Presentación GEOSMALLAS 2015

CONFERENCIA

GEOMALLAS COMO REFUERZO SUPERFICIAL PARA VIVIENDAS DE ALBAILERA DE LADRILLO Ing. Daniel Torrealva DvilaProfesor de Ingeniera CivilPontificia Universidad Catlica del Per ACTIVIDAD DE LA RED PERUANA DE UNIVERSIDADESUNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA6 DE MAYO DE 2015 PIURA- PER

CONTENIDO DE LA PRESENTACIN

Planteamiento del problema. Fundamentos y Objetivos del refuerzo superficial.Respaldo tcnico experimental del refuerzo con GEOMALLAS.Aspectos de la norma E.070 ALBAILERA. Procedimiento de instalacin del refuerzo superficial de geomalla.

1. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA

PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMALas construcciones de mampostera simple sin ningn tipo de refuerzo son muy comunes en varias partes del mundo, incluso en pases desarrollados y en reas donde la actividad ssmica es importante. Se les llama URM Buildings (Edificios de Mampostera No Reforzada)

PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMAEjemplos de estos problemas se dan en las ciudades de Los ngeles y San Francisco en USA y en la ciudad de Wellington en Nueva Zelandia que han sufrido sismos fuertes y daos y que aun poseen un importante stock de viviendas inseguras frente al prximo sismo.

PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMAEn pases menos desarrollados el problema es an ms agudo ya que las construcciones de mampostera simple sin ningn tipo de refuerzo colapsan masivamente cuando ocurren sismos fuertes.

PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMAEjemplos de esto se pueden encontrar en pases como China, India, Turqua, Taiwan, Filipinas, El Salvador, etc.

PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMAEn el Per tenemos el ltimo sismo importante de Pisco en el 2007 donde muchas construcciones mixtas de mampostera y concreto sufrieron daos y colapsos.

PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMAAdicionalmente contamos con una cantidad importante de viviendas informales de ladrillo en las periferia de las grandes ciudades que son vulnerables a los sismos.

PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMAUn problema recurrente no solamente en viviendas informales sino tambin en viviendas formales es la alta vulnerabilidad ssmica de las fachadas de mampostera de ladrillo.

PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMALas cuales colapsan hacia fuera de la edificacin cuando no estn conectadas a la estructura principal.

O cuando estn mal conectadas a la estructura principal. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA

Se debe prevenir que estas construcciones vulnerables colapsen durante el siguiente sismo fuerte y que causen problemas que afecta el funcionamiento de toda la sociedad que sera incapaz de recuperarse en un tiempo prudencial.

Una de las alternativas muy utilizadas para reforzar elementos estructurales en general es la aplicacin de un REFUERZO SUPERFICIAL

El REFUERZO SUPERFICIAL se aplica en elementos de concreto armado mediante las fibras de carbono o en elementos de mampostera mediante fibras, mallas o varillas.

REFUERZOS EN ELEMENTOS DE CONCRETO CON FIBRA DE CARBONO Las fibras de carbono estn siendo bastante utilizadas en la rehabilitacin de estructuras de concreto por sus ventajas de facilidad de colocacin y resistencia a la corrosin. Algunas aplicaciones incluyen:

CONFINAMIENTO DE COLUMNAS

REFUERZO DE VIGAS

REFUERZO DE LOSAS

Propiedades de la fibra de carbonoResistente a la corrosin Gran resistencia a la traccin

REFUERZOS EN MUROS DE MAMPOSTERA Se incluye en esta seccin a los muros de adobe reforzados con geomallas y a los muros de mampostera de ladrillo reforzados con mallas electro soldadas, fibras de carbono y geomallas. El refuerzo superficial ha sido utilizado desde la dcada de 1970 en Europa como una tcnica de refuerzo para muros existentes de mampostera de ladrillo no reforzada.

REFUERZO DE MUROS DE ADOBE CON GEOMALLASEs una tcnica reconocida y aceptada por la comunidad ingenieril como efectiva para eliminar la vulnerabilidad ssmica de las construcciones de ADOBE.Ha sido presentada en anteriores eventos nacionales de geosintticos.

REFUERZO DE MUROS DE ADOBE CON GEOMALLASSe logra una buena interaccin entre la geomalla y el tarrajeo que integra el refuerzo al muro de adobe.

REFUERZO DE MUROS DE ADOBE CON GEOMALLASEn el estado ltimo, el tarrajeo se desprende y lo que funciona es la geomalla confinando el muro para lo cual se debe conectar la malla de ambas caras.

REFUERZO DE MUROS DE ADOBE CON GEOMALLAS

REFUERZO DE MUROS DE LADRILLOCON MALLA ELECTROSOLDADA

REFUERZO DE MUROS DE LADRILLO CON FIBRA DE CARBONO

REFUERZO DE MUROS CON FIBRA DE CARBONO

REFUERZO DE MUROS DE LADRILLO CON VARILLAS DE FIBRA DE VIDRIOSe colocan en las juntas horizontales de la mampostera.

REFUERZO DE MUROS DE LADRILLO CON VARILLAS DE FIBRA DE VIDRIO

REFUERZO DE MUROS CON VARILLAS DE FIBRA DE VIDRIO

2. FUNDAMENTOS Y OBJETIVOS DEL REFUERZO SUPERFICIAL APLICADO EN MUROS DE MAMPOSTERA DE LADRILLO

FUNDAMENTO DEL REFUERZO SUPERFICIALLa matriz cementicia (mortero) juega un papel importante para la efectividad del refuerzo. Mientras el mortero est adherido al muro se evitar que se disgregue o fracture.

FUNDAMENTO DEL REFUERZO SUPERFICIALLa adherencia del mortero al muro producir fisuras finas y distribuidas en toda la superficie en vez de una sola grieta ancha.

OBJETIVO PRINCIPAL DEL REFUERZO SUPERFICIALReducir la Vulnerabilidad Ssmica de construcciones de ladrillo manteniendo unida la mampostera durante un sismo evitando la fracturacin y disgregacin de la misma y los consiguientes colapsos parciales o totales.

3. RESPALDO TCNICO EXPERIMENTAL DE MUROS DE LADRILLO REFORZADOS CON GEOMALLAS

Instituciones que han investigado experimentalmente la Geomalla como refuerzo superficial de muros de ladrillo.ENEL Hydro ISMES, Bergamo - ItalyJRC of the European Commission, Ispra - ItalyUniversity of Ancona - ItalyPontificia Universidad Catlica del Per, Lima, Per

El Programa Experimental se inicia en 1994 en Europa.Se utiliza como refuerzo la malla biaxial En la PUCP, Per se repiten muchos de los ensayos estticos utilizando la malla triaxial

ENSAYOS REALIZADOS POR EL DR. SOFRONIEEC Peco project (1994 1996)Euroquakes (1997 1998)Ecoleader (2001)Cascade ( 2002 2003)Todos financiados y revisados por la Comisin Europea.

ENSAYOS REALIZADOS EN EL INSTITUTO EXPERIMENTAL DE MODELOS Y ESTRUCTURAS (ISMES) DE BERGAMO, ITALIAFinanciados por la Comisin Europea (Peco, Ecoleader & Cascade projects)Instituto: ENEL.Hydro ISMESOrganizado por Prof. Sofronie (Romania)Muchos ensayos fueros hechos en mesa vibradora.Los resultados dieron una buena impresin del comportamiento global y el comportamiento de la malla.

DETALLES DEL REFUERZO

MODELO REPARADO ANTES DEL ENSAYO

MODELO REPARADO DESPUS DEL ENSAYO

ENSAYO DINMICO DEL MODELO ANTES DE SER REFORZADO

ENSAYO DINMICO DEL MODELO DESPUS DE SER REFORZADO

ENSAYOS ESTTICOS EN JRC ISPRA

Final state of the unreinforced infillRESULTADOS SIN REFUERZO

RESULTADOS CON REFUERZOFinal state of the reinforced infill

Esquema de grietas en muro sin refuerzo y con aberturas despus que ocurre el mecanismo de colapso.RESULTADOS SIN REFUERZO

RESULTADOS CON REFUERZOMuro reforzado con malla de polmero. Ya no se presenta el mecanismo de falla como en el caso anterior. El muro se mantiene ntegro

ENSAYOS REALIZADOS EN ANCONA, ITALIA Instituto: Universidad de Ancona, ItaliaRealizados por Prof. AntonucciCompresin diagonal en paneles de mampostera de ladrillo (seis grupos de 3 paneles, para un total de 18 paneles)Los resultados muestran que la deformacin ltima de los paneles est fuertemente influenciada por la presencia de la geomalla, la cual incrementa la ductilidad global de los paneles.

ENSAYOS REALIZADOS EN ANCONA

ENSAYOS REALIZADOS EN LA PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATLICA DEL PER Institucin: Laboratorio de Estructuras de la PUCPRealizados por: Prof. Daniel TorrealvaEnsayos cclicos de Corte/Compresin en muros de mampostera de ladrillo (tres grupos de 4 paneles, para un total de 12 paneles)Ensayos de estabilidad lateral de paneles (seis grupos de dos paneles para un total de 12 paneles)Ensayos de adherencia geomalla-mortero.Ensayos cclicos de Corte/Compresin en muros con aberturas (tres grupos de tres paneles para un total de 9 paneles)

Geometra de la geomalla

Resistencia a la tensin de la geomalla

Grfico1

0.0043

0.005832

0.006021

0.013954

0.010795

0.006865

0.008183

0.010347

0.012229

0.038805

0.062372

0.091522

0.118712

0.145632

0.176249

0.202172

0.229358

0.254064

0.285404

0.308695

0.340693

0.36663

0.394349

0.421073

0.449965

0.477285

0.504054

0.530556

0.561623

0.584288

0.613167

0.639958

0.664863

0.694362

0.716352

0.74612

0.771954

0.799934

0.822662

0.848286

0.872412

0.900472

0.928089

0.95163

0.974014

0.999634

1.023461

1.049275

1.074034

1.098125

1.124201

1.145894

1.168063

1.194588

1.218743

1.238484

1.264726

1.285502

1.310338

1.340426

1.361192

1.381713

1.404386

1.427188

1.452929

1.473985

1.498003

1.523087

1.546559

1.572648

1.595876

1.619486

1.639192

1.666693

1.687429

1.710254

1.737945

1.756556

1.782032

1.806985

1.828767

1.853178

1.871504

1.897337

1.919874

1.945645

1.965025

1.985532

2.012191

2.03544

2.055244

2.081307

2.102327

2.130267

2.148475

2.169939

2.195621

2.216777

2.241642

2.264868

2.284427

2.3072

2.328172

2.352101

2.375156

2.398269

2.418469

2.44567

2.466577

2.488264

2.511895

2.532695

2.55587

2.574708

2.594179

2.616181

2.639182

2.663762

2.682981

2.706834

2.725963

2.7473

2.773306

2.794354

2.813696

2.833356

2.855918

2.877004

2.90173

2.921791

2.943216

2.961952

2.986479

3.00174

3.027502

3.044077

3.068875

3.087206

3.107163

3.129015

3.151379

3.17215

3.192103

3.212953

3.233344

3.250805

3.276161

3.294751

3.314825

3.329996

3.346149

3.371631

3.388052

3.403637

3.424109

3.441807

3.465724

3.480898

3.50296

3.51439

3.533345

3.552459

3.567193

3.567317

3.586561

3.600422

3.622846

3.637581

3.655248

3.667507

3.679062

3.658743

3.633563

3.644395

3.649932

3.667946

3.680836

3.696439

3.716885

3.734138

3.753986

3.775856

3.792622

3.814603

3.827755

3.851813

3.865854

3.883548

3.895863

3.915375

3.936187

3.946989

3.965285

3.981083

3.995313

4.013741

4.026544

4.045139

4.060749

4.075008

4.091236

4.108062

4.123627

4.137718

4.156277

4.172958

4.18652

4.199682

4.215975

4.235662

4.247717

4.261435

4.28018

4.293904

4.310726

4.326771

4.340303

4.356043

4.368623

4.387837

4.399854

4.413775

4.429077

4.440804

4.456894

4.471971

4.484453

4.4949

4.4534

4.460929

4.471609

4.480703

4.49741

4.512446

4.524458

4.537786

4.554503

4.564985

4.575956

4.586699

4.598754

4.610442

4.620286

4.631068

4.643304

4.652077

4.662422

4.672241

4.682728

4.691702

4.669856

0.314929

0.303784

0.330919

0.3502

0.359385

0.361581

0.368911

0.371845

0.373399

0.374938

0.383184

0.381749

0.385028

0.382477

L-1

Desplazamiento (mm)

Carga (kN)

Traccin Malla L-1 - Direccin Longitudinal

L-1

INFLE 187-2005

Ensayo Traccin

Muestra: malla L-1

Velocidad de ensayo: 10 mm/min

Velocidad de muestreo: 4 muestras/seg.

Fecha: 09 Noviembre 2005

Tiempo (s)D (mm)P (kN)

00.110910.0043

0.250.113740.005832

0.50.1126690.006021

0.750.1122170.013954

10.1164520.010795

1.250.1133960.006865

1.50.1179160.008183

1.750.0991980.010347

20.1230160.012229

2.250.2009930.038805

2.50.2804060.062372

2.750.357510.091522

30.4243950.118712

3.250.5223420.145632

3.50.6005880.176249

3.750.6833940.202172

40.752640.229358

4.250.8418050.254064

4.50.9289950.285404

4.750.9938410.308695

51.0640920.340693

5.251.1603150.36663

5.51.2322480.394349

5.751.3196870.421073

61.4021260.449965

6.251.4729790.477285

6.51.565060.504054

6.751.6464090.530556

71.72150.561623

7.251.8172090.584288

7.51.8847440.613167

7.751.9650450.639958

82.0415430.664863

8.252.1195450.694362

8.52.2062170.716352

8.752.2993460.74612

92.3682890.771954

9.252.4516110.799934

9.52.5312880.822662

9.752.6018840.848286

102.6949380.872412

10.252.7610740.900472

10.52.8470820.928089

10.752.9288850.95163

113.0092540.974014

11.253.0785660.999634

11.53.1717921.023461

11.753.2497941.049275

123.3202871.074034

12.253.4171321.098125

12.53.4980851.124201

12.753.5655621.145894

133.6562271.168063

13.253.7247671.194588

13.53.8149821.218743

13.753.8880641.238484

143.9701121.264726

14.254.053911.285502

14.54.1263451.310338

14.754.2034011.340426

154.2890491.361192

15.254.3737341.381713

15.54.4526111.404386

15.754.5351651.427188

164.6110251.452929

16.254.6991341.473985

16.54.7762931.498003

16.754.8681681.523087

174.9346921.546559

17.255.0222931.572648

17.55.0981961.595876

17.755.1796341.619486

185.2691151.639192

18.255.3305191.666693

18.55.4221941.687429

18.755.4949941.710254

195.5810951.737945

19.255.6672371.756556

19.55.7423291.782032

19.755.8221711.806985

205.8961331.828767

20.255.9885411.853178

20.56.065711.871504

20.756.1431351.897337

216.2260281.919874

21.256.3016551.945645

21.56.3805671.965025

21.756.4686531.985532

226.5474782.012191

22.256.6390652.03544

22.56.7106452.055244

22.756.7799242.081307

236.8679742.102327

23.256.9477362.130267

23.57.0316982.148475

23.757.1140672.169939

247.1878722.195621

24.257.2575292.216777

24.57.3467632.241642

24.757.4218192.264868

257.5002882.284427

25.257.5897012.3072

25.57.6657922.328172

25.757.7508312.352101

267.8268052.375156

26.257.899152.398269

26.57.9889212.418469

26.758.0624092.44567

278.1491732.466577

27.258.2356032.488264

27.58.3098992.511895

27.758.3853952.532695

288.4683952.55587

28.258.5574042.574708

28.58.6287922.594179

28.758.7145872.616181

298.7887582.639182

29.258.8703362.663762

29.58.9519142.682981

29.759.039032.706834

309.1213372.725963

30.259.1890212.7473

30.59.2615442.773306

30.759.3597962.794354

319.4258092.813696

31.259.5261382.833356

31.59.5953782.855918

31.759.6865132.877004

329.754232.90173

32.259.8339472.921791

32.59.9014782.943216

32.759.9944152.961952

3310.0716852.986479

33.2510.1596763.00174

33.510.2377343.027502

33.7510.3280093.044077

3410.3868093.068875

34.2510.4828693.087206

34.510.566323.107163

34.7510.6475193.129015

3510.7107383.151379

35.2510.7953223.17215

35.510.8690373.192103

35.7510.9567513.212953

3611.0404223.233344

36.2511.1270653.250805

36.511.2044123.276161

36.7511.2925913.294751

3711.3507583.314825

37.2511.4398233.329996

37.511.5170553.346149

37.7511.6150743.371631

3811.6878713.388052

38.2511.7661383.403637

38.511.849583.424109

38.7511.9284783.441807

3912.0096093.465724

39.2512.0961333.480898

39.512.1631393.50296

39.7512.2388223.51439

4012.3298043.533345

40.2512.4174033.552459

40.512.4890843.567193

40.7512.5436573.567317

4112.6190193.586561

41.2512.7009043.600422

41.512.7726073.622846

41.7512.8621573.637581

4212.9427953.655248

42.2513.0151393.667507

42.513.0999213.679062

42.7513.175663.658743

4313.2624013.633563

43.2513.3377883.644395

43.513.4146023.649932

43.7513.5003213.667946

4413.5759563.680836

44.2513.6613623.696439

44.513.7478413.716885

44.7513.8256033.734138

4513.9119663.753986

45.2513.9880363.775856

45.514.0704643.792622

45.7514.1343153.814603

4614.2258963.827755

46.2514.302553.851813

46.514.397313.865854

46.7514.4710533.883548

4714.5432023.895863

47.2514.6274943.915375

47.514.7103023.936187

47.7514.7907083.946989

4814.8718743.965285

48.2514.9479823.981083

48.515.0242973.995313

48.7515.1084264.013741

4915.1995934.026544

49.2515.2753294.045139

49.515.3478194.060749

49.7515.4433874.075008

5015.5206414.091236

50.2515.5942444.108062

50.515.6767844.123627

50.7515.7517864.137718

5115.8432644.156277

51.2515.9127954.172958

51.515.9944524.18652

51.7516.0730684.199682

5216.155774.215975

52.2516.2323414.235662

52.516.3178194.247717

52.7516.4049424.261435

5316.4799694.28018

53.2516.55674.293904

53.516.6448884.310726

53.7516.7221024.326771

5416.799734.340303

54.2516.8755584.356043

54.516.9535034.368623

54.7517.0459464.387837

5517.1251324.399854

55.2517.2073414.413775

55.517.2929364.429077

55.7517.3691814.440804

5617.460274.456894

56.2517.5277854.471971

56.517.609174.484453

56.7517.689084.4949

5717.7618134.4534

57.2517.8472954.460929

57.517.9288014.471609

57.7518.0130644.480703

5818.0992674.49741

58.2518.1749374.512446

58.518.2492694.524458

58.7518.3323344.537786

5918.4069734.554503

59.2518.4896454.564985

59.518.5690894.575956

59.7518.6494684.586699

6018.7249174.598754

60.2518.8069124.610442

60.518.8946584.620286

60.7518.9840984.631068

6119.0596374.643304

61.2519.141964.652077

61.519.217584.662422

61.7519.2863084.672241

6219.3814324.682728

62.2519.4506544.691702

62.519.5380714.669856

62.7519.6265910.314929

6319.6943480.303784

63.2519.7857440.330919

63.519.8572920.3502

63.7519.8631310.359385

6419.856140.361581

64.2519.8687230.368911

64.519.8558060.371845

64.7519.8644210.373399

6519.874660.374938

65.2519.8631510.383184

65.519.8573610.381749

65.7519.8613980.385028

6619.8700030.382477

L-1

L-1

Desplazamiento (mm)

Carga (kN)


T-1

INFLE 187-2005

Ensayo Traccin

Muestra: malla T-1





00.068925-0.000785

0.250.0789770.003189

0.50.084106-0.000182

0.750.090424-0.004182

10.0735530.007251

1.250.083379-0.004411

1.50.0934010.002002

1.750.090483-0.002119

20.087299-0.00136

2.250.0823470.006604

2.50.0902180.002368

2.750.090738-0.00658

30.0826810.005536

3.250.0715880.003526

3.50.087506-0.001128

3.750.1744050.019957

40.253620.038154

4.250.3210560.073199

4.50.4205340.080066

4.750.4904560.105144

50.5670410.120939

5.250.6515860.144961

5.50.7323780.169956

5.750.8071860.190724

60.8870660.209524

6.250.9788460.230914

6.51.0589920.256552

6.751.117510.279253

71.2061280.300168

7.251.2946090.319517

7.51.3746990.339662

7.751.4408450.36519

81.5283450.385015

8.251.6101760.405632

8.51.6976590.428455

8.751.7659790.45474

91.851320.476913

9.251.9350610.496677

9.52.016590.514656

9.752.0924210.536787

102.1810670.554541

10.252.2477990.584161

10.52.3358470.60233

10.752.4216950.62092

112.5028650.637575

11.252.572390.663969

11.52.6650010.684544

11.752.7416920.702805

122.8270620.720861

12.252.8984260.741821

12.52.9841710.764425

12.753.0636560.786729

133.1421680.800226

13.253.2197660.823912

13.53.2981420.841793

13.753.3742580.86278

143.4782890.878942

14.253.5259110.904313

14.53.6090370.92245

14.753.6946990.939808

153.7777480.964033

15.253.8552530.980286

15.53.9431880.996979

15.754.0195841.013247

164.1016131.033419

16.254.1774111.05251

16.54.2669021.069406

16.754.3386311.08666

174.4242121.109366

17.254.4889141.126236

17.54.5883261.146683

17.754.6595761.163611

184.7435571.178647

18.254.8217391.201285

18.54.9130741.213396

18.754.9912971.233943

195.0672581.252981

19.255.1602681.264992

19.55.2193311.287509

19.755.3128631.301546

205.3899091.322895

20.255.4607521.339367

20.55.5417611.357307

20.755.6261031.372696

215.7054421.391548

21.255.793631.406956

21.55.8640631.424051

21.755.9555361.439653

226.0280541.456296

22.256.105431.474352

22.56.1921761.488175

22.756.2653651.504003

236.3407961.521909

23.256.4255391.536977

23.56.5089941.556573

23.756.6028921.568856

246.6838521.581846

24.256.7417641.605853

24.56.8223121.617042

24.756.9168331.633999

256.9994071.64634

25.257.0584431.666175

25.57.1554431.68011

25.757.2258471.696922

267.3182181.708999

26.257.4037061.725761

26.57.4820961.74144

26.757.5417941.757029

277.632841.771748

27.257.7126971.789278

27.57.7937251.799706

27.757.8824921.817069

287.9529991.830125

28.258.0435381.845305

28.58.11441.864501

28.758.1867971.879484

298.2875751.890387

29.258.3669751.900725

29.58.4329821.920829

29.758.5175561.935093

308.5972821.945319

30.258.6748071.964015

30.58.7538851.974431

30.758.8406751.991675

318.9183782.00562

31.259.0112272.014775

31.59.0780052.032883

31.759.15812.045257

329.2536272.058306

32.259.330332.073514

32.59.3926452.086167

32.759.4745522.098683

339.5698262.110942

33.259.6389592.128558

33.59.7223922.140336

33.759.8041842.15479

349.8834892.164232

34.259.954592.179965

34.510.0507352.191018

34.7510.139082.206156

3510.2071942.220502

35.2510.2683142.235327

35.510.3722722.24798

35.7510.4431312.262578

3610.5277232.270651

36.2510.6111352.284554

36.510.6879672.298578

36.7510.7650352.31084

3710.8583252.322213

37.2510.9198632.339836

37.511.0123182.34933

37.7511.0932.364308

3811.1740652.380758

38.2511.2621362.388808

38.511.3366322.401004

38.7511.403142.41903

3911.4896392.42767

39.2511.5752522.444209

39.511.6426382.456778

39.7511.7176492.469552

4011.8117842.480728

40.2511.8952662.492626

40.511.9763482.507766

40.7512.050842.516842

4112.1244662.533786

41.2512.2066222.54138

41.512.2995232.553875

41.7512.3740762.568885

4212.4511282.578427

42.2512.4993652.582209

42.512.5846142.590938

42.7512.6577822.607172

4312.7589122.617203

43.2512.8211212.632872

43.512.9132792.643011

43.7512.9920972.656916

4413.0732382.669722

44.2513.1509652.681872

44.513.2175652.695929

44.7513.3245542.703409

4513.3847012.718517

45.2513.4758712.729536

45.513.5511312.742015

45.7513.6316762.7518

4613.7139342.762186

46.2513.7833522.775022

46.513.8740042.784318

46.7513.9440632.795767

4714.0407482.804698

47.2514.1155012.816727

47.514.2061962.824882

47.7514.2856052.836597

4814.3632432.842397

48.2514.4392792.851421

48.514.5240722.857473

48.7514.5981012.869111

4914.6782812.882284

49.2514.755462.889579

49.514.8416732.89855

49.7514.9255152.904757

5015.0016632.914693

50.2515.0872192.927566

50.515.161432.937067

50.7515.2398722.947078

5115.3155692.958756

51.2515.4050942.963736

51.515.485322.975384

51.7515.565972.983001

5215.6475152.988138

52.2515.7389722.996525

52.515.8022833.006768

52.7515.8892143.014372

5315.9657043.01812

53.2516.059293.024278

53.516.1079093.035485

53.7516.1996653.035249

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54.2516.367043.03568

54.516.4492223.038888

54.7516.5251063.043379

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55.2516.6821023.06084

55.516.7607053.065235

55.7516.8435893.072682

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56.2517.0057873.086396

56.517.0913023.098106

56.7517.1647993.106433

5717.246283.116496

57.2517.3310093.120561

57.517.4064873.134738

57.7517.4983143.13861

5817.57843.147936

58.2517.6525313.156113

58.517.745033.164027

58.7517.8176363.177509

5917.9065153.182871

59.2517.9709333.19437

59.518.0571353.202911

59.7518.1277353.213375

6018.20763.225594

60.2518.2905563.229248

60.518.3703033.239476

60.7518.4622683.246368

6118.5266893.260846

61.2518.6167063.26499

61.518.6942313.272362

61.7518.776043.280481

6218.8566183.285447

62.2518.9484993.2918

62.519.0162213.298129

62.7519.0941143.304884

6319.1734643.312488

63.2519.2637933.316271

63.519.3412543.329006

63.7519.4123273.330534

6419.5036813.3345

64.2519.5735733.339957

64.519.6560493.347019

64.7519.735643.356524

6519.8276183.359689

65.2519.9016283.359006

65.519.9798623.343052

65.7520.066210.171672

6620.14614-0.027714

66.2520.229821-0.026545

66.520.312528-0.025191

66.7520.369784-0.02541

6720.371024-0.024793

67.2520.371064-0.024579

67.520.36749-0.023211

67.7520.363098-0.025258

6820.355792-0.027116

68.2520.372393-0.027452

68.520.363019-0.023749

68.7520.359061-0.025358

6920.361799-0.02467

69.2520.37065-0.026621

69.520.362311-0.024845

T-1

0

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T-1

Desplazamiento (mm)

Carga (kN)

Traccin Malla T-1 - Direccin Transversal

L-2

INFLE 187-2005

Ensayo Traccin

Muestra: malla L-2





00.074496-0.006306

0.250.07995-0.007611

0.50.097135-0.008124

0.750.098442-0.005489

10.104367-0.005988

1.250.094865-0.008934

1.50.093666-0.009559

1.750.108022-0.002966

20.118221-0.00706

2.250.09573-0.004633

2.50.1117750.000305

2.750.1908230.01333

30.2639670.032658

3.250.3678370.063796

3.50.4468870.09318

3.750.5257320.121723

40.6017670.148

4.250.6799450.185765

4.50.7690990.215529

4.750.8487130.24854

50.9148450.273686

5.251.0054950.302626

5.51.0858680.341962

5.751.1650620.375399

61.2471940.407848

6.251.3180950.437411

6.51.3870910.470877

6.751.4749250.5006

71.5895780.548095

7.251.658330.578564

7.51.744290.611518

7.751.8323920.64302

81.9263930.681802

8.251.9973480.711141

8.52.0777190.747252

8.752.1545910.773717

92.2267080.802893

9.252.3051350.827825

9.52.395660.859004

9.752.4589830.885461

102.5478780.916174

10.252.6340520.946018

10.52.7225270.981958

10.752.8032671.009836

112.8815511.038241

11.252.9582431.06492

11.53.0425531.089995

11.753.1160531.120064

123.2087581.145496

12.253.2853051.173341

12.53.3533911.199153

12.753.4394641.228394

133.5077661.252291

13.253.6118871.28247

13.53.6874451.306615

13.753.7594551.330973

143.845621.360015

14.253.9256031.382378

14.54.011.410172

14.754.0915971.436514

154.1643861.45592

15.254.254321.487018

15.54.3229031.509461

15.754.4183041.532139

164.4826711.55322

16.254.5627291.578767

16.54.6433171.605287

16.754.7177721.631354

174.8211981.653901

17.254.8855291.676197

17.54.9716651.699525

17.755.0457491.721332

185.1184081.7428

18.255.1960421.765673

18.55.2738931.792019

18.755.3639941.857313

195.4377961.919743

19.255.5179591.936191

19.55.5974451.96272

19.755.6681611.983944

205.7548352.012267

20.255.8340772.037455

20.55.9239962.054978

20.756.0085882.084339

216.0717862.105275

21.256.1634872.132728

21.56.2395662.15345

21.756.3133942.176705

226.4007822.19605

22.256.4863512.223314

22.56.5690792.249049

22.756.649942.267644

236.7222772.287182

23.256.8061472.310356

23.56.8763032.332651

23.756.9724362.365015

247.0500652.384309

24.257.1322482.405168

24.57.1967612.42171

24.757.2732022.446781

257.3553872.467818

25.257.1742142.333206

25.57.4743672.50374

25.757.6034682.535937

267.671772.564024

26.257.7622872.58479

26.57.8438762.600762

26.757.9225742.623646

278.008522.641838

27.258.0816142.662913

27.58.1677192.686087

27.758.2309122.706839

288.3189072.719841

28.258.4005692.748981

28.58.4967172.769225

28.758.5686352.789216

298.6446742.805735

29.258.7186192.826392

29.58.811212.848601

29.758.8952272.873102

308.9803852.891926

30.259.0601252.916584

30.59.1487472.935893

30.759.2264042.953498

319.3111222.978021

31.259.383382.993618

31.59.4721623.009675

31.759.544523.029374

329.617383.044532

32.259.7065973.062569

32.59.7862943.083316

32.759.8623423.097817

339.9413023.113726

33.2510.0288993.127542

33.510.1081173.141221

33.7510.1789253.154873

3410.2646953.172004

34.2510.3508883.182813

34.510.4283083.199223

34.7510.5167653.214606

3510.5928693.227753

35.2510.6710773.244048

35.510.7461593.253095

35.7510.830373.276392

3610.9143253.291529

36.2510.9889563.306282

36.511.0906093.325129

36.7511.1645043.340732

3711.2396293.360346

37.2511.3214823.375521

37.511.3902143.389717

37.7511.4782273.407076

3811.5543883.421358

38.2511.6371793.44109

38.511.7130353.45531

38.7511.7934373.471085

3911.865343.488015

39.2511.9490783.502257

39.512.0298463.521675

39.7512.1148053.536671

4012.2011823.554228

40.2512.2813033.566751

40.512.3441883.580917

40.7512.4401293.599743

4112.5172513.61423

41.2512.5689913.616707

41.512.6510433.633302

41.7512.7178363.651811

4212.8048673.670532

42.2512.8808313.68346

42.512.9653553.705046

42.7513.040733.719118

4313.1277353.740949

43.2513.2091623.75583

43.513.2915643.769299

43.7513.3684863.788548

4413.4556023.804426

44.2513.5325063.822691

44.513.6204693.8339

44.7513.6992933.854523

4513.7766313.865111

45.2513.8473683.884432

45.513.9248063.898154

45.7514.0034553.913259

4614.0847423.929173

46.2514.1786743.950313

46.514.2496993.962284

46.7514.3348653.985721

4714.4177683.993694

47.2514.492134.01229

47.514.5675474.023988

47.7514.6483074.045737

4814.7391744.055049

48.2514.8164814.069408

48.514.8912214.081195

48.7514.9754774.095141

4915.0552864.10602

49.2515.1475644.130589

49.515.222664.138148

49.7515.3129424.145001

5015.3843294.154998

50.2515.4736194.171019

50.515.5518574.174618

50.7515.628614.178849

5115.7138674.182161

51.2515.8009154.181934

51.515.8722674.185266

51.7515.9551734.178505

5216.0284064.095233

52.2516.1180262.965156

52.516.1903153.025063

52.7516.2823883.068476

5316.34523.097556

53.2516.4345083.126321

53.516.5201263.143269

53.7516.6004593.158961

5416.6750063.17491

54.2516.7586573.189068

54.516.836023.194305

54.7516.9191713.202088

5517.0006593.203337

55.2517.090183.210254

55.517.166613.20894

55.7517.248163.212157

5617.3359113.210824

56.2517.4088493.216996

56.517.4909713.221222

56.7517.5774653.223245

5717.6453.229895

57.2517.7357973.231132

57.517.8079113.233358

57.7517.8964743.24507

5817.969173.247564

58.2518.0465233.254478

58.518.1399123.263926

58.7518.2181333.275238

5918.2981063.281634

59.2518.3828053.286977

59.518.4541963.298777

59.7518.5345553.30023

6018.6216783.306162

60.2518.6976873.308818

60.518.7695323.308629

60.7518.8577993.307378

6118.9302763.309608

61.2519.0175013.326455

61.519.0970773.325262

61.7519.1712693.336383

6219.2471543.343121

62.2519.3276973.343137

62.519.4111063.352836

62.7519.5016133.364047

6319.5705313.373735

63.2519.6505153.381594

63.519.7208913.389743

63.7519.8054163.405388

6419.8890453.41334

64.2519.9815463.42986

64.520.0496993.440943

64.7520.1338723.455305

6520.2203883.470296

65.2520.2987633.492846

65.520.3869853.509087

65.7520.4580553.52323

6620.5403813.543867

66.2520.6289693.556508

66.520.7033993.570087

66.7520.7763823.584787

6720.8524473.596917

67.2520.9466023.618451

67.521.0228263.631431

67.7521.1080613.647344

6821.1840113.652152

68.2521.2607983.663934

68.521.3445283.680769

68.7521.4271273.697531

6921.4984023.705141

69.2521.5902883.719542

69.521.6549953.728539

69.7521.7543383.745653

7021.8203363.754646

70.2521.9121173.767983

70.521.98123.780843

70.7522.064673.789574

7122.1474523.800434

71.2522.2300773.810601

71.522.3041843.824274

71.7522.384283.834166

7222.4648783.848368

72.2522.5595113.858357

72.522.6322523.865876

72.7522.7100753.876712

7322.7915033.886224

73.2522.8702933.897137

73.522.9518013.90437

73.7523.0324633.911019

7423.106343.923406

74.2523.1927553.932038

74.523.2787183.939885

74.7523.3552373.944722

7523.4316773.951557

75.2523.5128853.967495

75.523.5901733.973132

75.7523.6787693.986078

7623.763873.994264

76.2523.8414264.00365

76.523.9171714.00989

76.7523.9918524.01608

7724.0762264.026213

77.2524.1539134.035662

77.524.2403674.03362

77.7524.31714.03241

7824.3995274.033724

78.2524.4796394.042511

78.524.565224.025548

78.7524.6504364.031075

7924.7250844.03637

79.2524.797874.001508

79.524.8837783.967727

79.7524.9752633.973551

8025.0160653.969911

80.2525.1068023.972357

80.525.1803993.982704

80.7525.2593853.990398

8125.3303932.762169

81.2525.4270532.293212

81.525.5010272.352581

81.7525.5864292.407017

8225.6590742.454757

82.2525.7460932.500216

82.525.8231332.541572

82.7525.9114052.577274

8325.9852942.617422

83.2526.0679712.649417

83.526.1402652.678883

83.7526.2308552.715851

8426.3092592.748777

84.2526.3872392.782579

84.526.4713192.812018

84.7526.5554092.844963

8526.6417562.876409

85.2526.7161832.905141

85.526.8030342.937585

85.7526.8818172.967671

8626.9561762.995135

86.2527.0329693.024

86.527.1138723.051057

86.7527.1954553.083488

8727.2808133.103025

87.2527.3549883.131245

87.527.4389973.149378

87.7527.5204653.171439

8827.5983173.19506

88.2527.6819053.207872

88.527.7609213.22534

88.7527.8397413.24611

8927.9243563.266831

89.2528.0073153.289895

89.528.079853.308686

89.7528.1620233.330282

9028.2389343.34179

90.2528.3281743.365825

90.528.3963463.384294

90.7528.4825813.399544

9128.560563.419833

91.2528.6483543.43507

91.528.7231113.456096

91.7528.8093493.474879

9228.8813583.491426

92.2528.9574473.50978

92.529.0474423.520983

92.7529.1346593.542344

9329.2084733.561168

93.2529.2915823.577072

93.529.3669353.593377

93.7529.4488923.681869

9429.5235573.702916

94.2529.62023.713482

94.529.6932893.734759

94.7529.7772993.745783

9529.8611413.762312

95.2529.9450933.780876

95.530.0188553.796562

95.7530.097933.809355

9630.1810363.826247

96.2530.2629413.842444

96.530.3362813.859918

96.7530.4189363.872364

9730.5017693.890236

97.2530.5763133.903521

97.530.6646873.918345

97.7530.74563.935642

9830.8258833.946847

98.2530.8978283.9623

98.530.9816613.963112

98.7531.0640853.950912

9931.141683.963217

99.2531.2279883.976377

99.531.3092123.989078

99.7531.3774054.001834

10031.4788374.016759

100.2531.5419744.014814

100.531.6376411.504676

100.7531.7017751.550597

10131.7844021.587609

101.2531.8650291.622383

101.531.9487021.650178

101.7532.0346831.681141

10232.1075631.711889

102.2532.1902931.739235

102.532.2742651.773271

102.7532.3498381.796547

10332.4431571.824652

103.2532.5182781.851605

103.532.5963681.882129

103.7532.6752861.909853

10432.754511.93219

104.2532.8416711.954903

104.532.9214781.978865

104.7533.0102682.004526

10533.077272.029792

105.2533.1655582.049542

105.533.2396492.075856

105.7533.3263812.0953

10633.3990052.122218

106.2533.4813312.142578

106.533.5599012.162834

106.7533.6452752.185771

10733.7223282.206321

107.2533.8138952.229278

107.533.88462.246973

107.7533.9675022.271608

10834.0432562.290214

108.2534.1203622.306544

108.534.204352.327577

108.7534.2885072.345172

L-2

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L-2

Desplazamiento (mm)

Carga (kN)


T-2

INFLE 187-2005

Ensayo Traccin

Muestra: malla T-2





00.104927-0.008458

0.250.095504-0.003422

0.50.097999-0.007887

0.750.084892-0.00335

10.086808-0.008914

1.250.097528-0.004468

1.50.103639-0.010889

1.750.099611-0.010253

20.099611-0.003512

2.250.101871-0.008934

2.50.087466-0.008624

2.750.112974-0.012719

30.1760550.016026

3.250.2563420.045726

3.50.3601730.078256

3.750.4245820.109343

40.4949760.133289

4.250.569380.159344

4.50.6538760.190037

4.750.7346680.218034

50.819440.243357

5.250.8932070.271975

5.50.9836120.293862

5.751.0592570.326007

61.1415560.351079

6.251.2266660.378759

6.51.2969180.409492

6.751.3766740.431165

71.4606950.464018

7.251.5492770.488704

7.51.6276490.510818

7.751.7107780.54076

81.7833240.560408

8.251.8607150.587618

8.51.9583030.613272

8.752.0299950.635251

92.1108280.661737

9.252.1842120.67799

9.52.2702360.705535

9.752.3521520.727398

102.4367320.750186

10.252.5060890.77545

10.52.5944740.79763

10.752.6846090.818029

112.7490140.839227

11.252.8299410.860725

11.52.9107020.882449

11.752.9834040.903339

123.0816720.919586

12.253.1448120.943044

12.53.2193340.963359

12.753.3075580.979857

133.3949380.996286

13.253.4774631.015451

13.53.5444881.039975

13.753.6387111.05606

143.7126971.069762

14.253.7996081.091885

14.53.8773011.108913

14.753.9513761.123475

154.0248731.143852

15.254.1105391.163172

15.54.2030571.177749

15.754.2634121.197418

164.3436251.212617

16.254.4410611.227816

16.54.4987041.245611

16.754.5918851.261343

174.6723561.278821

17.254.7504481.295625

17.54.8445261.312928

17.754.9222071.326783

184.9984041.346143

18.255.0846391.363193

18.55.1477331.380289

18.755.244421.388179

195.3156551.40981

19.255.4070441.425633

19.55.4775141.442474

19.755.555761.458041

205.6371831.474508

20.255.726571.488741

20.55.8067551.503556

20.755.8845421.519744

215.9528321.538078

21.256.0422321.550901

21.56.1274241.569046

21.756.1996981.586007

226.2831121.598039

22.256.3671071.612937

22.56.4469931.629756

22.756.5243721.645797

236.5986541.662127

23.256.6956311.672788

23.56.7565921.692316

23.756.8481721.707691

246.9268421.725022

24.257.0337041.743793

24.57.0885311.752055

24.757.1667511.763117

257.2565851.778539

25.257.3212371.798723

25.57.4103441.814294

25.757.4956171.825573

267.5622171.838378

26.257.6513071.852154

26.57.7312131.870478

26.757.809971.884618

277.8990421.896949

27.257.9829331.910044

27.58.0571.924944

27.758.1398111.94444

288.2130241.95359

28.258.2969961.966141

28.58.3883251.978232

28.758.4672341.995429

298.540462.011364

29.258.6209542.026075

29.58.7054512.040288

29.758.7967242.049876

308.8607472.067271

30.258.9465252.078662

30.59.0267952.087722

30.759.1054542.101593

319.187862.116702

31.259.2606192.131328

31.59.3450532.142598

31.759.4229082.155036

329.5069792.170851

32.259.5855632.183733

32.59.6760582.198815

32.759.745852.209002

339.8249772.224827

33.259.9058252.234357

33.59.9769082.244863

33.7510.0705242.263386

3410.155292.27726

34.2510.2360132.287539

34.510.2935832.301732

34.7510.3775052.313436

3510.4694332.325524

35.2510.5367522.341475

35.510.6236462.353887

35.7510.6954322.367659

3610.7925782.379537

36.2510.8626142.393108

36.510.9411692.401424

36.7511.0362612.415909

3711.1123782.427199

37.2511.1948412.442685

37.511.2767732.454574

37.7511.3532662.466191

3811.4314322.478181

38.2511.5105822.48804

38.511.5910022.505215

38.7511.6793912.514889

3911.7499452.525427

39.2511.831392.53928

39.511.9142232.550538

39.7512.0062352.564104

4012.0790452.575975

40.2512.1687562.587404

40.512.231652.601241

40.7512.3205762.609044

4112.3965762.620566

41.2512.4690242.633543

41.512.5391712.631967

41.7512.6218132.646243

4212.6986312.659306

42.2512.7714062.669921

42.512.8566772.683141

42.7512.9329272.696139

4313.0055662.708048

43.2513.0874452.721648

43.513.1861192.728011

43.7513.2490792.740927

4413.3346882.751558

44.2513.4169632.759935

44.513.5091272.771974

44.7513.5875372.782465

4513.6485122.794814

45.2513.7494452.808886

45.513.8199852.813668

45.7513.9066522.828579

4613.9855372.833578

46.2514.0635572.845534

46.514.1468812.858764

46.7514.227512.871107

4714.3101172.877649

47.2514.3907762.882619

47.514.4848682.894311

47.7514.5398072.898354

4814.6133632.908079

48.2514.7006782.917013

48.514.778292.931553

48.7514.8582052.935403

4914.9388592.916355

49.2515.0293852.89959

49.515.0988120.923196

49.7515.1810620.955846

5015.2591310.980946

50.2515.3480450.999445

50.515.4235371.023227

50.7515.5063211.037337

5115.581461.055433

51.2515.6537651.076324

51.515.7361.090565

51.7515.8332551.104958

5215.896311.122563

52.2515.983971.138991

52.516.0645651.156926

52.7516.1397081.167103

5316.2224891.18687

53.2516.3026131.201214

53.516.3868621.213014

53.7516.4685031.228471

5416.5460311.24411

54.2516.6217091.260448

54.516.7071611.272031

54.7516.7941891.285007

5516.8744261.297341

55.2516.9554611.311437

55.517.0329541.325527

55.7517.1125731.338104

5617.1920051.35309

56.2517.2800221.365546

56.517.3324171.367099

56.7517.3129861.358114

5717.3300151.34894

57.2517.3191681.342503

57.517.3272981.338938

57.7517.3136851.333999

5817.3204971.326731

T-2

0

0

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0

0

0

0

0

0

T-2

Desplazamiento (mm)

Carga (kN)

Traccin Malla T-2 - Direccin Transversal

L-2r

INFLE 187-2005

Ensayo Traccin

Muestra: malla L-2r





00.070743-0.002652

0.250.0676870.002345

0.50.059650.002036

0.750.0717550.000645

10.071726-0.001014

1.250.0738970.000336

1.50.071234-0.001637

1.750.069397-0.002302

20.063796-0.001837

2.250.067314-0.001246

2.50.069544-0.005222

2.750.066626-0.008988

30.072924-0.00746

3.250.1320260.016936

3.50.221460.047001

3.750.2933170.085161

40.376160.122209

4.250.4615580.154971

4.50.5380830.188838

4.750.6156710.221648

50.6992440.259032

5.250.7851950.292449

5.50.8578420.328015

5.750.9397650.363781

61.0130720.396297

6.251.0895040.437506

6.51.1801060.468945

6.751.2676050.503264

71.337740.538015

7.251.4107840.571813

7.51.5107840.602408

7.751.5677030.63508

81.6673120.671639

8.251.7473660.701151

8.51.8316750.737608

8.751.9073670.768746

91.9888570.796787

9.252.0524120.83048

9.52.1479770.857198

9.752.2284870.891234

102.2976360.923021

10.252.3886140.94885

10.52.4531350.978978

10.752.5480651.004362

112.626161.040194

11.252.7011791.067055

11.52.7908831.095512

11.752.8617761.118473

122.9441691.148873

12.253.0310241.178969

12.53.1076981.202368

12.753.1835081.233001

133.2596031.25594

13.253.3408291.284959

13.53.4279541.307195

13.753.5063411.333918

143.5882971.35908

14.253.6547821.382722

14.53.7485741.407963

14.753.81621.429948

153.9063471.450271

15.253.9865471.473

15.54.0571731.493915

15.754.1507921.514928

164.2259211.538287

16.254.3068711.559525

16.54.3833871.581461

16.754.4713471.602941

174.5520041.625091

17.254.6190171.645407

17.54.705131.665102

17.754.7946261.687357

184.8694561.707639

18.254.9483071.733538

18.55.0251241.752069

18.755.1034451.772565

195.1843241.790337

19.255.2684171.810241

19.55.3522751.835659

19.755.4289281.856376

205.5063391.875995

20.255.5996761.895048

20.55.6672271.916868

20.755.7535171.937905

215.8359741.957568

21.255.9164551.979128

21.55.9995331.999429

21.756.072122.02109

226.1512962.044184

22.256.2352892.062663

22.56.3118412.085507

22.756.3929062.106449

236.4698132.129611

23.256.5618922.150814

23.56.6285252.168893

23.756.7040082.19325

246.7937882.209117

24.256.8753682.235151

24.56.9461632.251902

24.757.0251392.272452

257.1120122.290346

25.257.1982072.313608

25.57.2802722.334945

25.757.3578452.35863

267.4228322.37937

26.257.5164632.395589

26.57.5967712.414615

26.757.6815842.440271

277.7482052.461278

27.257.8353012.48231

27.57.9153762.504326

27.757.9969062.519997

288.0745042.546846

28.258.1602362.563548

28.58.2397822.584205

28.758.3180412.604863

298.40052.626587

29.258.4789572.649161

29.58.5587712.668443

29.758.6357152.689534

308.7228382.708541

30.258.8007762.731217

30.58.8853832.747626

30.758.9609032.772381

319.0481662.78876

31.259.112262.811102

31.59.2046782.834111

31.759.2834272.854108

329.3526562.872317

32.259.4377592.889611

32.59.5130962.913672

32.759.5975722.935702

339.6815362.95168

33.259.7633282.970583

33.59.839122.992977

33.759.925883.008136

349.9944943.036198

34.2510.0822293.052902

34.510.1595293.072535

34.7510.2362793.089543

3510.3109043.109478

35.2510.4045543.132042

35.510.4833023.149702

35.7510.555553.1726

3610.6386573.189314

36.2510.720223.207924

36.510.7980173.229728

36.7510.8750573.250072

3710.9689383.270257

37.2511.0425073.287993

37.511.1310093.306001

37.7511.2047073.327167

3811.2839643.345665

38.2511.3623363.361368

38.511.4426173.380083

38.7511.5294013.398626

3911.6007513.418463

39.2511.6926913.435469

39.511.7708993.455482

39.7511.8483013.474193

4011.9444443.495004

40.2512.0049953.513488

40.512.0879183.53392

40.7512.1626573.549085

4112.2406033.565625

41.2512.3356483.589018

41.512.4017113.603811

41.7512.4748583.6096

4212.5381383.621647

42.2512.6148673.639938

42.512.7044163.664138

42.7512.7921263.680644

4312.8648243.701647

43.2512.935183.720735

43.513.0258143.73734

43.7513.1041613.758733

4413.1771263.771728

44.2513.2638283.793257

44.513.3314613.808202

44.7513.4268523.829233

4513.5078093.845168

45.2513.5825393.863015

45.513.6624343.882721

45.7513.7422913.897036

4613.8183513.915297

46.2513.9035623.932075

46.513.9709353.94855

46.7514.0731313.967119

4714.1474323.981393

47.2514.2310424.004263

47.514.3075584.01607

47.7514.3857684.030556

4814.4631514.052536

48.2514.554374.062321

48.514.6340484.086145

48.7514.706084.097351

4914.7914964.112986

49.2514.8690894.131536

49.514.9405824.145476

49.7515.0324454.163077

5015.1083874.177887

50.2515.1922914.197133

50.515.2802894.210366

50.7515.3519524.224593

5115.4288024.241409

51.2515.5185944.256767

51.515.5938114.27088

51.7515.6672774.289821

5215.7483324.303852

52.2515.8342884.320294

52.515.9093214.33301

52.7515.993344.346756

5316.0648014.363699

53.2516.1533694.381037

53.516.229294.393788

53.7516.3075444.407403

5416.3908184.424077

54.2516.4771944.436935

54.516.5531864.456669

54.7516.6312274.470107

5516.7093564.485361

55.2516.7959024.497049

55.516.8785214.512478

55.7516.9559634.529885

5617.028814.542977

56.2517.1149054.555235

56.517.191072.002536

56.7517.2807311.354485

5717.3664151.395693

57.2517.4423651.429073

57.517.5187391.461455

57.7517.5896511.488186

5817.6767461.51076

L-2r

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L-2r

Desplazamiento (mm)

Carga (kN)

Traccin Malla L-2r - Direccin Longitudinal

Ensayos de adherencia mortero - ladrillo

MECANISMO DE TRANSFERENCIA DE ESFUERZOS ENTRE LA GEOMALLA Y EL MORTERO

ENSAYOS DE ADHERENCIA MALLA MORTERO LADRILLO La =60mm 100mm 140mmBrickGridMortar

4.5 kNSe verifica que con 15cm de anclaje la malla se rompe y no se desprende el mortero del ladrillo.

Ensayos de Corte-Compresin4 Muros simples4 Muros tarrajeados4 Muros reforzados y tarrajeados

Dimensiones de los paneles y variables de medicin.Espesor del muro:Sin tarrajeo = 22cmCon tarrajeo= 26cm

ESTADO FINAL DE UN MURO SIMPLE

GRFICO FUERZA-DESPLAZAMIENTO DE UN MURO SIMPLE

ESTADO FINAL DE UN MURO TARRAJEADO

GRFICO FUERZA-DESPLAZAMIENTO DE UN MURO TARRAJEADO

ESTADO FINAL DE UN MURO REFORZADO Y TARRAJEADO

GRFICO FUERZA-DESPLAZAMIENTO DE UN MURO REFORZADO Y TARRAJEADO

CURVAS ENVOLVENTES FUERZA DESPLAZ.

Grficos del clculo de la energa disipada y absorbida

Valores de la energa disipada y absorbida

Los muros tarrajeados y no reforzados muestran el comportamiento ms frgil en comparacin a los muros simples y a los reforzados. Se caracteriza por la formacin de una sola grieta muy pronunciada.Los muros reforzados muestran un patrn de grietas distribuido que es sinnimo de mayor disipacin de energa y capacidad de deformacin.El clculo de la energa absorbida y energa disipada muestra una clara ventaja para los muros reforzados.

CONCLUSIONES DE LOS ENSAYOS A CORTE - COMPRESIN

Ensayos de Flexin fuera del Plano

Los muros fueros ensayados aplicndoles una carga vertical constante y una carga horizontal variable.Dos de los muros fueron ensayados sin aplicarles la carga vertical.Laboratorio Estructuras PUCP

Se realizaron doce ensayos de muros con carga perpendicular a su plano.

MUROTARRAJEOGEOMALLA DE REFUERZOCARGA VERTICAL (kN)F1Ambas carasNO88F2Ambas carasNO88F3NONO88F4NONO88F5Ambas carasLado en tensin88F6Ambas carasLado en tensin88F7Ambas carasLado en tensin----F8Ambas carasLado en tensin----F9Ambas carasLado en tensin88F10Ambas carasLado en compresin88F11Ambas carasLado en tensin con traslape de 15cm88F12Ambas carasLado en tensin con traslape de 15cm88

Los resultados obtenidos en los ensayo de los muros fueron los siguientes:El uso de la malla de refuerzo induce a la propagacin de fisuras en la parte central.

Hoja1

MUROFyDyFmax (kN)Du (mm)

F-321.10.743.38.0

F-435.53.2

F-158.88.158.837.0111.777

F-221.10.735.53.267.431

F-558.46.368.919.0

F-667.29.768.125.0

F-960.27.182.743.2

F-721.96.823.745.5

F-823.97.224.642.4

F-1056.57.663.540.0

F-1162.49.980.444.3

F-1278.212.680.432.6

Hoja1

Fmax (kN)

Du (mm)

Muro

Resumen Fmax - Du

Hoja2

Hoja3

MUROS SIMPLES CON CARGA VERTICAL DE 88KNSe aprecia una sola grieta

Muros reforzados con carga vertical de 88kNSe aprecian varias grietas paralelas.

Muros reforzados sin carga vertical

MURO F-10 CON GEOMALLA EN COMPRESIN

La geomalla de refuerzo incrementa la resistencia de 90% a 130% mas (Comparacin de los muros F2 vs F5, F6 y F9).La geomalla de refuerzo otorga mayor capacidad de deformacin al muro (como se observa en los ensayos de los muros F7 y F8).El uso de la malla traslapada incrementa la resistencia y la capacidad de deformacin. Las fisuras mas gruesas se encuentran fuera del rea de traslape.CONCLUSIONES DE LOS ENSAYOS A FLEXIN

CONCLUSIONES DE LOS ENSAYOS A FLEXIN La malla de polmero impide que el muro se disgregue.

La carga vertical incrementa la capacidad de los muros sujetos a fuerzas transversales (comparacin de los muros F7 y F8 vs F5, F6 y F9).

4. ASPECTOS DE LA NORMA E.070 ALBAILERA

CONFINAMIENTO DE MUROS VS. REFUERZO SUPERFICIAL

LOS CDIGOS DE DISEOTodos los cdigos de diseo se basan en criterios de ingeniera ampliamente aceptados y estn orientados a construcciones nuevas donde las caractersticas de los materiales y los sistemas estructurales son determinados.

Los criterios de ingeniera en que se basan los cdigos pueden ser aplicados en casos donde se utilicen nuevos materiales o construcciones con caractersticas distintas a las tipologas de los cdigos.

Veamos cmo se aplican estos criterios al caso del refuerzo con geomalla.

EN TODA EDIFICACIN DE ALBAILERA, LOS MUROS SON LOS ELEMENTOS ESTRUCTURALES QUE RESISTEN:

LA CARGA VERTICALLA FUERZA SSMICA HORIZONTAL

NORMA E.070La capacidad de carga vertical solo depende del muro

NORMA E.070La capacidad de resistencia al corte ssmico solo depende del muro

LA FUNCIN DEL CONFINAMIENTO ES CONTROLAR LA PROPAGACIN DE LA GRIETA DIAGONAL PARA QUE EL MURO SE MANTENGA UNIDO

Determinacin de las fuerzas en los elementos de confinamiento luego de agrietado el muro

PARA FUERZASPERPENDICULARES AL PLANO LOS ELEMENTOS DE CONFINAMIENTO DEFINEN CMO SE COMPORTA EL MURO Y CMO SE DISEA.

Tomando como referencia la norma E.070 ALBAILERA, las edificaciones de albailera de ladrillo deben contar con una densidad mnima de muros reforzados que garantice un estado de dao reparable despus de un sismo severo para lo cual en cada direccin principal del primer nivel la densidad de muros est determinada por la siguiente expresin:

rea total de corte de muros reforzados/rea de la planta tpica

= ( Li *ti) / Ap

( Li * ti) / Ap Z.U.S.N / 56 (7.1)

PARA LAS FUERZAS DE INERCIA COPLANARES EN EL MURO, ELREFUERZO SUPERFICIAL TIENE EL MISMO OBJETIVO QUE LOS ELEMENTOS DE CONFINAMIENTO QUE ES: CONTROLAR EL AGRIETAMIENTO DEL MUROMANTENER LA UNIDAD DEL MURO DESPUS DE AGRIETADO Y QUE SIGA SOPORTANDO CARGAS VERTICALES

PARA LAS FUERZAS DE INERCIA PERPENDICULARS AL MURO, EL REFUERZO SUPERFICIAL POSEE VENTAJA SOBRE EL SISTEMA DE CONFINAMIENTO YA QUE EL MURO INCREMENTA SU CAPACIDAD DE RESISTENCIA A LA FLEXIN.

AL ESTAR ADEHERIDO AL MURO Y A LOS ELEMENTOS ESTRUCTURALES, SE IMPIDE EL VACIAMIENTO DEL MURO FUERA DE SU PLANO.

5. PROCEDIMIENTO DE INSTALACIN DE GEOMALLA COMOREFUERZO SUPERFICIAL EN VIVIENDA DE LADRILLO

Vivienda en esquina de mampostera simple no reforzada.

Picar el muroMedir la superficie

3) Medir y cortar la geomalla para cada tramo de pared

4) Presentar la geomalla en el muro

5) Fijar provisionalmente la geomalla al muro.Con alcayatas o clavos.

6) Mojar el muro antes de la primera capa de tarrajeo.

7) Preparar mezcla de cemento/cal/arena=1/1/5. Aplicar primera capa de mortero con paeteo.

8) Tarrajear en dos capas asegurando que la malla quede embebida en la capa final de mortero.

Casa terminada reforzada por las dos caras.

FINGRACIAS POR SU ATENCIN!!

**07/16/96*##The idea of applying the grid to stabilise masonry against earthquake is not new. Back in 1994 Prof. Sofronie from Bulgaria started research in his laboratory, at that time with the normal biaxial grids.

When we finished the development of the triaxial grid we repeated the most important tests at the University of Lima, with Prof Daniel Torrealva Davila.*07/16/96*##After his initial research in Bulgaria, Prof Sofronie was able to get grants from the European Community.*07/16/96*##The first research was executed by ENEL in Milan on their shaking table. This was probably the most impressive research.Among others a small structure was build with a door and several windows. The structure was reinforced with a layer of grid in the horizontal joints.This building was then subjected to an earthquake.*07/16/96*##After the reinstatement of the building the biaxial grid was installed and later plastered.One can see the fixings for the grid which were used at that time.These fixings are intended to tie the grid to the masonry, they are only intended to keep the grid in place during the plastering operation. Once the plaster has hardened the fixings are obsolete.And this buildings was subjected to an earthquake again.*07/16/96*##The earthquake loading was 8 times higher than the heaviest measured, but here are some scale effects as well to consider.

We have a lift-off!*07/16/96*##The plaster had cracked as indicated, but the building was intact! The integrity was maintained.*07/16/96*##Simulating the masonry infills, walls with and without openings were subjected cyclic shear loadings, with and without retrofitting.*07/16/96*##From the damage in the plaster one can clearly see how the grid has managed the crack development and prevented a major failure.*07/16/96*##In a panel with openings the cracks will propagate from the corners of the openings, creating the actual failure of the building.Note how the panel next to the door has moved inwards.*07/16/96*##With the retrofit with grids therer is movement, just as big, but the building remained intact.*07/16/96*##Unfortunately none of the expensive researches by Prof Sofronie gave us actual design information.So we embarked on some simple tests with Prof Antonucci in Italy to gather information on the increase of ductility of masonry panels.*07/16/96*##Of course the panel itself is much stronger than the grid and when the failure develops the grid can not prevent it, however, we have seen quite a significant increase in the ductility. *07/16/96*##Unfortunately none of the expensive researches by Prof Sofronie gave us actual design information.So we embarked on some simple tests with Prof Antonucci in Italy to gather information on the increase of ductility of masonry panels.

Presentación GEOSMALLAS 2015

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