hgth hxlsthg trhs tlpfs phrnhjtd`hgth olnhrhgjldofs3 hi dgod`lf oh ndjadod, hi dgod`lf `ui- tlolrhjjlfgdi f oh vfiu`hg y ids tfrrhs `úvlihs. Hi dgod`lf oh ndjadod tlhgh jdpdjlodo pdrd odr rhspuhstd d ids ghjhslodohs oh jukrlr judiqulhr ndjadod y ih phr`lth dkfrodr jfg tftdi sheurlodo ids olstlg- tds jfgeurdjlfghs quh sh prhshgtdg hg rhadkliltdjlúg, dpiljdjlúg oh rhvhs- tl`lhgtfs, `dgthgl`lhgtf y dikdôlihràd hg ehghrdi. Hi slsth`d hstä jf`puhstf nugod`hgtdi`hgth oh `drjfs quh ugl- ofs `holdgth pidtdnfr`ds, kdrdgoliids y oldefgdihs, fnrhjhg, cugtf d ifs olnh- rhgths hih`hgtfs oh sheurlodo, jfg-  cugtfs dodptdkihs d judiqulhr ndjadod. Hi dgod`lf `uitlolrhjjlfgdi hs ug slsth- `d oh erdg vhrsdtlilodo jdpdz oh jukrlr
d pihgd sdtlsndjjlúg ids olnhrhgths jfg- eurdjlfghs y dpiljdjlfghs quh sh prh- shgtdg hg rhstdurdjlúg, rhadkliltdjlúg, fjlf, hsphjtäjuifs y `dgthgl`lhgtf lg- oustrldi. Hi slsth`d, kdsdof hg hih`hg- tfs ifgeltuolgdihs, prhshgtd ug olsjf oh uglúg quh phr`lth hi hgsd`kidch oh tfofs ifs hih`hgtfs, prfpfrjlfgdgof di jfgcugtf ugd erdg rlelohz y hstdklilodo. Ids tfrrhs `úvlihs sfg dgod`lfs jdpd- jhs oh ohspidzdrsh `dgudi`hgth sf- krh ug thrrhgf r`h y glvhidof. Hstds tfrrhs prhshgtdg ugd sfiujlúg sheurd y hjdz pdrd dkfrodr trdkdcfs hg diturd rhnhrhgths d lgstdidjlfghs hiìjtrljds, trdkdcfs oh dikdôlihràd, plgturd, il`plh- zd oh jrlstdihs, htj.
Ourdgth hi `fgtdch Zheurlodo lgolvloudi Hi phrsfgdi `fgtdofr quh ohkd dj- jhohr di dgod`lf ohkhrä olspfghr y hstdrä fkiledof d utlilzdr hi hqulpf oh prfthjjlúg lgolvloudi. Hg ifs dgod`lfs jfg `dthrldi `uitlol- rhjjlfgdi y oh tukf y erdpd, klhg pfr
@fgtdch oh dgod`lfs ohkh jhôlrsh d lgoljdjlfghs ohi ndkrljdgth
 
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?4G³ 445 - Nhkrhrf ;=48
juhstlfghs oh dpiljdjlúg f hjfgú`l- jds, hs nrhjuhgth il`ltdr hi gó`hrf oh pidtdnfr`ds. Hg hstfs jdsfs ady quh thghr hg juhgtd quh id sheurlodo oh ifs `fgtdofrhs sh vh dithrdod, adjlìgofsh l`prhsjlgolkih hi h`pihf ohi drgìs oh sheurlodo. Jf`f gfr`d ehghrdi, slh`prh quh hxlstd pfslklilodo oh jdàod ohsoh ugd diturd leudi f suphrlfr d ; `, y gf sh olspfged oh kdrdgoliids hg tfof hi jfg- tfrgf, shrä fkiledtfrlf hi h`pihf ohi dr- gìs oh sheurlodo. Hi drgìs oh sheurlodo sh dgjidrä d3 • Jdkihs f juhrods prhvld`hgth thg-
olods y prhvlstds pdrd hsth g. • ]ugtfs r`hs oh id holjdjlúg. • Hstrujturd ohi dgod`lf yd dsheurd-
od.
Lgljlf ohi `fgtdch Ifs hih`hgtfs quh ohgfthg dieóg ndiif tìjgljf f ug `di jf`pfrtd`lhgtf hs- trujturdi sh ohs`fgtdräg oh lg`holdtf, prfjholhgof d su rhpdrdjlúg f sustltu- jlúg. Dsà `ls`f, ids ahrrd`lhgtds oh `fgtdch f ifs hqulpfs oh prfthjjlúg quh prhshgthg dieóg ohnhjtf ohkhräg shr sustltulofs pfr ftrfs.  Dquhiids pdrths ohi dgod`lf quh gf hstìg ilstds pdrd su utlilzdjlúg, prlgjl- pdi`hgth ourdgth hi `fgtdch y hi ohs- `fgtdch, ohkhräg shôdilzdrsh y hstdr ohil`ltdods jfgvhglhgth`hgth holdg- th hih`hgtfs nàsljfs quh l`plodg hi dj- jhsf d id zfgd oh philerf. Id rhdilzdjlúg oh ug jfrrhjtf rhpidg- thf hs käsljf pdrd hnhjtudr ug trdkdcf sheurf, jfg if quh hsth slh`prh sh ohkhrä hchjutdr sheóg ug jrfquls oh `fgtdch f ids lgstrujjlfghs odods pfr ifs tìjgljfs, hi hgjdredof f hi ndkrl- jdgth. Zh prfjhohrä di rhjfgfjl`lhgtf ohi thrrhgf jfg hi g oh ohthr`lgdr hi dpfyf `äs jfrrhjtf. Ifs drrdgquhs hs- tdräg sfkrh dpfyfs súilofs y glvhidofs, jfg kdshs rheuidkihs oh glvhidjlúg jfg rhpdrtf oh jdred y hg jdsf ghjhsdrlf sfkrh ugd kdsh oh `dohrd. Zl hi thrrh- gf hs pfjf r`h, hi tlpf oh dpfyf if ohjlolrä hi olrhjtfr tìjgljf oh id fkrd. Hg zfgds urkdgds sh thgorä ugd dthg- jlúg hsphjldi prfjurdgof ohcdr ilkrhs oh pdsf ifs djjhsfs d jf`hrjlfs h lg- `uhkihs, dsà jf`f ohcdgof ilkrhs ids tdpds oh drquhtds. Zhrä hi olrhjtfr tìj- gljf oh id fkrd hi hgjdredof oh hvdiudr hi rlhsef oh jfgtdjtf hiìjtrljf.
]rfjhsf oh `fgtdch Gf sh lgljldrä ug guhvf glvhi slg dgths adkhr jfgjiulof hi oh pdrtlod jfg tfofs
ifs hih`hgtfs oh sheurlodo, d`drrhs, drrlfstrd`lhgtfs y `holfs oh djjhsf quh ih jfrrhspfgodg. Id sheurlodo dijdgzdod hg hi glvhi yd jfgsfilodof shrä tdi quh fnrhjhrä ids edrdgtàds ghjhsdrlds jf`f pdrd d`d- rrdr d ìi hi `fsquhtúg ohi drgìs oh sh- eurlodo. Dgths oh suklrsh d ugd pidtd- nfr`d dgod`ldod ohkhrä rhvlsdrsh su hstrujturd pdrd hvltdr ids sltudjlfghs lghstdkihs. Ids uglfghs hgtrh tukfs sh rhdilzdräg jfg hi slsth`d prhvlstf pfr hi ndkrljdg- th, hvltägofsh hi usf oh juhrods, did`- krhs, htj.
Jfgoljlfghs oh sheurlodo ohi dgod`lf `fgtdof Xgd vhz `fgtdof y dgths oh rhdilzdr id hgtrhed d id h`prhsd usudrld, hi dgod- `lf ohkh ju`pilr ids sleulhgths jfg- oljlfghs, doh`äs oh ids `drjdods hg pidgfs y gftd tìjgljd.
Drrdgquhs Ifs drrdgquhs hstdräg sfkrh dpfyfs súilofs y glvhidofs, jfg kdshs rheuid- kihs oh glvhidjlúg y rhpdrtf oh jdred. Gf sh do`ltlräg dpfyfs sfkrh idorliifs, kifquhs oh afr`leúg, kfvholiids f sl- `lidrhs, gl sh dpfydräg sfkrh tdpds oh drquhtds f sl`lidrhs.
]idtdnfr`ds oh trdkdcf Ids pidtdnfr`ds oh trdkdcf thgoräg slg hxjhpjlúg ugd dgjaurd `àgl`d, hstd- räg d`drrdods d id hstrujturd tukuidr y shräg oh suphrjlhs dgtlohsilzdgths. Ifs `úouifs oh ids pidtdnfr`ds gf prhshgtdräg erlhtds, dpidstd`lhgtfs gl glgeóg ftrf ohnhjtf l`pfrtdgth. Hstd- räg rdzfgdkih`hgth il`plfs pdrd pfohr ohthjtdr ohnhjtfs oh hsth tlpf.
Kdrdgoliids Zlh`prh quh hxlstd ug rlhsef oh jdàod oh diturd oh `äs oh ; ` ids pidtdnfr- `ds oh trdkdcf ohkhräg olspfghr oh kdrdgoliids. Ids kdrdgoliids ohkhräg shr rhslsthgths, oh ugd diturd `àgl`d oh <= j` y, judgof shd ghjhsdrlf pdrd l`pholr hi pdsf f ohsilzd`lhgtf oh ifs trdkdcdofrhs f pdrd hvltdr id jdàod oh fkchtfs, olspfgoräg, rhsphjtlvd`hgth, oh ugd prfthjjlúg lgthr`hold y oh ug rfodplì. Jf`f präjtljd adkltudi3 • Zl hi dgod`lf hstä ukljdof d ug
`äxl`f oh ;= j` oh id ndjadod, gf ghjhsltd prfthjjlúg lgthrlfr.
• Zl hi dgod`lf hstä ukljdof hgtrh ;= y ?= j` oh id ndjadod, ohkhrä lgs-
tdidrsh ugd kdrdgoliid lgthrlfr d ugd diturd hgtrh 5= y 4== j` sfkrh id pidtdnfr`d.
• Zl hi dgod`lf hstä ukljdof d `äs oh ?= j` oh id ndjadod, sh jfifjdrä ugd kdrdgoliid lgthrlfr hgtrh ifs <8 y ifs 4=8 j` y ugd kdrrd lgthr`hold hgtrh ifs ?8 y ifs 88 j` oh diturd sf- krh id pidtdnfr`d.
Oldefgdihs Ids oldefgdihs dsheurdg id hstdklilodo ifgeltuolgdi ohi dgod`lf. Hstds ohkh- räg jfifjdrsh sheóg ids lgstrujjlfghs ohi ndkrljdgth. Hi dgod`lf lgjfrpfrd- rä hi gó`hrf oh oldefgdihs ghjhsdrlf pdrd dsheurdr su hstdklilodo. Jf`f `àgl`f, y ohphgolhgof ohi `d- thrldi quh sh utliljh, sh `fgtdräg old- efgdihs hg ug `úouif oh jdod trhs d jlgjf, d if idref oh tfod su diturd, f klhg, oldefgdihs jfgtlguds pdrtlhgof ohi suhif.
D`drrhs Ifs d`drrhs sfg lgolsphgsdkihs pdrd hvltdr id jdàod tftdi f pdrjldi ohi dgod- `lf. Hi dgod`lf hstdrä d`drrdof r`h- `hgth d id ndjadod f hstrujturd. Zfif sh pforä prhsjlgolr oh ifs d`drrhs d id ndjadod hg dquhiifs jdsfs hg quh dsà if lgolquh hi ndkrljdgth. Hg dgod`lfs quh ohkdg lr d`drrdofs, adkrä jf`f `àgl`f ug d`drrh jdod ;? `; hg ifs dgod`lfs gf juklhrtfs, y ug d`drrh jdod 4; `; hg ifs dgod`lfs jfg rho. Hg judiqulhr ftrf jdsf, hi tlpf y gó`hrf oh d`drrhs hstdrä custljdof pfr ug jäijuif tìjgljf hsphjàjf. Ifs d`drrhs ohkhräg hstdr olspuhstfs rheuidr`hgth sfkrh tfod id suphrjlh ohi dgod`lf. Zh do`lthg ofs tlpfs ehghrdihs oh d`drrh3 • _djfs oh hxpdgslúg f oh gyifg. Ifs
tdjfs shräg oh rfsjd ohgtrf oh ifs judihs sh lgtrfoujlrä ug jägjd`f rfsjdof. Id uglúg jfg hi dgod`lf sh hnhjtód `holdgth ug tukf hg juyd hxtrh`lodo shrä cdof ug hih- `hgtf oh uglúg. Hsth `ìtfof hstä hsphjldi`hgth rhjf`hgodof pdrd erdgohs diturds f dgod`lfs juklhr- tfs.
 
^àd hg jfgstrujjlúg
Hi @dgudi oh Olspfsltlvfs oh Jfgtrfi ohi _rägsltf Dutf`ftfr hg Jdiihs y Jdrrhthrds shôdid quh prfkih`ds
oh erdg `degltuo puhohg fjurrlr judg- of hi trägsltf ohkh jlrjuidr d trdvìs oh ugd vàd hg jfgstrujjlúg, hg `dgthgl- `lhgtf f judgof sh rhdilzdg fkrds hg ifs shrvljlfs pókiljfs quh dnhjtdg id gfr`di jlrjuidjlúg oh id vàd. Lgoljd quh hs ghjhsdrlf oftdr oh tfofs ifs olspf- sltlvfs oh jfgtrfi d oljads ärhds jfg hi g oh quh puhod euldrsh id jlrjuidjlúg vhaljuidr y ols`lgulr ifs lgjfgvhglhgths prfplfs quh dnhjtdg di trägsltf vhaljuidr. Id rhspfgsdklilodo oh id prfthjjlúg oh id vlod au`dgd y oh ifs klhghs pókiljfs, dsà jfrgf hi olshôf, lgstdidjlúg, fphrd- jlúg y `dgthgl`lhgtf oh id shôdilzdjlúg hg ids zfgds oh jfgstrujjlúg, rhjdh hg hi fredgls`f Eukhrgd`hgtdi Gdjlfgdi f Ifjdi hgjdredof oh oljafs trdkdcfs, hi quh d su vhz vhidrä pfr hi hi ju`pil- `lhgtf pfr pdrth oh ifs jfgtrdtlstds oh if lgoljdof hg hi @dgudi, adjlìgofifs rhspfgsdkihs d hstfs pfr ifs djjlohgths jdusdofs hg sus ärhds oh jfgstrujjlúg. Ifs olspfsltlvfs oh jfgtrfi utlilzdofs hg ids zfgds hg trdkdcf ohkhräg jfifjdrsh dgths ohi lgljlf oh ids fkrds, ohklhgof `dgthghrsh dohjudod`hgth ourdgth id tftdilodo ohi prfjhsf oh ids fkrds. Hg hi jdsf quh ifs trdkdcfs shdg pfr htdpds, sh jfifjdräg dquhiifs olspfsltlvfs jf- rrhspfgolhgths d id htdpd hg hchjujlúg. Hg ifs jdsfs oh jfgtrfi oh trägsltf ou- rdgth id gfjah, ohkhräg utlilzdrsh shôd- ihs3 • Hg ifs jdsfs oh jfgtrfi ohi trägsltf
ourdgth id gfjah, ohkhräg utlilzdrsh shôdihs rhhjtfrlzdgths y olspfsltl- vfs oh liu`lgdjlúg (`hjahrfs, ilgthr- gds, iujhs lgthr`lthgths).
• Ids shôdihs y ifs oh`äs olspfsltlvfs ohkhräg `dgthghrsh il`plfs y ihel- kihs tfof hi tlh`pf2 hg hi jdsf quh gf rhógdg ids jfgoljlfghs ohsjrltds, ohkhräg shr rhh`pidzdods lg`hold- td`hgth.
• Ids trdg