maswavleblis wignigeografia11

geografia maia bliaZe, gia Wanturia, daviT kereseliZe

globaluri

geografiis saxelmZRvanelo meTerTmeteklaselTaTvis

11geografia11

3

Sinaarsi

I. Sesavali ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------4

II. zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebi ---------------------------------------------6

III. erovnuli saswavlo gegma ------------------------------------------------------------7

IV. saxelmZRvanelos Sesatyvisoba erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan --------------- 11

V. meToduri rekomendaciebi maswavlebelTaTvis -------------------------------- 13

VI. komentarebi moswavlis wignis sagakveTilo paragrafebze ------------------- 35

VII. sanimuSo gakveTilebis scenarebi ------------------------------------------------- 37

VIII. moswavlis wignSi mocemuli davalebebis pasuxebi ---------------------------- 58

IX. Semajamebeli samuSaoebis pasuxebi-----------------------------------------------98

X. rekomendebuli Sefaseba sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi --------------------- 105

XI. damatebiTi masala ------------------------------------------------------------------- 117

XII. damatebiTi literatura ---------------------------------------------------------- 125

4

I. Sesavali

XI klasSi `globaluri geografiis~ SeswavliT mTavrdeba geografiis Esavaldebulo Seswavla zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolaSi.

globaluri geografia msoflioSi sakmaod cnobili da swrafad ganviTarebadi mimar-Tulebaa, romelic zogadsakacobrio procesebisa da movlenebis sivrcesa da droSi gamovlinebebs Seiswavlis.

`globaluri geografiis~ saxelmZRvanelos mizania ganaTlebuli da saTanado unar-CvevebiT aRWurvili Taobis aRzrda, romelsac eqneba liberalur-demokratiul Rire-bebulebebze damyarebuli maRali samoqalaqo cnobiereba, SeeZleba Teoriuli codnis yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan misadageba, eqneba sakuTari pozicia, SeZlebs mis dacvas, gansxvavebuli azris mosmenasa da pativiscemas.

saxelmZRvanelos safuZveli globaluri msoflmxedvelobrivi konceptualuri mid-gomaa da globalizaciis procesis, msofliosa da kacobriobis umTavresi globaluri problemebis sivrciT-droiT WrilSi danaxvas iTvaliswinebs, rac Tavis mxriv xels Seuw-yobs garemomcvel realobaSi mimdinare movlenebisa da procesebis gagebas, bunebrivi da socialuri procesebis Seswavlisas sistemuri midgomebis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas.

saxelmZRvaneloSi moswavleebi gaecnobian da ESeiswavlian msoflioSi mimdinare glo-balizaciis procesis arssa da gamovlenis formebs, arsebul umniSvnelovanes globalur problemebs da maT geografiul Taviseburebebs. gaecnobian da gaaanalizeben global-izaciis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs, TiToeuli globaluri problemis arss, misi gadaWris alternatiul midgomebsa da gadawyvetis SesaZlo gzebs.

saxelmZRvanelo upirvelesad uzrunvelyofs codnis gadacemas, ganmtkicebas, Sefase-basa da integracias, moswavleTa sivrciT-droiTi, analitikuri da sistemuri azrovnebis ganviTarebas, zogadi da specifikuri unar-Cvevebis formirebas. igi xels uwyobs moswav-leebSi geografiuli, ekologiuri da ekonomikuri azrovnebis Camoyalibebas, politi-kuri kulturis formirebas, bunebasa da sazogadoebas Soris harmoniuli urTierTobis saWiroebis gacnobierebasa da, Sesabamisad, ekologiuri kulturis Camoyalibebas.

`globaluri geografiis” saxelmZRvanelo mocavs 5 nawils da 39 Temas. saxelmZRvelos Sinaarsi (sagakveTilo Temebi) SesabamisobaSia erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT (sagnobrivi programa) gaTvaliswinebul misaRwev SedegebTan da indikatorebTan.

saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenil teqsts Tan erTvis mravalferovani kartografiuli masala (rukebi, naxazebi, cxrilebi, sqemebi, diagramebi), ilustraciebi (fotosuraTebi, aerofoto da kosmosuri suraTebi) da Tematuri masala (es sainteresoa, magaliTebi).

TiToeul Temas Sedegebisa da indikatorebis gaTvaliswinebiT axlavs savarjiSoebi, davalebebi da sxva aqtivobebi, romelTa nawili sruldeba klasSi (gakveTilze), nawili ki gamiznulia saSinao davalebisaTvis.

amrigad, warmodgenil saxelmZRvanelos didi SemecnebiTi, zneobrivi da AaRmzr-delobiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. igi mimarTulia xeli Seuwyos iseTi amocanebis gadawyvetas, rogoricaa:

● globalizaciis procesisa da Tanamedroveobis globaluri problemebis Sesaxeb sistemuri codnis miReba, rac gansakuaTrebiT mniSvnelovania, raTa moswavlem gaac-nobieros da aRiqvas msoflioSi da planetaze mcxovreb adamianTa Tanasazogadoeba,

5

rogorc erTiani. Aaseve gaacnobieros bunebisa da sazogadoebis erTianoba; ● globaluri azrovnebis formireba;● SemecnebiTi interesis gaRviveba iseTi zogadsakacobrio problemebis mimarT,

rogoricaa erovnebaTSorisi, politikuri, kulturuli, zneobrivi da sxva saxis urTierTobebi.

● moswavleTa aRWurva specifikuri da zogadi unar-CvevebiT, rac xels Seuwyobs maT damoukideblad moipovon geografiuli xasiaTis informacia, swored gansazRvron globalizaciis procesSi saqarTvelos adgili msoflioSi, globaluri problemebis gamovlinebis specifika sxvadasxva regionsa da qveyanaSi.

saxelmZRvanelo daexmareba moswavleebs Seiswavlon globaluri procesebis sivrciT-droiTi aspeqtebi, gaanalizon globaluri problemebis gadaWraSi lokalur, regionul da saerTaSoriso doneebze SemuSavebuli koordinirebuli politikis aucilebloba, gamoikvlion socialur-ekonomikuri, bunebrivi da anTropogenuri xasiaTis globaluri problemebi da imsjelon maTi gadaWris gzebze.

vimedovnebT, rom warmodgenili saxelmZRvanelo iqneba codnisa da unar-Cvevebis SesaZeni saukeTeso saSualeba, aseve igi umTavres rols Seasrulebs moswavleTa qcevis modelis formirebaSi, rac xels Seuwyobs moswavles, sworad gansazRvros Tavisi adgili socialur, bunebriv, kulturul da erovnul struqturebSi.

6

II. zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebi

saqarTveloSi zogadi ganaTlebis sistema miznad isaxavs, Seqmnas xelsayreli pirobebi erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio RirebulebebiT aRWurvili, Tavisufali pirovnebis Camoyali-bebisaTvis.

amasTan erTad, ganaTlebis sistema uviTarebs mozards gonebriv da fizikur unar-Cvevebs, aZlevs saWiro codnas, amkvidrebs jansaRi cxovrebis wess, moswavleebs uyalibebs libera lur da demokratiul Rirebulebebze damyarebul samoqalaqo cnobierebas da exmareba maT oja xis, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos winaSe sakuTari ufleba-movaleobebis gacnobierebaSi.

saqarTvelos zogadi ganaTlebis sistemaSi miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze mozardma unda SeZlos:

a) qveynisinteresebis,tradiciebisadaRirebulebebismimarTsakuTaripasuxismge-blobisgaazreba:

saskolo ganaTlebam unda ganuviTaros mozards unari, sworad gansazRvros sakuTari qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi, kulturuli, ekonomikuri da politikuri interesebi da misces mas sasikeTo gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa da aqtiuri moqmedebis SesaZlebloba;

b) bunebrivigaremopirobebisSenarCunebadadacva:mozardma unda icodes, ra bunebriv garemoSi cxovrobs, ra ziani SeiZleba miayenos garemos

adamianis ama Tu im moqmedebam, rogor SeinarCunos da daicvas bunebrivi garemo;g)teqnologiuriTusxvainteleqtualurimiRwevebisefeqtianadgamoyeneba;informaciis

mopoveba,damuSavebadaanalizi:dRes, rodesac adamianisaTvis misawvdomia didi moculobisa da sxvadasxva Sinaarsiis infor-

macia, misi efeqtianad gamoyenebis unari sasicocxlo mniSvnelobas iZens. mozards undaE SeeZlos ara mxolod informaciis mopoveba, aramed misi Sefasebac Sinaarsis, daniSnulebisa da xarisxis mixedviT, dasaxuli miznebisaTvis misi gamoyenebis formebis gansazRvra; teqnologiuri miR-wevebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba yoveldRiuri cxovrebis, muSaobis, inteleqtualuri Tu sulieri moRvaweobis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad;

d)damoukidebladcxovreba,gadawyvetilebismiReba:saskolo ganaTlebam unda ganuviTaros mozards pirad, ojaxur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi

damoukidebel gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis unar-Cvevebi; e)iyosSemoqmedi,TavadSeqmnasRirebulebebidaaricxovrosmxolodarsebulisxarjze:saskolo ganaTlebam unda uzrunvelyos mozardis im unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba, romlebic

miscems mas saSualebas, ukve arsebuli gamocdileba da miRwevebi gamoiyenos axali materialuri, inteleqtualuri Tu sulieri Rirebulebebis Sesaqmnelad;

v)sakuTariSesaZleblobebisadainteresebisuwyvetiganviTarebamTelicxovrebisgan-mavlobaSidamaTimaqsimalurirealizeba,rogorcqveynisSigniT,isemissazRvrebsgareTac:

saskolo ganaTlebam unda Camouyalibos mozards uwyveti ganviTarebis, mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi axali codnisa da Cvevebis damoukideblad SeZenis unari, raTa SeZlos sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da sulieri midrekilebebis adekvaturad gansazRvra da amis mixedviT sazoga-doebriv cxovrebaSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidreba;

mozardi mzad unda iyos, arCevani gaakeTos momavali ganaTlebisa da SromiTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb.

z)komunikaciaindividebsadajgufebTan:saskolo ganaTlebam unda uzrunvelyos, rom sazogadoebis momaval wevrebs ganuviTaros

zogadi sakomunikacio unar-Cvevebi ( wera, kiTxva, metyveleba, mosmena), saorganizacio da jgufuri muSaobis Cvevebi; maT Soris, imaT, visTvisac saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena mSobliuri ar aris;

T)iyoskanonmorCili,tolerantimoqalaqe:dRevandel dinamikur, eTnikur da kulturulad mravalferovan samyaroSi sazogadoebis funq-

cionirebisaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens urTierTpativiscemis, urTierTgagebisa da urTierTSemecnebis Cvevebi. skolam unda gamoumuSavos mozards adamianis uflebebis dacvisa da pirovnebis pativiscemis unari, romelsac igi gamoiyenebs sakuTari da sxvisi TviTmyofadobis Sesa-narCuneblad. mozards unda SeeZlos adamianis arsebiTi uflebebis Sesaxeb miRebuli Teoriuli codnis ganxorcieleba da am principebiT cxovreba.

7

III. erovnuli saswavlo gegma

globaluri geografia

XI klasi

wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi mimarTulebebis mixedviT

wlisbolosmisaRweviSedegebidaindikatorebi

geo.XI mimarTulebebi

drodasivrce garemodaekonomika garemodasocialurisistemebi

geo.XI.1. moswavles SeuZlia globalizaciis procesebis sivrce-droiTi aspeqtebis daxasiaTeba.

geo.XI.2. moswavles SeuZlia socialur-ekonomikuri xasi-aTis globaluri probleme-bis analizi. geo.XI.3. moswavles SeuZlia bunebrivi da anTropogenuri xasiaTis globalur proble-mebze msjeloba.

geo.XI.4. moswavles Seu-Zlia politikuri xasiaTis globalur problemebze msjeloba. geo.XI.5. moswavles SeuZlia globalizaciis procesis socialur-kulturul as-peqtebze msjeloba.geo.XI.6. moswavles SeuZlia gaacnobieros globaluri problemebis gadaWraSi loka-lur, regionul da saerTaSo-riso doneebze SemuSavebuli koordinirebuli politikis aucilebloba.

geo.XI.1.moswavlesSeuZliaglobalizaciisprocesebissivrce-droiTiaspeqtebisdaxasi-aTeba.

SedegiTvalsaCinoa,Tumoswavle:

● asxvavebs terminebs `globalizacia~ da `glosalizacia~;● aanalizebs globalizaciis indeqsis gazomvis meTods (kof-is (KOF) indeqsi, aT kerneis (AT

Kearney) indikatorebi) da msjelobs TiToeuli kriteriumis (politikuri globalizacia, ekonomikuri globalizacia, socialuri globalizacia, personaluri kontaqtebi, infor-maciuli kavSirebi, kulturuli siaxlove) sivrcobriv ganawilebaze;

● msjelobs globalizaciis indeqsebis gamoTvlis meTodebis srulyofilebasa da praqtikuli gamoyenebis SesaZleblobaze;

● aanalizebs transportisa da komunikaciis ganviTarebis rols qveynebis sivrce-droiT daax-loebaSi;

● adgens misTvis aqtualuri problemebis sivrce-droiT Taviseburebebs; gansazRvravs cnebas `globaluri~ da SeimuSavebs kriteriumebs am problemisadmi statusis misaniWeblad;

● gamoTqvams varauds globalur problemebs Soris mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebze da adgens Sesabamis sqemas;

● SeimuSavebs globaluri problemebis CamonaTvals da adarebs arsebuls; aanalizebs prob-lemebis warmoSobisa da transformaciis (warmoqmna, gamZafreba, mogvareba, Canacvleba) mizezebs;

● globaluri problemebis nusxidan gamoarCevs saqarTvelosaTvis yvelaze aqtualur prob-lemebs; gansazRvravs maT transformacias sivrcesa da droSi; adgens problemis mimdinare-obis amsaxvel sqemas.

8

mimarTuleba:garemodaekonomika

geo.XI.2.moswavlesSeuZliasocialur-ekonomikurixasiaTisglobaluriproblemebisana-lizi.

SedegiTvalsaCinoa,Tumoswavle:● aanalizebs finansuri nakadebis masStabebs Tanamedrove msoflioSi; msjelobs saerTaSo-

riso finansuri organizaciebisa da transnacionaluri korporaciebis moqmedebis masStabe-bze;

● msjelobs saerTaSoriso donorebisa da organizaciebis mier gamoyofil daxmarebebsa da sesxebze;

● gamoTqvams mosazrebas, ra socialuri da ekonomikuri sargeblis motana SeuZlia SeiaraRe-baze dazogil xarjebs;

● amyarebs logikur kavSirebs socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis globalur problemebs Soris (mag., saerTaSoriso SromiTi migracia da fuladi gzavnilebi (remitransebi)) da msjelobs maT masStabebze;

● rukebis da sxva wyaroebis safuZvelze aanalizebs qveynebs Soris sursaTis da nedleulis uTanabro ganawilebas; gamoTqvams varauds problemis lokalur, regionul da globalur doneebze gadaWris SesaZlo gzebze;

● ecnoba aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebs), irCevs erT-erTs da axasiaTebs problemis aq-tualobas; ecnoba gaeros programebs, romlebic maTi gadaWriskenaa mimarTuli;

● irCevs ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze mdgom qveynebs; adarebs, ramdenad mZafrad war-moCindeba TiToeulSi globaluri socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi da ramdenad gansx-vavdeba problemebze reagirebis gzebi;

● aanalizebs CamorCenilobis parametrebis daZlevisaken mimarTul RonisZiebebs da adgens msoflios regionebis prognozul (momavlis) `socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis~ rukas.

geo.XI.3.moswavlesSeuZliabunebrividaanTropogenurixasiaTisglobalurproblemebzemsjeloba.

SedegiTvalsaCinoa,Tumoswavle:

● aanalizebs adamianis saqmianobis Sedegad warmoqmnil garemosdacviT globalur prob-lemebs istoriuli warsulidan dRemde; gamoTqvams varauds maTi SesaZlo ganviTarebis Ses-axeb;

● sxvadasxva geografiuli saSualebebis gamoyenebiT aanalizebs atmosferos, hidrosferos, maT Soris msoflio okeanes, pedosferos da biosferos aTvisebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs;

● irCevs romelime komponentis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebul globalur problemas, msjelobs mis usafrTxo aTvisebaze da Sedegebs sasurveli formiT gamoxatavs;

● ilustraciebis da sxva wyaroebis gamoyenebiT amyarebs kavSirebs globalur geoekologiur problemebsa da ekonomikis im dargebs Soris, romlebic am problemebis maprovocirebelia; iyenebs Tematur rukebs da adgens geoekologiuri problemebis gamovlinebis mentalur ru-kas;

● monawileobs debatebSi Temaze: `warmoebis gafarToeba da ekologiuri balansis SenarCu-neba~;

● jgufuri muSaobisas irCevs romelime globalur geoekologiur poroblemas, gamoyofs misi mogvarebis ramdenime mniSvnelovan RonisZiebas da qmnis problemis ganviTarebis scenarebs; Sedegebs gamoxatavs misTvis sasurveli formiT (grafiki, diagrama da sxva);

● wlis manZilze sxvadasxva wyarodan (samecniero literatura, perioduli gamocemebi, sain-formacio saSualebebi), agrovebs informacias bunebrivi da teqnogenuri katastrofebis Sesaxeb; ganaTavsebs maT rukaze da drois qronologiur xazze; Sedegebs aanalizebs da war-moadgens Tanaklaselebis winaSe.

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mimarTuleba:garemodasocialurisistemebi

geo.XI.4.moswavlesSeuZliapolitikurixasiaTisglobalurproblemebzemsjeloba.

SedegiTvalsaCinoa,Tumoswavle:● aanalizebs politikuri xasiaTis globaluri problemebis warmoSobas, ganviTarebas da

sivrcobriv Taviseburebebs. gamoxatavs sakuTar damokidebulebas aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi;● mopovebuli informaciis safuZvelze (statistikuri monacemebi, masmedia) aanalizebs

msoflios qveynebis samxedro-politikur potencials da gamoTqvams mosazrebas, Tu ra wvlili SeiZleba Seitanos TiToeulma moqalaqem da qveyanam msoflioSi mSvidobisa da ga-niaraRebis saqmeSi;

● irCevs da ecnoba (sainformacio saSualebebidan) erT-erTi qveynis mier gadadgmul konkre-tul nabijebs ganiaraRebis da mSvidobis SenarCunebis saqmeSi da SeimuSavebs movlenebis gan-viTarebis SesaZlo prognozs (sqema, scenari);

● adgens mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs omebis, eTnokonfliqtebisa da terorizmis warmoSobas, gamovlinebis formebsa da sivrcobriv Taviseburebebs Soris;

● moiZiebs informaciasa da informaciis safuZvelze ecnoba msoflio mniSvnelobis teroris-tul organizaciebs da maTi moqmedebis arealebs;

● mopovebuli informaciis safuZvelze msofliosa da saqarTveloSi arsebuli eTnokon-fliqtebis da gaxmaurebuli teraqtebis Sesaxeb; adgens “cxeli wertilebis” rukas.

geo.XI.5. moswavlesSeuZliaglobalizaciisprocesissocialur-kulturulaspeqtebzemsjeloba.

SedegiTvalsaCinoa,Tumoswavle:

• ecnoba kulturuli difuziis sxvadasxva gamovlinebebs msoflioSi da msjelobs ”global-uri kulturis” maxasiaTeblebze: musika, televizia, sporti, turizmi;

• msjelobs Tanamedrove samyaroSi urbanuli landSaftebis homogenizaciaze;• msjelobs kulturis globalur difuziasa da aspeqtebze _ ena, turizmi, samzareulo, me-

dia, globaluri brendebi (mag., makdonaldsi, koka-kola) da ukavSirebs adgilobrivi kul-turis rolis dakninebas;

• ecnoba antiglobalistebis ideebs da msjelobs Temaze ”globalizacia nacionalizmis wi-naaRmdeg”;

• msjelobs globalizaciis dadebiT da uaryofiT faqtorebze.

geo.XI6.moswavlesSeuZliagaacnobierosglobaluriproblemebisgadaWraSilokalur,re-gionuldasaerTaSorisodoneebzeSemuSavebulikoordinirebulipolitikisaucilebloba.

SedegiTvalsaCinoa,Tumoswavle:

● msjelobs mosaxleobis (ojaxis, Temis, qveynis, regionis da msoflios) cxovrebis wesis, garemosdacviTi cnobierebis, ganaTlebisa da adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis mizez-Sedego-briv kavSirebze; gamoxatavs sakuTar damokidebulebas maTi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis;

● moiZiebs informacias da aanalizebs saerTaSoriso organizaciebis daniSnulebis sakiTxs globalur problemebTan mimarTebaSi, akeTebs daskvnebs maT mier globalur problemebze reagirebasa da mogvarebasTan dakavSirebiT;

● ecnoba globalur problemebTan dakavSirebul saqarTvelos mier xelmoweril konvenciebsa da valdebulebebs; adgens kiTxvars da atarebs sociologiur gamokiTxvas aRniSnul pro-cesSi sazogadoebisa da individebis informirebulobisa da am procesSi CarTulobis Seswav-lis mizniT;

● moiZiebs informacias saqarTveloSi an romelime sxva qveyanaSi globalur problemebTan dakavSirebul Sesrulebuli an Seusrulebeli konvenciisa an valdebulebis Sesaxeb;

● ecnoba saerTaSoriso ekologiur TariRebs da klasTan erTad irCevs maTTvis sainteresos. da amzadeben Sesabamis RonisZiebebs (Ria gakveTili, gamofena, konferencia da sxva);

10

● msjelobs, Tu ra rols asrulebs saerTaSoriso Zalisxmeva globaluri problemebis mogva-rebaSi da ramdenad mniSvnelovania es kacobriobis mdgradi ganviTarebis perspeqtivisaTvis. Sedegebs warmoadgens sasurveli formiT.

programis Sinaarsi

savaldebuloSinaarsobrivsakiTxTaCamonaTvaliXIklasisaTvis

(qvemoT warmodgenili sakiTxebi Seadgens am klasisaTvis gankuTvnili mTliani Sinaarsis 60%-s)

Sesavali1. globalizacia2. globalizaciis indeqsi3. globaluri problebebi da maTi warmoSobis mizezebi4. globalur problemaTa urTierTkavSiri5. kacobrioba da mdgradi ganviTarebis perspeqtiva6. saqarTvelo da globalur problemebTan dakavSirebuli konvenciebi

politikurixasiaTisglobaluriproblemebi7. warmoSobis mizezebi8. omebi 9. msoflio mniSvnelobis konfliqtebi10. terorizmi11. teroristuli organizaciebi12. politikuri xasiaTis problemebis gadaWris gzebi (mSvidobisTvis brZola da ganaiaraReba) socialur-ekonomikurixasiaTisproblemebidamaxasiaTeblebi13. globaluri problemebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi14. globaluri socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi 15. finansuri nakadebi16. globalur-demografiuli problemebi17. SromiTi migracia da fuladi gzavnilebi18. sursaTis problema, bunebrivi resursebis uTanabro ganawileba19. cxovrebis done da xarisxi20. globalur-socialuri da eTnokulturuli problemebi21. kulturuli imperializmi da kulturuli difuzia22. antiglobaluri moZraoba23. ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis globaluri socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi24. socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis problemaTa gadaWris gzebi25. saerTaSoriso ekologiuri TariRebi26. aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi

bunebrivi da anTropogenuri problemebi

27. bunebrivi garemo da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi28. garemos aTvisebis problemebi: atmosfero, hidrosfero, pedosfero29. msoflio okeane da misi problebebi30. globaluri geoekologiuri problemebi _ kritikuli regionebi31. teqnikuri progresi da globaluri problemebis warmoSoba32. globaluri xasiaTis bunebrivi da anTropogenuri problemebis gadaWris gzebi33. mTian teritoriebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi34. sanapiro zolis aTvisebisa da dacvis problemebi

11

IV saxelmZRvanelos Sesatyvisoba erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan

SinaarsisadamisaRweviSedegebisruka

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1 2 3 4 5 6

I Tavi – globalizacia da globaluri problemebi.1. ra aris globalizacia (2 sT.)

2. globalizaciis indeqsi (1 sT.)

3. antiglobalizmi (1sT.)

4. ra aris globaluri problemebi? (1sT.)

5. globalur problemaTa urTierTka-vSiri (1 sT.)

6. globaluri problemebi da saerTa-Soriso organizaciebi (2 sT.)

II Tavi – msoflios politikuri ruka da globaluri problemebi.7. Tanamedrove msoflios politikuri ruka (1 sT.)

8. mSvidoba da ganiaraReba (2 sT.)

9. konfliqtebis geografia (1.sT) 10. terorizmis geografia (1.sT.)

11. msoflios lideri qveynebi da glo-baluri samyaro (8.sT)

III Tavi – msoflio mosaxleoba da glo-baluri socialuri problemebi12. msoflio mosaxleobis dinamika (1 sT.)

13. demografiuli optimumi da demo-grafiuli politika (1 sT.)

14. urbanizacia – XX saukunis fenomeni (2 sT.)

12

1 2 3 4 5 6

15. eTnomozaika da globaluri eTni-kuri krizisi (2 sT.)

16. kulturis globalizacia (2 sT.)

17. janmrTelobis problema (1 sT.)

18. SromiTi migracia da fuladi gza-vnilebi (2 sT.)

IV Tavi – msoflios meurneoba da glo-baluri problemebi19. ekonomikuri globalizacia (2 sT.)

20. msoflio finansuri nakadebi da centrebi (2 sT.)

21. cxovrebis done da xarisxi(1 sT.) 22. mdidrebi da Raribebi da CamorCeni-lobis problema (1 sT.)

23. sasursaTo problema (2 sT.)

24. energetikuli problema (3 sT.)

25. resursuli problema (2 sT.)

V Tavi – globaluri ekologiuri problemebi26. ekologiuri problema – zogadi mi-moxilva (2 sT.)

27. atmosferos ekologia (1 sT.)

28. msoflio okeanis problemebi (1 sT.)

29. sanapiro zolis aTvisebisa da dac-vis problemebi (1 sT.)

30. mtknari wylis problema (1 sT.)

31. pedosferos ekologia (2 sT.) 32. stiqiuri katastrofebi (2 sT.) 33. teqnogenuri katastrofebi (1 sT.)

34. msoflios kritikuli ekoregionebi (1 sT.)

35. msoflios biologiuri da land-Safturi mravalferovneba (1 sT.)

36. msoflio daculi teritoriebi (1 sT.)

37. msoflios kulturuli da bunebri-vi memkvidreobis geografia (1 sT.)

38. garemosdacviTi organizaciebi (1 sT.)

39. ekologiuri alternativa – mdgra-di ganviTareba (1 sT)

13

V. meToduri rekomendaciebi maswavlebelTaTvis

saswavlo masalis wardgenis fazebisaxsna-ganmarteba

rogordavgegmoTgakveTili?sanam gakveTilis dagegmvaze muSaobas daiwyebT, moZebneT standartSi is Sedegebi da indika-

torebi, romelzec gadis mocemuli Tema, konkretuli gakveTili (ix. miznebis ruka) da dausviT sakuTar Tavs 2 SekiTxva:

1. rogor mivaRwio sasurvel Sedegs?2. rogor gavigo, miRweulia Tu ara igi?

mizanigakveTilis dagegmvisas, upirveles yovlisa, unda ganisazRvros gakveTilis mizani, romelic

Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs Sedegs _ e.i. maswavlebelma winaswar unda Camoayalibos, ras unda miaRwion misma moswavleebma am gakveTilze (gakveTilis konkretuli da perspeqtiuli miznebi).

gakveTilis gegmaSi TvalnaTliv unda Candes:* gakveTilis konkretuli miznebi;* gakveTilis perspeqtiuli miznebi;* ras veliT moswavleebisgan? * ra codnasa da unar-Cvevebs SeiZenen isini am gakveTilze?

amocanebimiznebis misaRwevad saWiroa garkveuli amocanebis dasaxva. kerZod:1. gakveTilze Sesasrulebeli aqtivobebis gansazRvra;2. samuSaos Sesrulebis etapebi (dawyeba, damTavreba);3. miRebuli codnisa da unar-Cvevebis demonstrirebis forma;4. Sefasebis kriteriumebi.

aucilebelipirobebidaresursebimiznebis misaRwevad winaswar unda ganisazRvros, arian Tu ara moswavleebi mzad dagegmili

aqtivobebis Casatareblad. maswavlebelma winaswar unda gaTvalos, ra dro da resursebi sWirdeba mas gegmis warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis (saxelmZRvanelo, sxvadasxva samecniero Tu Semec-nebiTi xasiaTis literatura, samuSao sqemebi, TvalsaCinoebebi, suraTebi, diagramebi, grafikebi, ilustraciebi da sxv.) e. i. unda ganisazRvros:

* gakveTilisTvis saWiro masala;* Teoriuli da praqtikuli samuSaos ganxorcielebis etapebi.

gakveTilisaRweramaswavlebelma dawvrilebiT unda aRweros gakveTilis msvleloba, misi calkeuli etapi,

gakveTilze Sesasrulebeli aqtivobebi (Tu rogor axerxebs maswavlebeli gakveTilis miznebis ganxorcielebas da ZiriTadad, ra aris misTvis yvelaze mniSvnelobani am gakveTilis msvlelobisas).

gakveTilismsvleloba.gegmis es nawili gulisxmobs gakveTilis detalur aRweras: sasurvelia maswavlebelma ise aRweros gakveTilis msvleloba, rom kolegam, Tu mas amis sur-

vili aqvs, SeZlos SemoTavazebuli sagakveTilo modeliT sargebloba.gegmaSi sasurvelia 3 mniSvnelovani fazis dawvrilebiTi aRwera:1. Sesavali _ gamowveva anu provocirebis etapi;2. mTavari aqtivoba _ ZiriTadi nawili, romelic Sinaarsis realizebas, sakiTxis arsSi wvdomas

emsaxureba;3. daskvniTi nawili _ gaazrebis etapi, romlis drosac unda moxdes gakveTilis msvlelobisas

ganxiluli Temebis analizi da sinTezi, Sejereba da Sejameba da miRebuli codnis ganmtkiceba.

14

aucilebelia, maswavlebelma winaswar gagegmos, Tu ra dro dasWirdeba gakveTilis TiToeul fazas (gakveTilis droSi ganawileba).

ganvixiloT TiToeuli etapi cal-calke:

SesavaligakveTilis Sesavali nawili, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba daiwyos wina gakveTilze ganxi-

luli Temis SexsenebiT (frontaluri kiTxvebiT), am etapze moswavlem unda aRidginos sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli informacia, ganvlili masala, romelic TavisTavad xels Seuwyobs moswavlis axali TemisTvis Semzadebas. mTavaria, winaswar gqondeT gansazRvruli:

* rogor gaacnoT moswavleebs gakveTilis miznebi da amocanebi.* rogor SeZloT moswavleTa yuradRebis koncentrireba, mobilizeba da motivacia.* rogor daukavSiroT gakveTilis miznebi moswavleTa interess.

ZiriTadi nawili (Sinaarsis realizeba)am etapis amocanaa, erTi mxriv, `gamowvevis~ etapze gaRvivebuli interesisa da impulsebis

SenarCuneba; meore mxriv _ moswavleTa aqtivobis xelSewyoba (diskusiaSi monawileoba, kriti-kuli analizi, TvalsazrisTa Sepirispireba da Sejereba, alternatiuli gzebis Zieba). am etapze mniSvnelovania:

* gakveTilis mTavari Temis gansazRvra;* sagakveTilo procesis sainteresod warmarTvisTvis saWiro xerxebisa da meTodebis Ser-

Ceva;* moswavleebma SeZlon miRebuli codnis saWiroebisa da mniSvnelobis gacnobiereba.

daskvniTi nawili (refleqsia, gaazreba)gakveTilis am nawilSi SeiZleba gamoikveTos ramdenime arsebiTi faqtori: gakveTilis am etapze

xdeba moswavleTa miRebuli codnisa da informaciis gaazreba da dasabuTeba; sakiTxisadmi saku-Tari damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba. Tvalsazrisisa Tu informaciis interpretacia (sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema).

moswavle yvelaze ukeT imas imaxsovrebs, rasac misTvis nacnob konteqstSi iTvisebs da sa-kuTari sityvebiT gadmoscems da asabuTebs. aRqma maSin aris safuZvliani, rodesac informacia konteqstualur sqemaSi Tavsdeba.

am fazis meore amocanaa moswavleTa Soris azrTa jansaRi gacvla-gamocvla. refleqsiis dros diskusiaSi Cabma ara marto diskusiis monawileebs, aramed pasiur msmenelebsac aZlevs saSualebas gaigon, ifiqron da amis safuZvelze CamouyalibdeT, SeeqmnaT sakuTari azri da damokidebuleba ganxiluli sakiTxis irgvliv. garda amisa, es aris cvlilebebisa da rekonceptualizaciis safexuri swavlis procesSi. am stadiaze xdeba axal-axali informaciis integraciis mravalgvar saSuale-baTa gacnoba, es ukanaskneli ufro moqnil konstruqciebs migvaaxloebs, romlebic moswavleebma momavalSi SesaZloa ufro praqtikulad da mizanmimarTulad gamoiyenon.

garda amisa, gakveTilis daskvniT anu refleqsiis etapze unda ganisazRvros:* Sejamebis ra xerxs mimarTavT gakveTilis bolos?* rogor ganaxorcielebT ukukavSirs moswavleebTan?

saSinaodavalebagakveTilis bolos maswavlebeli davalebas aZlevs moswavleebs: Sin kidev erTxel gaixsenon,

ra gaakeTes am gakveTilze, yuradRebiT gaecnon (waikiTxon) saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul infor-macias (teqsti, wyaro) da Seasrulon `saSinao davaleba~.

15

gakveTilis dagegmva

(zogadiprincipebi)

efeqtiani gakveTili rom davgegmoT, aucilebelia, Cveni saswavlo strategia mocemul klasSi moswavleTa swavlis stils SevuTavsoT. maswavleblis saswavlo stretegiaSi igulisxmeba dasaxuli miznis Sesabamisad aqtivobebis (operaciebis) momzadebis ostatoba. swavlis stili moswavleebs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs. is axasiaTebs, ra pirobebSi grZnobs TiToeuli moswavle komfor-tulad Tavs swavlis procesSi. klasSi 25 moswavlidan zogi pragmatistia (ukeT swavlobs dak-virvebiT), zogi Teoretikosi (ukeT swavlobs azrovnebiT, fiqriT), zogi keTebisa da moqmedebis procesSia aqtiuri, zogi warmodgenebisa da aRqmis gziT ukeT swavlobs. gakveTili efeqtiani rom gamovides, yvela moswavlis swavlis stili, interesebi da SesaZleblobebi rac SeiZleba metad unda gaviTvaliswinoT.

amisaTvis swavleba/swavlis ori midgoma SeupirispireT erTma neTs da naxeT, Tqveni swavlebis

* codnis gacema * unaris, niWis, kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTareba

* akeTe ise, rogorc me * ifiqre, rogor gaakeTo

* me Tqven zemoT vdgavar * me TqvenTan erTad var

* gadavcem codnas * vaswavli azrovnebas da swavlas

* avtoritaruli * demokratiuli

* monologi * dialogi

* informaciuli, mTel * kvleva-ZiebiTi;klasTan erTdroulad wyvilebsa da jgufebSi

* biheviorizmi * konstruqtivizmi

* pasiuri, uintereso * aqtiuri, iniciativiani

* Warbobs maswavleblis * Tanabaria an Warbobs moswavlis

* tradiciuli * saswavlo miznisa Sesabamisad cvalebadi

* saxelmZRvanelo * saxelmZRvanelo da winaswar SerCeuli saswavlo masalebi

* pasuxis `sizustis~ * piradi aqtiurobis mixedviT mixedviT

mizani

devizi

mrwamsi

funqcia

swavlebis stili

urTierToba Cemsada moswavles Soris

swavlebis upiratesimeTodi

saswavlo Teoria

moswavleTa pozicia

maswavleblisa damoswavleebissaubris xangrZlivoba

saklaso dizaini

swavlebis sayrdeni

Sefaseba

maswavlebeli I midgoma II midgoma (tradiciuli) (aqtiuri)

stils am ori mdgomareobidan romeli arCe va ni ufro Seesabameba. axla gaarCieT, ra gansxvavebaa saswavlo Teoriebs _ biheviorizmsa da kon stru qtivizms Soris.

16

biheviorizmi mkacr disciplinasTan, codnis gadacemasTan, saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli masalis mTeli moculobiT aTvisebasa da savarji SoebiT SeZenili codnis ganmtkicebasTan asocirdeba. is swavlebisa da damaxso vrebis Teoriaa.

konstruqtivizmi swavlisa da azrovnebis Teoriaa da miiCnevs, rom moswa vle aqtiurad swav-lobs kvleva-Ziebisa da keTebis procesSi da TviTon aSenebs codnas. ̀ nawilebisgan konstruqciis aSeneba~ piradi gamocdilebisa da sxve bTan urTierTobis safuZvelze xdeba.

axla is sasicocxlo, zogadi, praqtikuli unarebi CamoTvaleT, romlebic aucileblad unda SesZinos skolam 21-e saukunis axalgazrdas:

– iazrovnos logikurad da kritikulad;– Caswvdes mimarTebebs sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris; – masalis damuSavebis, gagebis, analizisa da adekvaturi aRqmis safuZvelze gamoitanos daskvna

da miiRos gadawyvetileba;– daZlios mavne Cvevebi. icxovros jansaRi wesiT. – flobdes monacemTa Sedarebis, Segrovebisa da sxvadasxva saxiT warmodgenis xerxebs; – hqondes TanamSromlobisa da Tanadgomis unari da a. S. axla sqematurad ganvixiloT Tanamedrove gakveTilis struqtura da vawarmo oT meTodolo-

giuri gansja: rogor gadavideT swavlebidan swavlaze, maxsov ro bidan _ azrovnebaze.

gakveTilis struqtura

msvlelobis mixedviT Sinaarsis mixedviT etapebi

* Sesavali * motivacia (ganwyobis Seqmna) * sakiTxis dasma/warmodgena

* aqtivobebi * siRrmiseuli wvdoma * sakiTxis ganviTareba/aTviseba_ mTel klasTan_ individualurad_ wyvilSi_ jgufSi

* analizi, Sejameba * gaazreba (refleqsia) * codnis gamoyeneba/integracia

rCevebi maswavlebels efeqtiani gakveTilis dasagegmadgakveTilze saswavlo procesis dasagegmad maswavleblis upirvelesi amocana gakveTilis

miznis arsis gagebaa. gakveTilis saswavlo miznebi gamoxatavs, ra codna da unarebi unda SeiZinon moswavleebma. ra Sedegs unda miaRwion moswavleebma swavlis procesSi, gansazRvrulia erovnul saswavlo

gegmaSi _ yvela saganSi/sagnobriv jgufSi klasebis mixedviT. Sedegis miRwevas adasturebs Sede-gis qvemoT mocemuli indikatorebi. maswavleblis wignSi mocemuli Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka uCvenebs, romeli Sedegis misaRwevad aris saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli paragrafi da romeli indikatorebiT dasturdeba gakveTilis bolos Sedegis miRweva.

rodis aris gakveTilis mizani sworad SerCeuli? mizani sworad aris SerCeuli, Tu:* gamomdinareobs sagnobrivi standartis misaRwevi Sedegebidan.* qmnis safuZvels moswavleTa progresis SemowmebisTvis. * exmareba maswavlebels TviTSefasebaSi. * warmoadgens saswavlo savarjiSoebis CarCos. yvelaferi zemoT aRniSnuli miiRweva, rodesac moswavleebi gakveTilze gaakeTeben imas, rasac

Txoulobs Sedegebis qvemoT CamoTvlili indikatorebi. Tu maT yuradRebiT CaikiTxavT, naxavT,

codna(aRweren, axsnian, CamoTvlian, gaigeben...)

unarebi(Seadareben, Seqmnian, gaaana-lizeben, gamoikvleven...)

ganwyoba-damokidebuleba(Seafaseben, SearCeven, Secvlian...)

17

rom gakveTilis mizani klasikuri samkuTxedis saxiT SegiZliaT warmoidginoT:gakveTilis zogad mizanSi unda Candes, ra codna da unar-Cvevebi unda misceT moswavleebs,

specifikurSi ki _ ra konkretuli amocanebi unda ganaviTaroT amisTvis. magaliTad, Tu miiCnevT, rom saswavlo problema fiqrisa da azrovnebis procesSi unda gadawydes, Sesabamisi situaciuri amocana an savarjiSo unda SearCioT. masalis vizualizaciisTvis rukebis, grafikebis, naxatebis Seqmna dagWirdebaT, praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis formireba rogorc davalebebis SesrulebiT, ise roluri TamaSebiTa da warmosaxviTi eqsperimentebiT SeiZleba. sakuTari ganwyoba-damokide-bulebebis gamosaxatavad moswavles saubris, simReris, keTebis saSualebac unda misceT.

zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, gakveTilis dagegmvis win maswavlebelma meTodologiuri gansja unda awarmoos:

damatebiTi kiTxvebi gansjisTvis:

* ra movamzade gakveTilis dawyebis win swavlis ganwyobis Sesa qm-nelad? wignSi aris Sesabamisi aqtivoba, Tu me unda movZebno?

* aqtivobebis dagegmvisas gaviTvaliswino: rac vuTxari, momis-mina? Tu momismina, gaigo? Tu gaigo, miiRo? Tu miiRo, SeuZlia praqtikulad gamoiyenos? ganwyoba xom ar daikarga?

* aris saxelmZRvaneloSi masala, romelic ganapirobebs mzaobas:a) saxlSi kvlevis gasagrZeleblad?b) axal masalaze gadasasvlelad?Tu ar aris, me riT davexmarebi?

mTavari kiTxva gansjisTvis:

ras gaakeTebs bavSvi gakveTilze?

swavlobs swavlas?

aSenebs codnas?

kiTxvebi, romlebic daismis swavleba/swavlis axali midgomebiT gakveTilis dagegmvis win, bevria da rTuli. am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema skolaSi kolegebTan TanamSromlobiT, azrisa da gamocdilebis gaziarebiT ukeT SeiZleba.

gakveTilis mizani gansazRvravs aqtivobebis Sinaarss. aqtivobebis SerCevisas, miznis misaR-wevad winaswar unda moifiqroT:

* romeli/ramdeni aqtivobis Catareba dagWirdebaT da rogori TanmimdevrobiT.* aris Tu ara sawyisi/Sesavali aqtivoba samotivacio, anu moemsaxureba Tu ara igi moswavleTa

dainteresebas swavlis procesSi CasarTavad da Seasrulebs Tu ara momdevno aqtivobebTan dama-kavSirebel rols.

* aris Tu ara momdevno aqtivobebi moswavlis swavlaze orientirebuli, ganmaviTarebeli, SemoqmedebiTi.

* iZleva Tu ara Semajamebeli aqtivoba saSualebas, gakveTilis bolos Semowmdes moswavleTa progresi da Sefasdes gakveTilis xarisxi (ramdenad miaRwies moswavleebma da maswavleblebma dasaxul miznebs).

aqtivobebis SerCevis paralelurad mniSvnelovania moswavleTa organizaciis formis dagegmva da drois ganawileba. saswavlo miznis miRwevis maCvenebeli indikatorebi garkveulwilad migvaniS-nebs, rogor vamuSaoT moswavleebi: mTel klasTan, individualurad, wyvilebsa Tu jgufebSi. rac met SesabamisobaSi iqneba aqtivobis organizaciis forma moswavleTa SesaZleblobebTan da swavlis stilTan, miT realurad SeamowmebT gakveTilze moswavleTa progress da gaanawilebT maT Ses-asruleblad gankuTvnil dros. dro TiToeuli aqtivobisTvis winaswar igegmeba, Tumca swavlis procesSic SesaZlebelia SeitanoT masSi cvlilebebi. gansakuTrebiT yuradRebamisaqcevia drois ganawileba jgufuri muSaobisTvis, rodesac saWiroa samuSaos dagegmva, monacemebis organizeba da warmodgena. unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom swored jgufuri muSaobisas yalibdeba moswavleebSi TanamSromlobis, piradi da gunduri pasuxismgeblobis, jansaRi konkurenciis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis/dasabuTebis da sxva zogadi unar-Cvevebi. Tu samuSao kvleviTi an SemoqmedebiTia, TiToeuli davalebis SesrulebisTvis gankuTvnili drois gaTvla (ar darCes zedmeti dro an ar daakldes) faqtobrivad ganapirobebs miznis miRwevas.

gakveTilze swavlis procesis efeqtianad warmarTva SeuZlebelia saswavlo resursebis gamoyenebis gareSe. gakveTilis mizani gvikarnaxebs, ra tipis resursiT mivaRwevT Sedegs ukeT: adamianuri (sxva maswavlebeli, sazogadoebis wevri...), sainformacio (saxelmZRvaneloebi, statiebi, samuSao furclebi...), vizualuri (plakatebi, sqemebi, fotoebi, modelebi...) Tu audiovizualuri (kompiuteri, videokamera...). mza resursebze aranakleb efeqtiania resursebis Seqmna. resusis moZieba-Seqmna SeiZleba klasSi, skolaSi, lokalur an globalur garemoSi, xolo Seqmnili resursis

18

srulyofa-ganviTareba _ klasSi an gakveTilebis Semdeg skolaSi TanamSromlobiT, gamocdilebis gaziarebiTa da efeqtianobis SemowmebiT. ra tipis resursis gamoyenebas/Seqmnas, moZiebas SevZlebT, es gansazRvravs dasagegmi praqtikuli savarjiSoebis CarCos.

yvela gakveTils sWirdeba Sefaseba. Sefaseba aris monitoringisa da Semowmebis safuZvelze gamotanili daskvna, romelic aRnusx-

avs TiToeuli moswavlis warmatebasa da progress gakveTilis bolos (zogadad, swavlis garkveul etapze).

Sefasebis axali sistema efuZneba monitoringisa da Semowmebis procesebs. monitoringSi igulisxmeba TiToeuli moswavlis warmatebasa da progresze mudmivi Tvalyuris

devnebisa da faqtebis mogrovebis procesi.monitoringi saWiroa imisTvis, rom maswavlebelma Seiswavlos TiToeuli moswavlis swavlis

stili, SesaZleblobebi, interesebi, saWiroebebi da Sesabamisad Seitanos cvlilebebi gakveTilis dagegmvaSi. Zalze mniSvnelovania, gakveTilis msvlelobisas kerZo kontaqtebi awarmooT TiToeul moswavlesTan da yuradReba gaunawiloT yovel maTgans.

Semowmeba aris TiToeuli moswavlis miRwevebisa da progresis (agreTve zo ga dad swavlis procesis) Sesaxeb monacemebis Segrovebis procesi. risTvis vagrovebT am monacemebs?

monacemebis safuZvelze maswavlebeli gamoavlens swavlis xelisSemwyob da xelisSemSlel faqtorebs. Semowmebis Sedegebi faqtobrivad `iZleva~ rCevebs, saSualebebs Sedegebis gasaum-jobeseblad. pedagogiur praqtikaSi gamoyenebuli Semowmebis xerxebia: dakvirveba, gamokiTxva, konsultacia, saubari, testireba, CaTvla, gamocda.

ra formiT mimdinareobs Semowmeba _ zepiri, werilobiTi (komentariT) Tu konkretul situaciaSi moqmedebis Sesaxeb Canaweris warmoebiT, damokidebulia miznis Sinaarsze. Sesabamisad SeirCeva Semowmebis saSualebebi: kiTxvebi, testebi, rveulSi Cawerili monacemebi, namuSevrebis krebulebi, proeqtebi da sxv.

arsebiTia, gaviazroT, rom monitoringisa da Semowmebis safuZvelze maswavleblis mier moswav-lis mimdinare Sefaseba xdeba ara mxolod qulebis dasawe rad, aramed TiToeuli moswavlis droSi ganviTarebis misaRwevad, Secdomis gasasworeblad, Sedegis gasaumjobeseblad. aseTi midgomiT droTa ganmavlobaSi TiToeul moswavleSi yalibdeba urTierTisa da TviTSefasebis unar-Cvevac: moswavle aqtiurad iRebs monawileobas gakveTilis srulyofaSi, problemebis gamoyofasa da Sefasebis kriteriumebis/sqemis SedgenaSi.

gakveTilze misaRwevi Sedegebi

Sefaseba

indikatorebi

mizani/miznebi

aqtivobebi (organizacia, dro)

resursebi (klasisa da TiToeuli moswavlisaTvis)

mocemuli msjelobidan gamomdinareobs gakveTilis dagegmvis aseTi sqema: gakveTilis efeqtiani dagegmvisTvis SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT cxrili, romlis SedgenaSi dagex-

marebaT yoveli gakveTilis win da dasrulebisTanave saazrovno unare bis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad sakuTari TavisTvis dasmuli kiTxvebi:

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1. ra masalas iswavlian; romel qmedebebs Seasruleben moswavleebi; ra Sedegs unda mivaRwio; Sefasebis romeli forma SevarCio?

2. rogor vamuSao moswavleebi miznis misaRwevad; ras gavakeTeb me da ras gaakeTeben Cemi mos-wavleebi?

3. risTvis da visTvis gaakeTeben amas moswavleebi? 4. ratom SevarCie aseTi aqtivobebi? kidev romeli aqtivobebis gamoyeneba SemiZlia? ratom

SevarCieT msgavsi/gansxvavebuli aqtivobebi me da saxelmZRvanelos avtorma? 5. ra moxdeba, Tu aqtivobebis raodenobas, Tanmimdevrobas Sevcvli da savar ji So ebs azrob-

rivad gavaerTianeb? riT davasabuTeb Cems arCevans?6. romel da ramden moswavleze velodebodi Sedegis (miznis) miRwevas da ra miviRe? ra cvli-

lebebis Setanas mTxovs miRweuli Sedegi (Sefaseba)?

saswavlo Tema aqtivobebi moswavleTa drois resursebi Semowmeba/Sefaseba mizani/miznebi organizeba ganawileba

gakveTilis gegmis Sedgenisas aucilebelia gaiTvaliswinoT Semdegi punqtebi:

gakveTilis miznebi: • ris miRwevas gegmavT gakveTilze;• ra codna da unar-Cvevebi unda SeiZinon moswavleebma?

winapirobebi: • ra codna da unari moeTxoveba moswavles gakveTilis miznebSi dasaxuli amocanebis asaTviseblad?• ra masalis codna moeTxoveba moswavles mocemuli gakveTilis ukeT gasagebad?

resursebi:• ra resursebia saWiro mocemuli gakveTilisaTvis?• ra sWirdeba pedagogs saswavlo procesis efeqtianad warmarTvisaTvis?• ra tipis resursebis gamoyeneba iqneba sasurveli ( saxelmZRvanelo, Jurnal-gazeTebis statiebi, telefilmebi, interneti da sxv.)?

aqtivobebi:• rogor gaacnobT moswavleebs gakvTilis ZiriTad miznebs?• rogor daainteresebT moswavleebs da gauZlierebT motivacias mocemuli Temis Sesaswavlad?• ras gaakeTebT moswavleebTan erTad gakveTlis ganmavlobaSi?• klasis organizebis ra formebs gamoiyenebT dasaxuli miznebis gansaxorcieleblad?• prezentaciis romel gzas gamoiyenebT, rom moswavleebma efeqtianad aiTvison masala?• rogor SeafasebT, Tu ramdenad kargad/warmatebiT/ efeqtianad Sesrulda dasaxuli amocanebi?• ra tipis davalebebs miscemdiT klasSi an saxlSi damoukidebeli muSaobisaTvis?

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swavlebis meTodebi

swavla-swavlebis meTodebis mravalgvari klasifikacia arsebobs, gTavazobT yvelaze gavrcelebul variantebs.

meTodTa klasifikaciis variantiA:* verbaluri,anuzepirsityvierimeTodi.*wignzemuSaobismeTodi.* weriTimuSaobismeTodi, romelic gulisxmobs Semdegi saxis aqtivobebs: amonawerebisa da

Canawerebis gakeTeba, masalis dakonspeqteba, Tezisebis Sedgena, referatis an eses dawera, da a.S.* laboratoriulimeTodidademonstrirebismeTodi. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, gu-

lisxmobs Semdegi saxis aqtivobebs: cdebis dayeneba, videomasalebis Cveneba, dinamikuri xasiaTis masala da sxv.

* praqtikulimeTodebi aerTianebs swavlebis yvela im formas, romelic moswavles praqti-kul unar-Cvevebs uyalibebs da is SeZenili codnis safuZvelze damoukideblad asrulebs ama Tu im aqtivobas.

meTodTa klasifikaciis varianti B: diskusia/debatebi – interaqtiuri swavlebis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia.

diskusiis procesi mkveTrad amaRlebs moswavleTa CarTulobis xarisxsa da aqtivobas. diskusia SesaZlebelia gadaizardos kamaTSi. es procesi ar Semoifargleba mxolod maswavleblis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebiT. es meTodi uviTarebs moswavleebs kamaTisa da sakuTari azris dasabuTebis unars.

problemazedafuZnebuliswavleba (PBL) – saswavlo meTodi, romelic axali codnis miRebis da integraciis procesis sawyis etapad iyenebs problemas.

TanamSromlobiTi (cooperative) swavleba – amgvari swavlebis strategiiT, jgufis TiToeuli wevri valdebulia, ara mxolod Tavad Seiswavlos, aramed daexmaros Tavis Tanagundels sagnis ukeT SeswavlaSi. jgufis TiToeuli wevri muSaobs problemaze, sanam yvela maTgani ar daeufleba sakiTxs.

evristikulimeTodi – efuZneba moswavleebis winaSe dasmuli amocanis etapobriv gadawyvetas. es amocana swavlebis procesSi faqtebis damoukideblad dafiqsirebisa da maT Soris kavSirebis danaxvis gziT xorcieldeba.

SemTxvevisanalizi(Case study) – maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad gakveTilze ganixilavs konkretul SemTxvevebs da maTTan erTad yovelmxriv da safuZvlianad Seiswavlis sakiTxs. magali-Tad, fizikur geografiaSi stiqiuri movlebis arss, warmoSobis mizezebs, gavrcelebas, riskebs da Tavidan acilebis gzebs; geopolitikuri kuTxiT, konfliqtebis geografiaSi es SeiZleba iyos konkretuli konfliqtis analizi da a. S.

gonebriviieriSi (Brain storming) – es meTodi gulisxmobs konkretuli Temis farglebSi konkretuli sakiTxis/problemis Sesaxeb maqsimalurad meti, sasurvelia, radikalurad gansx-vavebuli azris, ideis Camoyalibebasa da gamoTqmis xelSewyobas. aRniSnuli meTodi xels uwyobs problemisadmi SemoqmedebiTi midgomis ganviTarebas. es meTodi Sedegiania mravalricxovani jgufis arsebobis pirobebSi da Sedgeba ramdenime ZiriTadi etapisgan:

* problemis/sakiTxis SemoqmedebiTi kuTxiT gansazRvra.* drois garkveul monakveTSi auditoriisgan sakiTxis irgvliv arsebuli ideebis kritikis

gareSe CaniSvna (ZiriTadad dafaze).* gamoricxvis gziT im ideebis gamorCeva, romlebic yvelaze metad Seesabameba dasmul sakiT-

xebs.* kvlevis mizanTan ideis Sesabamisobis dasadgenad Sefasebis kriteriumebis gansazRvra.* SerCeuli ideebis Sefaseba winaswar gansazRvruli kriteriumebiT.* umaRlesi Sefasebis mqone ideis, rogorc dasaxuli problemis gadaWris saukeTeso saSu-

alebis gamovlena. roluridasituaciuriTamaSebi – scenaris mixedviT ganxorcielebuli roluri TamaSebi

moswavleebs saSualebas aZlevs, sxvadasxva poziciidan Sexedon sakiTxs da exmareba maT alterna-

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tiuli Tvalsazrisis CamoyalibebaSi. diskusiis msgavsad, roluri TamaSebic uyalibebs moswavles sakuTari poziciis damoukideblad gamoTqmisa da kamaTSi misi dacvis unars.

demonstrirebismeTodi – es meTodi informaciis vizualurad warmodgenas gulisxmobs. Sedegis miiRwevis TvalsazrisiT is sakmaod efeqtiania. xSir SemTxvevaSi umjobesia, masala erT-droulad audio da vizualuri gziT mivawodoT moswavleebs. Sesaswavli masalis demonstrireba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes rogorc maswavleblis, ise moswavlis mier. es meTodi gvexmareba, TvalsaCino gavxadoT saswavlo masalis aRqmis sxvadasxva safexuri, davakonkretoT, Tu ris Ses-ruleba mouwevT moswavleebs damoukideblad; amave dros, es strategia vizualurad warmoaCens sakiTxis/problemis arss. demonstrireba SesaZloa martiv saxes atarebdes (magaliTad, maTemati-kuri amocanis amoxsna misi safexurebis dafaze TvalsaCinod warmodgenis saxiT) an iseTi rTuli saxe miiRos, rogoricaa mravalsafexuriani sabunebismetyvelo eqsperimentis Catareba.

induqcia, deduqcia, analizi da sinTezi.swavlebis induqciurimeTodi gansazRvravs nebismieri sagnobrivi codnis iseT formas,

rodesac swavlis procesSi azris msvleloba kerZo, konkretuli faqtebidan ganzogadebisaken aris mimarTuli, anu masalis gadmocemisas procesi mimdinareobs konkretulidan zogadisaken.

swavlebisdeduqciurimeTodigansazRvravs nebismieri sagnobrivi codnis gadacemis iseT formas, romelic zogad codnaze dayrdnobiT axali codnis aRmoCenis logikur process war-moadgens, anu procesi mimdinareobs zogadidan konkretulisaken.

saswavlo procesSi analizismeTodi gvexmareba saswavlo masalis, rogorc erTi mTlianis, Semadgenel nawilebad daSlaSi, amiT martivdeba rTuli problebis SigniT arsebuli calkeuli sakiTxebis detaluri gaSuqeba.

sinTezismeTodi gulisxmobs Sebrunebul proceduras, anu calkeuli sakiTxebis dajgufe-biT erTi mTlianis Sedgenas. es meTodi xels uwyobs problemis, rogorc mTelis danaxvis unaris ganviTarebas.

axsna-ganmartebiTimeTodi– efuZneba msjelobas mocemuli sakiTxis irgvliv. maswavle-bels masalis gadmocemisas mohyavs konkretuli magaliTi, romlis dawvrilebiT ganxilvac xdeba mocemuli Temis farglebSi.

qmedebazeorientirebuliswavleba – moiTxovs moswavle-maswavleblis aqtiur CarTulo-bas swavlebis procesSi, sadac gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZens Teoriuli masalis praqtikuli interpretacia.

mocemuli ZiriTadi meTodebis garda arsebobs swavlebis uamravi meTodi, romlis SerCeva maswavlebels SeuZlia konkretuli saswavlo amocanidan gamomdinare.

muSaobis formebi:swavlebis procesSi sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebisas muSaobis Sesabamisi klasis organize-

bis forma SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli, magaliTad, individualuri, wyviluri, jgufuri, mTel klasTan erTad.

jgufuri (collaborative)muSaoba–am meTodiT swavleba gulisxmobs moswavleTa jgufebad dayofas da maTTvis saswavlo davalebis micemas. jgufis wevrebi individualurad amuSaveben sakiTxs da paralelurad uziareben mas jgufis danarCen wevrebs. dasaxuli amocanidan gamomdi-nare, SesaZlebelia jgufis muSaobis procesSi wevrebs Soris moxdes funqciebis gadanawileba. es strategia uzrunvelyofs yvela moswavlis maqsimalur CarTulobas saswavlo procesSi.

individualurisamuSaoindividualuri samuSao xSirad aris sxva aqtivobis fragmenti. is garkveuli pasuxismgeblobiT

tvirTavs moswavles, warmoaCens mis pirad damokidebulebas ama Tu im sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, xels uwyobs sakuTari azris gamoTqmas, Camoyalibebas, argumentirebul dasabuTebas, kritikul azrovnebas, drois racionalur gamoyenebas.

wyvilebidajgufebiwyvilebsa da jgufebSi muSaoba xels uwyobs TanamSromlobis Cvevis gamomuSavebas. am sa-

varjiSoebis Sesrulebisas moswavleebi swavloben erTmaneTis mosmenas, sxvisi azris gaziarebas, kritikul azrovnebasa da Sefasebas, sakuTari azris gamoTqmas, dasabuTebas da a.S. isini eCvevian funqciebis danawilebas, drois racionalur gamoyenebas.

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gTavazobTwyvilebSimuSaobiswesebs:1. maswavlebeli klass yofs wyvilebad;2. klass eZleva saerTo davaleba; 3. moswavleebi samuSaos asruleben wyvilebSi;4. dro gansazRvrulia (samuSaos sirTulis mixedviT);5. maswavlebeli TviTon anawilebs moswavleebis funqciebs. wyvilebSi muSaobis dros bavSvebs moeTxovebaT yuradRebis koncentracia. isini pasuxismgeb-

lobas grZnoben mewyvilis mimarT. wyvilebSi gamomuSavebuli TanamSromlobis Cveva kidev ufro mtkicdeba jgufuri samuSaoebis

Sesrulebisas.gTavazobTwesebsjgufurimuSaobisaTvis:1. klasi iyofa 4-5 kacian jgufad.2. klass eZleva saerTo davaleba. SesaZloa, maswavlebelma TiToeul jgufs sxvadasxva dava-

lebac misces. 3. jgufi muSaobs erTi magidis garSemo. 4. samuSao sruldeba erToblivad da jgufi Sesrulebul samuSaos aZlevs erTian formas.5. jgufi unda muSaobdes SeTanxmebulad, ar unda moxdes konfliqti, ar unda iTrgunebodes

arc erTi moswavle. 6. jgufi, romlis wevrebic SeTanxmebulad ver moqmedeben, muSaobas wyvets. 7. jgufis yoveli wevri unda CaerTos saqmianobaSi da maT Tavad unda gadainawilon funqciebi.8. davaleba sruldeba maswavleblis mier winaswar gansazRvrul droSi (10-15 wT.)TiToeul jgufSi erTi magidis garSemo Tavs iyrian sxvadasxva xasiaTisa da temperamentis

moswavleebi: aqtiurebi, pasiurebi, liderebi. xSirad jgufebSi swored amitom warmoiSveba konf-liqti. maswavlebeli sTavazobs gunds konfliqtis mSvidobian mogvarebas. Tu amas gundi ver miaRwevs, anu ver ipovis gamosavals, is samuSao procesidan vardeba.

jgufis SerCeva sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba: jgufi SeiZleba SeirCes ise, rom TiToeul maTganSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebis bavSvebi gaerTiandnen, SeiZleba cal-calke Sedges biWebisa da gogonebis gundebi an SeiZleba jgufebis organizeba bavSvebis megobruli damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT. SesaZlebelia SemTxveviTobis principiT SerCevac, raTa moswavleebi mieCvivnen nebismier part-niorTan urTierTobas. jgufebad danawileba unda moxdes operatiulad (2-3 wT.)

SesaZloa maswavlebelma Tavad daadginos jgufis muSaobis wesebi (mag., lideris arCeva), ma-gram umjobesia muSaobis sistemis Seqmna mTlianad mivandoT bavSvebs (ra Tqma unda, maswavleblis rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT). kargia, Tu jgufi TviTon airCevs, vin waradgens klasis winaSe jgufis namuSevars. maswavlebeli Tvals adevnebs moswavleebis muSaobas, Tumca es imgvarad xdeba, rom bavSvebs ar SeeqmnaT STabeWdileba, TiTqos maswavlebeli maT Tavze adgaT. maswavlebeli ar unda Caerios jgufis muSaobaSi, garda im SemTxveve bisa, Tu jgufi misgan moiTxovs raime ganmarte-bas, an Seatyobs, rom jgufma arasworad gaigo piroba da maTi muSaoba CixSi Sevida.

aqtiuri meTodebiTa da jgufuri TamaSebiT muSaobisas maswavlebeli ukana planze gadadis. igi gezis mimcemisa da meTvalyuris rols asrulebs da bolomde neitralur wamyvanad rCeba.

samuSaos damTavrebis Semdeg jgufebi warmoadgenen sakuTar namuSevrebs. prezentaciis dros maswavlebeli kiTxvebs ar usvams da ar awyvetinebs azrs momxsenebels.

bolos namuSevrebi SeiZleba gamoikras kedelze an dafaze. maswavlebels winaswar unda hqondes gansazRvuli namuSevrebis Sefasebis forma. sasurvelia, moswavleebma Tavad Seafason erTmaneTis namuSevari: TiToeuli moswavle asaxelebs, misi azriT, saukeTeso jgufur namuSe-vars (garda sakuTarisa) da asabuTebs, ra kriteriumebiT (Camoyalibebuli azri, originaluri gadawyveta, mxatvruli gaformeba, STambeWdavi prezentacia da a.S.) ixelmZRvanela Sefasebisas. yoveli gamomsvlelis azrs maswavlebeli dafaze afiqsirebs _ wers ̀ pluss~ an qulas (10-quliani sistema) saTanado namuSevris qveS. qulebis (plusebis) raodenoba gamoavlens gamarjvebuls, Tumca maswavlebelma aucileblad unda gamoyos TiToeuli jgufis Zlieri da susti mxareebi. Sefasebas SesaZloa win uZRvodes mcire diskusia, romlis drosac maswavlebelsa da bavSvebs SeeZlebaT SekiTxvebi dausvan TiToeuli jgufis wevrebs.

maswavlebelma winaswar unda gansazRvros, ra dro unda daeTmos davalebis Sesrulebas, prezentaciebsa da namuSevrebis Sefasebas.

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minileqciaminileqcia aris mcire zomis leqcia, romlis mizania auditoriisaTvis garkveuli infor-

maciis gadacema. minileqcia aris saSualeba drois mcire monakveTSi moswavleebisTvis saWiro informaciis gadacemisa.

minileqcia moswavleebs umetesad codnas sZens da naklebad iZleva unarebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom leqciis dros ufro aqtiuri maswavlebelia, xolo SedarebiT pasiuri – moswavleebi.

saleqciod SeiZleba sxvadasxva wyarodan SeirCes nebismieri masala faqtebis, ideebis, Teor-iebis Sesaxeb. maswavlebelma winaswar unda moamzados Teoriuli da vizualuri masalebi, grafikebi, fotomasala, raTa leqcia saintereso gaxados moswavleebisaTvis. moswavleebisaTvis, romelTac mxedvelobiTi mexsiereba ukeT aqvT ganviTarebuli, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania TvalsaCinoe-bis gamoyeneba.

leqciisTvis momzadebuli masala logikuri TanamimdevrobiT – martividan rTulisaken – unda dalagdes da advilad gasagebi unda iyos moswavleebisaTvis. amavdroulad, ar unda gadaitvirTos Zalian bevri gansxvavebuli tipis informaciiT. sasurvelia, erTi leqcia erT sakiTxs daeTmos. leqciis msvlelobisas damrigebelma xeli unda Seuwyos moswavleebis aqtiurobas.

leqciis mimdinareobisas moswavleTa aqtiurobis xelSewyobisTvis mniSvnelovania imis gaT-valiswineba, rogor sxedan isini. sasurvelia ara frontaluri (rodesac maswavlebeli dgas dafas-Tan msmenelis win), aramed sadiskusio stilis (moswavleebi da maswavlebeli sxedan wreSi magidis irgvliv ise, rom yvela kargad xedavs erTmaneTs) gamoyeneba. leqcia swavlebis SedarebiT pasiur formadaa miCneuli, Tumca moswavleTa gasaaqtiureblad maswavlebelma unda waaxalisos isini; mudmivad daamyaros mxedvelobiTi kontaqti auditoriasTan; periodulad Seamowmos, ramdenad usmens auditoria mas da ganaxorcielos Sesabamisi ukukavSiri.

minileqciis Catarebas ar sWirdeba gansakuTrebuli materialur-teqnikuri aRWurviloba, Tumca, sasurvelia, gamoviyenoT vizualuri masala – grafikebi, fotomasala, cxrilebi da a.S. leqcia aseve SeiZleba Catardes Power Point-is gamoyenebiTac, rasac specialuri aRWurviloba (leptopi da proeqtori) dasWirdeba.

eqskursiaeqskursia aris risame koleqtiuri daTvaliereba; gamgzavreba, gaseirneba saswavlo, samec-

niero, sportuli an garTobis mizniT. eqskursiis dros moswavleebs saSualeba eZlevaT, realur garemoSi daakvirdnen situacias da gaecnon mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebul Taviseburebebs.

eqskursias sailustracio funqcia aqvs. eqskursiaze nanaxi da mosmenili ukeT amaxsovrdebaT moswavleebs, vidre mxolod moyolili masala.

eqskursiis, rogorc saswavlo RonisZiebis, gamoyenebis Taobaze sami mosazreba arsebobs: 1. eqskursiaze moswavleebi midian saswavlo wlis dawyebisTanave; eqskursia xels uwyobs

moswavleTa da pedagogTa daaxloebas, aRvivebs interess sxvadasxva sakiTxis mimarT da zrdis swavlis motivacias;

2. eqskursiaze moswavleebi midian saswavlo wlis dasrulebisas, rodesac isini ukve saTanado codnasa da unar-Cvevebs floben da SeuZliaT realur garemoSi daakvirdnen istoriul Zeglebs Tu garkveul samuSao garemos;

3. eqskursias gegmavs sagnis pedagogi wlis ganmavlobaSi sagnis saWiroebisa da specifikidan gamomdinare.

skolis gareT swavlebas SeiZleba garkveuli problemebi axldes Tan, amitom aucilebelia eqskursiis detaluri dagegmva, raTa Tavidan aviciloT gaugebrobebi. maswavlebelma winaswar unda gaiTvaliswinos da dagegmos Semdegi sakiTxebi: eqskursiis mizani, eqskursiis zusti dro, moswavleebis dasaSvebi raodenoba.

saeqskursio jgufSi moswavleTa raodenoba damokidebulia klasis sidideze. sasurvelia, rom 5-6 bavSvs erTi ufrosi axldes (iqneba es pedagogi, skolis administraciis TanamSromeli Tu aqtiuri mSobeli).

maswavlebelma winaswar unda miawodos moswavleebs informacia eqskursiis gegmis Sesaxeb – ra unda naxon, ras unda miaqcion gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da a.S. eqskursiis dros unda waaxa-lisos moswavleebi, dasvan kiTxvebi. SesaZlebelia, saWiro iyos garkveuli CaniSvnebis gakeTebac.

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eqskursiismniSvnelobasaskolo eqskursiebi mniSvnelovania klasgareSe ganaTlebisTvis. amgvar RonisZiebebze

moswavleebs socialuri da sakuTari Tavis marTvis unar-Cvevebic uviTardebaT. moswavleebi saskolo eqskursiebze swavloben da isveneben kidec erTad. aucilebelia, eqskursiebi winaswar daigegmos. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi iqneba eqskursia maqsimalurad saintereso da saganmanaTleblo Rirebulebis matarebeli.

saeqskursio aqtivobebi xSirad ramdenime sagnis saswavlo gegmis integrirebas axdens (mag., qarTulisa da istoria-geografiis an bunebismetyvelebis), amitom am aqtivobebis dagegmvisas, sxvadasxva sagnis maswavlebelTa erToblivi da SeTanxmebuli muSaoba SesaZloa ufro metad efeqtiani iyos.

gonebrivi ieriSi gonebrivi ieriSi jgufuri SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis meTodia, romlis mizania konkretuli

problemis gadasaWrelad maqsimaluri raodenobis ideis Segroveba da ganxilva. gonebrivi ieriSi gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aravin icis kiTxvaze pasuxi; roca

gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gvsurs rac SeiZleba meti ideisa da mosazrebis Segroveba da konsensusis safuZvelze sasurveli raodenobis SerCeva.

gonebrivi ieriSis procesi sakmaod martivia. Tavdapirvelad, maswavlebeli asaxelebs gansa-xilvel Temas da adgens gegmas. gonebrivi ieriSis dawyebamde aucilebelia jgufSi muSaobis wesebze SeTanxmeba. magaliTad: yvela idea sworia da yvela maTgani unda ganvixiloT; gonebrivi ieriSis procesSi arafers ganvsjiT da vafasebT; mTavaria ideebis raodenoba da ara xarisxi.

moswavleebi dasmuli sakiTxis irgvliv gamoTqvamen uamrav mosazrebas/ideas, romelTac mas-wavlebeli dafaze an ̀ flipCartze~ iniSnavs. drois limiti winaswaraa gansazRvruli – magaliTad, 20-25 wT.

ideebis Camoweris Semdeg maswavlebeli maT xmamaRla, jgufis yvela wevrisTvis gasagebad kiTxu-lobs. Semdeg moswavleebi afaseben ideebs, davuSavaT, sam an xuTqulian skalaze da msgavs ideebs ajgufeben. sabolood CvenTvis sasurvel, yvelaze maRalqulian, vTqvaT, sam-oTx ideas SevarCevT.

rogorc aRvniSneT, gonebrivi ieriSis process maswavlebeli warmarTavs. mas unda SeeZlos yuradRebiT mosmena da monawileebis waxaliseba ideebis miwodebis procesSi. man xeli unda Seuwyos rac SeiZleba bevri ideisa da mosazrebis Segrovebas. maswavlebeli procesSi neitraluri figuraa.

gonebrivi ieriSis procesSi saswavlo garemo Cveulia. SesaZloa, monawileebi isxdnen wriulad, magidis irgvliv. maswavlebels iseTi pozicia unda ekavos, rom yvela mxridan kargad Candes. maswav-leblis movaleoba dafaze Canaweris gakeTebacaa. atmosfero ukiduresad komfortuli unda iyos.

SemTxvevis ganxilvaSemTxvevis ganxilva farTod gamoiyeneba ganaTlebis sferoSi. misi mizania, konkretuli SemTx-

vevis ganxilvis safuZvelze, damatebiTi informaciisa da codnis SeZena. SemTxvevis ganxilvisas ar aris aucilebeli, SemTxveva erT konkretul adamians exebodes. is

SeiZleba adamianTa jgufTan, sxvadasxva situaciasTan, fenomenTan da a.S. iyos dakavSirebuli. SemTxvevis Seswavlisas iazreben da aanalizeben am konkretul SemTxvevas. SemTxvevis ganx-

ilvamde saWiroa, maswavlebelma winaswar moamzados masala, romelic saintereso da aqtualuri iqneba moswavleebisaTvis, gaiTvaliswinebs maT asakobriv Taviseburebas da SesaZlebels gaxdis msjelobas mis Sesaxeb.

gansaxilvel masalasTan erTad unda momzaddes ZiriTadi SekiTxvebi; isini SeiZleba exebodes moswavleTa damokidebulebas konkretuli adamianis, jgufis an konkretul SemTxvevaSi aRwerili situaciis mimarT; rogori damokidebuleba aqvT SemTxvevis mimarT; ra aris maTTvis misaRebi/miuRebeli, rogor SeiZleba problemis gadaWra da a.S.

SemTxvevis ganxilvas specialuri teqnikuri aRWurviloba ar sWirdeba. sasurvelia, yvela moswavles hqondes amobeWdili SemTxveva an maswavlebelma gamoiyenos proeqtori da leptopi.

diskusiadRevandel dinamikur, eTnikurad da kulturulad mravalferovan samyaroSi sazogadoebis

funqcionirebisaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens urTierTpativiscemis, urTierTgagebisa da urTierTSemecnebis Cvevebi.

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amisTvis mniSvnelovania, gvesmodes, ra aris diskusia da rogor unda warvmarToT igi. miT umetes, rom axal erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi Cadebulia sagnobrivi Sedegebi, romelTa misaRwevad maswavleblebs araerTxel mouwevT sagakveTilo procesSi diskusiis gamoyeneba.

diskusia aris wamyvansa da msmenelebs Soris codnis, Sexedulebebisa da ideebis sityvieri gacvlis procesi. diskusias sxvanairad msjelobasac uwodeben.

saklaso diskusia exmareba moswavleebs sakiTxis Rrma da detalur ganxilvaSi. kerZod, saklaso diskusiis dros iqmneba iseTi atmosfero, sadac moswavleebs SeuZliaT azrebis urTierTgazi-areba, axali ideebis gamoTqma, sxvisi azrebis mosmena da gageba, komunikaciisa da TviTgamoxatvis unar-Cvevebis gaumjobeseba.

kargi diskusia unda iTvaliswinebdes rogorc diskusiis wamyvanis, aseve misi monawileebis komunikaciur unar-Cvevebs, mocemuli sakiTxis codnas, liderobisa da koordinaciis SesaZleblo-bas, azrebis urTierTgacvlas, jgufis, rogorc mTlianis, ganxilvas da, Sesabamisad, saWiroebs karg momzadebas.

saklaso diskusiis momzadebisas maswavlebelma zustad unda SearCios diskusiis Tema. es gu-lisxmobs imas, rom diskusiisTvis gankuTvnili Tema iyos sagnis da konkretuli sakiTxis Sesaty-visi. aseve, maswavlebelma saklaso diskusiisTvis unda SearCios Sesabamisi forma (mag., moswavlis prezentacias mohyveba jgufuri diskusia: moswavleebs micemuli aqvT wasakiTxi masala da amas mohyveba Semajamebeli prezentacia da klasis diskusia) da fizikuri garemo (mag., wreSi jdoma diskusiis TiToeul monawiles aZlevs SesaZleblobas, ufro advilad daamyaros komunikacia, didi jgufebi SeiZleba daiyos ufro patara jgufebad da a. S.);

diskusiis mimdinareobis dros maswavlebelma unda gaakeTos Semdegi:1. diskusiis fasilitaciisaTvis Sesabamisi saklaso garemos Seqmna:* diskusiis wesebis Camoyalibeba (azris gamoTqmis wesebi da a. S.);* ZiriTadi Temebisa da terminebis zogadi mimoxilva; * diskusiasTan dakavSirebuli molodinebis gamoTqma;* diskusiisTvis sakmarisi drois gamoyofa.

2. monawileobis waxaliseba/xelSewyoba: * moswavleebis dasaintereseblad wamaxalisebeli SekiTxvebis dasma;* moTxovna, rom moswavleebma mudmivad Seajamon ganxiluli sakiTxebi; * kiTxvebis momzadeba da moswavleebisaTvis garkveuli drois micema, raTa maT winaswar

moamzadon pasuxebi da Semdeg mTel klass warudginon.

3. diskusiis warmarTva da daskvnebis Sejameba:* moswavleebis waxaliseba, raTa maT gamoTqvan TavianTi ideebis gamamyarebeli argumentebi;* Cumi/morcxvi moswavlisaTvis specifikuri davalebis micema, rac xels Seuwyobs mis mona-

wileobas, CarTvas diskusiaSi; * ganxiluli sakiTxebis Sejameba da ZiriTadi azrebis Camoyalibeba: moswavleebis ideebis

ganmarteba da moswavleebisagan damatebiTi komentarebis moTxovna.

`kuTxeebi~meTodi `kuTxeebi~ gamoiyeneba saklaso diskusiis warmarTvisas, kamaTis provocirebisa da

jgufebs Soris paeqrobis gasaCaReblad ori an meti poziciis arsebobisas. es savarjiSo aqtiurad da xalisianad sruldeba. es meTodi agreTve kargia klasSi teqstebis kiTxvis, leqciis mosmenis, filmis Cvenebis Semdeg STabeWdilebebis Sesafaseblad, gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisis dasafi q-sireblad.

meTodi `kuTxeebi~ moswavleebs saSualebas aZlevs, gamoTqvan sakuTari azri da daicvan Ta-vianTi pozicia, agreTve yuradRebiT mousminon sxvebis argumentebs da amis mixedviT, garkveuli msjelobis Semdeg, gaiziaron an ar gaiziaron gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi (Secvalon an ar Secvalon sakuTari pozicia).

pedagogi moswavleebs sTavazobs sadiskusio Temas. isini individualurad irCeven garkveul pozicias da ikaveben saklaso oTaxSi ̀ am poziciisaTvis~ gankuTvnil adgils (SesaZlebelia arCeul iqnes saklaso oTaxis kuTxeebi, merxebi, sadac keTdeba poziciis aRmniSvnelo warwera).

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dajgufebuli moswavleebi erTmaneTs uziareben mosazrebebs da iwyeben jgufSi msjelobas, raTa Semdeg TavianTi versia argumentebiT daasabuTon (SesaZlebelia dasabuTeba werilobiT moxdes). moswavleebi unda Seecadnen, rac SeiZleba damajerebeli da saintereso iyos prezentacia.

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli exmareba jgufebs. moswavleebs SeuZliaT diskusiis msvlelobisas Seicvalon Sexeduleba – gadaadgildnen erTi

kuTxidan meoreSi da im jgufSi gadainacvlon, romlis mosazrebasac axla eTanxmebian.mosmenisa da kamaTis dros sasurvelia, moswavleebma gaakeTon Canawerebi, rac daexmareba maT

poziciis werilobiT gamoxatvasa da dacvaSi.

`mozaika~aqtivoba Sedgeba 4 etapisagan:I etapi: ZiriTadi jgufebis Sedgena da masalis ganawilebaklasi iyofa 4-kacian jgufebad. jgufis TiToeul wevrs urigdeba masala, romelic erTi

mTliani informaciis (teqstis) raRac nawils Seadgens da aqvs garkveuli rigiTi nomeri (1, 2, 3, 4). man individualurad 10 wT-is ganmavlobaSi unda daamuSaos masala, Seiswavlos, raTa SeZlos miRebuli informacia sxvasac gadasces.

II etapi: eqspertTa jgufebis mier masalis Seswavlaam etapze xdeba e. w. `eqspertTa jgufebis~ Camoyalibeba. vinc amuSavebs #1 informacias, erTi-

andeba magidis irgvliv, romlis rigiTi nomeria 1, visac aqvs informacia #2, ikribeba meore magidis garSemo da a. S. aqedan gamomdinare, Ti To euli magidis irgvliv aRmoCndebian erTi da imave infor-maciis mqone moswavleebi oTxive jgufidan, romlebic SemdgomSi gadaiqcevian e. w. `informa ciis `eqspertebad~. isini erTad kiTxuloben da kidev erTxel swavloben saerTo masalas, eZeben am masa-lis sxvebze gadacemis saukeTeso da efeqtian gzebs, meTodebs, weren gegmas, xazaven sqemebs da a.S.

III etapi: ZiriTad jgufSi dabruneba miRebuli codnis gadacemis mizniTmoswavleebi brundebian Tav-TavianT ZiriTad jgufebSi da rigiTi nomris da c viT (jer hyveba 1

nomeri, Semdeg 2 da a. S.) warudgenen TavianT masalas erTma neTs. jgufis mizania, misma yvela wevrma srulyofilad aiTvisos TiToeu li wevris _ `eqspertis~ mier damuSavebuli masala.

IV etapi: individualuri da jgufuri pasuxismgebloba, miRebuli codnis Sefaseba. jgufis TiToeuli wevri valdebulia, saTanadod aiTvisos Tanagundelebis mier mowodebuli

mTeli informacia (mozaikac swored amitom hqvia, nawilebidan _ mTlianisaken). miRebuli codna SeiZleba Semowmdes sxvadasxva gziT (mag., werilobiTi formiT, zepiri TxrobiT, kiTxva-pasuxiT da sxva saxis wardginebiT).

sokrateseuli meTodisokrateseuli meTodis gamoyenebis dros maswavlebeli svams mxolod problemur (da ara

informaciul) SekiTxvebs (magaliTad, „ras fiqrobT am sakiTxze“? „ra ganmartebebi gvWirdeba amisaTvis“?) da ar awvdis informacias moswavleebs. am dros maswavlebeli ganixilavs gamonaklis SemTxvevebs da martiv ideas eWvqveS ayenebs. igi moswavleebisgan azrovnebas moiTxovs, raTa isini damoukideblad mividnen problemis gadawyvetamde.

sokrateseuli meTodis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia diskusiiT, debatebiT, problemuri kiTxvebis dasmiT da sxva. zogjer maswavlebels mohyavs faqtebi moswavleTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis sawinaaRmdegod, magram ar afiqsirebs sakuTar pozicias. igi xels uwyobs im pasuxebis eWvqveS dayenebas, romelTac gvaZlevs sxvadasxva avtoriteti da sxva. moswavleebi Tavisuflad gamoTq-vamen sakuTar mosazrebebs dasmul problemasTan dakavSirebiT, Tamamad Txzaven hipoTezebs da versiebs, aanalizeben erTmaneTis argumentebs.

qvemoT moyvanilia am meTodis gamoyenebis magaliTebi gakveTilze: 1. maswavlebeli svams problemur SekiTxvebs, raTa waaxalisos moswavleTa azrovneba moce-

muli sakiTxebis garSemo;2. maswavlebels mohyavs damxmare da sawinaaRmdego magaliTebi mocemuli movlenis sailust-

raciod;

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3. maswavlebeli kritikulad ganixilavs moswavlis argumentebs;4. maswavlebeli xels uwyobs klasis diskusiaSi Cabmas;5. maswavlebeli waaxalisebs sakuTari da sxvebis azrebis kritikuli Sefasebis unaris ganvi-

Tarebas;6. maswavlebeli iTxovs faqtebisa da cnebebis analizs, masalis arsis gagebas da a. S. 7. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavles, daakavSiros sxvadasxva wyarodan miRebuli codna, sxva-

dasxva elementisagan Seqmnas axali struqtura; 8. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavles, sakuTar argumentaciaze dayrdnobiT gamoitanos daskvna

(gaakeTos Sefaseba).

keTebiT swavlebakeTebiT swavlebis, anu praqtikis meTodis gamoyenebis dros miewodeba ara informacia, aramed

zusti instruqcia eqsperimentis an simulaciisaTvis. am meTodis mizania, moswavleebma zustad Seasrulon iseTi qmedebebi, romlebic xels uwyobs codnis an Cvevis formirebas.

praqtikis dros maswavlebeli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs moswavleTa gamoxmaurebas (ukukavSirs), rac azrians xdis moswavlis praqtikas da xels uwyobs mas, gaacnobieros, rasac akeTebs da avtomaturad (meqanikurad) ar gaimeoros is. mxolod saTanado gamoxmaurebis SemTx-vevaSi gvaZlevs amgvari swavleba mniSvnelovan Sedegs. maswavlebelma moswavles unda SesTavazos aqtivobis sqema an modeli, sadac naTlad aris mocemuli miRwevis doneebi. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros, Tu ras moelian misgan da rogor fasdeba misi warmateba, anu ra aris efeqtiani „keTeba“ da miznis miRweva.

amrigad, praqtikis mTavari principebia: moswavleebisaTvis praqtikuli davalebis micema, maTi waxaliseba da saTanado ukukavSiri, raTa maT azrianad imoqmedon.

amgvari praqtika SeiZleba iyos konkretulad Tqveni dasaxlebisaTvis Sesaferisi xeebis nergebis SerCeva, xeebis dargva, jebirebisa da wylis kalapotis Semowmeba, skolis evakuaciis gegmis Sedgena da a.S.

SesaZlebelia, maswavleblebis survilebisamebr, klasis donisa da SesaZleblobis gaTva-liswinebiT, ZiriTadi sakiTxebis erT Temad miwodeba an piriqiT – erTi Temis dayofa ZiriTad sakiTxebad.

umcrosklaselebSi rekomendebulia, moswavleebma instruqciis mixedviT daxaton bunebrivi katastrofebi da naxatebi jer klasSi, TanatolebTan gaarCion, Semdeg ki maswavleblis daxmarebiT es naxatebi skolaSi an Tundac klasSi gamofinon (es meTodi aseve uwyobs xels am asakis bavSvebis fsiqokoreqcias – isini daZleven SiSs da ufro mobilizebulni xdebian).

sakuTari dakvirvebis safuZvelze, moswavleebi modelebis gamoyenebiTac axerxeben movle-nebis axsnas. rodesac eqsperimentebi tardeba, moswavleebi sagans meti interesiT ekidebian da kanonzomierebebis gagebac uadvildebaT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eqsperimentisTvis daxarjulma erTma saaTma moswavleebs ufro meti SeiZleba misces, vidre saxelmZRvanelos mravalma parag-rafma. dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebisTvis SeiZleba gansakuTrebulad Sedegiani iyos Tundac martivi modelebi. magaliTad, klimaturi barierebis axsna haeris masebis gadaadgilebisas. qedebad SeiZleba sqelydiani wignebi gamoviyenoT, xolo haeris masebad – ventilatori. amiT moswavle amindis gavrcelebis kanonzomierebebs gaigebs. aseve martivi eqsperimentis Catareba SeiZleba dRe-Ramis cvalebadobaze, risTvisac burTi, fanari da oTaxis Cabneleba iqneba sakmarisi. meti TvalsaCinoebisTvis samodelo burTi SeiZleba gaferaddes, moiniSnos polusebi.

kontinentebis dreifis demonstrireba SeiZleba WurWelSi Casxmuli sqeli siTxiT, Tu masSi movaTavsebT orcxobilebs, romlebsac kontinentebTan miaxloebul formebs mivcemT da qvemo-dan cecxls SevunTebT. erTad moTavsebuli `kontinentebi~ (rogorc gondvana) amoZravdebian da daSordebian erTmaneTs. sqeli masa am SemTxvevaSi gavarvarebuli magmaa. Tuki `kontinentebi~ didi sizustiT ar daiwyeben moZraobas, nu inerviulebT, radgan am eqsperimentSi mTavari da mniS-vnelovani ara akuratuloba, aramed Tavad dreifis procesis gaazrebaa.

modelebis Sesaqmnelad ar aris aucilebeli gansakuTrebuli masalis gamoyeneba. maTTvis meo-radi daniSnulebis sagnebis gamoyenebac SeiZleba, romlebic uamravi saintereso modelis Seqmnis saSualebas iZleva. aqac mniSvnelovania maswavleblis SemoqmedebiTi damokidebuleba swavlebis procesisadmi. moswavleebs maswavleblebis dakvirvebis qveS TviTon SeuZliaT, Seqmnan modelebi, rac mravali praqtikuli da eqsperimentuli unar-Cvevis gamomuSavebas uwyobs xels.

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ven-diagramaven-diagrama gamoiyeneba ori iseTi cnebis Sesadareblad, romelTac rogorc saerTo, ise

gansxvavebuli niSnebi aqvT. mag.: 2 personaJis, movlenis, cnebis da a.S. diagrama saSualebas iZleva dadgindes saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebi, niSnebi.

vici, viswavle, minda vicodenaswavli masalis Sejerebis, gameorebisa da codnis ganmtkicebis mizniT maswavlebels SeuZlia

moxerxebulad gamoiyenos sqema: `vicodi, viswavle, minda vicode~.samuSao sruldeba individualurad, wyvilebsa an jgufebSi. furceli an dafa iyofa 3 verti-

kalur grafad, romelTac vawerT: `vicodi, viswavle, minda vicode~.

vicodi viswavle ra minda vicode

maswavlebeli moswavleebs mokled uxsnis maT winaSe dasmul amocanas da, Tu saWirod miiCnevs, svams kiTxvebs provocirebisTvis.

amis Semdeg moswavleebi TanmimdevrobiT avseben samive grafas: ̀ vici~ grafaSi weren yvelafers, rac maT icodnen gansaxilveli skiTxis Sesaxeb. `viswavle~ grafaSi weren imas, rac Seityves axla, xolo `minda vicode~ grafaSi weren imas, rac maT ainteresebT (rasac SeiZleba SekiTxvis saxec hqondes).

Tu savarjiSo sruldeba jgufebSi, samuSaos damTavrebis Semdeg xdeba prezentacia, romlis drosac jgufebi ar imeoreben ukve Tqmuls, aramed avseben maT TavianTi informaciiT.

savarjiSo gansakuTrebiT kargi da mosaxerxebelia erTi romelime konkretuli Temis Sesa-jameblad, wina klasebSi ganvlili masalis gasaxseneblad da axal naswavlTan dasakavSireblad, analitikuri da kvleviTi unaris ganviTarebisaTvis.

T diagramaes sqema maswavlebelma SeiZleba mravalmxriv gamoiyenos. igi Zalze mosaxerxebelia sapiris-

piro mosazrebaTa gamosaTqmelad, movlenebisa Tu faqtebis Sesapirispireblad da Sesadareblad, moqmed gmirTa dasaxasiaTeblad.

T sqema saSualebas gvaZlevs, warmovaCinoT dapirispireba gansaxilvel sakiTxebs (faqtebs, movlenebs, adamianebs, sagnebs da a.S.) Soris.

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savarjiSo kargia informaciis dasaxarisxeblad (vTqvaT, dadebiTad da uaryofiTad) da dasajgufeblad. samuSao sruldeba individualurad, wyvilebSi an jgufurad, maswavleblis Sexedulebisamebr: dafaze, rveulSi an Tabaxis furcelze. ivseba jer sqemis marcxena mxare (5 wT.), Semdeg – marjvena (wT.).

azrobrivi rukaazrobrivi rukis mizania konkretul sakiTxebze moswavleTa (klasis) codnis dadgena-Semowmeba.

igi xels uwyobs arsebuli informaciis Sekreba-mobilizebas, axali ideebis dabadebasa da gamoxatvas.wris SuagulSi iwereba erTi an ori sityva (nawarmoebis saTauri, sakvanZo sityva, gamonaTq-

vami, personaJis saxeli, adgilis saxelwodeba da a.S.), irgvliv ki yvela azri, romelic am sityvas ukavSirdeba.

azrobrivi ruka warmoadgens SesaniSnav saSualebas personaJis, movlenis, ideis dasaxasiaTeb-

lad. igi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT moswavleTa motivaciisTvis.

`reitingi~meTodi gamoiyeneba klasisaTvis konkretuli informaciis misawodeblad an jgufebSi mizan-

mimarTuli diskusiis waxaliseba-stimulirebisaTvis. maswavlebeli winaswar amzadebs baraTebis kompleqts – TiToeuli jgufisTvis 9 baraTs da

gansaxilvel TemasTan dakavSirebul 9 mosazrebas (TiTo winadadebas wers TiTo baraTze).jgufebSi ganixilaven SemoTavazebul mosazrebebs da alageben maT mniSvnelobis xarisxis

mixedviT. reitingis sqemas SeiZleba kibis an mravalkuTxedis forma mieces. safexurebrivi rei-tingis Sedgenisas yvelaze mniSvnelovani mosazreba sul zemoT Tavsdeba, mis qvemoT masze nakleb mniSvnelovani, momdevno safexurze – kidev ufro nakleb mniSvnelovani da a.S. yvelaze umniSvnelo gamonaTqvami boloSi aRmoCndeba.

safexurebrivi reitingi

yvelaze mniSvnelovani

yvelaze umniSvnelo

`mravalwaxnaga~ reitingis Sedgenisas, Tavdapirvelad unda ganisazRvros, romelia yvelaze mniSvnelovani mosazreba, Semdeg mniSvnelobiT misi momdevno ori gamonaTqvami, Semdeg – sami, saSualod Zlieri mosazreba, Semdeg ori momdevno da bolos – yvelaze umniSvnelo.

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mravalwaxnaga reitingi

yvelaze mniSvnelovani

yvelaze umniSvnelo

sakiTxebis erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gamijvna, rogorc wesi, Zalian rTulia. aqedan gamomdinare, reitingis amgvari forma ufro pirobiTi da misaRebia moswavlisaTvis. garda amisa, igi konsensu-sis miRwevis met SesaZleblobasac iZleva. reitingis Sedgenisas SeiZleba baraTebze 8 mosazreba daiweros, erTi baraTi ki carieli darCes da is Tavad monawileebma Seavson.

rogor momzaddes referatiweris procesis Tanmimdevroba da struqturamravali sagnis Seswavlisas, gansakuTrebiT sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis jgufis maswavleb-

lebi Semajamebeli SefasebisTvis xSirad mimarTaven referats. referatSi SeiZleba aRiwerebodes qveyana an regioni istoriuli TaviseburebebiT da geografiuli maxasiaTeblebiT (bunebrivi pi-robebiT, garemosdacviTi da demografiuli problemebiT, meurneobis TaviseburebebiT); SeiZleba referati mieZRvnas problemas, romelic sxvadasxva (lokalur, regio nalur da globalur) doneze gamovlindeba. garkveuli vadebis Semdeg, rodesac info rmacia iqneba moZiebuli, damuSavebuli da Sesabamisad gaformebuli, moswavle ebi TavianT naSromebs acnoben Tanaklaselebs.

rogorundadaiwerosreferatiZiriTadi nabijebiTavdapirvelad, albaT, unda gvesmodes ras niSnavs igi. referati (laT. refero – gacnobeb) – es aris mokle, werilobiT, an sajaro moxsenebis for-

matSi Camoyalibebuli samecniero an Tematuri naSromi. referatis moculoba klasebis mixedviT gansxvavebuli unda iyos. sabazo skolis moswavleebs

moeTxovebaT aranakleb 4-5 gverdi naSromis dawera. saSualo safexurze – 4-5 gverdze meti. aucilebelia, moswavleebma icodnen, rom es ar aris konspeqti da amdenad, ar SeiZleba pirvel-

wyarodan nawilebis gadmoReba. Tuki miTiTebuli ar aris avto ri an wyaro, aris saSiSroeba, sa-kuTari naazreviT dawe rili monakveTebi icnos maswavlebelma da moswavleebis naSromi wyalSi Caiyaros. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom sinamdvileSi moswavlem rTuli, specifi kuri samecniero eniT SeZlos azrebis gadmocema. Sesabamisad, moswavleebs unda aswa vloT, Tu ras gulisxmobs referati da rogor unda gaarTvan mas Tavi.

1. referatis werisas daamuSaveT wyaroebi da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gadmoiweroT;2. Tuki maincdamainc mogwonT raime monakveTi, maSin ar dagaviwydeT avto ris citireba, wesebis

dacviT.

riTdaviwyoT?referatze muSaobis procesi sworad unda daigegmos. 1. Tema – qveynis/problemis arCeva. damwerisaTvis Tema unda iyos saintereso da aqtualuri;2. sakuTar Tavs vusvamT SekiTxvas: ra problemebs Seexeba es referati; vsaxa vT gzebs, rogor

gadavWriT am problemebs; 3. moviZiebT literaturas Temis garSemo (kargia, Tu periodikasac gamoviye nebT). vakeTebT

amonawerebs wyaroebidan da viyenebT Tanamedrove monaceme bsac, Tuki xeli migviwvdeba internetze;4. movxazavT referatis ZiriTadi nawilis gegmas. TiToeul problemas saWiroa mieZRvnas calke

Tavi, ukeTesia, Tuki Tavebi daiyofa ufro mcire erTeulebad, paragrafebad;5. vwerT samuSaos Sav variants, xolo Sesavals vwerT mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ZiriTadi nawili

ukve dawerilia, radgan muSaobisas referatis miznebi SeiZleba mcired Seicvalos da xelaxla dasaweri gaxdes;

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6. moviZiebT, an vamzadebT Sesabamis TvalsaCinoebebs/ilustraciebs (ruka, foto, grafiki, diagrama, sqema da sxva), romlebSic kargad warmoCindeba Temis ZiriTadi ideebi; TvalsaCinoe-bebs ar unda hqondes mxolod dekoratiuli datvirTva da ar unda emsaxurebodes mxolod Temis moculobis gazrdas;

7. vakiTxebT Sav samuSaos maswavlebels (Tuki igi amas iTxovs); 8. vbeWdavT, an vaTeTrebT Sesworebul variants da vamzadebT mokle (5-7 wuTian moxsenebas),

davurTavT ilustraciebs.

referatis struqtura:a) Sesavali – romelmac vxsniT Temis arCevans, mis aqtualobas, movxazavT miznebsa da amocanebs,

vaZlevT literaturis mokle mimoxilvas;b) ZiriTadi nawili – nabij-nabij vxsniT Temas, vadasturebT naTqvams cifrebiT, faqtebiT,

an citatebiT. yoveli sturuqturuli erTeuli (Tavi, paragrafi) sruldeba mokle daskvnebiT;g) daskvna – TemasTan dakavSirebiT vayalibebT zogad daskvnebs, uarvyofT an veTanxmebiT

wyaroTa avtorebis poziciebs da gamovTqvamT sakuTar mosazrebas problemebis gadaWrasTan dakavSirebiT.

rodesac referati dasrulebulia, saboloo Strixia – misi gaformeba.

referatis gaformeba:satitulo furceli _ moicavs informacias saswavlo dawesebulebebis Sesaxeb, ewereba

sagani/saganTa jgufi, referatis saTauri. Semsruleblisa da maswavleblis vinaoba. satitulo furcelze numeracia ar daaqvT.

Sinaarsi – struqturuli erTeulebis Sinaarsi gverdebis miTiTebiT.samuSaos teqsti – a) Sesavali, b) ZiriTadi nawili da g) daskvna. aqedan iwyeba gverdebis gada-

nomvra da masze daismis Sesabamisi cifri 3. literaturis sia – wyaroebis sruli bibliografiuli monacemebis miTi TebiT.axla, rodesac cnobilia yvela etapi, Temis sirTulidan gamomdinare, mas unda daeTmos

vada, romelSic amis gakeTeba zedmeti Zalisxmevis gareSe moxerxdeba. mag., Tuki moswavle irCevs sareferatod Temas konkretuli qveynis Sesaxeb, mas SeiZleba mieces erTi kvira, magram Tuki uwevs paralelebis gavleba romelime or qveyanas Soris, maSin referatisTvis gamoyofili dro unda gaiza rdos or kviramde. sasurvelia, moewyos Sualeduri ganxilva, raTa naSromi ukeTesi gamovides.

proeqtiproeqti – konkretuli problemis gadaWris an iniciativis ganxorciele bisken mimarTuli

mravalferovani samuSao, romelSic warmmarTvelia kvleviTi, SemoqmedebiTi, TanamSromlobisa da sakomunikacio unarebis ganviTareba.

proeqti, rogorc meTodi, ganaTlebaSi me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi Semovida. es meTodi aqtiuri da mizanmimarTuli swa vlis saSualebas iZleoda da iZleva.

moswavleebi mudmivad svamen SekiTxvebs: ratom gvaswavliT ama Tu im saki Txs? raSi gamomadgeba es codna? maswavleblebs uWirT am kiTxvebze damajerebeli da argumentirebuli pasuxis gacema. am problemis mogvarebaSi maswavlebels daexmareba imis codna, Tu rogor amuSaos moswavleebi saswavlo proeqtze muSaobisas. moswavleebi realuri problemis gadasaWrelad SeZenil codnasa da unar-Cvevebs iyeneben. proeqtiT swavleba iwvevs moswavleTa motivacias da zrdis maT pasuxismgeb-lobas. isini xalisiT asruleben samuSaoebs da SeuZliaT xangrZlivad imuSaon dasmul sakiTxebze.

sakiTxebs moswavleebi garkveuli drois (erTi an ramdenime kvira) ganmavlo baSi amuSaveben da Semdgom warudgenen mTel klass an ufro farTo auditorias. proeqtebi exmareba mozards realur cxovrebaSi gamoiyenos miRebuli codna da gamocdileba dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.

proeqtze muSaoba moicavs dagegmvis, kvlevis, praqtikuli aqtivobisa da Sedegebis warmodgenis etapebs arCeuli sakiTxis Sesabamisad. proeqti ganxo rcielebulad miiCneva, Tuki misi Sedegebi TvalsaCinod da damajereblad, koreqtuli formiT aris warmodgenili (mag., werilobiTi doku-menti, maketi, inscenireba, debatebi, aqcia, Tanmimdevruli RonisZieba da a. S.).

maswavlebeli saswavlo proeqtebis mimdinareobisas konsultantis rols asrulebs, xelmZ-Rvanelobs samuSaoebs, Ziebisa da kvlevis dros aZlevs mimarTulebas. aseve, igi uTiTebs sain-formacio wyaroebs.

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saswavlo proeqtis dagegmvis dros, maswavlebeli iTvaliswinebs Semdegs: * ramdenad mniSvnelovania problema, romelic kvlevas iTxovs;* mosalodneli Sedegebi warmoadgendes siaxles (obieqturs an subieqtu rs);* proeqtze muSaobis dros gamoyenebuli meTodebi emsaxurebodes kvlevas; * arsebobdes arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba, rac moswavleTa pasuxismgeblobis zrdas iwvevs. proeqti SeiZleba Sesruldes individualurad, wyvilebSi an jgufurad, erTi sagnis farg-

lebSi, ramdenime sagnis farglebSi (saganTa integracia); maswavlebeli-moswavleebis damokidebulebis mxriv SeiZleba gamoiyos sami tipis saswavlo

proeqti: 1. maswavlebeli sTavazobs moswavleebs SerCeul problemebs, Temebs, saxavs maTi gadaWris

strategiasa da taqtikas, moswa vle ki damoukideblad gadaWris problemas. 2. maswavlebeli svams problemas, moswavle damoukideblad irCevs kvlevis meTodebs da prob-

lemis gadaWris gzebs.3. moswavle gansazRvravs problemas, damoukideblad irCevs kvlevis meTo debsa da problemis

gadaWris gzebs.

proeqtis struqturaproeqtis aRwera proeqtis aRwera aris misi ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawili. aRniSnuli pun qti sasurvelia daiyos

qvepunqtebad, romlebSic gaerTiandeba Semdegi saxis informacia:a) problemis gansazRvra (identifikacia) – gulisxmobs im konkretuli problemis xazgasmas,

romlis sapasuxodac aris mimarTuli Tqveni proeqti.b) mizani – gulisxmobs farTo, zogad debulebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ris miRweva gsurT. poeqtis

mizans unda warmoadgendes iseTi sasurveli garemos an pirobebis Seqmna, romelic logikur kav-SirSi iqneba (mimarTuli iqneba) zemoT aRweril problemasTan.

g) amocanebi – gulisxmobs konkretul nabijebs miznis misaRwevad. aq unda miuTiToT, ra amo-canebis gadaWras isaxavT Tqvens proeqtSi miTiTebuli mi znis misaRwevad. miznebis misaRwevad SeiZleba daisaxoT erTi, ori an ramdeni me amocana imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu rogoria Tqveni proeqtis specifika.

d) ganxorcielebis gzebi – gulisxmobs kidev ufro konkretul nabijebs Tqven mier dasmuli amocanebis Sesasruleblad. ganxorcielebis gzebi aris procesi, romelmac unda upasuxos kiTxvebs:

1) `rogor?~ – rogor ganaxorcielebT Tqveni proeqtis amocanebs? 2) `vin~ _ vin monawileobs Tqveni proeqtis ganxorcielebaSi? Dan ra evalebaT proeqtSi?

proeqtis Sesrulebis vadebiunda Seicavdes proeqtis droSi ganawilebul msvlelobas. masSi unda aisaxos etapebad dayo-

fili proeqtis Sesasruleblad gasawevi saqmianoba, gana wilebuli dReebis, kvirebis, Tveebis mixedviT, proeqtis specifikidan gamomdi nare.

biujetibiujeti ganacxadis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawilia. igi unda iyos logikur kavSirSi proeqtis

aRweraSi miTiTebul amocanebTan.mosalodneli Sedegebi am nawilSi aRwereT is savaraudo efeqti an mosalodneli Sedegi, rac mohyveba proeqtis

warmatebiT ganxorcielebas. monitoringi am na