iago kaWkaWiSvili

socialuri Teoria

2008

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s a r C e v i

Tavi I. ra aris socialuri Teoria ? --------------------------------------------------

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Tavi II. socialuri Teoriis saTaveebTan (konti, spenseri, marqsi, zimeli) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Tavi III. socialuri Teoriis ZiriTadi cnebebi -----------------------------

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Tavi IV. subieqtze/agentze orientirebuli socialuri Teoriebi (maqs veberis kritikuli Teoria, eTnomeTodologia) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Tavi V.

struqturaze/sistemaze orientirebuli socialuri Teoriebi (talkot parsonsi, niklas lumani) ------------------------------

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Tavi VI.

agentsa da struqturas Soris mediaciaze orientirebuli socialuri Teoriebi (p. burdies

sinTezuri Teoria da e. gidensis “struqturaciis Teoria”) ---------

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Tavi VII.

postmodernuli socialuri Teoria ---------------------------------

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Tavi 1: ra aris socialuri Teoria?

$1. Sesavali: socialuri Teoria rogorc mecniereba mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis pirveli nimuSi antikur saberZneTSi, aristotelesTan gvxvdeba. aristotelem sxva mecnierebaTagan gamoyo politikis Teoria, romelSic gulisxmobda saxelmwifosa da adamianis qcevis Semswavlel disciplinas. man ZiriTadad gamoacxada adamianTa urTierTobebis Semecneba. es urTierTobebi umTavresad ori formiT yalibdeba: elementarulia ojaxi da ojaxis wevrTa urTierTobebi, ganmsazRvreli ki _ saxelmwifo da saxelmwifos Sida urTierTobebi. socialuri sinamdvile urTierTobaTa erTobliobaa. ase Caisaxa antikur saberZneTSi socialuri sinamdvilis Semswavleli mecnierebis cneba. miuxedavad amisa, mecxramete saukunemde ar momxdara socialuris Semmecnebel mecnierebaTa gamoyofa saerTod codnisagan. Tumca, mecxramete saukuneSic ki, TviT iseT moazrovnesTan, rogoricaa ogiust konti, romelsac miewereba termin “sociologiis” Semotana, socialuri mecnierebebi “mecnierulobis” statuss mxolod imiT iReben, rom emsgavsebian bunebis mecnierebebs da maTgan sesxuloben kvlevis meTodebs. marTlac, “mecniereba” (‘science’) didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gaigivebuli iyo bunebismetyvelebasTan. me-17 saukunidan moyolebuli, Tanamedrove evropaSi iseTi mecnierebebis gaCenam da arnaxulma ganviTarebam, rogoricaa fizika, astronomia, qimia, biologia da sxv. Seqmna bunebismecnieruli midgomis etaloni da es midgoma “mecnierulobis” nimuSad gamocxadda. me-18 saukunis bolos, rodesac aRmoceneba daiwyo adamianis da misi samyaros Semswavlelma disciplinebma (ekonomika, filologia, lingvistika, xelovnebis istoria da sxv.), maTi mecnieruloba aRiarebuli iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini moaxdendnen bunebis mecnierebi meTodebis kopirebas da imitirebas. rogorc aRiniSna, aseTi moTxovna sociologiasac wauyena me-19 saukuneSi o. kontma, romelmac axlad gaCenili disciplina “pozitivistur (an pozitiur) mecnierebad” monaTla, riTac saTave daudo pozitivizmis gaCenas socialur mecnierebebSi. kontis, anu pozitivisturi midgomis Tanaxmad, sociologiam Tavisi kvlevis ZiriTadi meTodebi _ dakvirveba da eqsperimenti _ unda aiRos fizikidan, raTa gaamarTlos misi, rogorc mecnierebis, statusi1. maSasadame, pozitivisturi tradiciis amosavali principia Tvalsazrisi, rom sazogadoeba da adamianis qceva unda Seiswavlebodes sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis meTodebiT. sociologebma unda misdion bunebismetyvelebs da moipovon maTsaviT zusti Teoriuli codna. ar arsebobs araviTari dualizmi, socialur mecnierebaTa miznebi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa analogiuria: socialuri fenomenis qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis SesaZlebloba; socialuri movlenis axsna da obieqturobis miRweva, romelic SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc kvlevis procesSi Zmovlenis mimarT mkvlevris “indiferentuloba”. amgvari kvleva iZleva adamianuri qcevis “WeSmarit”, zust da gafarToebul “kanonebs”.

1 o. kontis Sexedulebebi ufro dawvrilebiT iqneba ganxiluli me-2 TavSi.

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pozitivisturi paradigmis farglebSi SesaZleblad miiCneva individualur qcevebze dakvirvebis Sedegebi gavrceldes mTel mosaxleobaze. pozitivistebi iziareben princips, rom socialuri da bunebrivi samyaroebi emorCileba dadgenil da ualternativo kanonebs mizezobriobis usasrulo jaWvSi. mecnieruli kvlevis ZiriTadi mizania am kauzaluri kanonebis dadgena, romlebic saSualebas mogvcems, avxsnaT da viwinaswarmetyveloT specifikuri fenomenebi. amgvari midgomis farglebSi, socialuri Teoria warmogvidgeba rogorc empiriulad dasabuTebuli debulebebis deduqciuri, aqsiomaturad struqturirebuli sistema, romelsac SeuZlia gazomos “socialuri faqtebi”. es pozicia Tavis ukidures gamoxatulebas Semdeg msjelobaSi poulobs: “rodesac SegiZlia gazomo is, ris Sesaxebac laparakob da gamoxato es ricxvebSi, maSin Sen marTla mogipovebia codna; magram rodesac ar SegiZlia gazomo da gamoxato igi ricxvebSi, Seni codna mwiria da aradamakmayofilebeli”2.

pozitivisturi midgomis erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian mxardamWerad gvevlineba emil diurkemi, romelic amtkicebda, rom sociologia sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebas unda daemsgavsos, romelic raodenobriv meTodebs gamoiyenebs cvladebs Soris mizezobrivi kavSirebis dasamyareblad. SromaSi “sociologiuri meTodis wesebi” diurkemi amtkicebs, rom socialuri mecnierebis warmomadgenelma imave wesiT unda Seiswavlon socialuri fenomenebi, rogorc fizikosma, qimikosma an fiziologma. Tavis ZiriTad SromaSi (“TviTmkvleloba”) diurkemi swored socialur fenomenebs Soris mizezobrivi kavSirebis moZebnas ganizraxavs: igi adarebs TviTmkvlelobis sixSiris oficialur statistikas sxvadasxva evropul saxelmwifoebSi da arkvevs am monacemebis mimarTebas sxva cvladebTan, rogoricaa aRmsarebloba (religiuri kuTvnileba), sqesi, ojaxis struqtura da sxv. am mimarTebebidan, diurkemis azriT, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis kanonebis msgavsad, gamoiyvaneba mizezobrivi kanonebi, romelebic xsnian, Tu ratom sCadian sxvadasxva jgufebis warmomadgenlebi TviTmkvlelobas.

pozitivisturi midgoma ukve me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan daeqvemdebara mZafr kritikas germaneli mecnieris, hermenevtikis fuZemdeblis, vilhelm dilTais (1883-1911) mier. dilTaim mkveTrad gamijna ori sinamdvile _ buneba da goni da, Sesabamisad, bunebis mecnierebebisgan gamoyo gonis mecnierebani. am ukanasknels sakuTari, bunebis aRwerisa da axsnisagan gansxvavebuli meTodi aqvs _ gagebis saxiT. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi vindelbandma da rikertma gonis mecnierebaTa cneba Secvales kulturis mecnierebaTa cnebiT da bunebisa da kulturis mecnierebani erTmaneTs daupirispires. maqs veberma gaaigiva kulturisa da socialur mecnierebaTa cnebebi da maTi Taviseburebis axsnaSi dilTais xazi gaagrZela. ase gaCnda socialur TeoriaSi (zogadad, socialur mecnierebebSi) dixotomiuri nakadi, romlis sapirispiro polusebs sxvadasxvanairad aRniSnaven: pozitivisturi da interpretaciuli; mecnieruli da humanist-uri; naturalisturi da hermenevtikuli; axsniTi da gagebiTi da sxv. ra argumentebi aqvs “humanistebs” pozitivizmis sapirispirod? antipozitivistebi amtkiceben, rom “mizezobrivi kanonis” paradigmis gamoyeneba socialur mecnierebebSi Zalze problematuria. amas sxvadasxva mizezi aqvs: (1) socialur mecnierebebSi rTulia miRweul iqnes is obieqturoba da Tanamimdevruloba, rac aucilebelia

2 Siedman, E. (1977): “Why not qualitative analysis”, Public Management Forum, July/August, p. 415.

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klasifikaciis sistemebis ganviTarebisaTvis. socialur sivrceSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedurebi “datvirTulia” aqtoris implicituri saRi azris mosazrebebiT, xolo kvleva _ damkvirveblis piradi mosazrebebiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaze; (2) Teoriuli cnebebi arasakmarisad zustia, rac zRudavs maT warmatebul gazomvas; (3) gazomvisaTvis aucilebelma formalizaciam da simartivem SeiZleba gamoiwvios socialuri fenomenebis fundamenturi sirTulis ignorireba; (4) aqsiomaturi msjelobebis formulireba socialur mecnierebebSi rTuldeba, vinaidan socialuris Sesaxeb codna mudmivad moiTxovs mimarTvas empiriisadmi (socialuri da kulturuli konteqstisadmi). amdenad, Teoriis enidan monacemebis enaze gadasvla aucilebelia. aqedan gamomdinare, “mizezobrivi kanonebis” paradigma naklebad identificirebadia da ar CaiTvleba socialuri procesis maxasiaTeblad3. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, humanisturi midgomis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom socialuri mecnierebebis sagani Zireulad gansxvavdeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebisagan. kulturis (socialuri) mecnierebebi swavloben adamianis socialur qcevaSi da socialur institutebSi realizebul mniSvnelobebs, Rirebulebebs, ganzraxvebs, atitudebs da ideebs. am ukanasknelT yovelTvis atyvia kulturuli da istoriuli konteqstis kvali. amdenad, maTi Sefaseba SeuZlebelia erTi zogadi mizez-Sedegobrivi principis safuZvelze. socialuri arsebebi ar arian “WanWikebi”, romlebic moqmedeben raRac zeadamianuri (“obieqturi”) Zalebis gavleniT. isini mizanmimarTuli, mgrZnobiare, “mniSvnelobebis velSi” myofi arsebebia. aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis qcevis gasagebad aucilebelia movlenebis Sesaxeb aqtorebis warmodgenebis gamomzeureba da imis dadgena, Tu rogor exmianeba es warmodgenebi maT qcevebs. interaqciaSi myof individTa qcevebis mniSvnelobebis wvdomisaTvis, aucilebelia im socialuri konteqstis gageba, romelSic es interaqciebi mimdinareobs. bunebrivi samyarosagan gansxvavebiT, socialuri samyaros adekvaturi aRwera mkvlevrisagan moiTxovs Sesaswavl obieqtSi “SeRwevas” ise, rom aRiqvas da gaigos igi rogorc sakuTari Sinaarsi. amas is faqti aadvilebs, rom mkvlevari Tavad aris socialuri arseba da iziarebs Tundac zogierT socialur sazriss (mniSvnelobas), rasac swavlobs. mkvlevars uSualod uxdeba gamocados analogiuri motivebi, reaqciebi, emociebi da gancdebi. swored aseTi empaTiis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli gagebis uzrunvelyofa da wvdomis imgvari xarisxis miRweva, rasac veberma uwoda “Verstehen”4. humanistur midgomis Tanaxmad, adamianis qcevis wvdoma mxolod imitomaa SesaZlebeli, rom mkvlevars da kvlevis sagans aqvT saziaro adamianuroba (anu, arsebiTad, erTi rigis fenomenebia). Tumca, isic cxadia, rom ramdenadac msgavsi wvdoma an codna miiRweva subieqturad, SeuZlebelia miRweul iqnes is obieqturoba, rasac socialuri mecnierebis pozitivisturi modeli moiTxovs. humanistur Tvalsazriss, rom mkvlevari moziarea im socialuri procesis, romelsac ikvlevs, sabolood codnis relativistur interpretaciamde mivyavarT. mkvlevari,

3pozitivizmis kritikasTan dakavSirebiT ix. magaliTad: Blumer, H. (1969): Symbolic interactionism: perspective and method, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall; pp. 29-33. 4 maqs veberis Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT saubari iqneba me-4 TavSi.

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imaT msgavsad, visac igi swavlobs, CarTulia socialuri samyarosaTvis mniSvnelobis micemis procesSi da Tavadac qmnis socialuri samyaros versiebs. amdenad, ar SeiZleba arsebobdes socialuris Sesaxeb codnis raimegvari absoluturi obieqturoba, aramed arsebobs mxolod interpretaciaTa validuroba im adamianebisaTvis, romlebic erTnair mniSvnelobaTa sisitemas da meTodologias miyvebian. socialur TeoriaSi arsebobs midgomebi, romlebic cdiloben pozitivisturi da humanisturi, anu axsnis da gagebis paradigmebis morigebas. aseTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos maqs veberis Tvalsazrisi. veberi, pirvel rigSi, xazs usvams individualuri motivebisa da subieqturi sazrisebis mniSvnelovnebas da maTi gagebis SesaZleblobas mkvlevris sakuTari subieqturobidan gamomdinare. Tumca, veberi moiTxovs, agerTve, socialuri moqmedebis mizezobrivi axsnis adekvaturobis aRiarebas. igi fiqrobs, rom subieqturi mniSvnelobis da mizezobriobis doneebi ki ar gamoricxavs, aramed avsebs erTmaneTs. amas orgvari azri aqvs: a) axsna gagebisagan damoukideblad ar miiRweva; b) subieqturi wesiT, anu gagebis safuZvelze miRebuli codna gamoiyeneba socialuri moqmedebis Teoriuli modelebis (“idealuri tipebis”) Camosayalibeblad, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyeneba moqmedebis realuri kursis analizisTvis (axsnisTvis), am ukanasknelis Teoriul modelTan Sedarebis gziT.

$2. socialuri Tu sociologiuri Teoria? bevr sociologTan (Sesabamisad, bevr samecniero literaturaSi) “socialuri Teoria” da “sociologiuri Teoria” identuri mniSvnelobiT moixmareba.5 Sesabamisad, sfero, romelsac socialuri Teoria Semoxazavs, amave dros, sociologiuri Teoriis Seswavlis sferocaa. es sfero asea daxasiaTebuli, magaliTad, erT-erT yvelaze Tanamedrove britanul saxelmZRvaneloSi: “socialuri Teoria SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb

azrovnebis mecnieruli gzebis Seswavla. is moicavs ideebs sazogadoebebis cvalebadobisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, socialuri qcevis axsnis meTodebis Sesaxeb, iseTi cnebebis Sesaxeb,

rogoricaa Zalaufleba da socialuri struqtura, klasi, genderi da eTnikuroba,

modernuloba da “civilizacia”, revolucia da utopia da uamrav sxva, socialur cxovrebasTan dakavSirebul, cnebas da problemas”6.

es gansazRvreba naTelyofs, rom socialuri Teoria socialur sinamdvileze Teoriuli refleqsiaa. Tumca, cxadia, socialur sinamdvileze yvela Teoriuli refleqsia ar SeiZleba socialuri Teoria iyos (aseT SemTxvevaSi socialuri Teoria mxolod zogadi “iarliyis” rolSi gamodis nebismieri konkretuli socialuri disciplinisaTvis). socialur Teorias bevri specifika aqvs. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia erTi, romelic socialur Teorias socialuri filosofiisagan ganasxvavebs (es gansxvaveba dRemde mZafri diskusiebis sagnad rCeba): socialuri Teoria iseTi Teoriuli refleqsiaa, romelsac mudmivad moeTxoveba empiriasTan kavSiri. amas

5 am naSromSic es ori termini identuri mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli. 6 Harrington, Austin (2005): Introduction. What is Social Theory? In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 1.

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kargad acnobierebdnen TviT iseTi sociologebic ki, romelTa naazrevi abstraqtulobisa da spekulaturobis maRali doniT gamoirCeva. amis magaliTad t. parsonsis “grand Teoriis” dasaxelebac ikmarebda. parsonsi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom sociologs SeuZlia aagos abstraqtuli konceptualuri sqemebi, magram isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi moipoveben legitimacias, Tu SesaZlebelia maTi empiriuli gamoyeneba7. empiriuli dadasturebis moTxovna is erT-erTi ZiriTadi principia, rac socialur Teorias socialuri filosofiisagan ganasxvavebs. am ukanasknels ar moeTxoveba, rom misi debulebebis safuZvlianoba empiriulad, cdaSi Semowmdes. socialuri Teoriebi empiriisagan SeiZleba sxvadasxva xarisxiT iyvnen distancirebulni. Sesabamisad, gamoyofen socialuri Teoriebis or dones: a) abstaqtuls (spekulaturs) da 2. e.w. “saSualo rangis”8 Teoriebs. abstraqtuli done iseT konceptualur sqemebs agebs socialuri sinamdvilis Sesaxeb, romelTac ar moeZebnebaT uSualo indikatorebi empiriuli verifikaciisaTvis. aseTi midgomiT, rogorc wesi, gamoirCevian adreuli funqcionalistebi (radklif-brauni, malinovski da, gansakuTrebiT, parsonsi). isini laparakoben socialuri cxovrebisa da sazogadebis zogad-sistemur, “societalur” Tvisebebze, romelTa pirdapiri empiriuli Semowmeba SeuZlebelia. rac Seexeba “saSualo rangis” Teoriebs, maT uSualo “misasvleli” aqvT realobasTan, anu maT debulebebs SeiZleba moeZebnoT validurobis empiriuli maCveneblebi. es Teoriebi saSualo pozicias ikaveben wminda empiriul (araTeoriul) kvlevasa da abstraqtul kvlevas Soris. saSualo rangs ganekuTvnebian ama Tu im empiriuli problemis (danaSauli, qorwineba, Zalaufleba, eTnikuri urTierTobebi da a.S.) analizze agebuli Teoriebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, dargobriv sociologiebad yalibdeba (danaSaulis, ojaxis, politikis, kulturis da a.S. sociologiebi). abstraqtul socialur Teoriebs empiriasTan misasvleli mxolod “saSualo rangis” Teoriebze “gavliT” aqvT, anu SesaZlebelia, maTi debulebebis “Targmna” cdasTan mosazRvre terminebSi. rogorc iTqva, mxolod aseTi SesaZlebloba xdis spekulatur Teoriebs socialuri Teoriis legitimur nawilad. * * * arsebobs socialur da sociologiur Teorias Soris diferencirebis mcdelobebic. am gansxvavebis yvelaze trivialuri interpretacia isaa, rodesac socialur Teorias ganixilaven rogorc krebiT koncepts yvela im Teoriuli midgomis aRsaniSnavad, romlebsac socialuri mecnierebebi da, maT Soris, sociologia gamoimuSavebs. am SemTxvevaSi, "socialuri Teoria" mxolod saxelia, romelsac Tavisi kvlevis sagani ki ara aqvs, aramed ubralod ama Tu im socialuri mecnierebis Teoriuli midgomebis “TavSesafaria”. Tumca, arsebobs Tvalsazrisebi, romlebic socialur da sociologiur Teorias Soris gansxvavebis Sinaarsobriv (sagnobriv) indikatorebze miuTiTebs da am or cnebas Soris principul zRvars avlebs. erT-erTi

7 Парсонс, Т., Система Координат Действия и Общая Теория Систем Действия: Культура, Личность И Место Социальных Систем. В книге: Американская Социологическая Мысль. Москва, 1996; стр. 462. 8 terminis _ “saSualo rangis” Teoriebi _ damkvidreba dakavSirebulia Tanamedrove amerikeli sociologis robert mertonis (1910-2003) saxelTan.

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yvelaze seriozuli mcdeloba am mimarTulebiT ekuTvnis Tanamedrove britanel sociologs nikolas mouzeliss (Nicolas Mouzelis). qvemoT swored misi Tvalsazrisia gadmocemuli9. sociologiuri Teoria, mouzelisis Tanaxmad, aRniSnavs imgvar analitikur moRvaweobas, romelic misdevs analizis specifikur logikas da gamoyofs sociologias, vTqvaT, socialuri filosofiisagan da sxva mosazRvre disciplinebisagan. rac Seexeba socialur Teorias, igi arRvevs aseT specifikur logikas da yuradReba gadaaqvs filosofiur sakiTxebsa da Teoriul miRwevevbze iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa lingvistika, semiotika, fsiqoanalizi da a.S. maSasadame, socialuri Teoria ar cnobs interdisciplinur sazRvrebs da myar barierebs. socialuri Teoria ar cdilobs, rom filosofiidan da sxva mecnierebebidan wamosuli mignebebi Targmnos sakuTriv sociologiuri Teoriis “enaze”. igi sazogadoebis Seswavlis reducirebas axdens iseT fenomenebze rogoricaa ena, niSnebi, teqstebi, aracnobieri da a.S. maSasadame, mouzelisi sociologiur Teoriasa da socialur Teorias Soris sagnobriv gansxvavebas atarebs. kidev meti: is Tvlis, rom socialuri Teoria sociologiuri Teoriis krizisis produqtia, rogorc misi uaryofa. rogor moxda sociologiuri Teoriis negatiuri ganviTareba socialur Teoriad? mouzelisi emxroba Tvalsazriss, romelic sakuTriv sociologiuri Teoriis Camoyalibebas parsonss ukavSirebs. parsonsis Teorias sinTezurad miiCneven im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi analizis orive _ mikro (“erTeuli aqti”) da makro (socialuri da kulturuli sistemebi) _ dones moicavs. parsonsi cdilobs Camoayalibos konceptualuri paradigmebi, e.w. “meore rigis” abstraqciebi, romlebic socialur struqturaTa da aqtorTa empiriuli kvlevisaTvis moamzadebs niadags. Tumca, parsonsi mainc ver acda sayvedurs, rom igi yovelgvari empiriuli kvlevis mimarT antagonisturadaa ganwyobili. saboloo jamSi, parsonsi marcxs ganicdis mikro moqmedebis doneze interaqciis analizisas. misi Teoria moZraobs “erTeuli aqtis” analizidan socialur sistemaTa spekulirebisaken. socialuri moqmedeba da, saerTod, pirovnuli sistema mTlianad marTuli xdeba socialuri da kulturuli sistemebis mier: kulturuli sistemis Semadgeneli Rirebulebebi institucionalizdeba socialur normebSi da rolur molodinebSi, xolo, es ukanaskneli internalizdeba individis moTxovnilebebSi. amosavali xdeba analizis makro societaluri done, romelSic agenti da misi Tavisufleba saerTod uCinardeba10. rogorc mouzelisi samarTlianad aRniSnavs, postparsonsiseuli sociologiuri Teoria sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarda:

9 Mouzelis, Nicolas, The Poverty of Sociological Theory. Sociology Vol. 27, #4, November 1993; pp. 676-695. 10 talkot parsonsis Teoria ufro dawvrilebiT gadmocemuli iqneba me-5 TavSi.

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1. pirvelia is, romelmac gaagrZela parsonsiseuli tradicia da socialuri procesebis axsna moaxdina ultra-sistemur da reifikaciul11 maxasiaTeblebze dayrdnobiT. es mimarTuleba Camoyalibda struqturuli funqcionalizmis saxiT. 2. parsonsis funqcionalizmze sapirispiro reaqciaa e.w. interpretaciuli sociologia, romelic mTlianad fokusirdeba mikro aqtorebze. es reaqcia sxvadasxva mizezma gamoiwvia: a) erTia reifikaciis ukiduresi saSiSroeba: koleqtiuri socialuri formebisaTvis iseTi maxasiaTeblebis miwera rogoricaa miznebis qona, gadawyvetilebebis miReba da a.S. sruliad gaumarTlebelia, radgan isini damaxasiaTebelia mxolod individualuri aqtorebisaTvis; b) mikro sociologia mimarTavs “Cveulebriv” adamianebs, “yoveldRiur ambebs” da yuradRebis miRma tovebs “koleqtiur”, “mega” aqtorebs. es ukanaskneli is aqtorebia, romlebic akontroleben mniSvnelovan resursebs da romelTa gadawyvetilebebi farTodaa gaSlili drosa da sivrceSi; mikro sociologia amtkicebs, rom aqtorebi da pirispir urTierTobebi miekuTvneba mikro, xolo instituciuri struqturebi _ makro dones da pirvelis mniSvneloba ar ganixileba mxolod misi wvliliT meoris uzrunvelyofaSi. arsebobda mcdelobebi, rom erTmaneTTan moerigebinaT mikro da makro midgomebi, anu gadaelaxaT dualizmi agentsa da struqturas Soris. erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani mcdeloba am mimarTulebiT ekuTvnis e. gidenss, mis “struqturaciis Teorias”. Tumca, efuZneba ra struqturis dualurobis cnebas, gidensi uZluria axsnas is SemTxvevebi, rodesac aqtorebi struqturebs (e.i. gidensis Tanaxmad, moqmedebis wesebsa da resursebs) TavisTavad nagulisxmevi gziT ki ar iyeneben _ aramed strategiul distancias inarCuneben maTgan imisaTvis, raTa moaxdinon maTi gageba, an Seafason maTi SenarCuneba/transformaciis Sansebi. aseT SemTxvevebSi, mouzelisis azriT, SesaZloa, ufro metadac gaxdes saWiro subieqt/obieqtis dualizmis, vidre dualurobis cneba, vinaidan mxolod dualizmis cnebis safuZvelze gaxdes SesaZlebeli imis axsna, Tu ratomaa, rom aqtorebi ara ubralod axdenen wesebisa da resursebis kvlavwarmoebas, aramed, agreTve, SeuZliaT maTi radikaluri transformireba. gamomdinare aqedan, gidensis mier funqcionaluri axsnis uaryofas mouzelisi mxolod ganuxorcielebel Teoriul amocanad miiCnevs.12.

3. parsonsis funqcionalizmze sxva ZiriTadi reaqcia gulisxmobs, agreTve, socialuri fenomenis mimarT poststruqturalistur da postmodernul midgomebs. mouzelisi samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom postmodernisti sociologebi uaryofen ara mxolod parsonsis mier sistemisa da moqmedebis konceptualizacias, aramed, agreTve, parsonsis mcdelobas, daafuZnos sociologiuri Teoria rogorc socialuri Teoriis specialuri qvedisciplina. maSasadame, mouzelisis Tanaxmad, postmodernuli mimarTuleba Cndeba maSin, rodesac postparsonsiseuli

11"reifikacia" etimologiurad aRniSnavs “gasagnebas” (“ganivTebas”); misi Semotana dakavSirebulia marqsistebis, kerZod, lukaCis saxelTan. reifikacia gulisxmobs abstraqtuli cnebis ganxilvas, TiTqos mas hqondes realuri (konkretuli) arseboba. rogorc wesi, reifikacias aqvs uaryofiTi datvirTva, radgan iTvleba, rom cnebis realurad miCneva aralegitimuri da mcdaria. reifikacia xSirad ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb funqcionaluri cnebebis kritikas, ramdenadac funqcionalistebi amtkiceben, rom sazogadoeba arsebobs “imis iqiT”, rasac misi Semadgeneli individebis jami gulisxmobs. 12 entoni gidensis "struqturaciis Teoria" ufro dawvrilebiT ganxiluli iqneba me - VI TavSi.

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sociologiuri Teoria ver aRwevs warmatebas parsonsiseuli paradigmis ZiriTadi sisusteebis daZlevasa da mikro da makro midgomebs Soris efeqturi kavSirebis SeqmnaSi. am marcxma sociologiur TeoriaSi Seqmna sicariele, romlis nawilic Seivso filosofiuri sakiTxebisadmi da Teoriuli miRwevebisadmi dainteresebiT iseT disciplinebSi, rogoricaa lingvistika da fsiqoanalizi. aseTi reaqcia sociologiur Teoriaze gacilebiT radikaluria, ramdenadac uaryofs ara mxolod iseT gansxvavebebs, rogoricaa moqmedeba/struqtura an mikro/makro, aramed yvela konvenciur sazRvars socialur mecnierebaTa disciplinebsa da qvedisciplinebs Soris. Tu sociologiuri Teoriis rogorc specialuri qvedisciplinis warmoSoba miuTiTebs socialuri codnis doneze arsebul diferenciaciis procesze, axali postmodernuli tendenciebi aRniSnavs dediferenciaciis process _ mizanmimarTul mcdelobas, rom Sesustdes an gaqres dadgenili sazRvrebi filosofias, lingvistikas, fsiqoanalizsa da sxvadasxva socialur mecnierebaTa disciplinebsa da qvedisciplinebs Soris. maSasadame, modernizmis sapirispirod, postmodernizmi aqcents svams inteleqtualur dediferenciaciaze, rac moaswavebs tradiciuli sazRvrebis gauqmebas socialuri mecnierebebis SigniT, iseve rogorc socialur mecnierebebsa da filosofias, literaturas, fsiqoanalizs da a.S. Soris. am TvalsazrisiT, postmodernuli socialuri Teoria, mouzelisis Tanaxmad, erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi gadadis. is, ubralod, cvlis socialur mecnierebaTa Soris komunikaciis deficitiT gamowveul arasasurvel situacias tolZalovnad arasasurveli viTarebiT, rodesac sruliad ignorirebulia TiToeuli disciplinis Sinagani logika.13 mouzelisis mixedviT, gamosavali unda veZeboT ara disciplinebs Soris “Sromis ganawilebis” aragonivruli uaryofiT, aramed gansxvavebul disciplinebs Soris “xidebis” agebiT, rac gulisxmobs Teoriuli diskursis Seqmnas, romelic saSualebas mogvcemda erTi disciplinis “ena” gveTargmna sxva disciplinis “enaze”. aseTi interdisciplinaruli komunikacia gaadvilebda socialur disciplinebs Soris integracias da SesaZlebels gaxdida im mignebebis efeqturad gamoyenebas, romlebic miRweul iqna filosofiaSi, fsiqoanalizSi an semiotikaSi.

$3. socialuri Teoriiis ganviTarebis etapebi socialuri Teoriis ganviTarebis etapebis ramdenime sqema arsebobs: zogierTis azriT, socialuri Teoriis sawyisi antikurobaSia platonTan da aristotelesTan. zogi moazrovne socialuri Teoriis pionerad makiavels miiCnevs, zogi saerTod uaryofs makiavelTan socialuri Teoriis arsebobas da sawyisad sen simonsa da konts miiCnevs. erT-erT yvelaze gaziarebulad iTvleba socialuri Teoriis ganviTarebis alvin boskoviseuli sqema, romlis mixedviTac ganviTarebis pirveli safexuria sazogadoebrivi azri, meore _ socialuri

13 postmodernuli socialuri Teoria ufro dawvrilebiT ganxiluli iqneba me-7 TavSi.

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filosofia, mesame _ protosociologia da meoTxe _ sakuTriv socialuri Teoria. maSadame, socialuri Teoriis ganviTareba aris ganviTareba sazogadoebrivi azridan sociologiur Teoriamde14. SedarebiT dawvrilebiT SevCerdeT aRniSnul sqemaze: a. boskovis azriT, is, rasac Cven axla sociologias vuwodebT, ganviTarda sakmaod gvian. sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb arqeologiuri monacemebi cxadyofs, rom adamianebs yovelTvis awuxebdaT erToblivi cxovrebisa da Sromis problemebi. zogadi azriT, kultura SeiZleba vikvlioT, rogorc am problemebis met-naklebad cnobieri gadawyveta. es miswrafeba xorcSesxmul iqna sazogadoebriv azrSi, ganzogadebuli msjelobebisa da debulebebis saxiT, romlebic bevr socialur movlenas moicavs – danaSauls da sasjels, oms, sqesobriv cxovrebas, socialur pasuxismgeblobas, jgufebs Soris urTierTobebs da a.S. amgvari adreuli sazogadoebrivi azri didwilad Seicavda Sefasebebs da eTikur miznebs, romlebic, rodesac isini gamoixateba kanonebSi, anda avtoritetul individTa moZRvrebebSi, SeiZleba iwodebodes socialur filosofiad. es ukanaskneli, arsebiTad, gamoixateboda damoZRvraSi, adamianuri gamocdilebis sasurveli formebis aRwerasa da socialuri moqmedebis kongenialuri imperativebis agebaSi. mokled rom iTqvas, es ufro metad iyo Sefaseba, vidre dakvirveba, gansja, vidre codna. miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvel civilizaciaTa socialur-filosofiuri Teoriebi araaucilebelia fantastikuri da ararealisturi yofiliyo, isini, boskovis aziT, saboloo jamSi, mainc SezRuduli aRmoCnda. dadga dro, rodesac saWiro gaxda idealebis miyeneba realuri cxovrebisadmi. gaCnda moTxovnileba iseT meTodebze, rogoricaa dakvirveba da Sedareba; brZola gamoecxada imas, rac iTvleboda absoluturad; gaizarda eWvi da skepticizmi, ramac, saboloo jamSi, migviyvana socialuri Teoriis pirvel konturebamde. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom berZnebi, gansakuTrebiT, ionielebi da maTi memkvidreebi, pirveli socialuri Teoretikosebi gaxdnen, rameTu isini cxovrobdnen da azrovnebdnen antikur kulturaTa gzajvaredinze. socialuri Teoria Cndeba rogorc sazogadoebrivi azris damxmare sfero, rodesac socialuri movlenebi ganixileba obieqturobis garkveuli xarisxiT da rodesac moazrovneebi da filosofosebi axdenen socialur movlenaTa ganzogadebul aRwerasa da axsnas ise, rogorc isini sinamdvileSi xdeba da ara ise, rogorc isini “unda iyvnen”. am azriT, socialuri Teoria miyveba mecnierul miznebs, maSin rodesac socialuri filosofia axdens Sefasebebs da miuTiTebs socialuri qcevis gzebze momavalSi. berZnebTan socialuri Teoria iWreba socialuri cxovrebis sferoSi, magram, rogorc meorexarisxovani elementi. socialuri filosofia upiratesobas inarCunebs Semdgomi 2200 wlis manZilze. Tumca, iseTi Teoriebi, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, makiavelis, unda interpretirdes rogorc sazogadoebrivi azris ganviTarebis axali nakadi. magram, mxolod me-19 saukunis meore mesamedSi iwyebs socialuri Teoria uswrafes ganviTarebas da fizikur da biologiur mecnierebebTan 14 Босков, А.: От общественной мысли к социологической теории; в книге: Современная Социологическая Теория; Москва, 1961; стр. 15-52.

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Tavisi kavSirebis wyalobiT seriozul gamowvevas sTavazobs socialur filosofias. socialuri Teoriis ganviTareba SeiZleba gaiyos or damoukidebel jgufad: a) socialuri Teoriis rigi moazrovneebi cdilobdnen dakvirvebadi socialuri movlenebi aexsnaT iseT faqtorebze dayrdnobiT, rogoricaa geografiuli pirobebi, klimati, fizikuri da qimiuri urTierTobebi da zebunebrivi Zalebi. es iyo socialur movlenaTa arasocialuri, reduqcionistuli axsna. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri Teoriis es nakadi wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo socialur filosofiasTan SedarebiT, gamoyenebuli konceptualuri saSualebebi ar iyo sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom moexdinaT socialuri sferosTvis adekvaturi ganzogadebebi. boskovs, am SemTxvevaSi, mxedvelobaSi aqvs geografiuli determinizmis, naturalizmis, social-darvinizmis da a.S. warmomadgenlebi. b) socialuri Teoriis meore variantis warmoSoba daaxloebiT miewereba me-19 saukunis Suaxanebs, kerZod, ogiust kontis Sromebs. sazogadoebrivi azris es faza, romelsac SeiZleba “protosociologia” ewodos, xasiaTdeba ori niSniT: pirveli da Zalze mniSvnelovani niSani isaa, rom xdeba mzardi gaTavisufleba fizikuri da biologiuri mecnierebebis cnebebisagan da socialuri sferos maTze reduqciisgan. TandaTan socialuri movlenebi aRiwereba specifikurad socialur terminebSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, SeTanxmeba, sazogadoeba, socialuri jgufi. protosociologia ogiust kontidan iwyeba.15 kontis garda mas warmoadgenen spenseri, marqsi da uordi. Tumca, me-19 saukunis bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi protosociologiis Seviwroeba daiwyo gacilebiT viwro mimarTulebam, romelic warmoadgens ZiriTads Tanamedrove sociologiuri pratikisaTvis analitikuri socialuri mecnierebis saxiT. Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoria iwyeba iq, sadac sociologiuri kvlevis safuZvlad cxaddeba sami problema: 1) socialuri procesis an procesebis buneba; 2) socialur jgufTa struqtura da klasifikacia da 3) individebs, jgufsa da socialur procesebs Soris urTierToba. analitikuri socialuri Teoriis erT-erT pirvel warmomadgenelad iTvleba ferdinand tionisi. Semdeg emil diurkemi, georg zimeli da maqs veberi.

15 Tumca, rogorc pirveli Tavis $1-Si aRiniSna, o. konti pozitivistia, anu sociologias ganixilavs rogorc “pozitiur mecnierebas”, romelic unda aigos sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebTan analogiiT (da ara maTze reduqciiT). amave poziciazea h. spenseri. kontisa da spenseris Sexedulebebi ganxiluli iqneba me-2 Tavis $1 da $2-ebSi.

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Tavi II. socialuri Teoriis saTaveebTan (konti, spenseri, marqsi, zimeli)

Sesavali am TavSi aRniSnuli moazrovneebis (konti, spenseri, marqsi, zimeli) erTad Tavmoyras, wminda droiTi ganzomilebis garda (yvela dasaxelebuli moazrovne Tavis inteleqtualur simwifes me-19 saukuneSi aRwevs), garkveuli konceptualuri logika aqvs. ogiust konts pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs socialuri Teoriis saTaveebTan, ramdenadac mas Semoaqvs pirvelad termini “sociologia” da cdilobs socialuri Teoriis sakuTari meTodologiis dafuZnebas, romelic, marTalia, bunebismetyvelebis meTodologias unda daemsgavsos, magram socialuri fenomenebis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT. aseTive ganzraxva aqvs herbert spensers, romelic pozitivistur xazs agrZelebs. rac Seexeba karl marqss, is erT-erTi pirvelia, vinc socialuri fenomenebis axsnas socialuris gareT arsebuli, metafizikuri an materialuri, ZalebiT ki Seecada, aramed socialuris farglebSi darCeniT. sxva sayveduri, romelic marqsis socialur TeoriaSi CarTvis gamo gamoiTqmeba, dakavSirebulia misi naazrevis radikalur ideologizirebasTan, rac mis Teorias mecnierulobis statuss ukargavs. am sayvedurs ritceri ase pasuxobs: “miuxedavad imisa, rom marqsis midgomam misive ideologiis didi gavlena ganicada, mniSvnelovania gavacnobieroT, rom yvela socialur Teoretikoss hqonda ideologiuri gadaxra. es exeba konts, spensers, diurkems, vebers da zimels, iseve rogorc marqss. ar arsebobs “Rirebulebisagan Tavisufali” sociologiuri Teoria. socialuri fenomenebis gaazrebisas, sociologebi aRmoaCenen, rom SeuZlebelia iyo bolomde neitraluri da es asea, miuxedavad imisa, aqvT Tu ara maT survili amis gacnobierebis da gaziarebis... ZiriTadi gansxvaveba marqssa da sxva socialur Teoretikosebs Soris isaa, rom marqs ar ucdia daefara Tavisi naazrevis ideologiuri xasiaTi”.16 rac Seexeba zimels, is erT-erTi pirvelia, vinc Seecada moeZena socialuri TeoriisTvis specifikuri da mxolodmisi adekvaturi sagani socialuri formebis saxiT. rasakvirvelia, socialuri mecnierebis saTaveebTan sxva sociologebic dganan. franguli sociologiuri skolidan sakmarisia aRiniSnos emil diurkemi, germanuli skolidan maqs veberi da ferdinand tionisi da a.S. CamoTvlili sociologebidan veberis sociologia mogvianebiT ganxilulia rogorc socialur TeoriaSi im nakadis saTave, rasac subieqtze orientirebuli Teoriebi qmnian.

16 Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 149.

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$1. ogiust konti biografiuli cnobebi:

ogiust konti (Auguste Comte) daibada 1798 wlis 19 ianvars, safrangeTis qalaq montpelieSi. skolis damTavrebis Semdeg is swavlas agrZelebs parizis politeqnikur skolaSi (École Polytechnique), romelic cnobili iyo safrangeTis respublikis idealebis mxardaWeriT. 1816 wels es skola ixureba reorganizaciis mizniT. konti iZulebulia swavla gaarZelos montpelies samedicino skolaSi. Tumca, kaTolikur da monarqistuli ideebis mimdevar mSoblebTan konfliqtis gamo igi kvlav parizSi gadadis da Tavs mcire samuSaoebis SesrulebiT irCens. 1817 wels konti xdeba filosofosis _ klaudia henri sen-simonis (Claude Henri Saint-Simon) mdivani. maTi axlobluri urTierToba ramdenime wels grZeldeba, sen-simoni uxsnis konts gzas inteleqtualuri sazogadoebisaken. Tumca, urTierToba mogvianebiT rTuldeba da 1824 wels konti tovebs sen-simons. ukve manamde igi cdilobs akademiuri karieris dawyebas, mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli ganzraxviT – daamuSaos pozitivisturi midgoma. Tavis gegmas is aqveynebs naSromis saxiT: “sazogadoebis reorganizaciisaTvis aucilebeli mecnieruli Seswavlis gegma”. Tumca, man am Sromis gamo akademiuri Tanamdeboba ver moipova. yoveldRiuri finansuri siZneleebis daZlevaSi mas megobrebi exmarebian. 1826 wels konti mkurnalobas iwyebs fsiqikuri janmrTelobis klinikaSi, Tuma, mkurnalobis kurss vadaze adre wyvets. qorwindeba kidec, magram 1842 wels colsac eyreba. 1826-42 wlebis SualedSi konti aqveynebs Tavisi saxelganTqmuli “pozitiuri filosofiis kursis” 6 toms. konti cdilobs Tavisi piradi cxovrebis awyobas, magram marcxs ganicdis am mimarTulebiT. igi gardaicvala parizSi 1857 wlis 5 seqtembers.

ogiust kontis ZiriTadi Sromebi:

• sazogadoebis reorganizaciisaTvis aucilebeli mecnieruli Seswavlis gegma (Plan des travaux scientifiques nécessaires pour réorganiser la société) _ 1822 w.

• pozitiuri filosofiis kursi (Cours de philosphie positive) – 1830-42 ww. • pozitiuri politikis sistema (Système de politique positive) _ 1851-54 w. • pozitivistis katexizmo (Catéchisme positiviste) _ 1852 w.

1.1. pozitivizmi konts xSirad uwodeben sociologiis mamas. man 1839 wels pirvelad Semoitana termini ‘sociologia”. man pirvelma gadawyvita gamoeyenebina mecnieruli meTodi sazogadoebis Sesaswavlad. konti ilaSqrebda ganmanaTleblobis epoqis metafizikuri Sexedulebebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic batonobda safrangeTSi revoluciamde. man mkveTri sazRvari gaavlo socialur filosofiasa da socialur movlenaTa mecnierul Seswavlas Soris. raSi mdgomareobs sazogadoebis Seswavlis mecnieruli meTodi, romelsac sociologia mimarTavs? konti sociologias “pozitivistur mecnierebas” uwodebda. pozitivizmi, rogorc cnobilia, moiTxovs, rom socialuri samyaros kvleva moxdes bunebis kvlevis analogiurad. anu, SesaZlebelia arsebobdes invariantuli kanonebi rogorc bunebrivi, ise socialuri samyarosaTvis. Sesabamisad, socialurma mecnierebebma kvlevis meTodebi bunebis mecnierebebisgan unda isesxos.17 konti sociologias adarebda swored fizikas, uwodebda ra mas “socialur fizikas”. ai, ras wers igi:

17 zogadad pozitivisturi midgomis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT ix. I-li Tavis $1-Si

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“sociologia ... aris termini, romelic me socialuri fizikis aRsaniSnavad

gamovigone”.18

konti moiTxovs, rom socialuri samyaros kanonebi miRebul iqnes empiriuli kvlevisa da Teoretizirebis (spekulaturi azrovnebis) racionaluri Sejerebis Sedegad. pozitivisturi orientaciis miuxedavad, kontis azriT, mxolod empiriuli kvlevidan miRebul Sedegebze dayrdnobiT Sors ver wavalT. empiriuli kvleva aucileblad unda daeqvemdebaros Teorias. kontis Tanaxmad, sociologiam empiriuli kvlevis sam ZiriTad meTods unda mimarTos, raTa adekvaturi codna moipovos realuri sinamdvilis Sesaxeb: a) pirveli meTodi aris dakvirveba. Tumca, konti cdilobs es meTodi spekulaturi azrovnebis samsaxurSi Caayenos, anu igi uaryofs Teoriisagan izolirebul dakvirvebas. Teoriis gareSe ar gvecodineba, ras veZiebT socialur samyaroSi da verasodes gavigebT imis mniSvnelobas, rac movipoveT; b) meore meTodi aris eqsperimenti. Tumca, am meTods konti sociologiisaTvis naklebad adekvaturad miCnevs, ramdenadac Zalze rTulia socialur fenomenebSi xelovnuri Careva da maTi gakontroleba. es meTodi ufro sxva mecnierebebs Seesabameba; g) mesame meTodi aris Sedareba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sami qvetipisagan Sedgeba. pirveli, Cven SegviZlia ganvaxorcieloT adamianTa sazogadoebisa da masze ufro dabla mdgomi cxovelTa sazogadoebis Sedareba; meore, Cven SegviZlia msoflios gansxvavebul adgilebSi arsebuli sazogadoebebi SevadaroT erTmaneTs. mesame, Cven SegviZlia sazogadoebebis gansxvavebuli stadiebis Sedareba drois, anu istoriul ganaserSi. es bolo qvetipi konts gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad miaCnia. imdenad, rom zogierTi mkvlevari mas kontis damoukidebel, meoTxe meTodad ganixilavs istoriuli kvlevis saxiT.19 konti axdens pozitivistur mecnierebaTa ierarqias. ierarqiis principad igi iyenebs yvelaze zogadi, abstraqtuli da realuri cxovrebisagan distancirebuli mecnierebebisgan moZraobas im mecnierebebamde, romlebic yvelaze kompleqsuri, konkretuli da sainteresoa adamianebisaTvis. es “kibe” ase gamoiyureba: maTematika, astronomia, fizika, biologia (fiziologia), qimia da safuZvelSi _ sociologia. maSasadame, konti sociologias ganixilavs rogorc yvelaze mniSvnelovan disciplinas. 1.2. sami stadiis kanoni kontis socialuri Teoriis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti isaa, rom igi Seecada daedgina socialuri cxovrebis invariantuli kanonebi. am kanonebs Soris yvelaze cnobilia e.w. “sami stadiis kanoni”. esaa adamianebis inteleqtualuri da socialuri ganviTarebis sami etapi: 1. pirveli stadiaa Teologiuri. am stadiaze goneba movlenis axsnas cdilobs zebunebrivi Zalebis zemoqmedebiT. am stadias Seesabameba

18 Comte, Auguste (1855): The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte. New York: Calvin Blanchard; p. 444. 19 ix. magaliTad, Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 89.

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sazogadoeba, sadac qurumebi da monarqebi batonoben. misi gavla aucilebelia danarCen or stadiaze gadasasvlelad. aq adamianis goneba eZebs saganTa namdvil bunebas, anu maT Sesaxeb absolutur, WeSmarit codnas. am Ziebas is zebunebrivi Zalebis (sulebis da RmerTebis) aRiarebmde mihyavs: yvela fenomeni Seqmnili da mizanmicemulia RmerTebis mier. am cnobierebam gaiara gza saganTa gaRmerTebidan (fetiSizmi) poliTeizmamde da, sabolood, monoTeizmis aRiarebamde. 2. meore stadiaa metafizikuri. am stadiaze batonobs socialuri kriticizmi, sadac RmerTis adgils spekulaturi azrovneba ikavebs, xolo mistikur saxeebs abstraqtuli cnebebi cvlis. konts es stadia yvelaze nakleb mniSvnelovnad miaCnia. is gardamavali safexuria Teologiur da pozitiur stadiebs Soris. 3. mesame stadiaa pozitivisturi (an mecnieruli). am stadiaze batonobs mecnieruli codna, dafuZnebuli bunebismetyvelebis meTodologiaze. aq adamianuri goneba Tavs anebebs ara mxolod sawyisi mizezebis an bolovadi miznebis Ziebas, aramed abstraqtul (spekulatur) cnebebs anacvlebs empiriuli codniT, romelic dafuZnebulia obieqtur dakvirvebaze, eqsperimentze da Sedarebaze. konts es etapi yvelaze mniSvnelovnad miaCnia. marTalia, konti pozitivistur etaps, romelSic empiriuli kvlevis meTodebs wamyvani adgili ukavia, did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, magram “sami stadiis kanoni” mas induqciuri wesiT, dakvirvebis safuZvelze ar Camouyalibebia. isini socialuri samyaros da “adamianis bunebis” Sesaxeb spekulaturi azrovnebis Sedegia. Tumca, konti imasac acxadebs, rom man Tavad moaxdina am kanonis “testireba” yvela ZiriTadi meTodis (dakvirveba, eqsperimenti, Sedareba) gamoyenebiT da daasabuTa realuri istoriis Sesabamisoba TiToeul stadiasTan, razec konkretuli monacemebi mowmobs (es sakiTxi qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli). movusminoT Tavad konts: “kanonebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad deducirebulia adamianis bunebis abstraqtuli gamokvlevidan, demonstrirdeba rogorc realuri kanonebi, romlebsac SeuZlia axsnas

adamianuri rasis bedisweris mTeli mimdinareoba”.20

1.3. socialuri statika da dinamika kontis pozitivizmi ori ZiriTadi koncefcias moicavs: socialur statikas da socialur dinamikas. es koncefciebi faqtebis or klass ki ar Seesabameba, aramed warmoadgens socialuri movlenebisadmi erTiani midgomis or aspeqts. esaa gansxvaveba socialur struqturasa da socialur cvlilebas Soris. socialuri statikis qveS konti gulisxmobs sazogadoebis mdgradi komponentebis, anu socialuri struqturebis Seswavlas. socialur struqturebs Tavisi funqciebi gaaCnia da emsaxurebian sazogadoebis, rogorc erTiani sistemis (organizmis) SenarCunebas. amdenad, sazogadoebas konti ganixilavda rogorc funqcionalur sistemas, romelic dafuZnebulia sistemis Semadgenel erTeulebs (socialur struqturebs da

20 Comte, Auguste (1968): System of Positive Polity, Vol. 3. New York: Burt Franklin; p. 535.

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institutebs) Soris Sromis ganawilebaze (am TvalsazrisiT, konti funqcionalizmis21 erT-erT winamorbedad gvevlineba). socialuri statikis doneze konti sazogadoebis makro analizs eweva, anu yuradRebis areSi aqcevs ara individebs, aramed koleqtiur fenomenebs. yvelaze fundamentur koleqtiur fenomenad konti ojaxs miiCnevs. ojaxi sazogadoebis “WeSmariti” socialuri erTobaa, is “mcire sazogadoebaa”, romlisganac ufro farTo sazogadoeba Sendeba. ojaxis meSveobiT xdebian adamianebi socialurebi, ojaxi sazogadoebis “skolaa”, is xels uwyobs individebis sazogadoebasTan integracias, akontrolebs egoistur impulsebs da xels uwyobs altruizmis ganviTarebas. sxva koleqtiuri socialuri instituti, romelic sazogadoebis integracias emsaxureba, religiaa. isic, ojaxis msgavsad, xels uwyobs egoisturi interesebis daTrgunvas da ganapirobebs koleqtiuri socialuri struqturebis Camoyalibebas. konti did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, agreTve, enas rogorc socialur instituts. is qmnis individTa Soris interaqciis safuZvels da xels uwyobs maT gaerTianebas koleqtiur erTobebad. kontis azriT, amave funqciis matarebelia Sromis ganawilebis meqanizmi. es ukanaskneli emsaxureba socialuri solidarobis zrdas, ramdenadac adamianebs erTmaneTze damokidebulad xdis. mniSvnelovani wvlili sazogadoebis stabilurobasa da integraciaSi Seaqvs saxelmwifos (xelisuflebas), ramdenadac mas SeuZlia Zalis gamoyenebiT daTrgunos destruqciuli faqtorebis moqmedeba. rac Seexeba socialur dinamikas (socialur kinetikas), igi swavlobs socialur cvlilebaTa procesebs. socialuri dinamikis Seswavla imdenadaa mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac igi xels uwyobs reformebs da gvexmareba bunebrivi cvlilebebis gamokvlevaSi, romlebic xdeba socialur struqturaTa daSlis an gardaqmnis Sedegad. socialuri dinamikis mizania, Seiswavlos socialuri fenomenebis cvlileba-ganviTarebis kanonebi. sazogadoeba yovelTvis icvleba, magram es cvlileba socialur kanonebs emorCileba. esaa evoluciuri procesi, romelSic sazogadoeba progresirebs pozitivizmis kanonebis Tanaxmad. socialur dinamikas konti “adamianuri sazogadoebis bunebrivi progresis Teorias”22 uwodebs. sazogadoebis evoluciis (ufro zustad, progresis) Teoria efuZneba kontis mier Camoyalibebul gonebis ganviTarebis “sami stadiis kanons”. konti acxadebs, rom istoriis

21 funqcionalizmi mimdinareobaa sociologiasa da socialur anTropologiaSi, romelic cdilobs socialuri struqturebis arseboba axsnas im funqciebis (rolebis) mixedviT, romelsac isini asruleben mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis. funqcionalistebis analizi orientirebulia ufro metad sazogadoebis, vidre individis doneze. sazogadoeba, am SemTxvevaSi, ganixileba rogorc urTierTdamokidebul da urTierTmaregulirebel nawilTa sistema. marTalia, funqcionalistur midgomas safuZveli Caeyara me-XIX saukuneSi, igi aqtualuri gaxda me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, socialuri anTropologiis britanul skolaSi (radklif-brauni, malinovski). 1950-ian wlebSi Zalze popularuli xdeba “struqturuli funqcionalizmi”, romelic dakavSirebulia t. parsonsis saxelTan. igi aviTarebs sistemebis Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac, sazogadoebisa da misi calkeuli qvesistemis funqcionireba unda gaanalizdes imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad asruleben isini gansazRvrul funqcionalur moTxovnebs (amis Taobaze ufro dawvrilebiT ix. me-5 TavSi). 22 Comte, Auguste (1855): The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte. New York: Calvin Blanchard; p. 515.

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realuri ganviTareba (mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs dasavleT evropis (“TeTri rasis”) istoria) da mis mier Catarebuli kvlevis monacemebi adasturebs aRniSnuli kanonis validurobas.23 konti gvTavazobs istoriis dialeqtikur gagebas: igi istoriis yoveli momdevno safexuris fesvebs wina periodebSi eZiebs. meore mxriv, yvela safexuri amzadebs safuZvels momdevno safexurisaTvis. maSasadame, istoriis yovel arsebul etaps aqvs dialeqtikuri kavSiri warsulTan da momavalTan. konti iwyebs Teologiuri stadiidan, romlis analogs igi antikurobaSi xedavs. rogorc adre aRiniSna, Teologiur stadias igi sam qvesafexurad hyofs, romlebic erTimeores misdevs: fetiSisturi, poliTeisturi da monoTeisturi. adreul fetiSistur stadiaze adamianebi axdenen garegani obieqtebis personificirebas, aniWeben maT maTive cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebs. poliTeizmi gacilebiT gvian _ egvipteSi, saberZneTSi da romSi viTardeba. amis Semdeg istoria progresirebs monoTeizmamde, gansakuTrebiT romauli kaTolicizmis saxiT Sua saukuneebSi. marTalia, istoriis am periodebSi adamianis goneba zebunebrivi Zalebis batonobas aRiarebs, magram ukve am safexurze daiZebneba pozitivisturi stadiis Canasaxebi. meToTxmete saukune istoriis axali etapis dasawyisia, saidanac metafizikuri stadia iwyeba. Teologiis gavlena TandaTan sustdeba. kaTolicizms TandaTan Caenacvleba protestantizmi, romelic sabolood Camoyalibebul doqtrinad me-17 saukuneSi iqceva. protestantizmi erTgvari negatiuri doqtrinaa, ramdenadac uaryofs Zvel socialur wesrigs. es protesti socialur filosofiaSic grZeldeba me-18 saukunis frangi ganmanaTleblebis (volteri, ruso da sxv.) spekulaturi filosofiis saxiT. es erTgvari gardamavali periodia Teologiur da pozitivistur etapebs Soris, romelic, kontis azriT, gamoirCeva krizisiT da qaosiT xelovnebis, mecnierebisa da filosofiis sferoebSi. xelovneba gaxda umizno, mecniereba zedmetad specializebuli, xolo filosofia _ carieli. am krizisma moamwifa socialuri revoluciebi, gansakuTrebiT, safrangeTis revolucia, romelmac saTave daudo saerTod dasavleT evropis sazogadoebis pozitivistur reorganizacias. es reorganizacia gamoixata industriaSi, xelovnebaSi, mecnierebasa da filosofiaSi.

23 samarTlianad SeniSnavs g. ritceri, rom “konts ar ganuxorcielebia msoflios istoriis sistematuri Seswavla ... da mas ar moupovebia monacemebi am istoriis Sesaxeb (man ubralod ganaxorciela istoriis uzarmazari periodebis zogadi generalizacia). sxva sityvebiT, konts ar Cautarebia gamokvleva am sityvis pozitivisturi mniSvnelobiT. sinamdvileSi, kontic acnobierebs amas, ambobs ra, rom yvelaferi, rasac is gvTavazobs abstraqtuli istoriaa. mecniereba jer kidev ar aris mzad msoflioskonkretuli istoriis Sesaqmnelad” (Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 99).

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$2. herbert spenseri

biografiuli cnobebi:

herbert spenseri (Herbert Spencer) daibada 1820 wlis 20 aprils inglisis qalaq derbiSi, meTodistebis mimdevar ojaxSi. spenseri izrdeboda individualizmis da antiklerikalizmis ideebis atmosferoSi da damoukideblobis suliskveTebiT. misi interesebi sakmaod ekleqtikuri iyo, man rknigzis inJinris ganaTleba miiRo, Tumca, Zalian axalgazrdam radikalurad Seicvala profesia da xeli mihyo Jurnalistikas da politikur mwerlobas. 1848 wlidan 1853 wlamde spenseri muSaobda yovelkvireul Jurnal ekonomistis (The Economist) redaqtoris moadgiled da erT-erT avtorad, ramac mas saSualeba misca kontaqti daemyarebina sawinaaRmdego politikuri platformis mqone sazogado moRvaweebTan. miuxedavad kontaqtebis mravalferovnebisa, spenseri bolomde erTguli rCeba Tavisi sakuTari Sexedulebebis da avlens araCveulebriv sijiutes da “Tanmimdevrulobas” imaSi, rom principulad ar kiTxulobs im avtorTa naSromebs, romelTac ar eTanxmeba (igi saerTod cnobili sxvaTa naSromebis arwakiTxvaSi).

1851 wels gamodis spenseris pirveli wigni “socialuri statika, anu adamianuri bednierebisTvis aucilebeli pirobebi” (termins “socialuri statika” is kontisagan sesxulobs). am naSromSi is aviTarebs evoluciur Teorias da icavs individualuri Tavisuflebis ideas. 1855 wels gamodis spenseris meore wigni “fsiqologiis principebi”, romelmac ufro didi warmateba moipova. miuxedavad warmatebisa, am periodSi spensers seriozuli fsiqikuri problemebi uCndeba, rac mTeli misi darCenili cxovrebis Tanmdevi xdeba. spenseri izolirebulad cxovrebas irCevs da erideba sajaro adgilebSi gamoCenas. miuxdavad imisa, rom janmrTelobis mZime mdgomareoba mas uflebas aZlevs dReSi mxolod ramdenime saaTi weros, igi axorcielebs uzarmazar proeqts da 1862-93 wlebSi asrulebs 9 tomian naSroms “sinTezuri filosofiis sistema”. am wignSi man sistematuri saxiT gadmosca misi Sexedulebebi, evolucionizmis WrilSi, biologiis, sociologiis, eTikisa da politikis sakiTxebze. “sinTezuri filosofiis sistemam” misi cnobadoba da gavlena imdenad gazarda, rom 1860-70-ian wlebSi konkurencias uwevda Carlz darvins. misma gavlenam TviT amerikis SeerTebul Statebamdec miaRwia.

1883 wels spenseri airCies moralur da politikur mecnierebaTa safrangeTis akademiis wevr-korespondentad. misi reputacia imdenad gaizarda, rom 1902 wels nobelis premiazec ki waradgines literaturis dargSi. missave sicocxleSi misi Sromebis milionamde egzemplari gaiyida. es Sromebi iTargmna frangul, germanul, espanur, italiur da rusul enebze. spenseris janmrTeloba Zlier Seirya 80-iani wlebis bolos. xangrZlivi avadmyofobis Semdeg igi martoobaSi gardaicvala 1903 wlis 8 dekembers.

herbert spenseris ZiriTadi Sromebi:

• socialuri statika (Social Statics) – 1851 w. • fsiqologiis principebi (The Principles of Psychology) _ 1855 w. • sociologiis saxelmZRvanelo (The Study of Sociology) _ 1873 w. • sinTezuri filosofiis sistema (9 tomad) (A System of Synthetic Philosophy) _ 1862-93 ww. • sociologiis principebi (3 tomad) (Principles of Sociology) [nawili Sromisa

“sinTezuri filosofiis sistema” (6-8 tomebi)] _ 1882-98 ww.

2.1. organicizmi; sazogadoebis evolucionisturi gageba

organicizmi socialur mecnierebebSi biologizmis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens. biologisturi mimarTuleba ganviTarda me-19 saukuneSi, rodesac arnaxul warmatebas aRwevs sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi, maT Soris, biologia. es ukanaskneli cxaddeba socialuri mecnierebebis (maT Soris, sociologiis) uSualo wanamZRvrad. biologisturi sociologia warmoiSva rogorc sazogadoebis meqanikur sistemad ganxilvis (romelic

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me-18 saukunis bolomde batonobda) uaryofa. organicizmis Tavisebureba isaa, rom igi cdilobs socialuri struqtura biologiuri organizmis struqturis analogiiT axsnas. swored es warmoadgens spenseris pozitivisturi socialuri Teoriis ZiriTad amocanas.24

biologiur organizmsa da sazogadoebas Soris analogias spenseri ZiriTadad maT evoluciur ganviTarebaSi poulobs. spenserisTvis evolucia universaluri procesia, romelic moicavs rogorc araorganul, ise organul da “superorganul” (anu, socialur) samyaroebs. iseve rogorc biologiuri ujredebis SeerTeba qmnis organizms, aseve “superorganizmi”, anu sazogadoeba, misi Semadgeneli elementebis organuli naerTi, anu erTiani sistemaa.

rogor gansazRvravs spenseri evolucias? igi wers:

“evolucia aris sagnis integracia da moZraobis paraleluri xarjva; evoluciis procesSi

sagani gadis gzas ganusazRvreli, arakoherentuli homogenurobidan gansazRvrul,

koherentul heterogenurobamde; da romlis drosac mimdinare moZraoba ganicdis paralelur transformacias”.25

maSasadame, spenseris mixedviT: “pirveli, evolucia moicavs progresul cvlilebas naklebad koherentulidan ufro metad koherentuli formisaken. sxva sityvebiT, is moicavs mzard integracias. meore, mzardi integracia esaa moZraoba homogenurobidan ufro da ufro meti heterogenulobisaken; sxva sityvebiT, evolucia moicavs mzard diferenciacias. mesame, es aris moZraoba qaosidan wesrigisaken, ganusazRvrelobidan gansazRvruli wesrigisaken... sxva sityvebiT, evolucia moicavs moZraobas ganusazRvrelidan gansazRvrulisaken... maSasadame, evoluciis sami ZiriTadi elementia: mzardi integracia, heterogenuroba da gansazRvruloba”.26

evoluciis universalurobis aRiarebasTan erTad, spenseri acnobierebs, rom evoluciis process mudam Tan axlavs daSlis (dasrulebis, “dekompoziciis”) procesi, romelic Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac evolucia sruldeba da ganviTarebuli fenomeni iwyebs daSlas.

evolucia, rogorc iTqva, zogadad samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli bunebrivi kanonia, romelic Tanabrad moqmedebs adamianuri sazogadoebebisaTvisac. rogor esmis spensers sazogadoeba?

amasTan dakavSirebiT igi ganixilavs nominalizmis da realizmis poziciebs. nominalizmis Tanaxmad, sazogadoeba sxva araferia, Tu ara misi Semadgeneli nawilebis jami. maSasadame, sazogadoeba esaa mxolod “koleqtiuri saxeli individTa raodenobisaTvis”. realizmi, piriqiT, 24 spenseris garda, organicizmis warmomadgenlebi arian fulie, Sefle, lilienfildi, vormsi da sxvebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom biologisturi sociologiis meore nakadia social-darvinizmi, romlis ZiriTadi amocanaa ara organizmTan analogiis Zieba, aramed mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonebis gavrceleba sazogadoebaze, socialuris dayvana biologiurze (warmomadgenlebi: lange, liapuJi, amoni da sxv.). 25 Spencer, Herbert (1958): First Principles. New York: DeWitt Revolving Fund; p. 394. 26 Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 118.

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amtkicebs, rom sazogadoeba gansakuTrebuli da damoukidebeli erTeulia, romelic ar daiyvaneba mis nawilebze. spenseri realizmis poziciaze dgas. sazogadoeba misTvis organuli mTelia, organizmia, romlis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris arsebobs mudmivi interaqcia da erTmaneTis saWiroeba. es interaqcia ganapirobebs sazogadoebis specifikas. ai, ras wers spenseri Tavis “sociologiis principebis” I tomSi:

sazogadoeba moicavs “mis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris stabilur urTierTobebs, rac qmnis

mTelis gansakuTrebulobas, gansxvavebuls misi nawilebis individualurobisagan... Cven

yovelTvis miviCnevT sazogadoebas rogorc organizms (entity), ramdenadac, imis miuxedavad, rom igi diskretuli erTeulebisagan Sedgeba, maT gaerTianebaSi specifikuri mTlianoba

yovelTvis igulismeba...”27

sociologias, rogorc mecnierebas, arsebobis ufleba aqvs mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac is cdilobs am kanonzomierebis aRmoCenas. ufro zustad, sociologiuri refleqsiis amocanaa, rom aRmoaCinos paralelebi organul da socialur evolucias Soris, msgavsebebi, rac organuli da socialuri fenomenebis struqturebs Soris arsebobs. swored biologiurTan analogiebis Ziebaa spenseris sociologiuri koncefciisTvis ZiriTadi. organizmTan analogias, spenseris mixedviT, sami mTavari indikatori aqvs: zrda, struqtura da funqciebis diferenciacia. a) zrda: rogorc organuli, ise socialuri agregatebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia progresuli mateba zomaSi. socialuri TvalsazrisiT, zrda ori procesis saSualebiT xorcieldeba: a) zrda aris mosaxleobis raodenobis matebis Sedegi, rodesac ubralod xdeba erTeulTa gamravleba, an b) manamde daukavSirebeli erTeulebis gaerTianeba xdeba jgufebad, xolo jgufebisa _ ufro did jgufebad (mag, tomebis gaerTianeba ufro did jgufebad). b) struqtura: erTeulTa zomaSi matebas (zrdas) uciloblad Tan sdevs maTi struqturis garTulebac (sirTulis xarisxis zrda). zrdis procesi, amave dros, integraciis procesicaa, xolo, integracia, Tavis mxriv, organizmebis (biologiuri Tu socialuri) struqturis da funqciebis progresul diferenciacias gulisxmobs. integracia da diferenciacia korelaturi procesebia: diferenciaciis zrda iwvevs nawilebis urTierTdamokidebulebas da, maSasadame, maT Soris integraciis aucileblobas. rac ufro metad izrdeba organizmi (biologiuri an socialuri), miT ufo metad izrdeba misi diferenciaciis, anu mis nawilebs Soris gansxvavebis xarisxi. spenseri amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebis zrdisTvis aucilebelia mas hqondes kompleqsurobis maRali done. yvela sazogadoeba aris “homogenuri masis specializaciis Sedegi”.28 cxovelebi, romlebic ganviTarebis dabal safexurze imyofebian (magaliTad, Canasaxis mdgomareobaSi), SedarebiT homogenurebi arian, ramdenadac gansxvavebuli nawilebis simciriT gamoirCevian. asevea ganviTarebis sawyis safexurze myofi sazogadoebac _ mis jgufebsa da erTeulebs Soris gansxvaveba mcirea, magram sazogadoebis zrdasTan erTad matulobs misi danawilebisa da difereciaciis xarisxi da, Sesabamisad, matulobs kompleqsurobac.

27 Spencer, Herbert (1908): The Principles of Sociology, Vol. 1. New York: Appleton; pp. 447-8. 28 Spencer, Herbert (1908): The Principles of Sociology, Vol. 3. New York: Appleton; p. 181.

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spenseri saubrobs gansxvavebaze sazogadoebis maregulirebel (regulative) da masazrdoebel (Semnaxvel, sustaining) struqturebs Soris. maregulirebeli struqturebi dakavSirebulia samxedro saqmianobasTan, xolo masazrdoebeli _ ekonomikurTan. sazogadoebis maregulirebeli sistema akontrolebs sazogadoebis sxvadasxva nawilis moqmedebas da uzrunvelyofs maT Soris koordinacias. socialuri kontroli ZiriTadad xorcieldeba sazogadoebis gareT mimdinare procesebze, “eqsternalur” movlenebze. biologiur organizmSi maregulirebel funqcias asrulebs nervomuskulaturi sistema, xolo, sazogadoebaSi _ samTavrobo-samxedro aparati. rac Seexeba masazrdoebel struqturas, rogorc biologiur, ise socialur organizmebSi is akontrolebs Sinagan procesebs, raTa SenarCunds organizmis sicocxlisunarianoba. biologiur organizmSi am funqcias saWmlis momnelebeli organoebi asrulebs, xolo, sazogadoebaSi _ industriuli sistema. maregulirebeli da masazrdoebeli struqturebi kvlav ganicdis Semdgom diferenciacias. magaliTad, maregulirebeli struqtura TandaTanobiT iqceva suverenebis, lokaluri mmarTvelebis, mcire ufrosebis da a.S sistemad. amas moyveba socialur klasebs Soris diferenciacia. magaliTad, yalibdeba samxedro, religiuri, monaTa da sxv. klasebi. Semdeg xdeba TiToeul klass SigniT diferencireba, mag., religiuri klasi diferencirdeba mRvdlebad, spiritualistebad da a.S. maSasadame, sazogadoeba moZraobs mzardi struqturuli diferenciaciis da kompleqsurobis mimarTulebiT. g) funqciebis diferenciacia: spenseris azriT, struqturebis gageba SeuZlebelia maTi funqciebis identifikaciis gareSe. funqcia swored struqturebis mier garkveuli saWiroebebis dakmayofilebas gamoxatavs. Sesabamisad, struqturaTa diferenciacias funqciaTa diferenciacia axlavs. SedarebiT aradiferencirebul sazogadoebebSi, sazogadoebis gansxvavebul nawilebs SeuZlia erTmaneTis funqciebis Sesruleba. magaliTad, primitiul sazogadoebaSi mamakacma seiZleba saWmlis momaragebaze izrunos, xolo qalma ibrZolos, Tu es saWiro gaxda. Tumca, sazogadoebis struqturuli diferenciaciis da kompleqsurobis zrdasTan erTad ufro da ufro rTuldeba specializebuli nawilebis mier erTmaneTis funqciebis sesruleba. evolucia struqturul progresTan erTad funqciaTa diferenciaciis progressac ganapirobebs.

unda iTqvas, rom spenserisTvis sazogadoebis evolucia ar aris sworxazovani da winaswarganWvretadi procesi. sazogadoebebi mudmivi cvalebadobis procesSi imyofebian, magram araaucilebelia es cvlilebebi evoluciur xasiaTs atarebdes. SesaZloa, ukusvlasTan gvqondes saqme.

2.2. sazogadoebis tipologizacia

sazogadoebis tipologizaciis kriteriumad spenseri iyenebs misi evoluciurobis, anu struqturuli kompleqsurobis xarisxs. am TvalsazrisiT, is ganasxvavebs sazogadoebis oTx tips: martiv, Sedgenil (rTul), ormagad Sedgenil da sammagad Sedgenil sazogadoebebs. evolucia martivi sazogadoebebidan sammagad Sedgenil sazogadoebebamde

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SeiZleba politikuri organizaciis WrilSi iqnes ganxiluli (am SemTxvevaSi, evoluciis etapebi iqneba: organizebis armqone – sporadulad organizebuli _ arastabilurad organizebuli _ stabilurad organizebuli), an sazogadoebis mkvidrobis wesis (modes of settlement) mixedviT (etapebi: momTabare (nomaduri) _ nawilobriv Camoyalibebuli _ Camoyalibebuli).29

martivi sazogadoebebi ayalibebs calkeul erTobebs, romlebic ar aris dakavSirebuli arc erT sxva erTobasTan. esaa SedarebiT homogenuri, araciviluri sazogadoebebi, romelTac ar gauvliaT struqturirebis (kompleqsur organizmad Camoyalibebis) procesi. esaa politikurad araorganizebuli sazogadoeba. Sedgenili sazogadoebebi ukve heterogenulobis garkveuli xarisxiT gamoirCeva. politikuri organizebis TvalsazrisiT, aq ukve gvxvdeba umaRlesi xelisufali (mTavari), romelic marTavs sxvadasxva martiv jgufebs (SesaZloa, maTi dapyrobis gziTac). aq moqmedebs ekonomikuri Sromis ganawilebis principic. ormagad Sedgenili sazogadoebebi ukve rTuli (Sedegenili) jgufebis xelaxali gaerTianebis Sedegia. es tipi, cxadia, heterogenurobiskidev ufro maRali xarisxiT da civilurobiT xasiaTdeba. am sazogadoebebis politikuri organizebis xarisxic maRalia, stabiluri da Camoyalibebuli mTavrobiT. am sazogadoebebs axasiaTebs, agreTve, ganviTarebuli religiuri ierarqia, ekonomikuri Sromis rTuli ganawileba, ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura, samarTali da sxv. sammagad Sedgenili sazogadoebebi erebad Camoyalibebuli, maRalganviTarebuli sazogadoebebia, politikuri da socialuri struqturirebis yvelaze maRali xarisxiT.

zemoaRniSnuli klasifikaciis garda, spenseri gvTavazobs sazogadoebis tipologizaciis sxva kriteriums. esaa socialuri organizaciis (an socialuri regulaciis) forma. am SemTxvevaSi laparakia sazogadoebis Sinagan regulaciaze. aRniSnuli kriteriumis mixedviT spenseri gaarCevs samxedro da industriul sazogadoebebs. es klasifikacia im variantis sapirispiroa, romelic tipologizacias evoluciis doneebis mixedviT axdens. am SemTxvevaSi socialuri struqturis tipi damokidebulia im urTierTobaze, rac mocemul sazogadoebas sxva (mezobel) sazogadoebebTan aqvs, anu garemoze. sazogadoebis Sinagan struqturasa da maregulirebel sistemaze gavlenas axdens swored is, es urTierToba mSvidobiania Tu mtruli. mSvidobiani urTierTobis pirobebSi Sinagani regulaciis sistemebi SedarebiT susti da difuzuria. Sesabamisad, sazogadoeba ufro gadarTulia TviTSenaxvaze (industriuli tipi). mtruli urTierTobebis dros yalibdeba Zalaze damyarebuli centralizebuli kontroli (samxedro tipi). maSasadame, am klasifikaciis SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis Sinagani struqtura damokidebulia ara evoluciis doneze, aramed mezobel sazogadoebebTan konfliqtis arseboba-ararsebobaze.

samxedro sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikaa iZuleba. iseve rogorc jariskacis neba isea mowyobili, rom igi yvelaferSi xdeba

29 amis Sesaxeb ix. Coser, Lewis (1977): Masters of Sociological Thought. 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; p. 93.

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Tavisi oficris nebis agenti, aseve moqalaqis neba samxedro sazogadoebaSi, nebismier, kerZo Tu sajaro, asparezze xelisuflebis mier imarTeba. es aris iZulebiTi kooperacia, iseve rogorc biologiur organizmSi garegani organoebi mTlianad fokusirdeba mTavar nervul centrze. sazogadoebis samxedro tipSi armia da nacia (sazogadoeba) erTia. ai, ras wers spenseri:

“jari aris mobilizebuli nacia, maSin rodesac nacia aris gauaqtiurebeli jari da

romelsac, swored amitom, gaaCnia struqtura, romelic saerToa jarisa da naciisaTvis”.30

piriqiT, industriuli sazogadoeba dafuZnebulia nebayoflobiT kooperaciasa da individualur TviTSezRudvaze. industriul sazogadoebaSi, rogorc iTqva, dominanturia Semnaxavi sistema. maregulirebeli kontroli ufro metad negatiuria, vidre pozitiuri. xelisufleba despoturis nacvlad, demokratiulia. Sesabamisad, kontroli am sazogadoebaSi decentralizebulia. mas kontraqtuli saxe aqvs, rodesac am kontraqts nebayoflobiT uerTdebian individebi. individis interesebi wamyvania, individualuroba daculia da umaRles Rirebulebas warmoadgens. samxedro sistema emorCileba industriuli sistemis saWiroebebs.

spenseris TeoriaSi sazogadoebis es ori tipi idealuri tipebia, romlebic realobaSi wminda saxiT ar arsebobs. realurad arsebobs mxolod ama Tu im sazogadoebis midrekileba romelime tipisaken, rasac sxvadasxva faqtorebis zemoqmedeba (teritoria, eTnikuri Semadgenloba, mosazRvre sazogadoebebi da sxv.) ganapirobebs.

spenseri kidev erTxel usvams xazs, rom samxedro-samrewvelo sazogadoebebis dixotomia ar aris damokidebuli sazogadoebis kompleqsurobis xarisxze. SedarebiT aradiferencirebuli sazogadoebebi SeiZleba iyvnen industriuli, xolo maRalganviTarebulebi _ samxedro.

у

30 Spencer, Herbert (1908): The Principles of Sociology, Vol. 1. New York: Appleton; p. 557.

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$3. karl marqsi biografiuli cnobebi: karl marqsi daibada 1818 wlis 5 maiss germaniis qalaq trierSi, saSualo klasis ebraul ojaxSi. misi mama iZulebuli gaxda mieRo protestantizmi, raTa SeenarCunebina mosamarTlis pozicia. marqsi samarTals, filosofiasa da istorias swavlobda bonisa da berlinis universitetebSi, sadac is hegelis memarcxene mimdevarTa moZraobis _ “axalgazrda hegelianelebi” _ wevri gaxda. misma radikalizmma igi akademiur karieras CamoaSora, marqsma 1842 wlidan xeli mihyo Jurnalistobas da gaxda redaqtori liberaluri gazeTisa Rheinische Zeitung (“reinis gazeTi”). prusiis xelisuflebam male iZulebis wesiT daxura gazeTi. 1843 wels marqsi emigraciaSi midis parizSi, sadac igi aqtiurad ebmeba germanel emigrantTa da frang socialistTa radikalur politikaSi. 1844 wels parizSi Cadis f. engelsi, sadac is xvdeba marqss da isini uaxloesi megobrebi xdebian. 1844 wels marqsi muSaobs Tavis “ekonomikur da filosofiur xelnawerebze”, sadac eweva kapitalizmis filosofiur kritikas. amave wels marqss safrangeTidan sdevnian da igi, f. engelsTan erTad, briuselSi gadadis. am periodSi gamoqveynda “germanuli ideologia”, romelic marqsma engelsTan erTad dawera. 1848 wels gamodis maTi erToblivi “komunisturi manifesti”, romelic komunisturi “aCrdilis” gamoCenas winaswarmetyvelebs evropaSi. es is droa, rodesac kontinentur evropas revoluciebis talRam gadauara. amave wels marqsma SeZlo germaniaSi dabruneba, sadac (kerZod, q.

kiolnSi) afuZnebs Tavis radikalur gazeTs Neue Rheinische Zeitung (“axali reinis gazeTi”), magram am gamocemamac igive bedi gaiziara da marqsi iZulebuli gaxda emigraciaSi wasuliyo londonSi, sadac man mTeli darCenili cxovreba gaatara. britaneTSi marqsi da engelsi agrZeleben TavianT politikur aqtivobas komunistur ligaSi da cdiloben komunistur moZraobas TavianTi mecnieruli ideebi gaaziarebinon. londonSi marqsi filosofiuri Sexedulebebidan inacvlebs ekonomikuri Teoriebisken. misi yuradReba fokusirdeba Sotlandiur da inglisur politikur ekonomiaze, gansakuTrebiT, adam smitisa da david rikardos Teoriebze. swored am periodSi _ 1850-60-ian wlebSi _ ganaviTara man kapitalizmis zogadi Teoria, romelic dagvirgvinda misi fundamenturi naSromis “kapitalis” pirveli tomis dagvianebuli gamocemiT 1867 wels. marqsis janmrTeloba mkveTrad Seirya 1870-ian wlebSi da mxolod misi sikvdilis (1883 wlis 14 marti) Semdeg ixila dRis sinaTle “kapitalis” meore da mesame tomebma, romlebic engelsma gamosca. karl marqsis ZiriTadi Sromebi:

• kapitali (tomi 1) – 1867 w.

• Grundrisse _ 1858 w. • germanuli ideologia (f. engelsTan erTad) – 1846 w.

• komunisturi manifesti (f. engelsTan erTad) – 1848 w.

• ekonomikuri da filosofiuri xelnawerebi – 1844 w.

3.1. istoriis materialisturi gageba mxolod imis Tqma, rom marqsma sazogadoebis da istoriis ganviTareba axsna materialuri faqtorebiT, ar iqneboda sakmarisi marqsiseuli istoriis materialisturi gagebis aRsawerad. materialuri faqtorebis socialuris mimarT ganmsazRvrelobas marqsamdec usvamdnen xazs, magaliTad, geografiuli determinizmis warmomadgenlebi, aRiarebdnen ra geografiul garemos dominantur rols sazogadoebis ama Tu im formiT ganviTarebaSi. marqsis damsaxureba swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man socialuris ganmsazRvrelad iseTi materialuri faqtorebi gamoacxada,

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romlebic, Tavisi arsiT, socialuria. sxvanairad rom iTqvas, marqsma socialuris gareT ki ar dauwyo materialur dominantebs Zieba, aramed Tavad socialuris SigniT aRmoaCina misi ganmsazRvreli materialuri pirobebi. esaa warmoebis wesi. es ukanaskneli or elements moicavs: sawarmoo Zalebsa da warmoebiT urTierTobebs. sawarmoo ZalebSi ZiriTadad igulisxmeba Sromis iaraRebi da Sromis sxva saSualebebi (magaliTad, nedli masalebi). sazogadoebas marqsi gansazRvravda rogorc "sawarmoo ZalTa organizebul erTobliobas". warmoebiTi urTierTobebi moicavs Sromis socialuri organizaciis formebs, romlebic dafuZnebulia sakuTrebis kanonebze. Tavis “politikuri ekonomiis kritikis SesavalSi” (1859) marqsi sawarmoo Zalebsa da urTierTobebs aRwers rogorc imas, rac qmnis sazogadoebis ekonomikur baziss. am safuZvelze aRmocendeba “superstruqtura” rogorc zednaSeni, romelic Sedgeba politikuri institutebisagan, kulturuli Cvevebisa da Rirebulebebisagan (religiis, xelovnebisa da filosofiis CaTvliT). superstruqturis funqciaa sazogadoebis ekonomikuri bazisis ideologiuri legitimacia. ai, ras wers Tavad marqsi: “TavianTi cxovrebis socialuri warmoebis procesSi adamianebi uciloblad Sedian

gansazRvrul urTierTobebSi, romlebic savaldebuloa da damoukidebelia maTive survilisagan. esaa warmoebiTi urTierTobebi, romlebic Seesabameba materialuri sawarmoo

Zalebis ganviTarebis gansazRvrul safexurs. am sawarmoo urTierTobebis erToblioba qmnis

sazogadoebis ekonomikur struqturas, realur baziss, romelzec aRmocendeba legaluri da politikuri superstruqtura da romelsac Seesabameba socialuri cnobierebis gansxvavebuli

formebi. materialuri cxovrebis warmoebis wesi ganapirobebs socialuri, politikuri da

inteleqtualuri cxovrebis procesebs zogadad. ara adamianTa cnobiereba gansazRvravs maT yofierebas, aramed piriqiT, maTi yofiereba gansazRvravs maT cnobierebas”.31

maSasadame, istoriis materialisturi gagebis Tanaxmad, socialur cvlilebaTa mTavari mizezi Rirebulebebi da rwmenebi ki araa, aramed ekonomikuri faqtorebi. rogorc moyvanili citatidan Cans, marqsis mixedviT, marTalia, warmoebiT urTierTobebs adamianebi amyareben erTmaneTTan, magram maTi mimdinareoba “damoukidebelia maTive survilisagan”. es niSnavs, rom warmoebiT urTierTobebi viTardeba obieqturi kanonzomierebis mixedviT, rac marqsis Teoria istoricizmis, kerZod, ekonomikuri istoricizmis warmomadgenlad aqcevs. istoricizmi, rogorc cnobilia, aris Tvalsazrisi, romelic aRiarebs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis deterministul sqemas da imis SesaZleblobas, rom am sqemis gacnobierebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia sazogadoebis (istoriis) momavlis winaswarganWvreta.32 socialuri sistemebi warmoebis erTi wesidan meoreze gadadian, rac sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciebis kanonzomier (obieqtur) cvalebadobaSi gamoixateba. am cvalebadobas xSirad revoluciuri xasiaTi aqvs. marqsma gamoyo xuTi sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formacia: pirvelyofili Temuri, monaTmflobeluri, feodaluri, kapitalisturi da socialisturi (komunisturi).

31 Marx, K. (1975): ‘Prefece to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy’, in: Early Writings, trans. R. Livingstone and G. Benton, repr. London:Penguin; p. 389. 32 istoricizmi unda ganvasxvavoT istorizmisagan, rom socialuri da kulturuli cxovreba istoriulad ganpirobebulia da rom adamianis gamocdilebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs istoriuli dro.

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sazogadoebis stratifikaciuli modeli ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu vin flobs warmoebis saSualebebs. Sesabamisad, sazogadoeba iyofa mmarTvel klasad, romelic axorcielebs kontrols sawarmoo Zalebze da flobs warmoebis saSualebebs da marTul klasad, romelic aseT sakuTrebas moklebulia. mmarTvel da marTul klasebs Soris konfliqtia swored is, rac istoriis ganviTarebis mamoZravebelia, rac "istoriis Zravaa". rogorc marqsi ityvis, "kacobriobis mTeli istoria klasobrivi brZolis istorias warmoadgens". 3.2. kapitalizmis Teoria marqsis yuradReba mimarTuli iyo cvlilebebze, romlebic ukavSirdeboda istoriisa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis im etaps, rasac kapitalizmi hqvia. kapitalizmi iseTi ekonomikuri sistemaa, romelic Zireulad gansxvavdeba misi istoriuli winamorbedebisagan imiT, rom axorcielebs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis iseT warmoebas, romelic momxmarebelTa farTo wreze iyideba. marqsma gansazRvra kapitalisturi warmoebis ori mTavari niSani: 1. pirveli, esaa kapitali, anu nebismieri qoneba, romlis investirebac SesaZlebelia axali mogebis misaRebad. kapitalizmi marqsisTvis warmoebis iseTi saxea, romelic axdens warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTrebis, sasaqonlo produqciis da mogebis principis kombinirebas konkurentuli, dinamiuri da mzardi bazris pirobebSi. marqsi iziarebs ingliseli ekonomistis david rikardos mier gatarebul gansxvavebas obieqtis saxmar Rirebulebasa da mis gacvliT Rirebulebas Soris. obieqtis saxmari Rirebuleba mdgomareobs mis SesabamisobaSi kerZo praqtikul miznebTan, xolo gacvliTi Rirebuleba obieqts miewereba mxolod rogorc vaWrobis sagans – rac SeiZleba gamoixatos obieqtis fasis saxiT. saqoneli aris is swored is sagani, romelic iwarmoeba gayidvis mizniT, anu eqskluziurad misi gacvliTi RirebulebisaTvis, bazrisaTvis da mogebisaTvis. marqsis mtkicebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom sasaqonlo produqcia arsebobda winakapitalistur sazogadoebebSic, kapitalizmis specifikuroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sasaqonlo warmoeba xdeba mTeli sazogadoebis sawarmoo saqmianobis dominanturi maorganizebeli principi. yvela produqcia iqceva saqonlad, anu produqciad bazrisaTvis da fuli xdeba transaqciis erTaderTi mediumi. kapitalizmis pirobebSi sasaqonlo warmoeba xdeba cirkulaciuri procesi, rodesac Rirebuleba realizdeba bazarze rogorc mogeba da xdeba misi xelaxali investireba warmoebaSi. 2. kapitalis dagroveba upirobod dakavSirebulia daqiravebul SromasTan, romelic kapitalizmis meore ZiriTadi niSania. marqsi, erTi mxriv, miuTiTebs sakuTriv Sromis Rirebulebaze, romelic moicavs energiis im raodenobas, romelic ixarjeba warmoebis nebismier aqtSi da rasac muSa yovel dRe gaiRebs. es Rirebuleba moicavs, agreTve, Sromis Canacvlebasac WamiT da dasvenebiT, raTa Sromam SeZlos kvlavwarmoeba. meore mxriv, marqsi laparakobs “damatebul (zedmet) Rirebulebaze”. es aris Rirebuleba, romelic emateba Sromas imis iqiT, rac warmoebis

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aqtze ixarjeba. anu, esaa is, rac rCeba im obieqtSi, romelic muSam awarmova. marqsi aRniSnavs, rom mogeba, romelsac kapitalisti iRebs, rodesac produqti gatanilia bazarze, saboloo angariSiT damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoria am damatebis wili aucilebel Sromis ZalasTan SedarebiT. es wili SeiZleba gaizardos sxvadasxva gziT – ubralod xelfasis SemcirebiT, anda, adamianebis CanacvlebiT teqnikuri saSualebebiT. maSasadame, Sroma kapitalizmis pirobebSi Tavad xdeba saqoneli, rac SeiZleba garkveul fasad iyido an gayido bazarze. daqiravebuli Sroma aerTianebs muSebs, romelTac ar gaaCniaT arsebobis saSualebebi da iZulebulni xdebian kapitalis mflobelebs miaqiraon Tavi. marqsi Tvlida, rom kapitalis mflobelebi, anu kapitalistebi mmarTvel klass qmnian, xolo daqiravebuli muSebi _ marTul klass, anu proletariats. kapitalis mflobelebi da daqiravebuli muSebi damokidebulebi arian erTmaneTze, ramdenadac kapitalistebs aucileblad sWirdebaT samuSao Zala, xolo daqiravebul muSebs_xelfasi. aseTi urTierT ganpirobebulobis miuxedavad, am or klass Soris arsebobs mkveTri asimetria, ramdenadac klasobrivi urTierTobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia eqspluatacia: muSebs ara aqvT aranairi SesaZlebloba, rom gaakontrolon TavianTi Sroma, xolo kapitalistebi, mogebis miRebis mizniT, iTviseben sxvaTa Sromis produqts. kapitalizmi eqsploataciis sistemaa, romelSic damatebiTi Rirebuleba amorTulia saxelfaso Sromidan da romelSic sasaqonlo forma dominantobs mSromelis cxovrebaze. muSebi eqsploatirebulni arian maTi unaris gamo, rom awarmoon saqoneli da Seqmnan damatebuli Rirebuleba, xolo maTi SromiTi Zala Tavad aris qceuli saqonlad. amrigad, sasaqonlo forma axorcielebs garegan zwolas adamianze. marqsi am process “gaucxoebas” (Entfremdung) uwodebs (es termini marqsma hegelidan aiRo). gaucxoeba socialur-fsiqologiuri mdgomareobaa rodesac individi gaeTiSeba Tavis socialur garemos. individebi gaucxovdebian maTi samyarosagan, ramdenadac am samyaros ganicdian rogorc “eqsternuls” (garegans) da “obieqtivirebuls” maTTvis. kapitalizmis pirobebSi muSa gaucxoebulia Tavisi Sromisagan, ramdenadac, jer-erTi, misi Sroma ara nebayoflobiTi, aramed iZulebiTia, meorec, Sromis produqti, romelSic man Tavisi cxovreba Cado, mas ar ekuTvnis. marqsi amtkicebs, rom eqsploataciis da gaucxoebis pirobebSi, socialuri cxovreba moCans iseTi, razec dominantobs nivTebis (saqonlis) gacvla, romelSic mediumis rols fuli asrulebs. fuli aris “individTa Soris obieqtivirebuli urTierToba”. individebs Soris socialuri kavSiri transformirdeba nivTTa Soris socialur urTierTobad. amas marqsi “sasaqonlo fetiSizmsac” uwodebs. es aris fsevdo obieqturoba, romelic mZimed awveba kapitalizms da uciloblad iwvevs mis transformacias. kapitalizmi konkurentuli sistemaa da Sinagani dinamizmi gaaCnia. man unda moaxdinos sawarmoo Zalebis mudmivi ganaxleba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi damarcxdeba bazris konkurentuli meqanizmebis winaSe. amdenad, kapitalistebma mudmivad unda eZion axali bazrebi da Sromis ufro iafi da efeqturi wyaroebi. xelfasis mudmivi dawevis mcdelobis gamo mSromelebis udides nawili veRar SeZlebs SeiZinos is produqti, romelsac Tavad awarmoebs. amas mivyavarT gardauval klasobriv

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konfliqtamde. kapitalizmi Tavad qmnis TviTdestruqciis da uklaso komunistur sazogadoebad revoluciuri gardaqmnis pirobebs. marqsi akritikebs im socialistur moZraobebs, romelTa mizani aris ara kapitalizmis revoluciuri damxoba, aramed misi politikuri reformireba. mxolod revoluciur procesebs SeuZlia eqsploatirebuli socialuri klasis pirobebis radikaluri Secvla. muSaTa klasma unda Seicvalos statusi da “klasi TavisTavad”-idan (‘class-in-itself’) gaxdes “klasi TavisTvis” (‘class-for-itself’), anu TviTcnobierebis mqone klasi. ai, ras weren marsi da engelsi “germanul ideologiaSi”:

“rogorc komunisturi cnobierebis masobrivi donis miRwevisaTvis, ise Tavad faqtis warmatebisaTvis aucilebelia adamianis cnobierebis gadarTva masis doneze, rac SesaZlebelia

ganxorcieldes mxolod konkretuli moZraobis – revoluciis _ saSualebiT. amrigad,

revolucia aucilebelia ara mxolod imitom, rom mmarTveli klasi ar SeiZleba sxva gziT Seicvalos, aramed imitomac, rom klass, romelic mmarTvelebs gadaagdebs, mxolod

revoluciis gziT SeuZlia moicilos epoqaluri WuWyi da Tavidan moergos axal sazogadoebas”.33

marqsi uklaso sazogadoebas warmoidgenda rogorc istoriis ucilobel momavals, sadac ar iqneboda dayofa mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris. rasakvirvelia, marqsi ar Tvlida, rom socializmis pirobebSi moispoba adamianebs Soris uTanasworobis nebismieri forma. marqsi Tvlida, rom komunistur sazogadoebaSi ar iarsebebs dayofa mmarTvel umciresobas (romelic axdens politikuri da ekonomikuri Zalauflebis monopolizebas) da marTul umravlesobas (romelTac ara aqvT misasvleli im qonebasTan, rasac isini TavianTi SromiT qmnian) Soris. ekonomika gadava sazogadoebriv mflobelobaSi, sazogadoebaSi damyardeba humanuri wesrigi da Tanasworoba, amaRldeba mTeli sazogadoebis socialuri keTildReobis done.

33 Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1964): The German Ideology, repr. London: Lawrence and Wishart.

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$4. georg zimeliщкп яшьудш biografiuli cnobebi:

georg zimeli (Georg Simmel) daibada 1858 wlis 1 marts berlinSi. igi yvelaze umcrosi wevria SvidSvilian ojaxSi. zimelis mama mdidari ebraeli biznesmeni iyo, romelmac sarwmunoeba gamoicvala da gaqristianda. igi gardaicvala, rodesac zimeli jer kidev axalgazrda iyo. zimelis dedam, sakmaod dominanturma da distanciurma pirovnebam, axalgazrda zimeli ojaxuri memkvidreobis gareSe datova.

zimeli swavlobda istorias da filosofias berlinis universitetSi. 1881 wels igi icavs sadoqtori disertacias: “sagnebis buneba kantis fizikuri monadologiis mixedviT”. 1885 wels zimeli xdeba berlinis universitetis privat-docenti (Privatdozent), oRond anazRaurebis gareSe. is kiTxulobs saleqcio kursebs logikaSi, filosofiis istoriaSi, eTikaSi, socialur fsiqologiasa da sociologiaSi. 1890 wels zimelma colad SeirTo filosofosi gertruda kineli (Gertrud Kinel), romelic maria-luiza enkedorfis (Marie-Luise Enckendorf) fsevdonimiT ibeWdeboda. 1901 wels zimels eniWeba “eqstraordinaruli profesoris” (Ausserordentlicher Professor) sapatio wodeba, Tumca, is mainc kaTedris gareSe rCeba da ver iRebs monawileobas universitetis akademiur cxovrebaSi. zimeli cnobili iyo rogorc SesaniSnavi reputaciis mecnieri, romelic leqtorobis araCveulebrivi talantiT gamoirCeoda. miuxedavad amisa, 1914 wlamde igi akademiur “autsaiderad” rCeba, ramdenadac ver ikavebs sruli profesoris adgils germaniis universitetebSi (saqmes verc is Svelis, rom zimels “zurgs umagrebs” cnobili mecnierebis rekomendaciebi, TviT maqs veberis CaTvliT).

miuxedavad “autsaiderobisa”, zimeli aqtiurad monawileobs berlinis inteleqtualur da kulturul cxovrebaSi, eswreba modur salonur Sexvedrebs da samecniero (filosofiur-sociologiur) diskusiebs. maqs veberTan da ferdinand tionisTan erTad zimeli afuZnebs germaniis sociologTa sazogadoebas. mas bevri megobari hyavda xelovnebis sferoSic. germaniis ori wamyvani poeti, rainer maria rilke da Stefan george (Stefan George), misi piradi megobrebi arian.

1914 wels zimeli, bolos da bolos, iRebs profesoris pozicias strasburgis universitetSi. Tumca, pirveli msoflio omis gamo mTeli akademiuri saqmianoba SeCerebul iqna, saleqcio auditoriebi samxedro hospitalebad gadakeTda. 1915 wels man ganacxadi gaakeTa haidelbergis universitetSi muSaobis dasawyebad, magram uSedegod. zimeli gardaicvala omis damTavrebamde cota xniT adre, 1918 wlis 28 seqtembers, RviZlis kiboTi.

georg zimelis ZiriTadi Sromebi:

• socialuri diferenciaciis Sesaxeb (Über sociale Differenzierung) _ 1890 w. • istoriis filosofiis problemebi ( Die Probleme der Geschichtphilosophie) _ 1892 w. • eTikis mecnierebis Sesavali (2 tomad) (Einleitung in die Moralwissenschaft) _ 1892-3 ww. • fulis filosofia (Philosophie des Geldes) _ 1900 w. • sociologia: sociaciis formebis gamokvleva (Soziologie:Untersuchungen ueber die Formen

der Vergesellschaftung.) _ 1908 w. • sociologiis fundamenturi sakiTxebi (Grundfragen der Soziologie) _ 1917 w.

4.1. formaluri sociologiis ZiriTadi principebi zimelis mTavari “Senatani” socialuri Teoriis ganviTarebaSi isaa, rom man sociologias amocanad dausaxa socialuri urTierTobebis wminda formebis, anu e.w. "sociaciis formebis" analizi. ramdenadac zimeli fokusirdeba socialur interaqciebze, bevri mkvlevari mas mikro sociologiis pionerad Tvlis da mis wvlils mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs

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mcire jgufebis kvlevisa da mikro sociologiuri Teoriebis (simboluri interaqcionizmi, gacvlis Teoria da sxv.) ganviTarebaSi.34 ras gulisxmobs zimeli "sociaciis formebSi", romlebsac ganasxvavebs socialuri urTierTobebis Sinaarsisagan? nebismier sazogadoebaSi, zimelis azriT, forma SeiZleba gamovacalkevoT Sinaarsisagan. imas, rac individebSi arsebobs miswrafebebis, interesebis, miznebis, fsiqikuri mdgomareobebisa da moZraobebis saxiT, risganac formirdeba sxva adamianebTan urTierTqmedeba, zimeli uwodebs Sinaarss, anu “gansazogadoebis materias”. sazogadoeba uricxvi “Sinaarsebisagan” Sedgeba: saqmiani interesi, religiuri impulsebi, erotikuli instinqtebi, Tavdacva an Tavdasxma, TamaSi an warmoeba, daxmarebisken, swavlisaken swrafva da bevri sxva motivi “adamianSi aRviZebs sxvisTvis, sxvasTan erTad, sxvis winaaRmdeg moqmedebas”. sazogadoeba zogadad warmoadgens adamianTa urTierTqmedebas, romelic iqmneba individTa gansxvavebuli motivebis, interesebisa da miznebis safuZvelze da romelSic es motivebi da interesebi Tavis xorcSesxmas poulobs. imisaTvis, raTa realobis (“Sinaarsebis”) labirinTSi gaerkvnen, adamianebi maT garkveul formebSi aqceven, anu qmnian garkveul nimuSebs (“paternebs”) Sinaarsebis calkeuli nakadisaTvis. amdenad, realur movlenaTa labirinTSi wesrigis “Sesatanad” aqtorebi manipulireben abstraqtuli formebis gansazRvruli raodenobiT. sociologis amocanac zustad isaa, rasac Cveulebrivi adamiani akeTebs: is agebs analitikuri formebis gansazRvrul raodenobas, raTa isini miuyenos socialur realobas, kerZod, konkretul interaqciebs da amiT maTi analizis SesaZlebloba gaaumjobesos.35 magaliTad, sociologma SeiZleba gansazRvros interaqciis iseTi formebi, rogoricaa “batonoba” da “daqvemdebareba” da isini “aRmoaCinos” socialur institutTa farTo wreSi: “saxelmwifoSi, iseve rogorc religiur gaerTianebaSi, SeTqmulTa jgufSi iseve, rogorc ekonomikur asociaciaSi, xelovnebis skolaSi iseve, rogorc ojaxSi”.36 zimeli xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom realobis momwesrigebeli formebi iZenen sakuTar “sicocxles”, iwyeben arsebobas Sinaarsisagan (“Tavisi fesvebisagan”) damoukideblad, anu arsebobas “sakuTari TavisTvis”. gansazogadoebis am wminda fomas uwodebs swored zimeli “sociacias”.37 ai, ras wers igi: “sazogadoebaSi Tanacxovrebis garkveuli Semdeg individis interesebi da motivebi xdeba

cxovrebisagan mowyvetili, im cxovrebisgan, romlisganac isini gamovidnen da romelsac unda

34 ix. magaliTad: Frisby, David (1992): Simmel and Since: Essays on Georg Simmel’s Social Theory. London: Routledge; pp. 20-41); Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; pp. 260-1. 35 zimelis es Tvalsazrisi amJRavnebs pirdapir analogias veberis “idealur tipebTan”, romelTa Sesaxeb saubari iqneba me-4 TavSi. 36 Simmel, Georg (1959): ‘The problem of Sociology’. In K. Wolff (ed.), Essays in Sociology, Philosophy and Aesthetics. New York: Harper Torchbooks: 310-336; p. 317 37 germanul termins‘Vergesellschaftung’ inglisurad Targmnian rogorc ‘Sociation’ an ‘Association’, xolo rusulad _ “Общение”. warmodgenil naSromSi gamoyenebulia termini “sociacia”.

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umadlodnen TavianT arsebobas. xdeba zogierTi energiis gamoTavisufleba da avtonomizacia,

isini ukve aRar arian dakavSirebuli saganTan, romlis gaformebasac eswrafodnen... isini axla ukve “TamaSoben” TavisTvis da TavisTavSi, moicaven da qmnian materias, romelic axla

mxolod maTi TviTrealizaciis saSualebaa”.38 ase magaliTad, yovelgvari Semecneba Tavdapirvelad warmoadgens arsebobisaTvis brZolis saSualebas. saganTa namdvili bunebis codna Zalze mniSvnelovania sicocxlis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. Tumca, mecnierebis warmoSoba mowmobs, rom Semecneba mowyda praqtikul miznebs, iqca Rirebulebad TavisTavad (TavisTavSi), damoukideblad irCevs Tavis sagans da gardaqmnis mas Tavisi sakuTari moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. aseTive viTarebaa samarTalTan dakavSirebiT. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis aucilebloba axdens adamianTa qcevis garkveuli xerxebis legitimacias. isini Tavdapirvelad arseboben mxolod mizanSewonilobis gamo. Tumca, samarTlis gaCenasTan erTad maTi sazrisi xdeba sruliad sxvagvari: axla isini realizdeba mxolod imitom, rom mxardaWerilia samarTliT, Tundac im sicocxlisgan damoukideblad, romelmac isini Sva: “dae, Sesruldes marTlmsajuleba, Tundac daiRupos samyaro”. maSasadame, samarTali misi wminda saxiT aRar ukavSirdeba aranair cxovrebiseul “mizans”, igi aRar warmoadgens saSualebas, aramed, piriqiT, sakuTari Tavidan gansazRvravs cxovrebis organizebis wess. maSasadame, zimeli ara mxolod sociaciis wminda formebis arsebobas aRiarebs, aramed imasac calsaxad ambobs, rom forma, mas Semdeg rac iwyebs “TavisTvis” arsebobas, Tavad gansazRvravs realuri cxovrebis organizebis wess. movusminoT zimels: “aq yvelaze ukeT Cans 180 gradusiT Semobruneba materiis saSualebiT sicocxlis formis

gansazRvridan, formis meSveobiT materiis gansazRvramde... amas SeiZleba TamaSic ewodos: cxovrebis realurma Zalebma, moTxovnilebebma da impulsebma Seqmnes Cveni cxovrebis iseTi

mizanSewonili formebi, romlebic Semdeg TamaSis saxiT gadaiqcnen TavisTavad Sinaarsad:

nadiroba, sxeulisa da sulis varjiSi, Sejibri, riski da a.S. yvelaferi es gamovida wminda cxovrebis nakadidan, gawyvita kavSiri mis materiasTan da moipova ra realuroba sakuTar

TavSi, daiwyo iseTi sagnebis SerCeva da Seqmna, romlebSic sakuTar Tavs inaxavs da axdens

sakuTari Tavis wminda asaxvas”.39

metic, zimeli acxadebs, rom Tuki aRar iarsebebs sociaciis konkretuli cocxali motivaciebi rogorc gansazogadoebis Sinaarsi, miT ufro met “Zalasa da namdvilobas SeiZens wminda forma”. aseTi Tvalsazrisis gamo zimels xSirad brals sdeben spekulativizmSi, realobis “daviwyebaSi”, formalizmSi, rac reifikaciis saSiSroebas Seicavs. aseTi sayvedurebis sapasuxod, sworad aRniSnavs ritceri: “pirveli, is [zimelis formaluri sociologia] axlos aris realobasTan, ramdenadac Seqmnilia zimelis mier gamoyenebuli uricxvi realuri cxovrebis magaliTebiT. meorec, is ar axdens TviTneburi da rigiduli kategoriebis miyenebas socialuri realobisadmi, aramed amis nacvlad cdilobs formebi socialuri realobidan gamomdinare gaxados. mesame, zimelis midgoma ar iyenebs zogad Teoriul sqemas, romelsac socialuri samyaros yvela aspeqti

38 Зиммель, Г. (1996): Общение; в книге: Г. Зиммель: Избранное. Москва. Юрист; стр. 487ю 39 Зиммель, Г. (1996): Общение; в книге: Г. Зиммель: Избранное. Москва. Юрист; стр. 488.

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emorCileba. amdenad, igi Tavidan icilebs Teoriuli sqemis reifikacias, rac iseTi Teoretikosis dilemad iqca, rogoric parsonsia. da bolos, formaluri sociologia sawinaaRmdegoa wmindad konceptualizebuli empirizmisa, romelic damaxasiaTebelia bevri sociologiisTvis. rasakvirvelia, zimeli iyenebs empiriul “monacemebs”, magram isini emorCileba im Zalisxmevas, rom Seitanos garkveuli wesrigi socialuri realobis qaotur samyaroSi”.40 тфьвмшдщишвфт пфьщфсфдлумуиы naTelia, rom “sociaciis” cneba zimelTan moicavs urTierTqmedebisa da gansazogadoebis yvela arsebul formas: Zalauflebisaken miswrafebas, gacvlas, partiis Camoyalibebas, SemTxveviT Sexvedrebs da daSorebebs, metoqeobasa da partniorobas, Ralats, revanSs da a.S. da a.S. yvelaferi, rac cxovrebaSi savsea SinaarsiT, formaTa TamaSSi cxovrobs mxolod sakuTari, TviTkmari cxovrebiT. am msjelobebs zimeli iyenebs sqesTa sociologiis mimarTac: erotika gamoimuSavebs Tavis saTamaSo formas _ koketobas, romelic sociaciaSi poulobs gamWvirvale gamoxatulebas. Tu yvela erotikuli problema trialebs urTierTobisa da uaris garSemo, maSin koketobis arsi mdgomareobs urTierTobasa da uars Soris daZabul urTierTobaSi, imaSi, rom miiqcios partnioris yuradReba ise, rom arc dapirdes arafers da arc xeli hkras mas. koketi qali TiTqos cxovrobs “hosa” da “aras” Soris, ar iRebs ra saboloo gadawyvetilebas. yvelaferi es koketobas aniWebs idealur xasiaTs da uflebas gvaZlevs vilaparakoT koketobis “xelovnebaze”. igive iTqmis saubris (oratorul) xelovnebazec. cxovrebaSi adamianebi saubroben garkveuli Sinaarsis gamo, romlis gadacemac, axsnac da analizic maT surT. sociaciis formis saxiT ki saubari TviTmizania, rogorc TviTgarTobis xelovneba, romelsac misi sakuTari kanonebi gaaCnia. 4.2. socialuri geometria zimelis formaluri sociologiis erT-erTi nawilia misi “socialuri geometria”, anu "socialur urTierTobaTa geometria”. es ukanaskneli sxvadasxva simbolos safuZvelze axdens socialur urTierTobaTa analizs. erT-erTi ZiriTadia ricxvebi. zimelma am sakiTxs specialuri esse miuZRvna Tavis “sociologiaSi”: ”ricxvebis mniSvneloba socialur cxovrebaSi”.41 zimeli aq atarebs gansxvavebas im SemTxvevebs Soris, rodesac interaqciaSi CarTul individTa raodenoba ori an samia. aseT jgufebs zimeli uwodebs “diadas” an “triadas”. rodesac laparakia diadaze (orkacian jgufze), misi darRveva (magaliTad, erT-erTis wasvla jgufidan) auqmebs interaqcias. diadaSi ar arsebobs damoukidebeli jgufuri struqtura. jgufi Sedgeba mxolod ori calkeuli individisagan. TiToeul maTgans individualurobis maRali xarisxi aqvs. individi ar daiyvaneba jgufis doneze. sruliad sxva viTarebaa triadis SemTxvevaSi. mesame wevris damateba iwvevs radikalur cvlilebebs. rodesac jgufSi sami individia CarTuli, urTierTobebi narCundeba im

40 Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; pp. 267-8. 41 Simmel, Georg (1950): The Significance of Numbers in Social Life. In K. H. Wolff (ed.), The Sociology of Georg Simmel. New York: Free Press; pp. 87-104.

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SemTxvevaSic, Tu erTi wevri wava jgufidan (ramdenadac arsebobs or darCenil wevrs Soris interaqciis gagrZelebis SesaZlebloba). rac mTavaria, triadis SemTxvevaSi viTardeba damoukidebeli jgufuri struqtura. anu, triada mniSvnelobs masSi CarTul individTa miRma. es niSnavs, rom triada iqceva socialur struqturad, romelic ufro metia, metic, dominanturia masSi CarTul individebze. amdenad, triadaSi misi wevrebis individualobas safrTxe emuqreba. triadaSi SesaZlebelia gaCndes stratifikaciuli da ZalauflebiTi sistemebi. magaliTad, ojaxSi, romelic sami wevrisagan Sedgeba (mSoblebi da maTi Svili), SeiZleba Seiqmnas koalicia “ori erTi winaaRmdeg”. mesame wevrma SeiZleba Tavisi miznebis sasargeblod gamoiyenos or wevrs Soris daZabuloba, an Tavad iyos maT Soris konfliqtis inspiratori, raTa maTze upiratesoba moipovos (“dayavi da ibatones” principi) da sxv. es cvlilebebi, romelic gamoiwvia diadis triadad transformaciam, ufro da ufro rTuldeba jgufis zomis gazrdasTan erTad. cxadia, yvelaze komleqsuri jgufi sazogadoebaa. sazogadoebas individis mimarT dialeqtikuri (winaaRmdegobrivi) damokidebuleba aqvs: erTi mxriv, matulobs individis avtonomiurobis xarisxi, Tumca, meore mxriv, igi socialuri struqturebis zewolis qveS imyofeba. zimelis “socialuri geometriis” kidev erTi mniSvnelovani cnebaa “distancia”. am cnebis ganxilva mizanSewonilia zimelis esses _ “ucnobi” _ Suqze42. es esse eZRvneba ebraelis adgils dasavlur sazogadoebaSi, sadac is “autsaiderad” rCeba. Tumca, zimeli konkretuli SemTxvevis generalizebas axdens. ucnobi aris adamiani, romelic “modis dRes da rCeba xval”. amiT gansxvavdeba is mogzaurisagan an bomJisagan. ucnobi aris ori ZiriTadi da erTmaneTis sapirispiro urTierTobis _ darCenis da wasvlis _ ganxorcieleba. ucnobi egueba mxolod SezRudul mimReblobas da garkveuli xarisxiT yovelTvis itovebs “sxvis”, araSinauris imijs. es mJRavndeba im interaqciebSi, romelic arsebobs ucnobsa da adgilobriv mkvidrebs Soris. adgilobrivebis mxridan ucnobis mimarT reaqcia, erTi mxriv, cnobismoyvareobaa, anu isini raRacas iZenen ucnobisagan, xolo, meore mxriv, _ agresia, rac SeiZleba srul miuReblobaSi gadaizardos. ucnobma mudmivad unda SeinarCunos balansi “Zalian axlos” da “Zalian Sors” yofnas Soris. Tu is Zalian axlos iqneba, maSin Sewyvets arsebobas rogorc ucnobi, xolo Tu _ Zalian Sors, maSin gawyvets jgufTan nebismier kontaqts. is urTierToba, romelic ucnobs aqvs jgufis wevrebTan, aris siaxlovis da distanciis erTgvari kombinacia. ucnobis uCveulo (atipiuri) distancia jgufisagan uflebas aZlevs mas hqondes jgufis wevrebTan interaqciis gansakuTrebuli standartebi. magaliTad, mas SeuZlia iyos ufro obieqturi, agreTve, moipovos jgufis wevrebis ndoba da a.S. ase xdeba ucnobi jgufis organuli wevri. saboloo angariSiT, zimeli ucnobis socialur tips ayalibebs, anu axdens konkretuli SemTxvevis formalizacias da ucnobobas ganixilavs rogorc socialuri interaqciis formas. ucnobobis, rogorc siaxlovis da

42 ix. Simmel, Georg (1971): ‘The Stranger’. In D. Levine (ed.), Georg Simmel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; pp. 143-149.

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distancirebulobis nazavis, garkveuli xarisxi yvela socialur urTierTobaSi monawileobs, Tundac, yvelaze intimurSi.

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Tavi III: socialuri Teoriis ZiriTadi cnebebi

Sesavali am TavSi ganxiluli iqneba is fundamenturi cnebebi (konceptebi), riTac socialuri Teoria operirebs. TiToeul konceptTan mimarTebaSi moxdeba misi ara imdenad enciklopediuri gansazRvreba, aramed problemuri interpretacia. es am konceptebs uTuod SesZens analitikur Rirebulebas. Sesabamisad, mocemuli TavisTvis Tavisuflad SeiZleboda gvewodebina “socialuri Teoriis ZiriTadi problemebi”. is cnebebi, romlebic am TavSia ganxiluli, cxadia, socialuri Teoriis “sakuTreba” ar aris. isini zogadad socialuri (da ara mxolod) mecnierebebis analitikuri instrumentebia. Tumca, isic araa sadavo, rom aRniSnul cnebebs mecnierebebisaTvis “saziaro” mniSvnelobebis garda, TiToeuli maTganisaTvis specifikuri datvirTva gaaCnia. magaliTad, iseT cnebas, rogoricaa deviacia, fsiqologia sxva ganaserSi ganixilavs, vidre socialuri Teoria. fsiqologia deviacias fsiqikur anomaliebs daukavSirebs, xolo sociologia _ qcevis maregulirebeli socialuri normebis Sesustebas. Tumca, socialuri Teoriac da fsiqologiac “Tanxmdebian” imaze, rom deviacia gadaxriTi qcevaa. aseve, iseTi cneba, rogoricaa kultura, gansxvavebulad interpretirdeba sxvadasxva mecnierebis mier. Sesabamisad, arsebobs kulturis sociologiuri, fsiqologiuri, filosofiuri, istoriuli da a.S. interpretaciebi. Sesabamisad, qvemoT gadmocemuli ZiriTadi kategoriebis analizs uTuod atyvia socialuri Teoriis “kvali”. ufro meti: TviT socialuri Teoriis farglebSic ki esa Tu is cneba gansxvavebulad ganixileba imis mixedviT, Tu ra paradigmazea agebuli esa Tu is Tvalsazrisi. magaliTad, funqcionaluri paradigmis farglebSi struqturis kategoria koleqtiur fenomenebs aRwers rogorc obieqturad arsebul nivTebs (“socialur faqtebs”), maSin rodesac, arafunqcionaluri paradigmis farglebSi struqturebi mxolod analitikuri modelebia, an, kidev ufro uaresi _ usargeblo kvazi-konstruqciebi. qvemoT gadmocemul analizs ara aqvs pretenzia, rom ganxiluli kategoriebis yvela sociologiur interpretacias gaiTvaliswinebs. aq sxva principia arCeuli: gaanalizebulia is Tvalsazrisebi, romlebic ama Tu im cnebis met-naklebad kompleqsur suraTs iZleva, anu axdens mocemuli cnebis garSemo dagrovili pozitiuri codnis “Senaxvas” da ganviTarebas. Tumca, isic naTelia, rom SerCeuli midgomebi mainc subieqturobis, ufro zustad, inteleqtualuri “tendenciurobis” velSi rCebian. socialuri Teoriiskonceptualuri aparati sakmaod farToa. Tu maTgan yvelaze fundamntur cnebebs SevarCevT, diapazoni mniSvnelovnad daviwrovdeba. da mainc: qvemoT ganxiluli cnebebis CamonaTvali arc “daviwroebuli” diapazonisTvisaa adekvaturi. Tumca, isini socialuri Teoriis birTvis nawilia. es cnebebia: sazogadoeba, kultura, socialuri struqtura, deviacia (anomia), socialuri moqmedeba.

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$1. sazogadoeba43 Znelia moinaxos socialuri Teoria, romelic Taviseburad ar upasuxebda kiTxvas, ra aris sazogadoeba? sazogadoebaze refleqsia yvela socialuri Teoriis savaldebulo amocanaa, ramdenadac isini sxvas arafers ikvleven, Tu ara sazogadoebas da mis movlenebs. sazogadoebis cnebis gansazRvrisas SesaZlebelia ori gza avirCioT: a) analizuri, anu movaxdinoT sazogadoebis im niSnebis identifikacia, romelic mas sui generis miewereba. am niSnebs adamianTa gansazRvruli erToba unda atarebdes yvela SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas aqvs pretenzia, sazogadoebad iwodebodes; b) sinTezuri, rodesac sazogadoebis gansazRvra xdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ra socialur konteqstSi, garemoSi arsebobs igi. am SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebas miewereba is niSnebi, romelic mocemul konteqstSi (anu, realobaSi) mis arsebobas gansazRvravs.44 am or xerxs Soris gansxvavebis gamosaxatad SeiZleba g. zimelis terminologiasac davesesxoT: sazogadoeba SeiZleba daxasiaTdes: a) rogorc “wminda forma”, anu “nimuSi” da b) rogorc gansxvavebuli “Sinaarsis” mqone, rac ukavSirdeba konkretul motivebs, interesebs da miznebs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi laparakia sazogadoebis invariantul maxasiaTeblebze, romlebic mas yvela realobaSi miewereba, xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia vilaparakoT sazogadobis am Tu im konkretul (realur) tipze da, magaliTad, davaxasiaToT misi Sinaarsi rogorc “Ria” an “daxuruli”, “tradiciuli” an “modernuli”, “demokratiuli” an “totalitaruli”, “agraruli” an “industriuli” da a.S. sazogadoebis cnebis adekvaturi gansazRvrisaTvis umjobesia mivmarToT mis analizur, “wminda formalur” daxasiaTebas. am mimarTulebiT saintereso analizs axdens pitirim sorokini.45 sorokini iwyebs sazogadoebis yvelaze elementaruli niSnidan da aRniSnavs, rom rodesac sazogadoebas moviazrebT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara erTi calkeuli erTeuli, aramed erTeulTa garkveuli simravle. magram, cxadia, nebismier erTeulTa simravle ver iqneba sazogadoeba. magaliTad, qvebis grova, an irmebis jogi simravlea, magram maT sazogadoebas ver mivakuTvnebT. maSasadame, sazogadoeba specifikur erTeulTa simravlea. amasTan, es erTeulebi ermaneTis mimarT izolirebul mdgomareobaSi ki ar imyofebian, aramed uerTierTqmedeben erTmaneTTan. Tumca, urTierTqmedeba zogadad samyarosTvisaa

43 sazogadoebis cnebis analizi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba pitirim sorokinis Sromas “zogadi sociologia”. ix. Сорокин, П. (1992): Человек, цивилизация, общество. Москва, ИПЛ; стр. 25-155. 44 “analizuri” da “sinTezuri” ganxilvis wesi i. kantis mier gatarebuli gansxvavebis analogiuria. rogorc cnobilia, analizur niSnebs kanti uwodebda imaT, romlebic sagans imanenturad, anu Sinaganad miewereba. rac Seexeba sinTezur niSnebs, maT sagani “garedan”, anu gamocdilebis (cdis) safuZvelze iRebs. 45 pitirim sorokini (1889-1968) _ warmoSobiT rusi sociologi, romelic bolSevikebisagan Seviwroebis gamo iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina ruseTi, sankt-peterburgis universiteti da wasuliyo emigraciaSi jer CexoslovakiaSi, xolo 1923 wlidan _ aSS-Si. sorokini saTaveSi Caudga harvardis universitetSi axlad Camoyalibebul sociologiis departaments. igi am postze talkot parsonsma Secvala, romelTanac sorokins xangrZlivi kamaTi da daZabuli urTierToba hqonda. sorokinis yvelaze cnobili Sromebia: “socialuri mobiloba da Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoriebi”; “socialuri da kulturuli dinamika”; “revoluciis sociologia” da sxv.

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damaxasiaTebeli. amitom, saWiroa dazustdes, kerZod, ra tipis urTierTqmedeba xdeba im specifikur erTeulebs (“urTierTqmedebis centrebs”) Soris, romlebic sazogadoebas Seadgenen? sorokini gamoyofs sami saxis urTierTqmedebas: araorganuls, organuls da fizikurs. araorganuli urTierTqmedeba fizikur samyaroSi mimdinareobs materialur sxeulebs (nivTebs) Soris. organuli urTierTqmedebis centrebi cocxali sxeulebi, anu organizmebia. rac Seexeba fsiqikur urTierTqmedebas, isic organulia, anu, cocxal struqturebs Soris mimdinareobs, magram urTierTqmedebis centrebi specifikuri organizmebia. kerZod, esaa umaRlesi nervuli sistemis mqone arsebebi, anu adamianebi. fsiqikuri urTierTqmedeba socialur samyaroSi, anu sazogadoebaSi mimdinareobs. maSasadame, rodesac sazogadoebaze vsaubrobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara araorganuli, an biologiuri, aramed _ fsiqikuri urTierTqmedeba. urTierTqmedebis TiToeul tips gansxvavebuli disciplinebi Seiswavlis: materialur sxeulebs Soris urTierTqmedeba fizikis da sxva fizikuri mecnierebebis Seswavlis sagania; organul (biologiur) urTierTqmedebas iseTi sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebi swavloben, rogoricaa biologia da qimia. rac Seexeba fsiqikur urTierTqmedebas, masze socialuri mecnierebebi fokusirdeba (maT Soris, sociologia). sorokini kidev ufro detalurad ganixilavs fsiqikur urTierTqmedebas, raTa sazogadoebis adekvaturi definicia Camoayalibos. is aanalizebs fsiqikis Sinaarss da masSi sam dones gamoyofs: SemecnebiTs, grZnobad-emociurs da nebelobiTs. fsikis SemecnebiT doneze adamiani amyarebs Teoriul mimarTebas garemomcvel samyarosTan. am mimarTebis mizania mopovos obieqturi, anu WeSmariti codna sagnis (obieqtis) Sesaxeb. codnis yvelaze elementaruli safexuri SegrZnebebis doneze miRebuli informaciaa, xolo yvelaze umaRlesi _ cnebiTi codna (SegrZnebasa da cnebas Soris aRqma da warmodgena monawileobs). SegrZnebebis doneze aq da amJamad mocemuli sagnis elementarul niSnebs vswavlobT, xolo cnebebis doneze sagnis arsebiTi niSnebis wvdoma xdeba. es iseTi niSnebia, romlebic romelime konkretul sagans unikalurad ar miewereba. cneba abstraqcias axdens sagnis individualuri niSnebisagan da ganixilavs mas iseT ganaserSi, romelic sagans garkveuli klasis (gvaris) warmomadgenlad aqcevs. cnebiTi codna SemecnebiTi moRvaweobis yvelaze rTuli da saboloo produqtia. rac mTavaria, Seemmecnebel (gnoseologiur) subieqts evaleba Semecnebis procesSi “daiviwyos” sakuTari Tavi da sagani Seimecnos misi emociebisagan da grZnobebisagan damoukideblad. fsiqikis grZnobad-emociur doneze individis ganzraxva Semecnebisagan diametralurad gansxvavdeba. am doneze sagani ganixileba mis mimarT simpatiis, anu emociuri damokidebulebis prizmaSi. am doneze adamianebi raRacas iwoneben an iwuneben, uyvarT an sZulT, siaxloves ganicdian an gaucxovdebian da a.S. adamianebi mxolod Semmecnebeli subieqtebi ar arian; isini emociebs, gancdebs xarjaven da garemomcvel sinamdviles subieqturad aRiqvamen. grZnobebis da gancdebis samyaro uaRresad mravalferovania, magram, sorokinis azriT, maTi formalizeba SesaZlebelia tkbobisa da tanjvis kontinuumis farglebSi. fsiqiks nebelobiTi done gamoxatavs individis unars, garemomcvel sagnebTan

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urTierToba daamyaros survilze damyarebuli arCevanis safuZvelze. am urTierTobaSi individi Tavisufali arsebaa. maSasadame, fsiqikis Sinaarsi Sedgeba SemecnebiTi produqtebis, gancdebisa da nebelobiTi impulsebisagan. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros fsiqikuri urTierTqmedebis Tavisebureba. fsiqikuri urTierTqmedeba aris umaRlesi nervuli sistemis mqone erTeulebs (adamianebs) Soris SemecnebiTi fenomenebis (SegrZnebebis, aRqmebis, warmodgenebisa da cnebebis), gancdebisa da nebelobiTi impulsebis gacvla. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia CamovayaliboT sazogadoebis gansazRvrebac: “sazogadoeba, sociologiuri azriT, upirveles yovlisa aRniSnavs adamianTa erTobliobas,

romlebic imyofebian urTierTobis procesSi... maT Soris yoveldRiurad warmoiqmneba

urTierTqmedebis aTasobiT procesi, romlebic fsikuri xasiaTisaa: esaa ideebis (religiuri, mecnieruli, yoveldRiuri, mxatvruli da a.S.) gacvla, nebelobiTi impulsebis gacvla...

grZnobebis gacvla (siyvarulis, Tanagancdis, siZulvilis niadagze da a.S.)”.46 am gansazRvrebaSi sorokini araorazrovnad miuTiTebs sazogadoebad yofnis Semdeg Taviseburebaze: imisTvis, rom socialuri fenomeni Sedges, aucilebelia ara mxolod fsiqikis Sinaarsebis arseboba, aramed maTi gacvla. es niSnavs, rom ideebi da gancdebi, Tu isini “wminda” saxiTaa mocemuli, jer kidev ar arian socialuri movlenebi. aseTebad isini mxolod maSin iqcevian, rodesac moxdeba maTi obieqtivacia da sxvisTvis gadacema. obieqtivacia, rogorc wesi, simboloebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. maSasadame, socialur movlenas ori mxare aqvs: Sinagani fsiqikuri da garegani simboluri. Tu romelime mxare ar arsebobs, maSin ver Sedgeba socialuri urTierTqmedeba. interaqcia gulisxmobs swored fsiqikuri Sinaarsebis sxvisTvis gadacemas simboloebis saSualebiT. sorokini gamoyofs simbolizaciis oTx tips: bgeriTi (sityvebis an musikaluri bgerebis saSualebiT komunikacia), feriTi (ferebis saSualebiT azrebis an emociebis gadacema), moZraobiTi (Jestebis saSualebiT komunikacia) da sagnobrivi (nivTebis “datvirTva” sazrisebiT). sazogadoebaSi adamianebi mudmivad iyeneben simbolizaciis romelime tips, raTa sxva adamianebTan kominikacia SesaZlebeli gaxadon. cxadia, ama Tu im kulturiT yvelaze metad daRdasmuli bgeriTi (kerZod, enobrivi) simbolizaciaa, xolo yvelaze universaluri _ moZraobiTi da sagnobrivi. sorokins mxedvelobidan ar rCeba kidev erTi aspeqti: imisaTvis, raTa komunikacia dasruldes, anu socialuri interaqcia Sedges, aucilebelia fsiqikuri Sinaarsebis gamaobieqtivirebeli simboloebi isev iqcnen sxva adamianis fsiqikis kuTvnilebad. sxvanairad rom iTqvas, aucilebelia moxdes komunikaciisas gamoyenebuli simboloebis adekvaturi aRqma sxva adamianis mier. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, interaqcia ar Sedgeba. magaliTad, Tu erTi adamiani meores misTvis gaugebar enaze mimarTavs, maT Soris komunikacia ver damyardeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi axdens misi fsiqikis Sinaarsis bgeriT simbolizacias. komunikaciisaTvis

46 Сорокин, П. (1992): Человек, цивилизация, общество. Москва, ИПЛ; стр. 29.

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aucilebelia, rom meore adamians esmodes gamoyenebuli sityvebis mniSvneloba. sazogadoebis zemoaRniSnuli gansazRvreba, sorokinis azriT, “muSaobs” yvela socialuri mecnierebisaTvis da aranairad ar gamoyofs sociologiis specifikas.

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$2. kultura47 2.1. kulturis definicia socialur TeoriaSi arsebobs tendencia, romelic kulturis da sazogadoebis cnebebs identuri mniSvnelobiT moixmars. Tuca, maT Soris gansxvavebasac bevri sociologi atarebs. maT Sorisaa n. smelzeri.48 kultura, misi azriT, ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis wevrTa cxovrebis wess. am ukanasknels komponentTa mravalferovneba axasiaTebs: sxvadasxva ritualebi _ qorwinebis ritualebi, religiuri ceremoniebi, ojaxuri cxovreba, SromiTi saqmianoba, TviTprezentaciis stilebi, Tavisufali drois struqturireba (sufra, garToba, dasveneba da a.S), TamaSebi da sxva. kulturas Seadgens, agreTve, adamianis saqmianobis Sedegad Seqmnili materialuri faqtebi (e. w. “artefaqtebi”): sacxovrebeli nagebobebi, taZrebi, Zeglebi, wignebi, manqanebi, kompiuterebi da a.S. xSirad isini adamians mzamzareulad xvdeba sazogadoebaSi da maT SeqmnaSi is ar monawileobs. rac Seexeba sazogadoebas, igi gulisxmobs erTi kulturis SigniT mcxovreb adamianTa urTierTobebis, anu interaqciebis sistemas. kulturasas da sazogadoebas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs: verc erTi kultura ver formirdeba sazogadoebis gareSe da, Tavis mxriv, verc erTi sazogadoeba ver ifunqcionirebs kulturisagan damoukideblad. kultura sazogadoebis kvlavwarmoebisa da SenarCunebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi meqanizmia. kultura adamians rogorc socialur cxovels sTavazobs sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis orientirebs: azrovnebis, moqmedebisa da qcevis standartebsa Tu sqemebs, romelTa gareSec adamiani qaoturi instinqtebis tyveobaSi Caketili asocialuri arseba iqneboda, moklebuli TviTgamoxatvisa da komunikaciis unars. smelzeri kulturis aseT gansazRvrebas iZleva (aqve gansazRvravs is subkulturasac): “kulturis Tanamedrove mecnierulma definiciam ukuagdo am cnebis aristokratiuli elferi. is axdens rwmenebis, Rirebulebebisa da gamomsaxveli saSualebebis (romlebic

gamoiyeneba xelovnebasa da literaturaSi) simbolizirebas, romlebic saerToa raime

jgufisTvis; isini awesrigeben am jgufis wevrTa gamocdilebas da aregulireben maT qcevas. qvejgufebis rwmenebs da Sexedulebebs xSirad subkulturas uwodeben”.49

kulturis aTviseba xdeba daswavlis gziT. cnobilia, rom adamianis qceva, cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod nawilobrivaa ganpirobebuli instinqtebiT. cxovelebi floben sakvebis mopovebis da sakmaod rTuli nagebobebis konstruirebis genetikurad daprogramebul unars. maT ar sWirdebaT moipovon codna amis Sesaxeb. es codna Cadebulia maTSi genetikurad da Sesabamisi qceva xorcieldeba avtomaturad. marTalia, daswavla garkveulwilad gavlenas axdens cxovelis qcevaze, magram igi

47 kulturis cnebis analizi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba neil smelzeris saxelmZRvanelos “sociologia”. ix. Смелзер, Н. (1998): Социология; Москва. ФЕНИКС; стр. 40-70. 48 neil smelzeri (daibada 1930 wels) _ amerikeli sociologi, romelmac ganicada t. parsonsis gavlena. Seecada funqcionalizmis ideebi gaevrcelebina istoriis sociologiaze. misi ZiriTadi Sromaa “socialuri cvlileba da industriuli revolucia”. agreTve, parsonsTan erTad Tanaavtoria wignisa “ekonomika da sazogadoeba”. 49 Смелзер, Н. (1998): Социология; Москва. ФЕНИКС; стр. 41.

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ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia instinqtiT, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba cxovelis qcevis mizanSewonili koordinireba garkveul situaciaSi. adamianuri qceva, piriqiT, yvelaze mcired ganisazRvreba pirdapiri genetikuri kontroliT. marTalia, adamianebs axasiaTebT refleqsebi anu avtomaturi reaqciebi stimulebze. magram adamianuri qcevis ganxorcieleba moiTxovs operaciaTa gacilebiT rTuli mimdevrobis Sesrulebas. magaliTad, SimSilis dakmayofileba moiTxovs bankidan fulis gamotanas garkveuli finansuri operaciebis xarjze, Semdeg mis gadacvlas sakveb produqtebze, romelTa garkveuli damuSavebis Semdeg miiReba saWmelad vargisi sakvebi. am moqmedebaTa Sesruleba SesaZlebelia daswavlis gziT. ramdenadac adamians aqvs nebismieri tipis qcevisadmi daswavlis unari, maT SeuZliaT SeimuSavon reaqciaTa da qcevis uamravi tipi. adamianTa cxovrebaSi kultura mniSvnelovanwilad imave funqcias asrulebs, rasac cxovelebSi genetikurad daprogramebuli qceva anu instinqtebi. swored amitom adamianis qcevas samyaros mimarT SedarebiTi Riaoba axasiaTebs. adamianis qceva plastikuri da variaciulia, anu misi realizebis diapazoni farTo SesaZleblobebis mqonea. aqedan gamomdinare, adamians gaaCnia unari ar iyos Caketili (mijaWvuli) Tavis sasicocxlo garemoSi, gavides mis farglebs gareT (trancedentirdes) da Seqmnas sazrisebis, miznebis, mniSvnelobebisa Tu simboloebis sistemebi. am simboluri sistemebis safuZvelze adamianis moqmedeba ganixileba rogorc orientirebuli ama Tu im mniSvnelobaze. ufro metic, adamianebma SeiZleba uari Tqvan TavianTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze sxva ufro mniSvneladi Rirebulebebis gamo, rasac cxovelTa samyaroSi analogi ar gaaCnia. mag., religiuri mosazrebiT adamianebma SeiZleba imarxulon garkveuli drois manZilze, Tavi Seikavon qorwinebisgan an saerTodac uari Tqvan masze. marTalia, adamiansac axasiaTebs TviTSenaxvisken miswrafeba da TviTgadarCenis instinqti, magram cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT adamianebs SeuZliaT am miswrafebasTan dapirispireba. adamianebi Segnebulad igdeben sicocxles safrTxeSi, magaliTad, siyvarulisa an patriotuli movaleobis gamo (omSi moxalised wasvla) da a.S. 2.2. kultura da socializacia ramdenadac kulturis SeZena ar xdeba biologiuri gziT, yoveli Taoba axdens mis kvlavwarmoebasa da momaval Taobaze gadacemas. es procesi warmoadgens socializaciis safuZvels. Rirebulebebis, rwmenebis, normebis, wesebisa Tu idealebis aTvisebis Sedegad mimdinareobs bavSvis pirovnebis formireba da misi qcevis regulireba. socializaciis procesis SeCereba gamoiwvevs mniSvnelovan wyvetas kulturaSi da, SesaZloa, TviT kulturis daRupvasac. kultura axdens sazogadoebis wevrTa pirovnebis formirebas da, amdenad, maTi qcevis regulirebas. kultura maregulirebeli meqanizmebis erTobliobaa, romelic moicavs moqmedebaTa sqemebs, receptebs, wesebs, instruqciebs da a.S. yvelaferi es adamianTa qcevis marTvas emsaxureba. kulturis gareSe adamianebi sruliad dezorientirebulni iqnebodnen. maTi qceva sruliad umarTavi, spontanuri da emociurad mouTokavi iqneboda, rac SeuZlebels gaxdida adamianis gamocdilebis formirebas. swored imis gamo, rom kultura axdens adamianTa qcevis regulirebasa

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da kontrols, z. froidi50 saubrobs kulturis represiul bunebaze. froidma gamoikvlia kulturasa da adamianis instinqtur sawyiss Soris arsebuli konfliqti. xSirad kultura instinqtebis, umTavresad ki seqsualuri da agresiuli miswrafebebis daTrgunvas cdilobs. Tumca, maT mTlianad arasodes gamoricxavs, es SeuZlebelicaa. kultura ufro gansazRvravs am swrafvebis dakmayofilebis pirobebs. igi akonkretebs dros, adgilsa da im wesebs, romelTa meSveobiT SesaZlebelia maTi realizeba. kultura mimarTavs adamianis agresiul swrafvebs gansxvavebuli mimarTulebebiT, magaliTad., sportSi, omis warmoebisas, konkurenciis procesSi da a.S. marTalia, kultura gavlenas axdens adamianis qcevaze, magram misi SesaZleblobebis gazviadeba marTebuli ar iqneboda. adamianuri qcevis marTvis SesaZleblebebi SezRudulia mravali konteqstiT. pirvel rigSi, es SemzRudveli konteqstia adamianis biologiuri SesaZleblobebi, rac Cadebulia misi organizmis konstituciaSi. SeuZlebelia adamianebs vaswavloT mravalsarTulian Senobebze axtoma, Tundac sazogadoeba didad afasebdes amgvar gmirobebs. aseve arsebobs codnis SesaZleblobebi, romlis aTvisebac SesaZlebelia adamianuri gonebis farglebSi. 2.3. kulturaTa relatiuroba adamianuri kulturebi TvalsaCinod mravalferovania. Rirebulebebi da normebi farTod varirebs erTi kulturis sazRvrebSic ki da xSirad diametralurad gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac sxva kulturaSi “normad” miiCneva. rogorc smelzeri aRniSnavs, Cvil bavSvTa Segnebuli mkvleloba dasavluri kulturebisTvis umZimes danaSaulad iTvleba, maSin roca tradiciul Cinur kulturaSi arsebobda Rarib ojaxebSi Cvili gogonebis daxrCobis tradicia. am tradiciis safuZvelSi devs Sexeduleba, romelic Svils ganixilavs ekonomikuri Rirebulebis mixedviT, rogorc resurss mZime sameurneo samuSaoebis SesrulebisTvis. gogona ki, am azriT, Raribi ojaxisTvis mxolod tvirTia. es faqti gasagebi xdeba mxolod Cinuri kulturuli Rirebulebebis konteqstSi. aq mTavari Rirebuleba ojaxis gadarCenisTvis brZolis Rirebulebaa. sxvadasxva kulturebis gacnoba gvarwmunebs, rom maT Soris gansxvavebebi mravalricxovania. amdenad, Znelia im zogadi niSnebis, e.w. “kulturuli universaliebis” gansazRvra, romelic damaxasiaTebelia yvela kulturisTvis. smelzeri miuTiTebs j. merdokze, romelic gamoyofs 60-ze met kulturul universalias: yvela kulturaSi arsebobs ena, ojaxuri

50 zigmund froidi (1856-1939) _ avstrieli ebraeli fsiqiatri da fsiqoanalizis fuZemdebeli. idevneboda nacistebis mier, Tumca, mxolod maTi xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg tovebs venas. “fsiqoanalizma... didi gavlena moaxdina socialur Teoriaze da Tanamedrove sociologiaze. froidis centraluri aRmoCenebi _ aracnobieri, seqsualuri represia, oidiposis kompleqsi da sxv. _ sociologebis mier gamoyenebuli iqna imisaTvis, raTa gaeanalizebinaT selfi da adamianis subieqturoba, genderi da seqsualoba, ojaxi da socializacia, ena da ideologia, iseve rogorc kulturuli identobebis formireba da politikuri batonobis formebi” (Antony Elliot: Psychoanalitic Social Theory. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press, 2005; p. 175). froidis ZiriTadi Sromebia: “sizmrebis interpretacia” (1902), “siamovnebis principis miRma” (1920), “erTi iluziis momavali” (1927), “civilizacia da misi sirTuleebi” (1930).

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sistemis garkveuli forma, romlis normebi da Rirebulebebi bavSvebze zrunvas ukavSirdeba, qorwinebis instituti, damarxvis ritualebi, sakuTrebis ufleba. yvela kulturaSi ama Tu im formiT arsebobs incestis akrZalva _ seqsualuri kavSiri sisxliT naTesavebs Soris. anTropologebi CamoTvlian mraval aseT universalur elements: samkaulebi, TamaSebi, saCuqrebis Cuqebis Cveuleba, xumrobebi, sporti, cekva da a.S da mainc, kulturuli universalia bevrad mcirea, radgan yovel kategoriaSi uamravi variacia arsebobs. mag., incestis akrZalvas Tu aviRebT, incestis gageba bevr kulturaSi sakmaod gansxvavdeba. yvelaze xSirad incestad miiCneva seqsualuri urTierTobebi erTi ojaxis wevrebs Soris. magram bevr kulturaSi akrZalva vrceldeba meore Taobis naTesavebzec, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, erTi gvaris mqone adamianebzec. 2.4. kulturis Semadgeneli elementebi smelzeri gadmoscems uord gudenaus Tvalsazriss, romelic kulturis oTx elements gamoyofs: pirveli elementia cnebebi (konceptebi), romlebic enis Semadgeneli nawilia. cnebebi (zogadad, ena) axdens kulturuli gamocdilebis kondensirebas, Senaxvas. swored amitom, sxvadasxva enis da maTi Semadgeneli konceptebis analizis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva kulturaze “gasvla” da maTi specifikis dasabuTeba. kulturis meore elementia urTierTobebi. adamianebi ara mxolod cnebebSi aqceven TavianT kulturul gamocdilebas, aramed am cnebebs Soris urTierTobebs da kavSirebs gansazRvraven. es urTierTobebi SeiZleba iyos kauzaluri (mizezobrivi), miznobrivi, Tanaarsebobis gamomxatveli da sxv. cnebaTa Soris urTierTobis xasiaTis safuZvelzec SesaZlebelia kulturaTa “wakiTxva”. mesame elementia Rirebulebebi. isini abstraqtuli ideebia, romlebisken swrafvac fiqsirdeba ama Tu im kulturaSi. sxvanairad rom iTqvas, Rirebulebebi kulturulad aRiarebuli anu institucionaluri miznebia, romlis miRwevasac sazogadoebis wevrebi cdiloben. meoTxe elementia normebi. imisaTvis, raTa Rirebulebebma realurad “imuSaon”, saWiroa maTi normebad “Targmna”. nebismieri normis safuZvelSi kulturulad aRiarebuli Rirebuleba devs. xSirad normebs ama Tu im Rirebulebis realizebis saSualebebsac uwodeben. isini ganixileba rogorc socialuri cxovrebis regulaciebi, romlebic erTi kulturis SigniT adamianTa Soris sxvadasxva (samarTlebriv, saqmian, pirovnul Tu genderul) urTierTobas awesrigebs. amrigad, normaTa sistemebi socialuri cxovrebis organizebis wesebia. am wesebis Sesruleba da dacva sazogadoebaSi mosalodnelia. maSasadame, normebi sociumSi institucionalurad dadgenil molodinTa erTobliobas Seesabameba. normebTan dakavSirebulia sanqciaTa (sasjeli an jildo) sistemebis arseboba. sanqciebis saSualebiT normebi funqcionirebadi anu qmediTi xdeba. sanqciebi ori tipisaa: 1. pozitiuri, jildos saxiT, romlis funqciaa kulturuli Rirebulebebis gaZliereba da kvlavwarmoeba da 2. negatiuri, sasjelis saxiT, romlis funqciaa normasTan dakavSirebul akrZalvis amoqmedeba.

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$3. socialuri struqtura51 3.1. socialuri struqturis definicia Tvalsazrisebi, romlebic socialuri struqturis cnebis garSemo arsebobs, SesaZlebelia or jgufad dalagdes. rogorc e. kodua aRniSnavs: “sakiTxi ismis ... socialuri struqtura obieqturi realobaa, romelzedac Semecnebis procesSi vaxdenT refleqsias, Tu is subieqturi warmonaqmnia, Semecnebis saSualebaa, iqneb sulac Semecnebis procesSi Seqmnili realobaa”.52 ufro gavrcelebuli da gaziarebulia is Tvalsazrisi, romelic socialur struqturas subieqtur, analitikur kategoriad miiCnevs. amave azrisaa k. levi-strosi.53 igi miuTiTebs “socialuri struqturis” cnebis bundovanebaze da mohyavs krioberis sityvebi: “nebismieri tipiuri pirovneba SesaZloa ganixilebodes misi struqturis TvalsazrisiT, arada, aseve SesaZloa ganixilebodes nebismieri organizmic, nebismieri sazogadoeba, yvela kultura, kristalebi da manqanebi. yvelafers, Tuki is amorfuli ar aris, gaaCnia struqtura. amrigad, termini “struqtura” raime axlis aRmoCena ki ar aris, ubralod, pikanturi sanelebelia”. ZiriTadi principi, romelsac levi-strosi icavs, isaa, rom socialuri struqturis cneba ganekuTvneba ara empiriul moRvaweobas, aramed empiriuli moRvaweobis msgavsad agebul models. swored amaSi poulobs is gansxvavebas socialuri struqturisa da socialuri urTierTobis cnebebs Soris. socialuri urTierTobebi ZiriTadi masalaa im modelebis asagebad, romelTa saSualebiTac unda gamovlindes Tavad socialuri struqtura. socialuri struqtura ar unda gavaigivoT im socialur urTierTobebTan, romlebzec xdeba dakvirveba. maSasadame, levi-strosis azriT, struqtura analitikuri kategoriaa, empiriuli moqmedebis msgavsad agebuli Teoriuli modelia. magram, nebismieri modeli ar "imsaxurebs" struqturis kvalifikacias. imisaTvis, rom modelebs struqturis saxeli daerqvas, levi-strosis azriT, aucilebelia 4 pirobis Sesruleba:

1. pirvel rigSi, struqtura aris garkveuli sistema, Semdgari iseTi elementebisagan, roca erT-erTi maTganis Secvla yvela danarCenis Secvlas iwvevs.

2. nebismieri modeli SeiZleba Seicvalos (gardaisaxos), magram Seesabamebodes erTi da imave modelis tips. ase rom, am gardasaxvaTa simravle ar arRvevs modelebis tipologizacias.

51 socialuri struqturis cnebis analizi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba klod levi-strosis Sromas “struqturis cneba eTnologiaSi”. ix. Леви-Стросс, К. (1985): Структурная Антропология, Москва; стр. 245-86. 52 kodua, e. (1998): sociologia. nakveTi I, Tbilisi, Tsu; gv 95-6. 53 klod levi-strosi (daibada 1908 wels) _ frangi anTropologi da sociologi. struqturalizmis warmomadgeneli, romelic iziarebda sosiuris struqturuli lingvistikis principebs. misi ZiriTadi Sromebia: “naTesaobis elementaruli struqturebi” (1949), “Tristes Tropiques” (1955), “struqturuli anTropologia” (1958), “The Savage Mind” (1966), “miTologebi” (1964-71).

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3. zemoaRniSnuli Tviseba saSualebas iZleva gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu ragvari reagireba eqneba models misi erT-erTi Semadgeneli elementis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi.

4. modeli imgvarad unda iyos agebuli, rom misi gamoyeneba moicavdes yvela dasakvirvebel movlenas.

levi-strosi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs modelebis asagebad saWiro movlenaTa dakvirvebas da Tavad modelebze Catarebul eqseriments. eqsperimentSi igulisxmeba im meTodebis erToblioba, romelTa saSualebiTac irkveva, Tu rogor reagirebs mocemuli modeli sxvadasxva cvlilebaze da xdeba sxvadasxva tipis modelebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba. dakvirvebisas ZiriTad, Tu ara erTaderT, wesad miCneulia dakvirvebis sizuste da yvela faqtis aRwera. amave dros, ar aris daSvebuli faqtTa bunebisa da mniSvnelobis damaxinjeba. 3.2. struqturaTa klasifikacia struqturis saxiT arsebuli modelebi, frangi sociologis azriT, SeiZleba iyos gacnobierebuli da gaucnobierebeli im donis mixedviT, romelzec isini funqcionireben. movlenaTa jgufi struqturul analizs ufro kargad emorCileba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sazogadoebas ar gaaCnia maTi axsnisa da dasabuTebis cnobieri modeli. struqtura, romelic gaucnobierebelia, ufro SesaZlebels xdis modelis arsebobas, romelic, rogorc Sirma, gamohyofs am struqturas koleqtiuri azrovnebisagan. gacnobierebuli modelebi (maT, rogorc wesi, “normebs” uwodeben) yvelaze Raribia, ramdenadac maTi funqciaa rwmenisa da Cveulebebis dafuZneba da ara maTi safuZvlebis axsna. levi-strosi ganasxvavebs, agreTve, meqanikur da statistikur modelebs. es gansxvaveba vlindeba maSin, Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT modelTa skalasa da movlenaTa skalas. models, romlis Semadgeneli elementebi miekuTvneba movlenaTa skalas, “meqanikuri” ewodeba, xolo “statistikuri” is modelia, romlis elementebi Tavad movlenis skalisagan gansxvavdeba. magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT saqorwino wesebi. pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi arsebuli es wesebi SeiZleba warmovadginoT modelebad, romlebic gamoxatavs individTa faqtobriv dajgufebas naTesaobebisa da klanebis mixedviT. es meqanikuri modelebia. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi SeuZlebelia amgvari modeli moviSvelioT, radgan qorwinebis sxvadasxva tipi aq damokidebulia ufro zogad faqtorebze: pirveladi da meoradi jgufebis sidideze, romlebsac miekuTvneba wyvilebi, sxvadasxva socialur fenaTa dinebaze, informaciis raodenobaze da sxv. Sesabamis models statistikuri xasiaTi eqneboda. SesaZloa moviyvanoT sxva, magaliTad, TviTmkvlelobis magaliTi. misi gaanalizeba ori TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba. calkeuli SemTxvevebis analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs avagoT TviTmkvlelobis meqanikuri modeli. aseTi modeli dainteresdeba msxverplis pirovnebis tipiT, misi individualuri istoriiT, pirveladi da meoradi jgufebis (romlebsac Tavad miekuTvneboda) TvisebebiT da sxv. Tumca, SeiZleba TviTmkvlelobis statistikuri modelis agebac. aseTi modeli

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dafuZnebulia romeliRac mocemul periodSi erT an ramdenime sazogadoebaSi, agreTve, sxvadasxva tipis pirvelad da meorad jgufebSi TviTmkvlelobis analizze. statistikuri modeli validuri iqneboda: a) TviTmkvlelobis ramdenime formisaTvis; Bb) sxvadasxva sazogadoebisaTvis da g) socialur movlenaTa sxvadasxva tipisaTvis. sociologia imiT gansxvavdeba eTnografiisa da istoriisagan, rom Tu es ukanasknelni kavdebian masalebis SekrebiTa da sistematizaciiiT, sociologia ufro dakavebulia modelebis SeswavliT, romlebic agebulia am monacemebis safuZvelze da maTive daxmarebiT.

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$4. socialuri moqmedeba 4.1. “qceva”, “moqmedeba”, “socialuri moqmedeba” socialuri moqmedebis kategoria erT-erTi fundamenturia socialuri TeoriisaTvis. maqs veberi socialur moqmedebas sociologiis sagnadac ki acxadebs.54 miRebulia, rom gatardes gansxvaveba sam cnebas _ qceva, moqmedeba, socialuri moqmedeba _ Soris. miuTiTeben, rom moqmedeba qcevaa, oRond ara nebismieri, aramed, mxolod gansazRvruli xasiaTis qceva. aseve, socialuri moqmedebac moqmedebis gvarSi Sedis, oRond misi specifikuri saxea. yvela SemTxvevaSi saWiroa pasuxi gaeces kiTxvas: ra kriteriumis safuZvelze xdeba amgvari gansxvavebebis gatareba? SesaZlebelia, gamovyoT ramdenime Tvalsazrisi, romlebic amis naTelyofas axdens. pirveli yvelaze seriozuli mcdeloba, am TvalsazrisiT, ekuTvnis vebers. igi qcevasa da moqmedebas Soris wyalgamyofad miiCnevs “subieqturi sazrisis” flobis faqtors.55 adamianis moqmedebis specifikas veberi ukavSirebs swored subieqturi sazrisis (mniSvnelobis) qonas. adamianebi TavianT qcevaSi gansazRvrul mniSvnelobebs, racionalurs an emociurs, deben. amasTan, SesaZlebelia vilaparakoT sazrisis or tipze: a) empiriul sazrisze, romelic ukavSirdeba realurad moqmedi aqtoris mier qcevaSi nagulisxmev mniSvnelobas konkretul istoriul situaciaSi da b) sazrisis Teoriulad konstruirebul “wminda” tipze, romelic ara realurad, aramed hipoTeturad moqmed subiqts ukavSirdeba. esaa e.w. “idealuri tipi”, rogorc analitikuri konstruqcia, romelic veberTan realobis SemecnebisTvis, kerZod, idealurTan misi SedarebisTvis gamoiyeneba.56 mniSvnelobis (realuri an idealuri) matarebeli moqmedebisagan gansxvavebulia qceva, romelic usazrisoa. es niSnavs, rom igi gamRizianebelze avtomatur reaqcias warmoadgens. usazrisod qcevis yvelaze meti “riski”, veberis Tanaxmad, aqvs afeqtur da tradiciul moqmedebebs. isini SeiZleba gavidnen gasazrisianebuli moqmedebis farglebs gareT da, Sesabamisad, dakargon moqmedebis “kvalifikacia”. talkot parsonsma kidev ufro gamoadiferencira moqmedebis komponentebi, daukavSira ra igi mizans (saganTa momaval mdgomareobas), empiriul situacias da am situaciaSi aqtoris normatiul orientacias. saintereso Tvalsazriss aviTarebs am TvalsazrisiT Tanamedrove ingliseli sociologi jon elsteri. Tumca, es Tvalsazrisi, ZiriTadad, veberis da parsonsis TeoriebiT aris “nasazrdoebi”. kerZod, qcevasa da moqmedebas Soris gansxvavebis mTavar kriteriumad igi “intencionalobis” kategorias iyenebs da moiTxovs, rom “erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT

54 Вебер, М. (1990): Основные Социологические Понятия, в книге: М. Вебер, Избранные Произведения. Москва, Прогресс; стр. 602-3. 55 iqve. 56 veberis Tvalsazrisi “idealuri tipebis” Sesaxeb ufro detalurad ganxilulia me-4 Tavis $1-Si.

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intencionaluri da araintencionaluri qcevebi”.57 am gansxvavebis Tanaxmad, moqmedeba ganixileba rogorc intencionaluri qceva. Ara aris am gansxvavebis arsi? intencionaluria qceva, romelic sruldeba imisaTvis, raTa miRweul iqnes gansazRvruli mizani. aseTi qceva aucileblad ukavSirdeba momavals. moqmedebis intencionalur axsnas mimarTaven maSin, rodesac SesaZlebelia miTiTeba movlenaTa momaval mdgomareobaze, risi miRwevac sasurvelia. aseTi moqmedeba imarTeba miznis safuZvelze, romelic ar arsebobs rogorc faqti, jerjerobiT ararealuria da arsebobs mxolod warmosaxvis da warmodgenis doneze. j. elsteriAmiuTiTebs intencionaluri qcevis kidev erT specifikaze: rodesac gvsurs avxsnaT qcevis modeli misi grZelvadiani pozitiuri Sedegebis safuZvelze, viTvaliswinebT ra agreTve mis moklevadian negatiur Sedegebs, Cven impliciturad vvaraudobT cnobieri gadawyvetilebis mimRebi agentis arsebobas. cnobiereba SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc reprezentaciis saSualeba, rogorc individis unari, ganaviTaros pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri strategiebi da ipovos gamosavali Tvisebrivad axali situaciebidan. amrigad, intencia yovelTvis cnobieria, “aracnobieri intenciis” cneba alogikuria. cxadia, es ar niSnavs, rom aracnobiers araviTari datvirTva ara aqvs. piriqiT, misi mniSvneloba ueWveli xdeba, Tu aracnobiers ganvsazRvravT rogorc meqanizms, romelmac siamovnebaTa labirinTebSi unda gagvarkvios. magram, absurdia, aracnobieri warmovidginoT rogorc unari, romelic uSualod xelmZRvanelobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis process da mizan-saSualebaTa mixedviT moqmedebas. moqmedebasa da qcevas Soris zemoaRniSnul gansxvavebas eTanxmeba erT-erT Tanamedrove sociologiur leqsikonSi58 mocemuli definicia, romelic moqmedebas ganixilavs, rogorc qcevis specifikur saxes. qceva, zogadad, ukavSirdeba iseT movlenebs, romlebSic individebi arian CarTulni da romlebic SeiZleba iyos, an arc iyos, ganzraxuli da dagegmili. amdenad, qcevas SeiZleba hqondes sxvadasxva wyaro – emociebiT da instinqtebiT dawyebuli, racionalur azrovnebiT damTavrebuli. ar aris aucilebeli, rom qceva yvela SemTxvevaSi Seicavdes cnobierad dagegmil mizans. qcevis is SemTxveva, romelic dakavSirebulia cnobierad dagegmil mizanTan da intencionalobasTan, aris swored moqmedeba. Sesabamisad, moqmedeba ganisazRvreba rogorc mizandasaxuli qceva, instinqturi qcevis sapirispirod, rodesac moqmedeba gauazrebelia da avtomaturad xorcieldeba. qcevasa da moqmedebas Soris gansxvavebis naTelyofis Semdeg, dgeba sakiTxi moqmedebasa da socialur moqmedebas Soris mimarTebis Sesaxeb. ufro zustad rom iTqvas, sakiTxi exeba moqmedebis socialurobis kriteriums. saqme isaa, rom yvela socialuri moqmedeba, zogadad, moqmedebis gvarSi erTiandeba, magram ara piriqiT – moqmedebis mxolod specifikuri saxe CaiTvleba socialurad. raSi mdgomareobs es specifika? misi naTelyofa saTaves isev veberis naazrevidan iRebs. veberi sagangebod aanalizebs aRniSnul problemas da daaskvnis, rom moqmedeba mxolod

57 Elster, Jon (1983): Explaining Technical Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; pp. 69-70. 58 Lawson, T. and Garrod, J. (1996): The complete A-Z Sociology Handbook. Hodder & Stoughton; pp. 2, 18.

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maSin xdeba socialuri, rodesac igi, subieqturi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, “Seefardeba sxva adamianis (adamianebis) moqmedebas da orientirdeba masze”.59 maSasadame, moqmedebis socialurobisTvis aucilebelia sxvaze orientacia, Tumca, ara nebismieri, aramed cnobieri (sazrisis mqone) orientacia. sxvaze mimarTuli yvela moqmedeba rodia sazrisis matarebeli da, Sesabamisad, socialuri xasiaTis. veberi aanalizebs sazRvriT situaciebs, rodesac moqmedebis sxvaze orientacia ar aris sakmarisi misi socialurad CaTvlisTvis:

• garegani moqmedeba, romelic orientirebulia fizikur nivTze (materialur saganze) ar aris socialuri moqmedebis identuri;

• socialuri moqmedebis identuri ar aris arc Sinagani moqmedeba, romelic sakuTar Tavze orientirdeba (mag., rodesac individi loculobs martoobaSi, an rodesac is misdevs meurneobas mxolod sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis, es araa socialuri xasiaTis);

• ori adamianis iseTi urTierTqmedeba, romelic atarebs wminda reaqtiul, maSinalur xasiaTs, aseve ar CaiTvleba socialurad (mag., ori velosipedistis SemTxveviTi Sejaxeba ar scildeba bunebrivi movlenis farglebs. magram Tu Sejaxebas aqvs mizanimarTuli xasiaTi, an Tu individebi mizanmimarTulad cdiloben aicilon Sejaxeba da misgan gamowveuli yvela uaryofiTi Sedegi, maSin es ukve socialuria);

• adamianTa erTgvarovani moqmedeba ar aris socialuri moqmedebis identuri (Tu, magaliTad, individebi wvimis dros qolgebs Slian, es mxolod reaqciaa gare gamRizianebelze da ara orientacia erTmaneTis moqmedebaze; Tumca, Tu individi Segnebulad Slis qolgas imisaTvis, rom partniori daicvas wvimisagan, aseTi moqmedeba ukve socialuri xasiaTs atarebs).

• socialuri ar aris arc iseTi moqmedeba, romelic ganpirobebulia individis masaSi arsebobiT, anu masobriobis zegavleniT. masaSi arseboba (masis wevrad yofna) SesaZlebelia rogorc uSualod, ise gaSualebulad (mag., teleauditoriis wevrad yofna). saqme isaa, rom masaSi, marTalia, xdeba sxvaze orientacia, magram amas ara aqvs sazrisiseuli xasiaTi, anu amgvari orientacia yvelaze naklebadaa individis Tavisufali da cnobieri arCevaniT dadasturebuli. masaSi individi kargavs pirovnulobas, igi iTqvifeba masSi da xdeba iseTi rogorc yvela danarCeni. masaSi moqmedi “kanoni” aiZulebs individs iqces upirobod morCil arsebad. es ki mis moqmedebas arTmevs socialurobas. amave tipisaa, magaliTad, mibaZvis is SemTxvevebi, rodesac mibaZvis procesi ar atarebs gacnobierebul da ganzraxul xasiaTs da wmindad reaqtiulad xorcieldeba. aseTi mibaZva ar SeiZleba iyos socialuri moqmedebis identuri.

59 Вебер, М. (1990): Основные Социологические Понятия, в книге: М. Вебер, Избранные Произведения. Москва, Прогрес; стр. 603.

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sxva adamianis qcevaze orientacia, veberis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba atarebdes racionalur da emociur sazrisebs. Tu racionaluri sazrisis mqone moqmedeba yvela SesaZlo Sedegs iTvaliswinebs, maSin saqme gvaqvs mizan-racionalur moqmedebasTan. xolo, Tu moqmedebis racionaluri mizania Rirebulebis realizacia (damatebiTi Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe), maSin saxezea RirebulebiT-racionaluri moqmedeba. sxva mxriv, Tu sxvaze mimarTuli qceva emociuri mniSvnelobiTaa datvirTuli, maSin laparakia afeqtur moqmedebaze. Tumca, rogorc aRiniSna, afeqturi moqmedeba socialurobis zRvarze imyofeba, ramdenadac SeiZleba gasazrisianebuli moqmedebis farglebs gascdes.60 veberis Tvalsazriss inarCunebs sociologiis leqsikonSi mocemuli ganmartebac, romlis Tanaxmad, socialur moqmedebis arsebobas ganapirobebs sxvaTa arseboba, igi Tavis TavSi moicavs sxvaTa qcevis gagebas da interpretacias. amrigad, socialuri moqmedeba, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, Seicavs interaqcias. pirdapiri (uSualo) formis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT saubari sxvasTan. arapirdapi socialuri moqmedebis magaliTia igive sityvebis werilis saxiT dawera, raTa igi Semdeg sxvam waikiTxos. amrigad, aRniSnuli ganmartebac moqmedebis socialurobis kriteriumad miiCnevs “sxvaze orientacias”, Tanac, “gagebasa da interpretaciaze dafuZnebuls”.61

60 veberis socialuri moqmedebis tipebis Sesaxeb ufro detalurad ixileT me-4 Tavis $1-Si. 61 Lawson, T. and Garrod, J. (1996): The complete A-Z Sociology Handbook. Hodder & Stoughton; p. 252.

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$5. deviacia (anomia)62 5.1. deviaciis (anomiis) definicia deviaciis problemis mimarT socialuri Teoriis fundamenturi interesis specifika isaa, rom is cdilobs ganaxorcielos deviaciis sociologiuri analizi da ar Caanacvlos igi fsiqologiuri an biologiuri interpretaciiT. es niSnavs, rom socialuri Teoria fokusirdeba deviaciis socialuri safuZvlebis kvlevaze. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc aseTi kvleva ganaxorciela emil diurkemia. mniSvnelovani wvlili deviaciis problemis sociologiur analizSi r. mertons63 miuZRvis. rogorc mertoni aRniSnavs, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda tendencia, rom negatiuri procesebi sazogadoebaSi aexsnaT arasakmarisi socialuri kontroliT adamianis Zlier biologiur impulsebze. am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, dasawyisSi arseboben adamianis biologiuri impulsebi, romlebic sruli gamoxatvisken iswrafvian. Semdeg Cndeba socialuri wesi am impulsebis marTvis aparatis saxiT, raTa gaauvnebelyos socialuri daZabulobebi. mertons arc deviaciis fsiqologiuri analizi akmayofilebs, romlis Tanaxmadac devianturi qcevis safuZveli fsiqikuri anomaliaa. gadaxriTi qcevis zogierTi forma fsiqologiurad iseTive normaluria, rogorc regulaciebis Sesabamisi qcevis formebi. deviaciis biologiuri an fsiqologiuri axsna veranairad ver auqmebs kiTxvas: ratomaa sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gadaxriTi qcevis sixSire da forma gansxvavebuli? am kiTxvaze pasuxi sociologiuri aspeqtebis Semotanas moiTxovs. mTavari amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, raTa gavigoT, Tu rogor ubiZgebs socialuri struqtura sazogadoebis zogierT wevrs regulaciebis Seusabamo qcevisken. socialuri da kulturuli struqturebis mraval elements Soris mertoni gamoyofs or – gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan - elements. isini gansxvavdebian analitikurad, Tumca, mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli konkretul situaciebSi. pirveli elementia gansazRvruli kulturuli miznebi – rogorc kanonieri miznebi mTeli sazogadoebisTvis, an misi calkeuli fenisTvis. amdenad, arsebobs swrafva maT misaRwevad.64

62 deviaciis cnebis analizi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba robert mertonis Sromas: “socialuri Teoria da socialuri struqtura”. ix. Merton, Robert (1968): Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Free Press. aseTi arCevani ganapiroba iman, rom mertonis koncefcia garkveulwilad inaxavs da aviTarebs am cnebis analizis garSemo socialur TeoriaSi arsebul gamocdilebas (aq, pirvel rigSi, igulisxmeba emil diurkemis mier anomiis analizi). 63 Мертон, Р., Социальная структура и аномия. Соц. исс., 1992, №2,3,4. 64 rogorc mertoni wers, amerikul kulturaSi, magaliTad, damkvidrebulia fuladi warmatebis miRwevis mizani. fuli es aris maRali mdgomareobis, prestiJis simbolo. “fuladi warmatebis” xarisxi ganusazRvrelia (“amerikelebs surT qondeT Tundac 25%-iT meti, vidre maT aqvT”). ojaxi, skola da samsaxuri – pirovnebis struqturis da amerikelTa miznebis formirebis ZiriTadi faqtorebi – uzrunvelyofen intensiur aRmzrdelobiT zemoqmedebas am TvalsazrisiT. skola warmoadgens gabatonebuli Rirebulebebis gadacemis oficialur saSualebas. igi iyenebs didi raodenobiT saxelmZRvaneloebs, romlebic Riad amtkiceben, rom “ganaTlebas mivyavarT

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kulturuli struqturis meore elementia kulturaSi aqcentirebuli miznebis miRwevis socialurad misaRebi, anu instituciuri normebi. sazogadoebis aRniSnuli ori elementis urTierTmimarTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mertoni iZleva deviaciis (gadaxriTi qcevis) ganmartebas: “gadaxriTi qceva, sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc uTanxmoeba kulturiT gansazRvrul miznebsa da maTi realizaciis socialurad daSvebul,

instituciur saSualebebs Soris”.65

arc erTi sazogadoeba ar arsebobs misi wevrebis qcevebis maregulirebeli normebis gareSe. Tumca, sazogadoebebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba am normebis (institucionaluri wesebis) gaTvaliswinebis xarisxis mixedviT. rodesac sustdeba qcevis instituciuri xerxebi, sazogadoeba xdeba arastabiluri, daSlili, uunaro moaxdinos urTierTobaTa regulacia. masSi viTardeba movlena, romelsac diurkemma “anomia” (anu “unormoba”) uwoda. SeiZleba moviyvanoT trivialuri magaliTi _ anomia sportul SejibrebebSi, rodesac gamarjvebisken svlis gzebi ar aris instutuciurad ganmtkicebuli da warmateba ganixileba rogorc mogeba TamaSSi, vidre “mogeba TamaSis wesebis mixedviT”. am SemTxvevaSi gamarjvebas aRweven arakanonieri, Tumca, teqnikurad efeqturi saSualebebis (mag., dopingis) gamoyenebiT. miznis aqcentirebis Sedegad, mkveTrad mcirdeba SejibrebaSi ubralo monawileobiT miRebuli siamovneba. sportuli konkurencia mikro ilustraciaa socialuri makrokosmosis. miznis gandideba warmoSobs demoralizacias, e.i. saSualebaTa deinstitucionalizacias. am ukanasknels adgili aqvs nebismier jgufSi, sadac socialuri struqturis ori komponentis (miznisa da instituciuri normebis) integracia ar aris maRali. 5.2. sazogadoebaSi individTa Seguebis tipebi kulturuli miznebi da instituciuri normebi, romlebic erToblivad qmnian qcevis gabatonebul formebs, ar arian erTmaneTTan ucvlel urTierTobebSi. gansazRvruli miznebis kulturuli aqcentireba icvleba instituciur saSualebaTa aqcentirebis xarisxisagan damoukideblad. miznebisa da saSualebebis gansxvavebuli “kombinacia” sazogadoebaSi individTa Seguebis sxvadasxva tips qmnis. mertoni gamoyofs sazogadoebaSi individebis Seguebis xuT tips, romelic sqematurad warmodgenilia cxrilSi (ix. cxrili):

inteligenturobasTan - maSasadame, karg samuSaosTan da fulad warmatebasTan.” amrigad, amerikul kulturaSi miRebulia Semdegi sami aqsioma: 1. yvelam unda ibrZolos maRali miznebis misaRwevad; 2. dRevandeli warumatebloba sxva araferia, Tu ara Sualeduri punqti sruli warmatebis gzaze; 3. namdvili warumatebloba mdgomareobs mxolod pretenziaTa SemcirebaSi, anda maTze uaris TqmaSi. 65 Мертон, Р., Социальная структура и аномия. Соц. исс., 1992, №2, стр. 120.

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Seguebis formebi kulturiT gansazRvruli miznebi

instituciuri saSualebebi

1, konformuloba + + 2. inovacia + - 3. ritualizmi - + 4.retritizmi - - 5. amboxi +_ +_ SeniSvna: “+” niSnavs miRebas (gaziarebas), “_” uaryofas, xolo “+ _” gabatonebuli miznebis/instituciuri normebis uaryofas da maT Secvlas axliT.

ganvixiloT Seguebis TiToeuli tipi cal-calke: 1. konformuloba: rac ufro didia sazogadoebis stabilurobis xarisxi, miT ufro farTod aris gavrcelebuli Seguebis es tipi – Sesabamisoba rogorc kulturul miznebTan, aseve instituciur saSualebebTan. sxvagvarad SeuZlebeli iqneboda sazogadoebis stabilurobis da memkvidreobiTobis SenarCuneba. socialuri wesrigi efuZneba sazogadoebis wevrTa sasurvel qcevas, romelic Seesabameba kulturis nimuSebs. swored ZiriTad kulturul Rirebulebebze qcevis sayovelTao orientaciis Sedegad SeiZleba laparaki adamianTa erTobaze, rogorc sazogadoebaze. 2. inovacia: Seguebis am formas iwvevs kulturuli miznebis mniSvnelovani aqcentireba da instituciurad akrZaluli, Tumca, teqnikurad efeqturi saSualebebis gamoyeneba maT misaRwevad. aseTi reaqcia warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac individma moaxdina miznis aqcentirebasTan asimilacia im instituciuri normebis tolZalovani aTvisebis gareSe, romlebic aregulireben am miznis miRwevis gzebs. am hipoTeturad polarul SemTxvevaSi, daSvebulia qcevis nebismieri xerxi, romelic gvpirdeba aqcentirebuli miznis miRwevas. inovacia deviaciis klasikuri formaa, romelic miuTiTebs sustad integrirebuli kulturis arsebobaze. aseT kulturaSi, sadac Rirebulebebis sistema ganadidebs warmatebul miznebs (romlebic saerToa mosaxleobisTvis) da, amasTan, socialuri struqtura mkacrad zRudavs (an sruliad ketavs) misasvlels am miznebis misaRwev daSvebul xerxebTan – es iwvevs gadaxriTi qcevis masStabebis gazrdas. SedarebiT Zlieri miswrafeba gadaxriTi qcevisken aqvT dabal socialur stratebs (fenebs). dabali socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebs kultura uyenebs erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebel moTxovnebs. magaliTad, erTi mxriv, isini TavianTi qcevis orientacias axdenen did simdidreze. meore mxriv ki, mniSvnelovnad moklebulni arian SesaZleblobas miaRwion mas kanonieri gziT. am struqturul SeuTavseblobas mivyavarT gadaxriTi qcevis maRal xarisxTan. fulad warmatebaze kulturul aqcentirebasa da SezRudul SesaZleblobebs Soris winaaRmdegobis msxverplni yovelTvis ver acnobiereben TavianTi warumateblobis struqturul wyaroebs. is, vinc mis wyaros socialur struqturaSi xedavs, SeiZleba gaucxovdes misgan. am SemTxvevaSi, mosalodnelia, gaCndes Seguebis mexuTe forma – amboxi. Tumca, rogorc wesi, umravlesoba Tavis problemebs xsnis ufro mistikuri, vidre socialuri mizezebiT. kerZod, yvelaferi aixsneba “bednieri SemTxvevis”, “gamarTlebis” faqtorebis moqmedebiT. am Teoriuli analizis safuZvelze cdilobs mertoni axsnas danaSaulsa da siRaribes Soris cvalebadi urTierToba. “siRaribe” ar aris izolirebuli cvladi, aramed

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CarTulia urTierTdakavSirebul socialur da kulturul maCvenebelTa sistemaSi. mxolod siRaribe da misi Tanmdevi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi ar aris sakmarisi imisTvis, raTa danaSaulis mniSvnelovani done gamoiwvios. magram danaSaulis maRali xarisxi Cveulebriv movlenad iqceva, rodesac siRaribe da gaWirveba sazogadoebis wevrebis mier aRiarebuli kulturuli RirebulebebisTvis brZolaSi uerTdeba fulad warmatebaze kulturul aqcentirebas, rogorc dominirebul mizans. mxolod cvladTa mTeli kompleqsis (siRaribe, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi da kulturuli miznebi) ganxilvisas iqmneba safuZveli avxsnaT siRaribesa da danaSauls Soris urTierTkavSiri (mertons mxedvelobaSi amerikuli sazogadoeba aqvs).

3. ritualizmi: Seguebis es tipi gulisxmobs warmatebis maRali miznebis mitovebas (an “daviwyebas”). Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturuli moTxovna – “ecade, warmatebas miaRwio am samyaroSi” _ uariyofa, grZeldeba instituciuri normebis TiTqmis upirobo dacva. am SemTxvevaSi, ritualur mniSvnelobas iZens erTguleba instituciurad dawesebuli qcevisadmi. aseT pirobebSi dabalia axali pirobebisadmi Seguebadoba. viTardeba tradiciebze dafuZnebuli “wminda” sazogadoeba, romelsac axasiaTebs siaxlisadmi SiSi – neofobia. Seguebis es tipi, zogadad, ar warmoadgens socialur problemas. miuxedavad imisa, rom ritualisturi qceva, principSi, ar CaiTvleba gadaxriTad, igi warmoadgens kulturuli etalonisagan gadaxvevas, romelic sazogadoebis wevrebs avaldebulebs, imoZraon socialur ierarqiaSi win da maRla. socialuri ritualizmis Sinagani filosofia gamoixateba kulturaSi arsebuli Semdegi gamoTqmebiT: “me vcdilob, Tavi ar wamovyo”, “me frTxilad vTamaSob”, “ar daisaxoT maRali miznebi – ar iqneba imedgacruebac”. did gegmebs da pretenziebs moaqvs imedgacrueba da safrTxe, xolo mcires – kmayofileba da simSvide. aseTi mdgomareoba damaxasiaTebelia muSisTvis, romelic SeSinebuli imiT, rom samsaxuridan daiTxoven, Tavisi Sromis mwarmoeblurobas yinavs gansazRvrul – arc zrdad da arc klebad – doneze. es aris im individis Seguebis tipi, romelic iswrafvis gaeqces warumateblobis risks ZiriTad kulturul miznebze uaris Tqmis meSveobiT da im rutinuli wesrigisadmi erTgulebiT, romlebic usafrTxoebis garantias iZleva. mertonis mixedviT, ritualistebi upiratesad saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi arian. am klasisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri disciplina, romelic amZafrebs “moraluri sasjelis” gancdas da amcirebs “inovaciis” mosalodnelobas. 4. retritizmi: retritizmi socialuri struqturis orive elementis _ kulturuli miznebisa da instituciuri saSualebebis uaryofaa. sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, retritistebi warmoadgenen namdvil “ucxoebs”. isini imyofebian sazogadoebaSi, Tumca, mkacri azriT, arc ekuTvnian mas, ramdenadac ar iziareben saerTo RirebulebiT orientaciebs, ganudgebian realobas da iketebian TavianT Sinagan samyaroSi. moxetialeni, mawanwalebi, gamogdebulebi, alkoholikebi da narkomanebi _ tipiuri retritistebia, romlebmac, erTi mxriv, uari Tqves kulturis mier dawesebul miznebze, xolo, meore mxriv, maTi qceva ar Seesabameba instituciur normebs.

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mertoni aanalizebs retritizmis socialur-struqturul wyaroebs da askvnis, rom Seguebis es tipi warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac individi mTlianad iTvisebs, iwonebs da maRal Sefasebas aZlevs rogorc kulturul miznebs, aseve maTi miRwevis instituciur meTodebs, magram misTvis xelmisawvdomi instituciuri saSualebebiT warmatebas ver aRwevs. saxezea ormagi konfliqti: moraluri valdebuleba imisa, rom gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod instituciuri saSualebebi ewinaaRmdegeba garegan iZulebas – mivmarToT akrZalul, magram efeqtur saSualebebs. es konfliqti grZeldeba manamde, vidre jer kidev ar aris uaryofili mizan-warmatebis umaRlesi Rirebuleba. konfliqti gadaiWreba orive elementis – rogorc miznebis, aseve saSualebebis _ ukugdebis gziT. retritizmi Seguebis ufro individualuri tipia, vidre koleqtiuri. 5. amboxi: esaa koleqtiuri Seguebis tipi. mas adamianebi arsebulisocialuri struqturebis sazRvrebs gareT gahyavs da ubiZgebs maT Seqmnan axali, e.i Zalze saxeSecvlili socialuri struqtura. amboxi gulisxmobs gabatonebuli miznebisagan da standartebisgan gaucxoebas. isini CaTvlilia wminda TviTnebur konstruqtebad, xolo maTi pretenzia kanonierebaze – usafuZvlod, ramdenadac rogorc miznebi, aseve standartebi, savsebiT SesaZlebelia sxvagvari yofiliyo. amboxi, mertonis azriT, unda ganvasxvavoT Seguebis sxva tipisagan, romelic garegnulad Zalze emsgavseba mas. esaa “resentimenta” (ressentimenta). “resentimenta” warmoadgens urTierTobis tips, romelsac ar sdevs Rirebulebebis sruli gadafaseba. Tu “amboxis” SemTxvevaSi, sasurveli, magram miuRwevadi, arsebiTad wyvets arsebobas rogorc Rirebuli, “resentimenta”, piriqiT, ar moiTxovs namdvil RirebulebiT cvlilebebs. misi moTxovnebi mxolod fasadur, kvazi-transformaciebSi gamoixateba. mertoni analogias atarebs meliisa da yurZnis igavTan. am igavSi melia ar ambobs, rom man saerTod dakarga tkbili yurZnis mimarT survili. is mxolod amtkicebs, rom swored es gansakuTrebuli yurZeni ar aris tkbili. es “resentimentas” SemTxvevaa. melia – “meamboxe” advilad ambobs uars mwife yurZnis mimarT Tavis siyvarulze. Tu “resentimentas” SemTxvevaSi dagmobilia is, rac farulad isurveba, amboxis SemTxvevaSi. dagmobilia survili TavisTavad. amboxi warmoiqmneba maSin, rodesac arsebuli sistema kanonierad aRiarebul mizanTa miRwevis gzaze dabrkolebad iqceva. amboxSi, rogorc organizebul politikur moRvaweobaSi monawileobisTvis, aucilebelia ara mxolod gabatonebuli socialuri struqturis erTgulebaze uaris Tqma, aramed axali “miTis” Seqmna. miTis funqciaa miuTiTos masobrivi imedgacruebis socialur-struqturul safuZvlebze da gamoxatos alternatiuli struqtura, romelic aRar gamoiwvevs imedgacruebas. am TvalsazrisiT, gasagebi xdeba konservatorebis kontrmiTis daniSnuleba. kontrmiTis mixedviT, masobriv gulgatexilobaTa wyaro ar unda davinaxoT arsebul sazogadoebriv wyobaSi. imedgacrueba TviTon saganTa bunebaSia da damaxasiTebelia nebismieri socialuri sistemisTvis. amas garda, konservatorul miTs ukmayofileba socialuri struquridan individze gadaaqvs, rogorc uiRbloze: “yoveli adamiani sinamdvileSi iRebs imas, rac daebedeba”.

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Tavi IV. subieqtze/agentze orientirebuli socialuri Teoriebi (veberis interpretaciuli sociologia, garfinkelis eTnomeTodologia)

Sesavali subieqtze (agentze, aqtorze) orientirebuli socialuri Teoriebi eqceva im paradigmis farglebSi, rasac aqtori/struqturis dixotomiis paradigmad moixsenieben. aRniSnuli dualizmis safuZvelze, socialuri Teoriebis klasifikacia SesaZlebelia or zogad jgufad: makroTeoriebad da mikroTeoriebad. socialuri Teoriis sfero, ZiriTadad, swored am ori tipis Teoriebs Sorisaa ganawilebuli.66 makroTeoriebi aqcents svamen koleqtiur fenomenebze _ socialur struqturebsa da sistemebze, romlebic aqtoris mimarT distanciuria (garemdebarea) da maiZulebeli zemoqmedebis mqone.67 mikroTeoriebi, piriqiT, aqcents svamen agentze (aqtorze) da mis saqmianobaze. mikroTeoriebis farglebSi socialuri Teoriis mkvlevrebi or tradicias gaarCeven: 1. erTia interpretaciuli sociologia, anu “interpretivizmi”. es tradicia “yvela im midgomis aRmniSvnelia, romlebic gamokveTs soacialuri samyaros moqmedebebsa da institutebSi mocemuli subieqturi sazrisebis mniSvnelovnebas. is, kerZod, ukavSirdeba maqs veberisa da georg zimelis meTodologiur ideebs da maT gavlenas momdevno Taobis mecnierebze. interpretaciuli midgoma, agreTve, moicavs imas, rac cnobilia alfred Siutcis (Alfred Schutz) “fenomenologiuri sociologiis” da “codnis sociologiis” midgomebis saxiT, romlebic iseT moazrovneebs ukavSirdeba, rogoricaa karl manheimi (Karl Mannheim), piter bergeri (Peter Berger) da tomas lukmani (Thomas Luckmann).”68 2. meore tradiciaa “interaqcionizmi”, anu “simboluri interaqcionizmi”, romelsac safuZveli 1930-ian wlebSi Cauyara amerikulma “Cikagos skolam”, iseTi warmomadgenlebis saxiT, rogoricaa jorj herbert midi (George Herbert Mead) da herbert blumeri (Herbert Blumer).69 amave tradiciaSi eqceva sxva amerikelebis _ erving gofmanis (Erving Goffman) “dramaturgiuli Teoria” da harold garfinkelis (Harold Garfinkel) eTnomeTodologia.

66 Tumca, uaxlesi sociologiuri azrovneba amJRavnebs miswrafebas, rom gadailaxos dualizmi _ mikro/makro, moRvaweoba/struqtura da ganxorcieldes maT Soris sinTezi, raTa sazogadoebis mecnieruli suraTi analitikuri kompleqsurobis farglebSi moeqces. amis mcdelobas warmoadgens pier burdies Teoria “praqtikis logikis” Sesaxeb, entoni gidensis “struqturaciis Teoria”, margaret arCeris (Margaret Archer) “morfogenezis Teoria” da sxv. (burdies da gidensis Tvalsazrisebi ganxiluli iqneba me-6 TavSi). 67 makroTeoriebis arsi ufro detalurad ganxiluli iqneba me-5 TavSi. 68 Outhwaite, William (2005): Interpretivism and Interactionism. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 110. 69 simboluri interaqcionizmis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT: iago kaWkaWiSvili (2001): socialuri moqmedebis Teoriebi. Tbilisi, mecniereba. Tavi V.

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marTalia, es es ori tradicia garkveul aspeqtebSi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba, magram maT saziaroc imdeni aqvT, rom SesaZlebelia monaTesave midgomebad (kerZod, mikroTeoriul midgomebad) ganxilva da erT “arxSi” moTavseba. kargad wers erT-erTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari: “analizis es ori tradicia erTad jgufdeba... ramdenime urTierTdakavSirebuli sakiTxis garSemo, romlebic orientirdeba interpretaciis, moqmedebis, interaqciis, codnis, mniSvnelobis da enis cnebebze”.70 maSasadame, orive tradicia aRiarebs, rom mTavari isaa, Tu rogor moqmedeben individebi da rogor ageben isini maT garSemo socialur samyaros. es “mSenebloba” “sterilur” struqturebs ki ara, aqtorebis subieqtur mniSvnelobebs eyrdnoba. maT Sesabamisad warmarTavs individi Tavis moqmedebas mizanTa sarealizaciod, erTveba socialur urTierTobebSi da iTvisebs socialur rolebs, rogorc am urTierTobebis Sedegs. socialuri Teoriis analizis “masalas” swored subieqturi mniSvnelobebi warmoadgens, romlebic CarTulia interaqciaTa fluidur mimdinareobaSi. aseTi midgoma gulgrilia socialuri struqturebis analizis mimarT. isini araTu ar ganixileba rogorc aqtorTa moqmedebis madeterminirebeli faqtorebi, aramed, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saerTod ugulebelyofilia. agentze orientirebuli Teoriebis zemoaRniSnuli ori tradiciidan ganxiluli iqneba ori nimuSi: maqs veberis interpretaciuli sociologia da harold garfinkelis eTnomeTodologia.71

70 Outhwaite, William (2005): Interpretivism and Interactionism. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 111. 71 Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi mkvlevari eTnomeTodologias ar ganixilavs ara mxolod makrosociologiis, aramed, mikrosociologiis nawiladac. ase fiqrobs, magaliTad, r. hilberti. misi azriT, eTnomeTodologia gadis mikro/makro dapirispirebis miRma da ikvlevs “socialur moqmedebebs, romlebic arian rogorc mikrostruqturebis, ise makrostruqturebis (agreTve, nebismieri am or sferos Soris dasaSvebi kavSiris) Seqmnis meTodebi” (Hilbert, Richard A. (1990): “Ethnomethodology and the Micro-Macro Order”. American Sociological Review 55:794-808; p. 794).

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$1. maqs veberis interpretaciuli sociologia biografiuli cnobebi: maqs veberi (Max Weber) daibada germaniaSi, qalaq erfurtSi, 1864 wlis 21 aprils. mis ojaxSi mama cnobili iyo rogorc avtoritaruli pirovneba, xolo deda _ kalvinisturi religiis Tavgadakluli mimdevari. veberma ganaTleba haidelbergis, berlinisa da gotingenis uiversitetebSi miiRo da mcire xniT armiaSic msaxurobda. 1893 wels veberma droebiTi pozicia moipova berlinis universitetSi, ramac mas pirveli damoukidebeli Semosavali da imis SesaZlebloba moutana, rom daetovebina saxli da daqorwinebuliyo. ori wlis Semdeg, 1895 wels, misi SesaniSnavi samecniero reputaciis gamo, igi xdeba politikuri ekonomiis profesori fraiburgis universitetSi. erTi wlis Semdeg igi imave pozicias ikavebs haidelbergis universitetSi. 1898 wels, erTwliani ojaxuri krizisis Semdeg, vebers nervuli aSlilobis gamo klinikaSi aTavseben. hospitalizacia garkveuli periodulobiT grZeldeba 1903 wlamde. am xuTwlian periodSi igi Tavs anebebs akademiur saqmianobas. normaluri cxovrebis dabrunebisTanave, veberi muSaobas iwyebs rogorc Tanaredaqtori Jurnalisa Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, romelic imdroindel germaniaSi wamyvani Jurnali xdeba socialuri mecnierebebis sferoSi. 1904 wels veberi mogzaurobs amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac kiTxulobs leqciebs Temebze, romlebic mogvianebiT safuZvlad daedeba mis cnobil naSroms protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli (1905). pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisas igi mxars uWerda germaniis miznebs da moxalisedac ki wavida armiaSi. magam, 1915 wels veberi icvlis pozicias da xdeba pacifisti. omis Semdeg veberma monawileoba miiRo vaimaris respublikis konstituciis daweraSi da daarsa germaniis demokratiuli partia. Tumca, TandaTan igi CamoSorda politikur asparezs. 1919 wels veberi iniSneba erovnuli ekonomikis profesorad miunxenis universitetSi. am qalaqSi gardaicvala igi 1920 wlis 14 ivniss filtvis infeqciiT. maqs veberis ZiriTadi Sromebi:

• protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli (1904-5);

• politika rogorc xeloba (1919);

• mecniereba rogorc xeloba (1919);

• ekonomika da sazogadoeba (1920-2).

maqs veberi socialur mecnierebaTa bevri sferos fuZemdebeli an SemoqmedebiTad ganmaviTarebelia. misi memkvidreobidan am naSromSi ganxilulia ramdenime sakvanZo sakiTxi:

• “axsna” da “gageba”;

• socialuri moqmedebis cneba da tipologia; socialuri urTierToba;

• racionalobis koncefcia da racionalobis tipebi;

• idealuri tipebi Teoria;

• religiis sociologia (protestantuli eTikisa da kapitalizmis kavSiri).

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1.1. “axsna” da “gageba” veberis socialuri Teoria organulad “jdeba” hermenevtikul tradiciaSi, romelsac safuZveli germaniaSi, veberis winamorbed vilhelm dilTais filosofiur TeoriaSi, Caeyara. veberi mihyveba dilTais xazs, rodesac adamians ganixilavs rogorc “interpretaciul cxovels”. es niSnavs, rom individebi garemoSi arseboben ara rogorc neitraluri sxeulebi, aramed isini mniSvnelobas (sazriss) aniWeben realobas, anu axdenen mis interpretacias. mxolod am azriT SeuZliaT maT realobasTan urTierToba (komunikacia) da adaptacia. am konteqstSi Semoaqvs vebers “gagebis” (verstehen) cneba, romelic aRniSnavs process, rodesac xdeba im mentaluri procesebis wvdoma, romlebic individebma TavianT moqmedebebSi Cades, gansakuTrebiT iseT moqmedebebSi, romlebic sxvazea orientirebuli (aseT moqmedebas veberi “socialurs” uwodebs, razec qvemoT iqneba saubari). socialuri fenomenebis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod maTSi monawile individebis mentaluri procesebis (subieqturi sazrisebis) wvdomiT. swored amaSi mdgomareobs “meTodologiuri individualizmis” arsi, romelsac farTod iyeneben kulturis Semswavleli mecnierebebi. veberi acxadebs, rom moqmedebebi SeiZleba gansxvavebul sazrisebs atarebdes da, Sesabamisad, gansxvavebul doneze xdebodes maTi gageba. arsebobs moqmedebis racionaluri da emociuri (araracionaluri) mniSvnelobebi. racionaluri sazrisis wvdoma moqmedebis gagebis logikur-maTematikur sicxades aRwevs, xolo, emociuri sazrisis wvdoma - gagebis emociur da mxatvrulad receptul sicxades. pirvel SemTxvevaSi gagebas uzrunvelyofs individis logikuri azrovnebis unari, xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi - Tanagancdis, mgrZnobelobis unari. rodesac, magaliTad, msurs gavigo im mentaluri procesebis mniSvneloba, romliTac adamiani logikur daskvnas agebs, am SemTxvevaSi, am SemTxvevaSi mivmarTav gonebas (“racios”), romelic uzrunvelyofs daskvnis WeSmaritebis adekvatur wvdomas. magram, Tu minda adanianis religiuri aqtebis sazrisebs vwvde, am SemTxvevaSi, qmediT daxmarebas ver gamiwevs inteleqti, aramed gageba miiRweva Tanagancdis meSveobiT (morwmune adamianis qcevas verasodes gaigebs adekvaturad aTeisti). gagebisagan gansxvavebul amocanas warmoadgens socialuri fenomenebis “axsna”. es ukanaskneli mimarTulia movlenaTa mizezebis gamorkvevaze. magaliTad, rodesac adamiani SeSas Cexavs, misi moqmedebis gageba gulisxmobs moqmedebis mniSvnelobis (sazrisis) wvdomas, anu pasuxs kiTxvaze: ra aris misi moqmedeba? Tumca, gansxvavebuli amocanaa adamianis amgvari moqmedebis mizezebis gamorkveva – ratom iqveva adamiani ase: gaTbobisaTvis masalas imaragebs, gasamrjelos iRebs, erToba Tu raime sxva motivacia amoZravebs? maSasadame, axsna ar warmoadgens gagebis alternativas, orives erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli funqcia gaaCnia. Tumca, isic cxadia, rom axsna gagebisagan damoukideblad ar miiRweva. amitom veberi zogjer moqmedebis axsnas mis “motivaciur gagebas” uwodebs. veberis mier sociologiis gansazRvrebac swored amas iTvaliswinebs:

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“sociologia aris mecniereba, romelic mowodebulia interpretaciulad gaigos adamianis moqmedeba imisaTvis, raTa miaRwios misi mimdinareobisa da Sedegebis mizezobriv axsnas”.72

axsnisa da gagebis “TanamSromlobas” sxva datvirTvac aqvs: subieqturi wesiT, anu gagebis safuZvelze miRebuli codna safuZvlad edeba socialuri moqmedebis Teoriuli modelebis Camoyalibebas (maT veberi “idealur tipebs” uwodebs). es Teoriuli modelebi ki, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyeneba moqmedebis realuri kursis analizisTvis (axsnisTvis), am ukanasknelis Teoriul modelTan Sedarebis gziT (amaze ufro dawvilebiT qvemoT iqneba saubari). aq xazi unda gaesvas erT garemoebas: miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi interpretaciuli sociologiis da meTodologiuri individualizmis warmomadgenelia, xolo interpretaciuli procesebi yovelTvis calkeuli individebis “TavebSi” mimdinareobs, es ar niSnavs, rom veberi uaryofs koleqtiurobis, saerTo interesebis, qcevis modelebis (nimuSebis, “paternebis”) arsebobas. individebi, Cveulebriv, sakuTar praqtikebs aTavseben erTmaneTTan. ase iqmneba individTa simravlisgan koleqtiuroba, saerTi interesebi, romlebic erTobliv moqmedebebs ganapirobebs da a.S. es e.w. “statusuri jgufebis” Camoyalibebis safuZvelicaa. 1.2. socialuri moqmedeba da socialuri urTierToba veberis Tanaxmad, adamianis moqmedeba sociologiisaTvis mxolod imdenad aris mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac igi SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros empiriul analizs. individis moqmedebas veberi gansazRvravs, rogorc qcevas, romelsac aqtori an aqtorebi ukavSireben subieqtur sazriss (mniSvnelobas). Sesabamisad, sociologias (rogorc empiriul mecnierebas) ar SeiZleba ainteresebdes moqmedebis “obieqturad mniSvneladi” an “metafizikuri” mniSvneloba. ra niSani unda miematos adamianuri moqmedebis am gansazRvrebas, raTa moqmedeba CaiTvalos socialurad? ai, ras wers veberi: “socialur moqmedebas vuwodeb aqtoris qcevas, romelic masSi nagulisxmevi subieqturi

mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, Seefardeba sxva aqtorTa qcevebs da orientirdeba maTze”.73 am gansazRvrebidan gamomdinare, socialur moqmedebad ar CaiTvleba: a) garegani moqmedeba, romelic orientirebulia nivTobrivi obieqtebis qcevaze; b) individis Sinagani moqmedeba, Tu igi mxolod TviTorientacias, anu sakuTar TavTan mimarTebas gulisxmobs; g) ori adamianis urTierTqmedeba, romelic mniSvnelobis mqone, anu gasazrisianebul orientacias ar warmoadgens (mag., wminda reaqtiuli

72 Вебер, М. (1990): Основные Социологические Понятия, в книге: М. Вебер, Избранные Произведения. Москва, Прогресс; стр. 602. 73 Вебер, М. (1990): Основные Социологические Понятия, в книге: М. Вебер, Избранные Произведения. Москва, Прогресс; стр. 603.

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urTierTqmedeba); d) mravali adamianis erTgvarovani qceva, romelic motivirebulia ara sxvaTa qcevaze orientaciiT, aramed gare (arasubieqturi) gamRizianeblisagan TavdacviT; e) iseTi moqmedeba, romelic sruldeba adamianTa jgufebis, masis zegavlenis qveS (“masobriobiT ganpirobebuli” moqmedeba);Bv) mibaZviTi moqmedebis is SemTxveva, romelic reaqtiuli xasiaTisaa, anda, SesaZloa, cnobier Sinaarss atarebs, Tumca, sxvaTa qcevaze orientaciis gareSe.74 veberi iZleva socialuri moqmedebebis klasifikacias, romelic oTxi tipis moqmedebas moicavs (klasifikaciis kriteriumad gamoyenebulia moqmedebis racionalobis xarisxi): 1. mizan-racionaluri moqmedeba, rodesac individi orientirebulia mizanze da mis misaRwevad iyenebs gare samyaros nivTebis da sxva adamianTa qcevebs (qcevis molodinebs), rogorc miznis miRwevis saSualebebs. am dros aqtori yovelTvis iTvaliswinebs imas, Tu ra damatebiTi (meorexarisxovani) Sedegebi moyveba miznis ganxorcielebas; 2. RirebulebiT-racionaluri moqmedeba, romelic dafuZnebulia TviTkmari Rirebulebebis (religiuri, eTikuri, esTetikuri da sxva) upirobo rwmenaze. am dros aqtori racionalurad iRwvis Rirebulebis realizaciisaTvis. Tumca, socialuri moqmedebis es tipi SefardebiTad racionaluria, ramdenadac igi mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs moqmedebis meorexarisxovan Sedegebs. RirebulebiT-racionaluri moqmedeba antiutilitaristulia - individi moqmedebs Rirebulebebis da ara praqtikuli saWiroebebis Sesabamisad. 3-4. afeqturi da tradiciuli moqmedebebi, romlebic, mkacri azriT, arc warmoadgens socialurs, ramdenadac imyofebian gasazrisianebuli moqmedebebis zRvarze da xSirad zRvars miRmac. afeqturi moqmedeba ganisazRvreba rogorc individis emociuri mdgomareobiT ganpirobebuli, xolo tradiciuli moqmedeba warmoadgens xangrZliv Cvevaze dafuZnebul qcevas. afeqturi da tradiciuli moqmedebebi araracionaluri subieqturi sazrisis mqonea, Tumca, araaucileblad - iracionaluri mniSvnelobis mqonec. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi isini usazriso moqmedebebad iqcevian, Sesabamisad, kargaven “socialurobis” statuss. socialuri moqmedebis oTxive tipi “idealuri tipebia”. isini wminda saxiT realobaSi ar arsebobs, aramed warmoadgens Teoriul konstruqciebs, romelic gamoiyeneba SemecnebiTi (analitikuri) miznebisaTvis. kerZod, maT safuZvelze SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes realuri moqmedebebis analizi idealur tipebTan maTi Sesabamisobis an maTgan gadaxris xarisxis gansazRvriT. socialur urTierTobas veberi gansazRvravs, rogorc ramdenime aqtoris moqmedebaTa urTierTorientacias, am moqmedebebSi nagulisxmevi subieqturi mniSvnelobebidan gamomdinare. socialuri urTierToba arsebobs maSin, rodesac masSi monawile TiToeuli wevri mxedvelobaSi iRebs sxvaTa qcevas. sociologias socialur urTierTobaTa empiriulad mravlferovani Sinaarsis Seswavla unda ainteresebdes da ara misi normatiulad “swori”, anda metafizikurad “WeSmariti” mniSvnelobis kvleva.

74 amis Sesaxeb ufro detalurad ix. me-3 Tavis $5-Si.

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socialuri urTierToba “obieqturad calmxrivia” maSin, rodesac moqmedebaTa urTierTorientacia, amave dros, ar warmoadgens urTierTgagebas, anu ar miiRweva sazrisTa erTgvarovneba. piriqiT, maSin, roca urTierTorientaciis procesSi partniorTa ganwyobebi da molodinebi Tanxvdeba, aseTi urTierToba “obieqturad ormxrivs” warmoadgens. “obieqturad calmxrivi” urTierTobis dros arsebobos subieqturi molodini imisa, rom ganwyoba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia erTi mxarisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli iqneba misi partniorisTvisac. socialuri urTierToba ar Sedgeba, Tu ar arsebobs aseTi subieqturi molodinic ki. socialuri urTierTobis Sinaarsi, Tu igi droSi xangrZlivi aRmoCnda, yalibdeba supra-individualur normebad, romelTa dacvasac yvelaze metad moelian, xolo garkveul SemTxvevebSi, moiTxoveba kidec, anu savaldebuloa. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac socialuri urTierToba CvevaSi gadaizrdeba, saqme gvaqvs zne-CveulebasTan. adaTi iseTi zne-Cveulebaa, romelic moqmedebaTa gacilebiT xangrZliv ganmeorebadobas moicavs da, amasTan, ganpirobebulia saerTo interesebiT (“interesTa konstelacia”). rogorc zne-Cveulebebi, ise adaTebi, veberis Tanaxmad, ar arian “mniSvneladi” socialuri urTierTobebi. es niSnavs, rom isini aravisagan “moiTxoven” maT dacvas da Seicaven normebs, romlebic sruldeba valdebulebis SegrZnebis gareSe. maTgan gansxvavebiT, legitimuri wesrigi iseT maqsimebze orientirebul socialur urTierTobas warmoadgens, romelTa dacva savaldebuloa. es niSnavs, rom legitimuri wesrigi ~mniSvneladia” - igi ZalaSia maSinac ki, rodesac mas arRveven. am tipis wesrigis dacvaze monitorings uzrunvelyofs administraciuli sistema, romelsac individze zemoqmedebis gansxvavebuli instituciuri berketebi aqvs. 1.3. racionalobis koncefcia “racionalobis” qveS veberi gulisxmobs im fenomens, rodesac socialur moRvaweobaSi aqtorebi gamiznulad eZieben yvelaze efeqtur saSualebebs miznebis misaRwevad, cdiloben miaRwion maTi moRvaweobis Sedegebis maqsimalur winaswarmetyvelebas. sasurveli miznebis misaRwevad yvelaze efeqturi saSualebebis kalkulacia gulgrilia Tavad am miznebis saboloo eTikuri mniSvnelobebis mimarT. veberis mixedviT, modernulobis yvelaze arsebiTi niSani swored racionalobaSi mdgomareobs. socialuri cxovrebis gansxvavebuli sferoebi (politika, ekonomika, mecniereba, samarTali, xelovneba, TviT erotkuli cxovrebac ki) ganicdis sistematur racionalizacias. miznis misaRwevi instrumentebis teqnikuri efeqturoba, mogebisken swrafva da administrireba TandaTan ikavebs religiis, miTis da metafizikis (an metafizikuri moralis) adgils Tanamedrove samyaroSi. mecniereba, politika da ekonomika konfliqtSia religiasTan, xolo erotikuli cxovreba _ moralTan. socialuri cxovrebis yvela sfero iwyebs avtonomiur ganviTarebas da sakuTari validurobis dadasturebas.

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racionalobas, veberis mixedviT, sxvadasxva doneebi da formebi aqvs. pirvel yovlisa, saWiroa gamoikveTos gansxvaveba obieqtur da subieqtur racionalobas Soris. subieqturi racionaloba exeba aqtorTa mentalur procesebs, romlebic CarTulia moqmedebis gagebaSi. igi mxedvelobaSi iRebs ganzraxul (cnobier) moqmedebebs da orientirebulia saSualebebze, romlebic subieqtis mier koreqtulad CaiTvleba mocemuli miznisaTvis. rac Seexeba obieqtur racionalobas, igi orientirdeba supra-individualur, instituciur normebze da maT Sesabamis moqmedebebze, romlebic socialuri legitimuri wesrigis wyaros warmoadgens. mentalur procesebs ori konteqsti aqvs: logikur-maTematikuri gageba da empaTikuri gageba. pirveli subieqturi racionalobis predikats warmoadgens, xolo meore - subieqturi araracionalobis. aRniSnul konteqstebsa da socialuri moqmedebis formebs Soris arsebobs korelacia: mizan-racionaluri da RirebulebiT-racionaluri moqmedebebi subieqturi racionalobis korelaturia, xolo, tradiciuli da afeqturi moqmedebebi - subieqturi araracionalobis. A veberi ganixilavs obieqtur racionalobis oTx formas: a) konceptualuri (Teoriuli, inteleqtualuri) racionaloba. mis qveS veberi gulisxmobs nebismier abstraqtul kognitur process, romelic realobis marTvas axorcielebs abstraqtuli cnebebis agebis gziT (da ara uSualod moqmedebaze zewoliT). igi warmoadgens kognitur konfrontacias adamianis realur gamocdilebasTan iseTi azrovnebiTi procesebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa logikuri deduqcia da induqcia, mizezobriobis miwera, simboluri mniSvnelobebis Fformacia da sxv.

b) instrumentaluri (praqtikuli) racionaloba. es tipi adamianis moRvaweobas (activity) ganixilavs wminda pragmatul da egoistur interesebTan mimarTebaSi. igi warmoadgens mocemuli praqtikuli miznis meTodur ganxorcielebas adekvaturi - teqnikurad efeqturi da opera-tiuli - saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. instrumentalur racionalobas ainteresebs moqmedebis modelebi, ganxiluli ara TviTkmar RirebulebaTa sistemis, aramed utilitaruli poziciebidan. g) substanciuri (TviTmyofadi) racionaloba. igi dakavSirebulia SefasebiT standartebTan. racionalobis es forma ayalibebs validur wesebs da kriteriumebs, romlebic moicavs eTikur imperativebs (idealebs), Sefasebis esTetikur kriteriumebs, samarTlebriv da politikur maqsimebs da a.S. maT safuZvelze SeirCeva, gaizomeba da Sefasdeba empiriul movlenaTa erToblioba. substanciuri racionalobis mier moqmedebis daqvemdebareba gansazRvruli etalonebisadmi ar warmoadgens ubralod mizan-saSualebaTa gamoTvlas rigiTi rutinuli problemebis gadasaWrelad, aramed - realobis marTvas “RirebulebiT postulatTan” mimarTebaSi, romelic moicavs siRrmiT, Sinagani simtkiciT da SinaarsiT gansxvavebul RirebulebaTa nakrebs. d) formaluri racionaloba. es tipi ayalibebs abstraqtul procedurebs (wesebs) cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, raTa minimumamde daiyvanos pirovnuli kavSirebis da sazogadoebrivi Tvalsazrisebis gavlena da maqsimalurad gazardos qmedebebis gaTvlis SesaZlebloba. igi socialur

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moqmedebebs da urTierTobebs aqcevs kalkulirebadi wesrigis farglebSi. formalur racionalobas ara aqvs “interciviluri” xasiaTi, igi ifargleba mxolod industrializaciis epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis sferoebiT da Zalauflebis struqturebiT. marTalia, formaluri racionaloba, praqtikuli racionalobis msgavsad, orientirdeba kalkulirebad moqmedebaze, magramMTu praqtikuli racionaloba yovelTvis amodis pragmatuli kerZo interesebidan, formaluri racionaloba mizan-saSualebaTa racionalur gamoTvlas axdens universalurad gamoyenebadi wesebis, kanonebis Tu normebis safuZvelze. aseTi gamoTvlis Sesabamisad gadawyvetilebebi miiReba “pirovnebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebis gareSe”75. moqmedebis orientacia formalur wesebze da kanonebze uaryofs nebismier TviTnebobas, ramdenadac saerTod ar iTvaliswinebs individis personalur Tvisebebs. veberi formaluri racionalobis gamokveTil indikatorad biurokratiul Zalauflebas miiCnevs. obieqturi racionalobis oTxive formas gaaCnia Tavisi korelati subieqturi racionalobis formebs Soris. kerZod, logikur-maTematikuri gageba Seesabameba konceptualur racionalobas; mizan-racionaluri orientacia TanxmobaSia instrumentalur racionalobasTan; RirebulebiT-racionaluri orientaciis dublikatia substanciuri racionaloba; miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi ar iZleva termins im subieqturi orientaciis aRsaniSnad, romelic formaluri orientaciis paraleluri iqneba, igi xSirad aRwers aqtorTa mentalur tendencias, rom maregulirebeli normebis SeTvisebiT daicvan abstraqtuli da upirovno wesrigi. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, obieqturi racionalobis instrumentaluri, substanciuri da formaluri tipebi uSualo, xolo konceptualuri tipi - gaSualebul SexebaSia socialur moqmedebasTan. kerZod, a) instrumentaluri racionaloba uzrunvelyofs moqmedebis normebis teqnikur efeqturobas. igi warmoadgens mizan-racionaluri moqmedebis gansaxorcieleblad adamianTa unarebis manifestacias. b) substanciuri racionaloba uzrunvelyofs moqmedebaTa motivaciur erTianobas, cdilobs ra dauqvemdebaros moqmedeba gansazRvrul “TviTkmar” Rirebulebebs. g) formaluri racionaloba axdens moqmedebebis dagegmvas da maTi momavali msvlelobis gaTvlas. d) konceptualur racionaloba, romelic warmoadgens simboluri sistemebis, da ara socialuri moqmedebis, predikats, realobas marTavs azrovnebis meSveobiT. am formas ara uSualo, magram iribi Sexeba aqvs moqmedebasTan: realobasTan Teoriul konfrontacias SeuZlia Seqmnas moqmedebis axali regulaciebi, arapirdapir Semoitanos moqmedebis etalonebi. maSasadame, konceptualuri racionaloba uzrunvelyofs Teoriul safuZvels wminda adaptaciuri praqtikuli racionalobisaTvis. 75 Weber, M. (1968): Economy and society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, eds. G. Roth and C. Wittich. New York: Bedminster; pp. 225, 244.

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1.4. idealuri tipebi termini “idealuri tipi” sociologiaSi (saerTod, socialur mecnierebebSi) Semotanilia maqs veberis mier. vebers ainteresebs, Tu ra zomiT gamoiyenebs socialuri, anu, rogorc Tavad uwodebs, kulturis Semswavleli mecnierebebi zogad cnebebs? veberi uaryofs Tvalsazriss, rom socialuri (kulturuli) fenomenebi yovelTvis istoriulia, anu isini TavianT mniSvnelobas iZenen imis mixedviT, Tu sad, rodis da rogor warmoiSvnen. veberis azriT, yvela mecnieruli diskursi met-naklebad zogad cnebebs moixmars, xolo is, rac am TvalsazrisiT kulturis mecnierebebs ganasxvavebs bunebis mecnierebebisagan isaa, rom socialur menierebebSi gamoiyeneba idealur-tipuri cnebebi, anu, idealuri tipebi. idealuri tipebi konceptualuri, Teoriuli konstruqciebia, romlebic gamiznulad aris Seqmnili socialur mecnierTa mier, raTa sistemuri gziT moxdes socialur samyaroSi dakvirvebadi fenomenebis kategorizeba, analizi da Sedareba. idealuri tipi ar aris realobisgan mowyvetili, igi agebulia realur cxovrebaSi dakvirvebadi qcevebisa da urTierTobebis gansazRvruli maxasiaTeblebisagan. es maxasiaTeblebi aRwers moqmedebis logikurad arawinaaRmdegobriv, “wminda” (racionalur an emociur) Sinaarss da abstragirebas axdens iracionaluri (usazriso) motivebisagan. ai, ras wers veberi: “idealuri tipi formirdeba erTi an meti Tvalsazrisis tendeciuri aqcentirebis Sedegad, im uamravi difuzuri, diskretuli, met-naklebad saxeze myofi da SemTxveviT gamqrali konkretuli individualuri fenomenis sinTezis Sedegad, romelic mowesrigebulia im

tendenciurad gamokveTili Tvalsazrisebis Sesabamisad erT analitikur konstruqciaSi...

Tavisi konceptualuri siwmindis gamo, es mentaluri konstruqcia... ar SeiZleba sadme realobaSi empiriulad iqnes moZiebuli”.76

ase iqmneba moqmedebis Teoriuli, “wminda” modelebi, rogorc idealuri konstruqciebi, romlebic erTgvarad “edeba”, faravs realobas, xolo realuri moqmedebebi bolomde verasodes amowuravs maT. idealuri tipi gansazRvruli spekulaturi standartia, romelTan mimarTebaSic arsebuli fenomenebi an SesabamisobaSia an gadaxrilia. maSasadame, idealuri tipebi mxolod analitikuri iaraRebia, raTa gatardes gansxvavebebi da Sedarebebi dakvirvebad fenomenebs Soris. isini gamoiyeneba kerZo SemTxvevebis interpretaciisaTvis, rogorc Sesadarebeli konstruqciebi. idealur tipebTan Sedarebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros realuri moqmedebis idealurisagan gadaxris (deviaciis) zoma. vebers mohyavs aseTi magaliTi: samxedro brZolis idealuri tipi mxedvelobaSi iRebs am brZolasTan dakavSirebul yvela ZiriTad komponents: mowinaaRmdegeTa Zalebs da strategias, maTi daZlevis saSualebebs, resursebs da damxmare Zalebs, Zalauflebis centrebs da liderobis Tvisebebs. realuri brZola, rogorc wesi, ar iTvaliswinebs yvela am elements. magram, amis dadgena da gaanalizeba mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, Tu cnobilia samxedro brZolis idealur-tipuri

76 Weber, Max (1949): The Methodology of the Social Sciences, Edward Shils and Henry Finch (eds.) New York: Free Press; p. 90.

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maxasiaTeblebi. swored maTTan Sedarebis safuZvelze dgindeba realuri brZolis naklovanebis (gadaxris) zoma. erT-erTi idealuri tipi, agreTve, aris biurokratia. misi niSnebia:

• Sromis ganawileba, romelic ganpirobebulia garkveuli wesebiTa da kanonebiT;

• Zalauflebis ierarqiuli struqtura;

• sajaro ofisi (kancelaria an biuro), sadac inaxeba werilobiTi dokumentebi dawesebulebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb;

• Statis TanamSromlebi;

• wesebi, romlebic axdens muSaobis reJimis regulirebas;

• Tanamdebobis pirTa momzadebis oficialuri procedura;

• organizaciis mimarT TiTieuli muSakis loialuroba, anu miswrafeba imisaken, rom dacul iqnes wesebi.

biurokratiis es niSnebi gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom pasuxi gaeces kiTxvas: ramdenad akmayofilebs esa Tu is realuri organizacia biurokratiulobis moTxovnebs?

iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa “ekonomikuri gacvla”, “kapitalizmi”, ”eklesia”, “seqta”, “qristianoba” da mravali sxva, socialur-Teoriuli konstruqciebia, romlebic realobis Sesamecneblad gamoiyeneba. idealur tipebs miekuTvneba, agreTve, socialuri moqmedebis is tipebi, romlebzec zemoT iyo saubari. veberi kategoriulad gvafrTxilebs, rom idealuri tipis mizani ar aris Seqmnas srulyofili (absoluturi) nimuSi. “idealuri” ar niSnavs “normatulad sasurvels”, isini mxolod analizis iaraRebia da arasodes ara aqvT pretenzia iyvnen marTlac “idealuri”, fundamenturad mosawoni konstruqciebi. maTi gamoiyeneba miznad ar isaxavs adamianuri qcevis kanonebis da kidev ufro naklebad, istoriuli ganviTarebis kanonebi.s dadgenas. 1.5. religiis sociologia (protestantuli eTikisa da kapitalizmis kavSiri) veberis religiis sociologiis arsebiTi nawilia misi fundamenturi Sroma “protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli”, romelic pirvelad gamoica 1904-05 wlebSi, xolo meored (ufro Sevsebuli gamocema) _ 1920 wels. veberi religias miiCnevs socialuri transformaciebis erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian “agentad”. religias aqvs unari, rom moaxdinos socialur danawesTa stabilizacia, Seinaxos socialur jgufTa identuroba, moaxdinos im konteqstebis struqturireba, romlebSic gansxvavebuli jgufebi erTmaneTs edavebian. ufro zogadad Tu vityviT, gansxvavebuli religiebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs gansxvavebuli kulturebisa da civilizaciebis Camoyalibebasa da SenaxvaSi, iseve rogorc maT transformaciaSi. “protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli” exeba konkretulad erTi religiis _ kalvinizmis77 _ mier ganpirobebul socialur cvlilebebs. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom veberi religias ar ganixilavs rogorc

77 kalvinizmi religiuri moZraobaa, romelsac safuZveli Cauyara Sveicarielma-frangma protestantma Teologma jon kalvinma (1509-64). martin luTeris Semdeg, igi mniSvnelobiT meore figuraa evropis protestantul reformaciaSi.

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socialuri cvlilebebis maprovocirebel erTaderT gadamwyvet faqtors. religiuri faqtorebi yovelTvis kavSirSia sxva kulturul da socialur faqtorebTan (politikur ZalauflebasTan, ekonomikur da teqnologiur cvlilebebTan da sxv.). ras amtkicebs veberi Tavis erT-erT yvelaze fundamentur naSromSi? Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben am naSromis xuT ZiriTad Tezisze78: 1. vebers surs aCvenos, rom Tanamedrove kapitalizmis (romelic me-17 saukunis bolodan iRebs saTaves evropaSi) Camoyalibeba ganapiroba ara mxolod materialurma da instituciurma pirobebma, romelTa arsebobazec marqsi miuTiTebda, aramed ideologiurma faqtorebma, rasac veberi “kapitalizmis suls” uwodebs.79 kapitalizmis “sulma” istoriulad specifikuri gza gaiara da gamoxatavs individTa survils, rom komerciuli operaciebis meSveobiT (romlebic legalurad xorcieldeba bazarze) miiRon mogeba. es suli uzrunvelyofs garkveul fsiqologiur valdebulebas individebisaTvis da aZlevs maT motivacias, rom cxovrebiseul proeqtebs miuZRvnan ara marto maT xelT arsebuli kapitali da teqnikuri codna da unarebi, aramed, agreTve, upirveles yovlisa, maTi muyaiTad muSaobis unari, personaluri pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, maTi survili, rom moaxdinon wina momgebiani operaciebis Sedegebis investireba momdevno operaciebSi, gamoamJRavnon inovaciebisadmi Riaoba daqiravebul muSakTa Sromis organizebaSi, ganaviTaron axali produqtebi da axali servisebi, moiZion axali momxmareblebi da axali bazrebi. veberis azriT, yvelaferi es ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc ubralod materialuri warmatebis mopovebis egoisturi survili. es garkveuli eTika, anu moraluri mdgomareobaa ekonomikuri warmatebis misaRwevad. es mdgomareoba SeiZleba aRiniSnos “asketizmis” cnebiT, romelic aRniSnavs TviTSezRudvis (TviTkontrolis), adamianur siamovnebebze uaris Tqmis da komfortisgan distancirebis unars. 2. erTi SexedviT Cans, rom “kapitalizmis suli” totalurad arareligiur xedvas gamoxatavs. tradiciuli qristianoba (iseve rogorc sxva religiebi) ekonomikuri warmatebisken da mogebisken swrafvas uTuod monaTlavda rogorc moralurad saeWvos. Tumca, veberi fiqrobs, rom kapitalizmis suli ver ganviTareboda religiuri legitimaciis gareSe. kapitalistebis pirvel Taobas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo moepovebina moraluri dadastureba, Tu maT saqmianobas religiuri gamarTleba eqneboda. magram aseTi garantia SeiZleboda yofiliyo mxolod qristianobis axleburi gageba, romelic moitana protestantulma reformaciam. mas safuZveli germanelma mRvdelma, martin luTerma Cauyara me-16 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. protestantul religiurobasa da adreuli kapitalizmis ganviTarebas Soris kavSiri im TvalsazrisiT, rom protestantizmi iziarebs “Sromis

78 Poggi, Gianfranco (2005): ‘Classical Social Theory, III: Max Weber and Georg Simmel’, in: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press; pp. 67-9. 79 Вебер, М. (1990): Протестантская Этика и Дух Капитализма, в книге: М. Вебер, Избранные Произведения. Москва, Прогресс; стр.70-71.

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eTikas”, veberamdec iyo aRiarebuli mecnierTa mier. Ria rCeboda erTi sakiTxi: protestantizmis konkretulad romelma formam iTamaSa gadamwyveti roli “kapitalizmis sulis” CamoyalibebaSi? am kiTxvas swored veberma upasuxa, rodesac safuZvliani mecnieruli argumentaciis safuZvelze aCvena, rom reformuli qristianobis gansxvavebul formebs Soris mxolod erTma, kerZod, kalvinizmma (an puritanizmma) uzrunvelyo kapitalizmisTvis religiuri mtkicebulebis Seqmna. 3. kalvinizmis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo “bedisweris”, “winaswar gansazRvrulobis” (predestination) Teologiuri doqtrina, romlis mixedviTac RmerTma yvela adamians, da ara mxolod morwmuneebs, uboZa cxovrebis Semdgomi maradiuli xsna (cxoneba). arcerT, Tundac yvelaze Rrmad morwmunes ar SeuZlia am gansazRvrulobis Secvla. es doqtrina morwmuneSi aRZravs SfoTvis (wuxilis) mwvave gancdas, romelic ar SeiZleba gadailaxos sakramentuli aqtebis, kargi qcevebis an eklesiisadmi Sewirulobebis saSualebiT. kalvinizmi uaryofs msgavsi aqtebis legitimurobas, radgan maT uyurebs rogorc magiuri praqtikebis analogiurs da, amdenad, crus. Tumca, SfoTvam SeiZleba gamosavali hpovos asketizmis istoriulad Camoyalibebul formaSi, rodesac morwmuneebi mTel Tavis energias axmaren TavianTi saqmianobis, “xelobis” (Beruf)80 racionalur, mowesrigebul praqtikas, rogorc RvTis wyalobisadmi maTi madlierebis gamoxatulebas. 4. marTalia, kalvinisturi doqtrina eqspliciturad ar mouwodebs morwmuneebs kapitalisturi warmoebisken, magram, veberis azriT, cxovrebisa da moqmedebis is wesi, romelsac kalvinizmi aRiarebs, moralur Rirsebas da Rirebulebas aniWebs am tipis warmoebas. is legitimacias aniWebs mogebisaken mudmiv swrafvas. aseTi protestantuli eTosi, veberis azriT, ganxorcielda me-18 saukunis amrikeli saxelmwifo moRvawisa da biznesmenis benjamin franklinis81 cxovrebaSi. 5. kalvinistur religiurobasa da kapitalistur mewarmeobas Soris ganuzraxvelma Sinaganma kavSirma (anu, “bunebrivma msgavsebam”, rogorc mas veberi uwodebs) paradoqsuli Sedegebi moitana. biznesis gziT mogebaze orientirebam daiwyo misi adreuli religiuri garantiisagan daSoreba: is gaxda TviTkmari da TviTlegitimirebadi, Tavdapirvel religiur mniSvnelobasa da Sinaarss mowyvetili. kapitalisturi sistemis gamarjvebam Tavad “kapitalizmis suli” daaknina, ramdenadac, veberis mtkicebiT, sistema individebs (rogorc mewarmeebs, ise daqiravebul muSebs) avaldebulebs Seasrulon maTi profesiuli saqmianoba yovelgvari eTikuri da metafizikuri sazrisis gareSe. Tu adre puritanis survili iyo, rom yofiliyo profesiuli mowodebis matarebeli, dRes aseTi ram ukve iZulebad iqca yvelasTvis. asketizmi gascda puritanebis wres da gaxda Tanamedrove ekonomikuri wesrigis universaluri principi.

80 xelobis, saqmianobis adekvaturi germanuli gamoTqma _ Beruf _ Semotali iqna martin luTeris mier bibliis miseul TargmanSi. 81 benjamin franklini (1706-90) _ cnobili amerikeli saxelmwifo moRvawe, amerikis elCi safrangeTSi, monawileobda 1776 wlis amerikis damoukideblobis deklaraciis SemuSavebaSi; misdevda puritanul morals, mas ekuTvnis cnobili gamoTqma “dro fulia”.

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$2. harold garfinkelis eTnomeTodologia

biografiuli cnobebi: harold garfinkeli (Harold Garfinkel) daibada aSS niu-jersis Statis q. niuarkSi (Newark) 1917 wlis 29 oqtombers, ebraul ojaxSi. misi mama biznemeni iyo, romelsac surda misi vaJi biznesis gzas gahyoloda. haroldma biznesis kursebic ki aiRo niuarkis universitetSi. Tumca, misi namdvili akademiuri kariera daiwyo 1935 wels, rodesac garfinkeli niuarkis universitetis ekonomikis fakultetis studenti gaxda. es fakulteti man 1939 wels daamTavra da zafxuli kvakerebis SromiT banakSi gaatara jorjiis Statis soflebSi. swored aq Seityo man, rom CrdiloeT karolinis universitets hqonda programa sociologiaSi, romelic orientirebuli iyo iseTive sajaro proeqtebis ganxorcielebaze, romelSic Tavad iRebda monawileobas. swored am universitetSi iRebs garfinkeli samagistro xarisxs sociologiaSi 1942 wels. meore msoflio omSi amerikis jarSi samsaxuris gavlis Semdeg, garfinkeli 1946-52 wlebSi swavlas agrZelebs Hharvardis universitetis socialur urTierTobaTa fakultetze, sadac misi xelmZRvaneli iyo talkot parsonsi. sadoqtoro xarisxs garfinkeli icavs harvardis universitetSi 1952 wels. amis Semdeg ori wlis ganmavlobaSi igi samxedro saqmes swavlobs ohaios Statis universitetSi. 1954 wlidan garfinkeli akademiur saqmianobas ubrundeba kaliforniis universitetSi (los-anjelesi), sadac is muSaobas iwyebs profesoris asistentad. am universitetSi moRvaweobda igi 1987 wlamde, pensiaSi gasvlamde. amJamad garfinkeli los-anJelesis universitetis sociologiis sapatio (“emeritus”) profesoria. harol garfinkelis ZiriTadi Sromebi:

• eTnomeTodologiuri gamokvlevebi (Studies in Ethnomethodology) _ 1967 w. • eTnomeTodologiis programa: diurkemis aforizmis damuSaveba (Ethnomethodology's

program: Working out Durkheim's aphorism) _ 2002 w.

2.1. ras swavlobs eTnomeTodologia? termini "eTnomeTodologia" Semoitana garfinkelma (igi momdinareobs berZnulidan da aRniSnavs “Cveulebrivi adamianebis meTodologias”). eTnomeTodologia fokusirdeba imaze, Tu rogor amyareben individebi komunikacias yoveldRiuri interaqciis procesSi. socialuri interaqciis Taviseburebebis Seswavla saerToa aqtorze orientirebuli mikrosociologiuri TeoriebisaTvis. is, rac garfinkelis Teorias sxvaTagan gamoarCevs, misi, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, “minimalizmi” da “provokaciulobaa”: eTnomeTodologia aqcents svams socialuri interaqciis “SiSvel” empiriul konteqstze, situaciurobaze, da, amasTan (iqneb, pirvel rigSic) _ situaciis yvelaze SeumCnevel, dafarul mxareebze. ai, ras wers eTnomeTodologiis erT-erTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari: “garfinkelma... Tavisi analizi ganaviTara sami mTavari mimarTulebiT: pirveli, man SedarebiT

detalurad ganixila is saazrovno procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac adamianebi garkveuli

saxiT gansazRvraven situaciebs. meore... man moaxdina socialuri wesrigis problemis da misi SenarCunebis Sesaxeb parsonsis mier dasmuli sakiTxis xelaxali formulireba yoveldRiuri

interaqciis konteqstis TvalsazrisiT. Tu parsonss omisa da mSvidobis pirobebi mTeli

sazogadoebis doneze aRelvebda... garfinkeli dainteresebuli iyo wesrigis SenarCunebiT mikrokosmosur interaqciebSi. mesame, garfinkelma gaacnobiera, rom implicituri wesebi,

romlebic marTavs socialur interaqcias, SesaZloa identificirdes situaciebis (romlebSic

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isini erTvebian) Seswavlis saSualebiT, da rom mas da mis studentebs SeuZliaT am wesebis

ganzrax gamowveva maTi kategorizaciisaTvis”.82

maSasadame, garfinkels ainteresebs im wesebis (meTodebis) analizi, romlebsac adamianebi impliciturad iyeneben yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sakuTari qmedebebis gansaxorcieleblad da maTTvis mniSvnelobebis misacemad. eTnomeTodebis gamoyenebiT dgeba konteqstSi Semdgari interaqciebis Sesaxeb “refleqsuri angariSebi” ('reflexive accounts'). es ukanaskneli aRwers yoveldRiur praqtikebs da cdilobs imis gamorkvevas, Tu rogoraa socialuri praqtikebi refleqsurad damokidebuli im konteqstze, romelic iqmneba aqtorTa pirispir Sexvedrebis dros. agreTve, konteqstis ra axali fragmentebi yalibdeba am Sexvedrebis nebismieri cvlilebisas. maSasadame, refleqsuri angariSi cdilobs “moixelTos” yoveldRiuri, banaluri praqtika. ai, ras wers garfinkeli “eTnomeTodologiur gamokvlevebSi”: “eTnomeTodologiis centraluri rekomendacia isaa, rom qmedebebi, romelTa meSveobiTac individebi qmnian da awesrigeben organizebul yoveldRiur movlenebs, identuria im

procedurebisa, rodesac individebi am garemos xdian “moxelTebads” (“aRwerads”)”.83

eTnomeTodologia ZiriTadad dakavebulia yoveldRiuri praqtikebis im nawilis analiziT, rasac saubari Seadgens, anu, “saubris analiziT” (‘conversation analysis’). am tipis praqtikisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi Taviseburebebi: 1. saubrisas yovelTvis gamoiyeneba iseTi gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa “da a.S.”, “im SemTxvevaSi, Tu…”, “arauSavs”, “axla”, “aq”, “me”, “Sen” da sxv. am tipis gamoTqmebs garfinkeli "indeqsur gamonaTqvamebs"84 uwodebs. maT mniSvneloba eZleva mxolod mocemul (dro-sivrcul) konteqstSi. 2. saubris racionaluri xasiaTi imiT gamoirCeva, rom mTxrobeli da msmeneli erTmaneTs ergeba, maT Soris arsebobs kognituri Tanxmoba. swored amitomaa, rom iqedan, rac individebs Soris “iTqmeba”, bevri ram konkretulad, anu sityvebiT (verbalurad) ar aRiniSneba. 3. saubris Sinaarsi mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia situaciaze, konteqstze. eTnomeTodologia ikvlevs socialur faqtebs rogorc individualuri situaciis Sedegs, romelSic CarTulia interpersonaluri komunikacia. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, ufro konkretdeba eTnomeTodologiis mTavari amocana. garfinkeli wers: "me viyeneb termins “eTnomeTodologia”, raTa Sevexo indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebisa da sxva

praqtikuli qmedebebis, rogorc yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mudmivad ganaxlebadi produqtis,

racionaluri Tvisebebis kvlevas".85

maSasadame, garfinkeli ndobas ucxadebs im praqtikas, romelic enis sazriszea agebuli da mJRavndeba komunikaciaSi. Tumca, igi enas ar

82 Outhwaite, William (2005): Interpretivism and Interactionism. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 117-8. 83 Garfinkel, Harold (1967): Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1967; p.1. 84 termini “indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebi” garfinkelma lingvistebisagan aiRo. 85 Garfinkel, Harold (1967): Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1967; p.11.

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uyurebs rogorc iseT fenomens, romelsac aqvs yvelasTvis Tanaziari, mudmivi mniSvneloba (sazrisi). garfinkeli amtkicebda, rom Tavad enobrivi sityvebi ki ar warmoadgens komunikaciis safuZvels, aramed is interaqciebi, romlebSic es sityvebi situaciurad gamoiyeneba. garfinkeli individebis mier sityvebis gamoyenebas xsnida rogorc saSualebas imisaTvis, raTa moxdes adamianuri komunikaciis mier Seqmnili socialuri problemebis naTelyofa, an maTi koreqtireba. rac mTavaria, adamianuri komunikaciis sazrisi, garfinkelis azriT, aris ara is, rac iTqmeba, aramed _ rac ar iTqmeba. garfinkelisTvis gacilebiT mniSvnelovania is, rac rCeba saubris miRma, anu is, Tu rogor urTierToben mosaubre da msmeneli araverbalurad, vidre realuri, verbalizebuli sityvebi. iqamde, sanam diskursis konotaciebi Tavidan bolomde eqspansirebulia verbaluri enis mier, WeSmariti komunikacia arc SeiZleba arsebobdes. komunikaciis monawileebi iyeneben wina interaqciebis gamocdilebas. wina saubrebSi manamde SeTanxmebuli movlenebi gagebis etalonebad iqceva. pirispir Sexvedrebis TiToeuli monawile SeiaraRebulia manamdeli komunikaciis am etalonebiT. isini uzrunvelyofs komunikaciis konotaciebs (niuansebs), romlebic yovelTvis ar verbalizdeba saubris monawileebis mier. maSasadame, komunikaciebi qmnis gamocdilebas, romelic brundeba (monawileobs) momaval komunikaciebSi. rac ufro didia gamocdileba, miT ufro advilad miiRweva gageba komunikaciis procesSi. 2.2. indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebi da situaciis “refleqsuri angariSebi” rogor xorcieldeba yoveldRiuri praqtikebis aRwera, anu rogor dgeba maT Sesaxeb “refleqsuri angariSebi”? ukve iTqva, rom eTnomeTodologiis Tanaxmad, saubari, rogorc komunikaciuri praqtika, yovelTvis gamoiyenebs e.w. “indeqsur gamonaTqvamebs”. maT qveS moiazreba saubrisas gamoyenebuli aforizmebi, nawilobriv formulirebuli rCevebi, nawilobrivi aRwerebi, arapirdapiri gamonaTqvamebi, situaciuri SeniSvnebi, alegoriebi da a.S. eTnomeTodologiis amocanaa aseTi gamonaTqvamebis racionaluri Tvisebebis kvleva. garfinkeli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebis Taviseburebebs da komunikaciis procesisaTvis maT mniSvnelovnebas. rogorc garfinkeli aRniSnavs, “indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebis” qveS logikosebi gulisxmoben garkveul lingvistur simboloebs, romelTa Sinaarsis gamoaSkaraveba mxolod garkveul ambavTan kavSirSia SesaZlebeli. garfinkeli miuTiTebs, magaliTad, huserlze.86 igi saubrobs gamonaTqvamebze, romelTa sazrisi ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnes gamoTqmis gamomyeneblis biografiisa da miznebis, gamoTqmis garemoebebis, wina msjelobis mimdinareobis an gamomTqmelsa da msmenels Soris interaqciis konkretuli Taviseburebebis codnis (gaTvaliswinebis)

86 edmund huserli (1859-1938) _ germaneli ebraeli filosofosi, fenomenologiuri filosofiis fuZemdebeli. didi gavlena moaxdina socialur TeoriaSi interpretaciuli midgomis moazrovneebze, gansakuTrebiT, alfred Siutcze. saxeli gaiTqva fsiqologizmis kritikiT logikaSi.

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gareSe. maSasadame, indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebi exeba garkveul adamians, dros, adgils, anu garkveul socialur konteqsts (situacias). praqtikuli sociologiuri azrovnebis Tavisebureba isaa, rom igi cdilobs gaaumjobesos individebis laparakisa da qcevis indeqsuri maxasiaTeblebi. saubris eTnomeTodologiuri (e.i. mecnieruli) analizi moiTxovs, rom moxdes indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebis Canacvleba obieqturi gamonaTqvamebiT. sxvanairad es niSnavs, rom indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebi “iTargmnos” sxvadasxva situaciisaTvis homogenuri, tipuri, intersubieqturi, racionaluri maxasiaTeblebis “enaze”. ra qmnis aseTi Canacvlebis safuZvels da, Sesabamisad, maT Sesaxeb refleqsuri angariSebis Sedgenis SesaZleblobas? garfinkeli principulad iziarebs Teziss, rom socialuri interaqciebis konteqstebSi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis yvelaze Cveulebriv saqmianobebSi arsebobs kognituri wesrigi. yoveldRiuri praqtikebi socialurad organizebul xasiaTs atarebs. Sesabamisad, indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebis racionaloba inarCunebs rutinuli praqtikis xasiaTs. am wesrigs aqtorebi TavisTavad nagulisxmevad miiCneven da latenturad axorcieleben maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. Tu am gzaze raime winaaRmdegoba an dabrkoleba iqmneba, individebs euflebaT frustracia. garfinkelis mTavari interesi mimarTulia wesrigis agebis ara fsiqikur, aramed socialur procedurebze. wesrigis “aRmoCenis” (eqsplikaciis) es procedurebi gulisxmobs swored indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebis (maTi Semcveli winadadebebis) Canacvlebas obieqturi gamonaTqvamebiT.E Tumca, Canacvlebis procedura ar aris iolad gansaxorcielebeli. arsebulma dublikatebma SeiZleba ver moaxdinos ama Tu im diskursSi mocemuli indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebis adekvaturi Targmna. amitom dublikatebis sia SeiZleba ganusazRvrelad gafarTovdes. garfinkeli ayalibebs indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebis gamoyenebis Taviseburebebs:

• miuxedavad imisa, rom indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebi farTod gamoyenebadia, isini mouxerxebelia formaluri diskursisaTvis;

• gansxvaveba obieqtur gamonaTqvamebsa da indeqsur gamonaTqvamebs Soris ara mxolod procedurulad aris koreqtuli, aramed mas Tavidan ver aicilebs veravin, vinc mecnierebiTaa dakavebuli;

• obieqtur da indeqsur gamonaTqvamebs Soris gansxvavebis da obieqturi gamonaTqvamebis upiratesi gamoyenebis gareSe uazroa generalizebis, simkacris, mecnieruli kvlevis miRweva _ amis gareSe logikaSi, maTematikasa da zogierT fizikur mecnierebaSi yovelgvari monapovari marcxs ganicdida, xolo arazusti mecnierebebis mimarT ndoba gaqreboda;

• zusti mecnierebebi arazusti mecnierebebisagan imiT ganirCeva, rom zusti mecnierebebis SemTxvevaSi indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebis Canacvleba obieqturi gamonaTqvamebiT realur amocanas warmoadgens problemis formulirebisaTvis, meTodebisaTvis, kvleva-ZiebisaTvis, adekvaturi dasabuTebisaTvis da sxv., maSin rodesac arazusti mecnierebebis SemTxvevaSi amgvari Canacvlebadoba bolomde ararealizebad programad rCeba;

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• gansxvaveba obieqtur da indeqsur gamonaTqvamebs Soris aRwers gansxvavebas mecnierebasa da xelovnebas (magaliTad, bioqimiasa da dokumentur kinos) Soris.

amrigad, obieqturi gamonaTqvamebi axdens praqtikis “SeumCneveli”, “TavisTavad nagulisxmevi” wesrigis demonstrirebas. cxadia, Secdoma iqneba vifiqroT, rom obieqturi gamonaTqvamebi, ramdenadac isini situaciis homogenuri maxasiaTeblebia, Sordeba konteqsts da kargavs situaciur bunebas. obieqturi gamonaTqvamebi aRwers konceptualizaciis im dones, rasac garfinkeli ad hoc konceptebs87 uwodebs da rasac sxvanairad “situaciuri cnebebi” SeiZleba ewodos. Tu cnebis klasikuri gansazRvreba gulisxmobs movlenis arsebiT niSanTa gadmocemas, romlebic empiriuli konteqstisagan damoukidebeli da zedroulia, ad hoc konceptebis SemotaniT eTnomeTodologia cdilobs, rom cnebebis uryevi da zedrouli Sinaarsi aqcios lokalurad pirobiT konstruqciebad, romlebic yovelTvis eqvemdebareba cvlilebas: cneba, romelic raRac momentSi interaqciis dros seriozuli msjelobis mniSvnelobas atarebs, sxva konteqstSi SeiZleba gamoixatos rogorc ironiuli an araseriozuli. maSasadame, nebismieri cneba, Sexeduleba socialurad konstruirebulia. garfinkeli acxadebs, rom, Cveulebriv, mkvlevrebi ad hoc procedurebs ganixilaven rogorc analizis arasrulyofil gzas. prevalirebs Tvalsazrisi, rom kvalificiurma mkvlevarma minimumamde unda daiyvanos an sulac gamoricxos iseTi viTarebebi, romlebSic aseTi konceptebi iqneboda gamoyenebuli. garfinkelis Tanaxmad, “Tu ad hoc maxasiaTeblebis

gamoyenebas Secdomad CavTvliT, es Zalian waagavs im sayvedurs, rom Tu Senobis

kedlebi iqna gamoclili, adamiani ukeTesad SeZlebs imis danaxvas, Tu ras eyrdnoba saxuravi”.88 Tu mkvlevars ganzraxuli aqvs realuri situaciebis refleqsuri gaanalizeba, maSin is gverds ver auvlis ad hoc konceptebis gamoyenebas. mxolod isinia relevanturi situaciis mecnieruli “moxelTebisaTvis”. imisaTvis, raTa ad hoc konceptebis saSualebiT kognituri wesrigis gamomJRavneba naTelyos, garfinkels Tavis ZiriTad wignSi (“eTnomeTodologiuri gamokvlevebi”) mohyavs magaliTi realuri praqtikidan:89 studentebs miecaT davaleba, rom gadmoecaT colsa da qmars Soris saubari ise, rom furclis marcxena mxares daeweraT is, rac saubris monawileebma realurad (eqspliciturad) Tqves, xolo, marjvena mxares _ rac studentebma “amoikiTxes” am saubris gamoumJRavnebeli konteqstidan (anu, daeweraT situaciis refleqsuri angariSi). qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi varianti:

87 ad hoc – laTinuri gamoTqma, romelic aRniSnavs “am konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis”, “improvizirebuli (am wuTieri) miznisaTvis”. 88 Garfinkel, Harold (1967): Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall; p. 22 89 Garfinkel, Harold (1967): Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hal; p. 26.

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qmari: danam warmatebiT SeZlo Caegdo fuli manqanis “parkingis” drois gamzomSi ise, rom ar dasWirda xelSi ayvana.

dRes, SuadRiT, rodesac Cveni oTxi wlis vaJi, dana, saxlSi sabavSvo baRidan momyavda, manqana gavaCere “parkingis” zonaSi, sadac danam warmatebiT SeZlo xeli miewvdina sakmao simaRleze, raTa manqanis “parkingis” drois gamzomSi fuli Caegdo. manamde mas yovelTvis sWirdeboda xelSi ayvana, raTa xeli am simaRlemde miewvdina.

coli: igi firfitebis maRaziaSi waiyvane?

radganac man fuli Caagdo gamzomSi, es niSnavs, rom rodesac manqana daayene, is SenTan imyofeboda. me vici, rom Sen manqana firfitebis maRaziasTan gaaCere. es SegeZlo gagekeTebina an maSin, rodesac mis wamosayvanad midiodi, an _ ukana gzaze. moxda Tu ara es ukana gzaze, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom is SenTan imyofeboda, Tu Sen firfitebis maRaziasTan manqana masTan mimaval gzaze gaaCere da Semdeg sadRac sxvagan, rodesac ukan brundebodi?

qmari: ara _ fexsacmlis SekeTebis maRaziaSi.

me manqana firfitebis maRaziasTan mis wamosayvanad mimaval gzaze gavaCere, xolo fexsacmelebis SekeTebis maRaziasTan _ ukana, saxlisken momaval gzaze, rodesac is CemTan erTad iyo.

coli: risTvis? me vici erTi mizezi, ris gamoc Sen SeiZleboda manqana fexsacmelebis SekeTebis maRaziasTan gageCerebina. ratom gaaCere sinamdvileSi?

qmari: me viyide ramdenime axali fexsacmlis zonari Cemi fexsacmelebisTvis.

rogorc gaxsovs, me gamiwyda zonari Cems yavisfer inglisur fexsacmelebze. manqana imitom gavaCere, raTa meyida fexsacmlis axali zonarebi.

coli: Sens yoveldRiur fexsacmelebs Zalian sWirdeba axali quslebi.

kidev sxva raRaca SegeZlo geyida, razec mec vfiqrobdi. Sen SegeZlo iq Seni Savi yoveldRiuri fexsacmelebi wageRo, romlebsac Zalian sWirdeba quslebis gamocvla. SenTvis ukeTesia, Tu maTze male izruneb.

colsa da qmars Soris realuri saubari (cxrilis marcxena mxare) mimdinareobs konteqstSi, romelic impliciturad moicavs maT Soris SeTanxmebas. swored es ganapirobebs, rom arc erTi maTgani ar saWiroebs amomwurav informacias (yvelafris gaSifvras) da iolad aRweven urTierTgagebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom iyeneben indeqsur gamonaTqvamebs. eqsperimentma aCvena, rom studentebs Zalian gauWirdaT situaciis refleqsuri angariSis Sedgena. raSi mdgomareobda es sirTule? studentebs, pirvel rigSi, erTmaneTisagan unda ganesxvavebinaT is, rac verbalurad gamoiTqva, imisagan, ris Sesaxebac iyo saubari. is, rac individebma Tqves, unda ganxiluliyo rogorc arazusti, fragmentuli, SeniRbuli da iribi versia imisa, ris Sesaxebac individebma isaubres.

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maSasadame, studentebs yuradReba unda mieqciaT raRac sxvaze _ gamoumJRavnebelze, raTa daedginaT saubris ekvivalenturi Sinaarsi. studentebi cdilobdnen gamoecnoT, Tu “ra hqondaT mxedvelobaSi” mosaubreebs, “raze fiqrobdnen” isini, “risi sjerodaT” maT, an “ra hqondaT ganzraxuli”. maT Tavad unda daejerebinaT, rom aRmoaCines is, rac mosaubreebs realurad, da ara savaraudod, hqodaT mxedvelobaSi. kidev meti: sxvasac unda SeZleboda saubris or gadmocemul Sinaars Soris Sesabamisobis danaxva. amis miRweva garfinkels SesaZleblda miaCnia imitom, rom zemoaRniSnul saubars gaaCnia intersubieqturi sqema. es niSnavs, rom colsa da qmars Soris saerTo gagebas, romelic miiRweva interpretaciuli procesis “Sinagani” dinebiT, aucileblad aqvs operacionaluri struqtura. analitikosi iyenebs swored interaqciis am struqturis Sesaxeb saRi azris codnas. garfinkels mohyavs sxva magaliTi amave wignidan:90 sasamarTlo ayalibebs formalur moTxovnebs, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac mosamarTleebma unda aagon ama Tu im kriminaluri movlenis Sesaxeb argumentirebuli da adekvaturi angariSi. Tumca, mosamarTleebi aucileblad rodi miyvebian formalur wesebs. isini iyeneben axsnis, improvizirebis sakuTar meTodebs, anu mimarTaven im praqtikebs, romelTac isini iyeneben araoficilur garemoebebSi (mag., sakuTar saxlSi). ase ibadeba swored situaciuri, ad hoc ganmartebebi, romlebic exmareba sasamarTlos verdiqtebis gamotanaSi. aseTi praqtika SeiZleba generalizdes yvela saxis interaqciasTan mimarTebaSi, ramdenadac socialuri interaqciebi, rogorc iTqva, latenturad Seicavs kognitur wesrigs, romlis dafiqsirebac SesaZlebelia. rodesac kognituri wesrigi irRveva, Sedegad vRebulobT anomias. eTnomeTodologia, garfinkelis Tanaxmad, exeba swored praqtikuli moqmedebebis Seswavlas im wesebis (meTodebis) Sesabamisad, romlebic uzrunvelyofs analitikuri angariSebis sicxades, logikurobasa da kompetenturobas. am wesebis wyalobiT, indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebi xdeba racionaluri, anu aSkarad demonstrirdeba. indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebis gamJRavnebuli racionaluri Tvisebebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis organizebuli saqmianobebis mudmivi nawilia.

90 Garfinkel, Harold (1967): Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall; chapter IV.

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Tavi V. struqturaze/sistemaze orientirebuli socialuri Teoriebi (parsonsis “struqturuli funqcionalizmi”, lumanis “sistemebis Teoria”)

Sesavali socialur struqturaze/sistemaze orientirebuli Teoriebi amodis im mtkicebidan, rom koleqtiuri socialuri formebi (struqturebi da sistemebi) gansazRvravs adamianis moqmedebas da mis Taviseburebebs, zRudavs aqtoris avtonomiurobas da mis sazogadoebaSi arsebobas gansazRvrul mimarTulebas uZebnis. aseT Teoriebs sxvanairad “makro Teoriebis” an “socialuri sistemis sociologiis” saxelwodebis qveS aTavseben. ufro konkretulad, ra socialuri fenomenebi igulisxmeba struqturaze orientirebuli Teoriebis kvlevis diapazonSi? am kiTxvas ase pasuxoben Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi: “stuqtura exeba socialuri cxovrebis regularul, SedarebiT myar, obieqtur da generalizebul Tvisebebs. rogorc wesi, struqtura moicavs socialur institutebs, an “sistemebs”, “Zalebs” an “nakadebs”... am azriT, struqtura exeba socialur faqtebs, romlebic damoukidebelia individebisgan da SeuZliaT gansazRvron da SezRudon individis moqmedeba”.91 makro Teoriebis Tanaxmad, pirovnuli identifikacia da socialuri interaqciebi determinirebulia socialuri sistemis moTxovnebiT. individebi socializdebian sazogadoebis centralur RirebulebaTa da normaTa sistemaSi, asruleben am sistemis Sesabamis socialur rolebs Sromis ganawilebaSi da ikaveben socialur pozicias, romelic gamomdinareobs socialuri sistemis funqcionaluri saWiroebebidan. amdenad, individi totalurad manipulirebadi aqtoria – “sufTa dafaa” (tabulae rasae), romelzedac TviTkmari da TviTgansazRvradi socialuri sistema aRbeWdavs Rirebulebebs da qceviT standartebs. isini yovelTvis inarCuneben prioritets misi wevrebis mimarT. am sazRvrebSi aqtori socialuri sistemis, rogorc manqanis, pasiuri nawilia, xolo socialuri moqmedeba arsebiTad warmoadgens socialuri sistemis produqts. struqturaze orientirebuli Teoriebis Taviseburebebi xazs usvams maT “obieqtivistur” xasiaTs. aq is igulisxmeba, rom struqturebi ar reducirdeba individis cnobierebaze an moqmedebaze. aseT midgomas, rogorc cnobilia, safuZveli emil diurkemma Cauyara, romelmac socialuri faqtebi gansazRvra “rogorc nivTebi”. aq ori ram igulisxmeba: a) socialuri faqtebi garegania individTan mimarTebaSi da b) maT maiZulebeli zemoqmedeba aqvT individis mimarT.92 ai, ras wers diurkemi:

91 King, Anthony (2005): Structure and Agency. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 215. 92 diurkemi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs materialur da aramaterialur socialur faqtebs. erT-erTi aramaterialuri socialuri faqtia, magaliTad, “koleqtiuri cnobiereba”, romelsac diurkemi gansazRvravs rogorc “erTi da igive sazogadoebis saSualo moqalaqisaTvis saerTo Sexedulebebisa da atitudebis erTobliobis

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“socialuri faqti aris qmedebaTa yoveli wesi – mdgradi an aramdgradi, romelsac ZaluZs

moaxdinos individze gavlena gare iZulebis saSualebiT an sxvagvarad: rac gavrcelebulia mocemuli sazogadoebis mTel sivrceze da imavdroulad gaaCnia sakuTari, Tavisive

individualuri gamovlinebisagan damoukidebeli arseboba”.93

imis Taobaze, rom makroTeoriul midgomas fesvebi diurkemis TeoriaSi aqvs, kargad wers j. ritceri: “fokusirdeba ra makro donis socialur faqtebze, esaa erT-erTi mizezi, ratomac diurkemis Sromam iTamaSa centraluri roli struqturuli funqcionalizmis ganviTarebaSi, romelsac msgavsi makro donis orientacia aqvs... diurkemi sazogadoebas ganixilavda rogorc “organoebisagan” (socialuri faqtebisagan), an socialuri struqturebisagan Semdgars, romlebic sxvadasxva funqcias asruleben sazogadoebaSi.”94 makro Teoriebs, rogorc wesi, ganekuTvneba: struqturuli funqcionalizmi, konfliqtis Teoria, struqturalisturi marqsizmi, lumanis sistemebis Teoria da sxv. qvemoT ganxiluli iqneba ori nimuSi: talkot parsonsis struqturuli funqcionalizmi da niklas lumanis sistemebis Teoria.

determinantul sistemas, romelsac Tavisi sakuTari arseboba aqvs” (Durkheim, Emile (1964): The Division of Labor in Society. New York: Free Press; p. 79). aramaterialur socialur faqtebs unda mivakuTvnoT, agreTve, sazogadoebaSi moqmedi Rirebulebebi da normebi, an, ufro farTo azriT, kultura (Ritzer, 2000). 93diurkemi, emil (2001): sociologiuri meTodis wesebi. Tbilisi, “ioane petriwi”; gv. 47. 94 Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 185.

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$1. talkot parsonsis struqturuli funqcionalizmi

biografiuli cnobebi:

talkot parsonsi (Talcott Parsons) daibada 1902 wlis 13 dekembers aSS kolorados Statis qalaq kolorado-sfrinsgSi, inteleqtualur da religiur ojaxSi. Tavdapirvelad igi niu-iorkis erT-erT saSualo skolaSi (Horace Mann High School) swavlobda, romlis dasrulebis Semdeg swavlas amherstis kolejSi agrZelebs. 1924 wels parsonsi amTavrebs kolejs biologis specialobiT, Tumca, misi interesebi sociologiis mimarT ukve gamokveTilia. amave wels parsonsi londonis ekonomikis skolis doqtoranturaSi Sedis da ori disciplinis _ sociologiisa da ekonomikis _ problemebze muSaobs. londonSi swavlis dawyebidan maleve parsonss sTavazoben adgils haidelbergis universitetSi (germania), sadac Tavis droze moRvaweobda maqs veberi da sadac veberis gavlena kvlav didi iyo. am gavlenas verc parsonsi acda. haidelbergis universitetSi parsonsi aswavlis ekonomikas da sociologias da 1927 wels icavs sadoqtoro disertacias. amave wels igi qorwindeba.

1931 wlidan parsonsi xdeba harvardis universitetis sociologiis departamentis wevri da eweva pedagogiur moRvaweobas. 1937 wels igi aqveynebs Tavis pirvel fundamentur Sromas socialuri moqmedebis struqtura, sadac aviTarebs socialuri moqmedebis sistemur Teorias. male is xdeba sociologiis sruli profesori. misi gavlena sul ufro matulobs. 1946 wels parsonsi harvardis universitetSi, sociologiis departamentis bazaze, ayalibebs socialur urTierTobaTa departaments da mas saTaveSi udgeba. 1949 wels parsonsi amerikis sociologiuri sazogadoebis prezidentic xdeba. 1951 wels gamodis misi kidev erTi fundamenturi naSromi “socialuri sistema”. parsonsis avtoriteti arnaxulad izrdeba. is yvelaze gavleniani figura xdeba amerikul sociologiaSi 1950-ian wlebSi da 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi.

prasonsi harvardis universitetSi 1973 wlamde, pensiaSi gasvlamde, moRvaweobs. igi garadicvala 1979 wlis 8 maiss germaniis qalaq miunxenSi.

talkot parsonsis ZiriTadi Sromebi:

• socialuri moqmedebis struqtura (The Structure of Social Action) – 1937 w. • socialuri sistema (The Social System) _ 1951 w. • struqtura da procesi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi (Structure and Process in Modern Societies) _1960w. • sociologiuri Teoria da Tanamedrove sazogadoeba (Sociological Theory and Modern Society) _1968w. • politika da socialuri struqtura (Politics and Social Structure) _ 1969 w.

1.1. ras amtkicebs struqturuli funqcionalizmi? funqcionalistur midgomas safuZveli me-XIX saukuneSi Caeyara ogiust kontis (“socialuri statika”) da, gansakuTrebiT, herbert spenseris mier, romelic sazogadoebas ganixilavda biologiur organizmTan analogiiT.95 funqcionalizmze didi gavlena moaxdina, agreTve, diurkemma, romelmac kauzaluri axsnis paralelurad Semoitana “funqcionaluri axsnis” idea. kauzaluri axsna, rogorc cnobilia, gulisxmobs mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgenas, rodesac erTi movlena win uswrebs da aucileblobiT iwvevs meores. funqcionaluri axsna ki, diurkemis Tanaxmad, gulisxmobs im funqciebis gamovlenas,

95 amis Taobaze ufro ufro dawvrlebiT ix. me-2 Tavis $1 da $2-ebSi.

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romelsac movlena asrulebs.96 maSasadame, funqcionalizmi cdilobs socialuri struqturebis arseboba axsnas im funqciebis (rolebis) mixedviT, romelsac isini asruleben mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis. funqcionaluri analizi orientirebulia ufro metad sazogadoebis, vidre individis doneze. sazogadoeba, am SemTxvevaSi, ganixileba rogorc urTierTdamokidebul da urTierTmaregulirebel nawilTa sistema. Sesabamisad, analizis fokuss warmoadgens urTierTdamokidebuli nawilebis urTierTmimarTeba da is, Tu ratomaa TiToeuli nawilis funqcionireba aucilebeli sistemis (mTelis) sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCunebisaTvis. sazogadoebis Seswavlis idea misi nawilebis (struqturebis) mier Sesrulebuli funqciebis mixedviT, aqtualuri gaxda me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, socialuri anTropologiis britanul skolaSi (artur radklif-brauni, bronislav malinovski). a. radklif-braunma (Arthur Radcliffe-Brown) da b. malinovskim (Bronislaw Malinowski), primitiuli sazogadoebis analizis safuZvelze, Camoayalibes funqcionalizmis sami ZiriTadi postulati: sazogadoebis funqcionaluri erTianobis; b) universaluri funqcionalizmis da g) aucileblobis. pirveli postulatis Tanaxmad, socialuri da kulturuli standartebi funqcionaluria mTeli sazogadoebis da misi TiToeuli wevrisaTvis. sazogadoebas gaaCnia erTianobis specifikuri forma, rasac “funqcionaluri erTianoba” SeiZleba ewodos. esaa sazogadoeba, romelic arsebobs rogorc erTiani sistema, romlis nawilebi met-naklebad harmoniul urTierTobaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan, anu urTierTobisas ar qmnian Rrma konfliqtebs, romelTa daregulireba iyos SeuZlebeli. meore (universaluri funqcionalizmis) postulatis Tanaxmad, socialuri da kulturuli standartebi mxolod pozitiur rols asrulebs sazogadoebis funqcionirebaSi, anu ar arsebobs e.w. “disfunqciuri” movlenebi, romlebic socialuri konfliqtis, dezorganizaciis, socialuri daZabulobis wyaroa. mesame (aucileblobis) postulatis Tanaxmad, socialuri da kulturuli standartebi Caunacvlebelia, anu maTi (da maT mier Sesrulebuli) funqciebis arseboba aucilebelia imisaTvis, raTa sazogadoebam iarsebos. robert mertoni akritikebs aRniSnul postulatebs da cdilobs Camoayalibos funqcionalizmis paradigma, romelic “imuSavebs” Tanamedrove (modernuli) sazogadoebebisaTvis. es paradigma iTvalsiwinebs sazogadoebis funqcionalur interpretacias disfunqciaebis da alternatiuli struqturebis (“funqcionaluri ekvivalentebis”) aRiarebis fonze.

1950-ian wlebSi Zalze popularuli xdeba talkot parsonsis Teoria, romelic “struqturuli funqcionalizmis” saxeliTaa cnobili. parsonsi aviTarebs “moqmedebis sistemebis” Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac, sazogadoebisa da misi calkeuli qvesistemis funqcionireba unda gaanalizdes imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad asruleben isini gansazRvrul funqcionalur moTxovnebs. moqmedebis sistemaTa analizisaTvis parsonss Semoaqvs “emerjentuli Tvisebebis” cneba. igi aRniSnavs sistemis nebismier Tvisebas, romelic ar SeiZleba martivad aixsnas sistemis warmoSobis an calkeuli Semadgeneli nawilis mixedviT, im principidan gamomdinare, rom mTeli gacilebiT metia, vidre misi nawilebis jami. sxvanairad, emerjentuli Tvisebebi moqmedebaTa koordinaciis produqtia da ar daiyvaneba mxolod erTeuli aqtis analizis doneze. ai, ras wers parsonsi Tavis pirvel fundamentur SromaSi “socialuri moqmedebis struqtura”:

96 ai, ras wers diurkemi: “rodesac saWiroa socialuri fenomenis axsna, Cven cal-calke unda moviZioT efeqturi mizezi, romelic mas warmoSobs da funqcia, romelsac is asrulebs” (Durkheim, Emil (1982): The Rules of Sociological Method. London: Macmillan).

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“moqmedebis sistemebs gaaCnia Tvisebebi, romlebic warmoiSoba mxolod kompleqsurobis

garkveul doneze, erTeul aqtTa erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi. es Tvisebebi ar SeiZleba danaxul iqnes arc erT calkeul erTeul aqtSi, romelic ganixileba imave sistemaSi sxva

aqtebTan misi urTierTobis gareSe. isini ar SeiZleba miRebul iqnes erTeuli aqtis

Tvisebebis uSualo generalizaciis procesis gziT”.97

maSasadame, emerjentuli Tvisebebi “moqmedebis generalizebuli sistemis” maxasiaTeblebia, sistemisa, romlis nawilebi, rogorc iTqva, garkveul funqcionalur urTierTobaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan da maT arsebobas mxolod imdenad aqvs azri, ramdenadac mTelis arsebobas emsaxurebian. aq, rogorc mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, parsonsi “meTodologiuri holizmis” poziciaze dgas, romelic upirispirdeba “meTodologiur individualizms” rogorc mikro Teoriuli analizis instruments.98 moqmedebis analizis sistemuri done parsonsis sociologiaSi mogvianebiT Semodis. manamde misi interesi “erTeuli aqtis” da misi elementebis analizs ukavSirseba. aq parsonsi aviTarebs Tvalsazriss, rasac Tavad “moqmedebis voluntaristul Teorias” uwodebs.99 1.2. moqmedebis (voluntaristuli) Teoria rogorc j. ritceri samarTlianad wers: “parsonsis moqmedebis Teoriis gulSi sami cnebaa moTavsebuli _ erTeuli aqti, voluntarizmi da verstehen”.100 maT Soris ZiriTadi “erTeuli aqtis” cnebaa. ~erTeuli aqti”, parsonsis Tanaxmad, Semdeg oTx elements Seicavs: a) agents (anu aqtors); b) mizans, anu movlenaTa momaval mdgomareobas, romelzec orientirdeba moqmedeba; g) situacias, romelSic sruldeba aqti. es ukanaskneli ori tipis elementebisagan Sedgeba: moqmedebis “pirobebisagan”, romelTa gakontroleba da Secvla aqtors ar SeuZlia da moqmedebis “saSualebebisagan”, romelTa gakontrolebis SesaZleblobac mas aqvs; d) moqmedebis normatuli orientacia, romelic aqtors ganusazRvravs mocemul situaciaSi miznis misaRwevi alternatiuli saSualebebidan arCevans. maSasadame, miznis misaRwev saSualebaTa arCevani ar aris qaoturi. mas gansazRvrul mimarTulebas aZlevs norma. norma moqmedebis sistemis is elementia, romelic moqmedebas miznis ganxorcielebis mimarT adekvaturad aqcevs. moqmedebis orientacia mizanze subieqturia da gansxvavdeba situaciis aqtorisagan damoukidebeli, obieqturi elementebisagan (situaciis pirobebisagan). norma swored situaciis subieqtur msvlelobas uzrunvelyofs, umorCilebs mas miznisken swrafvas. is im moqmedebis subieqtur legitimacias axdens, romelic miznis mimarT relevanturia. socialuri moqmedeba yovelTvis gaazrebul

97 Parsons, Talcott (1937): The Stucture of Social Action: A Study in Social Theory with Special Reference to a Group of Recent European Writers. New York: McGraw-Hill; p. 718. 98 Holmwood, John (2005): Functionalism and its Critics. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 94. 99 Парсонс, Талкот (2000): Структура Социального Действия. В книге: О Структуре Социального Действия, Москва, Академический Проект; стр. 58. 100 Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 437.

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unda iqnes moqmedebis ori gansxvavebuli _ normatuli da situaciuri (anu, subieqturi da obieqturi) _ tipis elementebs Soris daZabulobis konsteqstSi. moqmedeba, rogorc procesi, warmoadgens situaciuri elementebis cvalebadobas normebTan SesabamisobiT. am ori elementidan romelimes ignorirebas moqmedebis Teoria ukiduresobamde mihyavs. kerZod, normatuli aspeqtis gamoricxvas radikalur pozitivistur poziciamde mivyavarT. am poziciis Tanaxmad, aqtori obieqturi situaciis produqtia da misi moqmedeba aris situaciasTan mxolod pasiuri adaptaciis procesi. meore mxriv, situaciuri aspeqtis eliminacias idealistur paradigmamde mivyavarT, romlis Tanaxmad moqmedeba aris mxolod pasiuri orientacia winaswar mocemul sazrisze, rogorc misi emanacia. swored normatuli (subieqturi) orientacia aqcevs aqtoris moqmedebas voluntaristulad. saWiroa xazi gaesvas erT garemoebas: voluntaristuli Tvalsazrisis farglebSi, norma ar aris instutuciuri (socialurad aRiarebuli) regulacia, romelsac RirebulebiTi safuZveli aqvs (anu, norma ar aris arc “socialuri sistemis” nawili da arc socialuri wesrigis piroba). is saSualebebs Soris wminda wylis subieqturi arCevanis gamoxatulebaa. parsonsis Tanaxmad, adamiani ~aqtiuri, Semoqmedi, Semfasebeli arsebaa”. igi moqmedebs imisaTvis, raTa realoba SesabamisobaSi moiyvanos Tavis miznebTan, idealebTan. rogorc miznis, ise saSualebebis SemTxvevaSi aqtors aqvs arCevanis SesaZlebloba. swored esaa misi voluntarizmis safuZveli. arCevani antideterminizmis gamoxatulebaa, romelic xazs usvams socialuri moqmedebis Riaobas. rogorc iTqva, adamianis moqmedebis aseT gagebas parsonsi pozitivisturi da idealisturi tradiciebis winaaRmdeg mimarTavs, romelic adamians ~pasiur, Semguebel, receptul~ arsebad miiCnevs. parsonsi, agreTve, xazs usvams imas, rom moqmedeba “subieqturad relevanturia”. es niSnavs, rom moqmedeba mimdinareobs ise, rogorc is aqtors warmoudgenia, anu aqtorisaTvis gasagebad. swored esaa is, rasac parsonsi aRniSnavs terminoT verstehen. amdenad, moqmedebis gaanalizeba SesaZlebelia subieqturi perspeqtividan. 1.3. moqmedebis sistemebi parsonsi afarToebs Tavis Teoriul interess erTeuli moqmedebidan socialuri moqmedebis sistemebamde. es aris gadanacvleba individualuri aqtoris moqmedebidan societaluri integraciis doneze. parsonsi amtkicebs, rom Tu aqtorebi gayvebian mxolod maT kerZo, damoukidebel miznebs, maSin Tavidan ver avicilebT T. hobsiseul101 ~oms yvelasi yvelas

101 Tomas hobsi (1588-1679) _ me-17 saukunis ingliseli filosofosi, romelic amtkicebda, rom adamianebis “bunebrivi mdgomareoba” isaa, rodesac isini miyvebian TavianT egoistur miznebs, rasac mosdevs “omi yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg”. hobsi monarqis absoluturi suverenobis damcvelia, ramdenadac mxolod mas SeuZlia sayovelTao konfliqtis Tavidan acileba da wesrigis damyareba. hobsi cnobilia Tavisi wigniT “leviaTani” (1651), romelic man inglisis 1640-50 wlebis samoqalaqo omis konteqstSi dawera.

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winaaRmdeg”, anu dezintegrirebul sazogadoebas. sazogadoebas yovelTvis SeuZlia da unda flobdes integraciis da, aqedan gamomdinare, wesrigis garkveul xarisxs. wesrigi mxolod moqmedebaTa koordinaciis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. sxvanairad es niSnavs, rom moqmedeba sistemis saxiT moiazreba, sistema ki wesrigs gulisxmobs. parsonsi gaarCevs moqmedebis saerTo sistemis sam dones: pirovnuls, socialurs da kulturuls (mogvianebiT igi meoTxesac umatebs “bihevioruli organizmis” saxiT102). ufro zustad Tu vityviT, es realuri sistemebi ki ara, moqmedebis sistemuri analizis gansxvavebuli doneebia. a) pirovnuli sistema calkeuli (individualuri) aqtoris garSemo organizebuli moqmedebaa. am sistemaSi mTavari individis “moTxovnilebiTi dispoziciebia” ('need-dispositions'). esaa sistema, romelic sami aspeqtisagan, an orientaciisagan Sedgeba: a) "dakmayofilebis" aspeqti, romelsac parsonsi "kateqtikur orientacias" uwodebs. es orientacia individis obieqtTa samyarosTan urTierTobas imis mixedviT gansazRvravs, Tu ras iRebs igi am urTierTobidan da rad "uRirs" mas es urTierToba. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, "dakmayofilebis aspeqti "me"-s urTierTobas obieqtTan an obieqtebTan gansazRvravs misi pirovnulobis dakmayofileba-daukmayofileblobis balansis SenarCunebiT";103 b) kognituri orientacia (anu "SemecnebiTi sqematizacia"), rodesac individebi imecneben socialuri obieqtis Tvisebebs da arkveven "ra aris es obieqti"; g) SefasebiTi aspeqti, rodesac individebi afaseben da gansazRvraven, alternativebs Soris romeli mimarTulebiT warmarTon TavianTi energia, raTa miaRwion maqsimalur kmayofilebas an obieqtis adekvatur Semecnebas. b) socialuri sistema ori an meti aqtoris interaqciis garSemo organizebul moqmedebas gulisxmobs. ai, ras wers parsonsi: “socialuri sistema moicavs erTmaneTTan interaqciaSi myof individualur aqtorTa simravles im situaciaSi, romelic flobs, sul cota, fizikur anu gare samyaroul aspeqts;

aqtorebs, romlebic motivirebulni arian “dakmayofilebis optimizaciis” tendenciis

TvalsazrisiT da romelTa urTierToba situaciebTan, erTmaneTTan urTierTobis CaTvliT, gansazRvruli da gaSualebulia kulturis mier struqturuli da saziaro simboloebiT”.104

socialuri sistemis erTeuls da birTvs socialuri statusi da roli warmoadgens. isini pirovnebis sazogadoebaSi orientaciis maorganizebeli meqanizmebia. statusi socialur sistemaSi arsebuli struqturuli poziciaa, xolo roli _ am poziciis farglebSi Sesrulebuli funqcia. rodesac urTierTqmedeba ~ego”-sa da ~sxvebs~ Soris iZens met-naklebad myar, organizebul xasiaTs, yalibdeba rolebrivi molodinebi: individi elodeba, rom sxva moiqceva gansazRvruli wesiT, moqmedebis alternativebis diapazonis farglebSi.

102 “bihevioruli organizmi” rogorc moqmedebis erT-erTi sistema parsonsTan im funqcias asrulebs, rom igi “energiis wyaroa yvela danarCeni sistemisaTvis” (Ritzer, 2000). Tumca, am sistemis Taviseburebebs parsonsi naklebad aanalizebs. swored amitomaa, rom parsonsis Teoriis mkvlevrebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, arc miuTiTeben mis arsebobaze. 103 Парсонс, Талкот (1996): Система Координат Действия и Общая Теория Систем Действия. В книге: Американская Социологическая Мысль, Москва, МУБУ; стр. 465. 104 Parsons, Talcott (1951): The Social System. New York: Free Press; pp. 5-6.

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individis mier socialur rolTa aTvisebis procesi aris swored ~socializaciis” arsi. parsonsisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba imas aqvs, rom socialuri statusebi da rolebi is meqanizmebia, romelTa saSualebiTac socialur sistemaSi xdeba RirebulebiTi standartebis integracia, anu “institucionalizacia”. socialuri sistema institucionalizebul RirebulebaTa, anu normaTa sistemaa. Rirebulebebi, Tavis mxriv, kulturuli sistemis nawilia. g) kulturuli sistema formirdeba Rirebulebebis, normebis da simboloebis organizaciis meSveobiT. parsonsis mixedviT, kulturul sistemas sami ZiriTadi Tviseba aqvs: “kultura gadacemadia, is ayalibebs memkvidreobas, anu socialur tradicias; meore, is

daswavladia, anu ar aris, kerZo azriT, adamianis genetikuri struqturis gamoxatuleba; da

mesame, is saziaroa. kultura, amgvarad, aris adamianis socialuri interaqciis sistemebis, erTi mxriv, produqti, xolo, meore mxriv, maTi determinanti”.105

kulturuli sistemis birTvi RirebulebiTi standartebia. rogor gansazRvravs parsonsi Rirebulebas? igi wers: “Rirebuleba SeiZleba ewodos sayovelTao simboluri sistemis elements, romelic

warmoadgens kriteriums an standarts orientaciis arsebul alternativebs Soris arCevanis

gasakeTeblad”.106

maSasadame, Rirebulebebis safuZvelze aqtori moqmedebis alternatiuli SesaZleblobebidan axorcielebs SerCevis aqts. aq aSkara paralelizmi arsebobs “moqmedebis voluntaristul TeoriasTan”, rodesac parsonsi erTeuli aqtis struqturaSi normatul orientacias akisrebs miznis misaRwevi alternatiuli saSualebebidan arCevanis gansazRvras. Tumca, moqmedebis sistemebis doneze RirebulebiTi orientacia sxva datvirTvas iZens. Rirebuleba ar aris situaciis subieqturi elementi. is obieqturi, aqtorisagan ganyenebuli standartia. Tumca, misi integracia, anu “internalizeba” SesaZlebelia pirovnul sistemebSi. aqtorma RirebulebiTi standartebi SeiZleba “sakuTar” principebad aqcios. parsonsi ar tovebs aqtors (e.i. pirovnul sistemas) dakmayofilebis optimizaciaze mimarTuli motivaciuri orientaciis amara. motivaciuri orientaciis TiToeuli donis paralelurad parsonss Semoaqvs RirebulebiTi standartebi (Sesabamisad, RirebulebiTi orientaciebi), romlebic marTavs empiriul motivaciebs: a) kognituri standartebi, romliTac dgindeba SemecnebiT msjelobaTa validuroba. isini exmareba aqtorebs imis gansazRvraSi, Tu romeli informacia an monacemia mniSvnelovani; b) damadasturebeli (appreciative) standartebi, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba gansxvavebuli socialuri obieqtebis vargisianobis Sefaseba kateqsisaTvis (kmayofilebis optimizaciisaTvis). g) moraluri standartebi, romlebic axdenen moqmedebis mTeli sistemis Sefasebas da regulirebas, iqneba es pirovneba Tu sazogadoeba, an maTi subsistemebi. parsonsi maT ~ukanaskneli instanciis msajulebs~ uwodebs.

105 Talcott, Parsons (1951): The Social System. New York: Free Press; p. 15. 106 Парсонс, Талкот (1996): Система Координат Действия и Общая Теория Систем Действия. В книге: Американская Социологическая Мысль, Москва, МУБУ; стр. 469.

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maSasadame, kulturuli sistema, pirovnuli da socialuri sistemebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar warmoadgens empiriul sistemas. Tumca, kulturuli sistemis elementebi (RirebulebiTi standartebi) SeiZleba “gadaerTos” socialuri da pirovnuli sistemebis ~reJimSi”. swored amas warmoadgens ~institucionalizaciis” da ~internalizaciis” procesi. institucionalizebuli Rirebulebebi normebia, romlebic socialuri sistemis nawilia. rodesac individi am normebis mixedviT moqmedebs da asrulebs maT Sesabamis socialur rolebs, amiT xdeba internalizebuli kulturuli etalonebis pirovnul sistemaSi “internalizacia”, anu standartebi aqtoris ~sakuTar” Rirebulebebad iqceva. moqmedebis sami _ kulturuli, socialuri da pirovnuli _ sistemis ierarqiaSi, pirovnuli sistema yvelaze daqvemdebarebul pozicias ikavebs. igi determinirebulia rogorc RirebulebaTa saerTo sistemis, ise socialuri sistemis mier. sazogadoebis individualuri wevrebi iziareben saerTo miznebsa da Rirebulebebs. sazogadoebis, socialuri erTobebis da socialuri jgufebis integracia moiTxovs maTi wevrebis mier normaTa da RirebulebaTa saerTo sistemis aRiarebas. es sistema moraluri Zalauflebis mqonea da igi ar daiyvaneba calkeul aqtorTa nebaze. parsonsi aRiarebs aseTi socialuri moralis Zalas. 1.4. AGIL moqmedebis yvela sistemas waeyeneba gansazRvruli moTxovnebi, romelTa dakmayofileba aucilebelia sistemis TviTSenaxvisa da operirebisaTvis. parsonsi gamoyofs oTx ZiriTad funqcionalur moTxovnas, romlebic cnobilia saxelwodebiT - AGIL: es ukanaskneli Teoriuli sqemaa, “idealuri tipia”, romelic srulad arasodes xorcieldeba empiriul sistemebSi: 1. adaptacia (A: adaptation) – exeba sistemis urTierTobas mis garemosTan. es imperativi moiTxovs, rom nebismieri sistema adaptirdes garemosTan; 2. miznis miRweva (G: goal-attainment) – moiTxovs, rom yvela sistemam gansazRvros Tavisi miznebi da axdendes sakuTari resursebis mobilizebas maTi ganxorcielebisaTvis; 3. integracia (I: integration) _ moiTxovs, yvela sistemam SeinarCunos (daicvas) misi nawilebis Sinagani koordinacia da ganaviTaros deviaciis daZlevis gzebi; 4. latenturoba (L: latency) _ yvela sistemam unda SeinarCunos da ganaviTaros kulturuli standartebi. es uzrunvelyofs wonsworobas motivaciur da RirebulebiT orientaciebs Soris. parsonsi am moTxovnas “etalonebis SenarCunebasac” (‘pattern maintenance’) uwodebs. rogorc iTqva, aRniSnuli moTxovnebi moqmedebis yvela sistemas da qvesistemas waeyeneba. TiToeuli qvesistema aRniSnuli oTxi moTxovnidan erT-erTs asrulebs. magaliTad, moqmedebis zogadi (“totaluri”) sistemisTvis adaptaciis funqcias bihevioruli organizmi asrulebs; miznis miRwevis funqcias _ pirovnuli (qve) sistema; integraciis funqcias _ socialuri (qve) sistema, xolo latenturobis moTxovnas _

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kulturuli (qve) sistema. Tu socialur sistemas calke ganvixilavT, misi qvesistemebi inawileben gansxvavebuli funqciebis Sesrulebas socialuri sistemis “SenaxvisaTvis”. kerZod, ekonomikis qvesistema adaptaciis moTxovnas pasuxobs, politikis qvesistema miznis miRwevas emsaxureba, societaluri erToba socialuri sistemis integracias uzrunvelyofs, iseTi qvesistemebi, rogoricaa ojaxi, skola da sxv. _ latenturobas. 1.5. etalonuri cvladebi miuxedavad imisa, rom individi gansazRvrulia kulturuli da socialuri sistemebiT, mas mainc rCeba RirebulebiT etalonebs Soris arCevanis ufleba. es aris arCevani gansazRvrul dilemebs Soris, romelTac individi situaciaSi orientirebisas awydeba. parsonsi gamoyofs xuT dilemas (dixotomias), romelTac etalonur (tipobriv) cvladebs (Pattern Variables) uwodebs. maSasadame, etalonuri cvladebi parsonsisaTvis aqtoris situaciaSi orientaciis saSualebebia, rodesac arCevani keTdeba imisaTvis, rom situaciam individisaTvis gansazRvruli mniSvneloba SeiZinos. etalonuri cvladebi erTgvari teqnikacaa, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba ori sazogadoebis specifikuri aspeqtebis Sedareba, raTa dadgindes maT Soris arsebuli msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi. es gza SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes socialur cvlilebaTa Sedegebis generalizaciisaTvis. etalonuri cvladebis gansazRvris saSualebiT parsonsi Seecada eCvenebina gansxvavebebi tradiciul da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebs Soris. parsonsi aRwers etalonuri cvladebis xuT diqotomiur wyvils: 1. afeqturoba_afeqturi neitraloba: afeqturobis normatuli etaloni aqtors karnaxobs, rom man mocemul situaciaSi upiratesoba mianiWos uSualo emociuri dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas. piriqiT, afeqturi neitralobis etaloni aqtorisagan moiTxovs, rom man Tavi Seikavos emociuri kmayofilebis miRebisagan da upiratesoba mianiWos SefasebiT midgomas; 2. orientacia sakuTar Tavze_orientacia koleqtivze; pirvel SemTxvevaSi aqtors ufleba eZleva mocemul situaciaSi ganaxorcielos kerZo interesebi. koleqtivze orientaciis etaloni, piriqiT, aqtorisagan moiTxovs im Rirebulebebis gaTvaliswinebas, romlebic saerToa jgufisaTvis; 3. universalizmi_partikularizmi: universalizmis etaloni aqtors avaldebulebs obieqtze orientirebas saerTo standartebis da ara obieqtTa unikaluri Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. partikularizmis etaloni aqtorisagan moiTxovs, mocemul situaciaSi, upiratesoba mianiWos obieqtis mimarT kerZo kavSirebs; 4. Tviseba_rezultaturoba: pirveli etaloni aqtors avaldebulebs, rom upiratesoba mianiWos obieqtTa unarebs da ara SeZenil (miRweul) Tvisebebs, rasac moiTxovs rezultaturobis etaloni; 5. specifikuroba_difuzuroba: pirveli etaloni moiTxovs, rom aqtorma obieqtis mimarT damokidebuleba gansazRvros mxolod calkeul sferoebSi da ar CarTos masSi empiriulad SesaZlo sxva urTierTobebi.

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difuzurobis etaloni ki piriqiT, aqtors avaldebulebs, obieqtze reagireba moaxdinos nebismieri relevanturi xerxiT.

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$2. niklas lumanis sistemebis Teoria

biografiuli cnobebi:

niklas lumani (Niklas Luhmann) daibada 1927 wlis 8 dekembers germaniis qalaq luneburgSi (Lueneburg). 1944 wels, 15 wlis asakSi msaxurobda germaniis sahaero ZalebSi, damxmare personalad. 1945 wels igi Seipyres amerikelma samxedroebma. 1946-49 wlebSi lumani swavlobs iurisprudencias q. fraiburgSi. 1954 wels samoqalaqo saqmeebis garCeviT aris dakavebuli luneburgis umaRles administraciul sasamarTloSi. 1955-62 wlebSi lumani qveda saqsoniis federaluri Statis parlamentis mrCevelia, xolo mogvianebiT _ mTavrobis mrCevelic. 1960-61 wlebSi iRebs Sesvenebas da saswavleblad miemgzavreba harvardis universitetSi (aSS) talkot parsonsTan. 1960 wels qorwindeba kidec. 1964 wels n. lumani aqveynebs Tavis pirvel wigns “formaluri organizaciis funqciebi da Sedegebi”. 1965 wels igi iniSneba dortmundis socialuri kvlevebis centris ganyofilebis gamged. 1968 wels lumani xdeba sociologiis profesori bilfeldis universitetSi (University of Bielefeld). lumanis samecniero muSaoba ZiriTadad mimarTulia im meqanizmis kvlevas, rac sistemis Seqmnis safuZvelia. 1971 wels lumans gardaecvala meuRle, igi sam SvilTan erTad agrZelebs cxovrebas Tavis saxlSi _ orlinghauzenSi. 1984 wels n. lumani aqveynebs Tavis mTavar Sromas “socialuri sistemebi”. 1988 wels lumanss aniWeben hegelis prizs, q. StutgartSi. niklas lumani naadrevad gardaicvala 1998 wlis 6 noembers kiboTi.

2.1. lumani da parsonsi lumanma daamuSava sociologiuri midgoma, romelic Tavis sazrdos, mniSvnelovanwilad, parsonsis struqturuli funqcionalizmisgan iRebs. lumani parsonsis Teorias miiCnevs erTaderT zogad Teoriad, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebelia axali sociologiuri midgomebis gaCena. Tavisi Sromebis gamoqveyneba lumanma 1960-iani wlebidan daiwyo da maTi umravlesoba iyo erTgvari dialogi parsonsis funqcionalizmTan. lumanis ZiriTadi Sroma "socialuri sistemebi", romelic 1984 wels gamovida, didadaa davalebuli parsonsis evoluciuri funqcionalizmisgan. Tumca, rogorc mkvlevrebi107 aRniSnaven, lumani parsonss principulad Sordeba ramdenime sakiTxSi: a) parsonsis TeoriaSi araferia naTqvami sazogadoebis, rogorc sistemis, "TviTreferenciaze" (TviTmimarTvaze, TviTaRweraze). arada, lumanis azriT, sazogadoebas aqvs unari, mimarTos sakuTar Tavs. sazogadoebis nebismieri TviTaRwera or sivrces Semoxazavs: erTia is, rac ar aris sazogadoeba (anu, is, rac "garemoa"), xolo meorea is, rasac qmnis aRwera sazogadoebis SigniT. TviTreferencia nebismieri sistemis maxasiaTebelia. lumani wers:

107 ix. magaliTad, Ритцер, Джордж (2002): Современные Социологические Теории (5-е издание). СПБ.: Питер; стр. 219-20. agreTve, Delanty, Gerard (2005) ‘Modernity and Postmodernity: Part II’. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 284.

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"TviTreferencia niSnavs, rom sistemebs aqvs unari, ganasxvavon maTi sakuTari

funqcionireba yvela danarCenisgan da rom sistemas ZaluZs gamoyos sakuTari Tavi

garemosgan".108 b) rogorc j. ritceri SeniSnavs, parsonsi ar aRiarebs SemTxveviTobas. es sxvanairad imas niSnavs, rom parsonsi aRiarebs sazogadoebis arsebobis erT models (kerZod, imas, romelic Seesabameba AGIL sqemas) da gamoricxavs misi sxvagvarad funqcionirebis SesaZleblobas. AGIL sqemas parsonsi uyurebs ara rogorc SesaZlebel models, aramed rogorc faqts. struqturuli funqcionalizmi yvela sistemis (da qvesistemis) arsebobis aucilebel pirobad miiCnevs OoTxi (adaptacia, miznis miRweva, integracia, latenturoba) funqcionaluri moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas. Sesabamisad, aRiarebs sazogadoebis sworxazovani evoluciuri procesis ideas. lumanis mixedviT, nebismieri sistema TviTorganizebadia: is Tavad gansazRvravs misi funqcionirebis pirobebs. TviTorganizeba gamoricxavs determinizms. nebismieri gansxvaveba sistemasa da garemos Soris gagebul unda iqnes rogorc SesaZlebloba (SemTxveviToba), anu is, rac SesaZlebelia sxvanairi yofiliyo. g) Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, lumanis Tanaxmad, funqciurad diferencirebuli sistemaa, romlis qvesistemebic erTmaneTis da, saerTod, mTeli sistemis mimarT avtonomiurobas inarCuneben. parsonsisagan gansxvavebiT, lumani uaryofs sistemuri mTlianobis SesaZleblobas. igi ar uyurebs socialur sistemas rogorc integrirebul organizms, romelic normatuli RirebulebebiTaa “Sekruli”. lumans aqcenti integraciidan diferenciaciaze gadaaqvs. igi amtkicebs, rom yoveli sistema (an subsistema) TviTkmari da TviTqmnadia. lumani wers: “amrigad, ar arsebobs araviTari normatuli integracia individebisa sazogadoebaSi. sxva

sityvebiT, ar arsebobs araviTari normebi, romelTagan vinmes SeuZlia gadaixaros, Tu amis

survili eqna... arsebobs mxolod ekvivalenturi dakvirvebadi sqema, romelSic damkvirvebeli TviTgansazRvravs imaze dakvirvebas, qceva eTanxmeba Tu Sordeba normas. da es damkvirvebeli,

agreTve, SeiZleba iyos komunikaciuri sistema _ sasamarTlo, masmedia da a.S. Tu Cven gvinda

vikiTxoT, Tu ra aris sinamdvileSi normebis an konsensusis safuZveli, maSin Cven unda davakvirdeT damkvirvebels. da Tu Cven RmerTs aRar miviCnevT samyaros damkvirveblad, maSin

arsebobs sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebi”.109 2.2. sazogadoeba rogorc “autopoezisuri” sistema lumanis azriT, arsebobs sazogadoebis cnebasTan dakavSirebuli sami epistemologiuri winaRoba, romelsac tradiciuli socialuri Teoria qmnis: 1. pirveli winaRoba exeba mosazrebas, rom sazogadoeba Sedgeba adamianebisagan, an adamianebs Soris urTierTobebisagan. lumani amas “humanistur gaugebrobas” uwodebs. Tu sazogadoeba adamianebisagan

108 Luhmann, Niklas (1994): '"What Is The Case" and "What Lies Behind It?" The Two Sociologies and The Theory of Society', in Sociological Theory Vol.12, No. 2. 109 Luhmann, Niklas (1999): The Concept of Society, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, Blackwell Publishers; p. 152.

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Sedgeba, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom “parikmaxeri sazogadoebas Wris Tmas?” an rom sazogadoebas “zogjer insulini sWirdeba?”110 2. meore Secdoma mdgomareobs imis aRiarebaSi, rom arsebobs teritoriulad mravalgvari sazogadoebebi (magaliTad, CineTis, braziliis, paragvais da a.S. sazogadoebebi). rasakvirvelia, arsebobs gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva teritoriebis sacxovrebel pirobebs Soris, magram es gansxvavebebi unda aixsnas rogorc sazogadoebis SigniT da ara sazogadoebebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi. Tu aqcents teritoriul gansxvavebebze gavakeTebT, maSin sociologia geografias “dauTmobs” Tavisi centraluri problemis gadaWras. 3. mesame Secdoma exeba gansxvavebas subieqts da obieqts (azrovnebasa da yofierebas, kogniciasa da sagans) Soris. kognicia, rogorc aseTi, gamocalkevebuli iyo misi obieqtisagan. am dayofis Tanaxmad, mxolod subieqts gaaCnia TviTreferenciis privilegia, xolo sagnebi rCebian iseTi, rogoric arian. sazogadoebis Sesaxeb Teoriebi sazogadoebaSi arsebuli Teoriebia. amis gareSe ar arsebobs sazogadoebis adekvaturi cneba. sxva sityvebiT, sazogadoebis cneba unda formirdes autologikurad. is unda Seicavdes sakuTar Tavs sakuTar TavSi. lumani moiTxovs, rom sistema ganvixiloT specifikuri gansxvavebis konteqstSi. esaa gansxvaveba sistemasa da garemos Soris. lumani wers: “sistema esaa gansxvavebis forma, romelsac, Sesabamisad, ori mxare gaaCnia: sistema

(rogorc formis Sida mxare) da garemo (rogorc formis gareTa mxare). mxolod es ori mxare erTad qmnis gansxvavebas, qmnis cnebas. amrigad, garemo am formisaTvis iseTive

mniSvnelovania da aucilebeli, rogorc Tavad sistema... yvelaferi, rasac SeiZleba

davakvirdeT da aRvweroT am gansxvavebasTan mimarTebaSi, miekuTvneba an sistemas, an

garemos”.111 lumani Tavad svams kiTxvas: rogor iqmneba forma, anu gansxvaveba sistemasa da garemos Soris? lumanis pasuxi am kiTxvaze aseTia: sistema TviTqmnadia, anu Tavad qmnis gansxvavebas massa da garemos Soris. swored amas aRniSnavs sistemis “autopoezisuroba”.112 lumani moiTxovs, rom “autopoezisis” cneba ganvasxvavoT “autopraqsisis” cnebisagan. es ukanaskneli TviTdakmayofilebaze mimarTul saqmianobebs ukavSirdeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Tambaqos moweva, curva, Woraoba, msjeloba. autopoezisi, amisagan gansxvavebiT, kavSirSia imasTan, rasac lumani “sistemis operaciul daxurulobas” uwodebs. sazogadoebis erT-erTi lumaniseuli gansazRvreba swored amas gulisxmobs: “sazogadoeba

110 Luhmann, Niklas (1999): The Concept of Society, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, Blackwell Publishers; p. 144. 111 Luhmann, Niklas (1999): The Concept of Society, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, Blackwell Publishers; p. 145. 112 “autopezisis” (‘autopoiesis’) cnebis Semotana, lumanisave aRiarebiT, dakavSirebulia umberto maturanas (Humberto Maturana) saxelTan, romelmac es termini cocxali organizmebis mimarT gamoiyena. biologiur organizms, rogorc sistemas, aqvs sakuTari Tavidan misi Semadgeneli nawilebis kvlavwarmoebis unari.

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operaciulad daxuruli autopoezisuri sistemaa”.113 es ar niSnavs sistemis izolaciurobas, avtarqias. lumanis azriT, is im trivialur viTarebas gamoxatavs, rom “arcerT sistemas ar SeuZlia operireba mis sazRvrebs gareT.” marTalia, lumani saubrobs sazogadoebis cnebaze, magram sistemebis operaciuli Caketilobis mizeziT, sazogadoeba, rogorc aseTi, arc arsebobs. is, rac arsebobs, aris mxolod socialur sistemebs Soris komunikacia. sazogadoebis cneba lumanTan mxolod saxelia socialur sistemaTa erTobliobis aRsaniSnavad. lumani amtkicebs, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebas ara aqvs centri da ar arsebobs erTi centraluri subsistema, rogoricaa, magaliTad, saxelmwifo an samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebs axasiaTebs kompleqsuroba, rac funqcionaluri diferenciaciis Sedegia. diferenciaciis da ara integraciis saSualebiT xdeba sazogadoebis funqcionireba. socialuri cvlilebebi SesaZlebelia swored funqcionaluri gansxvavebebis wyalobiT. swored amitom, lumanis mixedviT, sazogadoeba ukve aRar SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc mTliani. SeuZlebelia laparaki sistemur integraciaze. autopoezisis cneba ukavSirdeba nebismier sistemas _ ekonomikas, politikur sistemas, sakanonmdeblo sistemas, samecniero sistemas, biurokratias da a.S. autopezisuri sistemebi, rogorc iTqva, adgenen Tavis sakuTar sazRvrebs imiT, rom atareben gansxvavebas imas, rac Tavad sistemas miekuTvneba da garemos Soris. kargad wers ritceri: “autopezisuri sistemebi TviTorganizebadia ori azriT: isini axdenen, erTi mxriv, Tavisi sakuTari sazRvrebis da, meore mxriv, Tavisi Sinagani struqturis organizebas... magaliTad, ekonomikuri sistema yvelafers, rac iSviaTia da rasac SeiZleba fasi daedos, Tvlis ekonomikuri sistemis nawilad. haeri yvelgan uricxvi raodenobiT arsebobs, amitomac mas fass ar adeben da is ar warmoadgens ekonomikuri sistemis nawils. Tumca, haeri garemos aucilebeli nawilia.”114 operaciulad daxuruli sistema sakuTari Tavidan gamoricxavs adamianebs, rogorc cocxal da cnobier arsebebs, iseve rogorc _ gansxvavebul qveynebs, Tavisi geografiuli da demografiuli TaviseburebebiT. es ar niSnavs imas, rom adamianebi da qveynebi “uCinardeba” sistemebis TeoriisaTvis. es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom isini ara sazogadoebis (sistemis), aramed misi garemos nawilebia. lumanisaTvis mxolod sistemebi da ara socialuri aqtorebia CarTuli komunikaciaSi. lumani moiTxovs, rom subieqtis filosofiam adgili dauTmos TviTaRmweri sistemebis Teorias. igi wers:

“Tu Zalze mkacri formiT CamovayalibebT, individis “monawileoba” sazogadoebaSi

gamoricxulia. ar arsebobs araviTari komunikacia individsa da sazogadoebas Soris,

ramdenadac komunikacia yovelTvis aris socialuri sistemis Sinagani operacia.

sazogadoebas arasodes SeuZlia gavides sakuTari Tavis gareT Tavisi sakuTari procedurebiT da moicvas individi. mas SeuZlia mxolod misi sakuTari procedurebis

113 Luhmann, Niklas (1999): The Concept of Society, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, Blackwell Publishers; p. 146. 114 Ритцер, Джордж (2002): Современные Социологические Теории (5-е издание). СПБ.: Питер; стр. 221.

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kvlavwarmoeba misive sakuTari procedurebiT. sazogadoebas ar SeuZlai operireba misi

sakuTari sazRvrebis gareT”.115 maSasadame, “gansxvavebis” cneba centraluria lumanis TeoriaSi. bazisuri kodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac informacia muSavdeba, binarulia da qmnis gansxvavebas “Sidas” da “gares” Soris. lumanis argumenti isaa, rom gansxvaveba SeiZleba gakeTdes mxolod mocemuli sistemis SigniT. ar arsebobs absoluturi da damoukidebeli aTvlis wertili, saidanac sazogadoeba Tavis Tavs daakvirdeba an reprezentacias moaxdens (rogoricaa, magaliTad, RmerTi, saxelmwifo an imperatori). autopoezisur sistemasa da mis sabazo elementebs Soris arsebobs urTierTdamokidebuleba da urTierTganpirobebuloba. magaliTad, politikuri sistemis (romelic erT-erTia sxva sistemaTa Soris) sabazo elementi Zalauflebaa. Zalauflebis mniSvneloba da misi gamoyenebis xerxebi ganisazRvreba Tavad politikuri sistemis mier. meore mxriv, politikuri sistema Zalauflebis gareSe kvazi-sistemaa. msgavsad amisa, ekonomikuri sistemis sabazo elementi fulia, romelic am sistemis gaCenamde ar arsebobda. fulis Tanamedrove forma da ekonomikuri sistema erTad warmoiSva da erTmaneTzea damokidebuli. “SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT Tanamedrove ekonomikuri sistema fulis gareSe. Tavis mxriv, fuli ekonomikuri sistemis gareSe mxolod qaRaldis an liTonis naWeria da sxva araferi”.116 yvela garegani pozicia, saidanac dakvirveba SeiZleba iwarmoebodes, uCinardeba. amis nacvlad lumani amtkicebs, rom yvela dakvirvebam unda miiRos “TviTdakvirvebis” an “TviTaRweris” forma. “operacionalurad Caketili” sistemebi ar moiTxoven “garedan” mniSvnelobis (“sazrisis”) miniWebas imisaTvis, raTa ifunqcioneron. subsistemebma unda moaxdinon TviTdakvirveba, raTa ganasxvavon sakuTari Tavi maTi garemosagan, e.i. sxva subsistemebisagan. am azriT, subieqti rogorc naratori Canacvlebulia subieqti-damkvirvebliT. dakvirvebas rogorc TviTdakvirvebas da TviTaRweras lumani "meore rigis dakvirvebas" uwodebs.117 lumanis idea meore rigis dakvirvebebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba davinaxoT sazogadoebis bevr sferoSi. magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi azri politikaSi funqcionirebs rogorc gansxvavebuli jgufebis “sarke”. xelovnebaSi meore rigis dakvirvebebi cvlis pirveli rigis dakvirvebebs, ramdenadac xelovneba aRar axdens imis reprezentacias, rac mis gareTaa da upiratesad TviTreferenciuli xdeba. mecnierebaSi meTodologiis sakiTxebi xdeba yvelaze mniSvnelovani da a.S. 2.3. komunikacia

115 Luhmann, Niklas (1999): The Concept of Society, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, Blackwell Publishers; p. 152. 116 Ритцер, Джордж (2002): Современные Социологические Теории (5-е издание). СПБ.: Питер; стр. 221. 117 Luhmann, Niklas (1994) '"What Is The Case" and "What Lies Behind It?" The Two Sociologies and The Theory of Society', in Sociological Theory Vol.12, No. 2.

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lumanis sistemebis TeoriisaTvis centraluria komunikaciis cneba. lumans mniSvnelovnad miaCnia sakiTxi: romelia is operacia, romelic qmnis sistemas da qmnis mas misi produqtebisgan, anu kvlavqmnis sistemas? lumani am kiTxvaze pasuxis safuZvlad iRebs komunikaciis cnebas. Tumca, lumanTan komunikacia iseTi pirobaa, romelsac kavSiri aqvs gawyvetili socialur moqmedebasTan. swored komunikaciis cnebam unda “gadarTos” sociologiuri Teoria moqmedebis Teoriidan sistemis Teoriaze. saqme isaa, rom moqmedebis cnebis SemTxvevaSi Cven Tavidan ver avicilebT garegan mimarTvebs iseTi socialuri fenomenebisadmi, rogoricaa: moqmedebis sagani, individi, adgili sivrceSi. socialuri sistema (rogorc operaciulad daxuruli sistema) Sedgeba mxolod misi sakuTari operaciebisagan, romlebic kvlaviqmneba komunikaciebis saSualebiT isev komunikaciebisagan. mxolod komunikaciis cnebis daxmarebiT SegviZlia vifiqroT socialur sistemaze rogorc autopoezisur sistemaze. sistema Sedgeba komunikaciebisagan, romlebic axdenen sistemis warmoebas da kvlavwarmoebas isev komunikaciis qselis saSualebiT. lumani wers: “sazogadoeba aris sruli sistema yvela komunikaciisa, romlebic kvlavqmnian TavianT Tavs

autopoetikurad komunikaciaTa ganaxlebadi qselis saSualebiT, romelic qmnis axal (da

yovelTvis sxva) komunikaciebs... amrigad, aseTi sistemis kvlavwarmoeba moiTxovs imis kompetencias, rom moaxdinos gansxvaveba sistemasa da garemos Soris. komunikaciebs SeuZliaT

moaxdinon komunikaciebis identifikacia da maTi gansxvaveba sxva movlenebisagan, rac

miekuTvneba garemos im azriT, rom vinmes namdvilad SeuZlia maT Sesaxeb da ara maTTan komunikacia.”118

Tu komunikacia sistemis Sida struqturas exeba, maSin konkretuli adamianebi ar arian misi Semqmnelebi, ramdenadac adamianebi ara sistemis, aramed misi garemos nawilebia. lumanis azriT, TiTqmis araviTari azri ara aqvs imis Tqmas, rom “sazogadoeba Sedgeba adamianTa Soris urTierTobebisagan”. komunikaciis qveS, lumanis azriT, gacilebiT specifikuri sqema igulisxmeba _ esaa gansxvavebis dafiqsireba informacias, komunikaciis aqtsa da gagebas Soris. komunikacia am sami aspeqtis sinTezia. maT Soris gansxvavebis dakvirvebis gareSe arc erTi komunikacia ar Sedgeba. ar aris, magaliTad, sakmarisi, rom vinme uyurebs an usmens sxvas, aucilebelia sakuTar qcevaze dakvirveba im gansxvavebis daxmarebiT, romelic arsebobs informaciasa da komunikaciis aqts Soris. mxolod komunikacia TavisTavad warmoadgens socialur operacias. komunikaciis cneba naTels xdis, rom sazogadoeba aris TviTaRmweri da TviTdakvirvebadi sistema. Tundac umartivesi komunikacia SesaZlebelia mxolod adreuli da Semdgomi komunikaciebis ganaxlebad qselSi. aseT qsels SeuZlia gaxdes sakuTari Tavis sagani, SeuZlia moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis informireba misive komunikaciebis Sesaxeb, SeuZlia eWvi Seitanos informaciaSi, uaryos igi da a.S. yvela komunikacia sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi pirobadadebulia sazogadoebis mier. ar arsebobs gareSe damkvirvebeli, romelic raime, Tundac ramdename adekvatur kompetencias flobs.

118 Luhmann, Niklas (1999): The Concept of Society, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, Blackwell Publishers; p. 149.

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nebismieri komunikacia xorcieldeba kodebis saSualebiT. kodi esaa sistemebis funqcionirebis ZiriTadi “ena”, romelic axdens sistemis elementebis gamocalkevebas im elementebisagan, romlebic sistemas ar ekuTvnis. magaliTad, mecnierebis sistemis ZiriTadi kodi WeSmaritebaa, samarTlis sistemis kodi _ kanoniereba, ekonomikis sistemis kodi _ gadaxda da a.S. lumanis mixedviT, sistemebi TavianTi kodebiT avtonomiuri da Caketilia: arc erTi sistemas ar iyenebs sxva sistemis kodebs. metic: sistemebisTvis gaugebaria erTmaneTis kodebi. ar arsebobs meqanizmi, romelic erTi romelime sistemis kods gadaitans sxva sistemis kodur reJimSi. mocemul sistemas sxva sistemis Sefaseba an misdami mimarTva SeuZlia mxolod sakuTari “saTvaleebiT”. magaliTad, ekonomikis sitemas mecnierebis sistemis “danaxva” SeuZlia mxolod mogebis an kapitaldabanedbis ganaserSi. rogorc zogierTi mkvlevari aRniSnavs119, lumanis socialuri Teoria axloa postmodernizmTan, ramdenadac is centralur mniSvnelobas aniWebs “gansxvavebas”. sazogadoeba aRar aris raRac, rac integrirebulia kerZo aqtorebis an socialuri institutebis Zalauflebis mier. is komunikaciebis gansxvavebuli procesebis sistemaa.

119 Delanty, Gerard (2005) ‘Modernity and Postmodernity: Part II’, Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 285

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Tavi VI. agentsa da struqturas Soris mediaciaze orientirebuli socialuri Teoriebi (p. burdies sinTezuri Teoria da e. gidensis “struqturaciis Teoria”)

Sesavali agentsa da struqturas Soris mediatorul Teoriebad isini moiazreba, romlebic cdiloben daabalanson subieqtisa da struqturis gavlena da sociumis es ori erTeuli urTierTganmapirobeblad dasaxon. aseT Teoriad miiCneven pier burdies sinTezur midgomas da mis fundamentur cnebas _ habitus’a, romelic mowodebulia gadaWras dapirispireba obieqtivizmsa da subieqtivizms Soris da moaxdinos struqturisa da subieqtis sinTezi. “habitusi” qmnis kognitur da motivaciur sistemaTa struqturas. igi, erTi mxriv, arsebuli istoriuli pirobebis produqtia (da, am azriT, obieqturia), Tumca, meore mxriv, inkorporirebulia individis cnobierebaSi (am azriT, is socialuri moqmedebis agentis ganuyofeli nawilia). mediatorul Teoriad iTvleba, agreTve, entoni gidensis “struqturaciis Teoria”, romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebs socialuri moqmedebis ara subieqtur sazrisze (rogorc, magaliTad, maqs veberi), an, miT ufro, moqmedebis obieqtur mniSvnelobaze, aramed moqmedebis Sesrulebaze, socialuri cxovrebis mimdinareobaze, performaciaze. swored moqmedeba rogorc procesi, anu rogorc yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kvlavwarmoeba xdis SesaZlebels, rom struqtura moqmedebis gareT ki ar iqnes “gatanili”, aramed mis organul nawilad iqces rogorc misi produqti. maSasadame, is, rac burdies da gidensis Teoriebs erTmaneTTan anaTesavebs isaa, rom “miuxedavad maT mier gansxvavebuli terminologiis gamoyenebisa, orive cdilobs socialuri struqturebis kvlavwarmoeba axsnas individebis moqmedebebis saSualebiT, romlebic SesabamisobaSia kulturul wesebTan da resursebTan”.120 arsebiTi msgavsebis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi (mag., e. kingi) imasac aRniSnaven, rom burdie, romelic franguli sazogadoebis stratifikaciul models ikvlevda, bolomde erTguli darCa empiriuli monacemebis, maSin rodesac gidensis Teoria moklebulia empiriul sociologiur sicxades. qvemoT swored es ori Teoria iqneba gadmocemuli.121

120 King, Anthony (2005): Structure and Agency. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 217. 121 agentsa da struqturas Soris mediaciaze orientirebul yuradsaReb Teoriebs miakuTvneben, agreTve, Tanamedrove britaneli sociologis margaret arCeris (Margaret S. Archer) morfogenetikur midgomas.

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$1. pier burdies sinTezuri Teoria frangi sociologi, anTropologi da filosofosi pier burdie (Pierre Bourdieu) daibada 1930 wels samxreT dsavleT safrangeTis erT-erT sofelSi (Denguin). skolaSi igi gamorCeulad niWier mowafed iTvleboda da, agreTve, saxeli gaiTqva rogorc ragbis SesaniSnavma moTamaSem. igi gadavida parizSi, sadac swavlobda École normale superiéure (sxvaTa Soris, misi jgufeli am saswavlebelSi iyo Jak derida). burdie dainteresda merlo-pontis, huserlis, haidegeris da axalgazrda marqsis SromebiT. filosofiaSi xarisxis mopovebis Semdeg burdie erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda maswavleblad. Semdeg is gaiwvies jarSi, alJirSi, sadac 2 weli imsaxura. 1962 wels burdie qorwindeba. is intensiurad swavlobs anTropologias da sociologias. Tavadac aswavlis jer parizis universitetSi (1960-62), xolo Semdeg _ lilis universitetSi (Univesity of Lille, 1962-64). 1968 wels burdie xdeba Centre de Sociologie Européenne direqtori, sadac kolegebTan erTad iwyebs farTomasStabian kvlevebs iseT problemasTan mimarTebaSi, rogoricaa Zalauflebis sitemis SenarCuneba dominanturi kulturis gavrcelebis (transmisiis) saSualebiT. mis SromebSi erT-erT centralur sakiTxs ikavebs is, Tu rogor iqceva kultura da ganaTleba socialur klasebs Soris gansxvavebis ZiriTad safuZvlad. Tavis SromaSi La Reproduction (1970) burdie amtkicebda, rom franguli ganaTlebis sistema qmnis sazogadoebis socialur diferenciacias safrangeTSi. 1975 wels burdie aarsebs Jurnals Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, romlis misia isaa, rom moaxdinos im meqanizmis dekonstruqcia, romelTa saSualebiTac kulturuli produqcia xels uwyobs sazogadoebis dominanturi struqturis SenarCunebas. 1981 wels burdie ikavebs sociologiis kaTedris gamgis tanamdebobas prestiJul universitetSi Collège de France. 80-iani wlebis bolosTvis burdie xdeba erT-erTi yvelaze citirebadi frangi mecnieri aSS-Si. burdie aqtiurad monawileobs, agreTve, araakademiur aqtivobebSi. is exmareboda rkinigzis gaficul muSebs, gamodioda usaxlkaroebis dasacavad, iRebda monawileobas satelevizio programebSi. 1966 wels burdie aarsebs sagamomcemlo kompanias Liber/Raisons d'agir. Tavisi studentebisTvis is namdvili guru xdeba. burdie gardaicvla simsivniT parizis erT-erT saavadmyofoSi 2002 wlis 24 ianvars. pier burdies ZiriTadi Sromebi:

• ganaTlebis, sazogadoebisa da kulturis reproduqcia (J.k. paseronTan erTad) (La reproduction. Elèments pour une théorie du système d'enseignement) _ 1970 w.

• praqtikis Teoriis monaxazi (Esquisse d'une théorie de la pratique) – 1972 w. • gansxvaveba. gemovnebis gansjis socialuri kritika (La distinction. Critique sociale du jugement) – 1979 w. • praqtikis logika (Le sens pratique) – 1980 w. • ena da simboluri Zalaufleba (Ce que parler veut dire. L'économie des échanges linguistiques) – 1982 w. • maskulinuri dominantoba (La domination masculine) – 1998 w.

1.1. “refleqsuri sociologia” burdies Tanaxmad, klasikuri socialuri Teoria xasiaTdeba subieqtivistur da obieqtivistur midgomebs Soris dapirispirebiT. subiqtivisturi midgoma aqcents svams agentebis atitudebze, survilebsa da Sefasebebze da socialur samyaros ganixilavs rogorc maT Sesabamisad mowyobils. piriqiT, obieqtivisturi Tvalsazrisi socialur azrovnebas da moqmedebas xsnis materialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebis, socialuri struqturebis an kulturuli logikis TvalsazrisiT. es ukanasknelni ganixileba rogorc is, rac prevalirebs da gansazRvravs agentebis simbolur konstruqciebs, gamocdilebasa da moqmedebebs.

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Tavis iseT mniSvnelovan SromebSi rogoricaa “praqtikis Teoriis monaxazi” da “praqtikis logika”, burdie akritikebs rogorc obieqtivizmis calmxrivobas (gansakuTrebiT, levi-strosis struqturalizms), ise subieqtivizmis araadekvaturobas (kerZod, sartrs da, zogadad, fenomenologiur midgomas). burdies azriT, socialuri cxovreba gagebul unda iqnes ise, rom kanonieri gaxados rogorc “obieqturi” socialuri da kulturuli struqturebi, ise individebis mier Seqmnili praqtika da gamocdileba. saerTod, burdie socialur mecnierebebSi codnis mxolod iseT generacias emxroba, romelic Teoriuli da empiriuli kvlevis sinTezs axdens. movusmonoT Tavad burdies: “mTeli Cemi mecnieruli naazrevi marTlac im rwmeniTaa STagonebuli, rom socialuri

samyaros logikas yvelaze Rrmad maSin Caswvdebi, Tuki empiriuli realobis Taviseburebas

CauRrmavdebi, romelic istoriulad daTariRebuli da adgilmiCenilia, rogorc “SesaZleblis kerZo SemTxveva”, rogorc gaston baSlari brZanebda, e.i. rogorc figuris

erTi SemTxveva SesaZlo konfiguraciaTa sasrul samyaroSi”.122

burdiesTvis miuRebelia socialuri mecnieris iseTi pozicia, rodesac is socialuri procesebis neitraluri, anu “garedan” damkvirvebelia. aseTi obieqtivizmis pirobebSi ar xdeba socialuri cxovrebis adekvaturi reprezentacia. garedan damkvirvebeli qmnis rukebs, modelebs da wesebs, raTa gaerkves misTvis ucxo da ucnobi kulturis TaviseburebebSi. magram, es “instrumentebi” mkvlevris mier kulturaSi Setanili da misTvis Tavs moxveuli iaraRebia, romlebic kuturis namdvili bunebisagan gvaSorebs. burdie mxars uWers imas, rasac is “refleqsur sociologias” uwodebs. am koncefciis mixedviT, sociologebma TavianTi poziciis formireba unda moaxdinon im praqtikebTan zedmiwevniT SesabamisobaSi, romelTa monawileebsac isini swavloben. am SemTxvevaSi, aqtoris moqmedeba da mkvlevris moqmedeba erTmaneTs emTxveva. esaa dakvirveba “Signidan” da ara “garedan”. refleqsurma sociologiam unda moicvas aqtoris “virtuozuloba”, anu is, rom aqtorebs gaaCniaT e.w. “TamaSis grZnoba”. es niSnavs, rom aqtorebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moqmedeben ara abstraqtuli da aprioruli wesebis mixedviT, aramed improvizirebulad. isini floben situaciaSi myisieri garkvevis da imis arCevis unars, rac mocemuli konteqstisTvis adekvaturia. amiT aqtorebi virtuoz moTamaSeebs emsgavsebian. Tumca, burdie xasgasmiT miuTiTebs, rom “TamaSis grZnoba” ar aris individualisturi. is Cndeba socialuri interaqciebidan, anu gansazRvrulia aqtoris jgufSi arsebobiT da jgufis wevrebis mxridan moqmedebis gansazRvruli msvlelobis dadasturebiT (aRiarebiT). jgufuri molodinebi da normebi (maTTan dakavSirebul sanqciebTan erTad) qmnis swored individisaTvis struqturul konteqsts. es konteqsti myari da ucvleli ki ar aris, aramed fluiduri da cvalebadia. swored aseT struqturul garemoSi yalibdeba individi socialur arsebad. burdie wers: “is, rac mTel meqanizms amoZravebs, ar aris raRac abstraqtuli principi... da arc wesebis

is wyeba, romelic am pricipidan gamomdinareobs, aramed pativiscemis grZnoba, ganwyoba,

122 burdie, p., praqtikuli goni. wignSi: Tanamedrove socialuri Teoria (qrestomaTia), Tb. 2003; (beWduri varianti); gv. 317-18.

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romelic gamomuSavebulia cxovrebis adreul wlebSi da mudmivad mxardaWerilia jgufis

mxridan wesrigis moTxovniT”.123

maSasadame, burdiesTvis struqtura CarTulia yoveldRiur praqtikaSi, misi nawilia da masTan erTad “cocxlobs”. swored am poziciidan axdens burdie sosiuris (saerTod, struqturalizmis) debulebebis kritikul gadasinjvas. kerZod, Tu sosiuris TeoriaSi kultura da ena (langue) winaaRmdegobaSi modis praqtikasTan da metyvelebasTan (parole), burdie cdilobs am winaaRmdegobis moxsnas da axali midgomis, e.w. kulturuli praqtikis ganviTarebas. socialuri cxovrebis mimarT refleqsuri midgoma, romlis saSualebiTac burdie cdilobs gadalaxos klasikuri socialuri Teoriis winaaRmdegobebi, eyrdnoba sam fundamentur cnebas. esenia: “habitusi”, “kapitali” da “veli”. 1.2. habitusi habitusis cneba centraluria burdies praqtikis TeoriaSi.124 am cnebis saSualebiT burdie cdilobs daZlios praqtikis ori, erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego gageba: erTi gageba ekuTvnis meTodologiur da ontologiur individualizms (fenomenologia), romelic praqtikas ganixilavs rogorc mxolod makonstruirebels. meore gageba dakavSirebulia struqturalizmTan (levi-strosi) da struqturul-funqcionalizmTan (diurkemi da misi mimdevrebi), romlis Tanaxmadac praqtika mxolod konstruirebuli SeiZleba iyos. burdiesTvis socialuri cxovreba (praqtika) iseTi interaqciaa struqturebs, ganwyobebsa da moqmedebebs Soris, romelic ormxrivi konstruirebiT xasiaTdeba. kerZod, socialuri struqturebi rogorc moqmedebis ganmeorebadi orientaciebi qmnis am struqturebis Sesaxeb empiriul (amdenad, lokalur) codnas, xolo, es codna, Tavis mxriv, aris socialur struqturaTa makonstruirebeli. amdenad, socialuri praqtika iseTi xanieri orientaciebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic erTsa da imave dros “mastruqturirebelicaa” da “struqturirebulic”. aseTia praqtikis Sinaarsi. habitusi, burdies mixedviT, swored praqtikis struqturirebis unaria. igi zogadi kognituri sqemebis sistemaa. esaa ganwyobaTa (dispoziciaTa) sistema, romelic obieqturicaa da subieqturic. es niSnavs, rom igi arsebobs moqmedi subieqtis (“selfis”) konstituciaSi, Tumca, amave dros, intersubieqturicaa. habitusi subieqtis (sxeulebriv) moZraobebs obieqtur socialur Zalas uTavsebs. sxvanairad es niSnavs, rom subieqturi aqtebi “datvirTulia” farTo socialuri da kulturuli mniSvnelobebiT. individTa moqmedeba mowesrigebulia im kulturiT, romlis wevrebic isini arian. maSasadame, kultura ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnes voluntaristuli gziT. mas gaaCnia obieqturoba, romelic xelmZRvanelobs individualur codnas da gagebas. habitusi swored im kognitur struqturebs da “cocxal” ganwyobebs moicavs, romlebic 123 Bourdieu, Pierre (1977): Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; pp. 14-15. 124 es termini burdiem klasikuri memkvidreobidan aiRo, kerZod, maqs veberisgan da norbert eliasisgan.

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axdenen individis moqmedebis da samyaroze misi Sexedulebis organizebas. habitusi ar aris aprioruli unari. is amozrdilia obieqturi socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebidan. ufro zustad, habitusis saSualebiT individebi axdenen obieqturi socialuri pirobebis internalizebas. individebi TavianTi socialuri poziciis Sesabamis socialur praqtikebs asruleben. maSasadame, habitusi ibadeba im struqturuli socialur-ekonomikuri poziciebidan, romlebSic individebi sakuTar Tavs naxuloben. burdie wers: “kognituri struqturebi, romelTa implimentaciasac socialuri agentebi axdenen

socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb maT praqtikul codnaSi, internalizebuli, xorcSesxmuli socialuri struqturebia”.125

Tumca, aucileblad aRsaniSnavia, rom habitusi, burdies mixedviT, socialuri praqtikis regulaciis erT-erTi saxea, gansxvavebuli iseTi saxeebisagan, rogoricaa eqsplicituri normebi an racionaluri kalkulacia. habitusis specifika imaSia, rom is praqtikebs qmnis aracnobieri, ganuzraxveli gziT. isaa modus operandi (operaciis nairsaxeoba), romelic ar aris cnobierad mowyobili, spontanobaa _ cnobierebis an Tundac nebis arsebobis gareSe. maSasadame, praqtika habitusis mier struqturirebis uSualo da gaTvlili rezultati ki ar aris, aramed improvizirebuli procesis Sedegia. habituss burdie struqturirebis improvizirebis unarsac uwodebs. igi funqcionirebs aracnobier doneze. Sesabamisad, individebi rutinulad axdenen obieqturi pirobebis internalizebas. amgvari bunebis gamo, habituss ekisreba gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani regulaciuri roli im sazogadoebebSi, sadac cota ramaa kodificirebuli. Sesabamisad, igi naklebad mniSvnelovania racionalizebul, kodificirebul, maRali xarisxiT diferencirebul sazogadoebebSi. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, habitusTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba kontrargumenti: Tu is spontanuri da araracionalizebulia, maSin rogor SeuZlia mas uxelmZRvanelos mecnierul gamokvlevas, romlisTvisac aucileblad damaxasiaTebelia cnobieri TviTmonitoringi da racionaluri TviTanalizi? ra adgili SeiZleba hqondes mecnierebas habitusis aracnobier, nebis armqone strategiaSi? am argumentis sapasuxod, saWiroa gaifantos erTi mniSvnelovani gaugebroba: habitusis kvleva im azriT, rom igi aracnobierad da ganuzraxvelad awarmoebs socialur praqtikebs, ar niSnavs imas, rom misi validuroba Semofarglulia aradiferencirebuli da araracionalizebuli socialuri droiTa da sivrciT. arsebobs specializebuli praqtikebi, romelTa Sesruleba ar moiTxovs cnobier gamiznulobas da ganzraxul moZraobebs da regulirebulia integrirebuli (inkorporirebuli) ganwyobebiT. aseTia, magaliTad, yvela is praqtika, romelic dafuZnebulia daswavlil sxeulebriv moZraobebze: musikalur instrumentze dakvra, manqanis marTva, beWdva, kvalificirebuli xelsaqme (mag., qsova) da a.S. SesaZlebelia, amave wesiT,

125 Bourdieu, Pierre (1984):Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London: Routledge; p. 468.

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visaubroT iseT praqtikebze, romlebic moiTxovs simboloebiT manipulacias. magaliTad, wera, geometriuli dasabuTebis ageba da sxv. Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra, rom es moqmedebebi sruldeba mxolod cnobierad da ganzraxuli wesrigiT. mweralic da mecnieric aucileblad moixmaren metainstrumentebs: mwerals exmareba ritmisa da frazeologiis (diqciis) “mosmena”, xolo mecniers _ argumentebis “SegrZneba”.

amdenad, habitusi aris struqturisa da moqmedebis, sazogadoebisa da individis dinamikuri gadakveTa. agentis moqmedeba, erTi mxriv, obieqturad koordinirebuli da regularuli wesebis produqtia, xolo, meore mxriv, gaucnobierebeli da improvizirebuli. burdie Taviseburad scems pasuxs kiTxvaze: ra igulisxmeba socialuri (an sociologiuri) “Teoriis” qveS? logikur terminebSi gamoTqmuli pasuxi am kiTxvaze aseTia: Teoria logikuri erTeulebis (cnebebis, cvladebis, aqsiomebis, winadadebebis da sxv.) struqturaa; am erTeulebs axasiaTebs garkveuli logikuri Tvisebebi (zogadoba, abstraqtuloba, sizuste da sxv.) da imyofebian erTmaneTTan garkveul logikur urTierTobaSi (igiveoba, dapirispirebuloba, implikacia da a.S.); am erTeulebze SesaZlebelia garkveuli logikuri operaciebis (deduqcia, generalizacia, kodifikacia da sxv.) Catareba. burdie miiCnevs, rom Teoriis aseT logocentrul interpretacias ar SeuZlia naTelyos misi praqtikuli mimarTuleba da mwarmoebluri (generaciuli) Zala. Teoriis praqtikuli efeqturobis naTelyofa mxolod mis sociologiur interpretacias SeuZlia. am interpretaciis Tanaxmad, Teoria mxolod maSinaa legitimuri, Tu is imarTeba praqtikuli da ara Teoriuli logikiT, Tu is Sedgeba internalizebuli ganwyobebisagan (dispoziciebisagan) da ara kodificirebuli winadadebebisagan. anu, burdies mixedviT, Teoria mxolod maSin xdeba Rirebuli, Tu is gajerebulia (gansazRvrulia) sociologiuri habitusis mier. nebismieri habitusis msgavsad, sociologiuri habitusi aris xanieri da mobiluri ganwyobebis (dispoziciebis) sistema, romelic qmnis da aregulirebs praqtikaTa usasrulo variaciebs. habitusi gansazRvravs im problemebs, romlebic wamoiWreba, gvTavazobs axsnas da problemebis gadawyvetis instrumentebs (konceptualurs, meTodologiurs an statistikurs). amrigad, sociologiuri aRqma SeiZleba imarTebodes habitusis Semadgeneli ganwyobebiT. es niSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros ganwyobaTa seria, romlebic moaxdens sociologiuri aRqmisa da praqtikis struqturirebas. anu, habitusma warmarTos konkretuli sociologiuri praqtika _ misces mas mimarTuleba, problematurad miiCnios is, rac sxvebs cxadad miaCniaT, struqturirebuli paternebi CaTvalos uwesrigo variaciebad, fokusireba moaxdinos niSnebze, rasac sxvebi umniSvnelod CaTvlidnen da a.S. Tumca, burdies Tanaxmad, es ar niSnavs, rom sociologiuri samuSao imarTeba an unda imarTebodes mxolod habitusis mier. ufro piriqiT: habitusis “ganuzraxveli SemoqmedebiToba” aris da unda balansirdes, gakontroldes da koreqtirdes sxva regulaciuri xerxebiTa da meqnizmebiT. amgvari regulacia aucileblad moiTxovs habitusis obieqtivirebuli produqtis arsebobas. aseTi produqti SeiZleba iyos

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dawerili, an sxva xerxiT CaniSnuli teqsti, romelic Riaa inspeqciisaTvis. dawerili produqcia SesaZlebels xdis “davubrundeT imas, rac ukve iTqva vinmes mier”, rac, Tavis mxriv, “diskursis Tanmdevi momentebis mimarT konfrontaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva”. naweri axdens praqtikis sinqronizirebas da, amdenad, SesaZlebels xdis gakontroldes praqtikebis Tanmdevi momentebi. amdenad, logikuri kontroli amavdroulad socialuri kontrolic aris. kontrolis Semdgomi gaumjobeseba xdeba publikaciis meSveobiT. kodificirebuli, sajaro naweri, burdies Tanaxmad, socialuri da logikuri kontrolis efeqturi saSualebaa. kodificireba niSnavs imas, rom Semotanil iqnes “eqsplicituri normatuloba”, “praqtikuli sqema transformirebul iqnes lingvistur kodad”, sagnebi gaxdes “martivi, naTeli da transmisiuri”.126 Tumca, socialur da logikur kontrols TavisTavad aqvs dispoziciuri (iseve rogorc teqnikuri da instituciuri) safuZveli. naweri (miT ufro, kondensirebuli da kodificirebuli) Seadgens Teoriebis, anu “analitikuri paradigmebis” (mertoni) Sinaarss. maTi kontrolis efeqturi ganxorcieleba damokidebulia mecnieruli sferos paternebze (etalonebze), rasac burdie “kritikul an refleqsur ganwyobas” uwodebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sociologiuri habitusis socialuri da logikuri kontroli, unda “aigos” Tavad habitusSi. mecnieruli habitusi sxva habitusebisagan gansxvavdeba swored refleqsurobiT, Sesabamisad, refleqsurobaa is, rac ganasxvavebs mecnierebas sxva praqtikebisagan. refleqsurobas SeuZlia da unda iyos inkorporirebuli habitusSi, dispoziciis formaSi, raTa ganaxorcielos misi sakuTari produqtebis monitoringi da Cawvdes codnis warmoebis sakuTar principebs. es niSnavs, rom kriticizms da codnis zrdas aqvs dispoziciuri, iseve rogorc instituciuri, safuZveli, rac kidev erTxel usvams xazs imas, rom habitusis aracnobieri samuSaos refleqsuri regulacia sruldeba rogorc Tavad habitusis Semadgeneli nawili. 1.3. kapitali “kapitalis” cneba burdiesTan Sorsaa marqsistuli da, saerTod, formalur-ekonomikuri gagebisagan. igi aRniSnavs adamianis unars, akontrolos rogorc sakuTari, ise sxvaTa momavali. am azriT, kapitali Zalauflebis formaa. amave dros, am cnebas mediatoruli funqcia aqvs individsa da sazogadoebas Soris. erTi mxriv, societalur doneze, sazogadoebis struqturireba xdeba kapitalis gansxvavebuli ganawilebiT. meore mxriv, individebis doneze, isini ibrZvian, rom moaxdinon sakuTari kapitalis maqsimizireba (anu, agentebs surT sargeblobis maqsimizacia im socialuri poziciidan gamomdinare, romelic maT ukaviaT ama Tu im velSi). kapitali, romlis akumulirebasac isini axerxeben, gansazRvravs maT socialur traeqtorias (anu, maT cxovrebiseul Sansebs); ufro metic, kapitali, agreTve, axdens klasobrivi gansxvavebebis reproducirebas.

126 Bourdieu, Pierre (1990): In Other Words: essays toward a reflexive sociology, trans. M. Adamson. Cambridge: Polity; Stanford: Stanford University Press; pp. 98-99.

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burdie ganasxvavebs sami tipis kapitals: socialurs, kulturuls da ekonomikurs. ekonomikuri kapitali kapitalis yvelaze ufro efeqturi formaa. igi, rogorc kapitalizmis maxasiaTebeli, SeiZleba gamoixatos zogadi, anonimuri, universaluri da konvertirebadi fuladi erTeulis saxiT, romelic gadaecema erTi Taobidan meores. ekonomikuri kapitalis konvertireba ufro advilad SesaZlebelia simbolur, anu socialur da kulturul kapitalSi. Tumca, SesaZlebelia piriqiTac moxdes, anu simboluri kapitali, saboloo angariSiT, transformirdes ekonomikuri kapitalis saxiT. ekonomikuri kapitalis floba sazogadoebaSi klasobrivi gansxvavebulobis safuZvelia. burdie am sakiTxSi marqss enaTesaveba da ekonomikur kapitals kulturisa da istoriis materialur determinantad miiCnevs. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomikaa arsebiTi ganmsazRvreli, burdie miiCnevs, rom is unda iyos simbolurad gajerebuli (Sefasebuli). saqme isaa, rom ekonomikuri kapitali axdens Zalauflebisa da simdidris Ria prezentacias da aaSkaravebs maTi ganawilebis subieqtur (TviTnebur) xasiaTs. simboluri kapitalis funqciaa, rom SeniRbos mmarTveli klasis ekonomikuri dominacia da amiT gamowveuli legitimuri ierarqia. amas is axerxebs imiT, rom axdens socialuri poziciis (statusis) gamniSvnelovanebas da naturalizebas. es niSnavs, rom araekonomikuri velebi klasobrivi urTierTobebis gamoxatvas, reproducirebasa da legitimacias araidentificirebis (misrecognition) saSualebiT axdens. klasi da statusi, romelic kategoriulad gayo veberma, burdiesTan urTierTdakavSirebuli xdeba (maSasadame, statuss gansazRvravs simboluri kapitali, xolo klasobiv kuTvnilebas _ ekonomikuri). 1.4. veli “velis” cneba burdiesTan gulisxmobs socialur poziciaTa multiganzomilebian sivrces, romelSic agentebs gansxvavebuli poziciebi ukaviaT. veli qmnis farTo instituciur garemos, struqturas im socialuri urTierTobebisaTvis, romlebSic individia CarTuli. burdie acxadebs, rom socialur urTierTobaTa struqtura ar aris “mibmuli” velSi CarTul individebze. es struqtura arsebobs individebisagan damoukideblad da gansazRvravs maT Soris brZolas. maSasadame, vels aqvs obieqturi statusi. burdie wers: “is, rac arsebobs socialur samyaroSi, urTierTobebia _ ara interaqciebi agentebs Soris

da intersubieqturi kavSirebi individebs Soris, aramed obieqturi urTierTobebi, romlebic arsebobs, rogorc marqsi ambobs, “individualuri cnobierebisa da nebisagan damoukideblad”...

analitikuri azriT, veli SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc poziciaTa Soris obieqtur

urTierTobaTa qseli, an konfiguracia”.127

habitusi velSi TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols, ramdenadac efeqturad akavSirebs individs velSi mis poziciasTan da uzrunvelyofs, rom individma, adekvaturi moqmedebebis saSualebiT, moaxdinos misi poziciis kvlavwarmoeba. Tavis mxriv, es pozicia gansazRvrulia kapitalis Sesabamisi formis ganawilebiT. socialur poziciaTa buneba da ranJireba icvleba socialurad da istoriulad.

127 Bourdieu, Pierre, and Wacquant, Loic J. D. (1992): An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press; p. 97

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velis cnebis SemotaniT burdie cdilobs gaaRrmavos habitusis gageba. is aCvenebs, Tu rogor xdeba velSi jgufebis brZola upiratesobisTvis da socialuri gamorCeulobisTvis. magaliTad, muSaTa klasis ekonomikuri pozicia ganapirobebs imas, rom isini burJuaziul Cveulebebs upativcemulod moeqcnen. maSasadame, muSaTa klasis habitusi dakavSirebulia velSi mis ekonomikur poziciasTan da axdens individis moqmedebis da misi Sexedulebebis organizebas. sxva mxriv, maRali klasis jgufebi maT qvemoT mdgomebs, rogorc wesi, miiCneven ukulturo da ugemono statusis matareblad. amave dros, vidre maRali statusis mqone jgufebi cdiloben garkveuli kulturuli praqtikebis monopolizebas, daqvemdebarebuli jgufebi eswrafvian daeuflon am praqtikebs, raTa daasuston maRali jgufebis statusi da maTi gamorCeuloba. magaliTad, Zviri moduri samkaulebis SeZenas saSualo klasis jgufebis mier SeiZleba amoZravebdes ganzraxva, rom moxdes maTi imitireba mdidrebTan da cnobilebTan da, Sesabamisad, TandaTan daikargos maRali klasis gamorCeuloba. TiToeuli veli naxevrad avtonomiuria da hyavs sakuTari madeterminebeli agentebi (mag., studentebi, mwerlebi, mecnierebi da a.S.) da maTi velebi. magaliTad, mecniereba qmnis “vels”, romelic moicavs mecnierTa mier agebul konstruqciebs da mecnieruli qcevis motivaciebs. TiToeuli veli axdens sakuTari istoriis kondensirebas, moqmedebs sakuTari logikiT da gaaCnia kapitalis sakuTari formebi. Tumca, rogorc aRiniSna, velebi ar arian urTierTSeuRwevadi. kapitali, romelic dagrovilia erT velSi, SeiZleba gadavides (transferirdes) meoreSi. metic, calkeuli veli CarTulia Zalauflebis instituciur velSi an, ufro zogadad, klasobriv urTierTobaTa velSi. TiToeuli veli brZolis arenaa. brZola mimdinareobs mocemuli velebis SigniT da velebs Soris ZalauflebisaTvis. burdies azriT, socialuri gamorCeulobisaTvis brZola empiriulad Semowmebadi procesia, romelsac burdie aRwers Tavis wignSi: “gansxvaveba: gemovnebis gansjis socialuri kritika”. * * * burdie erTmaneTTan akavSirebs zemoaRniSnul sam cnebas. socialuri praqtika misTvis sxva araferia, Tu ara klasis habitussa da arsebul kapitals Soris interaqcia, romelic realizdeba mocemuli velis specifikuri logikis farglebSi. agentis kapitali, Tavis mxriv, aris habitusis produqti, xolo esa Tu is specifikuri veli _ obieqtivirebuli istoria, romelic realurs xdis im agentebis habituss, romlebic am velSi operireben. maSasadame, yovel wuTas xdeba praqtikaSi habitusis “gacocxleba”. habitusi TviTrefleqsuria, igi Tavis Tavs aRmoaCens xorcSesxmuli da obieqtivirebuli istoriis saxiT. am sami cnebis safuZvelze burdie cdilobs socialuri cxovrebis mimarT refleqsuri midgomis SemuSavebas, romelic aaSkaravebs socialuri struqturisa da masTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobebisa da atitudebis warmoebis pirobebis TviTnebur xasiaTs. aseTi midgoma

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mibmulia emansipaciis cnebasTan. burdies Tanaxmad, adamianTa cxovrebis Seswavla mxolod imitom Rirs, igi exmareba agentebs, Cawvdnen TavianTi moqmedebebis sazriss. refleqsuri midgoma cdilobs naTelyos uTanasworobis socialuri da kulturuli safuZveli araadekvaturobis (misrecognition) procesebis analizis meSveobiT, anu, imis gamokvleviT, Tu rogor SeuZlia gadafaros dominanturi jgufebis habitusma maTdami subordinaciis pirobebi, rasac burdie “simbolur agresias” (symbolic violence) uwodebs. refleqsuri midgoma erTaderTi adekvaturi midgomaa burdiesaTvis. misTvis warmoudgenelia arsebobdes neitraluri, “dauinteresebeli” perspeqtiva. Tavad burdiec ar aris mxolod sazogadoebis analitikosi, igi, amave dros, misi aqtoricaa. burdiesaTvis refleqsuroba nebismieri kritikuli socialuri TeoriisaTvis aucilebeli pirobaa.

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$2. entoni gidensis “struqturaciis Teoria” biografiuli cnobebi:

entoni gidensi (Anthony Giddens) daibada 1938 wels edmontonSi (CrdiloeT londoni). 1956-59 wlebSi igi iRebs sociologiisa da fsiqologiis bakalavris xarisxs hulis universitetSi (University of Hull). samagistro xarisxs sociologiaSi icavs 1959-61 wlebSi londonis ekonomikisa da politikur mecnierebaTa skolaSi (LSE), xolo 1976 wels xdeba kembrijis universitetis sociologiis doqtori. leqciebis wakiTxvas gidensi iwyebs lisesteris universitetSi (University of Leicester), sadac moRvaweobs 1961-70 wlebSi; 1967-68 wlebSi profesoris asistentad iwveven simon frezeris universitetSi (Simon Fraser University) (vankuverni, kanada), xolo 1968-69 wlebSi _ kaliforniis universitetSi (UCLA) (los-anjelesi, aSS). 1970 wlidan igi iwyebs muSaobas kembrijis universitetSi jer leqtorad (Reader), xolo Semdeg _ profesorad. 1997 wels gidensi dainiSna londonis ekonomikisa da politikur mecnierebaTa skolis (LSE) direqtorad da es posti ekava 2003 wlamde. gidensi aris Tanadamaarsebeli (1985 wels) da direqtori saqveynod cnobili gamomcemlobisa Polity Press Ltd. gidensi 35 wignis avtoria, romlebic gamoqveynebulia 30 enaze. sociologiaSi mis mier dawerili saxelmZRvanelo dReisaTvis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro popularulia. garda amisa, mas ekuTvnis 200-ze meti samecniero statia. e. gidensis ZiriTadi Sromebi:

• kapitalizmi da Tanamedrove socialuri Teoria (Capitalism and Modern Social Theory) _ 1971 w. • sociologiuri meTodis axali wesebi (New Rules of Sociological Method) _ 1976 w. • sazogadoebis agebuleba (The Constitution of Society) _ 1984 w. • modernulobis Sedegebi (The Consequences of Modernity) _ 1990 w. • modernuloba da TviTidentoba (Modernity and Self - Identity) _ 1991 w. • intimurobis transformacia (The Transformation of Intinacy) _ 1992 w. • mesame gza (The Third Way) _ 1998 w.

"struqturaciis Teoriis" Seqmnamde gidensi iTvleboda eTnomeTodologiuri problematikis mkvlevrad. 1976 wels, rodesac es Teoria pirvelad Cndeba asparezze, Cndeba misi fundamenturi pretenziac _ gadaiWras sociologiisaTvis tradiciuli dualizmebi: moqmedeba/struqtura, subieqti/obieqti, mikro/makro, voluntarizmi/determinizmi, sinqronia/diaqronia. am amocanis ganxorcielebaSi fundamenturi mniSvnelobisaa socialuri praqtikis (anu, rogorc gidensi uwodebs socialuri "praqsisis") axleburi gageba, romelic "struqturaciis Teorias" eTnomeTodologiisagan gamoarCevs. 2.1. socialuri "praqsisis" gageba socialur "praqsiss" gidensi zogadad gansazRvravs rogorc socialuri cxovrebis warmoebisa da kvlavwarmoebis process. eTnomeTodologebisagan gansxvavebiT, gidensi praqtikas ganixilavs rogorc ufro mets, vidre mxolod lokalurad da situaciurad gansazRvrul qcevas. yvela praqtika, garda imisa, rom igi lokalurad arsebobs, xels uwyobs sistemuri urTierTobebisa da struqturuli etalonebis warmoebas. maSasadame, socialuri "praqsisi" mediumia struqturasa da aqtors Soris. man Tavidan unda aicilos subieqts (socialur aqtors) da obieqts (socialuri qcevis dadgenil formebs, anu struqturebs) Soris dapirispireba. kerZod, is aris gza, romlis saSualebiTac subieqtis aqtivoba obieqtur mocemulobad iqceva, magram

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romelic, TavisTavad aRebuli, arc erTia da arc meore. ufro zustad Tu vityviT, socialuri praqsisi, gidensis azriT, saSualebas iZleva, rom struqtura rogorc koleqtiurobis societaluri forma, moqmedebisa da situaciis gareT ki ar iqnes “gatanili” (maTi determinantis saxiT), aramed CaerTos moqmedebis performaciis procesSi. swored amitomaa, rom gidensi termins "struqtura" anacvlebs terminiT “struqturacia”. “struqturacia” aRniSnavs realur process, xolo “struqtura” mxolod analitikuri abstraqciaa, “mexsierebis nakvalevia”. rogorc erT-erTi mkvlevari aRniSnavs, gidensis mizania, "struqturis statikuri cneba

struqturaciis dinamikur kategoriad gardaqmnas".128 im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac calkeuli socialuri praqtika narCundeba, anu meordeba, adgili aqvs praqtikaTa kvlavwarmoebas (reproducirebas), rac socialuri institutebis, anu rutinebis arsebobis pirobaa. socialuri institutebis, anu reproducirebuli praqtikebis farglebSi aqtorebi TavianT qcevas ganixilaven rogorc TavisTavad nagulisxmevs (taken for granted). rutinuli socialuri praqtika gamoricxavs socialuri cvlilebebis SesaZleblobas. socialuri cvlileba moiTxovs xanieri socialuri praqtikis Sewyvetas, anu praqtikis transformacias. socialur institutebs yovelTvis gaaCnia konteqsti. konteqstualoba dakavSirebulia dro-sivrculi interaqciis ganlagebasTan da moicavs interaqciis sazRvrebs, aqtorTa Tanayofnas (ZiriTadad, fizikurs, Tumca, SesaZloa, virtualursac) da maT Soris komunikacias. rodesac socialuri institutebis modelireba xdeba drosa da sivrceSi, maSin saxezea socialuri sistema. sistema exeba yvela saxis Sida jgufuri urTierTobebis etalonebs _ patara jgufebidan dawyebuli, socialuri qselebiT da farTo organizaciebiT damTavrebuli. gidensi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs socialur integracias da sistemur integracias. socialuri integracia gulisxmobs wesrigs, romelic Seqmnilia pirispir interaqciis Sedegad. Tumca, aqtorebi SeiZleba erTmaneTTan urTierTobas amyarebdnen arapirdapiri gziTac, anu interaqcia gaSualebuli iyos droiTi intervaliT da sivrculi distanciiT. am tipis interaqcia SesaZlebeli gaxda eleqtronuli komunikaciebisa da meqanikuri transportirebis pirobebSi, rodesac interaqcia gacda lokalur mocemulobas da gadainacvla sferoSi, romelic moicavs “ardamswre” agentebs Soris urTierTobaTa qsels. socialuri integracia moqmedebis donea, xolo sistemuri integracia _ societaluri done. gidenss surs daasabuTos am ori donis urTierTkavSiri. 2.2. struqtura da “struqturis dualoba” gidensi amtkicebs, rom socialuri praqtika xorcieldeba gansazRvruli wesebisa da resursebis safuZvelze. wesebs praqtikaTa mawarmoeblis funqcia ekisreba. arsebobs: a) proceduruli wesebi, romlebic miuTiTebs, Tu rogor Sesruldes, konstruirdes moqmedeba da b) moraluri wesebi,

128 Sztompka, P. (1994): Evolving Focus on Human Agency in Contemporary Social Theory. In: P.Sztompka (ed.) Agency and Structure, Reorienting Social Theory. Gordon and Breach; p. 39.

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romlebic miuTiTebs, Tu ra aris saWiro normatuli qmedebis uzrunvelsayofad. koncefcia qcevis wesebis Sesaxeb ukavSirdeba "saziaro codnis" (mutual knowledge) cnebas, romelic martivad gulisxmobs codnas imisa, Tu rogor moviqceT. saziaro codnas inawilebs yvela, vinc CarTulia socialuri praqtikebis SesrulebaSi. gidensi aRniSnavs, rom es codna bolomde ar daiyvaneba qcevis romelime specifikur situaciamde. es miuTiTebs qcevis wesebis transsituaciur bunebaze: uamravma aqtorma, sruliad gansxvavebul garemoebaSi, SeiZleba gamoiyenos saziaro codnis erTi da igive forma. garda amisa, wesebis Sesaxeb codna implicituric SeiZleba iyos (magaliTad, aseTia wesebi, romlebsac saubris dros vicavT, Tumca, iSviaTd vflobT diskursul codnas maT Sesaxeb). rac Seexeba resursebs, gidensi gamoyofs ori tipis _ materialur/alokaciur (allocative) da ZalauflebiT/administraciul (authoritative) _ resursebs. materialuri resursebi iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom aqtorebma gamoiyenon materialuri obieqtebi: teqnikuri iaraRebi, warmoebis, gacvlis saSualebebi, nedli masalebi da sxv. ZalauflebiTI resursebi aramaterialuri resursebia, romlebic imis SesaZleblobas iZleva, rom aqtorebma gavlena moipovon pirovnebebze. maT miekuTvneba: socialuri droisa da sivrcis organizacia, TviTganviTarebisa da TviTgamoxatvis SesaZleblobebi da sxv. wesebsa da resursebs “Seaqvs” struqtura socialuri cxovrebis qmnadoba-warmoebis procesSi. gidensi struqturas gansazRvravs swored wesebisa da resursebis TvalsazrisiT, romlebic SesaZlebels xdis moqmedebis ganxorcielebas. Tumca, struqtura ara mxolod praqtikaTa kvlavwarmoebis saSualebaa (mediumia), aramed misi Sedegic. swored amaSi mdgomareobs “struqturis dualobis” arsi. gidensi Segnebulad xmarobs termins “dualoba” (‘Duality’) da ara “dualizmi”, ramdenadac mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs struqturis ara ori erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli Tviseba (swored am SemTxvevaSi miviRebdiT dualizms), aramed erTi da igive procesis ori analitikuri ganzomileba. gidensi wers: "struqturaciis Teoria moicavs struqturis dualobas, romelic kavSirSia socialuri cxovrebis fundamenturad ganaxlebad xasiaTTan da gamoxatavs struqturisa da saqmianobis

urTierTdamokidebulebas. struqturis dualobis qveS me vgulisxmob imas, rom socialuri

sistemebis struqturuli Tvisebebi warmoadgens socialur sistemaTa Semadgeneli praqtikebis rogorc mediums, ise Sedegs"129.

moviyvanoT martivi magaliTi: rodesac, Cveulebriv, sworad vmetyvelebT, viyenebT (rogorc wesi, latenturad) enis gramatikul wesebs, romlebic aucilebeli pirobaa swori metyvelebisaTvis. Tumca, metyvelebis procesSi Cven vaxdenT am wesebis kvlavqmnas, reproducirebas, anu wesebi am procesis Sedegsac warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, struqturas gidensi ganixilavs rogorc adamianis “SemecnebiTuanarianobis” (“knowledgeability”) safuZvels, romelic moqmedebaSi meyseulad erTveba.

129 : Giddens, Anthony (1979): Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure, and Contradiction in Social Analysis ( London: Macmillan/Berkely: University of California Press. gv. 69.

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struqturis dualobam, gidensis azriT, unda daZlios dualizmi _ “moqmedeba/struqtura”: struqtura ara mxolod qmnis moqmedebas (calke aRebuli, struqturis primati), aramed, amavdroulad, kvlaviqmneba moqmedebis procesSi (calke aRebuli, moqmedebis primati). sxvanairad Tu vityviT, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi garkveuli qmedebebis Sesasruleblad aqtorebi iyeneben struqturis, anu wesebisa da resursebis Sesaxeb codnas, Tumca, amave dros, axdenen am codnis, e.i. struqturis kvlavwarmoebas, Sedegis saxiT. amrigad, moqmedeba da struqtura urTierTganmapirobebeli fenomenebia, struqtura CarTulia moqmedebaSi, ar arsebobs moqmedebis "gareT" da gareSe. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, struqtura rogorc moqmedebis wesebisa da resursebis Sesaxeb codna, analitikuri abstraqciaa. realurad arsebobs mxolod struqturaciis dinamikuri, drosa da sivrceSi realizebuli procesi. amdenad, struqturacia socialuri realobis ontologiuri substratia. mas arsebiTad ukavSirdeba kidev erTi _ refleqsurobis _ cneba. refleqsia is gzaa, romlis saSualebiTac aqtori sakuTar moqmedebas akonstruirebs. “refleqsuroba”, gidensis mixedviT, ar unda iqnes gagebuli ubralod rogorc “TviTcnobiereba”, aramed rogorc socialuri cxovrebis mimdinare nakadis makontrolebeli maxasiaTebeli. adamianuri agentebis SemecnebiTunarianobis gansakuTrebiT refleqsuri forma isaa, romelic yvelaze Rrmadaa CarTuli socialuri praqtikebis ganaxlebad wesrigSi. 2.3. agentis stratifikaciul modeli is, rasac gidensi moqmedi piris stratifikaciul models uwodebs, moicavs moqmedebis refleqsuri monitoringis, racionalizaciisa da motivaciis Seswavlas. agentis stratifikaciuli modeli SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnes ise, rogorc es mocemulia naxazze:130 moqmedebis refleqsuri moqmedebis monitoringi ganuzraxveli moqmedebis Sedegebi araaRiarebuli pirobebi moqmedebis racionalizacia moqmedebis motivacia

130 Giddens, Anthony (1979): Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure, and Contradiction in Social Analysis ( London: Macmillan/Berkely: University of California Press; gv..56-7.

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moqmedebis racionalizacia exeba moqmedebis rogorc procesis “intencionalobas”. danarCeni ori ganzomilebis msgavsad, is aris adamianuri qcevis rutinuli maxasiaTebeli, romelic TavisTavad nagulisxmevi gziT sruldeba. moqmedebis racionalizaciis qveS igulisxmeba is, rom aqtorebi rutinulad aRweven maTi moqmedebis safuZvlebis uwyvet “Teoriul gagebas”. es fenomeni sabazisoa moqmedebis interpolaciisaTvis dro-sivrcul mimarTebebSi, rasac gidensi "Tanayofnas" uwodebs. moqmedebis racionalizacia mTavari safuZvelia sxvaTa mier aqtorTa “kompetenciis” Sesafaseblad. refleqsuri monitoringi yoveldRiuri moqmedebis mudmivi maxasiaTebelia. misi saSualebiT aqtorebi ara mxolod akontroleben maTi qmedebebis nakadis mimdinareobas (da amis gakeTebas sxvebisganac moelian), aramed, agreTve, rutinulad akontroleben im socialur da fizikur pirobebs, romelTa konteqstSic isini moqmedeben. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom refleqsuri monitoringi gidensTan ar aris qcevis kerZo aspeqtebis mizezebis diskursuli wvdoma. aqtorebis mier kiTxvebis dasma (anu, diskursuli cnobierebis Careva) xdeba mxolod maSin, rodesac qcevis raRaca nawili gansakuTrebiT bundovania, an rodesac arsebobs “Cavardna” movlenaTa rutinul mimdinareobaSi. maSasadame, Cveulebriv, Cven ar vekiTxebiT sxva adamians, Tu ratomaa igi CarTuli saqmianobaSi, romelic sayovelTaod miRebulia im jgufis an kulturis mier, romlis wevric is aris. gidensi refleqsur monitoringsa da moqmedebis racionalizacias ganasxvavebs moqmedebis motivaciisagan. Tu pirveli ori exeba moqmedebis safuZvlebs, motivebi exeba survilebs, romlebic iwvevs moqmedebas. motivacia ar aris uSualod mibmuli moqmedebis uwyvetobasTan, rogorc moqmedebis refleqsuri monitoringi an racionalizacia. motivacia ufro metad exeba moqmedebis potencias, vidre im gzas, romliTac moqmedeba rutinulad sruldeba agentis mier. Cveni yoveldRiuri qcevebis didi nawili ar aris uSualod motivirebuli. motivebi moqmedebaze uSualo gavlenas mxolod SedarebiT uCveulo garemoebebSi axdens _ situaciebSi, romlebic, garkveuli azriT, Sordeba rutinas. umetes SemTxvevaSi motivebi uzrunvelyofs mTlian gegmas an programas, romlis farglebSic qcevis jaWvi sruldeba. agentis stratifikaciuli modeli moicavs moqmedebis ganuzraxvel Sedegebs. ras gulisxmobs gidensi amgvari Sedegebis qveS? yoveldRiuri cxovreba, gidensis Tanaxmad, warmodgeba rogorc ganzraxuli moqmedebebis nakadi. xSirad miiCneoda, rom adamianis moqmedeba SeiZleba ganisazRvros mxolod ganzraxvebTan mimarTebaSi. es niSnavs, rom qcevis nebismieri forma, imisaTvis, raTa mas moqmedeba ewodos, unda ganizraxavdes raimes gakeTebas. sxva SemTxvevaSi qceva mxolod reaqtiuli pasuxi iqneba gamRizianebelze. zogierTi moazrovne kidev ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom imisaTvis, raTa raime xdomileba moqmedebis magaliTad CaiTvalos, sul mcire, aucilebelia, rom is iyos intencionaluri gansazRvruli aRweris ZaliT, Tundac agenti cdebodes am aRwerisas. wyalqveSa gemis oficeri, romelsac ganzraxuli aqvs Secvalos kursi, eqaCeba berkets, magram, nacvlad amisa, SecdomiT awveba ra sxva berkets, iwvevs gemis CaZirvas. man raRac

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ganzraxulad gaakeTa, Tumca, ara is, rac mas warmoedgina, Sedegad ki misi moqmedebis gamo gemi CaiZira. kidev, Tu vinme ganzrax daRvris yavas da SecdomiT fiqrobs, rom es Caia, yavis daRvra am adamianis aqts warmoadgens, Tumca, is ar iyo Cadenili ganzraxulad; sxva aRweris farglebSi, rogoricaa “Cais daRvra”, igi intencionaluria. gidensi mcdarad miiCnevs im Tvalsazriss, rom moqmedeba SeiZleba iyos intencionaluri mxolod garkveuli aRweris ZaliT da svams kiTxvas: ras niSnavs, rom gaakeTo raRac araganzraxulad? aris ki es gansxvavebuli imisagan, rom araganzraxulad awarmoo Sedegebi? imis gasagebad, Tu ras niSnavs raRacis araganzraxulad gakeTeba, pirvel rigSi, naTeli unda gaxdes is, rogor unda iqnes gagebuli Tavad “ganzraxulis” cneba. ai, ras wers gidensi: "ganzraxuli moqmedeba moqmedebis iseTi daxasiaTebaa, rodesac misma Semsrulebelma icis an sjera, rom qmedebas eqneba konkretuli Tviseba an Sedegi da rodesac es

codna gamoiyeneba moqmedebis avtoris mier am Tvisebis an Sedegis misaRwevad".131 maSasadame, gidensis azriT, unda gamovacalkevoT sakiTxi, Tu ras “akeTebs” agenti, imisagan, Tu ras “ganizraxavs” igi, anu imis intencionaluri aspeqtebisagan, rac gakeTebulia. moqmedeba Seexeba keTebas. warmovidginoT moqmedebebis aseTi jaWvi: individi Camokravs xels CamrTvels oTaxis gasanaTeblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom es ganzraxulia, is faqti, rom CamrTvelis CarTva afrTxilebs mZarcvels _ ara. davuSvaT, rom mZarcvels, romelic quCaSi garbis, iWers policieli. mZarcvels asamarTleben saxlis gatexvisaTvis da igi erT wels atarebs cixeSi. aris Tu ara yvelaferi es CamrTvelze xelis Camokvris aqtis ganuzraxveli Sedegebi? CamrTvelze xelis Camokvra da sinaTlis anTeba iyo raRac, rac agentma gaakeTa, da mZarcvelis gafrTxilebac iyo raRac, rac agentma gaakeTa. es iyo ganuzraxveli, ramdenadac aqtorma ar icoda, rom mZarcveli saxlSi iyo da is ar cdila es codna mZarcvelis gasafrTxileblad gamoeyenebina. konceptualurad, ganuzraxveli qmedebebi SeiZleba gamovacalkevoT qmedebebis ganuzraxveli Sedegebisagan, TumcaRa, es gansxvaveba saerTod ar miiReba mxedvelobaSi maSin, rodesac sakiTxis fokusireba xdeba intencionalursa da araintencionalurs Soris gansxvavebaze. amdenad, yvela garemoeba, rac mZarcvels SeemTxva CamrTvelze xelis Camokvridan moyolebuli, aqtis ganuzraxveli Sedegebia, mxedvelobaSi viRebT ra imas, rom individma ar icoda mZarcvelis iq arsebobis Sesaxeb da, amdenad, Sedegi Semoitana ganuzraxvelad. gidensis azriT, marTlac arsebobs zogierTi aqti, romelic ar SeiZleba ganxorcieldes agentis mier maTi ganzraxvis gareSe. TviTmkvleloba swored aseTi SemTxvevaa: ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TviTmkvleloba moxda, vidre ar arsebobs TviTdestruqciis garkveuli ganzraxva. adamianze, romelic quCas gadakveTs da gzaze momavali manqanis msxverpli gaxdeba, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom man “TviTmkvleloba” Caidina, Tu es movlena SemTxveviTi xdomilebaa. es ufro isaa, rac xdeba individis Tavs, vidre is, rasac individi sCadis. Tumca, TviTmkvleloba, gazraxvebTan

131 Giddens, Anthony (1976): New Rules of Sociological Method. London: Hutchinson/New York: Basic Books. gv. 76

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mimarTebaSi, ar aris umetesi adamianuri aqtebisTvis tipuri. aqtebis umravlesobas ar axasiaTebs aseTi Tavisebureba. moqmedebebs aqvT ganuzraxveli Sedegebic. gidenss mohyavs magaliTi: “mSobliur enaze Cemi sworad laparakisa da weris erT-erTi regularuli Sedegia inglisuri enis (rogorc mTlianis) kvlavwarmoebisaTvis xelSewyoba. inglisurad Cemi sworad laparaki aris ganzraxuli; is xelSewyoba, romelsac me vewevi enis kvlavwarmoebis mimarT _ ganuzraxveli Sedegi”. sociologebi adrec ganixilavdnen ganuzraxveli moqmedebebis bunebas. am TvalsazrisiT, gidensis yvelaze met simpatias imsaxurebs rober mertoni. igi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs aSkara da latentur funqciebs (manifest functions and latent functions). mertoni, erTi mxriv, saubrobs “im obieqtur Sedegebze, romlebsac SeaqvT TavianTi wvlili sistemis regulirebasa da SeguebadobaSi da romlebic, amave dros, Sediodnen sistemis monawile subieqtebis ganzraxvaSi da cnobierdebodnen maT mier” (aSkara funqciebi), xolo, meore mxriv, gamoyofs im obieqtur Sedegebs, romlebic ar Sediodnen sistemis monawile subieqtebis ganzraxvaSi da xdeboda maTi gacnobiereba (faruli funqciebi). magaliTad moaqvs indiel tomebSi gavrcelebuli wvimis cekvis rituali, romlis daniSnulebaa wvimis gamowveva (“aSkara funqcia”), Tumca, am rituals moaqvs, agreTve, socialuri integraciis zrda, romelic sulac ar aris ganzraxuli monawileTa mier (“latenturi funqcia”)132. amrigad, rituali “SeiZleba asrulebdes jgufis identurobis gaZlierebis latentur funqcias, im ganaxlebadi viTarebis uzrunvelyofiT, rodesac jgufis gafantuli wevrebi Tavs iyrian, raTa CaerTon saerTo saqmianobaSi.” ganuzraxvel Sedegebs, ukukavSiris saxiT, SeuZlia sistematurad iyos momavali moqmedebebis gaucnobierebeli pirobebi. anu, gidensis mixedviT, moqmedebis ganuzraxveli Sedegebi axdens momavali moqmedebis gacnobierebuli pirobebis formirebas. subieqturobis doneebi gidensi miuTiTebs ori tipis refleqsiaze: aqtiursa da pasiurze. aqtiuri refleqsia diskursuli cnobierebis doneze xorcieldeba, romelic msjelobis da dasabuTebis donea. rac Seexeba pasiur refleqsias, amas axorcielebs praqtikuli cnobiereba, romelic exeba qcevis rutinuli formebis nagulisxmev (tacit), implicitur codnas: aqtori moqmedebs struqturis, e.i. wesebis da resursebis Sesabamisad ise, rom maTze aqtiur refleqsias ar axdens. sazRvari diskursul da praqtikul cnobierebas Soris meryevi da Riaa rogorc individualuri agentis gamocdilebaSi, aseve socialuri moRvaweobis gansxvavebul konteqstebSi, sadac aqtorTa Soris Sedarebebia SesaZlebeli. maT Soris ar arsebobs raime iseTi barieri, rogoric arsebobs aracnobiersa da diskursul cnobierebas Soris. aracnobieri Seicavs kogniciisa da impulsurobis iseT formebs, romlebic an mTlianad gandevnilia cnobierebidan, an Cndeba cnobierebaSi mxolod deformirebuli saxiT.

132 Merton, R. (1963): ‘Manifest and latent functions’ in Merton Social Theory and Social Structure (Glencoe: Free Press, 1963, gv. 64-5.

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praqtikuli cnobiereba SesaZlebels xdis, rom praqtikebi Sesruldes uSualo motivaciis gareSe. praqtikuli cnobiereba arsebiTad emsgavseba garfinkelis eTnomeTodologiaSi araverbaluri komunikaciis, faruli kognituri wesrigis gagebas. praqtikuli cnobierebis kalapotSi Tavsdeba yoveldRiuri qcevebis didi nawili (Tu igive magaliTs mivmarTavT: saubrisas vicavT enis wesebs, magram maT Sesaxeb aqtiur codnas ar vflobT). rutinuli qmedebebis (romlebic yoveldRiurobis ZiriTadi nawilia) refleqsuri monitorings axorcielebs praqtikuli cnobiereba. moqmedebaTa diskursul identifikacias adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac rutinaTa Sesrulebas xvdeba winaaRmdegoba. aqtiuri refleqsiisa da dasabuTebis unari (e.i.diskursuli cnobiereba) mobilizdeba rutinaTa Sewyvetis, an, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, _ kritikuli msxvrevis dros. es procesi zogjer winaswarmetyvelebadia (mag., universitetis damTavreba an samsaxuridan gadadgoma), xolo zogjer rutinata Sewyveta gaufrTxileblad xdeba (magaliTad, seriozuli daavadebis dros). yvela SemTxvevaSi, am process, saboloo jamSi, socialuri cvlilebebi moaqvs. ZiriTadad praqtikuli cnobierebis safexurze arsebobs, agreTve, is, rasac gidensi moqmedebis racionalizacias uwodebs. esaa procesi, rodesac agenti sakuTari qcevis monitorings axdens misive ganzraxvebis (intenciebis) poziciidan. intencionalobis cneba gidensTan exeba subieqtis codnas an rwmenas imisa, rom gansazRvrul praqtikebs aRmoaCndeba kerZo Tviseba da moitans garkveul Sedegs. am dros agentebi inarCuneben imis, xSir SemTxvevaSi, implicitur codnas, Tu risi miRweva SeuZlia maT qmedebebs socialur cxovrebaSi. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom moqmedebis racionalizacia uzrunvelyofs agentTa moqmedebebis Sedegebis srul gaTvlas. ase Semodis struqturaciis TeoriaSi ganuzraxveli Sedegebis cneba. es ukanaskneli, gidensis aRiarebiT, kavSirSia robert mertonis “latenturi funqciebis” cnebasTan, romelic aRwers process, rodesac individTa erToblivma saqmianobam, misi uSualo miznis ganxorcielebis garda, SeiZleba gamoiwvios iseTi Sedegebic, rac winaswar ganzraxuli ar yofila. ganuzraxveli Sedegebi, gidensis Tanaxmad, Tavis mxriv, momavali moqmedebis anonimur pirobebs warmoadgens. magaliTad, koreqtuli laparaki an wera warmoadgens ganzraxul rezultats, magram is, rom amasTan erTad veweviT enis reproduqcias _ ganuzraxveli Sedegia, romelic, piruku, yoveli axali saubris anonimuri pirobaa. am SemTxvevaSic moqmedebs “struqturis dualurobis” meqanizmi: moqmedebis Sedegi iqceva momavali moqmedebis pirobad. is, rac mocemul etapze warmoadgens moqmedebis ganuzraxvel Sedegebs da anonimur pirobebs, garkveuli istoriuli droidan SeiZleba gaxdes diskursulad gacnobierebuli, rogorc agentTa qcevis mosalodneli Sedegi. es potencia uSualod ukavSirdeba socialuri cvlilebebis SesaZleblobas: agentebi, romlebic xvdebian, rom maTi saqmianoba xels uwyobs socialur institutTa damTrgunveli da arasasurveli qselis SenarCunebas, iwyeben mizanmimarTuli zomebis gatarebas, raTa Secvalon qcevis rutinuli formebi.

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gidensi ganasxvavebs subieqturobis kidev erT _ aracnobier dones. igi adgens, Tu ratom mimarTaven aqtorebi praqtikebis kvlavwarmoebas an Secvlas. am doneze ar xorcieldeba kontroli rutinaTa yoveldRiur reproduqciaze, igi uzrunvelyofs zogad motivacias, romelic gulisxmobs aqtorTa adreuli bavSvobidan wamosul aracnobier moTxovnilebas imisa, rom ganicadon socialuri samyaros mimarT siaxlove, daeuflon am samyaros stabilur maxasiaTeblebs, gamoimuSaon “ontologiuri usafrTxoebis” gancda, raTa ganTavisufldnen SfoTvisagan da sxvadasxva arasasiamovno stimulisagan. aracnobieri motivacia aris adamianuri qcevis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli, romelic ZiriTadad praqtikuli cnobierebis doneze arsebobs. praqtikuli cnobierebis cneba fundamenturia struqturaciis TeoriisaTvis. gidensi samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom es aris adamianuri agentis an subieqtis is maxasiaTebli, romlis mimarTac gansakuTrebiT brma iyo struqturalizmi133 da obieqtivisturi azrovnebis sxva tipebi. sociologiur tradiciaSi mxolod fenomenologiasa da eTnomeTodologiaSi SegviZlia aRmovaCinoT praqtikuli cnobierebis detaluri da faqizi kvleva. Tumca, diskursul da praqtikul cnobierebas Soris gansxvavebas gidensi ar miiCnevs xistad da uryevad. maT Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba Seicvalos agentis socializaciisa da gamocdilebis bevri aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT. diskursul da praqtikul cnobierebas Soris ar arsebobs raime barieri; maT Soris mxolod is gansxvavebebia, rac SeiZleba gamoiTqvas da gansakuTrebiT martivad Sesruldes. Tumca, arsebobs barierebi, principulad fokusirebuli represiaze, diskursul cnobierebasa da aracnobiers Soris. gidenss es cnebebi (diskursuli cnobiereba, praqtikuli cnobiereba, aracnobieri motivebi) Semoaqvs tradiciuli fsiqoanalitikuri triadis _ ego, super-ego da idi _ nacvlad134.

133 Giddens, Anthony (1979): Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure, and Contradiction in Social Analysis ( London: Macmillan/Berkely: University of California Press; Tavi 1. 134 idi, ego, super-ego froidis fsiqoanalitikur TeoriaSi aRniSnavs individis fsiqikuri cxovrebis sam dones. idi instinqturi, aracnobieri safexuria, romelic Seesabameba SiSvel seqsualur energias (“libido”). am umimarTulebo swrafvas zRudavs ego, romelic, ZiriTadad, kognitur procesebs moicavs. es procesebi damcavi meqanizmebia, romlebic Suamavlis rols asrulebs idis instinqtur swrafvasa da super-egos akrZalvebs Soris. es ukanaskneli dakavSirebulia eTikur da moralur standartebTan, romlebsac individi socializaciis procesSi iTvisebs rogorc kulturis mier nakarnaxev maqsimebs.

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Tavi VII. postmodernuli socialuri Teoria Sesavali: postmodernizmi da postmodernuloba

rogorc bevri Tanamedrove mkvlevari aRniSnavs, Tu mkacr terminologiur gamijvnebs mivmarTavT, saWiroa erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT postmodernizmisa da postmodernulobis cnebebi. b. smarti am gansxvavebas ase aRwers: "termini postmodernizmi gamoiyeneboda imisaTvis,

raTa Sexebodnen esTetikur, mxatvrul da arqiteqturul stilebs, iseve rogorc azrovnebis stils... rac Seexeba postmodernulobas, es termini kerZo socialuri

viTarebis, axali "socialuri konfiguraciis" aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda".135 maSasadame, "postmodernuloba" sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi gansazRvruli periodis arsebobaze miuTiTebs, xolo "postmodernizmi" _ azrovnebisa da refleqsiis gansazRvrul wesze rogorc xelovnebaSi, ise mecnierebasa da filosofiaSi. Sesabamisad, postmodernuli socialuri Teoria postmodernizmis koncefciis velSi unda moviazroT. am Tvalsazriss iziarebs j. ritceri, romelic moiTxovs, rom erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT postmodernuloba da postmodernuli socialuri Teoria: "postmodernuloba esaa axali istoriuli epoqa, romelic

agrZelebs modernul eras, anu modernulobas. postmodernuli socialuri Teoria esaa postmodernulobis Sesaxeb azrovnebis axali gza. samyaro imdenad gansxvavebuli

xdeba, rom igi moiTxovs azrovnebis sruliad axal gzas".136 ra niSnebi axasiaTebs postmodernizms, modernizmis sapirispirod? xSirad daismis kiTxvebi: aris Tu ara postmodernizmi marTlac radikaluri daSoreba modernizmisgan, “Tu is mxolod amboxia modernizmis

farglebSi, “maRali modernizmis” gansazRvruli formebis winaaRmdeg..? aris Tu ara postmodernizmi marTlac stili, Tu mas mxolod unda SevxedoT rogorc

periodizaciis cnebas (rodesac kamaTi SeiZleba gaimarTos imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis

iwyeba igi – 1950-ian, 1960-ian Tu 1970-ian wlebSi)? marTlac aqvs ki mas

revoluciuri potenciali imis gamo, rom upirispirdeba metanarativebis yovelgvar

formas (marqsizmis, froidizmis, ganmanaTlebluri gonebis yvela formis CaTvliT)

da mWidro interess amJRavnebs “sxva samyaroebis” da “sxva xmebis” mimarT, romlebic

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi miCumaTebuli iyo (qalebi, homoseqsualebi, Savkanianebi,

kolonizebuli adamianebi maTi sakuTari istoriebiT)? iqneb is mxolod modernizmis

komercializacia da moSinaurebaa _ misi dayvanaa “yvelaferi gasaRebadias” sabazro ekleqtizmis miznamde? amdenad, axdens Tu ara is neokonservatuli politikis

integrirebas?”137

am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema scada i. hasanma, romelmac sqematurad warmoadgina gansxvaveba modernizmsa da postmodernizms Soris:138

135Smart, Barry (2005): Modernity and Postmodernity: Part I. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 256. 136Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 79. 137Harvey, David (1999): Postmodernism. In: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, Blackwell Publishers; p. 305-6. 138 Hassan, I. (1985): 'The culture of postmodernism'. In: Theory, Culture and Society 2, (3); pp.119-32.

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modernizmi postmodernizmi

forma (mowesrigebuli, Caketili) antiforma (mouwesrigebeli, Ria) mizani TamaSi dagegmva SemTxveva ierarqia anarqia xelovnebis obieqti/dasrulebuli samuSao procesi/performansi/xdomileba distancia monawileoba qmna/totalizacia/sinTezi dekreacia/dekonstruqcia/antiTezisi

daswreba (presence) ardaswreba (absence) centrirebuli dispersiuli Janri/sazRvari teqsti/interteqsti paradigma sintagma metafora metonimi siRrme zedapiri

interpretacia/analizi (reading) interpretaciis sawinaaRmdego/misreading aRniSnuli aRmniSvneli narativi/grandistoria antinarativi/mcire istoria tipi mutanti metafizika ironia determinacia indeterminacia transcendencia imanencia

zogierTi avtori (B. McHale, 1987) postmodernul narativs ukavSirebs “epistemologiuridan” “ontologiur” centrze gadanacvlebas. esaa perspeqtivis, xedvis Secvla: epistemologiuri xedva gulisxmobs kompleqsuri, erTaderTi realobis sazrisis wvdomas, xolo ontologiuri perspeqtiva SesaZlebels xdis radikalurad gansxvavebuli realobebis Tanaarsebobas da urTierTSeRwevadobas. filosofiaSi postmodernuli talRis gaCena ukavSirdeba amerikul pragmatizms, frangul poststruqturalizms da postmarqsizms (1960-iani wlebis bolos). es talRa miemarTeboda humanizmisa da ganmanaTlebluri memkvidreobis sapirispirod da gamsWvaluli iyo Rrma siZulviliT nebismieri proeqtis mimarT, romelic moiTxovda universalur humanur emansipacias teqnikis, mecnierebisa da gonebis Zalauflebis mobilizaciis gziT. Tu ganmanaTlebluri azrovnebis ganzraxvas warmoadgenda adamianis emansipacia Sua saukuneebis Teologiuri tradiciis sapirispirod da aRiareba principisa: “TviToba (Self) RmerTis gareSe, magram gonebis Zalauflebis xelSi” _ postmodernuli perspeqtiva uaryofs gonebis Zalauflebasac da sayovelTao liberaluri sekularizmis momxrea. saboloo jamSi, postmodernizms ase gansazRvraven Tanamedrove literaturaSi: "postmodernizmi aRniSnavs azrovnebis Tanamedrove moZraobas, romelic uaryofs totalobebs, universalur Rirebulebebs, diad istoriul narativebs, adamianuri arsebobis

uryev safuZvlebs da obieqturi codnis SesaZleblobas. postmodernizmi skeptikuradaa

ganwyobili WeSmaritebis, erTianobis da progresis mimarT, ewinaaRmdegeba elitizms

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kulturaSi, ixreba kulturuli relativizmis mimarTulebiT da pativs scems pluralizms,

arastabilurobasa da heterogenulobas".139

rac Seexeba postmodernulobas, rogorc iTqva, is miuTiTebs gansazRvrul periodze sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi, romelic agrZelebs modernul epoqas. postmodernizmis msgavsad, rodesac "postmodernul eraze" saubroben, mxedvelobaSi yovelTvis ara aqvT fundamenturi, anu “kulturuli, socialuri da ekonomikuri wesrigis eqstensiuri paradigmatuli cvlileba”.140 sakmarisia vilaparakoT garkveul kulturul transformaciaze, romelsac mohyva mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi socialuri praqtikebisa da diskursis formirebaSi, rac postmodernul gamocdilebas ganasxvavebs modernuli periodisagan. sazogadoebis postmodernul transformacias bevri indikatori gaaCnia.. Tu, magaliTad, arqiteqturasTan mimarTebaSi ganvixilavT, modernulobis dasasruls ukavSireben 1972 wlis 15 ivliss, rodesac sent luisSi 3.32 saaTze aafeTqes Pruitt-Igoe-s samosaxlo kompleqsi, rogorc arasacxovrebeli garemo dabali Semosavlis mqone xalxisaTvis. es iyo amboxi xelovnebaSi abstraqtuli, Teoriuli da doqtrinaluri idealebis winaaRmdeg da popularuli, provinciuli arqiteqturuli garemos dacva, romelic gamiznulia Cveulebrivi adamianebisaTvis da ara “zekacebisaTvis”. axali (postmodernuli) arqiteqturisaTvis yvela abstraqtuli ornamenti Seuarcxyofis (danaSaulis) tolfasi iyo, individualobaze xazgasma sentimentaloba, xolo romantizmi _ kiCi.141 arqiteqturaSi postmodernizmi im SenobaTa esTetikis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyenes, romelic asaxavda istoriis sxvadasxva periodidan aRebuli konkretuli arqiteqturuli stilebis ekleqtur kolaJs. igive tendencia SeimCneoda qalaqdagegmarebaSi 1960-iani wlebis bolodan. es iyo qalaqis ganviTarebisaTvis pluralisturi strategiis Zieba. es strategia qalaqs warmoadgenda rogorc gansxvavebuli sivrceebisa da kombinaciebis kolaJs, rac uaryofda funqcionalur dagegmarebas da monumenturobas. yvelaferi es aRwerda im negatiur reaqcias, romelic arsebobda esTetikuri modernizmis kulturaze. saboloo jamSi, j. ritceri, f. jeimsonze dayrdnobiT, ase axasiaTebs postmodernul sazogadoebas: "pirveli, postmodernuloba siRrmis armqone, zedapiruli samyaroa. esaa simulaciis samyaro (magaliTad, disnei lendis junglebSi kvazimogzaureba). meore, esaa samyaro, romelic

moklebulia afeqtsa da emocias. mesame, esaa istoriaSi vinmes adgilis Ziebis usazrisoba;

Zneldeba erTmaneTisagan warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis gansxvaveba. meoTxe, modernulobis cvalebadi, mzardi da produqtuli teqnologiebis (magaliTad, saavtomobilo

sakonstruqcio xazebis) nacvlad postmodernul sazogadoebaSi dominirebs moxerxebuli,

reproduqciuli teqnologiebi (magaliTad, televizia). am da sxva niSnebiT, postmodernuli sazogadoeba Zalze gansxvavdeba modernuli sazogadoebisagan".142

139 Eagleton, T. (2003): After Theory. New York: Basic Books; p. 13. 140 Huyssens, A. (1984):'Mapping the post-modern', New German Critique, 33, pp. 5-52; 141 Harvey, David (1999): Postmodernism. In: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, Blackwell Publishers; p. 304. 142 Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 79.

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$1. postmodernuli socialuri Teoria rogorc Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sayovelTao da prinipuli "dedifenciacia".143 kerZod, postmodernizmi ugulebelyofs sxvadasxva disciplinaTa iseT TanamSromlobas, romelic TiToeul maTgans Tavis avtonomiurobas unarCunebs. igi gvTavazobs filosofiidan, literaturidan, sociologiidan, fsiqoanalizidan, semiotikidan da a.S. miRebuli cnebebisa da ideebis Tavisufal narevs. mecnierebaTa Soris sazRvrebis uaryofa, analizis mikro, mezo da makro doneebis uaryofasTan erTad, iseT produqts qmnis, romelic calke arc erTi disciplinisTvis araa adekvaturi. swored esaa yovelgvari strategiisagan Tavisufali dediferenciacia, gansxvavebebisa da sazRvrebis moSla, rac iwvevs situacias, sadac yvelaferi misaRebia da sadac kompleqsuri fenomenebi reduqcionistulad aixsneba niSnebis, teqstebis, aracnobieris da a.S. TvalsazrisiT. aseTi qmedebebi, mkvlevarTa azriT, gvabrunebs diurkemamdel mcdelobebTan socialuri movlenebi axsniliyo instinqtebis, rasis, klimatis an geografiuli pirobebis TvalsazrisiT. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom dRes postmodernistebi TavianT reduqcionistul axsnebs ufro metad iReben fsiqoanalizidan da lingvistikidan, vidre biologiidan da geografiidan. am viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gasakviri araa, rom postmodernuli Teoretizacia xasiaTdeba relativizmiT, romelic cdilobs dagvarwmunos, rom nebismieri Teoriuli konstruqcia imdenadve WeSmariti an mcdaria, rogorc nebismieri sxva danarCeni. gasakviri araa, agreTve, rom postmodernuli Teoria iswrafvis SeiZinos iseTi stili, sadac siRrmiseuli da arsebiTi analizi Canacvlebulia kvazi-poeturi eniT, sityvaTa ambivalenturi TamaSiT. movusminoT ras wers erT-erTi mkvlevari: “sazRvari mxatvrulobasa da mecnierulobas Soris rbildeba _ postmodernuli samyaros

gmirebs xSirad aviwydebaT, romeli samyaros warmomadgenlebi arian da rogor unda moiqcnen maTTan mimarTebaSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu problemis dayvana moxdeba avtobiografiul

perspeqtivaze, Tavidan ver avicilebT labirinTs (rogorc borxesis erT-erTi gmiri ambobs):

“vin viyavi me? dRevandeli TviToba (Self) – mouwesrigebelia (aburdulia), guSindeli _ daviwyebuli; xvalindeli _ ganusazRvreli”.144 aseT viTarebaSi, sociologia kargavs avtonomiuri disciplinis statuss da gadaiqceva ekleqtur "socialur Teoriad", romelic "kars uRebs" nebismier Teoriul refleqsias. ra niSnebi gamoarCevs postmodernul socialur Teorias? ingliseli mkvlevari n. mouzelisi postmodernuli socialuri Teoriis sam ZiriTad Taviseburebaze miuTiTebs: a) antidafuZnebadoba; b) subieqtis decentrireba; g) empiriuli dadasturebis (reprezentaciis) uaryofa.145 a) antidafuZnebadoba: postmodernisti avtorebi uaryofen yvela Teoriul Zalisxmevas, raTa moZebnil iqnes universaluri kriteriumi, romelic

143 Mouzelis, Nicolas: The Poverty of Sociological Theory. Sociology Vol. 27, #4, November 1993; p. 689. 144 Harvey, David (1999): Postmodernism. In: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, Blackwell Publishers; p. 304-5. 145 Mouzelis, Nicolas: The Poverty of Sociological Theory. Sociology Vol. 27, #4, November 1993; p. 684.

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SeZlebda socialuri Teoriis uzrunvelyofas uryevi safuZvlebiT. isini epistemologiuri dafuZnebis nebismier mcdelobas, pirveladi principebis dadgenis nebismier Zalisxmevas utopiad miiCneven. aseTive utopiad Tvlian nebismier Teorias, romelic cdilobs, Camoayalibos zogadi kanonebi an zogadi sqemebi, romlebic daexmareba sazogadoebis an socialuri ganviTarebis holistur axsnas. isini amtkiceben, rom socialuris myife, qaoturi, warmavali da wyvetadi xasiaTis fonze, nebismieri socialuri Teoria socialur samyaros Tavs axvevs wesrigs da sistemurobas, rac, sinamdvileSi, mxolod socialur mecnierTa gonebaSi arsebobs. zemoTqmuli ar niSnavs imas, rom sabolood da mTlianad iqnes uaryofili yvela holisturi midgoma. gansxvaveba unda gatardes substanciur generalizaciasa da im generalizacias Soris, romelic upiratesad meTodologiuri xasiaTisaa. am ukanasknelis mizania konceptualuri iaraRebiT uzrunvelyofa saintereso SekiTxvebis dasasmelad da socialuri samyaros empiriuli kvlevisaTvis niadagis mosamzadeblad. am gansxvavebis gaTvaliswinebiT, araferia cudi imaSi, rom agebul iqnes holisturi konceptualur-meTodologiuri CarCoebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac vinmes SeuZlia gamoikvlios socialuri mTelis agebis, kvlavwarmoebis an transformaciis sakiTxebi. b) subieqtis decentrireba: postmodernizmis meore Seteva mimarTulia socialuri Teoriis erT-erT fundamentur (fenomenologiur da hermenevtikul) tendenciaze, rom subieqti ganxilul iqnes rogorc nebismieri analizis safuZveli, anu socialuri fenomenebi aixsnas individisa da koleqtiuri aqtorebis gegmebisa da strategiebis TvalsazrisiT. aseTi midgomis sapirispirod, postmodernizmi analizis centrSi svams ara individualur subieqts, aramed socialur praqtikebs, romlebic gaTiSulia maTi Semqmneli aqtorebisagan. es gamoxatavs Tvalsazriss, rom praqtikebs ar hyavs erTi konkretuli Semqmneli, iqneba es klasi, elita Tu interesTa jgufi. sxva sityvebiT es niSnavs, rom postmodernizmisaTvis socialur danawesebs ar hyavs avtori an ara aqvs saboloo mizani. socialuri fenomenebi moklebulia zogad koherentulobas _ centrs, romelic uzrunvelyofs maT saxelmZRvanelo principebiTa da zogadi miznebiT. amrigad, Tu Tanamedrove kultura gvTavazobs “RmerTis sikvdils”, postmodernizmi gvTavazobs “adamianis sikvdils”, an, ufro zustad, “subieqtis sikvdils”. g) empiriuli dadasturebis ideis uaryofa: postmodernuli socialuri Teoria uaryofs ara mxolod holistur Teoriebs, aramed igivenairad upirispirdeba reprezentaciisa da empiriuli dadasturebis ideas. igi ver egueba ideas, rom socialur Teorias, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, SeuZlia an valdebulia moaxdinos “sadRac iq” arsebuli socialuri realobis reprezentacia _ realobisa, romelic struqturirebulia da mimdinareobs droSi, Teoriisagan damoukideblad an Teoriis mxedvelobaSi miRebis gareSe. postmodernistebisaTvis ar arsebobs araferi “gareT”, rasac socialuri Teoria aRwerda an axsnida. ar arsebobs araviTari dualizmi an raime saxis distancia Teoriasa da empiriul realobas Soris. nebismieri socialuri fenomeni, pirvel rigSi, simboluri, anu, rac igivea, Teoriuli konstruqciaa. tradiciuli socialuri azrovneba aris materiis naivurad miRebis msxverpli. sinamdvileSi, mikro da makro fenomenebi sxva araferia,

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Tu ara simboluri konstruqciebi, romlebic miRebulia iqedan, rom socialuri aqtorebi, erTmaneTTan interaqciis procesSi mudmivad ageben Teoriebs sxvebis da, aseve, sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb. kidev erTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari j. ritceri ase axasiaTebs postmodernul socialur Teorias: "pirveli, postmodernistebi uaryofen grandnarativebs, romliTac xasiaTdeba klasikuri

socialuri Teoriis didi nawili.146 amis nacvlad, postmodernistebi upiratesobas aniWeben

ufro SezRudul interpretaciebs, an saerTod uaryofen nebismier axsnas. meore, uariyofa tendencia imisa, rom gaivlos sazRvrebi disciplinebs Soris _ SenarCunebul iqnes is,

rasac sociologiur (socialur) Teorias uwodeben, rac gansxvavdeba, vTqvaT, filosofiuri

azrovnebisagan, an Tundac, novelisturi Txrobisagan. mesame, postmodernistebi xSirad ufro metad dainteresebulni arian mkiTxvelis SokirebiT an gaognebiT, vidre damuSavebuli da

safuZliani akademiuri diskursiT. da bolos, sazogadoebis fundamentze (rogoricaa,

magaliTad, racionaloba, an kapitalisturi eqsploatacia) yuradRebis miqcevis nacvlad, postmodernistebi fokusirdebian sazogadoebis ufro metad periferiul aspeqtebze".147

* * * socialuri Teoriis postmodernuli interpretaciis mimarT orgvari damokidebuleba arsebobs: sociologTa erTi, pozitiurad ganwyobili, nawili fiqrobs, rom tradiciuli socialuri Teoriis postmodernulma kritikam daangria "miTebis" gansazRvruli raodenoba da aiZula socialuri Teoretikosebi gadaefasebinaT TavianTi zogierTi ZiriTadi postulati. Tumca, meore mxriv, zogi sociologi imasac aRiarebs, rom postmodernul relativizms da nihilizms uciloblad mivyavarT Teoriul Cixamde, romelic ufro aferxebs, vidre exmareba socialuri Teoriis progress. n. mouzelisis azriT, postmodernistebis Seteva empirizmze gaumarTlebel ukidures relativizmSi vlindeba. idea imis Sesaxeb, rom socialuri fenomenebi simboluri konstruqciebia da rom, saboloo jamSi, socialuri TeoriisaTvis araferia “gareT”, rasac asaxavda da warmoadgenda _ aucileblobiT ar iwvevs Teoriasa da mis empiriul referents Soris nebismieri gansxvavebis gauqmebas. kerZod, Tu, magaliTad, vinme CaTvlis, rom socialur fenomenebs safuZvlad udevs "Teoriebi", romlebic Seqmnilia araprofesionali adamianebis mier maTi erTmaneTTan komunikaciis mcdelobisas, maSin socialuri Teoriebi ubralod meore rigis Teoriuli konstruqciebia _ isini "Teoriebia Teoriebis Sesaxeb". es formulireba ar iwvevs arc relativizms da arc postmodernul nihilizms, rac uaryofs empiriuli dadasturebis nebismier ideas. postmodernuli socialuri Teoriis yvelaze cnobili warmomadgenlebi frangi moazrovneebia: J. f. lioTari. m. fuko, J. bodriari, j. derida, r. barti, g. deliozi; agreTve, amerikelebi: f. jeimsoni, r. rorti; polonuri warmoSobis britaneli z. baumani da sxv. qvemoT gadmocemulia postmodernuli socialuri Teoriis erT-erTi klasikosis, Jan-fransua lioTaris naazrevi.

146 "postmodernuli mdgomareobis" rogorc "grandnarativebis kolafsis" koncefcia ekuTvnis frang moazrovnes J. f. lioTars. es konefcia dawvrilebiT iqneba ganxiluli amave Tavis $2-Si. 147 Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 79.

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$2. J. f. lioTari: “postmodernuli mdgomareoba” biografiuli cnobebi: Jan-fransua lioTari (Jean-François Lyotard) daibada 1924 wels, safrangeTis qalaq versalSi. 1950 wels man miiRo xarisxi (agrégé) filosofiaSi da 1950-52 wlebSi Tavisi kariera daiwyo skolis filosofiis maswavleblad alJirSi, q. konstantineSi. 1959 wels igi ikavebs pozicias parizis sorbonis universitetSi da Semdgomi 39 wlis manZilze eweva akademiur da kvleviT moRvaweobas safrangeTis sxvadasxva universitetebSi. 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi (1954-66 wlebi) is aqtiuri wevri iyo memarcxene orientaciis revoluciuri jgufisa, saxelwodebiT "socializmi an barbarizmi". 1955 wlidan am jgufis Jurnalis alJirel komentatoradac ki muSaobda, vidre alJirma ar gaimarjva damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi 1962 wels. 1966 wels LlioTari kavSirs wyvets am jgufTan, tovebs sorbonis universitetsac da gadadis nanteris (Nanterre) universitetSi, romelic 1968 wlis studenturi protestis centri xdeba. igi aqtiurad exmareba demonstraciebis organizebas da kvlav ganicdis frustracias memarcxeneebis pasiurobis gamo. 1970 wels lioTari tovebs nanteris universitets da gadadis parizi VIII - vinsenis universitetSi (University of Paris VIII-Vencennes). erTi wlis Semdeg igi asrulebs sadoqtori disertacias da aqveynebs Tavis pirvel ZiriTad filosofiur naSroms "diskursi, figura". 1979 wels lioTari aqveynebs Tavis saxelganTqmul wigns "postmodernuli mdgomareoba: raporti codnis Sesaxeb", romelic bevr mkvlevars postmodernuli azrovnebis dasawyisad miaCnia. 1983 wels lioTari TanadamfuZnebeli xdeba filosofiis saerTaSoriso kolejisa (Collège Internationale de Philosophie). J. f. lioTari gardaicvala 1998 wels. lioTaris ZiriTadi Sromebi:

• diskursi, figura (Discours, Figure) _ 1971 w. • Économie libidinale _ 1974 w. • postmodernuli mdgomareoba: raporti codnis Sesaxeb (La Condition postmoderne) _ 1979 w. • Le Différend _ 1983 w.

lioTari sininimuri mniSvnelobiT moixmars “postindustriuli sazogadoebis” da “postmodernuli kulturis” cnebebs. sazogadoebisa da kulturis am tipad transformacias is ukavSirebs 1950-iani wlebis bolos evropaSi momxdar mniSvnelovan transformaciebs, rac ZiriTadad Seexo teqnologiur cvlilebebs. aman, Tavis mxriv, saTave daudo enasTan da komuniciasTan dakavSirebuli axali problemebisa da Teoriebis gaCenas (komiuteruli enisa da Targmanis problemebi, informaciis Senaxvisa da monacemTa bankis problemebi, informatikisa da lingvistikis Tanamedrove Teoriebi da a.S). transformacia gamoixata, agreTve, 1930-60 wlebSi kapitalizmis reorganizaciiT liberalizmis mimarTulebiT, ramac biZgi misca individualuri warmoebisa da momsaxurebis sferos ganviTarebas. 2.1. "grandnarativebis" kolafsi lioTari postmodernulobas “grandnarativebis kolafss” uwodebs. ai, ras wers igi:

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“grandnarativebma dakarges ndoba. sulerTia, ra tipis narativzea saubari _ spekulaciur

narativze Tu emansipaciis narativze”.148

rogor SeiZleba daxasiaTdes "grandnarativi" (lioTari mas sxvanairad "metanarativsac" uwodebs)? zigmund baumanis azriT, esaa nebismieri diskursi, romelsac pretenzia aqvs iyos “supraindividualuri da suprakomunaluri msajuli” _ universaluri etaloni sanimuSo cxovrebisaTvis.149 esaa diskursi, romelSic batonobs dostoevskiseuli algoriTmi: “Tu RmerTi ar arsebobs, yvelaferi nebadarTulia” (anu, am diskursis Tanaxmad, RmerTi (rogorc universaluri msajuli) arsebobs, amdenad, dasaSvebia mxolod is, rac misgan modis). Tu am midgomas sociologiis "enaze" vTargmniT, “grandnarativis” magaliTad gamodgeba diurkemis Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac asocialuria nebismieri qceva, romlis identifikaciac ar xdeba “koleqtiur konsensusTan” (anu, koleqtiur cnobierebasTan). koleqtiuri cnobierebaa swored diurkemTan universaluri standartebis wyaro. "grandnarativad" CaiTvleba nebismieri Teoria, romelic sazogadoebis axsnas cdilobs erTi universaluri principis safuZvelze, iqneba es socialuri progresis, revoluciis, racionalizaciis, emansipaciis, humanurobis, absoluturi gonebis da a.S. principebi. universalistebs sjeraT, rom arsebobs adamianuri “unda”, romelic araorazrovania da es araorazrovneba absoluturad saimedo sayrdenia sociumis mowyobisaTvis. meore kiTxva, romelsac pasuxi unda gaeces, isaa, Tu ratom gaxda saWiro “grandnarativebis”, anu universaluri etalonebis SemoReba? aq sxvadasxva pasuxi SeiZleba gaices, magram mTavari argumenti isaa, rom amgvari etalonebis gareSe SeuZleblad Tvlian moraluri da socialuri wesrigis dafuZnebas. saqme isaa, rom wesrigi moiTxovs obieqtur kriteriums, normas, romlisganac yovelgvari gadaxveva (anu, gansxvaveba) qaosis da deviaciis maniSnebelia. modernizmis socialur TeoriaSi gansxvavebuloba gaxda swored deviaciis sinonimi. universaluri standartebis Ziebas yovelTvis hqonda politikuri foni. Zalauflebis matareblebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen gamoericxaT "ambivalenturoba rogorc socialuri ganviTarebis safuZveli" (z. baumani). esaa kvlav sxvis, gansxvavebulobis mimarT Seurigebloba. aseTi politikuri fonis pirobebSi, inteleqtualebi cdiloben gaamarTlon ualternativobis moTxovna da amtkiceben, rom socialuri wesrigi iseTia, rogoric unda iyos. modernulobis ideologiis kraxi mdgomareobs swored universaluri da ueWveli standartebis uaryofaSi, rac postmodernizmis arss Seadgens. lioTaris azriT, Rirebuleba dakarga modernuli epoqis yvela “grandnarativma”: emansipaciam, racionalizaciam, humanizmma, progresma da a.S. modernuloba es iyo proeqti, romlisTvisac ligitimaciis mopovebis sakiTxi windawinve iyo gadawyvetili: socialuri ganviTarebisa da

148 Lyotard, J-F. (1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge (trans. G. Bennington and B. Massumi). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; p. 39. 149 Bauman, Zygmunt (1999): Postmodernity, or Living with Ambivalence, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, Blackwell Publishers; p. 363.

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politikuri wesrigis legitimizacia unda ganxorcielebuliyo koleqtiuri emansipaciisa da bednierebis garantiiT. Tumca, es ganuxorcielebeli proeqti aRmoCnda. rogorc a. elioti wers wers: “modernizmis narativebi wesrigis Seqmnisa da qaosis damarcxebis Sesaxeb Tavad

Seiryvna modernulobis “bneli mxariT”. holokostiT dawyebuli da monopolisturi

kapitalizmis krizisiT damTavrebuli, modernizmma Tavad gaiTqva Tavi ZalmomreobiT,

sisastikiTa da agresiiT. modernizmis amgvarma diskreditaciam Sva iseTi atitudebi

rogoricaa eWvi da ambivalenturoba, romlebic lioTars centralurad miaCnia postmodernizmis mdgomareobaSi Sesasvlelad”.150 ra emarTeba "grandnarativebs" postmodernizmis pirobebSi? riTi xdeba maTi Canacvleba? lioTaris azriT, postmodernizmi, uaryofs ra absolutur standartebs, universalur, zeistoriul kategoriebs, ixreba lokaluri, istoriulad konteqstualizebuli da pragmatuli tipis naraciisken. aseTi codna tolerantulia socialuri diferenciaciis, gaurkvevlobis, konfliqtebis mimarT. universaluri gonebis, racionaluri codnis da misiT SeiaraRebuli subieqtis adgils iWers "mravali" goneba, subieqti da codna, romlebic asaxavs gansxvavebul socialur lokaciebs da istoriebs. maSasadame, nebismieri narativi esaa mxolod sxvadasxva (uamravi) socialuri gamocdilebis (praqtikis) reprezentacia da interpretacia. lioTaris naazrevSi (iseve rogorc zogadad postmodernul socialur TeoriaSi) centralur adgils iWers subieqtis decentrirebis idea. modernul metanarativebs Soris erT-erTia _ logocentruli, romlis Tanaxmadac subieqti humanistia da samyaros centrSi imyofeba. aseTi versia subieqts ganixilavs rogorc suverenul, racionalur, logikur, koherentul arsebas, romelic qmnis moqmedebas da komunikaciur praqtikebs. lioTari angrevs subieqtze aseT Sexedulebas: subieqti aRar ganixileba rogorc mTliani, stabiluri da moqmedebisTvis mniSvnelobis mimcemi. subieqti lingvisturi konstruqciaa, ideologiuri fiqciaa. enaa is, rac akonstruirebs subieqts, axdens mis interpretacias. subieqti danaxulia rogorc is, rac aigeba enobriv diskursSi an formirdeba sxvadasxva ideologiis mier. amitom subiqti unda Canacvldes diskursuli praqtikebiT. es praqtikebi (Sesabamisad, subieqtebi) bevrnairia _ winaaRmdegobrivi da iracionaluri.

grandnarativebis “kvdomis” process lioTari sxvanairad “delegitimacias” uwodebs, rac yvelaze kargad Cans mecnieruli codnis magaliTze. 2.2. mecnieruli codnis krizisi postmodernuli kulturis specifikas lioTari ganixilavs codnis da, konkretulad, mecnieruli codnis rogorc specifikuri diskursis, delegitimaciis magaliTze.

150 Elliot, Anthony (1999): Introduction, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, Blackwell Publishers. gv. 25.

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lioTari miiCnevs, rom codnis statusi principulad modificirda postmodernizmis eraSi. rogorc iTqva, postmodernuli kultura (an postindustriuli sazogadoeba) gansxvavebulad wyvets codnis legitimaciis problemas. "grandnarativebi" aRar CaiTvleba legitimur codnad. Sesabamisad, icvleba mecnieruli codnis statusic. adre mecnierul codnas legitimacias aniWebda "grandnarativebTan" misi "mibmuloba". kerZod, mecnierebis legitimuroba wydeboda imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad emsaxureboda is "grandiozul" socialur, ekonomikur da politikur praqtikebs _ emansipacias, racionalizacias, Sromis Tavisuflebas, humanurobas... postmodernul eraSi mecniereba wyvets iyos raRac iseTi, romelsac yovelTvis SeeZleba moitanos Tavisufleba da keTilReoba. irRveva Zveli kavSiri mecnierul codnasa da "grandnarativebs" (metanarativebs) Soris. es iwvevs saerTod mecnieruli codnis legitimaciis dakargvas. mecnieruli codnisTvis legitimaciis dabrunebis erT-erT gzad miiCneven codnis "performaciulobas" (am gzas lioTari problemis pozitivistur gadawyvetas uwodebs). "performaciulobis" qveS igulisxmeba informaciis konteqstze, anu lokalur relobaze kontroli. lioTari sxva gadawyvetas emxroba: mecnierulma codnam legitimacia unda moipovos "lingvistur praqtikasa da komunikaciur interaqciaSi". es niSnavs, rom mecniereba "TamaSobs" sakuTar enobriv TamaSs, amatebs da qmnis axal da specifikur enebs (genetikuri kodebi, programirebis ena da sxv.). es ar aris universaluri metaena. mecniereba Tavs anebebs emansipaciis mizans da sakuTar Tavs mihyveba, sakuTar "TamaSs TamaSobs". es postmodernuli TamaSia, romlis arsi lingvisturi komunikaciaa. maSasadame, postmodernuli interpretacia amodis enobrivi TamaSebis ideidan. codnis legitimacias swored es enobrivi TamaSebi axdens, rac faqtobrivad delegitimaciis tolfasia, ramdenadac arsebobs enobrivi TamaSis uamravi forma (sxvadasxva “enebi”), romelTac ara aqvT pretenzia raime “obieqturi” sferos monopolizebaze. es sxvadasxva Sedegs iwvevs: jer erTi, mecnierul disciplinebs Soris sazRvrebi rbildeba, xdeba sxvadasxva sferoebis gadafarva da axali analitikuri sivrceebis gaCena. meore, azri ekargeba menierebebs Soris nebismier ierarqias. mesame, mecniereba kargavs nebismier garantias, iyos legitimuri sxva enobriv TamaSebTan SedarebiT da uxelmZRvanelos socialur procesebs. movusminoT Tavad lioTars: “klasikuri gamyofi xazebi mecnierebis gansxvavebul sferoebs Soris kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba _ disciplinebi uCinardeba, mecnierebebs Soris sazRvrebi faravs erTmaneTs da Cndeba

axali teritoriebi. codnis spekulaciuri ierarqia adgils uTmobs kvlevis areebis

imanentur da gluv qsels, romelTa Soris sazRvrebi mudmivad cvalebadia. Zveli “fakultetebi” iSleba yvela juris institutebad da fondebad da universitetebi kargavs

spekulaciuri legitimaciis funqcias... aseTi “delegitimacia” gzas uxsnis

postmodernulobas: mecniereba sakuTar TamaSs TamaSobs; is uunaroa moaxdinos sxva enobrivi TamaSebis legitimacia... magram, mTavari isaa, rom is uunaroa moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis

legitimaciac, rogorc amas spekulacia amtkicebda”151.

151 Lyotard, J-F. (1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge (trans. G. Bennington and B. Massumi). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; pp. 40-41.

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da mainc, rogoria mecnierebis "ena" da mecnieruli komunikacia? lioTaris mixedviT, teqnologiurma transformaciebma mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia mecnierul codnaze, kerZod, mis or ZiriTad funqciaze _ kvlevasa da transmisiaze (codnis gadacemaze). teqnikis miniaturizaciam da komercializaciam Secvala codnis SeZenisa da moxmarebis gza, mniSvnelovnad gazarda codnis cirkulaciis SesaZlebloba. msgavsad imisa, rogorc satransporto sistemebma miaRwia warmatebas adamianTa, xolo media sistemebma _ vizualuri imijebisa da xmis cirkulaciasTan dakavSirebiT. teqnologiuri transformaciebis konteqstSi mecnieruli codnis winaSe dadga moTxovna: codna mxolod maSin SeiZleba gaxdes operaciuli, Tu misi Targmna moxdeba informaciis erTeulebSi, anu kompiuteris “enaze”. codnis “mwarmoeblebi” da gamomyeneblebi unda daeuflon aseTi Targmnis saSualebebs, da, Sesabamisad, imis receptebs, Tu romeli debuleba CaiTvleba “codnis” matareblad. is principi, rom codnis SeZena dakavSirebulia gonebis wvrTnasTan _ ukve dromoWmulia. codna aris gacvlis obieqti imas, vinc mas “awarmoebs” da imas Soris, vinc mas moixmars. codna iqca informaciul saqonlad. postindustriul xanaSi igi ZiriTadi mwarmoebluri Zalaa, da, Sesabamisad, Zalauflebis mwarmoebelic (mTavari “moTamaSe” ZalauflebisaTvis brZolaSi). lioTaris azriT, eri-saxelmwifoebi iseve daiwyeben brZolas informaciis kontrolisaTvis, rogorc warsulSi ibrZodnen teritoriebis, nedli masalebisa da iafi muSaxelisaTvis. Tumca, amas meore aspeqtic aqvs: codnis warmoeba da gadacema aRar aris eri-saxelmwifoebis privilegia. postindustriul sazogadoebaSi informaciuli mesijebi xelmisawvdomi xdeba damuSavebisaTvis. komunikaciuri “gamWvirvaloba” codnis komercializaciis Tanmdevia. amdenad, saxelmwifos (rogorc Caketili sazRvrebis mqones) funqcia bundovani xdeba. codnis cirkulacia iseve arRvevs nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebs, rogorc ekonomikuri kapitalis cirkulacia transnacionaluri korporaciebis farglebSi. codna xdeba ara eri-saxelmwifos, aramed ufro farTo korporaciis _ samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sakuTreba. ra emarTeba aseT SemTxvevaSi socialur subieqts? rogorc lioTari amtkicebs, is qreba enobrivi TamaSebis difuziaSi. socialuri kavSiri mxolod lingvisturia, Tumca, ar aris dakavSirebuli arc erT calkeul mimarTulebasTan. socialuri interaqcia fabrikaa, romelic formirebulia sxvadasxva lingvisturi TamaSis qselisagan. TiToeuli TamaSi gansxvavebul wesebs mihyveba. lingvisturi TamaSebis, e.i. enebis raodenoba sul ufro izrdeba. me-20 saukunis bolos, magaliTad, lingvistur qsels daemata manqanuri ena, TamaSis Teoriis matricebi, musikaluri notaciis axali sistemebi, logikis aradenotaciuri formebi (temporaluri logika, deonturi logika, modaluri logika), genetikuri kodis ena da a.S. lioTari am SemTxvevaSi Tavs vitgenStainis Tanamzraxvelad ganixilavs.

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Tu yvela laparakobs Tavis enaze, Tu ar arsebobs aranairi universaluri metaena, maSin xom ar qmnis es pesimizmis safuZvels? lioTari Tvlis, rom adamianTa umravlesobam dakarga "grandnarativebis" mimarT nostalgia. mecnierebis delegitimacias ar unda SevxedoT pesimisturad (rogorc es vitgenStains da "venis wres" daemarTa me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi). imas, rom codnis legitimacia SeiZleba daefuZnos mxolod lingvistur praqtikas da komunikaciur interaqcias, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar mosdevs araciviluri pirobebis tyveobaSi moqceva. postmodernuli kultura garkveuli spekulaciuri TamaSia, romelsac wesebis Tavisi sistema aqvs. lioTars mohyavs magaliTi: aviRoT aseTi spekulaciuri debuleba: “mecnieruli debuleba codnad CaiTvleba mxolod maSin, Tu mas SeuZlia monawileoba miiRos Semoqmedebis universalur procesSi”. Cndeba kiTxva: aris Tu ara es debuleba codna rogorc is mas Tavad gansazRvravs? aq mxolod unda vivaraudoT, rom aseTi SemoqmedebiTi procesi (sulis cxovreba) arsebobs da rom es debuleba Tavad aris am procesis gamoxatva. aseTi varaudi aucilebelia spekulaciuri enobrivi TamaSisaTvis. amis gareSe mecnierebis ena ar iqneboda legitimuri.

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