"Marcaciones territoriales" Tesis de Francisca Torres

8/17/2019 "Marcaciones territoriales" Tesis de Francisca Torres

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ÂDXN_RDIFI IN F_YNR, BDNABDFR T BJLÂDBFBDÒAHfbu`tfi in Frtn, Idsnöj, Frqudtnbturf y Ynbaj`jcìf Fp`dbfif

Bfrrnrf in Frtns Xdsuf`ns y Hjtjcrfhìf

LF_BFBDJANR YN__DYJ_DF@NR5 N@ W_JO@NLF IN @F K^N@@F NA N@F_YN

Wrjynbtj pfrf jptfr f` Crfij Fbfiäldbj in @dbnabdfif na Frtns Xdsuf`ns yHjtjcrfhìf y f` Yìtu`j Wrjhnsdjaf` in Frtdstf Xdsuf` y Hjtòcrfhf

Wrjhnsjr Cuìf= Kucj Wftrdbdj Jsjrdj _dvnrjsLntjiò`jcj= Kucj Lfrbn`j Cfrbìf Cfrrdij

NstuidfatnHrfabdsbf in @jurins Yjrrns Kunrtf

Dabùyn Xnrsdòa Idcdtf`, BI-_JL

Rfatdfcj in Bkd`n, Ajvdnlorn in ?762


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Fcrfinbdldnatjs

F `f Nsbun`f in Frtns Xdsuf`ns in ^advnrsdifi ^ADFBB y f tjij su bunrpj

ijbnatn, na `f natrncf in fprnaidzfmns sdcadhdbftdvjs iurfatn lds föjs in nstuidj.

F O`jb-Yutjrìfs in frtn, pjr bjlp`ntfr ld hjrlfbdòa fbfiäldbf,

fpjrtæaijln nxpnrdnabdfs y aunvjs bjajbdldnatjs.

F ld hfld`df y fldcjs pjr n` fpjyj dabjaidbdjaf` iurfatn nstn prjbnsj

hjrlftdvj.


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Ìaidbn

_nsulna!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! .>

Datrjiubbdòa!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ..8

6.- N` tnrrdtjrdj bjlj bfrcf sdloò`dbf.

6.6- Nspfbdj fatrjpj`òcdbj!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!67

6.6.6 @f prjiubbdòa y nvj`ubdòa!!..!!!!!!!!!!!!...6?

6.6.? @f pjo`fbdòa!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! .6>

6.6.2 @f prjpdnifi in `f Ydnrrf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

...6>

6.6.9 @f vdif ijlästdbf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6;

6.?.- Nspfbdj frtìstdbj!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ..?4

6.2.- Nspfbdj kdordij= hrfbturf in `f dastdtubdjaf`difi f trfväs in`

Dabjasbdnatn in` kfodtfr !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ..29

?.- Bjlj kfodtfr n` tnrrdtjrdj.

?.6.- @f kun``f, n` insp`fzfldnatj in` crfofij y `f pdaturf!!!!!.92


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?.?.- @f nidhdbfbdòa v/s dastf`fbdòa!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.....98

?.2.- @f hjtjcrfhìf bjlj rncdstrj in jorf!!!!!!!!!!!!!.....>7

2.- Kfodtfaij n` tnrrdtjrdj.

2.6.- N` vdfmn, `f bfsf bjlj bfpfrfzòa!!!!!!!!!!!!!!....87

2.6.6 Nspfbdf`difi Nhìlnrf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!..!..86

2.6.? Dif y Xun`tf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ...!.82

2.6.2 Yn davdtj f vdfmfr !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

.8>

2.?.- Lfrbfs tnrrdtjrdf`ns, na ousbf in `j prjpdj!!!!!!!!!!....83

2.?.6 N` dastdatj in `f fprjpdfbdòa pfrf n` kfodtfr !!!!!!!!!..8;

2.?.? Hutoj`dtj in 3x;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! .!37

2.2.- @f pfatf``f bjlj tnrrdtjrdj, fprjpdfbdòa in` nspfbdj vdrtuf`!!!

....3?

2.2.6 IH@?!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! .......3?

Bjab`usdòa!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! .39

Odo`djcrfhìf!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! .38


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_nsulna

N` kfodtfr nstæ rn`fbdjafij bja lý`tdp`ns cäanrjs frtìstdbjs, qun aj sò`j kfo`fa

sjorn rnbjrrdij j insp`fzfldnatj, sdaj qun tflodäa in daidbdjs, pjr `j tfatj in

vnstdcdjs y in lnljrdf. Lnljrdf qun dlp`dbf `f rnbj`nbbdòa in jomntjs qun ifa

bunatf in `ucfrns, sdtufbdjans y in uaf rn`fbdòa sjbdf` qun vfa ``nafaij `js

nspfbdjs. Ns inbdr, ns uaf pnrhjrlfabn bjastfatn, uaf pdaturf lnidfatn rnsdiujs,

ua crfofij bja uaf crfa lftrdz!aunstrj bunrpj y `js jomntjs qun utd`dzfljs f

idfrdj, in frtn nhìlnrj pjr `f hrfcd`difi in `f kun``f y in hjtjcrfhìf pfrf ijbulnatfr

y tnstdljadfr. Kfodtfr sdnlprn dlp`dbf trfashjrlfr n` pfdsfmn, kfo`fljs natjabns

in `fai frt, in dastf`fbdòa lnidfatn `f anbnsdifi in frqudtnbturf, in nxpfasdòa j

in fprjpdfbdòa in rnbursjs in rnprnsnatfbdòa y sdcadhdbfbdòa in `f jorf frtìstdbf

bjatnlpjræanf.

Ns fsì bjlj vfrdfs vnrtdnatns in` frtn kfa kfo`fij sjorn lfrbf, kun``f j

ìainx, pfsfaij pjr ý`tdlj f` Ant Frt, ijain n` nspfbdj sn trfiubn na ijs5 n`

nspfbdj hìsdbj qun sn nabunatrf na n` idspjsdtdvj tnbaj`òcdbj ifij pjr n`

bjlputfijr y su pfatf``f, y jtrj vdrtuf` ifij pjr `f dahdadifi in `f Sno, na ijain

su bfræbtnr daidbdf` sn if na `f nxpnrdlnatfbdòa sjorn nstn aunvj nspfbdj y su

afvncfbdòa hun n` prdabdpf` jomntj in nstuidj.


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Datrjiubbdòa

N` jomntj in nstuidj na nstn prjynbtj snræ sjorn n` dastdatj in `f fprjpdfbdòa pfrf

n` kfodtfr, p`fatnfaij bjlj nmn prdabdpf` `fs lfrbfbdjans tnrrdtjrdf`ns y n`

prjo`nlf in `f kun``f na n` frtn. Yjij nstj vdstj insin uaf ldrfif fatrjpj`òcdbf

lnzb`æaij`f bja `f kdstjrdf in` frtn y `f hjtjcrfhìf kfbdnaij ua pfrf`n`j f `j qun kf

sdij ld trfofmj frtìstdbj pfrf insbuordr n` jrdcna in ld pu`sdòa frtìstdbf na `f

ldcrfbdòa in uaf bduifi f jtrf y na n` bjastfatn insp`fzfldnatj natrn flofs

crfbdfs f su bnrbfaìf tnrrdtjrdf`.

Insin `js dadbdjs in` snr kulfaj knljs anbnsdtfij lfrbfr, in`dldtfr y

ijldafr ua tnrrdtjrdj qun inbdidljs kfodtfr, bjlj tjij snr vdvdnatn.

ºBòlj lfrbfljs nsn tnrrdtjrdj: F trfväs in `fs lfabkfs rnsdiuf`ns, in `f

bj`jbfbdòa in jomntjs pnrsjaf`ns, in bjastrubbdòa in ‐vdvdnaif“, in `f `ìanf

(dlfcdafrdf j hìsdbf) hrjatnrdzf. Na inhdadtdvf, in tjij fqun``j qun vfa `̀ nafaij

aunstrj nspfbdj insin `f fbbdòa ldslf in kfodtfr, pfsfaij insin n` ajlfidslj

f` sninatfrdslj. Nstj pjrqun n` snr kulfaj sn prnsnatf hrnatn f ua nspfbdj y su

bjastrubbdòa sdloò`dbf in tnrrdtjrdf`difi f trfväs in `f frqudtnbturf y `f

trfashjrlfbdòa in` pfdsfmn, bjlj ua fbtj qun kf pfsfij in `j dabjasbdnatn j

dastdatdvj f `j rfbdjaf`, fsuldij bjlj anbnsdifi.

In dcuf` lfanrf, insin `f davnabdòa in `f hjtjcrfhìf n` frtn tuvj qun

rndavnatfrsn, prdabdpf`lnatn `f pdaturf rnf`dstf, y pjr nain, `f idstrdoubdòa in`

nspfbdj frtìstdbj. Rjorn tjij n` nspfbdj dastdtubdjaf` f pfrtdr in` ififìslj,


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tjlfaij bjlj prdabdpf` nmn n` insp`fzfldnatj, rnsbftfaij sus prdabdpf`ns

bfrfbtnrìstdbfs in bfif täbadbf pfrf `f n`fojrfbdòa in jorf. Fsì ns bjlj fiqudnrn

lfyjr hunrzf n dlpjrtfabdf n` prjo`nlf in `f lfabkf y `f dabdsdòa, inajldafij

kjy bjlj n` prjo`nlf in `f kun``f j ìainx.

Insin fqun` natjabns, surcn jtrf prjo`nlætdbf qun sn lfatdnan vdcnatn

kfstf aunstrjs iìfs, `f brìtdbf f `f dastdtubdjaf`difi, `f qun kf bjavnrtdij f nsn

nspfbdj na ua nspfbdj kìordij, crfbdfs f `f rn`fbdòa F_YN-XDIF bja jorfs qun

kfbna nsf rn`fbdòa y qun tflodäa ``nvfa n` prjo`nlf hunrf in` nspfbdj

dastdtubdjaf`.

Kfo`fljs in hjtjcrfhìf, pjrqun sd nstfljs kfo`faij in lfrbfbdjans,

kun``fs y `ìldtns, anbnsdtfljs ua idspjsdtdvj qun rncdstrn `js bflodjs y

trfashjrlfbdjans bjastfatns qun sn vfa prjiubdnaij. @f davnabdòa in `f

hjtjcrfhìf nrf uaf anbnsdifi sdbj`òcdbf in dùsdòa na `f rnprnsnatfbdòa in `f

rnf`difi5 ns inbdr, `f rnprnsnatfbdòa pdbtòrdbf qun ousbfof ua rnf`dslj na `f

dlfcna aj nrf suhdbdnatn y nxdcìf bjabnodr ua fpfrftj qun hunrf læs vnrjsìld`, in

f``ì `fs davnstdcfbdjans qun ``nvfrja f `j qun kjy bjajbnljs bjlj bælfrf

hjtjcræhdbf.

Insin su cäansds, `f dlfcna hjtjcræhdbf ns uaf kun``f j ìainx in ùz sjorn

`fs sf`ns in p`ftf, `j qun sn rn`fbdjaf bja ld trfofmj, pjr trftfrsn in dlæcnansqun sn bjahjrlfa bja lfrbfs in ùz rnh`nmfif. Finlæs, su bfpfbdifi in

nlof`sflfr j bjacn`fr n` tdnlpj, `f trfashjrlf na ua tnstdljadj.


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Finlæs, sn p`fatnf uaf bjlpfrfbdòa natrn nidhdbfbdòa n dastf`fbdòa yf qun

flofs tdnana nsf rn`fbdòa natrn frqudtnbturf y nspfbdf`difi, pnrj pjr sjorn tjij

pjr snr uaf nstrubturf.

Ns, pjr ý`tdlj, n` pfrf`n`j qun rnf`dzj bja ld trfofmj frtìstdbj `j qun ``nvf f

natnainr y nxp`dbfr lì jorf5 insin `f lfrbfbdòa in idstdatjs tnrrdtjrdjs (insin n`

hìsdbj f` vdrtuf`, rnhdrdäaijln f` vdrtuf` bja ld trfofmj in ant frt), `f fprjpdfbdòa in

nspfbdjs pfrf kfodtfr y bòlj n``j pnrldtn insfrrj``fr n` dastdatj in `f nxpfasdòa, y

`f rn`fbdòa natrn pýo`dbj y prdvfij. Kfbdnaij ua faæ`dsds natrn n` ajlfidslj qun

lfrbò ld trfofmj na ua prdabdpdj y bòlj n` pnsj in `f bfsf na `f nspfìf kfbn

anbnsfrdj `f oýsqunif in ua ùcfr ijain bjlnazfr uaf vdif sninatfrdf, pjr n``j

rnsu`tf fosjùtflnatn anbnsfrdj ua nstuidj fatrjpj`òcdbj y su rn`fbdòa bja n` frtn.


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D

N` tnrrdtjrdj bjlj bfrcf sdloò`dbf.


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6.6.- Nspfbdj fatrjpj`òcdbj.

Rncýa `f tnjrìf in `f nvjùbdòa in Ifrwda, `js snrns kulfajs prjvnadljs in `js

prdlftns, pjr `j tfatj insin n``js knrnifljs nsn dastdatj in in`dldtfr y ijldafr

ua tnrrdtjrdj pfrf n` kfodtfr bjlj n` in `js fadlf`ns na ousbf in` odnanstfr y `f

supnrvdvnabdf.

Fatns in` sdc`j [D[ sn p`fatnfrja vfrdfifs kdpòtnsds bja rnspnbtj f` jrdcna

in `f vdif na `f Ydnrrf bjlj pjr nmnlp`j, `f brnfbdòa idvdaf. Na n` föj 6;>4

Bkfr`ns Ifrwda puo`dbf su `dorj n` jrdcna in `fs nspnbdns, ijain p`fatnf uaf

nxp`dbfbdòa bdnatìhdbf sjorn `f nvjùbdòa j insbnainabdf bja ljidhdbfbdòa5

``ncfaij f `f bjabùsdòa in qun `js jrcfadsljs vdvjs fvfazfa kfbdf ua

pnrhnbbdjafldnatj pjr anbnsdifi, nstf anbnsdifi nstæ lfrbfif pjr n` lnidj qun

rjinf f nsn jrcfadslj y insfrrj``f `fs pfrtns læs anbnsfrdfs pfrf su

supnrvdvnabdf.

F` kfo`fr in supnrvdvnabdf, anbnsfrdflnatn inonljs kfo`fr in

f`dlnatfbdòa, yf qun ns f trfväs in nstf anbnsdifi oæsdbf ijain sn insfrrj``fa

ijs crfains nmns sjorn `f kfodtfod`difi ‒ n` ajlfidslj y n` sninatfrdslj.

N` tärldaj ajlfidslj5 inrdvf in `f pf`forf crdncf ajlfijs, qun sdcadhdbf5

vdvdr na `fs pfsturfs (Rf`zlfa, 64835 W. 66>), T nstf fbtdvdifi sn rnbjajbn bjlj

`f præbtdbf in `f brìf in knroìvjrjs na rncdjans ijain `f frdinz ns ijldafatn, fua

bufaij sn prnsnatn na idvnrsjs crfijs. Rubnin bjlj rnsu`tfij in kfbnr

insp`fzfr `js rnoföjs ousbfaij pfsturfs in nstfbdòa, y pjr nstf rfzòa, ns

anbnsfrdj fb`frfr qun aj nxdstn ua sj`j tdpj in ajlfidslj, sdaj vfrdfs hjrlfs


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datnrlnidfs natrn su nxprnsdòa (fusnabdf tjtf` in rnsdinabdf) y ua sninatfrdslj

nxtrnlj.

Natrn nstfs idvnrsfs hjrlfs, pjinljs nabjatrfr=

- snldajlfidslj (n` insp`fzfldnatj sn inbdiìf pjr `f anbnsdifi in pfstjs)

- snldsninatfrdslj (sj`flnatn iurfatn uaf pfrtn in` föj)

- ajlfidslj vnrtdbf` (na pfsturfs rnpfrtdifs f idvnrsfs f`turfs)

Wjr n` bjatrfrdj, n` tärldaj sninatfrdj5 punin sdcadhdbfr5 pnrlfanbnr na ua

sdtdj5 j sda n` kæodtj in nmnrbdbdj, y buyfs pjo`fbdjans kfa fpfrnbdij na zjafs læs

kýlnifs y fptfs pfrf n` bu`tdvj. Hunrja in f pjbj surcdnaij pnqunöfs Bduifins-

Nstfij ijain sn prfbtdbfof `f fcrdbu`turf pjr drrdcfbdòa, y nstj kforìf jo`dcfij f

lfatnanr uaf nstrubturf sjbdf` lubkj læs rìcdif, afbdnaij `fs mnrfrquìfs pfrf `f

bjrrnbtf idstrdoubdòa in` trfofmj, `j qun pjsdod`dtf `f jrcfadzfbdòa, qun `fs trdous

aòlfifs bfrnbna. Rdnaij n` cfafij n` bnatrj in `f vdif nbjaòldbf in `js

aòlfifs, ns anbnsfrdj qun punifa prjburfrsn in `js inlæs n`nlnatjs

anbnsfrdjs pfrf sjornvdvdr. Ns fsì bjlj `js puno`js sninatfrdjs `ns prjvnna na ua

fbtdvj datnrbflodj f`dlnatjs in sus bu`tdvjs pfrf bjlp`nlnatfr `f idntf, f`cuafs

prnaifs in vnstdr y utnasd`djs lntæ`dbjs. In tjifs lfanrfs, n` aòlfif nvdtfof

sjornbfrcfrsn na inlfsìf yf qun rnsu`tfof bjatrfprjiubnatn pfrf su bjastfatn

ljvdldnatj bjlj rnsu`tfij in su fbtdvdifi pfstjrd`.


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Na rn`fbdòa bja `j fatnrdjrlnatn nxpunstj, sn intf``frfa f bjatdaufbdòa

bjlj dah`uyn n` lnidj na `f bjahjrlfbdòa in `fs sjbdnifins.

6.6.6 @f prjiubbdòa y nvj`ubdòa

@f prjiubbdòa ns uaf bjasnbunabdf in `f fp`dbfbdòa in `f tnbaj`jcìf y n` trfofmj

kulfaj f `js rnbursjs afturf`ns. @f vdif y `f bu`turf kulfaf aj punina nxdstdr f

lnajs qun `fs sjbdnifins finbuna y trfashjrlna `f nanrcìf idspjado`n na n`

flodnatn.

@f datnrfbbdòa natrn tnbaj`jcìf y lnidj flodnatn iurfatn n` prjbnsj in

prjiubbdòa in nanrcìf ns oæsdbf pfrf natnainr bòlj `fs pjo`fbdjans kulfafs

nstæa fhnbtfifs pjr n` lnidj flodnatn qun `fs rjinf y in bòlj n` lnidj

flodnatn sn vn, f su vnz, fhnbtfij pjr `fs pjo`fbdjans kulfafs y sus

fbtdvdifins.

Na `f äpjbf in `js prdlnrjs kjlìadijs, tjif `f nanrcìf utd`dzfif pfrf n`

lfatnadldnatj in `f vdif sjbdf` prjvnaìf in` f`dlnatj. Wfrnbn snr qun n` Kjlj

nrnbtus bjasdcudò ijldafr n` huncj natrn lnidj y ua ld``òa in föjs. N` huncj sn

utd`dzò na prdabdpdj pfrf bjbdafr, bf`natfrsn, naiurnbnr `fs puatfs in `fazf y ``nvfr

`fs pdnzfs in bfzf kfbdf trflpfs.

Kfbn uajs bdna ld` föjs sn nlpnzò f fprjvnbkfr `f nanrcìf, na hjrlf in

hunrzf lusbu`fr, in fadlf`ns uabdijs f frfijs, trdanjs y vnkìbu`js in runifs.


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Fprjxdlfiflnatn sn bjasulìf uaf bjasdinrfo`n bfatdifi in nanrcìf in lfinrf

y bfroòa vncntf` na `f hfordbfbdòa in bnrældbf.

Bja `f fpfrdbdòa in nstfijs dabdpdnatns, bjldnazf f usfrsn `f nanrcìf

nò`dbf na `js ofrbjs in vn`f y `f nanrcìf in `f lfinrf na `js prjbnsjs in

huaidbdòa y vfbdfij in lntf`ns. @f nanrcìf qun cnanrf n` fcuf aj hun nxp`jtfif

datnasdvflnatn na Nurjpf kfstf n` pnrìjij lnidnvf`. Rò`j na `js ý`tdljs ?77 ò

277 föjs `js bjloustdo`ns hòsd`ns (bfroòa, pntrò`nj y cfs) nlpnzfrja f ijldafr

`js nbjsdstnlfs kulfajs.

@f nxpnrdnabdf na `f lntf`urcdf in ofmf tnlpnrfturf in` bjorn y n` nstföj

tuvj qun prnbninr, bfsd anbnsfrdflnatn, f` insfrrj``j in` kdnrrj y n` fbnrj. @js

fvfabns tnbaj`òcdbjs kfa dabrnlnatfij bjastfatnlnatn `f bfatdifi lnidf in

nanrcìf in `f qun sn idspjan, pnrj nstn dabrnlnatj aj sdcadhdbf, qun ua lfyjr usj

in nanrcìf pjr bfonzf bjlpjrtn ua advn` in vdif læs f`tj j lnajs trfofmj pjr

bfonzf, yf qun kfy qun idstdacudr natrn `f bfatdifi in nanrcìf idspjado`n y `f

nhdbfbdf bja `f qun sn prjiubn y utd`dzf.

@f prjiubbdòa in f`dlnatjs nstuvj ofsfif uadvnrsf`lnatn na `f bfzf, `f

pnsbf y `f rnbj`nbbdòa in p`fatfs sd`vnstrns. Nstf hun n` ýadbj ljij in prjiubbdòa

in f`dlnatjs iurfatn `f lfyjr pfrtn in` pf`nj`ìtdbj. @js bfzfijrns y rnbj`nbtjrns

sn nabunatrfa jrcfadzfijs na pnqunöjs crupjs ``flfijs ofaifs, bjlpunstfspjr crupjs hfld`dfrns in uafs vndatn f bdabunatf pnrsjafs, qun sn rnýana na

bflpflnatjs pjr pnrìjijs qun vfa insin uajs pjbjs iìfs f föjs, fatns in

trfs`fifrsn f jtrjs `ucfrns in fbflpfif. @f vdif in uaf ofaif ns tjtf`lnatn


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jpunstf f `f vdif in ua pjo`fij, `f buf` nstæ tìpdbflnatn fsjbdfif f ljijs in

prjiubbdòa fcrìbj`f.

Kfbn fprjxdlfiflnatn natn `js 6>.777 y 67.777 föjs, `f prjiubbdòa in

f`dlnatjs ofsfif na n` bu`tdvj in p`fatfs y `f brìf in fadlf`ns ijlnstdbfijs

nlpnzò f sup`nlnatfr j sustdtudr f `f bfzf y rnbj`nbbdòa.

@js frqunò`jcjs inajldafa Anj`ìtdbj (nifi in pdnirf aunvf) f nstf äpjbf

in trfasdbdòa kfbdf ljijs in prjiubbdòa ofsfijs na `f jotnabdòa in bjsnbkfs y

na `f brìf in fadlf`ns. @js puno`js fcrìbj`fs, vdvna na fsnatfldnatjs læs

pnrlfanatns qun `js bfzfijrns y rnbj`nbtjrns.

Yjif hjrlf in tnbaj`jcìf inon datnrfbtufr bja `js hfbtjrns prnsnatns na ua

natjraj ifij. Ydpjs in tnbaj`jcìfs sdld`frns na natjrajs idhnrnatns punina

prjiubdr idstdatjs rnsu`tfijs nanrcätdbjs. Wjr nmnlp`j, `js rnsu`tfijs in `f

fcrdbu`turf pjr rncfiìj punina snr luy idstdatjs na ijs natjrajs ijain n` bfuif`

in fcuf idspjado`n ns idhnrnatn, `f sj`ubdòa in sf`ns in` fcuf ns idhnrnatn, n`

fpjrtn in `dlj in` sdstnlf in rdncj ns idhnrnatn. Ns fsì bjlj n` snr kulfaj inon

fifptfr su hjrlf in vdif f `fs bjaidbdjans lnidj flodnatf`ns na `fs qun sn

nabunatrf.


15/78

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6.6.? @f pjo`fbdòa.

N` advn` in pjo`fbdòa nstæ intnrldafij pjr `f bfatdifi in f`dlnatjs prjiubdijs. F

lnidif qun `f pjo`fbdòa fulnatf, `f prjiubbdòa sn datnasdhdbf y fpfrnbna aunvfs

hjrlfs in prjiubbdòa pfrf sftdshfbnr `f brnbdnatn inlfaif in f`dlnatjs.

F `f vdstf in `fs davnstdcfbdjans fatrjpj`òcdbfs ljinrafs, `f pjsdbdòa qun

pfrnbn læs bjrrnbtf ns qun `f prjiubbdòa y rnprjiubbdòa kulfaf sja dcuf`lnatn

dlpjrtfatns na in`dldtfr n` bursj in `f nvjùbdòa sjbdjbu`turf` y qun na uaf hjrlf

nqudpfrfo`n bfif uaf ns `f bfusf in `f jtrf.

@f prnsdòa inljcræhdbf datrjiubn ua n`nlnatj in danstfod`difi na tjifs `fs

bu`turfs kulfafs. Yflodäa kf insnlpnöfij ua dlpjrtfatn pfpn` na n` insfrrj``j

in `f cunrrf, `f nvjùbdòa in` Nstfij y na `f fpfrdbdòa in `f sjbdnifi daiustrdf`.

6.6.2 @f prjpdnifi in `f tdnrrf.

Fatns in rnhnrdrajs f `f prjpdnifi in `f tdnrrf sn inon inhdadr `js sdcudnatns

bjabnptjs=

Ynrrdtjrdj5 sn inajldaf tnrrdtjrdj f ua ærnf inhdadif (dabùynaij tdnrrfs y

fcufs), f`cuajs futjrns fhdrlfa qun n` tnrrdtjrdj ns n` jomntj in davnstdcfbdòa

cnjcræhdbf. Ns anbnsfrdj rn`fbdjafr `js usjs in` tärldaj tnrrdtjrdj bja fs idhnrnatns

trfidbdjans cnjcræhdbfs. Yrfidbdòa hìsdbf5 sn natdnain bjlj ua sdaòadlj in

supnrhdbdn tnrrnstrn, ns inbdr, rn`dnvn. Yrfidbdòa nbj`òcdbf5 sn natdnain bjlj

sdaòadlj in lnidj afturf`. Yrfidbdòa rncdjaf`5 sdstnlf bjlp`nmj hjrlfij pjr


16/78

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tjijs `js n`nlnatjs hìsdbjs y kulfajs in ua ærnf j rncdòa. Yrfidbdòa nspfbdf`5 sn

natdnain bjlj ua bjamuatj in ùcfrns datnrbjanbtfijs pjr rnins y hùmjs

kjrdzjatf`ns. Yrfidbdòa pfdsfmìstdbf5 sn natdnain bjlj pfdsfmn afturf` j bjlj

pfdsfmn bu`turf` bja ua bjamuatj in bjastrubbdjans, fprjvnbkfldnatjs y usjs qun

uaf sjbdnifi kfbn sjorn n` sun`j. Yrfidbdòa sjbdf`5 sn natdnain bjlj sdstnlf

sjbdj-nbj`òcdbj qun rnýan `f sjbdnifi y n` lnidj qun nstf kfodtf, tflodäa sn

punin natnainr bjlj nspfbdj hìsdbj ijldafij pjr ua crupj sjbdf` hrnatn f jtrjs.

Wjr ý`tdlj, `f jrinafbdòa in` tnrrdtjrdj punin bjabnptuf`dzfrsn in ijs hjrlfs5 `f

prdlnrf y læs bjlýa bjlj sdaòadlj in sun`j jrinaæaij`j pjr `js idstdatjs

fprjvnbkfldnatjs y usjs qun sn `n ifa. @f sncuaif bja ua nstuidj in `js

idvnrsjs suotnrrdtjrdjs qun `j hjrlfa (bjlfrbfs, luadbdpdjs, ntb.) bja n` hda in

`jcrfr ua insfrrj``j sjbdjnbjaòldbj nqud`dorfij y nqudtftdvj natrn nstjs.

Wfdsfmn5 ns ua tärldaj qun sn utd`dzf cnanrf`lnatn bjlj ua puatj in vdstf

frtìstdbj, sjorn tjij pdbtòrdbj, bjlj `f rnprnsnatfbdòa cræhdbf in ua tnrrnaj

nxtnasj. Wnrj qun tflodäa sun`n utd`dzfrsn na tärldajs cnjcræhdbjs bjlj

buf`qudnr ærnf in `f supnrhdbdn tnrrnstrn prjiubtj in `js idhnrnatns hfbtjrns

prnsnatns na n``f qun sja oæsdbflnatn trns tdpjs= fodòtdbjs (n`nlnatjs aj vdvjs),

odòtdbjs (rnsu`tfij in `f fbtdvdifi in `js snrns vdvjs) y fatròpdbjs (rnsu`tfij in `f

fbtdvdifi kulfaf). Intnrldafr nstjs n`nlnatjs sja `js qun bjastdtuyna n` prdlnr

advn` in faæ`dsds cnjcræhdbj.

@f prjpdnifi in tdnrrf y rnbursjs ns uaj in `js fspnbtjs læs dlpjrtfatns

in` bjatrj` pj`ìtdbj. T nstj ns tfatj pj`ìtdbj bjlj nbjaòldbj pjrqun `fs

insdcufìfins na n` fbbnsj f` lnidj flodnatn dlp`dbfa f`cuaf hjrlf in bjfbbdòa


17/78

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qun `js pj`ìtdbflnatn supnrdjrns fp`dbfa f `js dahnrdjrns. @f prjpdnifi in tdnrrfs

pjr pfrtn in tnrrftnadnatns, cjonrafatns j n` Nstfij, sdcadhdbf qun sn punin

nxb`udr in` usj in `f tdnrrf f `js daidvdiujs qun bfrnbna in tìtu`js in prjpdnifi j

tnanabdfs, fua bufaij nstj sdcadhdqun su lunrtn pjr dafadbdòa (hf`tf in f`dlnatj).

@f prjpdnifi in tdnrrfs supjan ua nstìlu`j pfrf `f prjiubbdòa pjrqun f `js

frrnaiftfrdjs, `js futäatdbjs prjiubtjrns in f`dlnatjs, f trfofmfr læs iurj y læs

tdnlpj pfrf pjinr pfcfr `fs rnatfs. @f rnatf ns ua pfcj na nspnbdn j na idanrj

pjr `f jpjrtuadifi in vdvdr y/j trfofmfr na `f tdnrrf in` prjpdntfrdj. Nstn pfcj jo`dcf

futjlætdbflnatn f `js prjiubtjrns f fulnatfr `f prjiubbdòa pjr `j qun, f`

fulnatfr j ofmfr `fs rnatfs, n` tnrrftnadnatn ua bjatrj` ofstfatn idrnbtj sjorn `f

prjiubbdòa.

F`cuajs fatrjpò`jcjs bjasdinrfa qun n` pfcj in rnatfs sn fsjbdf f ua

nxbninatn in f`dlnatjs= uaf bfatdifi lfyjr in `f anbnsfrdf pfrf n` bjasulj

dalnidftj in `js prjiubtjrns. Nstj aj sdcadhdbf qun `f rnatf snf supnrh`uf pfrf `js

prjiubtjrns, yf ästjs pjirìfa usfr nstn nxbninatn, sd aj tuvdnrfa qun pfcfr, na

fulnatfr su prjpdf hfld`df j n`nvfr su advn` in vdif. Rd natrncfa `js prjiubtjrns

ns pjrqun aj idspjana in` pjinr in rntnanr`js. Nxdstn uaf nstrnbkf rn`fbdòa natrn

rnatf n dlpunstjs, yf qun flojs inpnaina in `f prnsnabdf in ua pjinr bjfbtdvj,

na hjrlf in pj`dbìfs y frlfs, qun sn punina nlp`nfr sd n` bjatrdouynatn j

frrnaiftfrdj sn adncf f pfcfr.


18/78

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6.6.9 @f vdif ijlästdbf.

Yjifs `fs bu`turfs tdnana fbtdvdifins y brnnabdfs qun punina fcrupfrsn ofmj `f

bftncjrìf in` ælodtj ijlästdbj in `f vdif. N` aýb`nj in` ælodtj ijlästdbj ns ua

nspfbdj in vdvdnaif, fordcj, rnsdinabdf j ijldbd`dj qun sdrvn bjlj `ucfr na n` qun

sn rnf`dzfa bdnrtfs fbtdvdifins uadvnrsf`lnatn rnburrnatns.

Wnrj `f vfrdnifi in bjlodafbdjans in fbtdvdifins bfrfbtnrìstdbfs in `f vdif

ijlästdbf kulfaf ns tfa crfain qun ns idhìbd` nabjatrfr ua ýadbj inajldafijr

bjlýa pfrf tjifs n``fs. Wnrj læs dlpjrtfatn qun `fs fbtdvdifins qun inatrj in`

nspfbdj ijlästdbj, ns datnrnsfatn faf`dzfr bjlj nsn nspfbdj ijlnstdbj kf dij

nvj`ubdjafaij na pfrf`n`j f `fs fbtdvdifins qun rnf`dzf n` snr kulfaj y n` lnidj

flodnatn na n` qun sn insnavun`vn, sdnaij nsn nspfbdj nsnabdf` pfrf natnainr n`

insfrrj``j in `fs bu`turfs.

@js crupjs kulfajs pf`nj`ìtdbjs nrfa aòlfifs, ounaf pfrtn in `js

anj`ìtdbjs tflodäa, j nrfa snldsninatfrdjs. Inodnrja nxdstdr, finlæs in `js

rnhucdjs na bunvfs, hjrlfs in prjtnbbdòa bjatrf `f datnlpnrdn y `f fbbdòa in `js

inprnifijrns5 ns pjsdo`n qun hunrfa "bjastrubbdjans" nhìlnrfs in `fs qun aj kfa

qunifij vnstdcdjs.

Na Yurquìf, (67.777-8.777 fatns in Brdstj) sn nabunatrfa rnstjs in

vdvdnaifs nstfo`ns5 n` lftnrdf` in bjastrubbdòa nrf `f frbd``f, pfrf `fs natrfifs y

vnatfafs sn utd`dzfof n` frbj y `f oòvnif. @f hjrlf ijldafatn nrf n` buoj, `j qun

bjahdnrn uaf crfa pnsfatnz f` bjamuatj, sò`j f`dcnrfif pjr n` nsbf`jafldnatj in

`js nidhdbdjs.


19/78

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F idhnrnabdf in `fs bjastrubbdjans in frbd``f, `fs fatdcufs vdvdnaifs bkdafs

aj nlp`nfofa pfrf `f bjastrubbdòa sdaj lftnrdf`ns luy hræcd`ns, bjlj `f crnif, `f

lfinrf, n` ofloý y `f pjrbn`faf, y ljstrfofa finlæs uaf lfrbfif prnid`nbbdòa

pjr `js tfodquns in`cfijs. Nstjs tuvdnrja iurfatn sdc`js `js ldsljs tdpjs in

vdvdnaifs5 `fs in `js bjlnrbdfatns bjastfofa bfsd sdnlprn in vfrdjs pdsjs,

nstfaij instdafijs `js læs n`nvfijs f inpòsdtjs in lnrbfinrìfs5 `fs jtrfs nrfa

in ua sj`j pdsj, y sn `fs bjastruìf na jbfsdjans sjorn ua tnrrfp`äa, pfrnbdnaij in

nstf lfanrf læs f`tfs. Na cnanrf`, `fs bfsfs sn bjlpjaìfa in vfrdjs

bjlpfrtdldnatjs rnbtfacu`frns j bufirfijs, y bja hrnbunabdf sn `fs rjinfof in

mfridans. @f bfsf, cnanrf`lnatn insprjvdstf in vnatfafs, rnbdon `f `uz pjr ua pftdj

datnrdjr, `ucfr in rnuadòa in `f hfld`df bufaij kfbdf ouna tdnlpj. Wfrf bnrrfr `fs

fonrturfs nlp`nfofa pfpn` fbndtfij, cfsf, aæbfr j bjrtdafijs. Na `fs pdnzfs sn

idspjaìfa, bja sfodj insjrina qun nvdinabdfof ua sdacu`fr tf`natj, knrljsjs

odjlojs in muabjs trnazfijs, in snif j pfpn` pdatfij5 sn bjasncuìfa fsì

pnqunöjs rdabjans ìatdljs, rnsnrvfijs f `f bjavnrsfbdòa y f` rnpjsj. @js tnbkjs,

lfrbfiflnatn dab`dafijs, nstfofa buodnrtjs in tnmfs pdatfifs in bj`jrns

trfidbdjaf`ns, qun rnspjaiìfa f `fs idhnrnatns bfstfs, y bjastdtuìfa sdcajs

nxtnrdjrns in n`ncfabdf j idcadifi. @f bfsf bkdaf na sus tdpjs læs pnrhnbbdjafijs

nstuvj prjvdstf in ua burdjsj sdstnlf in bf`nhfbbdòa idvnrsjs bjaiubtjs in ofrrj,

idsdlu`fijs na `fs pfrnins, idhuaiìfa na `fs idstdatfs pdnzfs n` bf`jr prjvnadnatn

in ua orfsnrj, uodbfij na n` nxtnrdjr y bjastfatnlnatn f`dlnatfij. @js pjorns

idspjaìfa sj`flnatn in ua orfsnrj, uodbfij na `f kfodtfbdòa na qun pnrlfanbìfa.

@fs pfrnins tfpdzfifs in snifs lu`tdbj`jrns, `js luno`ns ofradzfijs j

fijrafijs bja rdbf lfrquntnrìf, `fs pjrbn`fafs y `js jomntjs in lntf` nslf`tfij


20/78

" # $ % & ' ' # & ( & ' # ) * & + )(

y, na n` pftdj, `js rnvnstdldnatjs in pjrbn`faf y `fs bjùlafs, buyf ýadbf ldsdòa

nrf `f in nalfrbfr `js rntrftjs in `js fatnpfsfijs, bjahnrìfa f `fs ljrfifs in `fs

bduifins ua bfræbtnr frtìstdbj y ùmjsj. Yjtf`lnatn idstdatfs nrfa `fs bfrfbtnrìstdbfs

in `fs bkjzfs qun `js `forfijrns kfodtfofa iurfatn `f prdlfvnrf y n` vnrfaj,

bufaij fofaijafofa sus fìnfs pfrf bu`tdvfr `js bflpjs, luy f`nmfijs in ästfs.

Yìpdbfs sja `fs bfsubkfs, snldnatnrrfifs.

Luy idhnrnatns in `fs ljrfifs bkdafs y mfpjansfs sja `fs vdvdnaifs in `js

puno`js in Flärdbf in `f äpjbf prnbj`jlodaf. Nstf bdvd`dzfbdòa, fuaqun prdldtdvf

y hnrjz na bdnrtjs fspnbtjs, hun härtd` na lfadhnstfbdjans frtìstdbfs.

Natrn `js fztnbfs in `fs bfstfs supnrdjrns, `fs bfsfs crfains nrfa

rn`ftdvflnatn aulnrjsfs. Rn trftfof in bjastrubbdjans dlpjanatns, in bdabj j

snds pdsjs, idspunstjs na trns bunrpjs= n` in` bnatrj nstfof rnsnrvfij f `js

iunöjs, f su hfld`df y f sus prjtncdijs, y `js jtrjs ijs, f `f snrvdiulorn y f `js

nsb`fvjs. N` pftdj bnatrf`, ``flfij "nstuhf", bjahnrìf f `f bjastrubbdòa, in hjrlf

trfpnzjdif`, ua fspnbtj crfaidjsj y inbjrftdvj. @fs lurf``fs, in crfa nspnsjr,

nstfofa bjastdtudifs pjr o`jquns in pdnirf. Na Läxdbj sn nlp`nfof pfrf

bnlnatfr nstjs o`jquns `f bf` qunlfif qun sn jotnaìf in `fs bjabkd``fs. @fs

pfrnins nstfofa buodnrtfs in nsbu`turfs y mnrjc`ìhdbjs5 n` ldslj custj inbjrftdvj

sn lfadhnstfof na n` nxtnrdjr, na `js hrdsjs in `js cjtnrjans y na `js rn`dnvns qun

fijrafofa n` tnbkj. @fs bfsfs in `js dabfs sn fsnlnmfofa f `fs qun fbfofljs

in insbrdodr. @fs vdvdnaifs in `js lfyfs pnrtnanbdnatns f `f b`fsn rdbf tnaìfa

flp`dfs tnrrfzfs, tnrrfp`nans y bdstnrafs.


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Idrdmfljs fkjrf `f ldrfif kfbdf `fs jrd``fs in` Lnidtnrræanj. Ldstnrdjsfs

pjo`fbdjans, vnadifs tf` vnz in` Fsdf, na n` bursj in` tnrbnr ld`nadj fatns in

Brdstj, sn nstfo`nbdnrja na fqun``f zjaf y na `fs ds`fs in` lfr Ncnj, y f`bfazfrja

uaf rnhdafif bdvd`dzfbdòa, buyj bnatrj nstfof rnprnsnatfij na `f ds`f in Brntf. @fs

rudafs nvjbfa `js pf`fbdjs rnf`ns bja sus pjinrjsfs lurf``fs5 `f dlpjrtfabdf in

`fs frlnrìfs, in `js inpòsdtjs y `f idstrdoubdòa in `fs inpnainabdfs ajs kfbna

pnasfr qun nsjs pf`fbdjs nrfa vnrifinrfs bduifins.

In `f bdvd`dzfbdòa brntnasn j ldajdbf (in` ajlorn in Ldajs, rny in Brntf)

tjlfrja `js crdncjs `js prdlnrjs n`nlnatjs in su frqudtnbturf. @js brntnasns

``ncfofa in` Ajrtn, y bufaij sn dastf`frja na `f pnaìasu`f vdvìfa fýa na nstfij

snldsf`vfmn.

Na Ldbnafs, Ydrdatj y Frcjs, `js fqunjs (n` prdlnrj in `js buftrj crupjs

crdncjs qun inmfrja su ajlorn na `f kdstjrdf) bjastruynrja vdvdnaifs rnf`ns, luy

snlnmfatns f `fs in `js brntnasns, cudæaijsn pjr uaf p`fadlntrìf yf natjabns

sfodif.

@js fqunjs rnh`nmfofa na sus ljrfifs `f sdlp`dbdifi in sus bjstulorns.

Ldnatrfs `js lurjs in `js pf`fbdjs nstfofa bjastdtudijs pjr crfains pdnirfs

supnrpunstfs, pfrf `fs vdvdnaifs bjluans sn nlp`nfrja pdnirfs pnqunöfs

bnlnatfifs bja frbd``f. @fs læs ljinstfs nstfofa knbkfs in muabjs y bföfs. N`p`fa in `fs bfsfs vfrdfof sncýa ästfs nstuvdnrfa sdtufifs na `js bnatrjs urofajs

j na `fs fhunrfs in `f bduifi.


22/78

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Ajs nabjatrfljs fsì hrnatn f ijs tdpjs in vdvdnaifs= `fs bjastrubbdjans in

ua pdsj y `fs in insfrrj``j kjrdzjatf`. Na `fs prdlnrfs, `fs kfodtfbdjans rnsnrvfifs

f `f hfld`df jbupfofa `f p`fatf ofmf, ijain sn idspjaìfa `fs bfof``nrdzfs j `js

inpòsdtjs. @fs sncuaifs nstfofa bjabnodifs in `f sdcudnatn lfanrf= na n` bnatrj,

uaf vfstf sf`f bufirfif (n` lncfròa), na lnidj in `f buf` sn bj`jbfof n` kjcfr5

fquì sn fsfofa trjzjs in bjrinrj j in vfbf pfrf `js ofaquntns. Rjorn n` `fij

jpunstj f `f punrtf in natrfif sn nabjatrfofa `js ijrldtjrdjs y uaf pnqunöf

pdnzf in rnbnpbdòa5 na `js `fijs rnstfatns, n` nstfo`j y `js rnid`ns. @fs

kfodtfbdjans rnsnrvfifs f `fs lumnrns nstfofa snpfrfifs in `fs qun jbupfofa

`js kjlorns.

Bja `f davfsdòa in `js ijrdjs, y sjorn tjij f pfrtdr in` föj 338 f. B., na qun

hunrja dastdtudijs `js muncjs j`ìlpdbjs, ua aunvj pnrdjij sn dadbdf pfrf Crnbdf. Rda

nlofrcj, `js kfodtfatns in `f bduifi aj insinöfrja `fs nasnöfazfs in `js

fqunjs y sn `dldtfrja f rnnlp`fzfr n` "lncfròa" pjr ua pftdj insbuodnrtj.

Na Ftnafs y na `fs bj`jadfs qun rnbdodnrja su dah`unabdf nabjatrfljs ua

aunvj tdpj in bjastrubbdòa. @f bfsf in `js rdbjs ftnadnasns, fuaqun nxprnsdòa in

ua custj rnhdafij, auabf pjiræ dcuf`fr na frljaìf y on``nzf f `js ljaulnatjs

qun fijrafofa `f bduifi, yf qun `js crdncjs idnrja lfyjr dlpjrtfabdf f `f vdif

pýo`dbf qun f `f prdvfif.

@fs ljrfifs urofafs nstfofa bjastrudifs sncýa ua p`fa uadhjrln= ua

vnstìou`j, f lnauij inbjrfij bja nstftufs, qun ifof fbbnsj, pjr uaf sncuaif

punrtf y ua pfsd``j, f ua pftdj ojrinfij in bj`ulafs, na n` qun sn `nvfatfof ua


23/78

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f`tfr bjasfcrfij f Mýpdtnr5 f flojs `fijs in nstn f`tfr nxdstìfa jtrjs ijs,

bjasfcrfijs f `js idjsns in `f prjpdnifi y in `f hfld`df. Na tjraj f` pftdj sn

nabjatrfofa `fs pdnzfs instdafifs f `js kuäspnins, `js oföjs, `fs bjbdafs, na `fs

qun sn idspjaìfa `fs lun`fs pfrf n` trdcj y `js kjrajs, y hdaf`lnatn `fs aulnrjsfs

kfodtfbdjans pfrf `f snrvdiulorn. Hrnatn f `f punrtf in natrfif sn kf``fof n`

inpfrtflnatj in `js kjlorns5 n` cdanbnj (kfodtfbdòa in `fs lumnrns) nstfof

sdtufij na n` pdsj supnrdjr. Na `fs bfsfs suourofafs, n` cdanbnj sn nabjatrfof f

bjatdaufbdòa in` inpfrtflnatj in` snöjr y sn forìf sjorn ua mfriìa bnrbfij.

F`cuafs vnbns sn instdafof n` prdlnr pdsj f `js inpòsdtjs y f` f`jmfldnatj in `js

nsb`fvjs. Læs tfrin, `js ftnadnasns `nvfatfrja bfsfs in ijs j trns pdsjs, qun

pjiìfa snr f`qud`fijs snpfrfiflnatn.

Na ua bjldnazj `js ntrusbjs vdvìfa na bkjzfs bdrbu`frns qun bjlprnaiìfa

uaf sj`f pdnzf y sda læs fonrturf qun `f in `f natrfif. @fs pfrnins, in rflfs

rnbuodnrtfs in frbd``f, sjstnaìfa ua tnbkj rnijainfij, bja hunrtn dab`dafbdòa f hda

in hfbd`dtfr n` ins`dzfldnatj in `fs fcufs in `ùvdf. Læs tfrin vfrdfrja `f hjrlf in

`f vdvdnaif y `js lftnrdf`ns nlp`nfijs na `f bjastrubbdòa5 ùncj in ua pnrìjij na

buyj trfasbursj sn fijptò pfrf `f bkjzf `f hjrlf jvf`, bja pfrnins in lfinrf y

frbd``f, sn ``ncò f` p`faj rnbtfacu`fr. Wjr ý`tdlj, kfbdf n` sdc`j X j DX f. in B.,

inspuäs in kfonr suhrdij aunvfs trfashjrlfbdjans, `f vdvdnaif ntrusbf f`bfazò su

nxprnsdòa læs bjlp`ntf. @f bfsf in `js rdbjs sn fpjyf sjorn uaf ofsn in pdnirf

(na `fs in lfyjr ùmj sn nlp`nfrja n` trfvnrtdaj y n` pnpnrdaj) y tdnan ua pdsj

supnrdjr bjastrudij in lfinrf. N` tnbkj, dab`dafij kfbdf n` datnrdjr, prnsnatf uaf

fabkf fonrturf ``flfif bfvfnidul, f `f qun bjrrnspjain, na n` pftdj bnatrf`, ua


24/78

" # $ % & ' ' # & ( & ' # ) * & + )+

nstfaqun instdafij f rnbdodr `fs fcufs in `fs `ùvdfs. Na tjraj f nsn pftdj sn

nabunatrfa `fs idstdatfs inpnainabdfs5 ästfs snræa tfatj læs aulnrjsfs y vfstfs

bufatj lfyjr snf `f hjrtuaf in` prjpdntfrdj. Ofmj n` tnbkj, uaf cf`nrìf insbuodnrtf,

fijrafif bja bjùlafs in pdnirf j in lfinrf, kf sdij idspunstf f`rninijr in`

bfvfnidul. Na n` nxtnrdjr, `f bfsf prnsnatf uafs pjbfs fonrturfs, uodbfifs

bjlýalnatn na `j f`tj in` nidhdbdj5 `f punrtf tdnan pjr `j cnanrf` hjrlf in trfpnbdj,

y nstæ bustjidfif pjr pnrrjs vdcd`fatns. Na n` datnrdjr, n` tnbkj fojvnifij in `fs

idhnrnatns pdnzfs y n` frbj qun fijraf `f punrtf in natrfif ajs lunstrfa n` crfij

in pnrhnbbdòa f`bfazfij pjr `f frqudtnbturf ntrusbf. Rd odna `f oòvnif kfoìf sdij

nlp`nfif pjr jtrjs puno`js, mflæs kfstf fkjrf sn kfoìf `jcrfij in n``f uaf

nmnbubdòa tfa pnrhnbtf. @js ntrusbjs flfofa `f vdif, n` ùmj y n` bjahjrt, y ofmj `f

dahùnabdf in `js hnadbdjs y in `js puno`js in Jrdnatn qudsdnrja qun sus bfsfs

hunrfa fcrfifo`ns y bòljifs. Wjr nstn ljtdvj sn idj f bfif pdnzf ua instdaj

pfrtdbu`fr, `fs pfrnins hunrja inbjrfifs bja pdaturfs y n` sun`j rnbuodnrtj in

f`hjlorfs. Rn idspusj na `fs idstdatfs kfodtfbdjans= `nbkjs in orjabn j in

lfinrf, bjhrns, nsbrdtjrdjs, sd``fs sda nspfìfr, sd``jans, pnontnrjs, nstfatns,

bfain`forjs, fpfrfijrns, lnsfs in muncj bja uaf sj`f pftf y jtrjs jomntjs qun

bjastdtuìfa n` rdbj ljod`dfrdj in `fs ljrfifs in fqun``f äpjbf.

Bufaij `js rjlfajs bjlnazfrja f jbupfr ua ùcfr na `f kdstjrdf tjlfrja

aulnrjsjs n`nlnatjs in `f bu`turf ntrusbf, lubkj læs fvfazfif qun `f suyf. Na

`f äpjbf in `js Rdntn _nyns y kfstf n` sdc`j D f. in B., `fs vdvdnaifs rjlfafs,

insprjvdstfs in tjif n`ncfabdf, rnprjiubìfa `fs bfsfs ntrusbfs na sus hjrlfs


25/78

" # $ % & ' ' # & ( & ' # ) * & + )!

læs sdlp`ns5 sn `dldtfofa, na nhnbtj, f` ftrdura bja n` frbf in fcuf y f f`cuafs

kfodtfbdjans. @f fonrturf in` tnbkj rnbdodò n` ajlorn in "dlpùvdj", y n` nstfaqun

qun sn kf``fof inofmj in ästn sn ``flò "bjlpùvdj". Bja hrnbunabdf n` tnbkj

nstfof sjstnadij pjr buftrj bjùlafs in lfinrf. Na n` ftrdj sn nabjatrfof n`

kjcfr (qun sn usfof, sncýa `fs jbfsdjans, pfrf `f prnpfrfbdòa in `js f`dlnatjs j

`f bn`norfbdòa in `js sfbrdhdbdjs na kjajr in `fs idvdadifins), y na `js prdlnrjs

tdnlpjs, n` `nbkj. Ästn kforìf in fiqudrdr bja n` tdnlpj uaf crfa dlpjrtfabdf,

punstj qun `fs lftrjafs rjlfafs sn dastf`fofa na ä` iurfatn n` iìf pfrf vdcd`fr

bòljiflnatn `fs tfrnfs in `js nsb`fvjs. @fs kfodtfbdjans nstfofa insprjvdstfs

in punrtfs y, bufatj læs, prnluadifs in tfpdbns j bjrtdafijs.

Ofmj `f dahùnabdf in `f rnhdafif bdvd`dzfbdòa crdncf, _jlf hun

pfu`ftdaflnatn fofaijafaij sus bjstulorns pftrdfrbf`ns y `fs ljrfifs cfafrja

na idlnasdòa y bjahjrt. @f bfsf in @dvdf, lumnr in Jbtfvdj Fucustj, ajs if ua

fbfofij nmnlp`j in `j qun nrfa `fs vdvdnaifs in nsn tdpj.

Rfodnaij qun `f vdvdnaif rjlfaf sdrvdò in ljin`j f bfsd tjijs `js puno`js

in` Dlpnrdj, rnsu`tf datnrnsfatn nstuidfr sus ljidhdbfbdjans na vdrtui in `f

dahùnabdf cæ`dbf iurfatn `js sdc`js X y XD. Na nhnbtj, n` p`fa hun ajtfo`nlnatn

sdlp`dhdbfij. Rn cnanrf`dzò n` usj in `f pdnirf y `f lfinrf (lnajs nlp`nfif pjr

`js rjlfajs, qudnans kfstf natjabns kfoìfa prnhnrdij n` `fird``j)5 sn fcrncò ua

tnbkj bja hunrtn dab`dafbdòa, f ijs fcufs, y bja hrjatòa5 jtrfs vnbns, sn kdzj na

hjrlf in bfsquntn. Yjijs nstjs n`nlnatjs bjahdrdnrja f `fs bfsfs rjlfafs

bfrfbtnrìstdbfs luy pfrtdbu`frns, y rnhdrdäaijsn f nstfs bjastrubbdjans punin

kfo`frsn in ua nstd`j cf`j-rjlfaj.


26/78

" # $ % & ' ' # & ( & ' # ) * & + )#

Na f`cuajs pfìsns in Nurjpf, sdcudnaij uaf bjstulorn qun vdnan insin

`js tdnlpjs læs rnljtjs, sn utd`dzfa `f pdnirf tf``fif y n` `fird``j pfrf `f

bjastrubbdòa in `js pdsjs dahnrdjrns y `f lfinrf pfrf `js tnmfijs. Bja n` jomntj in

cfafr nspfbdj y lnmjrfr `f d`uldafbdòa in `fs kfodtfbdjans sn fijptf uaf nspnbdn

in cf`nrìf, pdatfif f lnauij na n` nxtnrdjr y rdbflnatn inbjrfif bja ofmjs

rn`dnvns.

@js tdpjs in vdvdnaif qun fbfofljs in insbrdodr fpfrnbna na `f sncuaif

ldtfi in` sdc`j [DD. Rn lfatnairæa iurfatn `frcj tdnlpj, y sn punin inbdr qun na

`f frqudtnbturf aj kuoj crfains daajvfbdjans kfstf n` sdc`j [X5 `f trfashjrlfbdòa

qun sn jpnrf ns, nhnbtdvflnatn, uaf utd`dzfbdòa in `fs hjrlfs knrnififs in Crnbdf

y _jlf, qun `fs nxbfvfbdjans kfoìfa trfìij f `f ftnabdòa pýo`dbf. Rn fulnatò n`

tflföj in `fs bfsfs y sn suprdldnrja n`nlnatjs buyf rfzòa in snr nrf purflnatn

inhnasdvf. F` ldslj tdnlpj sn datrjiumj læs `umj na n` ljo`fmn.

Na n` sdc`j [X, f` fulnatfr n` odnanstfr nbjaòldbj y n` pjinr pj`ìtdbj in `fs

b`fsns fbjljififs, fpfrnbn ua aunvj tdpj in lfasdòa snöjrdf`. Ns n` pf`fbdj,

crfa bfsf rnbtfacu`fr j bufirfif qun sn n`nvf f`rninijr in ua pftdj bnatrf`,

daspdrfif na n` pnrdstd`j rjlfaj, y qun bjlprnain uaf natrfif ljaulnatf`, ua

flp`dj vnstìou`j, uaf nsbf`nrf pfrf `js iunöjs, jtrf pfrf `js ijlästdbjs, uaf

snrdn in kfodtfbdjans y sus inpnainabdfs na `f p`fatf ofmf, pdnzfs in rnbnpbdòa

na n` prdlnr pdsj, kfodtfbdjans pfrf `js fljs na n` sncuaij y pfrf `js ijlästdbjs

ofmj n` tnbkfij.


27/78

" # $ % & ' ' # & ( & ' # ) * & + )$

@f vdvdnaif in `f b`fsn lnidf, iurfatn `js sdc`js [XD y [D[, bjasdstn na ua

inpfrtflnatj bja pdnzfs lnajs flp`dfs qun `fs in `fs lfasdjans frdstjbrætdbfs,

pnrj dcuf`lnatn odna inbjrfifs. Bfif uaf in n``fs tdnan ua instdaj prnbdsj= `f

fatnbælfrf, n` bjlnijr, `f sf`dtf, n` sf`òa, `f inspnasf, `fs pdnzfs in snrvdbdj.

@js frqudtnbtjs y urofadstfs ljinrajs jpdafa qun nstfs kfodtfbdjans nstfofa

dasuhdbdnatnlnatn dùldafifs, lf` bjabnodifs y insprjvdstfs in kdcdnan. Rda

nlofrcj, kfy qun fildtdr qun, sd odna lnajs ùmjsfs, sja na bflodj læs

bjahjrtfo`ns qun `fs vdvdnaifs in `fs b`fsns prdvd`ncdfifs in `js sdc`js fatnrdjrns.

Bja lnajs cfstj, `f bfsf in` sdc`j [XD bjasdcun finlæs snr dcuf`lnatn n`ncfatn.

Na `fs vdvdnaifs ourcunsfs n` pfpn` pdatfij bjrrnspjain f `j qun nrfa `js tfpdbns

y `js hrnsbjs na `fs ljrfifs frdstjbrætdbfs, y n` pfrqunt jbupf n` ùcfr qun f``ì

tnaìfa `fs `jsfs in lærlj` j in ljsfdbj.

Tf knljs rnvdsfij vfrdjs tdpjs in vdvdnaifs, ijain pjinljs vnr qun su

nstrubturf y frqudtnbturf inpnainræ in `js rnbursjs, `f äpjbf y `f bjahjrlfbdòa in

`fs sjbdnifins. Kjy na iìf, `fs tnjrìfs in `js idsnöfijrns bjatnlpjræanjs,

pjinljs rnsuldr`fs idbdnaij qun `f bfsf inon snr fatn tjij fcrfifo`n, ns inbdr,

qun inon sftdshfbnr n` custj in `js daidvdiujs pjr uaf bfsf knrljsf, inon snr

bjahjrtfo`n n kdcdäadbj. Ynadnaij na bjasdinrfbdòa qun na `f brnfbdòa j

ljidhdbfbdòa in` nspfbdj ijlnstdbj inon sjùbdjafr `js prjo`nlfs in

kfodtfod`difi in` kjlorn sncýa sus fbtdvdifins, lnidfatn `f fp`dbfbdòa in

n`nlnatjs huabdjaf`ns, nstätdbjs y ajrlftdvjs, tjlfaij na bunatf tflodäa,

fspnbtjs psdbj-sjbdf`ns, pnrbnptdvjs, nbjaòldbjs y `ncf`ns. Na nstn prjbnsj sn

inon=


28/78

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- Bjlpjanr5 fsjbdfaij lftnrdf`ns, bj`jrns, tnxturfs, ljod`dfrdj n d`uldafbdòa,

natrn jtrjs.

- In`dldtfr5 inhdadnaij `f bjlpjsdbdòa nspfbdf` insin n` puatj in vdstf

lätrdbj j `dlìtrjhn ijain `f nsbf`f idlnasdjaf`, hfld`dfr, sjbdf`, daidvdiuf`

sja huaiflnatf`ns.

- Bjahdcurfr ljrhj`òcdbflnatn5 nstj ftdnain f `f pnrbnpbdòa in` kjlorn na

rn`fbdòa f` nspfbdj-fonrturf b`fsdhdbæaijsn na datnrdjrns/ nxtnrdjrns y

fodnrtjs/ snld-fodnrtjs/ bnrrfijs/ snld-bnrrfijs intnrldafijs pjr `f

rn`fbdòa pfrni-tnbkj-pdsj.

- Jrcfadzfr5 ftnaidnaij prdabdpf`lnatn f `j huabdjaf`, mnrfrqudzfaij ærnfs

sncýa `fs fbtdvdifins f rnf`dzfr pjr n` kjlorn, cnanrfaij b`fsdhdbfbdjans j

suoidvdsdjans sncýa nspfbdjs prdlfrdjs, snbuaifrdjs j in trfasdbdòa.


29/78

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6.?.- Nspfbdj Frtìstdbj

‐@f jorf ns dasnrbdòa na n` tnmdij in` luaij bjabrntj“ (Frinaan, ?77?, p.66)

Fsì bjlj n` nstuidj fatrjpj`òcdbj prnsnatfij fatnrdjrlnatn, lunstrf bòlj

ajs knljs insfrrj``fij bjlj kulfadifi, n` nspfbdj frtìstdbj kf dij

nvjùbdjafaij f trfväs in `f kdstjrdf in` frtn, pfsfaij in `f pdaturf rupnstrn f`

Ant-Frt. Wnrj nsf nvjùbdòa sdnlprn sn kf bjaidbdjafij pjr `f nvjùbdòa in`

kjlorn, `f kdstjrdf uadvnrsf` y `js fvfabns tnbaj`òcdbjs.

Kjy n` frtdstf vdsuf` aj punin ins`dcfrsn in` luaij qun `j rjinf5 anbnsdtf

snatdr, rnbjrrnr, vdsdtfr y rn-vdsdtfr pfrf pjinr brnfr y natnainr `f afturf`nzf in su

trfofmj.

‐@f nxpnrdnabdf ‒ na n` jrdcna, `f nxpnrdnatdf `ftdaf-

inrdvf in` tnrldaj nxpnrdrd , ‛kfbnr `f prunof in—, uaf prunof

``nvfif f bfoj in lfanrf vjùatfrdf y na uaf pnrspnbtdvf

nxp`jrftjrdf, buyf hdaf`difi ns ‛uaf flp`dfbdòa j ua

nardqunbdldnatj in` bjajbdldnatj, in` sfonr, in `fs

fptdtuins—. Wjrqun ns uaf prunof, `f nxpnrdnabdf tdnan bjlj

afturf`nzf idafldzfr `f brnfbdòa. _nburrdr f n``f pnrldtn

fhnrrfrsn f hnaòlnajs daäidtjs qun n` frtdstf prjvjbf y

prnbdpdtf, nspnrfaij in su insfrrj``j ua fulnatj in

nxprnsdòa in` luaij y uaf pjsdod`difi in kfodtfr`j lnmjr“ “

(Frinaan, ?77?, p.2?).


30/78

" # $ % & ' ' # & ( & ' # ) * & + *(

Ns inbdr, n` frtdstf nstæ bjaidbdjafij pjr n` bjatnxtj, äpjbf, `f kdstjrdf, n`

ljlnatj y n` ùcfr pfrf qun su trfofmj tnacf uaf bjahrjatfbdòa dalnidftf bja n`

nspnbtfijr, ijain n` prjbnsj ns tfa dlpjrtfatn bjlj n` rnsu`tfij jotnadij y

ijain aj sò`j sn trftf in prjiubdr jomntjs.

‐âf jorf b`æsdbf, rnf`dzfif na nstuidj, punin

bjrrncdrsn. âf jorf ‛na bjatnxtj rnf`— inpnain, f` bjatrfrdj,

in `f rnf`difi, `f hjrlf nstæ intnrldafif pjr `js cfmns qun

sja `js in` luaij rnf` na ljvdldnatj, luaij ijain ‛`j

fbbdinatf`—, pfrf bdtfr f Wfu` E`nn, tdnain f tjlfr n` rfacj in

nsnabdf“ (Frinaan, ?77?, p.28)

Fordnaij pjsdod`difins danspnrfifs bjlj uaf nspnbdn in `fojrftjrdj j

nxpnrdlnatj, ijain `f fprjpdfbdòa in `f rnf`difi flp`df n` bflpj in` frtn. Fsì,

tflodäa `j p`fatnf Kj`lns=

‐âf in `fs hunrtns pjtnabdf`difins in` frtn fbtuf`

prjvdnan in bdnrtf snasdod`difi pjr `f lfanrf na qun

rdcjrjsfs davnstdcfbdjans hd`jsòhdbfs, sjbdj`òcdbfs j

bdnatìhdbfs punina bjlodafrsn bja hjrlfs nstätdbfs pfrf

dlpu`sfr prjbnsjs bj`nbtdvjs qun insajrlf`dzfa n` bursj in

`f prjpdf davnstdcfbdòa, fordnaij snainrjs brìtdbjs ybjastrubtdvjs. @js prjynbtjs qun rnsu`tfa in nsf snasdod`difi

bjatdnana uaf inasf trflf bjastrubtdvf, pnrj sn sustnatfa

fsì ldslj na n` nmnrbdbdj `ýidbj y futjrrnh`nxdvj in `fs


31/78

" # $ % & ' ' # & ( & ' # ) * & + *'

bfpfbdifins oæsdbfs in` snr kulfaj= pnrbnpbdòa, fhnbtj,

pnasfldnatj, nxprnsdòa y rn`fbdòa“ (Kj`lns, orulfrdf.ant)

Insin jtrj puatj in vdstf, ]ycluat Ofulfa na su `dorj ‐Frtn, º`ìqudij: ajs

p`fatnf qun n` frtn inon trfsbnainr `f ljrtf`difi kulfaf, pjr nain `f in` frtdstf,

ijain `f daljrtf`difi in `f jorf intnrldaf `f bf`difi in nstf, natnaidnaij qun

nsf daljrtf`difi sn sjstnairæ lnidfatn `f lnljrdf bj`nbtdvf, `f ijbulnatfbdòa y

n` dlpfbtj j datnräs in` nspnbtfijr f `f kjrf in su nxkdodbdòa. Wjr jtrf pfrtn,

tflodäa p`fatnf qun sd odna n` bjatnxtj ns dlpjrtfatn, `f supnrvdvnabdf in `f jorf

tnairæ qun nstfr f`nmfif in `f huabdjaf`difi y utd`difi

‐@fs jorfs aj sja ‛ýtd`ns—, ‛huabdjaf`ns—! N` frtn

trfsbdnain `f ljrtf`difi kulfaf sò`j na `f lnidif na qun

`jcrf nsbfpfr in` bn`j fbfpfrfijr in `js ljrtf`ns. @f jorf

in frtn, idbn Frnit, ns uaf fpfrdbdòa, ‛purf fpfrdnabdf—, y `f

fpfrdnabdf sn muzcf aj pjr su utd`difi sd aj pjr su on``nzf“

(Ofulfa, p. 63).

Tf kfo`fljs in` bjatnxtj y `f trfsbnainabdf in `f jorf, pnrj ajs qunif

uaf prncuatf ºVudäa `ncdtdldzf uaf jorf:

Lfrbn` Iubkflp f` dastf`fr n` urdafrdj na n` Lusnj in Aunvf Tjre bjlj ua

fbtj in bdadslj y our`f kfbdf `f dastdtubdòa `j qun kfbn ns rnfhdrlfr qun n`

bjabnptj in frtn sn `ncdtdldzf f trfväs in `f dastdtubdjaf`difi, ns inbdr, ns n`

lusnj j cf`nrìf `f qun `n ifa n` vf`jr in jorf in frtn f `fs præbtdbfs frtìstdbfs.


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‐@f nxpjsdbdòa ns n` ljlnatj na n` qun n` prjynbtj

frtìstdbj sn vf`jrdzf na aunstrf sjbdnifi5 pjr tfatj, sn trftf

in` ljlnatj na qun `fs bjaidbdjans nbjaòldbfs in su

prjiubbdòa vdnana f dah`udr sjorn su ldslj prjbnsj,

bjamuatflnatn bja `fs dinj`jcìfs suoyfbnatns qun

nalfsbfrfa tf`ns bjaidbdjans. T pjr n``j subnin kfstf tf`

puatj qun snrìf dacnauj kfo`fr in` idspjsdtdvj frtìstdbj sda

kfbnr`j tflodäa in sus ljif`difins nxpjsdtdvfs“ (Kj`lns,

orulfrdf.ant)

Wnrj nstf tnjrìf trftfrnljs in rnoftdr`f na bfpdtu`j sdcudnatn.

Dlfcna 65 _ncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj in `f jorf Hunatn in Lfrbn` Iubkflp 64635

_nfiy-Lfin5 urdafrdj in pjrbn`faf5 86x9;x28 bl. (rnvdstfrnp`dbfatn.bjl)


33/78

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Wnrj ºVuä ns n` idspjsdtdvj: N` idspjsdtdvj ns n` sdstnlf in rn`fbdjans, uaf

nspnbdn in nstrftncdf y, f su vnz ua lnidj, qun qudnrn inbdr qun bjlj frtdstfs

anbnsdtfljs uaf lntjij`jcìf qun ajs fyuin f nstfo`nbnr rn`fbdjans j bjabnptjs

pfrf b`frdhdbfr y natnainr insin ijain prjvdnana aunstrf pu`sdòa frtìstdbf, quä `f

ljtdvf. Wfrf nsj inonljs rnspjainr ºVuä kfbnljs: ºWjr quä `j kfbnljs: T

ºBja quä `j kfbnljs: Ns na nstf ý`tdlf datnrrjcfatn ijain n` idspjsdtdvj

fiqudnrn uaf rn`nvfabdf lfyjr, ns ijain inonljs rnspjainr buf` ns n` lnidj

qun utd`dzfrnljs na aunstrf præbtdbf frtìstdbf. Nstf nstrftncdf bj`fojrf tflodäa na

`f oýsqunif in rnhnrnatns, aj sò`j na n` bflpj frtìstdbj, sd aj tflodäa na `f

rnf`difi j bjatnxtj.


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6.2.- Nspfbdj kdordij= hrfbturf in `f dastdtubdjaf`difi f trfväs in`

dabjasbdnatn in` kfodtfr

‐Datnatfr rnh`nxdjafr fbnrbf in `js idsbursjs qun punina

surcdr, f pfrtdr in `f rnbnpbdòa in f`cuafs nxpjsdbdjans qun

ajs ifa f bjajbnr f` lnajs uaf pfrtn in `f nxpfaidif

prjiubbdòa frtìstdbf bjatnlpjræanf, y nspnbìhdbflnatn in

fqun``f qun lunstrf uaf rn`fbdòa bja `f afturf`nzf bjlj

n`nlnatj bfrfbtnrìstdbj, sn kf vun`tj prjcrnsdvflnatn

dabdnrtj f lnidif qun `f kdordifbdòa in `fs täbadbfs, `f

utd`dzfbdòa in sjadij j dlfcna na ljvdldnatj, lnstdzfmn in

dinfs ``ncfifs bjlj lftnrdf` in f`uvdòa insin tjijs `js

bflpjs in `f bu`turf, j `f ijbulnatfbdòa in nvnatjs

pròxdljs f `f pnrhjrlfabn j f `f nsbnadhdbfbdòa kfa dij

cfafaij tnrrnaj na `fs prfbtdbfs lfyjrdtfrdfs in `f

prjiubbdòa frtìstdbf“ (Xdif`, brdtdbfrtn.te)

Na nstn bfpìtu`j trftfrnljs in fojrifr n` frtn na qudnorn bja `f

dastdtubdjaf`difi y bjlj vfrdfs præbtdbfs frtìstdbfs sn rn`fbdjafa bja `f fbbdòa

ldslf in kfodtfr.

Tf knljs kfo`fij qun n` kfodtfr nstf snclnatfif pjr ijs bjaidbdjans,aòlfin y sninatfrdf, flofs tdnana rn`fbdòa bja `f bjastrubbdòa in nspfbdj5 yf

snf nstf nhìlnrf y trfaspjrtfo`n j nstætdbf ‒ dafljvdo`n.


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‐Nstfs ijs lfanrfs in kfodtfr `f tdnrrf sn

bjrrnspjaina bja ijs ljijs in bjabnodr `f prjpdf

frqudtnbturf= uaf frqudtnbturf natnaidif bjlj bjastrubbdòa

hìsdbf in` nspfbdj y in `f hjrlf, bjatrf uaf frqudtnbturf

natnaidif bjlj pnrbnpbdòa y bjastrubbdòa sdloò`dbf in`

nspfbdj“ (Bfrnrd, ?77?, p. 28)

Ijain n` sninatfrdslj nstæ lfrbfij pjr n` trfzj y `f nstrubturf, na

bjatrfrdnifi bja n` ajlfidslj, qun nstæ lfrbfij pjr n` insp`fzfldnatj, ijain

bfif `ucfr in trfasdtj ns trfashjrlfij pjr uaf frqudtnbturf prjvdsjrdf qun

ljidhdbf n` pfdsfmn bja ua fbtj brnftdvj.

Na n` föj 64?6, n` ljvdldnatj ififìstf, dadbdfa uaf snrdn in rnbjrrdijs bja

fbbdjans pýo`dbfs bjlj `f `nbturf in tnxtjs tjlfijs f` fzfr in ua idbbdjafrdj

@frjussn j `f natrncf in rncf`js f `js trfasnýatns, ns n` pfsj in` nspnbtæbu`j f`

fdrn `dorn.

‐N` prdlnr rnfiylfin urofaj in Ifif snöf`f `f

trfasdbdòa insin `f rnprnsnatfbdòa in` ljvdldnatj kfstf `f

bjastrubbdòa in uaf fbbdòa nstätdbf qun inoìf ``nvfrsn f

bfoj na `f rnf`difi in `f vdif bjtdidfaf! F pfrtdr in `fs

vdsdtfs in Ifif y in `fs pjstnrdjrns inflou`fbdjans in `jssurrnf`dstfs, n` fbtj in rnbjrrnr n` nspfbdj snrìf utd`dzfij

bjlj hjrlf nstätdbf bfpfz in sustdtudr `f rnprnsnatfbdòa y,


36/78

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pjr bjasdcudnatn, tjij n` sdstnlf in` frtn“ (Bfrnrd, ?77?,

p.37)

Ifaij `f pjsdod`difi f `js frtdstfs in datnrvnadr na `f bduifi

‐!rnprnsnatf uaf ``flfif rnvj`ubdjafrdf f `f vdif y

bjatrf n` frtn, y in `j bjtdidfaj bjatrf `j nstätdbj, qun

bjatnstf fodnrtflnatn `fs ljif`difins trfidbdjaf`ns in `f

datnrvnabdòa urofaf, n` bflpj in fbbdòa pnrtnanbìf pjr

trfidbdòa tfa sò`j f `js frqudtnbtjs y `js urofadstfs“ (Bfrnrd,

?77?, p.38)

Wnrj sda inmfr kun``f, sò`j `f ijbulnatfbdòa in `f jpnrfbdòa.

Læs tfrin @juds Frfcja, Fairä Orntja, Lfx Ljrdsn y _jcnr Xdtrfb

jrcfadzfa ua rnbjrrdij pnrj nstf vnz f bflpj fodnrtj ijain nxp`jrfr `js `ìldtns

natrn n` bjasdnatn y n` dabjasbdnatn, f pfrtdr in nsn inflou`fr rnsu`tfrìf n` prdlnr

lfadhdnstj surrnf`dstf. Wnrj f idhnrnabdf in` Ifif (trfofmf bja fbbdjans

bjtdidfafs/sdloò`dbfs, ijain davdtf f `js frtdstfs f fofaijafr `fs hjrlfs in

rnprnsnatfbdòa trfidbdjaf` n datnrvnadr n` nspfbdj pýo`dbj), N` surrnf`dslj utd`dzf n`

faifr bjlj hjrlf in nxp`jrfr n` dabjasbdnatn.

Na 64>3, `f Datnrafbdjaf` Rdtufbdjadstf dastf`f n` bjabnptj in inrdvf, ijain

prjpjan n` inflou`fr surrnf`dstf, aj sò`j bjlj uaf davnstdcfbdòa suomntdvf n

dabjasbdnatn, sdaj tflodäa ua lätjij jomntdvj in nxp`jrfbdòa fpjyæaijsn na n`

bjabnptj in psdbjcnjcrfhìf.


37/78

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‐@f iärdvn ns uaf bjastrubbdòa y uaf nxpnrdlnatfbdòa

in aunvjs bjlpjrtfldnatjs na `f vdif rnf`, `f lftnrdf`dzfbdòa

in ua ljij f`tnraftdvj in kfodtfr `f bduifi, ua nstd`j in vdif

qun sn sdtýf hunrf y na bjatrf in `fs rnc`fs in `f sjbdnifi

ourcunsf, y qun sn prjpjan bjlj uaf supnrfbdòa in `f

inflou`fbdòa surrnf`dstf“ (Bfrnrd, ?77?, p.4?)

Wrjpjaìfa fbtufr na vnz in sjöfr.

‐@js Rdtufbdjadstfs kfoìfa nabjatrfij na `f inrdvf

psdbjcnjcræhdbf ua lnidj bja n` qun pjanr `f bduifi f`

insauij, pnrj tflodäa ua ljij `ýidbj in rnfprjpdfbdòa in`

tnrrdtjrdj= `f bduifi nrf ua muncj qun pjiìf utd`dzfrsn f p`fbnr,

ua nspfbdj na n` buf` vdvdr bj`nbtdvflnatn y na n` buf`

nxpnrdlnatfr bjlpjrtfldnatjs f`tnraftdvjs5 ua nspfbdj na n`

buf` nrf pjsdo`n pnrinr n` tdnlpj ýtd` bja n` hda in

trfashjrlfr`j na ua tdnlpj `ýidbj-bjastrubtdvj“ (Bfrnrd, ?77?,

p.66>).

Na `js föjs snsnatf snrìfa `js frtdstfs datnrnsfijs na n` nspfbdj nsbäadbj

in `fs pnrhjrlfabn y in `js kfppnadacs qudnans nxpnrdlnatfrìfa `fs

bjasnbunabdfs in fqun``fs davnstdcfbdjans.

Föjs læs tfrin snrìfa `js @faifrtdstfs qudnans insbuordrìfa na n` faifr ua

fbtj prdlfrdj in trfashjrlfbdòa sdloò`dbf in` tnrrdtjrdj qun aj tdnan `f anbnsdifi


38/78

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in inmfr kun``fs pnrlfanatns. Na 6483, _dbkfri @jac rnf`dzf F @dan Lfin oy

Sf`edac, uaf `ìanf rnbtf nsbu`pdif na n` tnrrnaj kj``faij sdlp`nlnatn `f kdnrof,

‐@f dlfcna in `f kdnrof kj``fif bjatdnan na sì ldslf

`f prnsnabdf in uaf fusnabdf= `f fusnabdf in `f fbbdòa, `f

fusnabdf in` bunrpj, `f fusnabdf in` jomntj. Wjr jtrf pfrtn,

sn trftf sda iuif in` rnsu`tfij in `f fbbdòa in ua bunrpj y in

ua jomntj, f`cj sdtufij f lnidj bfldaj natrn `f nsbu`turf, `f

pnrhjrlfabn y `f frqudtnbturf in` pfdsfmn!ijain `f

prnsnabdf in` frtdstf bjastdtuyn yf pjr sì ldslf ua fbtj

sdloò`dbj“ (Bfrnrd, ?77?, p.69;)

Ijain n` luaij sn bjavdnrtn na ua tnrrdtjrdj nstätdbj, uaf tn`f ijain sn

idoumf ldnatrfs sn faif.

Dlfcna ?= _ncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj in `f jorf F @dan Lfin oy Sf`edac _dbkfri @jac,

6483 (aftdjaf`cf``nrdns.jrc)


39/78

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@j fatnrdjrlnatn nxpunstj kfbnljs lnabdòa bjlj bdnrtfs tnainabdfs

frtìstdbfs sn f`nmfa in `f dastdtubdjaf`difi (sda insvdabu`frsn pjr bjlp`ntj) pfrf

rnf`dzfr præbtdbfs frtìstdbfs `dcfifs f `j bjtdidfaj y f `f fbbdòa ldslf in kfodtfr.

F bjatdaufbdòa prnsnatj ua prjynbtj bkd`naj in 6444 ``flfij Kjhhlfaa—s

Kjusn, nstn bjasdstn na uaf cf`nrìf pjrtætd` qun rnutd`dzf uaf lnidfcuf pfrf ifr

vdsdod`difi f` frtn nlnrcnatn, ijain `f nlnrcnabdf in ifr bfodif f nstuidfatns j

frtdstfs pjbj rnbjajbdijs na n` bdrbudtj frtìstdbj `jbf` nrf bfif vnz læs nvdinatn.

Wrjynbtj cnstfij pjr Mjsä Wfo`j Iìfz y _jirdcj Xnrcfrf. Lfbkubf sn rnhdnrn f

Kjhhlfaa—s Kjusn in `f sdcudnatn hjrlf5

‐Afif læs rnbjajbdo`n ‒ bfrnatn in nstd`j y sda n`

nxbninatn in `f hjrlf- qun uaf vdvdnaif oæsdbf. Ru

nstrubturf, lòidbflnatn ‛ldadlf`dstf—, na`fzf bja bdnrtf dinf

qun idbn qun tjij nspfbdj frtìstdbj inon snr fatns qun afif

anutrj, læs f``æ in `js dlpjainrfo`ns dinj`òcdbjs n

dastdtubdjaf`ns qun suoyfbna f ästn. ^af vdvdnaif oæsdbf

rnprnsnatf, pjr fsì inbdr`j, n` crfij bnrj in `f nspfbdf`difi=

sdlp`n, ljiu`fr, `dvdfaf, trfaspjrtfo`n, sdnlprn insljatfo`n

in fbunrij f `f bjatdacnabdf y f `f anbnsdifi (Lfbkubf,

?779, p.??).


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Dlfcna 2= _ncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj in Kjhhlfaa—s Kjusn, na Rf`ja in

Wrdlfvnrf 6444 (kjhhlfaaskjusn.bjl)

Wjr jtrf pfrtn, Wu`dij kfbn uaf brìtdbf nstn prjynbtj,

‐Fatn tf` pfajrflf in aunstrjs cf`nrdstfs in

Kjhhlfaa—s Kjusn, idcæljs`j, sja ua hdfsbj, vdnana

jhrnbdnaij bjaidbdjans dainbnatns in lunstrf= uaf

lnidfcuf o`fabf, ‛f `j fpdöfidtj—, bnrj bj`nbbdòa, pfrf qun

kfo`fr in vnatfs. Ru fbjljij, kf bjasdstdij na suo`dlfr tf`

‛prjynbtj f pnridif— f `f bftncjrìf in frtn! Fsì, `fs jorfs

nxkdodifs f` datnrdjr in n``f y `fs bjatnadifs pjr n` bufirj-


41/78

" # $ % & ' ' # & ( & ' # ) * & + +'

cfodantn aj prnsnatfa lfyjr idhnrnabdf. @f lnidfcuf,

prdlnrflnatn, sn inhdan bjlj jorf. F pfrtdr in fkì tjijs `js

trfofmjs qun f`onrcf `ubkfa hnrvjrjsjs pjr aj nxpdrfr bjlj

bdtfs= uajs trftfa in sf`dr in` yucj, ord``fr pjr sì ldsljs5

jtrjs sn lfatdnan suldsjs, qudzæs bjahjrlns bja `f

davdsdod`difi prjvjbfif pjr n` ijldafatn cnstj in Mjsä Wfo`j

y _jirdcj“ (Wu`dij, ?779, p.92).

In nstf hjrlf vj`vnljs f `f datnrrjcfatn p`fatnfif na n` bfpìtu`j fatnrdjr,

ºNs `f dastdtubdòa `f qun `ncdtdldzf `f jorf in frtn: Læs odna sn p`ftnf, qun ns n`

frtdstf qudna `ncdtdldzf `f jorf, aj `f dastdtubdòa, `f dastdtubdòa vnairìf f snr ua lnrj

idspjsdtdvj, n` lnidj pjr n` buf` bdrbu`f y sn idhuain `f jorf. Rd odna Iubkflp (uaj

in `js prnbursjrns in` Ififìslj) hun qudna p`ftnò qun n` jomntj frtìstdbj ns uaf

jorf in frtn pjrqun sn nabunatrf inatrj in uaf dastdtubdjaf`difi frtìstdbf f`

dastf`fr ua urdafrdj. Ns n` ldslj ljvdldnatj Ifif, n` prnbursjr in sfbfr `f

præbtdbf frtìstdbf hunrf in `f dastdtubdòa bjlj `j knljs rnvdsfij f` prdabdpdj in nstn

bfpìtu`j.


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DD

Bjlj kfodtfr n` tnrrdtjrdj


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" # $ % & ' ' # & ( & ' # ) * & + +*

?.6.- @f kun``f, n` insp`fzfldnatj in` crfofij y `f pdaturf

F` kfo`fr in kun``f, kfo`fljs in lnljrdf, in `j qun qunif5 bufaij kfo`fljs in

insp`fzfldnatj, kfo`fljs in ljvdldnatj, trfs`fij5 y pfrf kfo`fr in

insp`fzfldnatj in` crfofij y `f pdaturf inonljs nxtrfnr y trfs`fifr bjabnptjs

huaiflnatf`ns in bfif idsbdp`daf f bflpjs aj trfidbdjaf`ns in bfif uaf in n``fs.

Na n` bfsj in` crfofij nstjs bjabnptjs huaiflnatf`ns sja= dabdsdòa,

lfrbf, lftrdz y rnprjiubtdvdifi5 pfrf `f pdaturf, `f lfabkf5 sdnaij pfrf flofs `f

kun``f n` bjabnptj qun `fs uan.

F bjatdaufbdòa prnsnatj ua trfofmj in Mustj Wfstjr Ln``fij qun ajs

fyuifrf f nmnlp`dhdbfr `f dinf in insp`fzfldnatj in` crfofij.

Mustj Wfstjr Ln``fij muatj f trns bjlpfönrjs bjavjbfrja f burfijrns y/j

tnòrdbjs in frtn f rnf`dzfr uaf nxbfvfbdòa na ua `ucfr in Rfatdfcj, sò`j tnadnaij

ua pftròa na bjlýa, n` cudòa in `f pnrhjrlfabn y `f `donrtfi in nsbjcnr n` `ucfr

ijain bfif uaj rnf`dzfrìf `f fbbdòa. Ln``fij nsbjcnrìf n` pfrqun J—Kdccdas, `f

jorf sn tdtu`f ‐Burfijr nxbfvf su prjpdf tulof, j odjcrfhìf in` pfdsfmn bkd`naj“. F

trfväs in nstn nmnrbdbdj nvdinabdfljs `f dabdsdòa lnidfatn `f nxbfvfbdòa in

Ln``fij, pfrf n``j ns nstn ldslj qudna sn rnhdnrn f `f kun``f.

‐Frtns in Nxbfvfbdòa aj ns n` rnsu`tfij in uaf

fp`dbfbdòa frodtrfrdf, sda rn`fbdòa f`cuaf bja `f lftnrdf`difi

in `fs jorfs, sdaj pjr n` bjatrfrdj, nstæ intnrldafij pjr sus

idfcrflfs in ofsn. Rd kfy lnabdòa in nstf ajbdòa ns

pjrqun kfy rnhnrnabdfs idrnbtfs f `js lätjijs in nxbfvfbdòa


44/78

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frqunj`òcdbf y f `js nstuidjs in `f nsbnaf in` brdlna na `f

davnstdcfbdòa pj`dbdf`, davnrtdijs bjlj prjbnidldnatjs in

bjastrubbdòa in jorf na `f nsbnaf p`æstdbf bkd`naf in `f

ý`tdlf trndatnaf. @js bunrpjs nstæa f``ì. F`cuajs kfa sdij

nsbfljtnfijs, kfa suhrdij vdj`natjs prjbnidldnatjs in

rniubbdòa. Wnrj hdaf`lnatn, f trfväs in sus rnstjs, sdcuna

nstfaij“ (Ln``fij, ?77>, p.?, bdtfij na tnsds in Mjsä

]uodbuntf).

Wjr jtrf pfrtn, pfrf kfo`fr in `f lfabkf, sn vdnan dalnidftflnatn f `f

lnljrdf n` trfofmj in Nucnadj Idttojra, Jd` Wfdatdac , ijain vdnrtn 2>7 `dtrjs in

fbndtn in futj qunlfij na n` insdnrtj in ftfbflf, na nstn nmnrbdbdj, n` rnsdiuj

snrìf n` pdclnatj y n` insdnrtj su crfa tn`f.

Dlfcna 9= _ncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj in `f jorf Jd` Wfdatdac Nucnadj Idttojra, 64;6

(lnljrdfbkd`naf.b`)


45/78

" # $ % & ' ' # & ( & ' # ) * & + +!

Na flofs fbbdjans, `f bjrpjrf`difi y n` cnstj sdloò`dbj, fsulna ua rj`

huaiflnatf`, ijain trfashjrlfa n` pfdsfmn sfbfaij in` bflpj trfidbdjaf` `f

lfabkf y `f dabdsdòa, sdnaij n` tnrrdtjrdj ua su crfa idspjsdtdvj.

‐Na `f kdstjrdf in` frtn bjatnlpjræanj sn kf tnaidij f

utd`dzfr f`cuajs tärldajs bja n` hda in flp`dfr j ids`jbfr

insin sus bjabnpbdjans trfidbdjaf`ns bdnrtfs täbadbfs qun yf

aj bulp`drìfa bja `fs nxpnbtftdvfs in `f prjiubbdòa frtìstdbf

fbtuf`. Ns `j qun sn natdnain pjr ‛insp`fzfldnatjs—. Nstn

tärldaj qun tflodäa pjirìf snr natnaidij bjlj uaf

rnvf`jrdzfbdòa in præbtdbfs trfidbdjaf`ns insvdabu`fifs in su

b`fustrj pnrpntuj fkjrf kjstdcfifs pjr n` aunvj nsbnafrdj

in `j idcdtf`“ (]uodbuntf, ?766, p.29).


46/78

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?.?.- @f nidhdbfbdòa v/s `f dastf`fbdòa

Na nstn bfpìtu`j prnsnatj f`cuajs nmnrbdbdjs ijain `f bjabnpbdòa in

vdvdnaif ns utd`dzfif bjlj lftnrdf` dastf`ftdvj. Wnrj fatns uaf pnqunöf inhdadbdòa

in dastf`fbdòa=

‐@f dastf`fbdòa in frtn inajtf ua ùcfr in

ins`dzfldnatj in `f præbtdbf frqudtnbtòadbf, rnvn`faij

lfanrfs in vnr `f nxpnrdnabdf in` usufrdj y n` nspfbdj bjlj

uaf hjrlf in frtn na sì ldslj! Na nstf zjaf in læxdlf

kdordinz, `fs inhdadbdjans nxfbtfs sja idhìbd`ns in lfatnanr !

Rurcn in `f bfìif in `f nspnbdhdbdifi in` lnidj y in `js

`ìldtns qun kfoìfa inhdadij `fs idsbdp`dafs inatrj in `fs frtns

vdsuf`ns, f pfrtdr in `f iäbfif in 6487“ (Lu`nt5 Bfofönrj,

?766, p.?)

Ijain sda iuif nstæ bjlpunstf pjr uaf lu`tdtui in fbtdvdifins bjlj `f

frqudtnbturf, nsbu`turf, pdaturf, prjynbbdjans lu`tdlnidf, natrn jtrfs. Na bjlp`ntf

rn`fbdòa bja `f nspfbdf`difi, `f vdsuf`difi, fuidtdvdifi y n` flodnatn in dcuf` hjrlf

qun n` sdtn-spnbdhdb .

‐Rn bflodf pfrf ``nafr vfbìjs“ ns uaf dastf`fbdòa in Tnaayhnrtk Onbnrrf na

Cf`nrìf Lntrjpj`dtfaf. Ns ua vjùlna trfzfij bja kd`j o`fabj qun idoumf na n`

nspfbdj uaf nstrubturf frqudtnbtòadbf qun `nvfatf, pjr lnidj in rjìfafs, `js

tnasjrns fab`fijs f jomntjs in ynsj, sjstnadnaij nstjs `f nstrubturf tjtf`.


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Finlæs, utd`dzf n` trunqun, bflodfaij jvd``js in `faf pjr rjpf vdnmf bja `f buf` vf

``nafaij `js vfbìjs.

Dlfcna >= _ncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj in `f jorf Rn bflodf pfrf ``nafr vfbìjs in

Tnaayhnrtk Onbnrrf, ?77> (cf`nrìflntrjpj`dtfaf.jrc)

Ns, bja nstn nmnrbdbdj qun `f frtdstf kfbn uaf davnstdcfbdòa na rn`fbdòa f `f

vdvdnaif y `f anbnsdifi in kfodtfr kfbdnaij pfrtdbdpn f `f bjluadifi na n` prjbnsj

brnftdvj.

Yrfbny Nlda tdnan ijs trfofmjs qun ln datnrnsfa. N` prdlnrj, ‐Nvnryjan D

kfvn R`npt wdtk“, uaf tdnaif in bflpföf bja ajlorns bjsdijs na su datnrdjr. Aj

sò`j dab`uìf sus bjlpfönrjs snxuf`ns sdaj tflodäa `fs pnrsjafs in su dahfabdf,

hfld`df y fldcjs.


48/78

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Dlfcna 8= _ncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj in `f jorf Nvnryjan D kfvn R`npt wdtk in Yrfbny

Nlda, (frtjosnrvni.bjl)

N` Rncuaij, ‐Ly Oni“ ajs lunstrf su prjpdf bflf, ojtn``fs vfbìfs in `dbjr,

bj`d``fs in bdcfrrjs, sæofafs lfabkfifs, orfcfs usfifs. Bja `f prnsnatfbdòa in

su bflf bjlj frtn, Yrfbny Nlda bjlpfrtn su nspfbdj læs pnrsjaf`, rnvn`faij

qun n``f ns tfa dasncurf n dlpnrhnbtf bjlj n` rnstj in` luaij.

Dlfcna 3 (Kjhhlfaaskjusn)= _ncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj in `f jorf Ly Oni in Yrfbny

Nlda, (frt-rnvdnwni.bjl)


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Nstjs trfofmjs sja datnrnsfatns pjrqun pjr qun davj`ubrf f` nspnbtfijr bja su

nxp`jrfbdòa in nljbdjans y pjr prnsnatfrsn bjlj uaf nspnbdn in bjahnsdòa,

Nlda rnvn`f intf``ns ìatdljs in su vdif qun pnrldtn nstfo`nbnr uaf datdldifi bja

n` nspnbtfijr. Na n` prdlnrj pjr nxpjanr `f bfrpf, n`nlnatj qun bjlj jomntj in

nstuidj ns datnrnsfatn y n` sncuaij, pjrqun nxpjan uaf datdldifi kfodtfif,

idspjadnaij jomntjs qun n``f kf usfij.

Wfrf flofs frtdstfs `f kfodtfod`difi y `f nidhdbfbdòa in uaf nstrubturf qun

pnrldtn nstfo`nbnr ua finatrj y ua fhunrf sn pnrbdona na sus trfofmjs, na `f buf`

`f bjabnpbdòa in vdvdnaif in Onbnrrf y `j prdvfij nxpunstj in Nlda, sn fbnrbfa f

pfrtn in `j qun rnvdsfrnljs læs fin`fatn.

Wjr jtrf pfrtn, b`frflnatn `f nidhdbfbdòa y `f dastf`fbdòa tdnana su puatj in

nabunatrj na `f frqudtnbturf y `f nstrubturfbdòa in` nspfbdj.


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?.2.- @f hjtjcrfhìf bjlj rncdstrj in jorf

F` kfo`fr in lfrbf, anbnsfrdflnatn kfo`fljs in kun``f, kun``fs qun sja

nhìlnrfs, nvjùbdjafa y sn trfashjrlfa5 inodij f nstj, n` rncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj sn

kfbn dlprnsbdaido`n.

Fsì, bjlj tjij snr vdvj tdnan nsn dastdatj in lfrbfr y in`dldtfr ua tnrrdtjrdj

pfrf kfodtfr, ns dastdatdvj n` knbkj qun insin qun fpfrnbdò `f hjtjcrfhìf y `jcrf

uaf rnprnsnatfbdòa in `f rnf`difi vnrjsìld`, `f pdaturf rnf`dstf sn vn insp`fzfif,

ns qun n` luaij in `fs frtns tuvj uaf nvjùbdòa sdcadhdbftdvf y bjastfatn kfstf

aunstrjs iìfs.

‐Ru prnsnabdf datrjiubn aunvjs pfrælntrjs y

prjo`nlætdbfs, prjpdbdfaij f trfväs in su dahùnabdf,

datnrfbbdòa y prjpdj insfrrj``j, aunvfs hjrlfs in natnainr,

rnprnsnatfr y nxprnsfr na `fs frtns vdsuf`ns! hfvjrnbdnaij

uaf snrdn in brubns, insp`fzfldnatjs y idsbursjs qun kfa

``nvfij f `js `dldtns `fs pjsdod`difins brnftdvfs,

bjluadbftdvfs y täbadbfs in nstn lnidj“ (Crjanlnynr, W.96)

Ns pjr n``j, qun bufaij surcn n` frtn nhìlnrj y `f pnrhjrlfabn, natrn jtrfs,

sn rnqudnrn in ua dastrulnatj qun rncdstrn nsjs cäanrjs frtìstdbjs, pjr su bfræbtnr

ldlätdbj y su dastfatfandifi. Bjlj `j p`fatnf Fairä Ofzda na su `dorj Jatj`jcìf

in `f dlfcna hjtjcræhdbf, `f davnabdòa in `f hjtjcrfhìf bjrrnspjain f uaf

anbnsdifi sdbj`òcdbf in dùsdòa na `f rnprnsnatfbdòa in `f rnf`difi. Ns inbdr, `f

rnprnsnatfbdòa pdbtòrdbf qun ousbfof ua rnf`dslj na `f dlfcna aj nrf suhdbdnatn y


51/78

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anbnsdtfof bjabnodr ua fpfrftj qun hunrf læs vnrjsìld`, in f``ì `fs davnstdcfbdjans

qun ``nvfrja f `j qun kjy bjajbnljs bjlj bælfrf hjtjcræhdbf.

‐! `f hjtjcrfhìf sn onanhdbdf bja uaf trfashusdòa in

rnf`difi in `f bjsf f su rnprjiubbdòa. â idoumj

fosjùtflnatn hdn` pjiræ qudzæs ifrajs læs daidbfbdjans

fbnrbf in` ljin`j, pnrj aj pjsnnræ mflæs, f pnsfr in

aunstrj nspìrdtu brìtdbj, n` pjinr drrfbdjaf` in `f hjtjcrfhìf qun

ajs jo`dcf f brnnr na n``f“ (Ofzda, 649>, W.6;)

Wnrj `f dlfcna hjtjcræhdbf tdnan su prnbninatn na `f bælfrf jsburf, tfa

fatdcuf qun yf `j kfoìf lnabdjafij Frdstòtn`ns, qun bjasdstn na ua bunrpj vfbìj

jsburj bja ua jrdhdbdj, qun prjynbtf `f dlfcna in` nxtnrdjr davnrtdif lnidfatn ùz

rnh`nmfif. @f bælfrf jsburf, f hdans in` _nafbdldnatj fyuifof f idoumfatns y

pdatjrns f `f rnprnsnatfbdòa nspfbdf` y `f pnrspnbtdvf, pfrf ifr`n lfyjr rnf`dslj y

hdin`difi f` idoumj. In nstf hjrlf, pjinljs inbdr, qun `f hjtjcrfhìf tdnan uaf

idrnbtf rn`fbdòa bja `f pdaturf, sjorn tjij afturf`dstf, læs fua bufaij

bjasdinrfljs qun Ifcunrrn (pdatjr pfdsfmdstf) y Yfòjt (pdatjr fhdbdjafij in

pfdsfmns), sja pnrsjafmns huaiflnatf`ns na n` insfrrj``j in `f hjtjcrfhìf. Insin

su cäansds, `f dlfcna hjtjcræhdbf ns uaf kun``f j ìainx in ùz sjorn `fs sf`ns in

p`ftf (ntdlj`òcdbflnatn, hjtjcrfhìf sdcadhdbf nsbrdturf bja ùz, nanrcìf nsnabdf`

pfrf qun `js jomntjs snfa vdsdo`ns f` jmj y f `f bælfrf). Yflodäa nxdstna

hjtjcrfhìfs jotnadifs sda bælfrf hjtjcræhdbf, pjr `f sdlp`n fbbdòa in `f ùz, bjlj

`js hjtjcrflfs (Hjrlfs prjynbtfifs ofmj fbbdòa in uaf hunatn ùldajsf).


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‐In nstn ljij, n` prdabdpdj in `f kun``f afturf` j nstf

cäansds futjlætdbf, aj huabdjaf na tjif su purnzf, læs qun

natrn nsn fatns y nsn inspuäs, natrn nsfs ijs snrdns in

bòidcjs j hrfbbdòa in sncuaijs na qun jpnrf `f trfashnrnabdf

ùldajsf. Ýadbflnatn na nsn tdnlpj in lìadlf iurfbdòa `f

hjtj ns purj fbtj kun``f, ijain tdnan uaf rn`fbdòa in

prjxdldifi hìsdbf bja su rnhnrnatn n` rn`ælpfcj dastfatæanj,

punin inbdrsn qun `f hjtj ns ua lnasfmn sda bòidcj= ns na

nsn dastfatn futòajlj, natrn `f ùz qun nlfaf in` jomntj y `f

kun``f qun inmf na `f pn`ìbu`f, ijain n` snr kulfaj aj

datnrvdnan y aj punin datnrvnadr n` bfræbtnr huaiflnatf` in `f

hjtjcrfhìf“ (Cfrbìf, W.63).

In nstf hjrlf, ajs rnhnrdljs f `f dlfcna `ftnatn, `f dlfcna `ftnatn ns=

‐uaf dlfcna davdsdo`n hjrlfif na `f nlu`sdòa trfs `f

nxpjsdbdòa, f `f dlfcna rnvn`fif y ùncj hdmfif. Wjr jtrf

pfrtn, `f bjabnpbdòa ofrtknsnfaf in` tdnlpj hjtjcræhdbj,

nxdstn `f ajbdòa bjatdauf n datnrrulpdif in` tdnlpj, y, pjr

tfatj, in `f insfpfrdbdòa in `j hjtjcrfhdfij. N` jomntj, su

pjsdbdòa na n` nspfbdj tdnlpj, insfpfrnbn na n` dastfatn

ldslj qun bfpturf `f hjtjcrfhìf su hjrlf, in ljij qun,

bufaij fpfrnbn `f dlfcna rnvn`fif, n` rnhnrnatn kf inmfij

in nxdstdr y sò`j snræ ua rnbunrij“ (Cfrbìf, W.6;)


53/78

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â nmnlp`j, pfrf pjinr natnainr nstn bjabnptj, ns `f pn`ìbu`f O`jw ^p in`

idrnbtjr Ldbkn`facn`j Fatjadjad.

Finlæs, f` nlof`sflfr j bjacn`fr n` tdnlpj, su vf`jr sdloò`dbj rnhnrnabdf`

`f trfashjrlf na ua tnstdljadj, pjr su ftrdoutj dbòadbj. Fsì `j p`fatnf tflodäa

Crjanlnynr.

‐Ns `f hjtjcrfhìf rn`fbdjafif bja n` bjajbdldnatj, bja n` ijbulnatj,

rnsu`tfij in su bfrfbtnrìstdbf rnf`dstf (dbjajbdidifi) y in su afturf`nzf daidbdf`,

qun ajs fivdnrtn in `f anbnsfrdf nxdstnabdf in` rnhnrnatn, yf qun ns uaf kun``f,

uaf nvdinabdf, supunstflnatn jomntdvf n dabunstdjafo`n“ (Crjanlnynr, W.67)

Dabùsj _j`fai Ofrtkns `j rnfhdrlf na su `dorj @f bælfrf ùbdif5 qun ‐tjif

hjtjcrfhìf ns ua bnrtdhdbfij in prnsnabdf“ (Wæc. 6>6), ‐pjr `j qun n` rntrftj

hjtjcræhdbj snrìf n` bnrtdhdbfij in prnsnabdf in` daidvdiuj, bjlj n` ijbulnatj qun

`ncdtdlf sjbdf`lnatn, `f bjastftfbdòa dabùsj in aunstrf nxdstnabdf“ (Ræabknz5

Hnraæainz, W.6;4. Kfbdnaij rnhnrnabdf f `f hrfsn in _j`fai Ofrtkns). Ru snatdij

ijbulnatf` y utd`dtfrdj fpjrtf iftjs prnbdsjs y b`frjs in aunstrj luaij, hfbd`dtfaij

n` nstuidj bdnatìhdbj, sjbdf`, bu`turf` n kdstòrdbj.

‐@fs hjtjcrfhìfs ijbulnatf`dstfs afbdnrja pfrf tnstdljadfr

ua fbjatnbdldnatj intnrldafij, tjlfaij in` afturf` `fs

dlæcnans, in hjrlf qun n` hjtòcrfhj `nvfatfrf uaf nspnbdn

in fbtf ajtfrdf` in `f rnf`difi lnidfatn su bælfrf. @nn

Hjatfan``f idbn qun `f hjtjcrfhìf Rn pjpu`frdzj bja

datnabdjans rn`ftdvflnatn læs utd`dtfrdfs qun frtìstdbfs,


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inodij f` bfræbtnr prfclætdbj in `f hjtjcrfhìf

ijbulnatf`dstf. Tf na `fs ldsdjans bdnatìhdbfs in `f sncuaif

ldtfi in` sdc`j [D[, vdfmfofa na `js nqudpjs nxpnidbdjafrdjs,

hjtòcrfhjs qun tjlfofa p`fbfs pfrf ijbulnatfr p`fatfs (`f

ojtæadbf), pnrsjafs (fatrjpj`jcìf), fadlf`ns (zjj`jcìf),

pfdsfmns (`f cnjcrfhìf), ntb“ (@frf, W.9).

Instfbfrfa na n` pfpn` ijbulnatf`dstf Rusfa Rjatfc, hjtjcrfhdfaij `fs

b`fsns lfrcdaf`ns in `js suourodjs. Ni _uskf dadbdj na 6482 Ywnaty-Rdx Cfsj`dan

Rtftdjas, na nsf bj`nbbdòa hjtjcrfhdfof tjif `fs cfsj`danrfs qun sn nabjatrfofa

na `f bfrrntnrf qun snpfrfofa `f bfsf in `f frtdstf na @js Æacn`ns in `f in sus

pfirns na Je`fkjlf, ns ua prjbnsj sdstnlætdbj in ijbulnatfbdòa vdsuf`.

Rdcudnaij bja nsn ldslj prjbnsj nabjatrfljs f hdans in `js bdabunatf f Onrai

Onbknr y Kd``f Onbknr, bja su trfofmj ‐Bjpfs in Fcuf“.

Dlfcna ;= _ncdstrj Hjtjcræhdbj jorf ‐ Sftnr Yjwnrs“ Onrai Onbknr y Kd``f

Onbknr, 6482-6442 (ljlf.jrc)


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Xfrdjs frtdstfs kfa utd`dzfij n` rnbursj hjtjcræhdbj pfrf kfo`fr in` tnrrdtjrdj

bjlj bfrcf sdloò`dbf, fojrifaij n` tnlf in` pfdsfmn y su trfashjrlfbdòa. Na

Bkd`n nstf prjo`nlætdbf sn nabunatrf insin n` ldtj in @gJrdnatf`n, ldtj qun kfo`f

sjorn `f ``ncfif in `f hjtjcrfhìf f Bkd`n, qun na 6;24 ``ncf n` prdlnr Ifcunrrjtdpj

fbjlpföfij in fpjinrfijs y mòvnans hrfabnsns y On`cfs qun nlprnaina ua

vdfmn in nstuidj, ns fquì ijain sn bfpturfa `fs prdlnrfs pfajrældbfs in `fs

bjstfs in Xf`pfrfìsj ijain f` zfrpfr ruloj f @dlf sn kuain. Iurfatn n` sdc`j [D[

`f crfa lfyjrìf in nxtrfamnrjs, bja bdnrtj fhæa bj`jadzfijr, rntrftfrja pfdsfmns,

pnrsjafs y trfidbdjans, ijain n` sumntj sn bjavdnrtn na jomntj in davnstdcfbdòa j

na trjhnj in nxpnidbdòa. Inspuäs, pjr nabfrcj in `f _npuo`dbf, bja hda

prjpfcfaiìstdbj, rnf`dzfa rntrftjs in lutd`fijs in `f Cunrrf in Wfbdhdbj5 æ`oulns

qun dinatdhdbfa `js fvfabns daiustrdf`ns, vdstfs pfajrældbfs in` nspfbdj

ijlnstdbfij. Föjs læs tfrin, n` BFIF sn sjstnairìf in su vf`jr tnstdljadf` f

trfväs in` rncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj y `f anbnsdifi ifif pjr `f bjatdacnabdf in `f pj`ìtdbf

idbtftjrdf`, `js frtdstfs rnqunrìf prjiubdr jorfs qun rnh`nmfrfa `f fbtuf`difi pj`ìtdbf y

sjbdf` in` pfìs. Wfrf kfo`fr in ijbulnatj nabjatrfljs n` trfofmj in _jirdcj

Còlnz _jvdrf5 trfs n` nxd`dj pjr n` Cj`pn Ld`dtfr na 6432, sus hjtjcrfhìfs nstæa

`dcfifs pjr n` rntjraj y n` æ`oul hfld`dfr. Mfvdnr Cjijy5

‐Ld trfofmj ns in bjrtn ijbulnatf`, na vfrdfijs

hjrlftjs in insfrrj``j `f lfyjrìf in `fs vnbns na o`fabj y

ancrj. Natrn lds tnlætdbfs instfbf `f bduifi in Rfatdfcj y

`f vdif bjtdidfaf in sus kfodtfatns, n` pfdsfmn urofaj y `fs


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trfashjrlfbdjans na qun nstn invdnan pnrlfanatnlnatn.

@js mòvnans, n` Rur, n` Ajrtn, `fs ofrrfs orfvfs, `f hdnstf, n`

trfaspjrtn pýo`dbj5 tnlætdbfs vfrdfifs qun fojrij bja uaf

ldrfif pfusfif y rnh`nxdvf, pnrj sdnlprn brdtdbf“ (Hjtjcrfhìf

bkd`naf bjatnlpjræanf 76/BABF ?774. W.98).

Wfj`f Bfrjbf5 rnf`dzò uaf snrdn in hjtjcrfhìfs qun ajs kfo`fa in `j

ijlnstdbj na `f sjbdnifi bkd`naf ‐!bfpturj sj`j nsbnafs rntrftjs sda rjstrjs, sj`j

rncdstrj in jomntjs bjlj pfdsfmns datnrdjrns qun sn natrnlnzb`fa, sn kfbdafa y

fbulu`fa!

“ (Hjtjcrfhìf bkd`naf bjatnlpjræanf 76/BABF ?774. W.>9).

Mjrcn Crjanlnynr5 sn rnhdnrn f sus trfofmj ‐Yrnac-Yrnac“,

‐hun ua trfofmj rnf`dzfij na tdnrrfs lfpubkns (?773).

@js Yrnac-Yrnac sja `fs f`turfs in bdnrtjs ljatns y bnrrjs

sfcrfijs pfrf n` puno`j lfpubkn, ijain rnf`dzfa sus

rjcftdvfs y hjrlfa pfrtn huaiflnatf` in sus ldtjs jrdcdafrdjs

y su bjsljvdsdòa. Na nstf snrdn nxp`jrj `f hfbntf læs pj`ìtdbf

in` pfdsfmn, `f ajbdòa in tnrrdtjrdj, tärldaj qun na `f rncdòa

in `f Frfubfaìf inhdadtdvflnatn nstæ luy prnsnatn y

fiqudnrn uaf ajtfo`n inasdifi. @js rncdstrjs pfajrældbjs

in 287½ nlu`fa n` rnbjrrdij in `f ldrfif, na ua fbtj sndaspnbbdòa y bjastftfbdòa tnrrdtjrdf`, uaf hjrlf in pjsnsdòa y

ijldadj sdloò`dbj in` tnrrdtjrdj. N` pfdsfmn, f` snr rncdstrfij

in nstf hjrlf ajs rnldtn f` bflpj tjpjcræhdbj, ijain n`


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natjraj rnprnsnatfij sn bjavdnrtn na ua nspfbdj nxp`jrfo`n

qun ajs kfo`f sd`nabdjsflnatn in su dajhnasdvf fpfrdnabdf,

in uaf najrln tnasdòa kdstòrdbf, pj`ìtdbf y bu`turf`. Nstjs

pfdsfmns, sja n` rnsu`tfij in bfpfs cnj`òcdbfs bj`lfifs in

dahjrlfbdòa `ubkfs, damustdbdfs y rndvdaidbfbdjans (Hjtjcrfhìf

bkd`naf bjatnlpjræanf 76/BABF ?774. W.48).

Tf knljs kfo`fij in hjtòcrfhjs qun kfbna jorfs utd`dzfaij `f hjtjcrfhìf

bjlj lnidj, ns n` ljlnatj in kfo`fr in frtdstfs qun utd`dzfa `f hjtjcrfhìf bjlj

rncdstrj na jorfs nhìlnrfs bjlj `f pnrhjrlfabn. Wjr nmnlp`j, @fs Tncufs in`

Fpjbf`dpsds, Wnirj Lfrijans @nlnon` y Hrfabdsbj Bfsfs, su pnrhjrlfabn aj nrfa

prjcrflfifs, nrfa læs odna datnrvnabdjans danspnrfifs, pjr `j tfatj kfy nsbfsj

rncdstrj in n``fs= sò`j f`cuafs hjtjcrfhìfs in Wfz Nrræzurdz, inodij f nsf

ijbulnatfbdòa qun cnanrfbdjans læs tfrins pjinljs sncudr kfo`faij in su

jorf, bjlj uaf fbbdòa rnf` y aj bjlj ldtj. Ru prdlnrf datnrvnabdòa hun n` ?? in

jbtuorn in 64;;, iurfatn `f natrncf in` prnldj in pjnsìf Wfo`j Anruif f` pjntf

_fý` ]urdtf na @f Bkfsbjaf, `f bfsf in Anruif na n` ofrrdj On``fvdstf. Na idbkf

prnsnatfbdòa, `fs "Tncufs" drrulpdnrja na `f bnrnljadf pfrf pjanr`n f ]urdtf uaf

bjrjaf in nspdafs. Rò`j quniò uaf hjtjcrfhìf fpfrnbdif na n` idfrdj @f Äpjbf.

Yflodäa tnanljs n` trfofmj pnrhjrlætdbj in Bfr`js @nppn. Ru prdlnrf jorf

bjrpjrf` hun N` kfppnadac in `fs cf``dafs (6439) ijain sdlu`ò ljrdr f` pjanr ua

kunvj, rjinfij in cf``dafs in ynsj, jomntjs pnrsjaf`ns y lubkìsdljs kunvjs. F

pfrtdr in nsn trfofmj fpfrnbdnrja n`nlnatjs qun sn vj`vdnrja uaf bjastfatn5 `f

flodcðnifi snxuf` y n` bunstdjafldnatj in su dinatdifi f pfrtdr in `f


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nxpnrdlnatfbdòa bja su prjpdj bunrpj snxufij. F`cuafs in sus pnrhjrlfabns,

bjlj N` pnrbknrj (643>) y Rf`f in nspnrf (64;7) sj`j hunrja prnsnatfifs f`

pýo`dbj f trfväs in `js rncdstrjs in hjtjcrfhìf y vdinj, `j qun fbnatýf n`

bunstdjafldnatj in` prjbnsj in rnbnpbdòa f` nvfidr `f josnrvfbdòa prnsnabdf`.

F`cj læs rnbdnatn na ?773 na n` lfrbj in `f nxpjsdbdòa Kfai`n Sdtk Bfrn,

rnf`dzfif na LFB Vudatf Ajrlf`, `f frtdstf Kdìf Tæönz rnf`dzf `f pnrhjrlfabn

‐Ljldjpj`dj“ ijain jbkj pnrsjafs ùbkfa pjr jotnanr læs pjinr na ua tfo`nrj in

Ljajpj`dj, ijain `js mucfijrns fsulna n` rj` `fs hfld`dfs læs dahùynatns in` pfìs

datnatfaij prdvftdzfr `j pýo`dbj y fiqudrdr læs prjpdnifins utd`dzfaij nstrftncdfs,

nacföjs y f`dfazfs.

Ns fsì bjlj n` rncdstrj hjtjcræhdbj sn vun`vn huaiflnatf` pfrf n` frtdstf,

sjorn tjij bufaij aj sdnlprn tnanljs fbbnsj f `f jorf na vdvj, n` ijbulnatj

pnrldtn `f idhusdòa y qun `f jorf sn lfatnacf na n` tdnlpj.

‐Dastf`fbdjans ljatfifs ldnatrfs iurn `f nxpjsdbdòa y

insljatfifs n` iìf qun fbfofa, kfppnadacs qun iurfa `j

qun iurn `f ftnabdòa in `js vdfaifatns, navj`vnr bja p`æstdbj

n` punatn in Orjje`ya sò`j pjr uafs kjrfs! nstn tdpj in frtn

afbn, bjlj tjij na n` luaij pjstljinraj, pfrf ljrdr

dalnidftflnatn“ (Ofulfa, p.?2).


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DDD

Kfodtfaij n` tnrrdtjrdj


60/78

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2.6 N` vdfmn `f bfsf bjlj bfpfrfzòa.

‐@js bfrfbj`ns bjastruyna uaf bfsdtf qun ``nvfa

bjasdcj. Fsì n` bfrfbj` nstæ sdnlprn na su bfsf, vdfmn pjr

ijain vdfmn“ (Ofbkn`fri, Cfstja, @f pjätdbf in` nspfbdj,

uaiäbdlf dlprnsdòa ?767, pæc. 6>8, bdtfaij ‐@n spnbtfb`n in

`f afturn, pæc. ?26)

Ns na nstf prdlnrf ntfpf ijain bjldnazj f insbuordr ld pu`sdòa frtìstdbf,

sdnaij `f nxpnrdnabdf in vdfmfr lftnrdf` in nstuidj na insp`fzfldnatj, dlfcna y

bfrcf. Wnrj tjij vdfmn supjan ua fofaijaj y uaf pnrtnanabdf, rnsuldij na

pfrtdifs y nspnrfs. Ns nsf pnrtnanabdf qun ousbj rnsj`vnr f trfväs in lds

trfofmjs rn`fbdjafijs bja n` vdfmn, ns pjr nsj, qun `f ajstf`cdf in aj sfonr ijain

nstæ n` fquì y n` f``æ lfrbf nstf prdlnrf ntfpf.


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2.6.6 Nspfbdf`difi Nhìlnrf (stjpljtdja, ?77;).

Lunstrf ua æroj` qun sn trfashjrlf na ua pfsfmnrj in uaf ldbrj, ldbrj qun `uncj

sn idsun`vn pfrf trfashjrlfsn na n` ldslj æroj` rnpdtdäaijsn `f nsbnaf dahdadtfs

vnbns.

Dlfcna 4 Dlfcna 67

Dlfcna 66 Dlfcna 6?

Dlæcnans 4-67-66-6?= Hrfln in vdinj stjpljtdja Nspfbdf`difi Nhìlnrf


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Rn punin trfiubdr na ua vdfmn bjastfatn y `j qun vnljs f trfväs in `f

vnatfaf. Oæsdbflnatn, `j qun ljtdvò nstn trfofmj, pfrtdò insin `f nxpnrdnabdf in

pfsfr ofstfatns kjrfs snatfif na uaf ldbrj y/j ous, p`fslfaij `j qun vnj

cnanrf`lnatn bufaij vdfmj, tfatj hunrf in `f vnatfaf bjlj `j qun sn nabunatrf

finatrj.

Rn tdtu`f ‐Nspnbdf`difi nhìlnrf“ aj sò`j pjrqun n` nspfbdj sn idsun`vn y

trfashjrlf na jtrj iurfatn n` vdinj, sd aj qun, tflodäa pjrqun bufaij vdfmfljs, n`

pfdsfmn qun vnljs f trfväs in `f vnatfaf bflodf sncuaij f sncuaij y n` nspfbdj

qun jbupfljs na n` fsdnatj ns aunstrj sò`j `j qun iurn n` vdfmn. Ns nstn faæ`dsds,

`j qun bja``nvf ua sncuaij trfofmj tdtu`fij ‐Dif y vun`tf“.


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2.6.? Dif y vun`tf (Xdinj sda fuidj, 66=77 lda. ?774)

Na nstn nmnrbdbdj bjasdstn na uaf tjlf bnadtf` in uaj in lds pfsfmns ijain bj`jbj

`f hnbkf in dif y rncrnsj in ua hda in snlfaf pjr lns insin lfrzj in` ?773 (föj

in dacrnsj f `f nsbun`f in frtns na Rfatdfcj) kfstf fcjstj in` ?774, nsbrdodnaij

finlæs, n` aýlnrj in fsdnatj.

Dlfcna 62= Hrfln in dadbdj in vdinj Dif y Xun`tf

Dlfcna 69= Hrfln in` hdaf` in vdinj Dif y Xun`tf


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Ns fsì, bjlj n` nspfbdj (rnh`nmfij na n` aýlnrj in fsdnatj) y n` tdnlpj (na

`f hnbkf) sn vfa dasbrdodnaij uaf sjorn jtrf kfstf vj`vnr`f d`ncdo`n ojrrfaij y

fau`faij tjij daidbdj in` ljlnatj y `ucfr. Bjlj `j lnabdjafof fatnrdjrlnatn,

nstn nmnrbdbdj surcn f pfrtdr in `f josnrvfbdòa in `f fprjpdfbdòa in ua nspfbdj

nhìlnrj, qun tn pnrtnanbn pjr ua pfr in kjrfs y qun `uncj fofaijafs pfrf

bninr`j f jtrj, ua insbjajbdij5 ijain `f pnridif in tnlpjrf`difi fulnatf nsn

snatdldnatj in aj pnrtnanbnr ad fquì ad f``æ j qudzæs f` datnrlnidj lòvd`.


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2.?.2 Yn davdtj f vdfmfr (Yrfofmj sjajrj 6? lda. ?774)

Nstn nmnrbdbdj ns ua rn`ftj insbrdptdvj in uaj in lds vdfmns, na n` buf`, ln pnrldtj

tflodäa, `f nspnbu`fbdòa f trfväs in nmnrbdbdjs in lnljrdf, ijain nsn bjastfatn

dr y vnadr hfbd`dtf `f pnrbnpbdòa in `js bflodjs na n` pfdsfmn y `f josnrvfbdòa in

tjij `j qun rjinf nsn trfynbtj insin n` ljlnatj qun bjlprj ld pfsfmn na n`

tnrldaf` in Rfatdfcj kfstf ld ``ncfif f` tnrldaf` in Burdbò.

Nstn trfofmj pfrtn in `f josnrvfbdòa y faæ`dsds in `f rutdaf qun dlp`dbf insp`fzfrsn

natrn ijs puatjs. Wnrldtdnaij sfonr buf`ns sja `js lnmjrns fsdnatjs5 qun bkjhnr,

fuxd`dfr n daspnbtjr fbjlpföfrfa tu vdfmn5 buf` snræ `f kjrf in ``ncfif5 n` sjadij

qun daidbf n` nabnaidij in` tn`nvdsjr pfrf `f pn`ìbu`f5 natrn jtrjs.

Dlfcna 6>= davdtfbdòa utd`dzf

"Marcaciones territoriales" Tesis de Francisca Torres

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