La Construcción Sociocultural de la Realidad desde una perspectiva Queer. Coral Herrera Gómez

7/21/2019 La Construcción Sociocultural de la Realidad desde una perspectiva Queer. Coral Herrera Gómez

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Htrls r`loaili`sshn phsaeo`s.

Ol mhnstrummaýn shmahmuoturlo i` ol

U`loaili i`si` unl p`rsp`mtavl

\u``r.

Mhrlo G`rr`rl Fýc`z



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‟¸\uá `s, pu`s, ol v`rili8 Pn `dármath cývao i` c`tìbhrls, c`thnacals,lntrhphchrbaschs… qu` trls un prhohnflih ush plr`m`n barc`s, mlnýnamls y heoaflthrals

plrl ol f`nt`; ols v`rili`s shn aousahn`s qu` g`chs hovailih qu` shn aousahn s–.

Na`tzsmg` (<161).

‟@o nh phi`r sup`rlr ol vòhmaili i` ol ouz ta`n` thil mols` i` ansýoatls mhns`mu`nmals. @sr`sphnsleo` i` nu`strh lasolca`nth lstrhnýcamh, y nh sle`chs phr quá nh phi`chs sup`rlr`s` oãcat`. @stlchs mhni`nlihs l unl p`rsp`mtavl i` c`ntloaili prhvanmalo–.Dhgn Elrrhw (<117).

‟Nh gly ròlmaýn i` phi`r san ol mhrròltavl mhnstatumaýn i` un mlcph i` mhnhmaca`nth, y nhgly mhnhmaca`nth lofunh qu` nh pr`suphnfl y mhnstatuyl lo casch ta`cph ròlmahn`s i`

phi`r–Camgò Bhumluot (<166).

‟]hülchs nlrrlnih, nhs nshülchs nlrrlnih, r`mhrilchs, lntamaplchs, sp`rlchs,i`s`sp`rlchs, mr``chs, iuilchs, poln`lchs, r`vaslchs, mratamlchs, mhnstruachs,mglrolchs, lpr`ni`chs, hialchs y lclchs l trlvás i` ol nlrrlmaýn–.Glriy (<127)

‟Oh qu` `sthy ant`ntlnih v`ni`r `s oh qu` thih ò cunih qua`r`, bòamaili. @sh `s oh qu`thih ò cunih qua`r`, ¸nh `s lsã8, un phmh i` bòamaili–Vlot Iasn`y.

‟]a `nt`ni`chs nu`strh mu`rph mhch sa i` un glriwlr` s` trltls`, phi`chs anstlolr nu`vhsshbtwlr` qu` smlp`n l ol shmaloazlmaýn g`f`cýnaml g`t`rhnhrcltavl–F`ni`rglmk`r &lcp; Nhih Yrlnsglmk`rb`canastl 5:<5

‟Iavaiar l ol guclnaili `n ihs plrt`s plrl t`n`r ol s`nslmaýn i` gle`r g`mgh un eu`ntrleldh c` plr`m` elstlnt` frht`smh–. Rarfanal I`sp`nt`s

‟Nh gly iab`r`nmal s`xulo, sanh unl cuotatui i` iab`r`nmals, unl trlnsv`rsloaili i` olsròlmahn`s i` phi r, unl iav`rsaili i` ols pht`nmals i` vail. @stls iab`r`nmals nh shn‟r`pr`s`ntleo s– ilih qu` shn ‟chnstruhsls– y phn`n `n mu`staýn phr `sh casch nh sýohohs r`fãc`n`s i` r`pr`s`ntlmaýn phoãtaml sanh tlceaán ohs sast`cls i` prhiummaýn i` sle`r

ma`ntãbamh i` ohs ‟nhrclo`s–. E`ltraz Zr`malih (5::7)



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ANYUHIPMMAÝN

Ma`nmal, s xuloaili, lchr , mhnhmaca`nth, mhcuna mlmaýn, fán rh, ai`hohfãl,`strumturls, mu`rphs, sle`r`s, y r`sast`nmals…

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0

¸Mých mhnstruachs ol U`loaili8, ¸mých ol p`rmaeachs y muìo`s shn nu`strls oacatlmahn`sbãsamls y mhfnatavls plrl phi`r `nt`ni`rol8, ¸quá `s ol U`loaili8, ¸quaán h qua`n`s i`ban`n ohqu` `s r`lo8, ¸shn ol cascl mhsl ol r`loaili y ol bammaýn, s` iab`r`nmaln `n lofh8, ¸mýchlpr`ni`chs l p`nslr y l s`ntar8, ¸mých lpr`ni`chs l s`r ghcer`s h cud`r`s8, ¸quaáni`ban` oh qu` `s ‟nhrclo– y oh qu` nh oh `s8, ¸mých mhnstruachs ol muoturl y ol ma`nmallmtulo8, ¸mých g`rìlchs y trlnscatachs ols `strumturls8, ¸mých ltrlva`sl ol ai`hohfãl òmu`rph guclnh8, ¸mých lmtôl ol ai`hohfãl mlpatloastl y pltralrmlo `n nu`strl bhrcl i`mhnvavar, i` ròlmahnlrnhs y i` hrflnazlrnhs8, ¸phr quá ohs cìahs nh r`pr`s`ntln oliav`rsaili y ol mhcpo`daili i` ol r`loaili8, ¸phr quá gly r`loaili`s vasaeo`s, y r`loaili`sanvasaeo`s8, ¸phr quá unls r`loaili`s vlo`n cìs qu` htrls8, ¸phr quá p`nslchs `n tárcanhsi` eolnmh/n`frh8, ¸plrl quá sarv`n ohs caths8, ¸mých mr`lchs mhnhmaca`nth8, ¸quá `s ohqu` nh phi`chs mhnhm`r8, ¸shn ò lchr y ò s`xh vãls i` mhnhmaca`nth8, ¸mých phi`chs`cp`zlr l p`nslr i` htrls cln`rls8, ¸mých rhcp`r mhn ols `strumturls eanlrals iò

pltralrmlih8, ¸mých anv`ntlrnhs htrhs mu`nths, htrhs cáthihs, htrls gapýt`sas, htrls pr`funtls, htrls iuils, htrls bhrcls i` p`nslr, i` mhnstruar y i` ròlmahnlrnhs mhn olr`loaili8



2

ANYUHIPMMAÝN

Ma`nmal, s xuloaili, lchr , mhnhmaca`nth, mhcuna mlmaýn, fán rh, ai`hohfãl,`strumturls, mu`rphs, sle`r`s, y r`sast`nmals…

Htrls r`loaili`s shn phsaeo`s4 htrls bhrcls i` p`nslr, htrls vasahn`s i` cunih, htrls bhrclsi` mhcunamlrnhs, i` ant`rmlcealr anbhrclmaýn y sle`r`s, i` trlnscatar mhnhmaca`nths, i`glm`rnhs pr`funtls, i` nlrrlr ol Gasthral iò plslih y iò pr`s`nt`, shn phsaeo`s. Htrlsbhrcls i` `stlr y i` ròlmahnlrnhs mhn nu`strh `nthrnh shn phsaeo`s. Htrls bhrcls i`

p`rmaear y mhnhm`r, y htrls bhrcls i` glm`r ma`nmal y i` prhiumar muoturl shn tlceaán phsaeo`s. Htrls bhrcls i` mhnstruar nu strl ai`ntaili, i` r olmahnlrnhs mhn nu`strhsmu`rphs, i` lclr y i` hrflnazlrnhs shmalo, lb`mtavl y phoãtamlc`nt`, shn phsaeo`s. Qn`m`slrals.

@smraeh `st` oaerh i`si` ò mhnv`nmaca`nth i` qu` phi`chs trlnsbhrclr ol U`loaili phrqu``s unl mhnstrummaýn shmalo, phoãtaml, `mhnýcaml y muoturlo qu` puì` i`mhnstruars`,trlnsbhrclrs`, cutlr, r`vhoumahnlrs`. Ca lpu`stl `s ràvaniamlr ol mhcpo`daili y oliav`rsaili iò cunih qu` mhnstruachs `ntr` thihs y thils, i`dlr ltrìs ò p`nslca`nth

eanlrah qu` rìum` ol r`loaili l ihs plr`s i` hpu`sths, i`sglm`rnhs i` ols ai`hohfãlsg`f`cýnamls qu` p`rp`tôln ò mlpatloasch y ò pltralrmlih i`ntrh i` mlil unh i` nhshtrhs,mu`stahnlr thils ols v`rili`s ilils phr supu`stls.

Ca `nbhqu` `stì elslih `n ol t`hrãl qu``r, qu` ràvaniaml ol sued`tavaili, qu` safu`mratamlnih ol nhrcloaili y ol v`rili, qu` vasaeaoazl oh anvasaeo`, qu` rhcp` mhn ol trliamaýny ol chi`rnaili, y lpoaml un `nbhqu` trlnsiasmapoanlr y iav`rsh `n ol bhrcl i` glm`r ma`nmaly i` p`nslr ol U`loaili.

clrmh t`ýramh

@stl herl surf` iò prac`r mlpãtuoh i` ca t`sas ihmthrlo<, qu` `stuvh m`ntrlil `n olanv`staflmaýn sher` ol mhnstrummaýn shmalo y muoturlo i` ol r`loaili, i` ols ai`ntaili`s i`fán`rh, y iò lchr rhcìntamh. @st` oaerh `s unl sãnt`sas sued`tavl i` ol mrãtaml lo p`nslca`nth

eanlrah y ol ma`nmal trliamahnlo `n ol qu` lphrth unl vasaýn qu``r lo lnìoasas i o mhnhmaca`nthsher` ol U`loaili. @n Htrls r`loaili`s shn phsaeo`s g` qu`raih lnloazlr ò chih `n qu` nhslilptlchs l ol nhrcl, h nhs lo`dlchs i` òol4 thihs ohs prhm`shs i` acphsamaýn f`n`rlnr`sast`nmals, i` lgã qu` philchs duflr mhn ol U`loaili, i`mhnstruarol, i`schntlrol,lnloazlrol, y òlehrlr nu`vls mhnstrummahn`s eldh ol pr`casl i` qu` htrls r`loaili`s shn

phsaeo`s.

Ol U`loaili qu` mhnstruachs `stì i`t`rcanlil phr ol ai`hohfãl mlpatloastl y pltralrmlo qu`ltrlva`sl nu`strls strumturls shmalo`s, mhnýcamls, phoãtamls, muoturlo`s, y ròafahsls. Z`rhtlceaán mhnstruy` y i`t`rcanl nu`strls strumturls lb`mtavls, chmahnlo`s y s`xulo`s.

< ‟Ol mhnstrummaýn shmahmuoturlo i` ol r`loaili, iò fán`rh y iò Lchr Uhcìntamh–, Pnav`rsaili Mlrohs AAA i` Clirai,



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Ltrlva`sl nu`strh i`s`h, nu`strhs mu`rphs, nu`strl luth`stacl, y nhs oacatl l ol ghrl i`ròlmahnlrnhs mhn ol mhcunaili `n ol qu` vavachs.

Ol ai`hohfãl `s trlnscatail phr ol muoturl, `n òol s` lrtamuoln thihs ohs prhm`shs i`mhnstrummaýn i` p`nslca`nth y mhnhmaca`nth, ant`rmhn`mtlihs `ntr` sã i` chih qu`mhnbhrcln unl U`loaili mhcpo`tl, mhg`r`nt`, sýoail. L trlvás i` ohs prhiumths muoturlo`s yol mhcunamlmaýn i` ol anbhrclmaýn, s` trlnscat` unl vasaýn iò cunih y s` anvasaeaoazln htrls

p`rsp`mtavls y htrls bhrcls i` mhnstruar y ròlmahnlrs` mhn ol U`loaili.

Ol ai`hohfãl g`f`cýnaml `s `nthnm`s, ò `d` v`rtèrlihr i` nu`strls bhrcls i` hrflnazlmaýn,i` o`nfuld` y p`nslca`nth, i` ròlmaýn mhn ò cunih y mhn nu`strhs s`c`dlnt`s. I`si` `slai`hohfãl s` mhnstruy`n clpls, squ`cls, chiòhs i` r`b`r`nmal qu` sarv`n plrl acphn`runls `strumturls `chmahnlo`s y s`ntac`ntlo`s. L trlvás i` ol muoturl lpr`ni`chs oh qu` `s‟nhrclo– y oh qu` nh oh `s, y lsucachs thils ols `strumturls acpu`stls mhch sa bu`rln‟nlturlo`s–, iavanls h t`rnls.

Lbhrtunlilc`nt`, nu`strl p`rsp`mtavl mrãtaml nhs p`rcat` mu`stahnlr ols nhrcls, ols`strumturls, ols mr``nmals, ohs chiòhs y ohs pltrhn`s qu` lpr`ni`chs `n nu`strh prhm`sh i`shmaloazlmaýn y iumlmaýn. @stl mlplmaili i` mu`stahnlca`nth nhs p`rcat` lnloazlrmrãtamlc`nt` ol U`loaili y i`mhnstruar ò mhnm`pth i` ‟nhrcloaili– h ò i` ‟nlturloaili– qu`s` acphn` `n mlil áphml gastýraml i` lmu`rih l ol ai`hohfãl g`f`cýnaml i` mlil sast`clshmalo y muoturlo.

@n ols shmaìli`s hmmai`ntlo`s ol ai`hohfãl g`f`cýnaml `stì elslil `n ols d`rlrquãls i` phi`r, `n ols mlt`fhrazlmahn s `xmouy`nt s, y `n ols hphsamahn`s iulo`s. Ol `strumturl i` p`nslca`nth cìs praclral qu` g rìlchs y qu` s`fuachs utaoazlnih plrl p`nslr `s ò‟p`nslca`nth eanlrah–, s`fôn ò mulo p`rmaeachs ol r`loaili i`si` plr`s i` hpu`sths. Mlil

plr i` `taqu tls mhnta`n` i`ntrh i` sã `xtr`chs elslihs `n ol ai`l i` oh eu`nh y oh cloh, ohsup`rahr y oh anb`rahr4 phr `sh iavaiachs ò cunih `ntr` eu`nhs/clohs, ramhs/pher`s,nhrclo`s/rlrhs, eolnmhs/n`frhs, clsmuoanh/b`c`nanh, mavaoazlihs/slovld`s,g`t`rhs`xulo s/ghchs`xulo`s, mhohnazlihr`s/mhohnazlihs.

@stl `s ol rlzýn phr ol mulo nh nhs fustl ol lceafÿìli, nhs il caìh oh qu` nh ohfrlchs`taqu`tlr, nhs anqua`tl ol ani`banamaýn, y nhs s`ntachs p`riaihs mulnih un hed`th, s`r vavh h

satulmaýn `s anmolsabamleo` i`ntrh i` nu`strls rìumails `strumturls c`ntlo`s. \uazìs phr `st`caìh l oh i`smhnhmaih h l oh iab`r`nt`, ol f`nt` r`mglzl htrls hra`ntlmahn`s s`xulo`s, htrhslm`nths, htrhs mhohr`s i` paò, htrls ròafahn`s, u htrls bhrcls i` p`nslr.

Ol ai`hohfãl hmmai`ntlo g`f`cýnaml elslil `n ò p`nslca`nth eanlrah y d`rìrquamh ta`n` tr`sv`rta`nt`s4 ol `mhnýcaml (mlpatloasch), ol phoãtaml (i`chmrlmals), ol shmahmuoturlo y`chmahnlo (ò pltralrmlih). @stls tr`s frlni`s mhnstrummahn`s stìn ant`rròlmahnlils ntr` sã,s` lphyln cutulc`nt`, y s` nutr`n i` ol cascl ai`hohfãl4 unhs fhea`rnln, htrhs shnfhe`rnlihs; unhs ta`n`n ohs cìahs i` prhiummaýn, htrhs trleldln plrl òohs; unhs ta`n`n

pravao`fahs, htrhs ta`n`n n`m`saili`s; unhs `cat`n anbhrclmaýn, htrhs ol mhnsuc`n. Ravachs

`n un sast`cl ias`ülih plrl ò ea`n`stlr i` ols canhrãls qu` lmucuoln phi`r.



7

Zlrl qu` `st` sast`cl elslih `n ol i`safuloili y ol lmucuolmaýn i` phi`r s` shst`nfl `sn`m`slrah trlnscatar sus vlohr`s l trlvás i` ohs cìahs i` mhcunamlmaýn, i` chih qu` thihslsuclchs mhch prhpahs ant`r`s`s ld`nhs y n`m`saili`s bleramlils phr htrhs. Lpr`g`ni`chsò cunih, lpr`ni`chs l p`nslr, l gleolr, l s`ntar, l ròlmahnlrnhs mhn ohs i`cìs, l mhn-vavar`n nu`strl shmaìli l trlvás i` ols anstlnmals ìumltavls, p`rh pranmaploc`nt` l trlvás i` olmuoturl, qu` nhs hbr`m` chiòhs l s`fuar, ai`loazlihs y catabamlihs.

@stls strumturls shmahmuoturlo`s nhs r`suotln r`mhnbhrtlnt`s phrqu` nhs p`rcat`n i`slrrhoolrnu`strl ai`ntaili plrl phi`r ant`frlrnhs y lilptlrnhs l ol mhcunaili `n ol qu` vavachs.Z`rh tlceaán nhs oacatln y nhs lprasahnln phrqu` shn ols ônamls qu` t`n`chs, y phrqu`muloqua`rl qu` s` i`svã` i` ol `strumturl nhrcltavl `s s`ülolih, mhni`nlih h r`mglzlih phrols `strumturls duiamalo`s, o`flo`s, y shmalo`s qu` clrfanln thih lquòoh qu` nh s` ldustl l olvasaýn i` cunih prhpu`stl phr ò mlpatloasch pltralrmlo.

]an `celrfh, htrhs sast`cls i` p`nslca`nth shn phsaeo`s, y cìs looì i` `stls `strumturlssacpo`s y r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s tapabamlils, ol r`loaili `s cìs mhcpo`dl, raml y iav`rsl. ]anu`strhs prhiumths muoturlo`s y cìaìtamhs shn tln r`p`tatavhs `s phrqu` ò sast`cl, plrls`fuar bunmahnlnih, n`m`satl chstrlrnhs gárh`s y g`rhãnls mhn qua`n nhs philchsai`ntabamlr, mhnboamths ntr` xtr`chs y shoumahn`s s`nmaools, p`nslca`nths rìummahnastls,

p`nslca`nths cìfamh-ròafahshs qu` choi``n nu`strls lsparlmahn`s. Nhs mr`ln ols c`tls ls`fuar y mhch nh nhs `ns`üln l f`stahnlr ols `chmahn`s, nhs hbr`m`n ròlths `n ohs qu` nhstrlnscat`n ols `strumturls chmahnlo`s plrl s`ntar ‟pltralrmloc`nt`–. Zhr `sh lclchs

pltralrmloc`nt`.

Ohs sast`cls ìumltavhs shn unl pa`zl `s`nmalo `n ol p`rp`tulmaýn iò stltu quh i` olr`loaili4 `n òohs ohs naühs y ols naüls lsuc`n mhnm`pths ` ant`rnloazln ohs vlohr`s i`nu`strl shmaìli san olehrlrohs mhn unl p`rsp`mtavl mrãtaml. Ols pr`funtls anmýchils mhnmhnt`stlils mhn v`rili`s leshoutls plrl qu` thih safl mhch `stì4 phr `sh `n ohs cìahs i`mhcunamlmaýn ol iav`rsaili i` ol r`loaili `s anvasaeaoazlil y phr `sh shoh v`chs chiòhs

elslihs `n pltrhn`s trliamahnlo`s mlrflihs i` ai`hohfãl aniavaiuloastl y mhnsucastl.

Ol shmaìli, i` lofôn chih, ta`n` qu` ohfrlr qu` sus ca`cerhs lihpt`n ohs pltrhn`s i`mhniumtl san i`clsalils trlnsfr`sahn`s, pu`s ols prht`stls y ohs mu`stahnlca`nths shn

p`rduiamalo`s plrl ol sloui i` muloqua`r sast`cl elslih `n ohs fruphs i` phi`r y ols

mlt`fhrazlmahn`s stleo`mails plrl mr`lr iab`r`nmals.

Ol R`rili `s unl i` ols c`dhr`s g`rrlca`ntls plrl glm`rnhs mr``r qu` unls mhsls shn ma`rtlsy htrls shn c`ntarl. Ol R`rili vlrãl s`fôn ò punth i` vastl i`si` ò qu` s` `nunma`, p`rhnhs ol pr`s`ntln mhch lofh leshouth, m`rrlih `n sã casch, hed`tavh ‟ phrqu` sã–, y qu`r`qua`r` lm`ptlmaýn ancìaltl, mhch ò lmth i` b`. Frlmals l ol v`rili mr``chs phi`riastanfuar, tlceaán, quá `s bammaýn y quá `s r`lo.

Ol U`loaili `s unl mhnstrummaýn mr`lil i`si` ols anstatumahn`s, i`si` ohs fruphs i` phi`r`mhnýcamh, i`si` ohs fruphs i` phi`r phoãtamh, i`si` nu`strls vails mhtaialnls, phr `sh

puì` trlnsbhrclrs`, mu`stahnlrs , i`rraelr lntafuls strumturls ` anv`ntlr htrls nu`vls. Ohscìahs i` mhcunamlmaýn y ols aniustrals muoturlo`s nhs trlnscat`n y mr`ln ol U`loaili i`si`



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ol ai`hohfãl g`f`cýnaml, p`rh lbhrtunlilc`nt` `xast`n htrls bhrcls i` p`rmaear, p`nslr ymhcunamlr ols iab`r`nt`s r`loaili`s `n ols qu` vavachs.

Yhihs nhshtrhs, thils nhshtrls, mhnstruachs nu`strl r`loaili aniavaiulo y mho`mtavl iãl l iãl,y shn canhrãl ols p`rshnls qu` s` lilptln baòc`nt` lo sast`cl prhpu`sth phr ol tò`vasaýn yohs cìahs trliamahnlo`s, ilil `stl mlplmaili guclnl plrl f`n`rlr mrãtaml, plrl lnloazlr ohsc`nsld`s y ols nhrcls qu` s` nhs acphn`n, y plrl prhphn`r nu`vls bhrcls i` mhnstruar olU`loaili, h i` vasaeaoazlr ols r`loaili`s.

`nbhqu` qu` r

@o `nbhqu` qu``r i`si` ò qu` g` trleldlih pr`t`ni` lphrtlr l ol i`mhnstrummaýn iò p`nslca`nth eanlrah, `xpoamlr phr quá p`nslchs n sast`cls i` plr`s i` hpu sths, yvasaeaoazlr ò chih `n `stl bhrcl i` p`nslr nhs `cpher`m` y nhs oacatl. Ol ràvaniamlmaýn

phoãtaml i` `st` t`xth r`sai` li`cìs `n ol vasaeaoazlmaýn i` nu`vls bhrcls i` p`nslr, i` p`rmaear, i` ròlmahnlrnhs mhn ol r`loaili. Rasaeaoazlr, tlceaán, htrls ai`hohfãls lot rnltavlsqu` shsta`n`n htrhs iasmurshs, qu` mr`ln htrls p`rbhrclnm`s, qu` nhs mu`ntln htrhs mu`nths.

@n `st` safoh WWA; ò \u``r gl anmhrphrlih ol ai`ntaili, ò fán`rh, ò mu`rph y ol s`xuloailimhch mhnstrummahn`s shmahphoãtamls lo lnìoasas i` ol U`loaili y iò mhnhmaca`nth. Q i`si`glm` unhs lühs, `stlchs tlceaán anmhrphrlnih ols `chmahn`s y ohs s`ntaca`nths, phrqu` shnlsacasch mhnstrummahn`s muoturlo`s y shmalo`s elslils n ol cascl ai`hohfãl g`f`cýnaml.

@o \u``r nh `s unl c`thihohfãl na phs`` pr`t`nsahn`s i` unav`rsloaili, i` chih qu` nh`xast` unl ‟nu`vl bhrcl i` p`nslr– qu` nhs sarvl i` fuãl. Ylcphmh ta`n` un chiòh ai`lo hunl prhpu`stl i`t`rcanlil `n ò ìceath `mhnýcamh h phoãtamh. ]an `celrfh, plrl cã `s`s`nmalo mhch g`rrlca`ntl i` lnìoasas y i` lmtavasch shmahphoãtamh, pr`maslc`nt` phrqu` nhhbr`m` plrlãshs na uthpãls na `squ`cls mhn mlrìmt`r leshoutastl, y p`rcat` lsã qu` s` sumìlnols mrãtamls y ols prhpu`stls mhn cumgh clyhr clrf`n i` clnaherl.

Li`cìs lo r`mglzlr ohs eanhcahs, ò qu``r nh s` anstlol mýchilc`nt` `n ò lmtavasch h `nò lmli`camasch, sanh qu` trlnsatl `ntr` ol mloo` y ols luols, ohs cus`hs y ols iasmht`mls, ohsmhnfr`shs y ohs m`ntrhs shmalo`s hkuplihs. Ohs prhm`shs i` mrãtaml y ol i`choamaýn i` ohs

ìabamahs i` ol trliamaýn s` prhium`n i`si` thihs ohs ranmhn`s i` nu`strl muoturl y s` iaraf`nglmal thihs ohs br`nt`s, `n thihs ohs navò`s.

Ol Y`hrãl \u``r ta`n` unl oãn`l i` mhntanuaili mhn ohs b`canaschs y ò phs`strumturloasch, p`rh su prhiummaýn lrtãstaml, antò`mtulo y su oumgl shmalo o` mhnva`rt`n `n unl mhrra`nt` cìsant`frlo, pu`s nh s` `nmldhnl `n un shoh ìceath h iasmapoanl y hbr`m` carlils iav`rsls sheròl r`loaili.

Lo nh mr``r `n ò mhnm`pth i` ‟v`rili–, nh hbr`m` shoumahn`s thtloazlnt`s na clpls plrlr`mhniumar ò sast`cl glmal un punth i`t`rcanlih. @o \u``r `stì i`sm`ntrloazlih, y

t`ýramlc`nt` tlcphmh lmhf` `n su s`nh ols d`rlrquãls mlrlmt`rãstamls i` ohs sast`clsi`chmrìtamhs `n ohs qu` vavachs. I` `st` chih, ò \u``r s` plr`m` l Ant`rn`t `n qu` ohs



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t`xths, ols i`mhnstrummahn`s, ols pr`funtls, ols prhpu`stls, ols acìf`n`s, ols r`bo`xahn`s, s`ròlmahnln i` un chih ghrazhntlo, `sth `s4 unhs t`xths nh shn cìs vìoaihs qu` htrhs, y unls

pr`funtls nh shn cìs r`pr`s`ntltavls qu` htrls.

@o \u``r ràvaniaml ol mhcpo`daili i` ol r`loaili, ol vasaeaoazlmaýn i` oh anvasaeo`, oln`m`saili i` i b`ni`r ol iav`rsaili br`nt` l ohs prhm`shs i` ghchf`nàzlmaýn yfoheloazlmaýn muoturlo. @o \u``r `nthnl un ‟nhshtrhs/nhshtrls– rliamloc`nt` anmousavh qu`r`na`fl iò aniavaiuloasch iò ‟sìov`s` qua`n puìl– y iò caìh ltrhz lo htrh, l ohs htrhs, lols iab`r`nt`s, l ohs `xtrlühs, l ols `xtrlnd`rls, l ohs n`frhs, l ohs rhdhs, l ols cud`r`strlns`xulo`s, l ohs clramls, l ols rlrls. Ohs y ols qu``rs glm`n flol i` sus rlr`zls, i` susiab`r`nmals, y molcln mhntrl thil bhrcl i` p`nslca`nth luthratlral y rãfail.

I` `st` chih, ò qu``r nh shoh rhcp` mhn ò p`nslca`nth eanlrah, sanh tlceaán mhn thil ol prhiummaýn lshmalil l `st` p`nslca`nth eanlrah y d`rìrquamh4 ò pltralrmlih, olfoheloazlmaýn, ols i`chmrlmals lmtulo`s, ò blsmasch y ò mlpatloasch. Z`rh tlceaán mhn thilbhrcl i` g`f`chnãl qu` lo acphn`rs` sher` ols i`cìs ai`hohfãls, iasmracanl l ols clooolclils ‟canhrãls–. @o rlmasch, ò s`xasch, ol ghchbheal, ol o`sehbheal y ol trlnsbheal, olcashfanal y ò clmgasch shn thils `nb`rcìli`s shmalo`s qu` r`mglzln ol iav`rsaili y

prhvhmln cumghs caoohn`s i` cu`rths mlil lüh `n thih ò cunih.

I`si` `stl phsturl mrãtaml, phs`strumturloastl, i`mhnstrumtavastl, b`canastl y qu``r plrtachs plrl lnloazlr ohs polnt`lca`nths i` iav`rshs t`ýramhs y t`ýramls i` iab`r`nt`s áphmlsgastýramls qu` gln anstatumahnloazlih ò p`nslca`nth eanlrah mhch un b`nýc`nh ‟nlturlo– nol Guclnaili. Q l plrtar i` lgã vasaeaoazlr l lquòohs y lquòols qu` prhphn`n sast`cls cìsiav`rshs y mhcpo`dhs i` p`nslca`nth y qu` s` iìamln l s`fuar eltloolnih phr i`mhnstruarohs paolr`s i` mhnm`pths mhntrlrahs sher` ohs qu` s` lsa`ntl nu`strl muoturl(hed`tavh/sued`tavh, mhrr`mth/anmhrr`mth, hri`n/mlhs, rlzýn/`chmaýn, clsmuoanh/b`c`nanh).

Ca ant`nmaýn gl saih trleldlr i`si` ò p`nslca`nth `n rì qu``razlih qu` mhn`mtl thils olsiac`nsahn`s i` ols r`loaili`s plrl `xpoamlr mých ant`rlmmahnln y s` anbouy`n cutulc`nt` oliac`nsaýn phoãtaml, `mhnýcaml, shmalo, s`xulo, `chmahnlo, muoturlo, ròafahsl. Mr`h qu` oh

p`rshnlo `s phoãtamh, qu` oh qu` s mhnstruy` s` puì` i`mhnstruar, y qu` htrls r`loaili`s shn phsaeo`s.

Mhnstrummahn`s y i mhnstrummahn`s

@o oaerh mhca`nzl mhn un er`v` r`mhrraih mrhnhoýfamh phr ol Gasthral i` ols ma`nmals y olsbaohshbãls i` nu`strl mavaoazlmaýn hmmai`ntlo i`si` unl p`rsp`mtavl mrãtaml y cuotaiasmapoanlr.@o prac`r mlpãtuoh `s un er`v` r`plsh phr ols pranmaplo`s mhrra`nt`s t`ýramls qu` glnr`bo`xahnlih `n thrnh l ol U`loaili mhch b`nýc`nh mhcpo`tlc`nt` `xt`rnh l nhshtrhs, hmhch un mhnstrumth shmahmuoturlo qu` vlrãl s`fôn ols áphmls gastýramls, h ols zhnlsf`hfrìbamls. Nlv`flr`chs phr `sls r`bo`xahn`s `n thrnh l mých p`rmaeachs ol U`loaili, y

ohs oãcat`s bãsamhs y muoturlo`s i` ol p`rm`pmaýn `n ol `sp`ma` guclnl. Lnloazlr`chs nu`strh plpò mhch mhnstrumthr`s y mhnstrumthrls i` r`loaili `n ò ìceath phoãtamh, `mhnýcamh,



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shmalo, muoturlo, ròafahsh, átamh y chrlo, s`xulo y `chmahnlo, i`si` ols anstatumahn`s qu`mr`lchs y i`si` nu`strls vails mhtaialnls.

Zlrl ooh r`plslr`chs er`v`c`nt` ohs c`mlnaschs i` mhnstrummaýn i` r`loaili qu` prhpusa`rhn E rf`r y Oumkclnn, i` chih qu` `nt`nilchs un phmh c`dhr mých ohsguclnhs lpr`ni`chs l p`nslr y l mhcphrtlrnhs, mhch lpr`ni`chs l s`ntar y lròlmahnlrnhs, mhch lsucachs y r`mglzlchs nhrcls, mhch ols trlnscatachs l ol safua`nt`f`n`rlmaýn, mhch lpr`ni`chs l r`pracarnhs `n shmaìli. ]hoh qu` oh glr`chs mhn un`nbhqu` i` fán`rh, trlnsv`rslo `n thih ò `stuiah.

Ol mhnstrummaýn i` ols ai`ntaili`s i`t`rcanl nu`strh chih i` s`r, i` `stlr, i` s`ntar, i`mhcphrtlrnhs, i` ròlmahnlrnhs mhn ò cunih, i` thclr i`masahn`s, iò iasbrut` i` nu`strls`xuloaili, `ntr` htrls cumgls mhsls. Ol lpu`stl trls ol r`bo`xaýn `n thrnh l ol mhnstrummaýniò fán`rh `s rhcp`r mhn ols `taqu`tls qu` nhs `nma`rrln `n rho`s eldh `st`r`htaphsrìummahnastls qu` mhnstraü`n nu`strl oae`rtli, nu`strhs lb`mths, nu`strls trly`mthrals

prhb`sahnlo`s y vatlo`s. Zlrl òoh s vatlo qu` i`mhnstruylchs ohs caths, qu` lphst`chs phrhtrhs prhiumths muoturlo`s lot`rnltavhs l ol trliamaýn, qu` anv`nt`chs htrhs chiòhs i`r`b`r`nmal, qu` saflchs mhnstruy`nih nu`strhs cìahs i` mhcunamlmaýn.

Lnloazlr`chs mých ohs cìahs i` clsls mhnstruy`n r`loaili`s qu` lsucachs mhchv`rili`s ancutleo`s4 l trlvás iò `sp`mtìmuoh y i` ol sìummaýn cìfaml i` ohs ròlths s` nhsacphn`n unhs pltrhn`s s`ntac`ntlo`s qu` phs``n unls mhns`mu`nmals vasaeo`s n nu`strhchih i` hrflnazlrnhs phoãtaml, `mhnýcaml y shmaloc`nt`.

@sths c`nsld`s i` ai`hohfãl `stìn anvasaeaoazlihs, p`rh s` r`pat`n glstl ò anbanath4 ol pueoamaili, ols `cpr`sls, ohs elnmhs, ohs plrtaihs phoãtamhs, ols áoat`s mo`saìstamls, ols áoat`schnìrquamls. @s un iasmursh mhns`rvlihr y suclc`nt` catabamlih phr ohs cìahs, qu` nhshbr`m`n plrlãshs chmahnlo`s, uthpãls lchrhsls y r`loaili`s bammahnloazlils. Nh shoh nhshbr`m`n plrlãshs, sanh qu` r`prac`n ò r`sth i` plrlãshs nh g`f`cýnamhs. Nu`strl shmaìli,lbarclrhn Brùi y Clrmus`, `stì elslil `n ol r`pr`saýn i` nu`strhs anstanths s`xulo`s. Mlilmuoturl phs`` sus tleô`s, nhrcls, prhgaeamahn`s, mr``nmals y mhstucer`s, `n thrnh l ols`xuloaili y ols `chmahn`s.

Lchr y s`xh `stìn r`fuolihs plrl qu` nhs lilpt`chs lo `squ`cl i`

nhrcloaili/lnhrcloaili mhnstruaih i`si` ol g`f`chnãl ai`hoýfaml. Ol ai`hohfãl pltralrmloy mlpatloastl mhnstruy` `stls `strumturls lchrhsls i`si` ol muoturl4 t`hrãls, raths,clnilca`nths, mr``nmals, caths, iasmurshs, i`molrlmahn`s, ròlths, mlnmahn`s, nhtamals. Olmuoturl `stì anbouail ` anbouy` `n ols i`cìs `strumturls. @nthnm`s mr`l y l ol v`z r`bo`dl, `nun prhm`sh eaiar`mmahnlo côotapo`, ol shmaìli, ol phoãtaml, ol `mhnhcãl, ohs cìahs i`mhcunamlmaýn, `tm. Zhr `sh ohs cìahs shn bunilc`ntlo`s `n ol lmtuloaili plrl `xpoamlrmých s` mr`l ol r`loaili i`si` ol muoturl, y mhch ol ai`hohfãl g`f`cýnaml `s ò gaohmhniumthr i` thils nu`strls i`cìs mhnstrummahn`s.

@o mlpatloasch y ò pltralrmlih nh shn shoh `strumturls shmahphoãtamls y `mhnýcamls. ]``nmu`ntrln ans`rths tlceaán n nu`strhs mu`rphs, `n nu`strh i`s`h, n nu`strls strumturls



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`chmahnlo`s, y i`t`rcanln nu`strh mhcphrtlca`nth, i`s`h, s`ntaca`nths, lsparlmahn`s. Zhrtlnth `smrae`n `o fuaýn i` nu`strl gasthral i` vail, anstlurln ohs rlão`s phr ihni` nu`strlmhtaialnaili vl l trlnsmurrar, i`t`rcanln nu`strl ai`ntaili, nu`strl s`xuloaili, nu`strls

prhb`sahn`s, nu`strls clt`rnaili s, nu`strh chih i` vail, nu strls r`olmahn`s.

Y`n`r n mu`ntl mhch s` mhnstruy` U`loaili i`si` sths `squ`cls g`f`cýnamhs nhs sarv` plrl phi`r i schntlrol y plrl ol mhnstrummaýn i` htrls r`loaili`s phsaeo`s.



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‟Ravachs eldh ol anf`nul suphsamaýn i` qu` ol r`loaili `s nlturloc`nt` tlo mhch nhshtrhsol v`chs y qu` thih `o qu` ol v` i` htrl cln`rl ta`n` qu` s`r un cloamahsh h un i`c`nt`–.Zluo Vltzolwamk (<119).

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¸\PÁ @] OL U@LOAILI8



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< ¸\PÁ @] OL U@LOAILI8

<.<. OL U@LOAILI Q @O MHNHMACA@NYH.

¸\uá `s ol r`loaili8, ¸phi`chs mhnhm`rol8, mých phi`chs lmmì`r l ool8, shn lofunls iòls pr`funtls qu` s` gl bhrcuolih ò s`r guclnh i`si` ol Lntafÿìli glstl nu`strhs iãls.@stls pr`funtls gln aih oaflils l ol nhmaýn i` ol lplra`nmal i` ols mhsls, lo chih `n mhchmlptlchs ol r`loaili l trlvás i` nu`strhs s`ntaihs (sa oh glm`chs baiìafnlc`nt` h `stlchsoacatlihs phr nu`strhs sast`cls i` p`rm`pmaýn), y sher` thih, l ohs oãcat`s `n thrnh l quá `s

oh qu` phi`chs mhnhm`r.

Hmmai`nt` y Hra`nt` gln shst`naih ihs bhrcls mhntrlpu`stls i` `nt`ni`r quá `s ol r`loaili.Ol Baohshbãl Hra`ntlo `s ghoãstaml `n ò s`ntaih i` qu` nh iavai` ols `sb`rls i` ol r`loailiiamhtýcamlc`nt`, sanh qu` ols ant`frl `n un thih. @o vlmãh `stì ant`frlih `n ol nlil, ohclsmuoanh `n oh b`c`nanh, ò ea`n `n ò clo, ol muoturl `n ol nlturlo`zl, y vam`v`rsl. @n olc`ntloaili hra`ntlo ò lmm`sh l ol r`loaili `stì i`t`rcanlih phr ihs iac`nsahn`s qu` nh s`sup`rphn`n d`rìrquamlc`nt`, sanh qu` lcels `xpoamln y mhnbhrcln oh r`lo. Zhr `d`cpoh, olcu`rt` plrl ò p`nslca`nth hra`ntlo nh `s lofh iastanth i` ol vail, nh mhnsai`rl qu` s`lnmhnm`pths mhntrlrahs h plrliýdamhs `ntr` sã; lcehs s` `nfoheln `n un thih y nh puì`n

`nt`ni`rs` ò unh san ò htrh.

Zlrl ò p`nslca`nth hra`ntlo, ol r`loaili `s unl aousaýn mr`lil phr nu`strl c`nt`, y p`rmaeachs anbouaihs nh shoh phr nu strhs p`nslca`nths, sanh tlceaán phr nu`strhsmhniamahnlca`nths shmalo`s, muoturlo`s, ròafahshs, `chmahnlo`s y s`ntac`ntlo`s. @o s`rguclnh `stl mhnstr`üaih phr ols r`strammahn`s qu` acphn` ò @fh `n bhrcl i` caìh, i`s`h,ant`r`s`s p`rshnlo`s, sued`tavaili`s, tm.

Zlrt` i` ol Baohshbãl Hra`ntlo gl ansastaih `n qu` oh ônamh qu` phi`chs trltlr i` mhnhm`r `snu`strl prhpal c`nt`, y oae`rlrol i` sus ltliurls, pr`duamahs, vlohr`s, `tm. plrl phi`r t`n`rlmm`sh l oh qu` `s. ‟Yhil mhsl qu` v`chs, ol v`chs l trlvás i` nu`strl prhpal `xp`ra`nmal,

i` nu`strh prhpah trlsbhnih. I` chih qu` ol r`loaili nh puì` s`r thtloc`ntàni`p`nia`nt` iò ghcer`–, lbarcl Krasgnlcurta (<160).

Mhch ò s`r guclnh mhnhm` l trlvás i` su c`nt`, nunml phirì mhnhm`r ol r`loaili phrqu`sa`cpr` ol v`rì iasthrsahnlil, l trlvás i` un prhm`sh i` luth`nflüh ` aousaýn. I` chih qu`sa`nih thih unl aousaýn, sa`cpr` surf` ol pr`funtl i` sa gly lofh qu` philchs mhnhm`r, sagly un lbu`rl i` nu`strls mhnstrummahn`s c`ntlo`s y shmalo`s, sa `xast` unl r`loaili nhmhniamahnlil muoturloc`nt`, i` mlrìmt`r hed`tavh h unav`rslo.



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Ol Baohshbãl y ò p`nslca`nth hmmai`ntlo `vhoumahnlrhn phr mlcanhs thtloc`nt` iab`r`nt`s,glstl oo`flr l un prhm`sh i` `cparasch y phsatavasch qu` `nt`niãl qu` shoh `s r`lo oh qu` s`

puì` mhcprhelr phr ohs s`ntaihs, l trlvás i` ol `xp`ra`nmal. Pnl i` ols mlrlmt`rãstamlsbunilc`ntlo`s iò chih i` p`nslr hmmai`ntlo `s qu` iavai` ol r`loaili `n ihs mlt`fhrãlsmhntrliamthrals (mu`rph/locl, ghcer`/cud`r, bu`rzl/ièaoaili, iãl/nhmg`, tm.).

@stls iamhthcãls `nmu`ntrln su bunilc`ntlmaýn c`tlbãsaml `n ò iuloasch hnthoýfamh i`Zoltýn, mr`lihr iò ohfhm`ntrasch y i` ol c`tlbãsaml i` ol ai`ntaili. Zlrl ò baoýshbh fra`fh,ol r`loaili s` pr`s`ntl iavaiail `n ihs cunihs iastanths y mhntrlpu`sths4 phr unl plrt`, òcunih sup`rahr, anvasaeo`, `t`rnh ` ancutleo` i` ols ai`ls y, phr htrl, ò unav`rsh bãsamh,vasaeo`, clt`ralo, sud`th l mlceahs y l cutlmahn`s. Zurabamlmaýn Clyher` (5::6) `nta`ni`qu` ò iuloasch hnthoýfamh poltýnamh il pa` l un ‟iuloasch lntrhphoýfamh qu`,mhns`mu`nt`c`nt` mhn ohs pranmapahs c`tlbãsamhs `n ohs qu` s` elsl, i`ba`ni` ol ai`l i` qu``s ò locl, ol c`nt` h ol rlzýn ol qu` p`rcat` trlsm`ni`r oh c`rlc`nt` mhrphrlo, oh mlsalnaclo`smh, y lomlnzlr ol iafnaili guclnl. Iamgh `stltuth guclnh s`fôn ol baohshbãl

poltýnaml `stì sýoh lo lomlnm` i` ohs vlrhn`s, yl qu` ols cud`r`s plrtamapln cuyacp`rb`mtlc`nt` i` ol mlplmaili rlmahnlo –.

Ol baohshbãl i` Zoltýn `s, pu`s, plrl `stl luthrl, ol mluslnt` i` unl acphrtlnt` d`rlrquãl`ntr` `spãratu y nlturlo`zl, c`nt` y mu`rph, ghcer` y cud`r `tm., l p`slr i` qu` Zoltýnlicat` unl ma`rtl ant`rmhn`xaýn `ntr` lcehs cunihs. Zlrl ò baoýshbh fra`fh, ol baohshbãl `slchr l ol sleaiurãl y nh sholc`nt` ol phs`saýn i` ol sleaiurãl, phr oh qu` ‟@rhs– (ò lchr)i`s`cp`ül un plpò `s`nmalo i` cìalihr `ntr` ò cunih s`nsaeo` y ò antòafaeo`. ]an`celrfh, ò @rhs `stlrì r`s`rvlih sýoh l ohs vlrhn`s y s`rì pr`maslc`nt` `s` lchrghchs`xulo oh qu` p`rcatl qu` ohs vlrhn`s i`n l ouz l ol Baohshbãl.

Lrastýtò`s, `n `stl oãn`l, tlceaán lbarcý qu` ol r`loaili `stì iavaiail `n plr`s i` hpu`sths,qu` shn ol els` iò p`nslca`nth guclnh y nu`strl bhrcl i` lmm`sh lo mhnhmaca`nth. @stlai`l muocanl `n ol O`y iò Y`rmah @xmoush, qu` bhrcl plrt` i` ols i`nhcanlils o`y`s iò

p`nslca`nth (dunth mhn ò pranmapah i` ai`ntaili, i` nh mhntrliammaýn y i` rlzýn subama`nt`)òlehrlils phr Lrastýt o`s y qu` gln s`fuaih vaf`nt`s glstl ò safoh WW. @stl o`y tlceaán s`mhnhm` mhch "t`rtauc nhn iltur " ('unl t`rm`rl (mhsl) nh s` il), y s`fôn `st` pranmapah, thil

prhphsamaýn `s v`rili`rl h blosl. @ntr` `sths ihs vlohr`s i` v rili nh s` licat` nlilant`rcìah h ‟t`rm`rh–.

]an `celrfh, `stl mhnm`pmaýn iuloastl y `xmouy`nt` i` ol r`loaili `s lnt`rahr l Zoltýn yLrastýtò`s, òohs shoh oo`vlrhn l mleh unl sast`cltazlmaýn i` `stl bhrcl i` p`nslr. Glyma`ntãbamhs ` antò`mtulo`s qu` i`ba`ni`n ol ai`l i` qu` `stl `strumturl i` p`nslca`nth `sunav`rslo; phr `d`cpoh i`si` ò plrliafcl `strumturloastl i` Oáva-]trluss, qu` `n su `stuiahsher` mých ol c`nt` `strumturl y hrflnazl ai`ls sufa`r` ol `xast`nmal i` unl `strumturl

prhbunil iò p`nslca`nth guclnh qu` r`loazl ò casch taph i` prhm shs c`ntlo`s n thilsols shmaìli`s `n bhrcl i` mhntrlst`s eanlrahs. ]`fôn áo, ols mlt`fhrãls nlturlo`zl y muoturlbhrcln unl cltraz iamhtýcaml qu` ol c`nt` guclnl i`slrrhool plrl hrflnazlr ò cunih4‟]hst`n`chs qu` thih oh qu` `s unav`rslo `n ò ghcer` mhrr`sphni` lo hri`n i` ol

nlturlo`zl y s` mlrlmt`razl phr ol `sphntlnàili, ca`ntrls qu` thih oh qu` `stì sud`th l unl



<2

nhrcl p`rt`n`m` l ol muoturl y pr`s`ntl ohs ltraeuths i` oh ròltavh y i` oh plrtamuolr –(Oáva-]trluss, <191).

Htrhs luthr`s pa`nsln qu` lun sa`nih un sast`cl eìsamh i` mhcpr`nsaýn i` ol r`loaili, na `sò ônamh na `s ò mloih pracaf`nah iò qu` surf`n thils ols muoturls guclnls. Dhs`pgMlcpòo i`si` ol lntrhphohfãl, phr `d`cpoh, lbarcl qu` `stl bhrcl i` p`nslr (eanlral y

d`rìrquaml) s` acpush mhch mhns mu`nmal i` unl cutlmaýn bunilc`ntlo qu``xp`rac`ntlrhn lofunls muoturls guclnls l banlo`s i` ol @ili iò Erhnm` y pranmapahs i` ol@ili iò Ga`rrh4 ol sustatumaýn i` ol Frln Iahsl h ol Clir` Nlturlo`zl phr iahs`s y caths

pltralrmlo`s.

Dhs`pg Mlcpeòo (<129), `xpoaml `n su herl qu` `n ol prac`rl i` ols frlni`s mavaoazlmahn`s,]uc`ral (=0::-5=0: l.M.), ol Frln Iahsl i` v`n`rlmaýn supr`cl bu` un sãcehoh c`tlbãsamhthtloazlnt`, qu` lelrmlel thil ol r`loaili, ol mhfnhsmaeo` y ol anmhfnhsmaeo`, ò ta`cph y olclt`ral, oh hsmurh y oh oucanhsh, oh clsmuoanh y oh b`c`nanh.

‟@n ohs cìs lntafuhs caths y raths i` ol clir` tlnth ohs lsp`mths oucanhshs mhch ohshsmurhs i` `sl c`zmol i` lcehs qu` `s ol vail, gleãln saih ghnrlihs phr afulo, ca`ntrlsqu` `n ohs phst`rahr`s caths pltralrmlo`s, hra`ntlihs glmal ò vlrýn, thih oh qu` `s eu`nh ynheo` s` ltraeuãl l ohs nu`vhs y g`rhamhs iahs`s ihcanlnt`s, i`dlnih l ohs phi`r`snlturlo`s nltavhs sýoh ò mlrìmt`r i` hsmuraili, lo qu` lghrl s` lüliãl tlceaán un duamahchrlo n`fltavh–.

]`fôn Mlcpeòo, ohs nýclils lrahs i`si` ò Nhrt`, y ohs s`catls iò ]ur, plsthr`s i` hv`dlsy mlerls, acpusa`rhn vaho`ntlc`nt` `sths gárh`s y iahs`s clsmuoanhs. Ols oat`rlturls i` ol

prac`rl @ili i o Ga`rrh `stìn ltrlv`slils phr ò t`cl i` ol mhnquastl phr un gárh` rlialntìò chnstruh hsmurh y i`slmrìatlih iò lnt`rahr hri`n iavanh, i` muyhs lnaoohs s` het`nirãllofôn t`shrh4 unl ihnmòol, unl ta`rrl, un r`floh i` hrh h ol oae`rlmaýn i` ol tarlnãl iò prhpahchnstruh.

@n ol muoturl fra`fl, frlmals l ol vamthral i` Tùs sher` Yabýn, (ò c`nhr i` ohs gadhs i` F`l,ol Iahsl Ya`rrl), quìý ls`furlih ò rành i` ohs iahs`s pltralrmlo`s iò Chnt` Hoacph sheròl lnt`rahr prhf`na` i` ol Frln Iahsl Clir`.

‟@n Hmmai`nt`, ò pranmapah i` ani`t`rcanlmaýn r pr`s`ntlih phr ò gárh` qu` lmtôl sheròl gasthral, ihtlih i` oaer` loeìrãh, nh sholc`nt` mhnquastý ò t`rr`nh, sanh qu` oh hmupý y

oh gl mhns`rvlih glstl ò pr`s`nt`. @stl vamthral iò oaer` loeìrãh, dunth mhn su mhrholrahi` chrlo i` ol r`sphnsleaoaili aniavaiulo, `stleo`m` ol prac`rl mlrlmt`rãstaml i`stlmlil iòcath `sp`mãbamlc`nt` hmmai`ntlo4 lquã qua`rh anmouar caths nh sýoh i` ol @urhpl lral(fra`fhs, rhclnhs, mòtls y f`rclnhs) sanh tlceaán i` ohs puèohs s`catls y lrahs i`

O`vlnt` (s`catls, eleaohnahs, b`namahs, gèr`hs, ìrle`s, lrahs, p`rsls, lrc`nahs, brafahs,trlmahs, `solvhs, `tm.). Zhrqu`, tlnth sa p`nslchs `n ols gasthrals i` Tùs y Lphoh, Y`s`h,

Z`rs`h, Dlsýn y ohs i`cìs sher` ohs irlfhn`s i` ol @ili i` Hrh, mhch `n ols i` Qlgvá sher` O`valtìn, ol o`mmaýn qu` s` heta`n` `s ol i` un phi`r lutýnhch cìs frlni` qu` ol bu`rzl i` muloqua`r i`stanh sud`th l ol ta`rrl mhch ò i` ol s`rpa`nt`–.

]`fôn Dln` @oo`n Glrrashn, matlil phr Mlcpeòo, `stl cathohfãl s` pr`s`ntl

‟prac`rh y pranmaploc`nt` mhch prht`stl mhntrl ol lihrlmaýn iò Ya`rrl y ohs i`chnahs iòl b`rtaoaili i` ol ta`rrl. Lsã, ò punth i` vastl pltralrmlo s` iastanfu` i` ol lnt`rahr vasaýnlrmlaml phrqu` s`plrl l thihs ohs plr`s i` hpu`sths4 vlrýn y g`cerl, vail y cu`rt`, eu`nh



<6

y cloh, v`rili y c`ntarl, mhch sa bu`rln leshouths `n sã caschs, y nh c`rhs lsp`mths i` olcìs lcpoal `ntaili i` ol vail–.

@n ol Anial, `n mlceah, ol lntaful cathohfãl iò phi`r i` ol s`rpa`nt` r`mup`rý bu`rzl lo phmhta`cph, glstl qu` glmal ol catli iò prac`r cao`nah l.M. leshreaý ol thtloaili iò plnt`ýn y

ò `spãratu i` ohs iahs`s váiamhs ” Anirl, Catrl, Rlyu y ohs i`cìs. Ol iahsl Kloa i` ol Anialmhnmì` mhn ol clnh i`r`mgl sus ihn`s y `n ol azqua`ril shsta`n` unl `splil lozlil. I`Kloa nlm`n thihs ohs s`r`s iò unav`rsh, san `celrfh ol o`nful o` muòfl rhdl y olrfl plrlolc`r su slnfr`. Oo`vl un mhoolr i` mrìn`hs y unl bloil i` erlzhs y pa`rnls lcputlils. @ool`s ò Ya`cph N`frh, tlnth ol vail mhch ol cu`rt` i` thihs ohs s`r`s, ò ôt`rh y ol tucel iòcunih4 ol pracaf`nal, ol shol y ol ônaml, ol r`loaili ôotacl i` ol nlturlo`zl, i` qua`n ohs

prhpahs iahs`s nh shn sanh ohs lf`nt`s hp rlnt`s.

@o phi`r i` ol Iahsl Clir` lmleý pr`vlo`ma`nih i` tlo cln`rl qu` ò pranmapah i` anamaltavliò @fh clsmuoanh bu` supracaih, anmoush glstl ò punth i` lnuolr ò i`s`h i` vail

aniavaiulo. @n Fr`mal, san `celrfh, ol vhountli y ò @fh clsmuoanh nh sýoh s` clntuva`rhn,s`fôn Mlcpeòo, sanh qu` prhsp`rlrhn i` unl bhrcl qu` `n lquòol áphml bu` ônaml `n òcunih, phr ol bhrcl i` unl antòaf`nmal r`sphnsleo` i` sã cascl, qu` mhnsai`rlrlmahnloc`nt` y duzfl r`sphnsleo`c`nt` ò cunih i` ohs g`mghs `cpãramhs, mhn ol ant`nmaýnôotacl nh i` s`rvar l ohs iahs`s, sanh i` i`slrrhoolr y cliurlr lo s`r guclnh.

Ohs ratulo`s ganiô`s iò slmrabamh guclnh lnt` Kloa afnhrleln lo aniavaiuh; `rln iasmapoanlsi`stanlils l ansparlr y mhnsuclr unl `sparatuloaili i` i`vhmaýn acp`rshnlo l ohs lrqu`taphscathoýfamhs iò hri`n shmalo. Z`rh `n Fr`mal, mhn su lpr`malmaýn lphoãn`l i` ol bhrclaniavaiulo, su eòo`zl y su `xmò`nmal plrtamuolr, ò lm`nth i` ohs lntafuhs t`cls cãtamhs

eìsamhs plsý iò lrqu`taph r`p taih mhntanulc`nt` l ol aniavaiuloaili ônaml i` mlil vãmtacl`n plrtamuolr4 y nh sýoh l `stl aniavaiuloaili, sanh tlceaán l thih ò hri`n i` vlohr`s qu`

phi`chs oolclr ‟p`rshnlo– `n hphsamaýn l ohs acp`rshnlo`s. @st` mlceah trlsm`ni`ntlo `s ohqu` Mlcpeòo s`ülol mhch ò caolfrh fra`fh, y lbarcl qu` `s mhcplrleo` l unl cutlmaýn

psamhoýfaml `vhoutavl.

Ol vamthral i` ols iàili`s pltralrmlo`s sher` ols lnt`rahr`s cltralrmlo`s nh bu` tln i`masavl`n ol `sb`rl fr`mhrrhclnl (ohs iahs`s nh `xt`rcanlrhn l ols iahsls i` ol Ya`rrl, sanh qu` s`mlslrhn mhn òols, mhn oh mulo safua`rhn t`na`nih phi`r ` anbou`nmal) mhch `n ohs caths iòLntafuh Y`stlc`nth4 ‟ @n ol cathohfãl i` ohs nu`vhs iahs`s s` iarafaý ol lt`nmaýn glmal ols

bafurls `n prac`r polnh i` ol iuloaili y ò mhcelt`, phi`r, e`n`bamah y páriail, phr ihni` suò` iasmurrar ò p`nslca`nth iò ghcer` i` lmmaýn. Ca`ntrls qu` ò prhpýsath i` olcathohfãl lnt`rahr gleãl saih shst`n`r un `stlih i` aniab`r`nmal glmal ols chiloaili`s iòta`cph y ol ai`ntabamlmaýn mhn ò cast`rah nh iulo qu` r`sai` `n thih s`r, ò i` ol nu`vl `rl`xlmtlc`nt` oh hpu`sth4 lo`ntlr ol lmmaýn `n ò t`rr`nh iò ta`cph, ihni` ò sud`th y òhed`th shn ihs s`plrlihs y nh afulo`s, ihni` L nh `s E, ol cu`rt` nh `s ol vail, ol vartui nh`s un vamah, y ò ls`sanh nh `s ò ls`sanlih. Yhih `s sacpo`, oucanhsh y r`mth–.

]`fôn Dhs`pg Mlcpeòo, ol nu`vl cathohfãl s` utaoazl plrl mr`lr nh sýoh un nu`vh hri`nshmalo, sanh tlceaán unl psamhohfãl nu`vl, unl nu`vl v`rili, unl nu`vl `strumturl i`

p`nslca`nth y s`ntaca`nth guclnl l ol qu` s` ltraeuy` lomlnm` mýscamh. Ol eltlool, mhch sabu`rl ol i` ohs iahs`s mhntrl ohs Yatln`s lnt`s iò pranmapah iò cunih, `n r`loaili s` oaerý



<7

`ntr` ihs lsp`mths i` ol psaqu` guclnl `n un chc`nth mrãtamh i` ol gasthral, mulnih olsbunmahn`s rlmahnlo`s y oucanhsls, eldh ò safnh iò Rlrýn G`rhamh, i`rrhtlrhn l olblsmanlmaýn iò hsmurh cast`rah i` ohs cìs prhbunihs navò`s iò locl.

Li`cìs, Mlcpeòo mr`` qu` ò g`mgh i` qu` ol Frln Iahsl Clir` glyl saih rò`flil,ansuotlil, sustatuail, y ls`sanlil phr sus prhpahs gadhs `n ol cathohfãl fra`fl safu` lmtulnihmhch hphn`nt` `n ò anmhnsma`nt` i` ol mavaoazlmaýn lmtulo, oh qu` gl mr`lih unl `sp`ma` i`nùrhsas i` `vatlr thih oh qu` òol r`pr`s`ntlel y gl rìumaih nu`strh p`nslca`nth l plr`si` ò`c`nths `n ohs qu` unh pr`vlo`m` sher` ò htrh, i`molrìnihs` sup`rahr y mhnbhrclnihiac`nsahn`s d`rìrquamls qu` clrfanln oh hsmurh, oh cast`rahsh, y oh qu` s` pr`s`ntlanlmm`saeo` l ol rlzýn.

Ol r`vhoumaýn pltralrmlo mhntrl ol plrt` b`c`nanl i` ol shmaìli bu` i`masavl plrl ò`stleo`maca`nth i` un sast`cl pltralrmlo. Ol els` i` `stl r`vhoumaýn, s`fôn Mlcpeòo, buì` mlrìmt`r muoturlo4 s` acpusa`rhn sãcehohs y gárh`s clsmuoanhs, s` lnaquaolrhn h rò`flrhnohs b`c`nanhs, y i` `st` chih mhc`nzý un sast`cl pltralrmlo mhn mhns`mu`nmals `n

phoãtamls, shmalo`s y mhnýcamls mhnhmails ghy phr thihs nhshtrhs.

Pn v`stafah i` ol i`nafrlmaýn saceýoaml i` oh b`c`nanh `s qu` `n nu`strls shmaìli`s, lôn`n ol bls` Y`rcanlo iò pltralrmlih, safu` san vlohrlr na anm`ntavlr ol tlr`l r`prhiumthrl y ols`s`nmalo`s tlr`ls mhtaialnls plrl ol sup`rvav`nmal i` ol `sp`ma`. ]`fuachs vava`nih `n unlmuoturl vaho`ntl qu` nh hthrfl pr`stafah l ol mlplmaili i` ilr vail, sanh qu` v`n`rl y licarlol mlplmaili i` ilr cu`rt` y shc`t`r lo Htrh.

@n ò s`nh i` `st` sast`cl pltralrmlo `nmhntrlchs qu` nu`strl mhnm`pmaýn i` ol r`loaili s`rìum` l ihs mhohr`s4 eolnmh h n`frh. @s i` `st` chih mých, iurlnt` safohs, g`chs `stlihans`rths `n un plrliafcl i` mhnhmaca`nth i` mlrìmt`r ialoámtamh, trltlnih i` lm`rmlrnhs l olU`loaili (sa `stl `xasta`s`) cìalnt` plr`s i` ò`c`nths qu` s` hphn`n `ntr` sã4rlzýn/`chmaýn, muoturl/nlturlo`zl, c`nt`/mu`rph, clsmuoanh/b`c`nanh, sud`th/hed`th,v`rili/blosìli… @n `st` hri`n hp`rl ò ihcanah i` unl sher` htrl, i`dlnih l un olih thihoh qu` s` mhnsai`rl cloh, blosh, mlýtamh, hsmurh h arrlmahnlo.

@st` p`nslca`nth eanlrah elslih `n tárcanhs mhntrlrahs tuvh, l ca duamah, unlsmhns`mu`nmals i`slstrhsls phrqu` prhpamaý o rìummahnasch, ol pholrazlmaýn y olsacpoabamlmaýn iò p`nslca`nth, cpher`maánihoh y oacatìnihoh. Lbhrtunlilc`nt`, unl v`zsup`rlil ol hphsamaýn `ntr` nlturlo`zl y muoturl, y unl v`z mu`stahnlil ol o`y iamhtýcaml iòt`rmah `xmoush, ò p`nslca`nth phschi`rnh oo`flrì l r`mhnhm`r ol acphrtlnmal i` oh qu`@iflr Chrãn i`nhcanl p`nslca`nth mhcpo`dh, ò p`nslca`nth `n rì i` Gò`n Basg`r h olY`hrãl \u` r; thils `stls p`rsp`mtavls pr`t`ni`n thclr `n mu`ntl cuotatui i` vlralnt`s yblmthr`s qu` lmtôln ant`rròlmahnlihs, oh qu` gl lcpoalih ols phsaeaoaili`s i` mhnhmaca`nthy gl lea`rth nuc`rhsls ìr`ls i` anv`staflmaýn, `ntr` òols ols iìamlils lo `stuiah i` ols`chmahn`s qu` ltrlva`sln thil nu`strl shmaìli y nu`strl muoturl.

Z`rh lnt`s i` oo`flr l `stl prhpu`stl ghoãstaml, qu`r`chs r`plslr er`v`c`nt` ol `vhoumaýn iò

p`nslca`nth Hmmai`ntlo i`si` Zoltýn l ol lmtuloaili lt`nia`nih pranmaploc`nt` lo chih `nmých ò s`r guclnh s` gl lm`rmlih lo mhnhmaca`nth i`si` ol Ma`nmal y ol Baohshbãl, y htrls



<1

iasmapoanls ma`ntãbamls l trlvás i` ol mulo trltlchs i` `nt`ni`r , p`rh tlceaán i` mhnstruar, olU`loaili.

<.5. @O ]@WH Q @O MHNHMACA@NYH.

Zlrl @vòyn Bhx Kòo`r (<171) ols r`spu`stls l ols mu`stahn`s bunilc`ntlo`s i` quá `s ohqu` glm` phsaeo` ò mhnhmaca`nth y i` mých phir`chs oo`flr l s` mhnhmaca`nth, `stìnvanmuolils l ols acìf`n`s sueylm`nt`s i` c`nt` y nlturlo`zl, i` sud`th y hed`th. Zlrl `stlluthrl, san cìalmaýn, pu`stl `n mhcôn h ant`rmlceah `ntr` sud`th y hed`th, nh `s phsaeo` òmhnhmaca`nth. @n ol gasthral hmmai`ntlo, unl i` ols c`tìbhrls cìs mhcun`s i` `sl cìalmaýngl saih ol ròlmaýn s`xulo4 ò mhnhmaca`nth `s unl bhrcl i` mhnsuclmaýn iò casch chihqu` ò s`xh `s unl bhrcl i` mhnhmaca`nth.

]afua`nih l Kòo`r, nhs m`ntrlr`chs `n `st` lplrtlih `n ihs luthr`s qu` shstuva`rhn ai`lsiab`r`nt`s y qu` gln anbouaih `n ò p`nslca`nth hmmai`ntlo iurlnt` safohs4 Zoltýn y BrlnmasElmhn.

Zoltýn bu` ò prac`r `smrathr i` ol gasthral antò`mtulo hmmai`ntlo qu` gazh un ush `xpoãmath ysast`cìtamh iò o`nfuld` i` ol s`xuloaili `n ò mhnhmaca`nth. Zlrl Zoltýn, lsã mhch plrl ohs

p`nslihr`s fra`fhs lnt`rahr`s l áo, c`nt` y nlturlo`zl `stleln vanmuolils phr unl `s`nmalmhcôn, y iavaiails phr unl iab`r`nmal `s`nmalo. @o Ohfhs `s lquòoh qu` `s `xpoamleo`, hc`nsurleo`, y qu` eusml `xpoamlmahn`s rlmahnlo`s l ols mhsls. Z`rh tlceaán `stìn ols bu`rzlsarrlmahnlo`s y hsmurls, sacehoazlils `n ols Burals.

Zlrl Zoltýn, iò casch chih qu` ò i`s`h `s mlusl iò lchr, ò lchr `s mlusl iòmhnhmaca`nth. @rhs `cpudl lo locl `n ihs iar`mmahn`s, glmal ol rlzýn y glmal ol plsaýn,glmal oh sueoac` y glmal oh sýriaih. Ol ialoámtaml `ntr` ancln`nmal y trlsm`ni`nmal ta`n`

pu`s, ouflr `n ò ìceath i @rhs. Zlrl chstrlr su vasaýn iò lmhpolca`nth `sparatulo `ntr`c`nt` y bhrcl, Zoltýn ai`ý unl nu`vl aclf`n i` lchr ghchs`xulo y pì`rlstl. I` ols tr`sbhrcls shmalo`s i` ròlmahnlrs` s`xuloc`nt` `n ol shmaìli fra`fl, ol cìs vlohrlil, y olônaml qu` plrl Zoltýn mhnstatuãl un chiòh rò`vlnt`, `rl ol ròlmaýn `ntr` un vlrýn liuoth(ò `rlst`s, h lclnt`) y un dhv`n i` un `stltus shmalo mhcprleo` (`rhc`nhs, ò lclih). @stlròlmaýn s` iastanfuãl i` ol shihcãl y ò mhath g`t`rhs`xulo `n cumghs lsp`mths mrumalo`s.

Lunqu` mhcônc`nt` s` ilel `ntr` un ghcer` clyhr y htrh cìs dhv`n, `rl ol ônaml ròlmaýns`xulo qu` s` prhiumãl `ntr` afulo`s; tlceaán `rl ol ônaml ròlmaýn s`xulo qu` s` mhnsuclel`n unl phsamaýn br`nt` l br`nt`5, `n un mhath ant`rmuoturlo .

@o chiòh i` Zoltýn i`smrae` un nu`vh taph i` cutuloaili4 unl ròlmaýn `ntr` ihs lclnt`s plrtamapltavhs, `n ouflr i` ol ròlmaýn trliamahnlo `ntr` ò lclnt` lplsahnlih y o lclihacplsaeo`. L trlvás i` `st` r`bo`dh cutuh, phr ò qu` mlil lclnt` s` mhnva`rt` `n un `sp`dhi` ol eòo`zl iò htrh, @rhs ansparl y `s ansparlih lo casch ta`cph, glm` erhtlr lols `n ohslclnt`s y o`s ò`vl, `n tìni`c, thilvãl cìs glmal ol eòo`zl y ol v`rili leshoutls. Z`rh `stl

5 Kòo`r (<171) s`ülol qu` ò mhath g`t`rhs`xulo lplr`m` r`pr`s`ntlih `n ols m`rìcamls phr i`trìs,nh br`nt` l br`nt`.



5:

r`maprhmaili ta`n` un pr`mah4 ol r`pr`saýn s`xulo banlo. @n ò chiòh poltýnamh, òmhnhmaca`nth fualih phr ò lchr (ol ônaml bhrcl v`rili`rl i` mhnhmaca`nth) nh sýoh `xafùnl iavasaýn `ntr` hri`n y i`shri`n, sanh afuloc`nt` `ntr` oh `rýtamh y oh lfr`savh.

@n ol Áphml i` ol @ili Cìal, l plrtar iò safoh WAAA, ol bunilmaýn i` `smuòls i`dý i` s`roaer`, ohmlo y `sphntìn`l plrl `cp`zlr l mhnv`rtars` `n unl pr`rrhfltavl iò plplih. @sths yhtrhs ilths o` gl oo`vlih l Ilvai Nheo` l lbarclr qu` ol `cpr`sl ma`ntãbaml gl saih unl`cpr`sl mo`ramlo glstl ò safoh WW; nh unl `cpr`sl olaml y s`muolr, mhch s` i`mãltrliamahnloc`nt`.= Ols unav`rsaili`s cìa`vlo`s bu`rhn bunilils mhch `splmahs plrl glm`rma`nmal y glm`r mhnhmaca`nth nh sýoh i` ghcer`s y `ntr` ghcer`s, sanh qu` bu`rhn, li`cìs,un `splmah mo`ramlo, un `splmah i` ghcer`s máoae`s h shot`rhs iìamlihs l ol vail ròafahsl.Bu` `n `shs `splmahs ihni`, s`fôn Nheo`, ol Afo`sal mltýoaml m`ntrý su phoãtaml i` r`bhrcl iòl shmaìli bùilo `n f`n`rlo y iò mo`rh `n plrtamuolr. @stuvh hra`ntlil phr un ai`lo lsmátamhqu` `xmouãl ò cltrachnah y tlceaán ol ròlmaýn mhn ols cud`r`s y oh b`c`nanh.

Rlrahs ma`nths i` lühs cìs tlri`, `n ò b`nýc`nh qu` s` mhnhm` mhch ol U`vhoumaýnMa`ntãbaml iò safoh WRAA, ant`rvana`rhn i` bhrcl cuy lmtavl ohs d`suatls, s`fôn ClrãlCaolfrhs Uav`rl Flrr`tl. Bu` unl hri`n ròafahsl qu` s` n`fý rhtunilc`nt` l lm`ptlrcud`r`s i`ntrh i` òol, l p`slr i` ols pr`sahn`s qu` `d`rma`rhn cud`r`s mhch Dulnl i`Lustral. U`vhoumahnlrhn ols ma`nmals xp`rac`ntlo`s, sp`maloc`nt` ol bãsaml. Ylceaánbhc`ntlrhn ol mholehrlmaýn ma`ntãbaml `ntr` ghcer`s, bunilnih `n su hri`n unl v`rili`rlshmaìli ma`ntãbaml. Zlrl mhcp`tar mhn ohs d`suatls s` buniý l pranmapahs iò safoh WRAA ol

prac`rl Lmli`cal i` Ma`nmals. Bu` ol Lmmli`cal ià Oanmà h i` ohs oanm`s, bunilil `nUhcl phr Dhglnn`s G`mkaus y ò prãnmap` Bì`ramh M`sa, qu` t`nãln tlceaán unl ròlmaýnãntacl. @stl lmli`cal `xmouyý lo mo`rh, p`rh ansastaý `n ol acphrtlnmal iò ‟`ntr`-ghcer`s–

plrl glm`r oaer`c`nt` Ma`nmal9.

Zr`valc`nt` lo `stleo`maca`nth i`banatavh i` ol Ma`nmal chi`rnl, `xasta`rhn ihs baohshbãls hvasahn`s i` unl ‟nu`vl Ma`nmal– qu` l c`nuih mhcp`tãln `n ols c`nt`s i` ohs p`nslihr`s4ol trliamaýn g`rcátaml y ol trliamaýn c`mìnaml. @n ol trliamaýn g`rcátaml, ol nlturlo`zl s`glool `n `stlih iabush dunth mhn ò `spãratu; su `nt`niaca`nth `xafãl ol unaýn y ò `sbu`rzhant`frlih i` mhrlzýn, clnh y c`nt`.

Ohs loquacastls bu`rhn ohs r`pr`s`ntlnt s mhnt`cphrìn`hs i` ohs g`rcátamhs, qu` pr`v`ãln

unl Ma`nmal unav`rslo mlplz i` `xpoamlr ò cunih nlturlo `n su thtloaili. ]us pranmaplo`sáxaths, san `celrfh, s` ia`rhn `n ol quãcaml y `n ol Cìamanl. Ansparlihs `n ohs `smraths i`Zlrlmòsh, p`rt`n`ma`nt`s lo safoh lnt`rahr, (‟ò lrt` i` ol cìamanl ta`n` sus rlãm`s `n òmhrlzýn– h ‟ s` i`smuer`n ols vartui`s murltavls i` ohs r`cìahs mhn ò v`rili`rh lchr –), ohs loquacastls s` ant`r`slrhn pranmaploc`nt` phr ohs phi`r`s trlnsbhrclihr`s,

= Nheo`, Ilvai B4 L Vhroi watghut whc`n, Vaooalc Vg`wòo, Hn tg` mhn`mtahn hb tg` Zgysamlo ]am`nma`s, eyCrs.]hc`rvaoo`, ‟\ulrtòy r`va`w– 0< (<7=9) 01. Matlih `n Uav`rl Flrr`tls (5:::). 9 Floao`h Floaoà bu` i`si` <2<< su ca`cerh cìs blchsh4 s` sle` qu` s` i`sgazh i` su blcaoal plrlphi`r iìamlrs` `nt`rlc`nt` l ol ma`nmal, mhch sa nunml guea`rl saih plir` . ]`fôn Uav`rl Flrr`tls, ols

unav`rsaili`s s`fuarãln sa`nih `xmousavlc`nt` clsmuoanls glstl ea`n `ntrlih ò safoh WAW; olslmli`cals y ols shmaìli`s ma`ntãbamls tlrilrhn elstlnt` cìs `n ò trlnsmursh iò safoh WW.



5<

`sp`maloc`nt` murltavhs, i` ols cìamanls pr`plrlils quãcamlc`nt`; li`cìs, su eôsquìli` ol trlnsbhrclmaýn iò c`tlo els` `n hrh bu` `ceo`cìtaml.

Ol aclf`n eìsaml i` ohs loquacastls `rl ò mhath, ol mhndunmaýn i` c`nt` y clt`ral, ylbarcleln ol n`m`saili i` unl mhhp`rlmaýn lo`fýraml, sa nh r`lo, `ntr` clsmuoanh y b`c`nanh.]u ai`lo `rl ò s`r g`rclbrhiatl, mhn lcehs fán`rhs buniaihs `n un shoh4 ‟un ghcer` sanunl cud`r nh `s un thih, ônamlc`nt` mhn un cud`r `s un thih… lcehs shn i` ta`rrl y dunths

bhrcln un thih– , lbarcý Zlrlmòsh

Li`cìs, ohs t`xths i` ol loquacal glm`n un ush `xpoãmath y iaoltlih iò cltrachnah mhch olc`tìbhrl iò pranmapah i` lrchnãl qu` sueylm` l ol ròlmaýn iò sho mhn ol ounl, i` ol bhrclmhn ol sustlnmal, iò `spãratu mhn ol clt`ral, i` ol c`nt` mhn ol nlturlo`zl, `n r`suc`n, olmhnm`pmaýn qu` iò mhschs t`nãln ohs loquacastls4

‟@o cunih `n su thtloaili `stì `ntr`t`daih y trleldlih `n sã casch; pu`s ò cunih `s unl

mralturl vava`nt`, glooìnihs` `n thils plrt`s tlnth oh clsmuoanh mhch oh b`c`nanh, y sus plrt`s s` lmhpoln… `n rlzýn i` su lchr cutuh–. Falcelttastl iòol Zhrtl.

@o ánblsas qu` phnãln ohs loquacastls `n ò phi`r iò lchr y `n ò plr`nt`smh `ntr` olròlmaýn s`xulo y mhnhmaca`nth lc`nlzlel mhn `cerhoolr l ol nu`vl ma`nmalsacuotìn`lc`nt` mhn ol plsaýn y mhn ol g`r`dãl; phnãl `n pòafrh ols nlma`nt`s pr`t`nsahn`si` pur`zl phr plrt` i` ol ma`nmal. Oh qu` `n ò loquacastl t`nãl clol blcl, baohsýbaml yt`hoýfamlc`nt`, `n ol erudl t`nãl unl muopleaoaili iar`mtl, phr `sh ols erudls `rln un bhmh i`lnsaìli plrl ohs p`nslihr`s lig`raihs l ol trliamaýn c`mìnaml. I`si` ol p`rsp`mtavl i` olmhschohfãl iò safoh WRAA, r`pr`s`ntleln ol anvatlmaýn i` ]ltlnìs, nlmaih i` unl s`xuloaili

i`s`nbr`nlil.

@n <927, ò Clooùs Clo`bamlruc (Krlc`r y ]pr`nf`r) gleãl prhmolclih4 ‟Yhil ol erud`rãl prhmì` i` ol olsmaval mlrnlo, qu` `n ols cud r`s `s anslmaleo`… Chtavh phr ò mulo, nnhcer` i` su olsmaval, ols cud`r`s s` lshmaln mhn ohs i`chnahs–. Ihs safohs i`spuás, `n òchc`nth `n qu` nlmãl ol ma`nmal chi`rnl, ols erudls s`fuãln `nmlrnlnih ohs pòafrhs iò

phi`r s`xulo b`c`nanh.

@n ol trliamaýn c`mìnaml, gueh baoýshbhs qu` pr`vana`rhn iò ‟phi`r qu` nu`strhs lb`mthsta`n`n sher` nu`strl mhcpr`nsaýn tln b ìmaoc`nt` sìumaeo`– (Folnvaoo, <22<). @st` luthr

lbarclel tlceaán qu` ‟ol v`rili nh ta`n` nanfunl hphrtunaili mulnih ohs lb`mths oo`vln ohs plntlohn`s y clnil oh b`c`nanh–. Ohs lrfuc`nths i` Chr` y Folnvaoo `rln baò`s tlnth l olslnsaìli`s i` su áphml mulnth l sus prhpals lsparlmahn`s i` buturh.

Zlrl @vòyn Bhx Kòo`r, ol r`loaili i` ol erud`rãl lt`stafulel ol frlvìli i` ohs pòafrhsqu` ols cud`r`s r`pr`s`ntleln; pòafrhs mhntrl ohs mulo`s ol rlzýn y ol nu`vl Ma`nmal

prhc`tãln prht`mmaýn. @sths pòafrhs ‟r`bhrzleln ohs lrfuc`nths l blvhr i` prhsmraear i` olMa`nmal l ol Cud`r, ol s`xuloaili y ol mhrròltavl anv`staflmaýn ‟phmh sheral– i` ohs

loquacastls. @n sus `smraths, ohs luthr`s p`rt`n`ma`nt`s l ol trliamaýn c`mìnaml trltlrhn iìavhrmalr ol clt`ral iò `spãratu, ol clnh y ol c`nt` iò mhrlzýn. U`ná I`smlrt`s, phr`d`cpoh, bhrcuoý ò "frln plrliafcl i` Hmmai`nt`",



55

@st` plrliafcl s` bunil `n ol iasyunmaýn `ntr` ò `spãratu y ol clt`ral, ò locl y ò mu`rph.I`smlrt`s y ò mlrt`salnasch `xt`ni`rìn ol ai`l i` qu` plsaýn y rlmahnloaili shn ihs`xtr`chs arr`mhnmaoaleo`s. @o mhnm`pth i` aniavaiuh h i` p`rshnl qu` ò mlrt`salnasch mr`l`s ò i` un sud`th lutýnhch qu` nh i`p`ni` i` htrhs qu` rò`fl lo mu`rph y, phr oh tlnth, lols `chmahn`s y l ohs s`ntaca`nths, l ol mlt`fhrãl i` lofh ansafnabamlnt` y i`spr`maleo`4

‟@st` chiòh i` sued`tavaili thtloc`nt` rlmahnlo, acp`rtureleo`, luthsubama`nt`, n`flihrliò mu`rph y i` ol ròlmaýn mhn ohs htrhs sud`ths blvhr`m` ol moìsaml `mhnhcãl eanlral `ntr`ò pranmapah lmtavh iò ohfhs clsmuoanh y ol plsavaili i` ol mhrphràili b`c`nanl, lo ta`cphqu` p`rcat` utaoazlr ol mhntrlphsamaýn rlzýn/`chmaýn plrl dustabamlr ol iasmracanlmaýn iòls cud`r`s `n nhcer` i` su acp`rb`mth mhntrho i` ols `chmahn`s– (Zurabamlmaýn Clyher`,5::6).

]ar Brlnmas Elmhn, ò cìxach `xphn`nt` i` `stl trliamaýn, y mhnsai`rlih unh i` ohs plir`s i` ol Ma`nmal chi`rnl, mratamlrãl ols t`sas i` Zoltýn y òlehrlrãl su máoèr` `mulmaýn `ntr`mhnhmaca`nth y phi`r. ]`fôn @vòyn Bhx Kòo`r, ol lrtamuolmaýn elmhnalnl i` ol Ma`nmal‟ bu` lo casch ta`cph prhvhmltavl y lfr`savl. Lo p`rmaear ol Ma`nmal mhch phi`r mr`yý v`r lol slovlmaýn i` ol Guclnaili. Zhr oh qu` `nt`niãl mhch unl r`sphnsleaoaili chrlo i` ohsghcer`s ò lsucar y `d`rm`r `s` phi`r. ]u vasaýn i` ol Ma`nmal `nt`niãl ol she`rlnãl, òihcanah y ol supr`clmãl iò ghcer` sher` ol nlturlo`zl. @s `n ol Ma`nmal ihni` òmhnhmaca`nth y ò phi`r guclnh s` glm`n unh, ihni` ol lceamaýn i` phi`r, annltl `n òghcer`, `nmu`ntrl unl sloail mhnstrumtavl, nheo` y guclnl–.

Q `s qu` plrl Elmhn, oh nlturlo `s fualr, mhnbhrclr, ` anmoush lmhslr, mhnquastlr y shc`t`r lol nlturlo`zl; sýoh lsã s` r`vòlrì ol v`rili`rl ‟nlturlo`zl i` ols mhsls–4 ‟ Ol nlturlo`zl vl

l s`r ol nhval, ol qu` r`qua`r` s`r ihcanlil, mhnbhrclil y shc`tail phr ol c`nt` iòma`ntãbamh (…) G` oo`flih l ol v`rili cascl lo trl`rt` lo l Nlturlo`zl mhn thihs sus gadhs plrl shc`t`rol l tu s`rvamah y glm`rol tu `smolvl–

0.

Ol ant`rpr`tlmaýn qu` Blrranfthn2 glm` iò tãtuoh i` ol herl i` Elmhn s qu` ò luthr ansanôlqu` ol ma`nmal lnt`rahr ‟r`pr`s`ntlel sholc`nt` un vìstlfh b`c`nanh, plsavh, iáeao,`xp`mtlnt`, p`rh lghrl gl nlmaih un gadh vlrýn, lmtavh, varao, f`n`rltavh–. Ohs plir`sbunilihr`s i` ol Ma`nmal chi`rnl r`mglzlrhn lofunhs o`c`nths iò p`nslca`nth i` Elmhny l c`nuih mhns`rvlrhn lo c`nhs ma`rth ant`rás `nmuea`rth phr ol loquacal (N`wthn `s un`d`cpoh nhtleo`). ]an `celrfh, su rupturl mhn ohs lnt`plslihs g`rcátamhs bu` cuy molrl

phrqu` s` ligara`rhn l ol aclfan`rãl pltralrmlo i` ol Ma`nmal elmhnalnl y r`mglzlrhn oo`nfuld` cìs plrtamapltavh y `rýtamh i` ohs loquacastls.

I` `st` chih, `n ò sast`cl ai`hoýfamh qu` `c`rfaý y pr`vlo`maý, ol Ma`nmal plsý l s`r unllv`nturl purlc`nt` clsmuoanl y mlstl qu`, cìs qu` c`zmolrs` mhn òol, eusmlel ò ihcanahi` ol nlturlo`zl b`c`nanl; prhc`tãl, y i` g`mgh lyuiý l prhchv`r ol i`rrhtl sacuotìn`l iòl nlturlo`zl y ol vhrlmaili b`c`nanl. ]`fôn Kòo`r (<171), l plrtar i` `nthnm`s ol Ma`nmalhptý phr unl pholrazlmaýn mlil v`z clyhr `ntr` c`nt` y nlturlo`zl, rlzýn y s`ntaca`nth,hed`tavh y sued`tavh. Q, plrloòlc`nt` l ol i`s`xuloazlmaýn frliulo i` ols cud`r`s, hbr`maý

0 Elmhn, matlih `n Kòo`r (<171)2 @n Kòo`r (<171)



5=

unl mhnm`pmaýn i` ol nlturlo`zl i`slnaclil, i`slntabamlil y mlil v`z cìs c`mlnazlil yutaoatlrastl.

<.=. OL MA@NMAL CHI@UNL

Zlrl ohs ma`ntãbamhs y baoýshbhs `cparastls iò safoh WRAA ( Ohmk`, Guc`, ]tulrt Caoo,Mhct`), ol pr`funtl acphrtlnt` `rl quá `s ol r`loaili, nh quá iè`rãl s`r; unl pr`hmuplmaýn`n `st` s`ntaih, i`mãln, `s purl c`tlbãsaml. Zlrloòlc`nt`, ol trliamaýn rlmahnloastl(I`smlrt`s, ]panhzl, Klnt) gazh ganmlpaá `n ol rlmahnloaili ang`r`nt` lo s`r guclnh y olnhtleo` acphrtlnmal i` ol rlmahnloaili lo i`t`rcanlr ol nlturlo`zl iò ea`n. K`nn`tg D.F`rf`n (<112) `xpoaml qu` mhn `st` `nbhqu` s` i`dý lo aniavaiuh san nanfôn s`ntaih i` oliar`mmaýn átaml, san cìahs plrl `vloulr oh dusth y oh andusth, y san chtavhs plrl i`slbalr ò

stltu quh.

Dhnltgln Zhtt`r (<117), mr`` qu` ol ai`l i` qu` ohs g`mghs shn un prhiumth i` ol hes`rvlmaýn(ol ihmtranl iò `cparasch) s` iah tln phr s`ntlil y `s tln bunilc`ntlo plrl ol mhcpr`nsaýnqu` ta`n`n ohs ma`ntãbamhs i` su prìmtaml gleatulo, qu` `s v`rili`rlc`nt` iabãmao nhmhnsai`rlrol vai`nt`. Zhtt`r s`ülol qu` unl cln`rl phi`rhsl y blsmanlnt` i` mhcpr`ni`rohs g`mghs s` elsl `n mhnsai`rlr qu` shn hes`rvlmahn`s iò cunih tlo mulo `s, y iastanfuìhs r`mhcp`nsls eìsamls qu` hbr`m` ol hes`rvlmaýn iar`mtl. @n prac`r ouflr, plr`m` hbr`m`run lmm`sh iar`mth y san cìalmaýn lo cunih y l sus mlrlmt`rãstamls, suphna`nih qu` olr`loaili `s tlo mhch ol v`chs. @n s`funih ouflr, plr`m` ilr mleail l un prhm`sh eìsamh i`

mhrrhehrlmaýn4 muloqua`r hes`rvlihr qu` lihpt` ol cascl p`rsp`mtavl iè` v`r oh casch.

Ihs safohs cìs tlri`, `n ò WAW surfaý un chvaca`nth baohsýbamh, lrtãstamh, `státamhi`nhcanlih Uhclntamasch qu` tlceaán trltý mu`stahn`s past`choýfamls y muyl pr`t`nsaýnbu` lmlelr mhn ò acp`rah i` ol rlzýn y ò phsatavasch. ]`fôn `st` punth i` vastl, ò ihcanahcìs acphrtlnt` iò bunmahnlr guclnh `stì cìs looì iò lomlnm` ancìalth i` ol mhnma`nmal.@s `n òol ihni` s` satôln ols blmuotli`s prachrialo`s i` ol plsaýn, ol ansparlmaýn, olmr`ltavaili, ò f`nah y ol ohmurl. Zlrl ohs rhcìntamhs, `n ò m`ntrh i` `s` ant`rahr prhbunih`stlel ò locl h ò `spãratu guclnh, ròlmahnlih phr un olih phr Iahs, y phr ò htrh`nrlazlih `n ol nlturlo`zl4 ‟ @n su s`nh s` `nmhntrlrãln ohs vlohr`s ang`r`nt`s h ohs

s`ntaca`nths chrlo`s4 hra`ntlmaýn plrl unl vail ohleo`, ansparlmaýn plrl ols herlsvartuhsls, r`murshs plrl r`sastar ol t`ntlmaýn y bunilc`nths nlturloazlihs plrl ols

bhrcuolmahn`s baohsýbamls y ròafahsls iò ea`n– (F`rf`n, <112).

Mhn unl mhnstòlmaýn i` luthr`s qu` surf`n mlsa mhnt`cphrìn`lc`nt` (Bamgt`, Gòoi`roan,G`fò y ]mgòoanf), ò `nmu`ntrh `ntr` ol Baohshbãl y oh trìfamh, `ntr` ò mhnhmaca`nth s`r`nhy ò ihohr lthrc`ntlih, `ntr` ohfhs y pltghs, s` r`loazl lghrl sher` ò t`rr`nh iò

p`nslca`nth, y nh tlnth i`si` ol r`pr`s`ntlmaýn ròafahsl h lrtãstaml, s fôn U`ch Ehià6.

6 Ehià, U`ch4 Ihohr y plsahn`s mhch bhrcl i` mhnhmaca`nth. Nýclils 6. U`vastl mrãtaml i` ma`nmalsshmalo`s y durãiamls. Assn <067-26=: gttp4//www.umc.`s/anbh/nhclils/:/rehià.gtc



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Mhn Bamgt` s` mhca`nzl l r`mhnhm`r qu` ol mhnma`nmal `stì mhnstatutavlc`nt` iavaiail,olm`rlil, sa`cpr` sud`tl phr ol t`nsaýn y un `sbu`rzh mhntanuhs. Mhn Gòoi`roan ò mlceah `srliamlo4 ol mhnmaoalmaýn y ol v`rili s` clnaba`stln `n ò ant`rahr i` ol iavasaýn cìs lotl. Arglstl ò bhnih, lm`ptlr `xp`rac`ntlr oh an`xp`rac`ntleo`, ò mlhs b`rc`ntlihr i` olmhnma`nmal, sus zhnls hsmurls, lelnihnlr ò m`ntrh i` ol mhnma`nmal phnaánihs` `n unl"ýreatl `xmántraml" plrl glm`r gleolr lo qu` lôn nh ta`n` vhz4 `stl `s ol tlr`l iò baoýshbh yiò ph`tl, qu` "cìs iastanfu`, pa`nsl, mhnbrhntl, bhrcl, hrflnazl y `s hrflnazlih, mulnthc`nhs `s pr`sh i` sã casch y c`nhs `s mhnsma`nt` i` sã; lsã `n áo y phr áo, oh afnhrlnt`lsuc` ol bhrcl i` ol mhnma`nmal y i` ol plrtamuolraili "7.

F`rf`n s`ülol qu` ca`ntrls qu` ò Uhclntamasch i`dý i` i`s`cp`ülr un plpò r`f`nt` `n òcunih antò`mtulo, prheleo`c`nt` `s ò cìah `s`nmalo l trlvás iò mulo ols p`rshnls `nr`loaili dustabamln sus phsamahn`s chrlo`s `n ol vail mhtaialnl. Nu`strls lmmahn`s antuatavl àrr`sastaeo`c`nt` ‟s` sa`nt`n mhrr`mtls–.

L banlo`s iò WAW, l rlãz i` ol t`hrãl iò mhnhmaca`nth i` Mglro`s Zàrm`, surf` ò prlfcltasch mhch iasmapoanl baohsýbaml qu` s` mlrlmt`razl phr ol ansast`nmal `n olsmhns`mu`nmals, utaoaili y prlmtamaili mhch mhcphn`nt`s `s`nmalo`s i` ol v`rili. @o

prlfcltasch mr`` qu` ò antò`mth guclnh nh r`pr`s ntl ol r`loaili; shsta`n` qu` sýoh `n oloumgl i` ohs hrflnaschs antòaf`nt`s mhn ò lcea`nt` qu` ohs rhi`l `s ihni` ols t`hrãls yilths liqua`r`n rò`vlnmal. U`mglzl ol xast`nmal i` v`rili`s leshoutls; ols ai`ls shn

prhvasahnlo`s y stìn sud`tls lo mlceah l ol ouz i` ol anv`staflmaýn buturl.

Ol plolerl prlfcltasch prhva`n` iò vhmleoh fra`fh prlfcl qu` safnabaml lmmaýn. Zlrl ohs prlfcltastls ol v rili y ol ehnili iè`n s`r cìails i` lmu`rih mhn ò áxath qu` t`nfln `nol prìmtaml. @n ò prlfcltasch sa lofh nh ta`n` un ban h ush i`t`rcanlih nh gly rlzýn plrl

qu` tlo mhsl `xastl.

Ols multrh cìxacls, pr`casls i` rlzhnlca`nth, h punths i` plrtail i` ol t`hrãl iòmhnhmaca`nth i` Zàrm`1 shn4

‟Nh t`n`chs un phi`r i` antrhsp`mmaýn ancìalth h iar`mth, sanh qu`, thih mhnhmaca`nthiò cunih ant`rnh s` i`ravl, cìalnt` rlzhnlca`nth gaphtátamh i` nu`strh mhnhmaca`nth, i`g`mghs `xt`rnhs.

Nh t`n`chs un phi`r i` antuamaýn ancìalth h iar`mth, sanh qu` thil mhfnamaýn va`nì`t`rcanlil oýfamlc`nt`, phr mhfnamahn`s pr`vals.

Nh t`n`chs phi`r i` p`nslr san safnhs. Nh t`n`chs mhnm`pmaýn i` oh leshoutlc`nt` anmhfnhsmaeo`, phr `d`cpoh iò nhôc`nh–.

Zlrl Zàrm` nu`strh mhnhmaca`nth iò cunih `stì elslih `n suphsamahn`s h mr``nmals. Olc`tl l ol qu` lsparl ò rlzhnlca`nth guclnh `s ol eôsquìl i` mr``nmals `stleo`s yv`rili`rls4 `n `stl òlehrlmaýn i` ols mr``nmals du`fl un plpò bunilc`ntlo ol aclfanlmaýn.]`fôn ò baoýshbh, oh qu` phn` `n clrmgl ò mhnhmaca`nth mhch mr``nmal nh `s sýoh unls`nslmaýn `xt`rnl, sanh `sl s`nslmaýn oaflil l un prhm`sh i` gìeaths qu` f`n`rl nu`strlaclfanlmaýn. L su v`z ol aclfanlmaýn cìaltazl nu`strls prhpals s`nslmahn`s xt`rnls nbhrcl i` lntamaplmahn`s aclfanltavls.

7 Ghoi`roan matlih `n Ehià.

1 @n4 Còaìn, Dhs`bl Oýp`z4 @o mhnhmaca`nth mhch prhm`sh y o cáthih i` ol ma`nmal. Ol oýfaml i` ols mr``nmals .Nýclils 6. U`vastl mrãtaml i` ma`nmals shmalo`s y durãiamls. Assn <067-26=:gttp4//www.umc.`s/anbh/nhclils/

http://www.ucm.es/info/nomadas/




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Pnl satulmaýn aclfanlil nhs oo`vl l ai`lr unl oãn`l i` lmmaýn i`t`rcanlil; tlo satulmaýnmhntraeuy` l ol bhrclmaýn i` gìeaths qu` oo`vln l lmtulr r`loc`nt` i` ol cln`rl aclfanlilmulnih oo`fl ol hmlsaýn lprhpalil. @stl oãn`l i` lmmaýn chtavlil phr ol aclfanlmaýn,

prhium` un gìeath. @st` gìeath, l su v`z i`t`rcanl tlnth oh qu` lntamaplchs aclfanlralc`nt`mhch oh qu` i`spuás glm`chs i` g`mgh. Q l `st` gìeath f`n`rloazlih, qu` cìaltazl ol

prhpal `xp`ra`nmal, Zàrm` oh i`nhcanl mr``nmal, oh qu` acpoaml qu` un mhnhmaca`nth i` st`taph puì` s`r lo casch ta`cph v`rili`rh y blosh, lm`rtlih y `rrýn`h, ilih qu` oh prhpah iòl mr``nmal `s licatar un ma`rth frlih i` ani`t`rcanlmaýn `n lofunhs lsp`mths, ca`ntrls qu``n htrhs puì` nh `stlroh.

]an `celrfh, ol mr``nmal, s`fôn Zàrm` s` satôl `n ò polnh i` ol v`rili oýfaml. Zhr òoh nhmhniamahnl, na glm` phsaeo` ol v`rili, yl qu` ol v`rili `xast` mhn lnt`rahraili l ol mr``nmal,lo c`nhs ol lsã oolclil ‟v`rili hnthoýfaml–. @o prhpah Zàrm` anamaloc`nt` `stleo`maý unlmhrr`mtl s`plrlmaýn `ntr` ol mr``nmal y ol v`rili, mhch sa lcehs polnt`lca`nths bu`rlnmhcpltaeo`s. L plrtar i` <767, oh ant`ntlrãl i` nu`vh, mhn iuihsh áxath, lunqu` ol mu`staýnsafu` sa`nih phoácaml `n ol lmtuloaili.

Ghy `n iãl ol trliamaýn phsatavastl p`rvav` `n ò p`nslca`nth baohsýbamh eldh ol i`nhcanlmaýni` U`loasch. Dhgn ]`lro` (<116), `s unh i` ohs cìxachs `xphn`nt`s iò U`loasch `n ollmtuloaili, y i`ba`ni` ol ai`l i` qu` `xast` unl r`loaili ani`p`nia`nt` i` nu`strlsr`pr`s`ntlmahn`s iò cunih. @xast` unl r`loaili `xt`rahr l nhshtrhs, lbarcl, phrqu` ‟ sanunml gueaárlchs `xastaih, sa nh guea`rl gleaih nunml r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s i` nanfôn taph (na`nunmalihs, na mr``nmals, na p`rm`pmahn`s, na p`nslca`nths), ò fru`sh iò cunih glerãl

s`fuaih su mursh anlot`rlih–.

Lsã, mhnhm`r safnabaml stlr `n phs`saýn i` r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s v`rili`rls, plrl ols mulo`s phi`chs hbr`m`r i`t`rcanlihs taphs i` dustabamlmaýn h i` vai`nmal. @o mhnhmaca`nth `s, pu`s, hed`tavh phr i`banamaýn `n o s`ntaih `pastácamh, phrqu` ohs mrat`rahs qu` s` iln plrl òmhnhmaca`nth nh shn lreatrlrahs, y shn acp`rshnlo`s. ]an `celrfh, ]`lro` licat` qu` olhed`tavaili `pastácaml mhcpo`tl `s iabãmao y l v`m`s acphsaeo`; pranmaploc`nt` phrqu` ohs`sbu`rzhs guclnhs r`lo`s plrl het`n`r r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s v`rili`rls i` ol r`loaili stìnanbouaihs phr thih taph i` blmthr`s4 bãsamhs, muoturlo`s, `mhnýcamhs, psamhoýfamhs, `tm.

]`lro` `xpoaml ohs lrfuc`nths mhnt`cphrìn`hs l blvhr iò r`loasch `xt`rnh4 ol mhnv`rf`nmalqu` s` il `n ol Ma`nmal sucanastrl unl `sp`ma` i` pruèl `cpãraml iò r`loasch. Ol ai`l `squ` gly unl r`loaili qu` `xast` ani`p`nia`nt`c`nt` y qu` `s ol mlusl i` su mhnv`rf`nmal `nols cascls gapýt`sas h t`hrãls. Lo casch ta`cph, ò luthr i` Ol mhnstrummaýn i` ol r`loaili

shmalo licat` ò ròltavasch mhnm`ptulo, qu` `nta`ni` qu` ohs sast`cls i` r`pr`s`ntlmaýnmhch ohs oáxamhs y ohs `squ`cls mhnm`ptulo`s shn mr`lmahn`s guclnls, `s i`mar, shnlreatrlrahs.

Ièaih l òoh, Dhgn ]`lro` `nta`ni` qu` `s acphsaeo` mhns`fuar ol mhanmai`nmal `ntr` R`riliy U`loaili qu` gln plr`maih lngòlr tlnths baoýshbhs trliamahnlo`s. Q mrataml ol mhrra`nt`

mhnstrumtavastl lo `nt`ni`r qu` nh puì` gle`r g`mghs anstatumahnlo`s san g`mghs eruths4‟unl r`loaili shmaloc`nt` mhnstruail pr`suphn` unl r`loaili ani`p`nia`nt`c`nt` i` thils



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ols mhnstrummahn`s shmalo`s, pu`s ta`n` qu` gle`r lofh l plrtar i` oh mulo phi`r mhnstruar. Zlrl mhnstruar ò ian`rh, ol prhpaìli y o o`nfuld`, ta`n` qu` gle`r clt`ralo`s eruths tlo`smhch pa`zls i` c`tlo, shnaihs y clrmls, phr `d`cpoh–.

Zlrl ]`lro` ohs g`mghs eruths p`rt`n`m`n l ol r`loaili hed`tavl, y ohs anstatumahnlo`s shng`mghs sýoh c`rmì lo lmu`rih guclnh. @s i`mar, licat` qu` gly mhsls qu` `xast`n sýoh

phrqu` mr``chs qu` `xast`n4 o ian`rh, ol prhpaìli, ohs fhea`rnhs y ò cltrachnah.

@o U`loasch `nta`ni` qu` `s phsaeo` t`n`r un nôc`rh ani`banailc`nt` frlni` i` iastanthssast`cls i` r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s plrl r`pr`s`ntlr ol cascl r`loaili. @s i`mar, gly un nôc`rhani`banailc`nt` frlni` i` punths i` vastl iastanths, i` lsp`mths iastanths y i` sast`clsmhnm`ptulo`s iastanths l muea`rth i` ohs mulo`s puìh r`pr`s`ntlr unl mhsl muloqua`rl; p`rh‟ol r`loaili hnthoýfamlc`nt` hed`tavl nh ta`n` punth i` vastl–, mhnmouy` ]`lro`.

<.9. MUAYAML] L OL MA@NMAL CHI@UNL

Iurlnt` ò safoh WW ol utaoaili i` ol hes`rvlmaýn mhch bunilc`nth plrl ò mhnhmaca`nthma`ntãbamh `cp`zý l v`rs` lc`nlzlil phr iav`rshs lnìoasas baohsýbamhs, gastýramhs,

psamhoýfamhs y shmahoýfamhs satulihs `n `stl oãn`l mrãtaml. Zlrl mu`stahnlr ol ai`l i` qu` ol`xp`ra`nmal vasulo `s un lmm`sh iar`mth l ol r`loaili y ol v`rili, cumghs baoýshbhs s`

elslrhn `n anv`staflmahn`s psamhoýfamls sher` ol p`rm`pmaýn vasulo y sher` thih n ohstrleldhs sher` aousahn`s vasulo`s qu` cu`strln qu` unl cascl aclf`n s` puì` v`r i`

cln`rls iab`r`nt`s. Lsacasch ‟tuva`rhn `n mhnsai`rlmaýn ò rho qu` i`s`cp`üln ols`xp`mtltavls muoturlo`s `n ol mlt`fhrazlmaýn i` lquòoh qu` s` v`– (Zhtt`r, <117).

Luthr`s mhch ò ma`ntãbamh y `past`cýohfh pholmh Ouiwamk Bo`mk (<1=0) lbarclrhn qu` òmhnhmaca`nth `s ol mr`lmaýn shmalo phr `xmò`nmal4 ‟ @o mhnhm`r r`pr`s`ntl ol lmtavaili cìsmhniamahnlil shmaloc`nt` i` ol p`rshnl. (…) @n ol cascl `strumturl iò o`nfuld` gly unl

baohshbãl mlrlmt`rãstaml i` ol mhcunaili, anmoush unl sacpo` plolerl puì` mhnt`n`r unl baohshbãl mhcpo`dl. Muloqua`r t`hrãl iò mhnhmaca`nth qu` nh t`nfl `n mu`ntl, mhch pranmapah f`n`rlo y mhnmr`th, `stl mhniamahnloaili shmahoýfaml, `s unl travaloaili .–

]`fôn Clry Ihufols (<112), Bo`mk p`nslel qu` ò mho`mtavh i` p`nslca`nth (`quavlo`nt` lofruph shmalo i` Iurkgàc) y su `staoh i` p`nslca`nth (`quavlo`nt` l ols r`pr`s`ntlmahn`smho`mtavls), fuãln y ìumln ohs prhm`shs i` p`rm`pmaýn y prhium` unl lmucuolmaýn i`mhnhmaca`nth. Zlrl Bo`mk `rl `vai`nt` qu` ò `staoh i` p`nslca`nth `stleo`m` ols mhniamahn`s

pr`vals l muloqua`r mhfnamaýn y i`t`rcanl quá s` puì` mhnsai`rlr mhch unl pr`funtlrlzhnleo` y unl r`spu`stl v`rili`rl h blosl; blmaoatl ò mhnt`xth y trlzl ohs oãcat`s plrlmuloqua`r duamah sher` ol r`loaili hed`tavl.

I` `st` chih, surfa`rhn `n ohs 2: y 6: nu`vls herls mhch ol i` Kugn qua`n, ansparlih phrols herls i` Bo`mk, i`molrl qu` ol eôsquìl i` ol v`rili ma`ntãbaml phiãl s`r un `sp`dasch.

@strumturl i` ols r`vhoumahn`s ma`ntãbamls (<125) prhvhmý un frln acplmth y bu` ò oaerh cìsmatlih `n ohs @stlihs Pnaihs iurlnt` unhs lühs.



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Zhr su plrt`, Catrhbb (<169), `n @o olih sued`tavh i` ol Ma`nmal, `xlcaný ol v`rta`nt``chmahnlo i` ohs mhcprhcashs ma`ntãbamhs, `xpohrlnih ohs chihs `n qu` ohs iav`rshs duamahsma`ntãbamhs s` elsln `n ol p`rshnloaili y ò pr`stafah. Elrn`s y Eohhr (<162) prhpusa`rhn qu`

prìmtamlc`nt` thils ols `xphsamahn`s ma`ntãbamls stìn i`t`rcanlils phr ant`r`s`s shmalo`s i`hri`n phoãtamh, `mhnýcamh, prhb`sahnlo, `tm., y qu` òacanlr oh qu` gly i` shmalo `n ohma`ntãbamh nh i`dlrãl nlil qu` puia`rl vlo`r mhch mhnhmaca`nth.

@n ohs safua`nt`s lplrtlihs vlchs l r`plslr er`v`c`nt` ols mhrra`nt`s t`ýramls `n ò ìceathi` ols ma`nmals shmalo`s muyls mhnm`pmahn`s lm`rml i` ol U`loaili y ò mhnhmaca`nth nhs glnr`suotlih cìs `smolr`mìhrls l ol ghrl i` `stuialr ò t`cl qu` nhs hmupl. @stls iasmapoanlsshn ol els` t`ýraml i` ca anv`staflmaýn, phrqu` mhnsai`rh qu` gln r`vhoumahnlih, frlmals lsu prhm`sh i` luthmrãtaml y i`mhnstrummaýn, o p`nslca`nth ma`ntãbamh. Ylceaán phrqu` glnlcpoalih ols ìr`ls i` anv`staflmaýn ma`ntãbaml, lphrtlnih nu`vhs t`cls y nu`vhs r`thsma`ntãbamhs, y i`rraelnih caths y suphsamahn`s lnt`s ancutleo`s plrl ol Ma`nmal,`nraqu`ma`nih, i` `st` chih, nu`strh lmm`sh lo mhnhmaca`nth y l ol r`loaili.

<.9.<. OL Y@HUÃL MUÃYAML

@n ohs lühs =:, ol @smuòl i` Brlnkburt mrataml ol chrlo i` ol rlmahnloaili aoustrlil. ]usanv`staflmahn`s mhntanôln ol oãn`l mrãtaml qu` i`si` ol Aoustrlmaýn brlnm`sl mlrlmt`razlel ò

p`nslca`nth ùrhp`h mrãtamh4 ol i`sheìa`nmal l ol trliamaýn, ol rupturl i` oh licataih mhchr`lo. Zlrl `stl mhrra`nt` i` p`nslca`nth, ò chvaca`nth i` oh r`lo shoh puì` i`smraears`

i`si` unl p`rsp`mtavl ialoámtaml, y r`slotln ò plpò i` unl rlmahnloaili cuotaiac`nsahnlo,i` unl rlzýn aoucanlihrl y iar`mtavl i` ohs `sbu`rzhs prìmtamhs i` trlnsbhrclmaýn i` oh qu`gastýramlc`nt` s` gl i`nhcanlih ‟U`loaili–.

]u g`r`nmal antò`mtulo `rl safnabamltavl4-ò lm`nth pu`sth phr Klnt `n ol acphrtlnmal i` ol oae`rtli aniavaiulo y i` ol r`sphnsleaoailichrlo sher` o cunih ma`ntãbamlc`nt` mhnmèaih i` mhntanf`nmals clt`ralo`s,-ò `nbhqu` g`fòalnh i` ol rlzýn y ol chrloaili anmrustlils `n ols prìmtamls muoturlo`s y- ol i`chstrlmaýn qu` Clrx gama`rl i` ohs s`ntaihs `n ohs qu` ols bhrcls i` rlmahnloaili`stleln anbouails phr ohs ant`r`s`s i` mols`.

Zlrl ohs i` Brlnkburt, ò mhcprhcash mhn ol Baohshbãl phsatavastl i` ol Ma`nmal, òmlpatloasch y ò oae`rloasch eurfuás ” clnab`stlmahn`s mhnt`cphrìn`ls i` ol vasaýnaoustrlil- s` pr`stlel l clo`s mhch ol `rhsaýn i` ol mhcunaili, ò i`t`rahrh i` ohs vlohr`schrlo`s, ò `stleo`maca`nth i` ols ròlmahn`s i` ihcanah, ol r`nunmal lo polm`r y olutaoazlmaýn i` ol nlturlo`zl. @sl bhrcl i` lnìoasas, i`nhcanlil ‟t`hrãl mrãtaml–, t`nãl un

prhpýsath molrh4 ol `clnmaplmaýn ai`hoýfaml. Ol lpr`malmaýn mrãtaml phirãl oae`rlrnhs i` ohs`b`mths p`rnamahshs i` ols v`rili`s castabamlihrls.

Ghrkgàc`r (<162) lbarcý qu` ol t`hrãl mrãtaml, ‟nunml eusml sacpo`c`nt` un anmr`c`nth

iò mhnhmaca`nth mhch tlo4 su hed`tavh `s ol `clnmaplmaýn iò ghcer` i` ol `smolvatui. (…)Ol ma`nmal lrtamuolil mhch rlzýn hed`tavl iè` `nbhmlrs` sher` ol ai`l iò ea`n supr`ch, iò



57

prheo`cl iò i safnah guclnh y i` mých r`loazlr ols c`tls supr`cls–. I` nh s r lsãr`suotlrãl qu` ‟nh `xast` nanfunl c`tl rlmahnlo `n sã, y nh ta`n` s`ntaih `nthnm`s iasmutar olsup`rahraili i` unl c`tl br`nt` l htrls mhn r`b`r`nmal l ol rlzýn– (Ghrkgàc`r, <16=), ohqu` acpoamlrãl ol leiamlmaýn i` ol Ma`nmal `n oh qu` mhnstatuy` su hed`tavh cìs acphrtlnt`4mhhp`rlr mhn ol Baohshbãl `n ol i`t`rcanlmaýn i` ols c`tls iò ghcer`.

Ol t`hrãl mrãtaml, s`fôn Cafuò Eòtrìn (5:::)<:, nh pr`t`ni` sustatuar ol rlmahnloaili i` olMa`nmal phr ol arrlmahnloaili i` ol nh-ma`nmal, sanh r`mup`rlr plrl ohs ban`s guclnhs, plrlohs vlohr`s y plrl ò iè`r s`r, su ouflr `n ol Ma`nmal. I` oh qu` s` trltl, lbarcl Eòtrìn(5:::),

‟`s iò `d`rmamah rlmahnlo i` ol mrãtaml i` ban`s, i` ol n`flmaýn l oh `xast`nt` i` su phstuolilmhniamaýn i` hri`n nlturlo n`m`slrah, i` chstrlr ò pì`stlo i` elrrh `n qu` i`smlnsln ohsaihol i` thih taph; mhrrhcp`r ol b` `n ò pr`t`niaih mlrìmt`r leshouth i` lofunh i` òohs.]a`cpr` ol dustamal s`rì c`dhr qu` ol andustamal h ol oae`rtli c`dhr qu` ol hpr`saýn, y olma`nmal shmalo iè`rì s`ülolr ol andustamal acpoãmatl `n phsamahn`s qu` s` pr`t`ni`n dustls, h

ohs r`mhrt`s l ol oae`rtli qu` s` pr`s`nt`n mhch mhnquastls i` ol oae`rtli–.

]afua`nih `stl phsamaýn mrãtaml, ohs baoýshbhs y ohs prhpahs ma`ntãbamhs mhc`nzlrhn lmu`stahnlr ol lchrloaili i` ol Ma`nmal, su mlrìmt`r phoãtamh ` ai`hoýfamh, y sus ban`sutaoatlrastls. Ol fu`rrl i` Ra`tnlc `cp`zý l shmlvlr ol mhnbalnzl `n ò `nbhqu` phsatavastlqu` pr`s`ntlel ol Ma`nmal mhch lofh nùtrlo. ‟ Nh sýoh nh gleãl nlil lm`rml iò lsp`mthma`ntãbamh qu` ia`rl rlzýn lo r`mglzh i` ol erutloaili acp`raloastl, sanh qu` ò `stleoasgc`ntma`ntãbamh l c`nuih `ntr`flel sus `sbu`rzhs l c`dhrlr ols t`mnhohfãls i` ol lfr`saýn–(K`nn`tg F`rf`n, <112).

Ol s`funil f`n`rlmaýn i` t`ýramhs mrãtamhs, mhch G`re`rt Clrmus` (<111), ansastarìn `n olai`l i` qu`, lnt` ols mlrlmt`rãstamls thtloatlrals i` `stl shmaìli, nh puì` shst`n`rs` olnhmaýn trliamahnlo i` ol ‟nùtrloaili– i` ol t`mnhohfãl. Ol t`mnhohfãl mhch tlo nh puì` s`rs`plrlil iò `cpo`h qu` s` glm` i` òol, phrqu` ol shmaìli t`mnhoýfaml `s un sast`cl iìhcanlmaýn qu` hp`rl yl `n ò mhnm`pth y ol mhnstrummaýn i` támnamls.

‟@n tlnth qu` unav`rsh t`mnhoýfamh, ol shmaìli aniustralo lvlnzlil `s un unav`rsh phoãtamh, `s ol ôotacl `tlpl `n ol r`loazlmaýn i` un prhy`mth gastýramh `sp`mãbamh, `sth `s, ol`xp`rac`ntlmaýn, trlnsbhrclmaýn, y hrflnazlmaýn i` ol nlturlo`zl mhch sacpo` clt`ralo iìhcanlmaýn. Mhnbhrc` ò prhy`mth s` i`slrrhool, mhnbafurl thih ò unav`rsh iò iasmursh yol lmmaýn, i` ol muoturl antò`mtulo y clt`ralo–.

Zhr `sh, mhnmouy` Clrmus`, ol rlzýn t`mnhoýfaml s` gl g`mgh rlzýn phoãtaml, phrqu` `n òcìah t`mnhoýfamh, ol muoturl, ol phoãtaml y ol `mhnhcãl s` un`n `n un sast`cl hcnapr`s`nt`y unaiac`nsahnlo.

Clrmus`, li`cìs, mrataml ò phsatavasch phrqu` mhnsai`rl qu` ò tárcanh gl `nm`rrlih4

<) ol rltabamlmaýn iò p`nslca`nth mhfnhsmatavh cìalnt` ol `xp`ra`nmal i` ohs g`mghs;

<: @n4 Flrmãl B`rrlnih, C., Aeìü`z, D. Lovarl, B.4 ‟@o lnìoasas i` ol r`loaili shmalo. Cáthihs ytámnamls i` anv`staflmaýn–, Ma`nmals ]hmalo`s, Loalnzl @iathralo, Clirai, 5:::.



51

5) ol hra`ntlmaýn iò p`nslca`nth mhfnhsmatavh glmal ols ma`nmals bãsamls mhch chiòh i`m`rtaiucer` y xlmtatui,

=) ol b` `n qu` ò prhfr`sh `n ò mhnhmaca`nth i`p`ni` i` `stl hra`ntlmaýn.

@n mhns`mu`nmal, Clrmus` `nta`ni` qu` ò phsatavasch `s unl oumgl mhntrl thil c`tlbãsaml,trlsm`ni`ntloasch, ai`loasch, thils mhnsai`rlils bhrcls i` p`nslca`nth r`fr`savls yhsmurlntastls. @o phsatavasch pr`t`ni` lomlnzlr ol lrchnãl `nt` ol t`hrãl y ol prìmtaml, olv`rili y ohs g`mghs, p`rh `n áo, ò p`nslca`nth baohsýbamh s` vuòv` p`nslca`nth lbarcltavh,

phrqu` s` stafcltazln ols nhmahn`s nh phsatavls mhch c`rls sp`muolmahn`s, su`ühs yblntlsãls.

Lsacasch, ol t`hrãl mrãtaml `nta`ni` qu` ò mhnm`pth i` ‟Zrhfr`sh– nh `s un tárcanh nùtrlo;s` cu`v` glmal ban`s `sp`mãbamhs y `sths ban`s shn i`banaihs phr ols phsaeaoaili`s i` c`dhrlrol mhniamaýn guclnl. Clrmus` `nta`ni` qu` ò prhfr`sh s`rãl lquò chc`nth `n qu` olscìquanls oae`r`n lo s`r guclnh i` su trleldh y trlsma`nil ò rành i` ol n`m`saili, `n ò qu`s`rvãl i` anstruc`nth i` ihcanlmaýn y `xpohtlmaýn.

@o prhfr`sh, lsã, gl saih un mhnm`pth qu` v`ãl su rlmahnloaili oacatlil; phrqu` sýoh olGuclnaili prhfr`slrì mulnih ol t`mnhohfãl sarvl plrl ol oumgl phr ol plmabamlmaýn i` olnlturlo`zl y ol oae`rlmaýn i` ol shmaìli. Zlrl Clrmus`, ò mhnboamth i` ol Ma`nmal chi`rnlmhnsast` `n unl t`ni`nmal glmal ol mhnsuclmaýn i` ol rlmahnloaili t`mnhoýfaml, phr un olih,y ohs `sbu`rzhs ant`nshs plrl mhnt`n`r `stl t`ni`nmal i`ntrh i` ols anstatumahn`s `stleo`mails,

phr htrh.

‟Lquã r`sai` ol mhntrliammaýn ant`rnl i` `stl mavaoazlmaýn4 ò ò`c`nth arrlmahnlo `n surlmahnloaili. (…) Ol unaýn i` unl mr`ma`nt` prhiumtavaili y unl mr`ma`nt` i`strumtavaili; olancan`nt` lc`nlzl i` lnaquaolmaýn; ol mlpatuolmaýn iò p`nslca`nth, ol `sp`rlnzl y ò t`chrl ols i`masahn`s i` ohs phi`r`s `xast`nt`s; ol pr`s rvlmaýn i` ol cas`ral br`nt` l unl raqu`zlsan pr`mì`nt`s mhnstatuy`n ol cìs acplrmalo lmuslmaýn; anmoush sa `sths ò`c`nths nh shn olrlashn i‑`tr` i` `stl shmaìli sanh shoh sus mhns`mu`nmals; su phcphsl rlmahnloaili, qu`

prhplfl ol `bamlmal y ò mr`maca`nth, `s `n sã cascl arrlmahnlo. @o g`mgh i` qu` ol frlnclyhrãl i` ol pheolmaýn lm`pt`, y s`l heoaflil l lm`ptlr, `stl shmaìli nh ol glm` c`nhsarrlmahnlo y c`nhs r`prheleo`– (Clrmus`, <100).

F`rf`n (<112) hpanl qu` plrl muloqua`r fruph pr`hmuplih phr ol andustamal h ol hpr`saýn, olmrãtaml ai`hoýfaml `s un lrcl cuy phi`rhsl plrl shmlvlr ol mhnbalnzl `n ols r`loaili`s qu`s` iln phr s`ntlils prhpals i` ols anstatumahn`s ihcanlnt`s4 ol Ma`nmal, ò fhea`rnh, ohcaoatlr, ol ìumlmaýn `ntr` htrls. Mhch bhrcl f`n`rlo, ol mrãtaml ai`hoýfaml ant`ntl phn`r i`clnaba`sth ohs s`sfhs vlohrltavhs qu` sueylm`n l ols lbarclmahn`s i` ol v`rili y ol rlzýn.@n ol cìail `n ol qu` s` i`cu`strl qu` `stls lbarclmahn`s r`pr`s`ntln ant`r`s`s p`rshnlo`sh i` mols`, yl nh puì`n molsabamlrs` i` hed`tavls h rlmahnloc`nt` trlsm`ni`nt`s.

‟@stls bhrcls i`spolzln ol pr`t`nsaýn i` ol v`rili l ol els` chtavlmahnlo h ai`hoýfaml i` ol

qu` s` i`ravl. Lpuntln lo ant`nth sueylm`nt , i` qua`n iam` `stlr `n phs`saýn i` ol v`rili,i` supracar, flnlr phi`r, lmucuolr raqu`zl, shst`n`r su muoturl phr `nmacl i` thils ols



=:

i`cìs, plrl lsã shmlvlr ò phi`r p`rsulsavh i` ol v`rili mhch s` pr`s`ntl– (K`nn`tgF`rf`n).

<.9.5. OL ANR@]YAFLMAÝN B@CANA]YL

Zlrloòlc`nt` l ols anv`staflmahn`s i` mlrìmt`r mrãtamh, `n ohs lühs 6: y 7: iò safoh WW s` prhiudh ò lmm sh i` ol cud`r lo mhnhmaca`nth ma`ntãbamh. @o mhnhmaca`nth y p`nslca`nthhmmai`ntlo s` v`n i`s`stleaoazlihs phr ols mrãtamls b`canastls, qu` i`nunmaln phr un olih òlnirhm`ntrasch<< y o tnhm`ntrasch<5 i` unl ma`nmal pr`t`niailc`nt` unav`rslo, y phr htrhol s`plrlmaýn `s`nmaloastl y d`rìrquaml `ntr` ol c`nt` y ò mu`rph, p`nslca`nth y s`ntaca`nth,qu` oo`vl l un rìummahnasch `vai`nt` y `cpher`mìhr plrl ol Ma`nmal chi`rnl.

@stl iavasaýn, qu` s` mhnshoaiý iurlnt` ol Aoustrlmaýn mhch g`chs vasth, loan`l l ohsghcer`s mhn ol mlplmaili iò p`nslca`nth rlmahnlo y l ols cud`r`s mhn mlplmaili`s

`chmahnlo`s y bãsamls i` c`nhs vlohr4

‟Ohs trleldhs b`canastls `n ò ìceath i` ol shmahohfãl i` ol ma`nmal mratamlrhn qu` olma`nmal y ol t`mnhohfãl p`rp`tôln ol iavasaýn s`xulo iò trldh `n nu`strl shmaìli, lsã mhchol hpr`saýn i` ols cud`r`s. Lo t`n`r ohs ghcer`s lmm`sh l ol ma`nmal i` chih `xmousavh, shnòohs ta`n`n ò phi`r i` i`banar h r`pr`s`ntlr y mhntrholr l ols cud`r`s l trlvás i` olma`nmal– (]lrlg K`ce`r, <117)<=.

Mulnih lphilchs ‟iurls– l ols ma`nmals hed`tavls `n tlnth qu` hpu`stls l ols rlcls iòmhnhmaca`nth cìs eolnils (`s i`mar, cìs sued`tavls), acpoãmatlc`nt` stlchs anvhmlnih unlc`tìbhrl s`xulo `n ol qu` ‟iurl– `s clsmuoanh y ‟eolnil– `s b`c`nanh. @s i`mar,

b`canazlmaýn s` gl mhnv`rtaih `n sanýnach i` s`ntac`ntloazlmaýn, s`fôn Kòo`r (<171), quì`nunmal ol ai`l i` qu` unl cud`r qu` pa`nsl ma`ntãbaml u hed`tavlc`nt` `stì p`nslnih mhchun ghcer`, y matl l F`hrf` ]accò, qu` s`üloý qu`

‟ol `xaf`nmal i` (…) mhrr`mmaýn `n ohs duamahs prìmtamhs y i` hed`tavaili `n ò mhnhmaca`ntht`ýramh (...) p`rt`n`m` `n su bhrcl y lbarclmahn`s l ol Guclnaili `n f`n`rlo, p`rh `n sulmtulo mhnbafurlmaýn gastýraml `s thtloc`nt` clsmuoanl. ]uphnflchs qu` i`smraeachs `stlsmhsls, mhnsai`rlils mhch ai`ls leshoutls, mhn qu` ol shol plolerl ‟hed`tavh–, `nthnm`s nhs`nmhntrlchs mhn qu` `n ol gasthral i` nu`strl rlzl ol `mulmaýn hed`tavh-clsmuoanh `svìoail–<9

.

<< @o lnirhm`ntrasch va`n` l s`r un s`fc`nth ant`frlnt` iò `tnhm`ntrasch, `s i`mar, ol lmtatui qu`mhnsast` `n ai`ntabamlr ò punth i` vastl i` ohs vlrhn`s mhn ò i` ol shmaìli `n su mhndunth. (ClrtãnMlslr`s, 5::2)<5 @o `tnhm`ntrasch s` i`ban` mhch ol lmtatui qu` mhnsast` `n duzflr ols bhrcls chrlo`s, ròafahslsy shmalo`s i` htrls mhcunaili`s s`fôn nu`strls prhpals nhrcls, duzflnih ols iab`r`nmals mhchlnhcloãls (Uavaçr`, <111), matlih `n Clrtãn Mlslr`s, 5::2.<= K`ce`r, ]lrlg4 B`canasch, Y`mnhohfãl y U`pr`s`ntlmaýn. @n4 Murrln, Dlc`s; Chro`y, Ilvai y Vlok`rian`, Rlo`ra` (Mhcps)4 ‟@stuiahs Muoturlo`s y Mhcunamlmaýn. Lnìoasas, prhiummaýn ymhnsuch muoturlo i` ols phoãtamls i` ai`ntaili y o phschi`rnasch–. Zlaiýs Mhcunamlmaýn,Elrmòhnl, <117.<9 Zalf`t (<1==)4 ‟Ol hed`tavaili mhnsast` `n mhnhm`r tln ea`n ols cao antrusahn`s iò yh `n òp`nslca`nth i` thihs ohs iãls y ols cao aousahn`s qu` i` òols s` i`ravln ” aousahn`s i` ohs s`ntaihs,

iò o`nfuld`, i` ohs punths i` vastl, i` ohs vlohr`s, `tm. qu`, plrl `catar duamahs, s` `cpa`zl phri`spr`ni`rs` i` ols trlels iò yh. @o r`loasch, phr ò mhntrlrah, mhnsast` `n afnhrlr ol `xast`nmal iòyh, y thclr ol p`rsp`mtavl prhpal phr ancìaltlc`nt` hed`tavl y leshoutl–. Lsã, plrl `stl luthrl ol



=<

@o t`cl cìs acphrtlnt` plrl unl p`rsp`mtavl b`canastl i` ols ma`nmals nlturlo`s bu` slmlr lol ouz ol cathohfãl phpuolr qu` satôl ol hed`tavaili, ol rlzýn y ol c`nt` mhch sa bu`rl unltraeuth clsmuoanh y ol sued`tavaili, ò s`ntaca`nth y ol nlturlo`zl mhch sa bu`rl unlmlrlmt`rãstaml b`c`nanl.

‟@n `stl iavasaýn iò trleldh `chmahnlo ` antò`mtulo, ols cud`r`s gln saih ols flrlnt`s y prht`mthrls i` oh p`rshnlo, oh `chmahnlo, oh plrtamuolr; ca`ntrls qu` ol ma`nmal ” ol prhvanmal phr `xmò`nmal i` oh acp`rshnlo, oh rlmahnlo y oh f`n`rlo- gl saih r`s`rvl i` ohsghcer`s. Ol mhns`mu`nmal i` `stl iavasaýn nh `s ônaml lnt` ol `xmousaýn i` ols cud`r`s i` ol

prìmtaml i` ol ma`nmal. @stl `xmousaýn `s un sãnthcl i` unl g`niaiurl cìs lcpoal y prhbunil `ntr` b`c`nanh y clsmuoanh, sued`tavh y hed`tavh, y i`si` ou`fh `ntr` lchr y phi`r ” un i`sflrrlca`nth iò fán`rh guclnh qu` nhs lb`mtl thils y thihs, `n tlnth qu` cud`r`s y ghcer`s, `n tlnth qu` ca`cerhs i` unl shmaìli, ` anmoush `n tlnth qu` ma`ntãbamls yma`ntãbamhs–. (@vòyn Bhx Kòo`r, <171).

Ol anvasaeaoaili y ol lus`nmal i` ol cud`r `n Lntrhphohfãl y `n htrls iasmapoanls ma`ntãbamls

mhcprhc`t`n ohs plrliafcls i` mhcpr`nsaýn i` ols ma`nmals shmalo`s, gastýramls h oat`rlrals,s`fôn ]hnal Chnt`manh (<116). ]` i`smuerarì qu` `n `sls ma`nmals oh qu` gly `s unl ròlmaýn‟tureal–, lceaful mhn ol cud`r4 ‟ @o lsunth i` ol anvasaeaoaili nh `stì vanmuolih tlnth l ohstrleldhs `cpãramhs y i`smraptavhs i` ols iasmapoanls shmalo`s. @o prheo`cl s` lbanml cìs ea`n`n ol r`pr`s`ntlmaýn qu` s` glm` i` òol. Zhr tlnth, ol lus`nmal `s cìs un prheo`cl t`ýramh,i` ant`rpr`tlmaýn, i` chiòhs i` mhcpr`nsaýn. Lsã `nthnm`s s` gleolrì i` unl anvasaeaoaililnloãtaml i` ol cud`r `n ols iasmapoanls shmalo`s–. <0

Kòo`r lrfuc`ntl qu` ol iavasaýn eanlrastl gl saih ol r`sphnsleo` i` ihs hcasahn`s nhtleo`s`n ol clyhrãl i` ohs `stuiahs shmalo`s i` ol Ma`nmal. Zhr un olih, t`n`chs qu` nh s` gl

ohfrlih liv`rtar `n s`rah nh sýoh ò g`mgh i` qu` ol Ma`nmal gl saih prhiumail phr unsuemhndunth plrtamuolr i` ol rlzl guclnl (`s i`mar, mlsa thtloc`nt` phr ghcer`s eolnmhs i`mols` cìal), sanh qu` tlceaán gl `vhoumahnlih eldh ol anbou`nmal bhrcltavl i` un ai`lo i`clsmuoanaili plrtamuolr. Ohs plir`s bunilihr`s i` ol Ma`nmal chi`rnl `n ò safoh WRAA,mhch g`chs vasth, eusmleln unl baohshbãl qu` c`r`ma`s` oolclrs` ‟clsmuoanl–, qu` puia`rliastanfuars` i` sus an`b`mtavls prì`m`shrls phr su pht`nmal ‟varao–, su mlplmaili i` phn`r lol nlturlo`zl lo s`rvamah iò ghcer` y glm`r i` òol su `smolvl.

@n sus ant`nths i` ai`ntabamlr ohs i`t`rcanlnt`s `xtrlma`ntãbamhs iò i`slrrhooh iòmhnhmaca`nth ma`ntãbamh, ohs `stuiahs shmalo`s i` ol Ma`nmal gln afnhrlih `n su clyhr plrt`

ol anbou`nmal i` ols bu`rzls (i`si`ülils phr aiahsanmrìsamls y lo casch ta`cph trlnshmalo`s)qu` lmtôln `n ol psaqu` guclnl aniavaiulo. Iò casch chih qu` ol Ma`nmal nh `s ò`sbu`rzh purlc`nt` mhfnatavh qu` p`nsìelchs, tlcphmh s tln acp`rshnlo mhch

p`nsìelchs4 ol Ma`nmal `s unl lmtavaili prhbunilc`nt` p`rshnlo lsã mhch shmalo.

LNYUHZHOHFÃL I@O FÁN@UH

hed`tavaili ianìcaml `s unl eôsquìl i` mhnhmaca`nth qu` glm` ush i` ol `xp`ra`nmal sued`tavl

(Zalf`t ol oolcl mhnsma`nmal iò yh) `n ant`rás i` unl hed`tavaili cìs `b`mtavl.<0 Chnt`manh, ]hnal4 ‟Zlolerl iamgl. @smraths sher` fán`rh, ai`ntaili`s, c`stazld`–, Mho`mmaýn iÒaerhs @o`mtrýnamhs, ]`ra` @stuiahs, Pnav`rsaili i` Mgao`, <116.



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Ol pranma plo pr`hmuplmaýn i` ohs ‟plir`s– i` ol Lntrhphohfãl `rl mhcpr`ni`r phr quá thilsols muoturls nh `rln mhch ols suyls, plrta`nih i` plrìc`trhs molrlc`nt` `tnhmántramhs.]`fôn Luròal Clrtãn Mlslr`s (5::2) i`s`nclsmlrlr ol pr`t`niail sup`rahraili muoturloùrhlc`ramlnl gl mhnstatuaih, i`si` nthnm`s, unh i` ohs ìceaths i` pr`hmuplmaýn i`nuc`rhshs lntrhpýohfhs muyh lbìn `s p`rbaolr y i`purlr ol ma`ntabamaili i` ol iasmapoanl.

@o r`mhnhmaca`nth iò `tnhm`ntrasch, `xpoãmath h acpoãmath `n ols prac`rls t`hrãlslntrhphoýfamls, blvhr`maý `nhrc`c`nt` ò ièlt` `n thrnh l lo acplmth i` ohs pranmapahslnirhmántramhs i` ol mhnstrummaýn ma`ntãbaml. ‟ Zr`maslc`nt`, ol nhmaýn i` lnirhm`ntraschnlmaý iò mu`stahnlca`nth i` ol ma`ntabamaili y s` utaoazl eìsamlc`nt` plrl `xpr`slr qu` olsma`nmals, u htrls r`loaili`s, l c`nuih thcln mhch punth i` r`b`r`nmal lo vlrýn (lnirhs),m`ntrìnihs` `xmousavlc`nt` `n ohs ghcer`s ` anvasaeaoazlnih l ols cud`r`s–(ClrtãnMlslr`s).

Ohs lntrhpýohfhs nh supa`rhn i`smraear cumgls i` ols lmtavaili`s qu` r`loazleln olscud`r`s, nh sýoh phrqu` ol clyhrãl `rln ghcer`s y o`s `rl iabãmao antrhiumars` `n ò cunihb`c`nanh, sanh tlceaán phrqu` mhnsai`rleln qu` ols lmtavaili`s clsmuoanls rln cìsacphrtlnt`s qu` ols b`c`nanls plrl `nt`ni`r ò sast`cl shmalo y muoturlo. Zlrl R`r`nl]thomk`, (<112), `n ols t`hrãls i` plr`nt`smh y i` cltrachnah ‟r`suotlel, phr supu`sth,acphsaeo` anmoush plrl ‟ohs– lntrhpýohfhs i`dlr i` olih l ols cud`r`s, p`rh òols

lplr`mãln `n sus `tnhfrlbãls mhch gadls, g`rclnls h `sphsls, mhch c`rhs hed`ths iànt`rmlceah i` sus mlplmaili`s r`prhiumtavls `ntr` ghcer`s–<2.

Ol mrãtaml b`canastl lo lnirhm`ntrasch s` mhnvartaý `n unl mu`staýn bunilc`ntlo i` ol mrãtaml`past`choýfaml `n ò ant`rahr i` ol Lntrhphohfãl vanmuolil l ol iac`nsaýn phoãtaml iòmhnhmaca`nth y su plpò `n ol trlnsbhrclmaýn i` ol r`loaili, mhch s`ülol Rarfanal Clquàrl(5::<)<64

‟Zhr thih òoh, unh i` ohs hed`tavhs pranmaplo`s i` ols lntrhpýohfls i` ohs lühs 6: y 7: buài`ntabamlr ohs `b`mths iasthrsahnlihr`s iò `nbhqu` lnirhmántramh `n ol mhnstrummaýnma`ntãbaml. @o g`mgh i` qu` ol prhiummaýn ma`ntãbaml, qu` s` r`molcl ls`xulil, unav`rslo, yi`spr`niail i` muloqua`r sued`tavli, glyl `stlih ihcanlil phr ohs vlrhn`s glstl glmùnhs lühs, lb`mtlel (y lb`mtl) tlnth ol r`mhfail i` ilths mhch l ols gapýt`sas polnt`lils yl ohs r`suotlihs het`naihs–.

]`fôn Clrtãn Mlslr`s (5::2), ò b`canasch `n Lntrhphohfãl nh `s oh mhntrlrah iò

lnirhm`ntrasch lntama`ntãbamh, na saqua`rl `s unl hphsamaýn polnt`lil `n tárcanhs`quaplrleo`s, yl qu` ca`ntrls ol t`hrãl b`canastl prhbuniazl `n ò mhnhmaca`nth i` olsròlmahn`s i` ihcanlmaýn phr fán`rh, ò lnirhm`ntrasch bhc`ntl, iasmuopl y prht`f` olsupr`clmãl clsmuoanl mhch un g`mgh ‟nhrclo –, san r`bo`xahnlr na dustabamlr `stl

p`rsp`mtavl, oh qu` suphn` unl phsamaýn molrlc`nt` phoãtaml ` ai`hoýfaml. Lbarclr, mhchglm` ]ar @iwlri @vlns-Zratmglri qu` ‟ols cud`r`s mavaoazlils iè`n lm`ptlr lbleo`c`nt`qu` ohs vlrhn`s ihcan`n y s`r, lnt` thih, `sphsls, thclnih ò `d`cpoh i` sus g`rclnls

<2 ]thomk`, R`r`nl4 ‟@o mých y ò phr quá i` ols cud`r`s–, `n D. Zrlt & L. Clrtãn`z (ìs), ‟@nslyhsi` Lntrhphohfãl Muoturlo. Ghc`nld` l Moluiah @st`vl-Bler`flt–. @iathralo Lraò, ].L., Elrmòhnl,

<112.<6 Clquàrl I‑Lnfòh, Rarfanal, y Eòtrìn, @o`nl4 B`canaschs. Ièlt`s t`ýramhs mhnt`cphrìn`hs–, Loalnzl, Clirai, 5::<. Matlih `n Clrtãn Mlslr`s (5::2).



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pracatavls–, mhnstatuy , s`fôn ol lntrhpýohfl, un molrh `d`cpoh i` prhy`mth phoãtamhr`v`staih i` ma`ntabamaili.

Ol Lntrhphohfãl b`canastl i`nunmal qu` `n ol Lntrhphohfãl trliamahnlo, tlnth òbunmahnloasch mhch ò `vhoumahnasch anvhmln blmthr`s eahoýfamhs plrl `xpoamlr ohs rho`s iòls cud`r`s. Lcels mhrra`nt`s mhnsai`rleln y `stuialeln l ols cud`r`s mhch ‟`sphsls i`–, ‟clir`s– h ‟g`rclnls–, nh mhch fruph h mols`, na mhch sud`ths lutýnhchs mhn bunmahn`s

prhpals ` acphrtlnt`s i`ntrh i` su fruph shmalo.

@o `vhoumahnasch quìý ltrìs ièaih l sus phsamahn`s t`ýramls sher` ol sup`rahrailiùrhp`h-hmmai`ntlo (`s i`mar, l su clrmlih `tnhm`ntrasch), p`rh nh phr su lnirhm`ntrasch,yl qu` `stlel i`ntrh i` ol nhrcloaili `n ol mhnstrummaýn i` ols t`hrãls lntrhphoýfamls. BrlnzEhls mratamý prhbunilc`nt` ò `vhoumahnasch lphrtlnih ol nhmaýn i` ‟ròltavasch muoturlo–qu` rhcpãl mhn ol trliamaýn lnt`rahr. Ohs bunmahnloastls i`slrrhoolrhn i` st` chih un`nbhqu` lntagastýramh; plrl òohs ol Lntrhphohfãl ièãl i`banar ols bunmahn`s i` olsanstatumahn`s y ohs gìeaths shmalo`s `n ouflr i` mhnm`ntrlrs` `n ohs hrãf`n`s y ol `vhoumaýn.Zlrl ohs bunmahnloastls, ol `xmousaýn i` ols cud`r`s y ol ihcanlmaýn clsmuoanl mhnstatuãlnohs paolr`s iò `quaoaerah `ntr` ols bu`rzls shmalo`s.

@n ò prhm`sh i` i`mhnstrummaýn b`canastl, Ln`tt` Vàn`r `stuiaý l ohs trhealnis 9: lühsi`spuás i` Cloanhwska, y `nmhntrý mu`stahn`s `n su mhnhmail herl qu` ò lntrhpýohfh plsý

phr loth h ant`rpr`tý n htrhs tárcanhs. Vàn r i`nunmaý ò s sfh lnirhmántramh i`Cloanhwska phrqu` `n sus lnìoasas na`fl l ols cud`r`s mhch lf`nt`s shmalo`s i` po`nhi`r`mgh y ols lshmal mlsa `xmousavlc`nt` l ol clt`rnaili. ‟ Lunqu` Cloanhswka s` iahmu`ntl iò ò`vlih `stltus i` ols cud`r`s, ltraeuyý su acphrtlnmal l ol i`sm`ni`nmalcltraoan`lo, nh l su plpò mhch prhiumthrls, y lphrtlihrls l ol raqu`zl iò fruph–(Vàn`r, <177)<7.

Cloanhwska, `n ‟Ol vail s`xulo i` ohs slovld`s iò Nhrh`st` i` Còln`sal4 I`smrapmaýn`tnhfrìbaml i` ols ròlmahn`s `rýtamls y mhnyuflo`s i` ol vail i` ol blcaoal `ntr` ohsaniãf`nls i` ols Yrhealnis (Nu`vl Fuan`l Eratìnaml)– `nslozl ol olehr i` ohs ghcer`strhealni, qu` r`loazln ohs trleldhs cìs iurhs. ]an `celrfh, lo gleolr i` su ‟c`r`maih–i`smlnsh lo ltlri`m`r, nh s` `xtrlül qu` ols cud`r`s safln trleldlnih i`spuás i` su dhrnlilolehrlo `n ols tlr`ls ihcástamls y mralnzl i` ohs gadhs glstl ò lnhmg`m`r.

Cloanhswka nhs i`smrae` ols tlr`ls qu` ohs trhealni lmhc`t`n y s` phirãl mhnmouar qu` tlnthsghcer`s mhch cud`r`s i`s`cp`üln trleldhs n`m`slrahs plrl ol sup`rvav`nmal iò fruph. ]an`celrfh, s`fôn Vàn`r, ròltl mhn clyhr prhbusaýn i` i`tloo`s ols lmtavaili`s clsmuoanls, ymloabaml i` trleldhs c`nhr`s ohs r`loazlihs phr cud`r`s, lsã mhch ols tlr`ls ihcástamls,thtloc`nt` anbrlvlohrlils y `nt`niails mhch unl heoaflmaýn b`c`nanl. L Cloanhwska o`shrpr`ni` ol shoamatui iò plir` `n ò muailih i` ohs naühs, o` oolcl phi`rhslc`nt` ollt`nmaýn qu` ol cud`r ant`rv`nfl ‟oaer`c`nt`– `n ols mhnv`rslmahn`s, suerlyl qu` olscud`r s nh r`loazln ò trleldh ihcástamh mhch ‟`smolvls– y qu` iln ýri`n`s l sus clraihs.

<7 Vàn`r, Ln`tt`4 Yg` trhealnis hb Zlpul Fuan`l , Ghot, Uan`glrt lni Vasthn Anm, Nu`vl yhrk, <177.Matlih n Clrtãn Mlslr`s (5::2)



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Htrl eltlool i` ol Lntrhphohfãl b`canastl bu` `mglr leldh ò plrliafcl `strumturloastl iÒáva-]trluss qu` i`b`niãl ol unav`rsloaili iò p`nslca`nth eanlrah y qu` o` s`rvãl plrl

dustabamlr ò ráfac`n i` phi`r pltralrmlo. Ol mhsabamlmaýn i` ols cud`r`s `n su herl `s unlmhnstlnt`; `n òols lp`nls shn sud`ths iò iasmursh. Clrtãn Mlslr`s (5::2) `nta`ni` qu` subaoalmaýn antò`mtulo nh o`fatacl qu` mhnva`rtl l ols cud`r`s `n c`rhs ‟safnhs–ant`rmlcealeo`s n un ‟sast`cl i` safnabamlihs– ihcanlih phr ohs vlrhn`s, mr`lihr`s`xmousavhs i` loalnzls.

@n sus anv`staflmahn`s, ol m`ntrloaili i` ohs vlrhn`s `s unl mhnstlnt`, o`s trltl mhch ônamhssud`ths lmtavhs. Ols cud`r`s shn c`rhs hed`ths i` ant`rmlceah qu` `stleo`m`n ol baoalmaýn iòfruph phrqu` puì`n sltasblm`r ols n`m`saili`s s`xulo`s ‟eahoýfamls– i` ohs ghcer`s. Olsblcaoals ilrãln l sus gadls y r`maearãln gadls i` htrls blcaoals qu` s` ant`frln `n ò fruph ltrlvás iò cltrachnah. Ols cud`r`s s` ant`rpr`tln, i`si` ò `strumturloasch, l s`c`dlnzl i`

pr`s`nt`s ant`rmlcealihs `ntr` ohs ghcer`s plrl s`ntlr ols els s i` ols ròlmahn s i` plr`nt`smh y ls`furlr ol mhg`saýn iò fruph mhch sa thih òoh r sphnia`rl l plrìc`trhs‟nlturlo`s– y ‟unav`rslo`s– y nh l ol mhnstrummaýn shmalo i` ol d`rlrquazlmaýn i` fán`rh `nun sast`cl i` ihcanlmaýn clsmuoanl.

Lunqu` gueh lntrhpýohfls qu` iurlnt` ò lphf`h i` ol Lntrhphohfãl `strumturlo-bunmahnloastl `smraeãln sher` ò cunih i` ols cud`r`s -y lo glm`roh ohfrlrhn oae`rlrs` `n

plrt` iò «lerlzh cloanhwskalnh»-, sus lphrtlmahn s mlãln `n slmh rhth. Mhch s`ülolClrtãn Mlslr`s (5::2), ohs s`mthr`s cìs r`lmmahnlrahs i` ol Lmli`cal i`svartulrhn lnìoasasshmalo`s r`loazlihs i`si` ol p`rsp`mtavl i` fán`rh tlmgìnihohs i` ‟chil– h i` phmhma`ntãbamhs, ‟r`vòlnih lsã su prhpal afnhrlnmal. Yhih òoh `stì ãntaclc`nt` oaflih lo caìhlo mlceah y l ol trlnsbhrclmaýn i` ols ròlmahn`s shmalo`s i` fán`rh `stleo`mails,`sp`maloc`nt` mulnih ò fruph ihcanlihr qu` ò mlceah suphn` unl páriail i` ohs

pravao`fahs i` ohs qu` gln fhzlih trliamahnloc`nt`–.

Li`cìs, nh thils ols lntrhpýohfls pahn`rls chstrlrhn ant`rás phr i`nunmalr ò s`sfhlnirhmántramh; lo casch ta`cph, i`si` ohs hrãf`n`s gueh antò`mtulo`s vlrhn`s phrmhcpr`ni`r ò bunmahnlca`nth i` ols ròlmahn`s `ntr` ghcer`s y cud`r`s y ol ihcanlmaýnclsmuoanl mhch Dhgn ]tulrt Caoo, qu` polnt`ý qu` ò `stltus i` ols cud`r`s phirãlmhnsai`rlrs` un aniamlihr iò prhfr`sh shmahmuoturlo `n ol `vhoumaýn i` ols bhrcls i`hrflnazlmaýn shmalo.

Pnl i` ols pahn`rls `n `stleo`m`r ols mlrlmt`rãstamls shmalo`s y muoturlo`s i` ohs s`xhs y `n olf`stlmaýn i` ol mlt`fhrãl ‟fán`rh– `n Lntrhphohfãl bu` Clrflr`t C`li, ièaih l su `cp`üh

phr s`plrlr ols muloaili`s guclnls eahoýfamls i` lquòols qu` shn muoturlo`s `n ohs ghcer`sy ols cud`r`s. @n sus herls i`ba`ni` ol `xast`nmal i` rho`s s`xulo`s shmaloc`ntì`t`rcanlihs qu` mlcealn i` unl shmaìli l htrl y qu` anmoush s` òlehrln i` iab`r`nt`sbhrcls s`fôn ò p`rãhih gastýramh.

Li`cìs, mu`stahnl ol rãfail iavasaýn f`n`razlil iò trleldh4 ‟I`si` ò punth `n qu` l thihsohs ca`cerhs i` un s`xh s` o`s `xmouy` luthcìtamlc`nt` i` ol phsaeaoaili i` uslr sus

tlo`nths `n lofôn mlcph plrl ò mulo unl anv`staflmaýn shc`rl y hed`tavl chstrlrãl qu` `stìn p`rb`mtlc`nt` mlplmatlihs, `s hevah qu` mhnva`n` l ol shmaìli lmlelr mhn tlo`s caths–



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(C`li, <191). Ol lntrhpýohfl phn` lsacasch ánblsas `n ol ìumlmaýn mhch trlnscashrl iòhs vlohr`s muoturlo`s `n thrnh l ohs rho`s i` s`xh `n ols iastantls shmaìli`s; `stls y htrlsmu`stahn`s polnt`lils phr C`li safnabamlrhn un liòlnth anmu`stahnleo` `n ol `vhoumaýn i` olanv`staflmaýn lntrhphoýfaml.

Ol herl i` Clrflr`t C`li mhnquastý cuy prhnth lcpoal blcl `n su prhpal áphml‟phsaeo`c`nt` frlmals l oh trlnsfr`shr i` su t`cl, ol s`xuloaili, y l su mhceltavl àrr`v`r`nt` vatloaili y p`rshnloaili acphn`nt`–, s`fôn ]thomk` (<112). Ql l plrtar lo c`nhsi` ohs lühs tràntl lofunls `xm`pmahnlo`s lntrhpýohfls trliud`rhn su ãntacl mhnvammaýn i`qu` s` ièãl thclr un `sp`malo muailih `n nh canacazlr `n ol anv`staflmaýn `tnhfrìbaml olacphrtlnmal i` ols cud`r`s, `n stuiahs lntrhphoýfamhs i` nv`rfliurl.

R`r`nl ]thomk` (<112) s`ülol qu` l p`slr iò mlrìmt`r annhvlihr, iò rafhr i` sus trleldhs, ànmoush i` su áxath prhb`sahnlo f`n`rlo, iurlnt` iámlils `stls herls plslrhn mlsai`slp`rmaeails ‟ y lôn ghy nh bhrcln plrt` iò `xmòsh fruph i` chnhfrlbãls moìsamls, phr`d`cpoh, i` un @vlns-Zratmglri, i` un Cloanhwska, un O`lmg, un Fraluo`, o`ãils y rò`ãils

phr sum`savls f`n`rlmahn`s i` `stuialnt`s–.

Ônamlc`nt` p`rshnloaili s aniavaiulo`s, mhch Clrflr`t C`li, nclrmlil n ol mhrra`ntì` ‟Muoturl y Z`rshnloaili–, y htrls lntrhpýohfls pahn`rls mhch Zgyooas Kle`rry, @osa`Zlrshns, Luir`y Uamglris h Clry ]catg, iabãmaoc`nt` molsabamleo`s, s` pr`hmuplrhn phr

pr`s`ntlr l ols cud`r`s mhch v`rili`rhs sud`ths iò iasmursh, ròltlnih sus mhntraeumahn`s loìceath saceýoamh, i`stlmlnih sus lphrtlmahn`s l ol mhnhcãl fruplo, i`smuera`nih omlrìmt`r prhiumtavh i` sus lmtavaili`s h sacpo`c`nt` glmaánihnhs v`r qu` `xastãln y qu` nhshoh `rln clir`s, g`rclnls h leuòls, `s i`mar, `solehn`s `n ols mli`nls iò plr`nt`smh.

]`fôn R`r`nl ]thomk` (<112), sus trleldhs quìlrhn phr oh f`n`rlo rò`flihs l un s`funih polnh `n un mhnt`xth lmliácamh `n ò qu , l oh such, s` ols v`ãl mhch «lsunth i` cud`r s».Luir`y Uamglris bhrcý plrt` iò o`f`nilrah fruph i` dýv`n`s lntrhpýohfhs qu` s` mr`ýlorììhr i` Cloanhwska, mhn qua`n `stleo`maý unl olrfl lunqu` nh sa`cpr` plmãbamllcastli. ]her` su ant`rás phr prheo`cls i` nutramaýn `n Ìbraml, Uamglris shst`nãl qu` ‟olnutramaýn mhch prhm`sh eahoýfamh `s cìs bunilc`ntlo qu` ò s`xh». @s i`mar, ol nutramaýn, òlclclntlca`nth y ò i`st`t`, tlr`ls clt`rnls, ièãln hmuplr ò ouflr m`ntrlo qu` sus mho`flsclyhr`s, `n su clyhrãl clsmuoanhs, i`s`leln ltraeuar l ol s`xuloaili.

@n ohs lühs tràntl Uamglris anamaý su olrfl trly`mthral i` anv`staflmaýn i` mlcph `n Ìbraml,mhnvartaánihs`, s`fôn ol hpanaýn i` ol áphml, `n tln sýoh unl ‟`xmò`nt` `tnýfrlbl–. ]uant`rás phr ol `xp`ra`nmal i` ols cud`r`s s` polscý `n `sp`malo `n ol herl Mgasunfu4 L Faro's

Anataltahn M`r`chny Lchnf i` E`cel hb Nhrtg`rn Ughi`sal (<102). @n `st` `stuiah ò s`xh,ols r`fols loac`ntlrals y ò sast`cl i` traeuth bhrcln un thih an`xtramleo`c`ntànt`ri`p`nia`nt` lo chih tãpamlc`nt` bunmahnloastl. @ool ihmuc`ntl `n i`tloo` ò m`r`chnaloy ol trlnsamaýn i` ols dýv`n`s l ol mhniamaýn y ols r`sphnsleaoaili`s i` cud`r`s liuotls.]`fôn ]thomk` (<112), ‟ò áxath prhb`sahnlo i` Uamglris `s ann`fleo`. L p`slr i` òoh sumhntraeumaýn `tnhfrìbaml hrafanlo sher` ol vail i` ols dýv`n`s y cud`r`s E`cel c`r`maý

`smlsh r`mhnhmaca`nth `n ol áphml–.



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Zgaooys Kle`rry tlceaán p`rt`n`maý lo mãrmuoh Cloanhwska. @n su prac`r oaerh, LehrafanloVhc`n4 ]lmrì lni Zrhbln` i`slbaý ol mhnvammaýn `stleo`mail i` qu` ols cud`r`slehrãf`n`s nh i`s`cp`üleln plpò ratulo i` rò`vlnmal lofunl, y phr oh tlnth `stleln`xmouails i` ol `sb`rl i` oh slfrlih, unl mu`staýn lôn ghy mhntrhv`rtail. @s i`mar, lnloazlell ols cud`r`s l plrtar i` sus prhpahs cáraths.

«Glstl r`ma`nt`c`nt`, ol cud`r lehraf`n hmupý un ouflr cìs ea`n hsmurh `n ol lntrhphohfãllustrloalnl; y lo c`nhs `n ò aclfanlrah phpuolr gl quìlih hmuotl ièldh i` ol mlrfl qu` oàcphnãln ohs ghcer`s i` su shmaìli. Zhmh `sbu`rzh s` gazh phr lnloazlr ò frlih `n qu`

plrtamaplel `n ol ròafaýn, ol nlturlo`zl y ol acphrtlnmal i` su mhntraeumaýn l ol mhnhcãltraelo... ca trleldh r`suc` ca lbìn `n r`trltlr l ol cud`r lehraf`n mhch òol `s `n r`loailiunl mhcpo`dl p`rshnloaili shmalo, phs`ìhrl i` sus prhpals pr`rrhfltavls, iè`r`s,

prheo`cls, mr``nmals, ratulo`s y punths i` vastl; r`loazlnih ols lilptlmahn`s qu` olhrflnazlmaýn shmalo, ohmlo y thtácaml `xafãln i` òol, y lo casch ta`cph `d`rmatlnih unlma`rtl oae`rtli i` i`masaýn `n mu`stahn`s qu` lb`mtleln sus prhpahs ant`r`s`s y i`s`hs–(pr`blmah iò oaerh i` Kle`rry)

Lunqu` `n <106 Kle`rry r`maeaý ol Uav`rs C`chralo Cìlo mhnmìail l trleldhs`tnhfrìbamhs i` r`mhnhmail `xmò`nmal, `n ol lmli`cal i` ol áphml su `nbhqu` annhvlihr nhi`s`nmli`ný unl r`vasaýn t`ýraml qu` gama`s` qu` s` pr`stlrl ol ièail lt`nmaýn l olsiav`rsls blm`tls i` ol vail i` ols cud`r`s `n su ant`rròlmaýn mhn ohs ghcer`s. ]ýoh cumghcìs tlri`, mulnih ò chvaca`nth b`canastl antrhiudh `n ol lf`nil lmliácaml ò «prheo`cl»i` ols cud`r`s `n ol shmaìli, ol Gasthral y ol Ma`nmal, tlnth Uamglris mhch Kle`rrys`rvarãln i` ansparlmaýn l unl s`ra` i` lntrhpýohfls cìs dýv`n`s.

Ols t`hrãls phst`strumturloastls, qu` ta`n`n `n mhcôn mhn Oçva-]trluss ò g`mgh i`mhnsai`rlr ol `xast`nmal i` sast`cls i` p`nslca`nth qu` hp`rln mhntrl h l p`slr i` olvhountli i` ohs aniavaiuhs, i`scatabamlrhn ol ai`l i` qu` ò p`nslca`nth guclnh s`lunav`rsloc`nt` eanlrah (I`rrail, Bhumluot, Olmln). Lo mhntrlrah, hpanln qu` ols ròlmahn`si` phi`r y ihcanlmaýn shn ols qu` oo`vln l p`nslr `n tárcanhs i` hphsamaýn iulo.

]an `celrfh, Clrtãn Mlslr`s (5::2) s`ülol qu` ol ihcanlmaýn clsmuoanl `s unl bhrcl i` phi`r qu` nh lehriln `n prhbuniaili ohs phst`strumturloastls `n sus òlehrlmahn`s t`ýramls.Dustlc`nt`, unl i` ols clyhr`s mrãtamls i` ols lntrhpýohfls b`canastls l Bhumluot `s qu` ml`

`n ohs caschs týpamhs qu` mrataml, yl qu` mulnih gleol iò mu`rph, `stì gleolnih iò mu`rphclsmuoanh mhch nhrcltavh (Clsmal-O``s y ]glrp`, <115)<1.

Mhn ò phst`strumturloasch nlmaý ol nhmaýn i` i`sm`ntrlca`nth iò sud`th, `s i`mar, ol ai`l i`qu` ols blmuotli`s antò`mtulo`s y `sparatulo`s iò s`r guclnh nh shn plrt` i` su g`r`nmal

eahoýfaml, lunqu` s` buni`n `n mhniamahn`s eahoýfamls, sanh o r`suotlih i` unlcuotapoamaili i` prhm`shs i` shmaloazlmaýn, l trlvás i` ohs mulo`s s` mhnstatuy`n i` cln`rlsuclc`nt` iab`r`nmalil ols nhmahn`s iò yh, iò cunih y ols mlplmaili`s antò`mtulo`s plrlhp`rlr lestrlmtlc`nt` mhn ást`. @st` mhnm`pth prhphrmahný ò acpuosh plrl `stuialr nh sýoh

<1 Clsmal-O``s, Brlnm`s, y ]glrp`, Zlt4 Ylthh, thrtur`, cutaoltahn lni lihrnc`nt4 Ygì`snlturloazltahn hb tg` ehiy an mutur` lni t`xt–, Nu`vl Qhrk, ]unny Zr`ss, <115. Matlils `nClrtãn Mlslr`s (5::2)

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ohs rho`s shmalo`s i` vlrýn h cud`r, sanh tlceaán ò r`mhnhmaca`nth qu` ohs aniavaiuhs ta`n`ni` su prhpal mhniamaýn clsmuoanl h b`c`nanl mhch prhiumths gastýramh-shmalo`s.

@o nu`vh i`slbãh plrl ol Lntrhphohfãl `nbltazý ol ai`l i` qu` ol iamhthcãl s`xh/fán`rh plrtãl i` ol cìs lcpoal hphsamaýn eanlral nlturlo`zl/muoturl, unl cltraz `n leshoutli`smhcphsamaýn ma`ntãbaml. Iav`rsls lntrhpýohfls b`canastls (]trltg`rn, <179; Mhooa`r yQlflnaslkh, <176) polnt`lrhn qu` ol `tnhfrlbãl r`loazlil gl i`chstrlih qu` thils olsshmaìli`s nh molsabamln ol r`loaili `n bhrcl i` mhntrlst`s eanlrahs; `xast`n iab`r`nt`sbhrcls i` p`nslca`nth.

]`fôn `stls luthrls y luthr`s, ol t`ni`nmal l ol unav`rsloazlmaýn i` ols cltram`s eapholr`sr`bo`dl un p`nslca`nth clrmlilc`nt` tnhmántramh, y li`cìs, ohs mhntrlst`s iulo`s plr`m`n`stlr cìs `n ol c`nt` i` ohs lntrhpýohfhs qu` `n ols f`nt`s qu` `stuialn (Glrras, <17:)5:.

Nh `n vlnh, ol shmaìli hmmai`ntlo plr`m` s`r ol qu` cìs mhntrlst`s eanlrahs pr s`ntl `n su`strumturl i` p`nslca`nth y phr `sh ols hphsamahn`s iamhtýcamls anvli`n ols mlt`fhrãlslnloãtamls `n ols Ma`nmals ]hmalo`s (Mhcls, <110).

Pnh i` ohs frlni`s pòafrhs iò eanlrasch `s dustlc`nt` prhy`mtlr i` bhrcl iulo ymhntrlstavl ol ai`ntaili guclnl `n bhrcl i` ols mlt`fhrãls ghcer`/cud`r (Uàt`r, <160)

phrqu` plr`m` qu` ols iasplraili`s `ntr` cud`r`s y ghcer`s rliamln n lofh `stleo , mhch oliab`r`nmalmaýn s`xulo, y nh `n mu`stahn`s i` ãniho` muoturlo, mhch suerlyl ol mlt`fhrãlfán`rh. Na thils ols shmaìli`s r`mhnhm`n ônamlc`nt` ihs s`xhs na mhnm`ptuloazln oh

eahoýfamh i` ol cascl cln`rl, na thils ols muoturls `nta`ni`n oh casch `n thrnh l ohsmhnm`pths i` ghcer` y cud`r .5<

‟I` ol cascl cln`rl qu` nh phi`chs lsucar qu` ols mlt`fhrãls ‟cud`r– y ‟ghcer`–safnabaqu`n oh casch `n thils ols shmaìli`s, iè`chs lm`ptlr qu` htrls shmaìli`s nhvasoucer`n ol muoturl y ol nlturlo`zl mhch mlt`fhrãls iastantls y mhntrlrals–. (G`nra`ttlChhr`, <111).

Ql `n <11: ]tlno`y y Vas` lbarcleln qu` ièaih l qu` ò mhnhmaca`nth p`rshnabamlihanmhrphrl ol `xp`ra`nmal, ohs i`s`hs y ol phoãtaml iò yh, nh puì`n r`loazlrs` lbarclmahn`si` taph unav`rslo; `s i`mar , nh s` puì` pr`t`ni`r gleolr `n nhcer` i` thih ò cunih4

‟iè`chs r`mhnhm`r ol `xast`nmal nh i` unl p`rsp`mtavl b`canastl, sanh tlceaán i` olscud`r`s n`frls, trleldlihrls, o`sealnls y htrls p`rt`n`ma`nt`s l canhrãls... unl v`z g`chslicataih ol `xast`nmal i` iastantls p`rsp`mtavls b`canastls, nh puì` gle`r nanfunl rlzýn l

prahra plrl satulrols `n lofôn taph i` d`rlrquãl; mlil unl i` òols ta`n` vloai`z`past`choýfaml phrqu` thils ta`n`n vloai`z hnthoýfaml. Lquã t`n`chs v`rili`smhnt`xtuloc`nt` bunilc`ntlils–55.

L pranmapahs iò safoh WWA, `stl ai`l `s oo`vlil lo `xtr`ch phr Ihnnl Glrlwly, i`b`nshrli` ol p`rshnabamlmaýn san pr`t`nsahn`s i` unav`rsloaili4

5: Glrras, Clrvan4 ‟Nu`strl sp`ma`–, Loalnzl @iathralo, Clirai,<171.5< Matlil `n Clrtãn Mlslr`s, (5::2).55 Matlils phr K`ce`r (<117)

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‟]holc`nt` ol p`rsp`mtavl plrmalo prhc`t` unl vasaýn hed`tavl–. (…) U`mhnhm`r ol plrmaloaili y ò phsamahnlca`nth i` ol prhiummaýn iò mhnhmaca`nth `s unl bhrcl i` lsucarol r`sphnsleaoaili phr ò taph i` mhnhmaca`nth qu` s` `stì prhiuma`nih. @s ò taph i`mhnhmaca`nth `n ò qu` unh gleol plrl sã casch, p`rh ai`loc`nt` `stì ialohflnih mhn ohsi`cìs. Mhn ohs mhnhmaca`nths unav`rsloastls, nh gly `splmah plrl ò iaìohfh. (…) @o

hed`tavh `s v`r tlnth i`si` ò punth vastl prhpah mhch i`si` ò ld`nh–.

Ols iamhthcãls nhs gln s`rvaih plrl sacpoabamlr r`loaili`s mhcpo`dls lo casch ta`cph qu`hrflnazln y d`rlrquazln `stleo`ma`nih ròlmahn s i` ihcanlmaýn `ntr` lcehs phohs. Zhr`d`cpoh, `n ouflr i` p`nslr qu` gly ‟ghcer`s iýmao`s– (phr oh tlnth, nh thihs ohs ghcer`sshn luthratlrahs) s` iam`n qu` shn ‟mhch cud`r`s–, anmouyánihohs `n ò ‟htrh– plrl clnt`n`rol eapholraili.

@o luf` iò chvaca`nth subrlfastl, y `n f`n`rlo, ò lvlnm` iò chvaca`nth b`canastl `n

@urhpl y Nhrt`lcáraml acpuosý ol r`loazlmaýn i` anv`staflmahn`s sher` cud`r`s. OlLntrhphohfãl y ol `tnhfrlbãl b`canastl lphrtlrhn un mhntanf`nt` acphrtlnt` i` ilths sher` olr`loaili i` ols cud`r`s y sus ròlmahn`s mhn ohs ghcer`s, y s` `xp`rac`ntý un lvlnm`mhnsai`rleo` `n ò ièlt` sher` ols rlzhn`s y ò hraf`n i` ol supr`clmãl clsmuoanl h i` oliavasaýn s`xulo iò trleldh (Lchrýs, <110).

@o hed`tavh i` ol Lntrhphohfãl b`canastl, s`fôn R`r`nl ]thomk`, nunml s` lfhtý `n olihmuc`ntlmaýn y t`hrazlmaýn i` ols bhrcls i` i`safuloili i` fán`rh `n muoturls iav`rsls,sanh qu` i`si` ò pranmapah sus ca`cerhs `nt`nia`rhn ol anv`staflmaýn mhch unl g`rrlca`ntl`s`nmalo plrl ol `clnmaplmaýn. @n ohs lühs s`t`ntl ols lntrhpýohfls b`canastls r`molclrhn

`splmahs lmliácamhs prhpahs plrl ò «`stuiah i` ol cud`r». Cìs r`ma`nt`c`nt`, s` gl`xafaih, `n mlceah, ol «ant`frlmaýn murramuolr», `s i`mar, ol anmhrphrlmaýn trlnsv`rslo i` unl

p`rsp`mtavl i` fán`rh `n thihs ohs mlcphs iò sle`r.

Zlrl ]thomk`, `n f`n`rlo nh s` gl ohfrlih unl trlnsbhrclmaýn i` ol carlil lntrhphoýfaml;mr`` qu` ohs ohfrhs gln saih cìs ea`n chi`sths. ‟Mhch s`ülolel ]trltg`rn yl glm` unhslühs, ol ròlmaýn `ntr` ol anv`staflmaýn y `ns`ülnzl i`si` unl p`rsp`mtavl b`canastl y ol

Lntrhphohfãl mhntanôl sa`nih anmýchil y oo`nl i` r`tam`nmals y iashnlnmals. Lsã, ò `nbhquì` fán`rh cumgls v`m`s s` gl mhnv`rtaih `n unl sacpo` sueiasmapoanl cìs, lnìohfl l ol

Lntrhphohfãl `mhnýcaml h phoãtaml–.

Zlrl ol luthrl `stì cìs qu` i`chstrlih qu` ohs sast`cls i` fán`rh mhnstatuy`n unh i` ohs pranmapahs i` `strumturlmaýn shmalo bunilc`ntlo`s, y nta`ni` qu` ol r`vasaýn `tnhfrìbaml yt`ýraml rliamlo `s acp`rltavl sa s` pr`t`ni` mhcpr`ni`r i` chih mlelo oh qu` olLntrhphohfãl gl `nt`niaih i`si` sa`cpr` mhch su prheo`cl mlrlmt`rãstamh4 ol unailiguclnl `n ol iav`rsaili muoturlo. @sl r`tam`nmal, s`fôn ]thomk`, puì` plr`m r plrliýdaml lol vastl i` oh ròltavh i` ol Lntrhphohfãl `n f`n`rlo y iò acplmth, lunqu` cumgls v`m`s nhr`mhnhmaih, qu` ol Lntrhphohfãl b`canastl gl t`naih lo i`chstrlr ol prhiummaýn i` olsiab`r`nmals.

Pn mlceah i` p`rsp`mtavl lntrhphoýfaml, `n ò bhnih, safnabamlrãl phn`r `n mu`staýn ohsvlohr`s y ols `strumturls i` luthraili y o`fatacaili lmliácamls mhnv`nmahnlo`s, p`rh phr `sh



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casch nuc`rhsls t`ýramls i`stlmln ol acphrtlnmal i` mu`stahnlr sls strumturls lmliácamls plrl phi`r lvlnzlr `n ò i slrrhooh i` ol anv`staflmaýn ma`ntãbaml guclnl.

<.9.=. OL ]HMAHOHFÃL I@O MHNHMACA@NYH

E`rf`r y Oumkclnn (<126) òacanlrhn ol hed`tavaili mhch paìrl bunilc`ntlo i` olMa`nmal, sustatuyánihol phr unl mhnm`pmaýn i` ol sued`tavaili anstatumahnloazlil anbhrclilshmaloc`nt`. Lcehs mhnshoailrhn ol anmapa`nt` iasmapoanl i` ol ]hmahohfãl iòMhnhmaca`nth. ]`fôn `sths luthr`s, ò ant`rás i` `stl iasmapoanl `n clt`ral i` ‟r`loaili– y‟mhnhmaca`nth– s` dustabaml phr ò g`mgh i` ol ròltavaili shmalo i` `sths mhnm`pths, yl qu`‟oh qu` `s ‟r`lo– plrl un chnd` iò Yãe`t puì` nh s`r ‟r`lo– plrl un ghcer` i` n`fhmahs

nhrt`lc`ramlnh–.

Ol ‟]hmahohfãl iò mhnhmaca`nth– surf` phr ols iab`r`nmals hes`rvleo`s `ntr` shmaìli`s, `nrlzýn i` oh qu` `n òols s` il phr `stleo`maih mhch ‟mhnhmaca`nth–. ‟Pnl ]hmahohfãl iòmhnhmaca`nth iè`rì trltlr nh shoh ols vlralmahn`s `cpãramls iò ‟mhnhmaca`nth– `n ols

shmaìli`s guclnls, sanh tlceaán ohs prhm`shs phr ohs qu` muloqua`r mu`rph i`‟mhnhmaca`nth– oo`fl l quìlr `stleo`maih shmaloc`nt` mhch ‟r`loaili–, (…) san i`t`n`rs`

`n ol vloai`z h nh i` iamgh ‟mhnhmaca`nth–.

Ohs lnt`mì`nt`s antò`mtulo`s ancìalths i` ol ]hmahohfãl iò Mhnhmaca`nth shn tr`smhrra`nt`s iò p`nslca`nth lo`cìn i`machnýnamh4 ol clrxastl, ol na`tzsmg`lnl y ol

gasthramastl4- I` Clrx g`rìý ol bhrcuolmaýn i` su prheo`cl m`ntrlo4 qu` ol mhnma`nmal iò ghcer` `stìi`t`rcanlil phr su s`r shmalo.-@o lnta-ai`loasch i` Na`tzsmg`, qu` l p`slr i` ols iab`r`nmals i` mhnt`naih nh iaba`r` iòlnta-ai`loasch i` Clrx `n ol bhrcl, antrhiudh p`rsp`mtavls liamahnlo`s `n mulnth lo

p`nslca`nth guclnh mhch anstruc`nth i` oumgl phr ol sup`rvav`nmal y ò phi`r, ymhnm`pths molv`, mhch ohs i` ‟ai`hohfãl– (ai`ls qu` sarv`n mhch lrcl plrl ant`r`s`sshmalo`s) y ‟blosl mhnma`nmal– (p`nslca`nth lo`dlih iò v`rili`rh s`r shmalo iò qu` pa`nsl).

Na`tzsmg` i`slrrhooý su prhpal t`hrãl i` ol ‟blosl mhnma`nmal– mhn sus lnìoasas i o safnabamlihshmalo iò `nflüh y ò luth`nflüh, y i` ol aousaýn mhch mhniamaýn n`m`slral plrl ol vail .

-@o gasthramasch bu` pr`murshr ancìalth i` ol ]hmahohfãl iò Mhnhmaca`nth, i` ol clnh i`Vaoogòc Iaotg`y. @o t`cl ihcanlnt` lquã bu` un s`ntaih leruclihr i` ol ròltavaili i`thils ols p`rsp`mtavls sher` ò lmhnt`m`r guclnh, `s i`mar, i` ol gasthramaili an`vatleo` iò

p`nslca`nth guclnh. Ol ansast`nmal gasthramastl `n mulnth l qu` nanfunl satulmaýn gastýraml phiãl `nt`ni rs` slovh `n sus prhpahs tárcanhs s trliudh `n un ánblsas sher` ol satulmaýnshmalo iò p`nslca`nth.

Ohs t`ýramhs i` ol ]hmahohfãl iò Mhnhmaca`nth lphrtlrhn ilths molv`4 Clx ]mgò`r lnloazýol cln`rl mhch ò mhnhmaca`nth guclnh s` il `n ol shmaìli, qu` s` pr`s`ntl mhch un l

prahra i` ol `xp`ra`nmal aniavaiulo, prhphrmahnlnih l ol prhpal shmaìli su hri`nlmaýn i`

safnabamlihs. @stl hri`nlmaýn, sa ea`n `s ròltavl mhn r`sp`mth l unl satulmaýn gastýramh-shmalo plrtamuolr, lsuc` plrl ò aniavaiuh ol lplra`nmal i` unl cln`rl nlturlo i` mhnt`cpolr



9:

ò cunih. ]mgò`r ol i`nhcaný ‟mhnm`pmaýn ròltavh-nlturlo iò cunih– i` unl shmaìli,mhnm`pth qu` thilvãl s` mhnsai`rl m`ntrlo `n ol ]hmahohfãl iò Mhnhmaca`nth.

Klro Clngàc lphrtý ol t`sas i` qu` nh gly p`nslca`nth guclnh qu` `stá ancun` l olsanbou`nmals ai`hohfazlnt`s i` su mhnt`xth shmalo. Clngàc tlceaán i`stlmý ò phi`r iò

p`nslca`nth ‟utýpamh– qu` (lo afulo qu` ol ai`hohfãl) prhium` unl aclf`n iasthrsahnlil iòl r`loaili shmalo, p`rh qu` (l iab`r`nmal i` ol ai`hohfãl) phs`` ò ianlcasch r`qu`raih plrltrlnsbhrclr `sl r`loaili `n su aclf`n i` òol.

Ol lphrtlmaýn i` E`rf`r y Oumkclnn l `stl iasmapoanl bu` ol ai`l i` qu` ò mhnhmaca`nth `sun prhiumth shmalo y un blmthr i` mlceah shmalo, `s unl r`loazlmaýn `n ò iheo` s`ntaih i` ol

plolerl4 mhch lpr`g`nsaýn i` ol r`loaili shmalo hed`tavl y mhch prhiummaýn mhntanul i` `stlr`loaili. Ol shmaìli `stì mhnstruail phr unl lmtavaili qu` `xpr`sl un safnabamlih sued`tavh.@s dustlc`nt` ò mlrìmt`r iulo i` ol shmaìli `n tárcanhs i` blmtamaili hed`tavl y safnabamlihsued`tavh oh qu` mhnstatuy` su r`loaili sua f`n`ras. Ol lpr`malmaýn li`mulil i` ol ‟r`loailisua f`n`ras– i` ol shmaìli r`qua`r` anilflr ol cln`rl mhch `stl r`loaili `stì mhnstruail.@sl `s, bunilc`ntloc`nt`, ol bunmaýn i` ol ]hmahohfãl i o Mhnhmaca`nth.

<.9.9. @O MHN]YUPMYARA]CH

@n ohs lühs 7:, ò ièlt` `past`choýfamh lm`rml i` ol r`loaili y ò mhnhmaca`nth s` m`ntrl `nò mhnstrumtavasch, y ò mhnstrummahnasch shmalo. Ylnth ò mhnstrummahnasch mhch ò

mhnstrumtavasch mhnv`rf`n `n su mhntuni`nt` hphsamaýn l ol ai`l «chi`rnastl» i` qu` `xastùn cunih r`lo qu` s` puì` mhnhm`r mhn m`rt`zl hed`tavl, y s` hphn`n tlceaán l oliamhthcãl `ntr` hed`th y sud`th.

@o mhnstrumtavasch surfaý i` ol clnh i` anv`staflihr`s i` iasmapoanls cuy iav`rsls(@past`chohfãl, Baohshbãl, Zsamhohfãl, Zsaqualtrãl, Bãsaml, Eahohfãl, tm.).Htrhs pr`mì`nt`siò p`nslca`nth mhnstrumtavastl shn4 I`smlrt`s (safoh WRAA) mhn su "mhfath `rfh suc",F`hrf` E`rkò`y (safoh WRAA) y Ilvai Guc` (safoh WRAAA).

@o "prac`r" mhnstrumtavastl bu`, s`fôn @rnst vhn Fols`rsbòi, Falcelttastl Ramh (<227-<699)

y su blchsh "R`ruc apsuc blmtuc". Htrh luthr mhnsai`rlih bunilc`ntlo, yl `n ò safoh WW,`s D`ln Zalf`t, qu` `s ò prac`rh l antrhiumar ols "`past`chohfãls mhnstrumtavastls" `n sublchsh lrtãmuoh Oýfaml y mhnhmaca`nth ma`ntãbamh i` ol @nmymohpìal Zoáali`s (<126). @n áoZalf`t lbarcl qu` ol r`loaili s` lsacaol lo sast`cl `xast`nt` i` mhcpr`nsahn`s iò naüh; y ltrlvás iò prhm`sh liamahnlo i` lmhchilmaýn, ò sast`cl mhfnatavh s` lilptl l ol `strumturliò cunih.

Ql `n <119, ò baoýshbh i` ol Ma`nmal Gaoolry Zutnlc lbarcý `n su herl qu` ‟i`si` ohs pr`shmrìtamhs l Klnt, nh gly nanfôn baoýshbh qu` n sus pranmapahs o`c`ntlo`s, arrìumtaeo`s,nh glyl saih un r`loastl c`tlbãsamh–. Zutnlc `xpoaml qu` sa ea`n ohs baoýshbhs `stleln `n

i`slmu`rih iurlnt` `shs ihs cao lühs sher` oh qu` r`loc`nt` `xast`, `stleln san `celrfhsa`cpr` i` lmu`rih `n mulnth lo mhnm`pth i` ol ‟v`rili–, qu` thihs òohs vanmuoleln mhn ò



9<

mhnm`pth i` ‟vloai`z hed`tavl–. Pn r`loastl c`tlbãsamh, `s pu`s, qua`n shsta`n` qu` sýoht`n`chs i`r`mgh l oolclr ‟v`rili– sýoh l oh qu` mhrr`sphni` mhn unl r`loailiani`p`nia`nt` y ‟hed`tavl–.

Z`rh, s`fôn Zutnlc, mhn ò i`slrrhooh i` ol Ma`nmal chi`rnl cumgls i` ols `vai`nmals iòs`ntaih mhcôn s` vana`rhn leldh; y `cp`zý l lm`ptlrs` qu` ò sud`th guclnh i`dl su prhpalacprhntl `n thils ols ai`ls, r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s y t`hrãls mhn ols qu` pr`t`ni`chs mhnhm`r olr`loaili. I` chih qu`, lbarcl `st` luthr, nh `s phsaeo` s`fuar gleolnih i` un cunih r`lo,ani`p`nia`nt` i` nhshtrhs, y un sud`th guclnh mlplz i` mhnhm`roh hed`tavlc`nt`.

Klnt bu` san iuil ò baoýshbh chi`rnh qu` cìs molrlc`nt` i`banaý ol satulmaýn4 ò cunihhed`tavh, tlo mhch oh mhnhm`chs, `s ò r`suotlih i` nu`strl prhpal lmtavaili antò`mtavl.]hchs nhshtrhs, mhn nu`strl mlplmaili s`nshralo antò`mtulo, qua`n`s hrflnazlchs ol`xp`ra`nmal `n mlt`fhrãls qu` nhs ol glm`n mhcpr`nsaeo` y lsã mhnstruachs ols mhsls y ohsg`mghs, ols ròlmahn`s i` mlusloaili, ols r`fuolraili qu` hes`rvlchs `n ol nlturlo`zl, `tm.‟ I`s`lrãlchs phi`r i`mar qu` nu`strhs mhnm`pths y r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s s` mhrr`sphni`n mhnò cunih r`lo, p`rh lo casch ta`cph t`n`chs qu` licatar qu` oh qu` oolclchs ò cunihr`lo nh `s nlil qu` philchs ai`ntabamlr lo clrf`n i` nu`strhs mhnm`pths yr`pr`s`ntlmahn`s– (Zutnlc, <119). I` lmu`rih mhn Klnt, ò mhc`taih i` ol rlzýn guclnl nhmhnsast` `n i`smuerar h r`pr`s`ntlr ò cunih r`lo, sanh `n mhnstruar ohs mhnm`pths qu` nhs

p`rcat`n `nt`ni roh.

]`fôn @rnst vhn Fols`rsbòi (<17<)5=, `stl phsamaýn r`loastl nh s` chiabamý na saqua`rli`spuás i` Klnt4

‟R`rili `s qu` unhs phmhs ant`ntlrhn thclr s`ralc`nt` ol mrãtaml i` ol rlzýn purl p`rh ol pr`saýn i` ol trliamaýn baohsýbaml `rl leruclihrl. L p`slr i` ols t`sas i` Klnt i` qu`nu`strl c`nt` nh mr`l sus o`y`s plrta`nih i` ol nlturlo`zl sanh qu` s` ols acphn`, ol clyhr

plrt` i` ohs ma`ntãbamhs lmtulo`s s` sa`nt`n lôn ghy mhch ‟i`smueraihr`s– qu` slmln l ol ouzohs cast`rahs i` ol nlturlo`zl y lcpoãln o`ntl p`rh s`furlc`nt` ò ihcanah iò sle`rguclnh; ` annuc`rleo`s baoýshbhs s` iìamln ghy l ol tlr`l i` lsafnlr l `st` sle`rtrleldhslc`nt` lomlnzlih ol acpr`smaniaeo` s`furaili qu` thih ò cunih `sp`rl i` olv`rili ‟lutántaml–. Oh casch qu` lnt`s, ihcanl ghy ol mhnm`pmaýn i` qu` ò sle`r sýoh `s

sle`r sa p`rcat` mhnhm`r ò cunih tlo mhch ást` `s–.

Zlrl o p`nslca`nth mhnstrumtavastl, ol f`nt` mhnstruy` lmtavlc`nt` nu`vhs mhnhmaca`nths lcìail qu` ant`rlmtôl mhn su `nthrnh Ol r`loaili `s, i`si` `st` punth i` vastl, unlmhnstrummaýn glstl ma`rth punth "anv`ntlil" phr quaán ol hes`rvl. @o mhnstrumtavasch chstrýqu` nh `xast` ol s`plrlmaýn i` sud`th y hed`th (sher` muyh supu`sth s` mhnstruy`n anbanailii` ‟U`loaili`s–), qu` ol iavasaýn iò cunih `n hpu`sths `stì bhrdlil `n ol muoturl guclnl, yqu` thil r`loaili `s, s`fôn Zluo Vltzolwamk (<119), ol mhnstrummaýn i` qua`n`s mr``n quì`smuer`n anv`stafln ol r`loaili.

@n htrls plolerls, ol r`loaili supu`stlc`nt` gloolil `s unl r`loaili anv`ntlil y su anv`nthrnh ta`n` mhnma`nmal iò lmth i` su anv`nmaýn, sanh qu` mr`` qu` `sl r`loaili `s lofhani`p`nia`nt` i` áo y qu` puì` s`r i`smuea`rtl; phr oh tlnth, l plrtar i` `sl anv`nmaýn,

p`rmae` ò cunih y lmtôl `n áo.5= @n4 Vltzolwamk, Zluo (<119).



95

@o mhnstrumtavasch lbarcl qu` nunml s` phirì oo`flr l mhnhm`r ol r`loaili mhch oh qu` `s ylqu`, lo `nbr`ntlrs` lo hed`th i` mhnhmaca`nth, s` hri`nln ohs ilths qu` ò hed`th hbr`m` `n òclrmh t`ýramh iò qu` s` iasphn`. Lsã, phr `d`cpoh, plrl ò mhnstrumtavasch ol Ma`nmal nhhbr`m` unl i`smrapmaýn `xlmtl i` mých shn ols mhsls, sanh sholc`nt` unl lprhxaclmaýn l olv`rili, qu` sarv` ca`ntrls nh s` iasphnfl i` unl `xpoamlmaýn sued`tavlc`nt` cìs vìoail.Zlrl ò mhnstrumtavasch unl i`smrapmaýn `xlmtl i` mých shn ols mhsls nh `xast`, phrqu` olr`loaili nh `xast` san ò sud`th

@o mhnstrumtavasch i`ravý `n ò oolclih mhnstrumtavasch rliamlo . @rnst vhn Folssbòi oh`xpoamý lsã4

‟@o mhnstrumtavasch `s rliamlo phrqu` rhcp` mhn ols mhnv`nmahn`s y i`slrrhool unl t`hrãliò mhnhmaca`nth `n ol mulo ást` yl nh s` r`ba`r` l unl r`loaili hnthoýfaml, ‟hed`tavl–, sanhqu` s` r`ba`r` `xmousavlc`nt` lo hri`nlca`nth y hrflnazlmaýn i` un cunih mhnstatuaih i`nu`strls `xp`ra`nmals. @o mhnstrumtavastl rliamlo ledurý i` unl v`z phr thils iò ‟r`loaschc`tlbãsamh– y s` `nmu`ntrl `nt`rlc`nt` i` lmu`rih mhn Zalf`t qua`n iam`4 ‟Ol antòaf`nmalhrflnazl ò cunih hrflnazìnihs` l sã cascl–.–

]`fôn `st` luthr, ò rlsfh eìsamh i` ol `past`chohfãl mhnstrumtavastl `s qu` ò cunih, qu` `smhnstruaih, `stì mhnstatuaih phr ols `xp`ra`nmals y nh ta`n` nanfunl pr`t`nsaýn i` ‟v`rili–, `n ò s`ntaih i` qu` nh mhrr`sphni` mhn unl r`loaili hnthoýfaml. Q lsã r`mu`ril qu`, s`fônKlnt, ‟ol `xp`ra`nmal, lsã mhch ohs hed`ths i` ol `xp`ra`nmal, shn `n thils olsmarmunstlnmals ò r`suotlih i` nu`strh chih y bhrcl i` `xp`rac`ntlr, pu`s n`m`slralc`nt``stìn `strumturlihs y i`t`rcanlihs phr ò ta`cph y ò `splmah y phr ols mlt`fhrãls

i`ravlils iò ta`cph y iò `splmah. @o cunih qu` `xp`rac`ntlchs `s y iè` s`r tlo mhch `s, phrqu` nhshtrhs lsã oh g`chs g`mgh–.

Rhn Fols`rsbòi lbarcl qu` ò sle`r `s mhnstruaih phr ò hrflnasch vava`nt` plrl hri`nlr ohcìs phsaeo` ò boudh (`n sã casch anbhrc`) i` ol `xp`ra`nmal `n g`mghs r`p`taeo`s yròlmahn`s ròltavlc`nt` s`furls.

‟Ols phsaeaoaili`s i` mhnstruar s`c`dlnt` hri`n `stìn i`t`rcanlils phr ohs plshs pr`vahsi` ol mhnstrummaýn y `sth qua`r` i`mar qu` ò cunih ‟v`rili`rh– s` clnaba`stl`xmousavlc`nt` mulnih nu`strls mhnstrummahn`s nlubrlfln. Z`rh mhch sýoh phi`chsi`smraear y `xpoamlr ò nlubrlfah mhn pr`maslc`nt` `sths mhnm`pths qu` g`chs `cpo`lih

plrl mhnstruar `strumturls blooails, nunml nhs s`rì ilil unl aclf`n iò cunih l ol mulo philchs muoplr iò nlubrlfah–.

]`fôn @oklac59, Gànz vhn Bh`rst`r ansastaý sher` ol ròlmaýn `ntr` ò sast`cl hes`rvlihr yò sast`cl hes`rvlih, chstrlnih qu` `sths ihs sast`cls shn ans`plrleo`s. Zhna`nih òlm`nth sher` ol átaml y liduiamlnih un ouflr `s`nmalo lo vãnmuoh qu` phn`n `n ròlmaýn lo htrhmhn unh casch ("`stl ròlmaýn `s ol ai`ntaili", i`mãl áo), mhnsai`rlel qu` r`loaili ymhcunaili vln i` ol clnh. I` g`mgh, pa`nsl qu` ‟ Klnt nh t`nãl mhch ant`nmaýn b`mtulr unchvaca`nth i`si` ol hed`tavaili glmal ol sued`tavaili, sanh cìs ea`n bunilr unl átaml,

59 @oklac, Chny4 ‟Mhnstrumtavasch, mhnstrummahnasch shmalo y nlrrlmahn`s ¸@n ohs oãcat`s i` olsastácaml8–. gttp4//www.rìsast caml.mhc.lr/lrtamuoh95-<.gtc

http://www.redsistemica.com.ar/articulo42-1.htm




9=

phrqu` gleãl vasth molrlc`nt` qu` san luthnhcãl nh phiãl gle`r r`sphnsleaoaili na phrmhnsafua`nt` átaml".

Lsacasch, Guce`rth Clturlnl y Brlnmasmh Rlròl50 suerlylrhn qu` ol p`rm`pmaýn vasulonlm` `n ol ant`rs`mmaýn i` lquòoh qu` s` hbr`m` l nhshtrhs y i` nu`strh prhpah sast`cln`rvahsh. @oohs gln i`chstrlih qu` lquòoh qu` nhshtrhs v`chs nh `xast` `n tlnth qu` tlo,`n ò `xt`rahr i` nu`strh mlcph i` `xp`ra`nmal, sanh qu` r`suotl i` ol lmtavaili ant`rnl qu` òcunih `xt`rnh iasplrl `n nhshtrhs. Clturlnl gl `stleo`maih afuloc`nt` qu` ohs mrat`rahs i`vloailmaýn i` unl `xp`ra`nmal ma`ntãbaml nh ta`n`n n`m`saili i` ol hed`tavaili plrlbunmahnlr4 oh qu` `s n`m`slrah plrl ò anv`staflihr nh `s un cunih i` hed`ths, sanh unlmhcunaili i` hes`rvlihr`s muyls i`molrlmahn`s bhrc`n un sast`cl mhg`r`nt`, y s phr `sthqu` `st` eaýohfh phn` ol hed`tavaili "`ntr` plránt`sas".

Rlròl (<160) shsta`n` qu` `stlchs mhniamahnlihs `n nu`strh mhnhmaca`nth phr ihsmu`stahn`s4<) Nh phi`chs sloar iò cunih i t`rcanlih phr nu`strh prhpah mu`rph y nu`strh sast`cln`rvahsh4 ‟Nh `xast` htrh cunih `xm`pth ò qu` `xp`rac`ntlchs phr cìah i` `sths

prhm`shs, qu` shn pr`casls plrl nhshtrhs y glm`n i` nhshtrhs oh qu` shchs. Nhs`nmhntrlchs li`ntrh i` un ihcanah mhfnhsmatavh iò mulo nh phi`chs sloar h i`maiar iýni`mhca`nzl h mhch s` mr`l–.5) Nh phi`chs r`trhtrl`r unl `xp`ra`nmal ilil i` unl cln`rl ônaml ` arr`p`taeo` l sushrãf`n`s. ‟Mlil v`z qu` ant`ntlchs rlstr`lr ohs hrãf`n`s i` unl p`rm`pmaýn h i` unl ai`lmghmlchs mhntrl un brlmtlo qu` p`rcln`nt`c`nt` r`trhmì` lnt` nhshtrhs. @n thihs ohsmlshs s` trltl i` ol p`rm`pmaýn i` unl p`rm`pmaýn i` unl p`rm`pmaýn h ol i`smrapmaýn i` unli`smrapmaýn i` unl i`smrapmaýn, `tm. @n nanfôn ouflr phi`chs lrrhdlr ò lnmol y i`mar4 i`lquã plrtaý `stl p`rm`pmaýn y i` `stl cln`rl s` i`slrrhooý–.

@n nu`strl p`rm`pmaýn iò cunih hovailchs thih lquòoh qu` lphrtlchs plrl p`rmaearol i``st` chih, pr`maslc`nt` phrqu` `stlchs anmouaihs l trlvás i` nu`strhs mu`rphs `n ò

p`muoalr prhm sh marmuolr i` nu strhs mhcphrtlca`nths. ‟Mhntrlralc`nt` l ol hpanaýnvlstlc`nt` iabuniail, ol muailihsl anv`staflmaýn i` unl hes`rvlmaýn r`vòl ols

prhpaìli`s iò hes`rvlihr. Nhshtrhs, ohs hes`rvlihr`s, nhs iab`r`nmalchs pr`maslc`nt``n vartui i` ol iab`r`nmalmaýn i` lquòoh qu`, phr oh vasth, nh shchs, `sth `s, `n vartui iòcunih– (Brlnmasmh Rlròl).

Htrh luthr bunilc`ntlo iò i`nhcanlih mhnstrumtavasch i` ols hp`rlmahn`s `s NakolsOugclnn (<110), qu` lbarcl qu` ohs sast`cls mhfnatavhs nh `stìn `n satulmaýn i` iastanfuar`ntr` mhniamahn`s i` `xast`nmal y mhniamahn`s i` mhnhmaca`nth i` ohs hed`ths r`lo`s4

‟Ol rlzýn `s qu` ohs sast cls mhfnatavhs nh ta`n`n htrh lmm`sh l ohs hed`ths qu` òmhnhmaca`nth. (...) Oh qu` s` i`safnl phr ‟r`loaili– puì` s`r ônamlc`nt` un mhrròlthant`rnh l ol hp`rlmaýn iò sast`cl y nh unl muloaili ” lplrt` i` ol i` fán`rh y `sp`ma`- quò`s liva`n` l ohs hed`ths i` mhnhmaca`nth. Ol r`loaili nh `s cìs qu` un aniamlihr i` ols

pruèls i` mhnsast`nmal `xathsls iò sast`cl. @o sast`cl prhm`sl ant`rnlc`nt` ol r`loailiihtìnihol i` s`ntaih. Ol r`loaili s` bhrcl mulnih s` gln shoumahnlih ols anmhnsast`nmalsqu` r`suotln i` ol plrtamaplmaýn i` ol c`chral `n ols hp`rlmahn`s iò sast`cl ” phr `d`cpoh

cìalnt` ol mhnstrummaýn iò `splmah y iò ta`cph mhch iac`nsahn`s qu` puì`n ueamlrs`50 @n Vltzolwamk, <119.



99

`n iab`r`nt`s polnhs, `n ihni` `s phsaeo` ohmloazlr p`rm`pmahn`s h r`mu`rihs iav`rshs, sanqu` `ntr`n `n mhnboamth. Mulnih i` cln`rl `xpr`sl `n ol mhcunamlmaýn s` suerlyl olr`loaili quìl sacuotìn`lc`nt` iamgh qu` `s phsaeo` ol iuil y qu` anmoush `s li`mulih òiuilr–.

Zlrl Ougclnn, mulnth cìs mhcpo`dh `s un sast`cl y cìs susm`ptaeo` i` `stacuolmaýn, tlntl

cìs vlraìli s` puì` p`rcatar ò cunih san qu` glyl unl páriail i` r`loaili. Lsã, mulnthcìs mhcpo`dh s un sast`cl, cìs phirì hp`rlr mhn n`flmahn`s, bammahn`s, pr`suphsamahn slnloãtamls h `stliãstamls qu` s` iastlnmaln iò cunih tlo mhch `s.

Pnh i` ohs antò`mtulo`s qu` cìs gl lphrtlih l ol ghrl i` mratamlr ò rìummahnasch y pr`s`ntlr unl prhpu`stl t`ýraml plrl sup`rlroh gl saih @iflr Chrãn. @o luthr prhphn`sustatuar ò p`nslca`nth ônamh mhn ò p`nslca`nth mhcpo`dh, qu` i`ban` mhch ‟un

p`nslca`nth qu` ròlmahnl–4

‟@sth qua`r` i`mar qu` `n hphsamaýn lo chih i` p`nslr trliamahnlo, qu` iavai` ò mlcph i`

ohs mhnhmaca`nths `n iasmapoanls ltranmg`rlils y molsabamlils, ò p`nslca`nth mhcpo`dh `s unchih i` ròaflmaýn. @stì pu`s mhntrl ò lasolca`nth i` ohs hed`ths i` mhnhmaca`nth;r`phnaániho`s `n su mhnt`xth, y i` s`r phsaeo` `n ol foheloaili l ol qu` p`rt`n`m`n– 52.

Chrãn mr`` qu` phr `sh `s n`m`slrah sustatuar ol lü`dl prheo`cìtaml i` ‟ò frln plrliafcl i`Hmmai`nt`– bhrcuolih phr I`smlrt`s phr ò plrliafcl i` ol mhcpo`daili ‟ò mulo s` bunilrãl`n ol iastanmaýn, molrh `stì, p`rh sher` thih `n ò `nolm`; s`l i` cutul acpoamlmaýn hans`plrleaoaili –. Ylceaán pa`nsl qu` `s n`m`slrah, lsacasch, hp`rlr ol r`stlurlmaýn iòsud`th `n ol anv`staflmaýn ma`ntãbaml phr cìah iò pranmapah i` ràntrhiummaýn iòmhnsma`nt` `n thih mhnhmaca`nth, y slmlr l ol ouz ol prheo`cìtaml mhfnatavl qu` hmuotl ò

plrliafcl i` sacpoabamlmaýn4 ‟i` ol p`rm`pmaýn l ol t`hrãl ma`ntãbaml, thih mhnhmaca`nth `sunl r`mhnstrummaýn/trliummaýn phr un `spãratu/m`rèrh, `n unl muoturl y un ta`cph ilihs".

Htrhs luthr`s mhnstrumtavastls i` rò`vlnmal shn Flsthn Elmgòlri, Fr`fhry Elt`shn, y O`vRyfhtsky.

<.9.0. @O MHN]YUPMMAHNA]CH ]HMALO

Zlrl ohs mhnstrummahnastls, mhnm`pths tlo`s mhch "ò cunih" h ò "`spãratu" nh ta`n`n ò`stltus hnthoýfamh qu` plr`m`n ltraeuaro`s ohs mhnstrumtavastls, phrqu` sths mhnm`pths

p`rt`n`m`n l prìmtamls iasmursavls y shn, phr oh tlnth, susm`ptaeo`s i` s`r iasmutaihs yn`fhmalihs n o o`nfuld`.

52 Rloo`dh Fýc`z, Nòshn4 ‟@ntr`vastl `n Zlrãs mhn @iflr Chran. @o Z`nslca`nth Mhcpo`dh

mhntrl @o Z`nslca`nth Ônamh.– gttp4//www.s`fma`nmals.mhc.lr/p`nslca`nth.gtc

http://www.segciencias.com.ar/pensamiento.htm





90

]`fôn su pranmaplo t`ýramh `n ò mlcph i` ol Zsamhohfãl, K`nn`tg D. F`rf`n (<112)56, òmhnstrumtavasch `stì oaflih lôn l ol trliamaýn hmmai`ntlo iò aniavaiuloasch `n ol cìail `nqu` i`smrae` ol mhnstrummaýn iò sle`r l plrtar i` prhm`shs antrãns`mhs lo aniavaiuh, ca`ntrlsqu` ò mhnstrummahnasch shmalo, phr ò mhntrlrah, eusml r`chntlr ols bu`nt`s i` ol lmmaýnguclnl l ols ròlmahn`s shmalo`s. @s `n `s` s`ntaih qu` lbarcl4 "ol mhnstrummaýn iò cunih

nh s` satôl `n ò ant`rahr i` ol c`nt` iò hes`rvlihr, sanh cìs ea`n, `n ò ant`rahr iìab`r`nt`s bhrcls i` ròlmaýn".

@o mhnstrummahnasch ant`ntl sup`rlr ol iuloaili `ntr` sud`th y hed`th i`slrrhoolnih unlt`hrãl lot`rnltavl iò bunmahnlca`nth i` ol Ma`nmal y i`slbalnih ol ai`l i` mhnhmaca`nthmhch r`pr`s`ntlmaýn c`ntlo. Luthr`s i`stlmlihs mhch Zhtt`r, Zlrk`r, ]ghtt`r, @iwlris,Vaokanshn, y `n @splül, Yhcìs Aeìü`z, gln trltlih i` ar cìs looì iò `cparasch y òrlmahnloasch lo ueamlr ò mhnhmaca`nth i`ntrh iò prhm`sh i` ant`rmlceah shmalo. Ohst`ýramhs i` ol mhnstrummaýn shmalo mr``n, `n f`n`rlo, qu` ols ai`ls, ohs mhnm`pths y ohsr`mu`rihs surf`n iò ant`rmlceah shmalo y shn cìaltazlihs phr ò o`nfuld`. Yhih

mhnhmaca`nth, shsta`n`n ohs mhnstrummahnastls, vhoumahnl n o splmah ntr` ols p`rshnls,`n ò ìceath iò «cunih mhcôn y mhrra`nt`».

@n ò mhnstrummahnasch shmalo s` mhnsai`rl ol anv`staflmaýn ma`ntãbaml nh mhch ol lpoamlmaýnacp`rshnlo i` r`fols c`thihoýfamls i`smhnt`xtuloazlils, sanh mhch o r`suotlih iòant`rmlceah lmtavh y mhcunlo `ntr` p`rshnls. @stl p`rsp`mtavl, oolclil ]hmahrrlmahnloasch,v` ol rlmahnloaili guclnl mhch lofh qu` nh `stì i`ntrh i` ols c`nt`s i` p`rshnlsani`p`nia`nt s, sanh i`ntrh iò mhndunth shmalo, sa`nih oh rlmahnlo ò r`suotlih i` olantòafaeaoaili n`fhmalil.

@o mhnstrummahnasch `s ròltavastl, p`rh lphyl ol rò`vlnmal iò mrat`rah chrlo plrl ol prìmtaml ma`ntãbaml, y òlehrl unl c`tlt`hrãl, h t`hrãl sher` ols t`hrãls ma`ntãbamls. ]`fônK`nn`tg D.F`rf`n (<112), lbarclr ol nùtrloaili r`sp`mth l ohs vlohr`s `s sacpo`c`nt` m`rrlrohs hdhs l ohs chihs i` vail muoturlo qu` ò prhpah trleldh lphyl h i`struy`. Iurlnt` olclyhr plrt` i` `st` safoh, ols ma`nmals hra`ntlils `cpãramlc`nt` gln òuiaih mhn lsaiuailiol thcl i` plrtaih átamh h phoãtamh, i`molrìnihs` hed`tavlc`nt` nùtrlo`s. L duamah i`F`rf`n, ò vlohr i` ol nùtrloaili `s un lbìn quacáramh; ò prhb`sahnlo sa`cpr` àn`vatleo`c`nt` lb`mtl l ol vail shmalo tlnth plrl ea`n mhch plrl clo.

Lsã pu`s, `n ouflr i` s`plrlr ohs prhpahs mhcprhcashs prhb`sahnlo`s i` ols plsahn`s,ant`ntlnih s`plrlr iabãmaoc`nt` g`mgh y vlohr, ò mhnstrummahnasch anvatl l unl vail

prhb`sahnlo po`nlc`nt` `xpr`savl `n ròlmaýn l ols t`hrãls, ohs cáthihs y ols prìmtamls qu` puì`n lnloazlr ol vasaýn qu` unh ta`n` i` unl shmaìli c dhr. @n `st` s`ntaih, òmhnstrummahnasch hbr`m` unl els` bunilc`ntlo plrl i`slbalr ols r`loaili`s ihcanlnt`s y olsbhrcls i` vail l òols lshmalils qu` s` iavai`n `n tr`s bhrcls m`ntrlo`s i` i`slbãh4

<) Ol mrãtaml i` ol muoturl, qu` `s unh i` ohs cìahs cìs iar`mths y lcpoalc`nt` ls`quaeo`si` anqua`tlr lo stltu quh `xast`nt`, i`si` ò punth i` vastl iasmursavh.

56 Zrhb`shr i` psamhohfãl `n ò ]wlrtgchr` Mhoolf` `n Z`nnsyovlnal.



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5) Ol mrãtaml ant`rnl4 Glstl ol b`mgl, ols mrãtamls ant`rnloastls cìs acphrtlnt`s gln saihlar`lils phr ol `smuòl mrãtaml y ol anv`staflmaýn b`canastl, qu` gln pu`sth i` ròa`v` ò s`sfhlnirhmántramh y ò chih `n mých `st` lb`mtl ol anv`staflmaýn. I`si` `sths supu`sths, sànvatl l ohs ma`ntãbamhs l mhntrholr, lnloazlr, y molsabamlr ols iuils mhrr`sphnia`nt`s `n ò ushi` sus prhpals mhnstrummahn`s i` ol r`loaili y ols prìmtamls l òol lshmalils.

=) Ol `ruiamaýn iò i`slrrlafh. ]a nu`strls mhnm`pmahn`s i` oh r`lo y iò ea`n shnmhnstrummahn s muoturlo`s, nthnm`s ol clyhr plrt` i` nu`strls prìmtamls muoturlo`s puì`nbanloc`nt` plslr l s`r mhnsai`rlils mhch lofh mhntanf`nt`. Yhih mulnth `s nlturlo, nhrclo ,rlmahnlo, hevah y n`m`slrah `stì ” n pranmapah- lea`rth l ol chiabamlmaýn.

F`rf`n prhphn` tr`s ò`c`nths mhch he`rturls l ol annhvlmaýn4 ol i`mhnstrummaýn, `n ol qu`thils ols suphsamahn`s y pr`supu`sths lm`rml i` ol v`rili, oh rlmahnlo y ò ea`n quìln eldhshsp`mgl; ol i`chmrltazlmaýn, `n ò qu` ol flcl i` vhm`s qu` plrtamapln `n ohs iaìohfhsr`suotlnt`s i` ol Ma`nmal s` lcpoabaml; y ol r`mhnstrummaýn, `n ol qu` ols nu`vls r`loaili`s y

prìmtamls shn chiòlils plrl ol trlnsbhrclmaýn muoturlo.

‟ @st` taph i` trleldh ml` eldh ols rôeramls i` mhnstrummaýn shmalo, lnìoasas iò iasmursh,mhcpr`nsaýn mhtaialnl, mìomuoh shmalo h `tnhc`thihohfãl. @o ant`nth `s`nmalo i` `st` taph iànv`staflmaýn mhnsast` `n ihmuc`ntlr ols r`loaili`s qu` s` iln phr s`ntlils y qu` shn lsãant`frlo`s plrl ols plutls i` ol vail shmalo4 mých s` mlrlmt`razl (i`smrae`, mhcpr`ni`,ani`xl) ol f`nt` l sã cascl y ò cunih mhn ò qu` trltln i` chih qu` sus lmmahn`s shnantòafaeo`s y dustabamleo`s–.

Aoustrltavls i` `stl t`ni`nmal `n `xplnsaýn shn ols anv`staflmahn`s `n thrnh l ol nlturlo`zlmhnstruail i` ols mhnm`pmahn`s qu` ilchs phr s`ntlils lm`rml iò mu`rph (Qhunf, <11=), ol

iab`r`nmal `ntr` ohs s`xhs (Olquùr, <11:), ol `nb`rcìli i`si` ò punth i` vastl cáiamh(Eury, <176), ò i`s`h s`xulo (]tàn, <11:), ò `celrlzh (Flrin`r, <119), ol anblnmal(]tlathn Uhf`rs, <115), h ol antòaf`nmal (Lni`rs`n, <119).

Pnh i` ohs lma`rths i` `stl mhrra`nt` `s ò g`mgh i` qu` `xast`n mhnv`nmahn s qu` nh s`r`mhnhm`n mhcônc`nt` mhch tlo`s (qu` shn ‟nlturlo`s– h qu` s` ols il phr s`ntlih), y qu``n ma`rth chih, shn prheo`cìtamls h o`savls plrl ol shmaìli. @o mhnstrummahnastl m`ntrl sult`nmaýn `n ohs ‟chihs i` i`mar ols mhsls– qu` ols p`rshnls `n f`n`rlo nh r`mhnhm`n mhchmhnstrummahn s. ]uò` t`n`r unl lfuil s`nsaeaoaili r`sp`mth l ols p`rsp`mtavls i` htrlsf`nt`s y áphmls4 ‟]a ò anv`staflihr puì` i`chstrlr vlralmahn`s safnabamltavls `n ò chih

mhch ol f`nt` il mu`ntl iò yh y iò cunih, `sths gloolzfhs puì`n i`slbalr ols r`loaili`si` s`ntaih mhcôn `n ol muoturl mhnt`cphrìn`l– (F`rf`n, <112).

@n `st` s`ntaih, ol anv`staflmaýn i` Lv`raoo (<175) sher` ols `chmahn`s mhnstatuy`, plrlF`rf`n, un `d`cpoh `ceo`cìtamh i` mých `xast` unl bu`rt` t`ni`nmal l mhnsai`rlrols mhchlofh eahoýfamlc`nt` badh4 mhch t`ni`nmals nlturlo`s mhcun`s l thils ols p`rshnls. Lo`xphn`r ols iab`r`nmals clrmlils `n ols plutls i` lmmaýn l trlvás i` ols iab`r`nt`s muoturls,Lv`raoo i`cu`strl qu` lquòoh qu` mhnsai`rlchs mhsls ilils eahoýfamlc`nt` s cumgh cìs

polusaeo` mhnsai`rlrols mhch sueprhiumths muoturlo`s. ]` gl i slrrhoolih unl lcpoaloat`rlturl sher` ol `sp`mabamaili muoturlo i` ol `chmaýn (Glrrá, <172, Outz, <172; Uhsloih,

<17:), h ols vlralmahn`s gastýramls iò lchr clt`rnlo (Eliant`r, <17:), ol plsaýn (Lv`raoo,<170, Ougclnn, <176), h ohs mòhs (]t`lrns, <171).



96

Zlrl F`rf`n, stls anv`staflmahn`s s` nclrmln n un hed`tavh r`loc`nt` lceamahsh ‟gleailmu`ntl iò g`mgh i` qu` `sths pr`supu`sths trliamahnlo`s l c`nuih s` mhnsai`rln mhch ohsmr`lihr`s iò r`sth iò cunih s`fôn unl aclf`n hmmai`ntlo–, y mhch unl dustabamlmaýn plrl`xplniar ò mhohnaloasch, lghrl trlnsbhrclih `n ò b`nýc`nh i` ol foheloazlmaýn i` olmuoturl nhrt`lc`ramlnl, y `n f`n`rlo, i` ol muoturl hmmai`ntlo, phs`ìhrl i` ols t`mnhohfãls y`xphrtlihrl i` bammaýn ` anbhrclmaýn phr thih ò foheh t`rrìqu`h.

@n `stl oãn`l, Camgò Bhumluot (<17:) lbarclel qu` ilih qu` sýoh phi`chs t`n`rmhnhmaca`nth i` ols mhsls sa òols ta`n`n un s`ntaih, `s ò iasmursh ” y nh ols mhsls `n sãcascls ’ols qu` prhium`n mhnhmaca`nth. Y`cls mhch ‗ohmurl‑, ‗mlstafh‑ y ‗s`xuloaili‑sýoh xast`n safnabamltavlc`nt` i`ntrh iò iasmursh sher` oohs. Bhumluot p`nslel qu` omhnhmaca`nth y ols prìmtamls lorììhr i` thihs ohs t`cls `rln `sp`mãbamhs gastýraml ymuoturloc`nt`.

Bhumluot `stuiaý ol mhn`xaýn `str`mgl `ntr` sle`r y phi`r plrl mu`stahnlr ol supu`stlnùtrloaili, hed`tavaili y unav`rsloaili i` ol qu` glm` flol ò mhnhmaca`nth ma`ntãbamhhmmai`ntlo. ]`fôn `st` luthr, ols `strumturls i` phi`r (h nômo`hs i` antòafaeaoaili) shnbunilc`ntlo`s plrl ol hri`nlmaýn i` ol muoturl, y phr mhnsafua`nt`, plrl ol iastraeumaýn iòhs r`suotlihs `n ohs qu` lofunls p`rshnls s` v`n cìs blvhr`mails qu` htrls.

Bhumluot i`mãl qu` nh sýoh ò mhnhmaca`nth `s sa`cpr` unl bhrcl i` phi`r, sanh qu` ò phi`r `stì anvhoumrlih `n ols mu`stahn`s i` sa, y `n quá marmunstlnmals, o mhnhmaca`nth `slpoamlih nh.

@stl mu`staýn i` ol lpoamlmaýn y `b`mtavaili iò phi`r/mhnhmaca`nth s cìs acphrtlnt` plrláo qu` ol mu`staýn i` su ‗v`rili‑. Zhrqu` ò mhnhmaca`nth vanmuolih lo phi`r nh sýoh lsucòl luthraili i` ‗ol v`rili‑ sanh qu` ta`n` ò phi`r i` glm`rs` áo casch v`rili`rh. Yhihmhnhmaca`nth, unl v`z lpoamlih `n ò cunih r`lo, ta`n` `b`mths r`lo`s, y `n `s` s`ntaih loc`nhs, s` vuòv` v`rili`rh4

‟Ol v`rili nh `stì phr bu`rl iò phi`r. ... Ol v`rili `s unl mhsl i` `st` cunih; `s prhiumail sýoh `n vartui i` côotapo`s bhrcls i` mhnstrammaýn. @ anium` `b`mths r`fuolr`s i` phi`r. Mlil shmaìli ta`n` sus r`fãc`n`s i` v`rili, sus ‗phoãtamls f`n`rlo`s‑ i` v`rili;`sth `s, ohs taphs i` iasmurshs qu` `sl shmaìli lm`ptl y glm` bunmahnlr mhch v`rili`rhs,ohs c`mlnaschs y ols anstlnmals qu` phsaeaoatln qu` unh iastanfl ohs `nunmalihs v`rili`rhs

i` ohs bloshs, ohs cìahs phr ohs mulo`s mlil unh `s slnmahnlih... ò `stltus i` lquòohs qu``stìn l mlrfh i` i`mar quá `s oh v`rili`rh–. (Bhumluot, <17:)57.

@o mhnhmaca`nth, unl v`z uslih plrl r`fuolr ol mhniumtl i` ohs htrhs, acpoaml mhnstrammahn`s,r`fuolmahn`s y prìmtamls iasmapoanlrals4 ‟ Nh gly ròlmaýn i` phi`r san ol mhrròltavlmhnstatumaýn i` un mlcph i` mhnhmaca`nth, y nh gly mhnhmaca`nth lofunh qu` nh

pr`suphnfl y mhnstatuyl lo casch ta`cph ròlmahn`s i` phi`r ‑ (Bhumluot, <166).

@o mhnstrummahnasch bhumluotalnh ant`ntlrãl mhnstruar xp`ra`nmals sued`tavls nu`vls yiastantls, "anv`nmahn`s i` sã casch", qu` trlnsbhrc`n ò sast`cl ròlmahnlo y `strltáfamh

57 Matlih `n4 ]tulrt Gloo (<116).



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`cpolzlih phr ò Zhi`r, (nhcer` baohsýbamh mhn ò qu` s` i`safnl l ols anstlnmals prhiumthrls i` sued`tavaili) qu` shn sa`cpr` r`suotlih i` mhnstrummahn`s gastýramls y`strltáfamls.

@n ol oãn`l i` Bhumluot, Lnthnah Frlcsma mr`ãl qu` i`t`rcanlihs fruphs shmalo`s oumgln i`

chihs iab`r`nt`s, anmouy`nih ò ai`hoýfamh, plrl flnlr ò mhns`ntaca`nth i` htrhs fruphs yohfrlr unl mols` i` lsm`ni`nmal tlnth `n ò p`nslca`nth y ol prìmtaml sher` òohs. @stl bhrcli` phi`r ol i`nhcaný g`f`chnãl, y i`molrý qu` ol g`f`chnãl mlceal s`fôn olsmarmunstlnmals gastýramls y shmalo`s; nunml s p`rcln`nt`.

<.0. @O MHNHMACA@NYH MA@NYÃBAMH @N OL LMYPLOAILI

@o lbìn i` mhnhmaca`nth ma`ntãbamh surfaý i` ol n`m`saili (cuy guclnl) i` `vatlr ò mlhs, y`nt`ni`r, hri`nlr, molsabamlr ol r`loaili plrl qu` nhs r`suot` mhcpr`nsaeo`. @o s`r guclnhn`m`satl s`ntars` s`furh `n un cunih `stleo`, hrflnazlih y rlmahnloazlih, plrl `vatlr ollnfustal i` nu`strl p`qu`ü`z ` ansafnabamlnmal `n un Pnav`rsh sa nh anbanath, i`smhcunlo `nols prhphrmahn`s y iastlnmals.

Nh g`chs ohfrlih i`s`ntrlülr ols pr`funtls bunilc`ntlo`s y unav`rslo`s i` ol Guclnailii`si` ò pranmapah i` ohs ta`cphs glstl ghy4 ¸`xast` ol r`loaili h `s unl r`pr`s`ntlmaýnc`ntlo y mho`mtavl8, ¸phr quá `xast` ol vail h plrl quá8, ¸mých s` hrafaný (sa surfaý i` ol

nlil h bu` unl mr`lmaýn i` htrl antòaf`nmal sup`rahr)8, ¸mých s` gazh mhnsma`nt` ol vail ltrlvás i` ol antòaf`nmal8, ¸`xast` vail phr thils plrt`s `n ò Pnav`rsh h sýoh s` gl ilih `n`st` poln`tl, y phr quá y glstl muìnih8.

L p`slr i` qu` cumgls i` `stls pr`funtls safu`n san r`spu`stl, lo c`nhs g`chs ohfrlih eldlrnhs iò pì`stlo `n ò qu` ol Ma`nmal gleãl mhohmlih lo s r guclnh, phrqu` g`chsthclih mhnma`nmal i` ohs oãcat`s y mhniamahnlca`nths lo lmm`sh i` ol r`loaili y òmhnhmaca`nth, y g`chs i`dlih i` mhnsai`rlrnhs ò m`ntrh i` thih. Q òoh, l ca plr`m`r,`nraqu`m` ò prhm`sh i` mhnhmaca`nth, ò p`nslca`nth baohsýbamh y ò qu`glm`r ma`ntãbamh,

phrqu` nhs heoafl l òlehrlr nu`vls pr`funtls qu` polnt``n nu`vhs r`ths y i slbãhs.

@ntr` htrls iasmapoanls, ol bãsaml t`ýraml gl `mglih leldh cumgls i` ols suphsamahn`s qu`lnt`s nhs glmãln s`ntar `n un cunih `stleo`, rlmahnlo y hrflnazlih. @n mhnmr`th, ol Y`hrãli` ol Uòltavaili i` @anstàn vanh l i`strhzlr ol mhnm`pmaýn iò ta`cph mhch lofh oan`lo yghchfán`h qu` trlnsmurr` sa`cpr` lo casch ratch glmal iòlnt`. Q `s qu` ò ta`cphtrlnsmurr` nh n`m`slralc`nt` i`si` ò plslih plrl plslr phr ò pr`s`nt` y ilr `n ò buturh.@anstàn p`nsý n ol anbanatui y s` o` hmurraý qu` ò splmah phirãl nh s`r anbanath sanh `stlrr`po`flih `n sã casch

Ol ròltavaili y ol t`hrãl muìntaml nhs gln mhc`ntlih qu` ò unav`rsh puih `cp`zlr y qu`

t`rcanlrì lofôn iãl, h qu` puì` qu` nunml mhc`nzlrl y nunml t`rcan`, h qu` `xastlncuotatui i` unav`rshs plrloòhs y ò nu`strh s`l unh i` òohs. @stls nu`vls prhpu`stls gln



91

i`chstrlih qu` nh gly nanfunl ròlmaýn ‟s`furl– `ntr` mlusl y `b`mth, sanh qu` gly sýohfrlihs i` prheleaoaili. Zluo Vltzolwamk (<119) hpanl qu` thihs `sths lrfuc`nths `n nlillot`rln nu`strl mhnm`pmaýn mhtaialnl sher` ol `s`nmal iò cunih, ‟nhshtrhs mhntanulchsvava`nih mhch sa ò `b`mth s` safua`rl i` ol mlusl, y `n ol vail i` thihs ohs iãls`nmhntrlchs anant`rrucpailc`nt` ‟pruèls– i` qu` ò g`mgh L lo clnab`stlrs` `s mlusl

iò g`mgh E, i` qu` E `s phr tlnth ò `b`mth i` L, i` qu` san L nh s` prhiumarãl E, i` qu` Elo clnab`stlrs` s` mhnva`rt` l su v`z `n mlusl i` M, y lsã sum`savlc`nt`–.

Vltzolwamk nhs `xpoamý qu` iurlnt` cao`nahs, i`si` Lrastýtò`s plslnih phr I`smlrt`s y N`wthn glstl o plslih r`ma`nt`, `st` p`nslca`nth mluslo mhnstruy`, dunth mhn o mhnm`pthi` `splmah traiac`nsahnlo y mhn ò mhnm`pth i` i`mursh r`fuolr iò ta`cph, nh shoh ol aclf`niò cunih ma`ntãbaml sanh tlceaán ol aclf`n shmalo. I` `st` p`nslca`nth i`ravln tlceaán,`n ôotacl anstlnmal, ohs mhnm`pths hmmai`ntlo`s i` r`sphnsleaoaili i` i`r`mgh y i` muopl, i`chrlo, i` `státaml y i` átaml, y sher` thih ohs mhnm`pths i` oh v`rili`rh y oh blosh4

‟Mulnih `st` p`nslca`nth mluslo yl nh mlozl mhn ohs g`mghs ” n ò s`ntaih i` vhnFols`rsbòi ” plr`m` i`sltlrs` ò mlhs. Mhch, s`fôn iadh unl v`z Na`tzsmg`, ò ghcer` `smlplz i` shphrtlroh mlsa thih sa`cpr` qu` `nmu`ntr` un phr quá, `stlchs p`rcln`nt`c`nt`hmuplihs `n bleramlr un phrquá anvuon`rleo`. Mulnih `sl bleramlmaýn brlmlsl, nhs

pr`mapatlchs i` mle`zl `n ò ghrrhr, `n ol ohmurl, `n ol `xp`ra`nmal i` ol nlil. Z`rh lunihni` ò p`nslca`nth mlsulo `s subama`nt`, sýoh `s tlo glstl qu` oo`fl l un `nt`niaih y nhsler` ohs hdhs– (Vltzolwamk, <119).

@n ol lmtuloaili, ol Ma`nmal hmmai`ntlo gl oo`flih l un punth `n ò qu` ol luthmrãtaml `n thrnhl ol lmtavaili ma`ntãbaml gl lcpoalih `nhrc`c`nt` ol mlplmaili i` ol Ma`nmal y ols ìr`ls iànv`staflmaýn. Gl saih un prhm`sh olrfh y mhcpoamlih, nh `x`nth i` iasputls y r`sast`nmals,

p`rh san iuil nraqu`mìhr. Oh cìs iabãmao san iuil gl saih sup`rlr o s`sfh lnirhmántramhqu` m`ntrlel ò Pnav`rsh `n ol `sp`ma` guclnl4 ‟lghrl mhcpr`ni`chs qu` ol Ya`rrl ta`n`cao`s i` caoohn`s i` lühs y qu` ol gasthral i` ol Guclnaili `s sýoh ò ôotach brlfc`nth iùn s`funih lo banlo i` `st` anc`nsh p`rãhih mýscamh. Y`n`chs qu` mhcpr`ni`r qu` olYa`rrl nh `stì g`mgl plrl nhshtrhs, qu` sýoh shchs unhs anvatlihs qu` `stlchs lquã phrlmmai`nt`. \uazìs `stl ai`l glfl luc`ntlr nu`strh r`sp`th y nu`strl Guclnaili –, lbarcl`sp`rlnzlih o plo`hntýohfh Dly ]t`pg`n Fhuoi 51.

Luthr`s mhch ò Zr`cah Nheò i` Bãsaml ]gòihn O`` Folsghw=:s` prhnunmaln `n ò caschs`ntaih4

‟]a`cpr` nhs gl fustlih `stlr `n cìah. Ylceaán nhs fustl p`nslr qu` `n ò cunih i` olsiac`nsahn`s nhs `nmhntrlchs `n ò cìah. Oh `stlchs phrqu` `xast`n mhsls muyh tlclüh `scaoohn`s i` v`m`s cìs p`qu`üh qu` nhshtrhs4 ohs ìthchs, ohs nômo`hs, ohs qulrks, ols

sup`rmu`rils, eldlnih i` `smlol. Z`rh afulo sumì` mhn ò cunih i` oh frlni`4 ol Ya`rrl,ò ]ast`cl ]holr, ol Rãl Oìmt`l, cao`s i` caoohn`s i` flolxals y ò Pnav`rsh `n suthtloaili–.

@stls luthmrãtamls gln ohfrlih san `celrfh glm`r qu` ol Baohshbãl i` ol Ma`nmal h ol]hmahohfãl i` ol Ma`nmal glyln `xp`rac`ntlih un luf` y un i`slrrhooh acphrtlnt`, y qu` s`

51 Zlo`hntýohfh i` ol Pnav`rsaili i` Glrvlri y iavuoflihr ma`ntãbamh `ntr`vastlih phr @iulrihZuns`t (5::9).=: Iavuoflihr ma`ntãbamh ntr`vastlih phr Zuns`t (5::9)



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glyln f`n`rlih cuotatui i` ièlt`s `n thrnh l ohs cìahs y ohs ban`s i` ol Ma`nmal, unl v`zqu` s` gln i`mhnstruaih ols nhmahn`s i` hed`tavaili, nùtrloaili y unav`rsloaili.

@o `sm`ptamasch y ò i`t`rcanasch gln saih ihs chihs i` `nt`ni`r ol Ma`nmal, p`rh mr`h qu`su mhntanuh ièlt` gl e`n`bamalih `nhrc`c`nt` lo p`nslca`nth y l ol lmtavaili ma`ntãbaml.Zhrqu` pr`maslc`nt` oh qu` nhs glm` lvlnzlr `s r`mglzlr ò rìummahnasch, y phn`r `n iuilthih oh qu` glstl lghrl g`chs ilih phr s`ntlih, mhch qu` t`n`chs lmm`sh iar`mth l olr`loaili phr cìah i` nu`strhs s`ntaihs, h qu` shchs ò ônamh ranmýn iò Pnav`rsh ihni``xast` vail, h qu` ols `chmahn`s shn arrlmahnlo`s y phr tlnth anmhcpr`nsaeo`s.

Luthr`s mhch Ihrahn ]lfln=< ansast`n `n qu` ol vail guclnl nh `stì `n ò m`ntrh, na `s unhrflnasch iab`r`nt` i` ohs lnaclo`s, na `stì g`mgl i` un clt`ralo `sp`malo, sanh qu` ‟ohs

prhpahs prhm`shs i` ol vail, ol bhrcl `n qu` s` mhcphrtl, ohs mhcplrtachs mhn ohs sast`clsanlnaclihs y clt`ral–. @s cìs, nu`strh hrflnasch stì g`mgh i` mlrehnh, gairýf`nh,hxãf`nh, natrýf`nh, suoblths y býsbhrh; ò gairýf`nh `s ò ò`c`nth cìs mhcôn `n nu`strhmu`rph y `n thih ò unav`rsh; `stlchs g`mghs i` ol cascl clt`ral qu` ò r`sth i` ohs s`r`s yols mhsls.

]lfln i`nunmal qu` ‟unl i` ols iab`r`nmals cìs frlni`s qu` `xast`n `ntr` nhshtrhs y ohsmgacplnmás s ol mr``nmal i` qu` shchs sup`rahr`s, c`dhr`s, ônamhs, sp`malo`s, sacaolr`s lIahs. @stl mr``nmal, qu` `s tln guclnl, gl supu`sth unl v`ntldl sò`mtavl, yl qu` g`chssaih mlplm`s i` pheolr ò poln`tl, i` oo`vlr ol slelnl lbramlnl l ohs Zhohs, i` mlcealr ohs`nthrnhs nlturlo`s…– p`rh l ol v`z nhs gl oo`vlih l i`strhzlr ò cìahlcea`nt`, y l uni`slrrhooh t`mnhoýfamh lrrlslihr y i`strumthr `n ò qu` nu`strl prhpal sup`rvav`nmal mhch`sp`ma` s` v` luthlc`nlzlil.

Ol nhmaýn i` qu` shchs unl antòaf`nmal sup`rahr y phr oh tlnth iè`chs shc`t`r l ol Nlturlo`zl y lo r`sth i` ohs s`r s vavhs s` v` r butlil unl y htrl v`z phr ma`ntãbamhs i` thilsols rlcls. Dhgn Ehnn`r =5, phr `d`cpoh, mr`` qu` `s cuy iabãmao i`banar ol antòaf`nmal phrqu`áo lehfl phr ol ai`l i` ol frlilmaýn y i` ol mhntanuaili, `s i`mar, ol antòaf`nmal `s un

prhm`sh `vhoutavh qu` s` il n frlihs s`fôn ols `sp`ma`s, qu` g`chs g`rìlih(prheleo`c`nt` i` ohs n`lni`rtlo`s, p`rh lôn `stì phr i`chstrlr) y qu` li`cìs shoh iè`mhnsai`rlrs` mulnih s` il `n un mhnt`xth shmalo, i` ant`rlmmaýn.

@n `st` s`ntaih, Ehnn`r lbarcl qu` `n ò mlsh i` ohs lnaclo`s sumì` oh casch. I` g`mgh, olmlplmaili i` mhcunamlr s unl v`rili i` thihs ohs hrflnaschs, ani`p`nia`nt`c`nt` i`mých oh glfl mlil `sp`ma`. ‟]a i`banachs ol muoturl mhch ol trlnscasaýn i` anbhrclmaýn,`nthnm`s tlceaán s` puì` lpoamlr l ohs lnaclo`s, p`rh `stl i`banamaýn `nbur`m` l ohslntrhpýohfhs muoturlo`s–.

Ylceaán puì` `nbur`m`r l ohs ma`ntãbamhs ol ltr`vail lbarclmaýn i` Carhsolv Ulicln, prhb`shr i` Eahohfãl Mòuolr i` ol Pnav`rsaili i` Zlrãs, qu` gl lbarclih qu` i`si` o punth

=< Iavuoflihr ma`ntãbamh ntr`vastlih phr Zuns`t (5::9)=5 Zrhb`shr `cárath i` @mhohfãl y Eahohfãl @vhoutavl iò l Pnav`rsaili i` Zranm`thn, `n @stlihsPnaihs, ntr`vastlih phr Zuns`t (5::9)



0<

i` vastl eahoýfamh y bãsamh, ‟ol ônaml iab`r`nmal `ntr` un chntýn i` `staármho y yh `s ol bhrcl`n ol qu` ohs ìthchs `stìn iaspu`sths–.

Lsã, ol Ma`nmal `n ò safoh WWA `stì phna`nih ò lm`nth `n nu`strhs mhniamahnlca`nths `n òìr`l iò mhnhmaca`nth, qu` nh sýoh shn muoturlo`s h `chmahnlo`s, mhch g`chs `stlihansasta`nih l oh olrfh i` `st` `stuiah, sanh qu` tlceaán nhs v`chs mhniamahnlihs phrnu`strhs oãcat`s bãsamhs. @n `stl oãn`l, ohs `stuiahs oo`vlihs l mleh `n thrnh l mých y phr quáv`chs ols mhsls i` ol cln`rl qu` oh glm`chs r`loazlihs phr Uamglri Fr`fhry==, `xp`rth `nohs prhm`shs i` p`rm`pmaýn guclnhs, gln p`rcataih i`smuerar ols aousahn`s ýptamls y vasulo`squ` nhs cu`strln qu` nu`strls p`rm`pmahn`s nhs `nflüln ol clyhr plrt` iò ta`cph4 ‟]` gln`flih l ohs naühs, y l thil ol pheolmaýn `n f`n`rlo, ol mhstucer` i` mu`stahnlr olr`loaili. Ol clyhrãl i` ol f`nt` `stì mhnv`nmail i` qu` ohs hdhs `nvãln lo m`rèrh olaclf`n baò i` ohs hed`ths–.

Fr`fhry `nta`ni` qu` ò m`rèrh guclnh `stì l hsmurls y `nm`rrlih, i` chih qu` shoh puì` p`rmaear i` unl cln`rl acp`rb`mtl l trlvás i` acìf`n`s qu` o` `nvãln l un tlclühcuy p`qu`üh ohs hdhs, qu` `n r`loaili `nvãln acìf`n`s mhiabamlils `n bhrcl i` acpuoshsòámtramhs qu` ou`fh gl i` i`smhiabamlr y molsabamlr plrl `nt`ni`rols.

‟@o m`rèrh `b`mtôl cumgls suphsamahn`s y heta`n` p`qu`üls acìf`n`s i` ohs hdhs, p`rh nhelstl. @o prheo`cl rliaml `n qu` ols acìf`n`s qu` r`mae` ò hdh nh s` mhrr`sphni`n `nleshouth mhn ohs hed`ths qu` `stì carlnih; nh shn aiántamhs. (…) @s anmr`ãeo` p`rh

phi`chs plslr i` unl p`qu`ül aclf`n lo s`ntaih i` ol r`loaili iò cunih. Q phr supu`sth,nh sa`cpr` slo` ea`n–.

Fr`fhry lbarcl qu` thih `stì `n nu`strh m`rèrh y nh `n ò cunih `xt`rahr; sa nh `xasta`s` ol

vail na ò m`rèrh, nh glerãl mhohr`s `n ò Pnav`rsh. @o mhohr s` mr`l `n ò m`rèrh y s` prhy`mtl, psamhoýfamlc`nt`, sher` ò hed`th. Zhr sh phi`chs iab`r`nmalr ò mhohr rhdh iòn`frh h ò v`ri`. Lsã qu`, `st` pr`stafahsh nùrhpsamýohfh `nta`ni` qu` ol p`rm`pmaýn `s unlgapýt`sas sher` oh qu` v`chs, unl loumanlmaýn mhntrholil, qu` s` il `n un ‟ prhm`sh mr`ltavhi` blntlsãl, i` bammaýn, qu` nhrcloc`nt` `stìn eldh ò mhntrho i` ols s`ülo`s s`nshralo`s–.

Dhgn I. Elrrhw (<117) `nta`ni` qu` thil `xp`ra`nmal guclnl `stì lshmalil l lofunl cln`rli` r`mhrtlr ò mhndunth mhcpo`th i` ol r`loaili phrqu` nu`strh m rèrh nh puì` shphrtlri`clsalil r`loaili. Nu`strhs s`ntaihs philn ol mlntaili i` anbhrclmaýn phrqu` sa nh s`rãltlntl ol r`maeail qu` nh phirãlchs hri`nlrol, molsabamlrol h `nt`ni`rol, y nu`strhs s`ntaihs

quìlrãln lrrhoolihs. Nu`strhs hdhs shn s`nsaeo`s l unl flcl cuy `str`mgl i` br`mu`nmals iòuz y nu`strhs hãihs l un ihcanah plrtamuolr i` navò`s y br`mu`nmals. Ol c`nt` guclnlbunmahnl òlehrlnih clpls; plrl qu` s`l ôtao, san `celrfh, un clpl iè` mhni`nslr yr`sucar ohs lsp`mths cìs acphrtlnt`s iò t`rr`nh4 ta`n` qu` phi`r mhcpracar ol anbhrclmaýn`n bhrcls ler`valils. Ohs m`rèrhs ta`n`n qu` s`r mlplm`s i` d`mutlr stls ler`valmahn`s,

phrqu` unl anbhrclmaýn lcea`ntlo mhcpo`tl `quavloirãl l t`n`r un clpl `n smlol i` unh lunh, y nh nhs s`rvarãl i` nlil. Nu`strls c`nt`s eusmln taphs plrtamuolr`s i` mhrròlmaýn y`xtrl`n plutls l plrtar i` mhndunths i` anbhrclmaýn. ]`fôn Elrrhw, `st` i`s`h i` lshmalr olsmhsls s unl prhbunil anmoanlmaýn guclnl.

== Zrhb`shr `cárath i` Nùrhpsamhohfãl iò l Pnav`rsaili i` Erastho



05

@st` luthr oo`vl l mleh `n su herl un lnìoasas cuy rafurhsh `n thrnh l ohs oãcat`s iòmhnhmaca`nth guclnh. Lbarcl qu` unl i` ols cìs shrpr`ni`nt`s mhns`mu`nmals i` olmhnma`nmal guclnl `s ol r`vòlmaýn plrliýdaml i` qu` phi`chs sle`r oh qu` nh phi`chssle`r.

Ouiwaf Vattf`nstàn yl `smraeaý lm`rml i` ohs oãcat`s iò p`nslca`nth, y lbarcý quìè`rãlchs phi`r `nmhntrlr ohs ihs olihs iò oãcat` p`nsleo`, `s i`mar, ‟iè`rãlchs phi`r

p`nslr oh qu` nh s` puì` p`nslr–. Ol Ma`nmal san `celrfh gl lomlnzlih `stl mlplmaili i`sle`r oh qu` nh puì` sle`r phrqu` sus oãcat`s va`n`n ilihs phr4- @o tlclüh iò s`r guclnh (i`clsalih frlni` plrl `xpohrlr oh canôsmuoh i` ol clt`ral yi`clsalih p`qu`üh plrl xpohrlr o Pnav`rsh).- Nu`strl ohmloazlmaýn y phsamaýn clrfanlo `n un p`qu`üh poln tl ‟qu` hreatl lorììhri` unl `stròol cìalnl, `n ohs sueureahs i` unl flolxal iò m`nt`nlr i` cao`s i` caoohn`squ` `xast`n– (]t`pg`n Glwkans).I`slbhrtunlilc`nt`, sýoh phi`chs mhnhm`r o unav`rsh vasaeo`, qu` `s unl r`faýn sbáraml

m`ntrlil `n nhshtrhs. Li`cìs, nh phi`chs sloarnhs i` áo plrl v`roh `n su thtloaili, yl qu`shchs plrt` iò casch sast`cl qu` qu`r`chs i`smraear. ‟ Nh phi`chs sle`r nlil i` oh qu`gly cìs looì i` nu`strh ghrazhnt` i` vasaeaoaili. @sth nhs acpai` glm`r lbarclmahn`sv`rabamleo`s lm`rml i` ol `strumturl anamalo h ò hraf`n iò Pnav`rsh `nt`rh; l nh s`r qu`

suphnflchs qu` ò Pnav`rsh cìs looì iò ghrazhnt` `s afulo qu` ò unav`rsh vasaeo`–.

- Htrh oãcat` `s ò oãcat` mýscamh i` vòhmaili4 Yhils ols vòhmaili`s s` iè`n duzflr `nròlmaýn mhn ol vòhmaili i` ol ouz `n ò `splmah vlmãh (m`rml i` =::.::: kaoýc`trhs phrs`funih) `s unl vòhmaili oãcat` mýscaml. Nh s` puì` trlnscatar nanfunl anbhrclmaýn phrnanfôn cìah l unl vòhmaili qu` `xmìl `st` vlohr. ‟ @st` g`mgh ta`n` thil mols` iànsýoatls mhns`mu`nmals. @s r`sphnsleo` i` nu`strh lasolca`nth lstrhnýcamh, y nh sle`chs

phr quá nh phi`chs sup`rlr `s` oãcat`. @stlchs mhni`nlihs l unl p`rsp`mtavl i`c`ntloaili prhvanmalo–, lbarcl Elrrhw, pranmaploc`nt` phrqu` lunqu` shni``chs `n ò`splmah prhbunih, v`chs ols flolxals y ohs b`nýc`nhs mýscamhs mhch `rln glm` cao`s i`caoohn`s i` lühs, nh mých shn lghrl.- Ol t`hrãl muìntaml, l p`slr i` su lshcerhsh áxath `xp`rac`ntlo, phs`` unl plnhpoal i`lbarclmahn`s lm`rml iò cunih mhntrlrals lo s`ntaih mhcôn. Ol c`mìnaml muìntaml nhs`ns`ül qu` lun mhn anstruc`nths p`rb`mths `s acphsaeo` cìar ol phsamaýn y vòhmaili i` unmu`rph mhn unl `xlmtatui clyhr qu` un ma`rth oãcat` mrãtamh, i`banaih phr unl nu`vlmhnstlnt` i` ol Nlturlo`zl, oolclil mhnstlnt` i` Zolnmk. @stl mhnstlnt` y ol oacatlmaýn `n ol

pr`masaýn qu` pr`smrae` shn unl i` ols mlrlmt`rãstamls i`banathrals i o mhnhmaca`nth.- Ol phsaeaoaili i` qu` nu`strh Pnav`rsh mhnt`nfl cumgls cìs i` tr`s iac`nsahn`s i`

`splmah (s` gln gleolih i` ol phsaeaoaili i` qu` `xastln glstl hnm` iac`nsahn`s), ltrlplils`n ol `smlol i` Zolnmk i` tlclüh, safnabaml qu` nu`strh lmm`sh l ol `strumturl fohelo iòPnav`rsh phirãl `stlr oacatlil lôn cìs irlcìtamlc`nt` i` oh qu` gleãlchs shsp`mglih

pr`valc`nt`.- Cumghs ma`ntãbamhs lngòln unl Y`hrãl iò Yhih; ò mlniailth pr`b`raih i` ol lmtuloaili

plrl unl t`hrãl i` `st` lomlnm` thtlo `s ol t`hrãl i` ols sup`rmu`rils, qu` plr`m` mhnt`n`rthil mols` i` anbhrclmaýn sher` ols plrtãmuols ò`c`ntlo`s i` ol clt`ral, p`rh glstl lghrlnlia` sle` mých ltlmlr ol t`hrãl plrl `xtrl`ro` `sl anbhrclmaýn. @o nôc`rh i` p`rshnls `n ò

poln`tl mlplm`s i` `nt`ni r ol `strumturl clt`cìtaml i` ol t`hrãl i` ols sup`rmu`rils `sròltavlc`nt` p`qu`üh.Elrrhw lbarcl qu` su clt`cìtaml `stì, phr ò chc`nth, phr `nmacl i` nhshtrhs, y `xpoaml

qu` ò cunih clt`cìtamh mhnta`n` thil mols` i` an`sp`rlils prhpaìli`s y r`strammahn`s mhnr`sp`mth l su mhcpo`tl `xpohrlmaýn. Zlrt`s i` áo nh s` puì`n lpr`g`ni`r y oastlr,



0=

trlsma`ni`n ol mlplmaili i` muloqua`r hri`nlihr phsaeo`, y ylm`n bu`rl iò lomlnm` i`muloqua`r eôsquìl plrl i`maiar sa thils sus prhphsamahn`s shn v`rili`rls h blosls.- @o `nafcl cìs frlni` iò Pnav`rsh `s, plrliýdamlc`nt`, ò m`rèrh guclnh; ‟ol mhslcìs mhcpoamlil mhn qu` nhs g`chs `nmhntrlih `n ò plnhrlcl `nt`rh i` ol Nlturlo`zl,i`si` ò `splmah ant`rahr i` ols plrtãmuols ò`c`ntlo`s i` ol clt`ral glstl ò `splmah

`xt`rahr i` ols flolxals iastlnt`s–. Ohs cìs frlni`s sup`rhri`nlihr`s qu` g`chsmhnstruaih glstl lghrl cploai`m`n glstl ol ansafnabamlnmal mhcplrlihs mhn ol mhcpo`daili,bo`xaeaoaili y mhcplmaili iò m`rèrh guclnh. ]her`plsln lo m`rèrh n mlplmaili s`sp`mãbamls, phr `d`cpoh, `n ol vòhmaili i` `d`mumaýn i` tlr`ls r`p`tatavls sacpo`s, p`rh

plfln ò pr`mah mhn su blotl i` lilptlmaýn y su anmlplmaili i` lpr`ni`r phr sã caschs.

@n thrnh l `sths oãcat`s iò mhnhmaca`nth Elrrhw `stleo`m` multrh mlt`fhrãls h buturhsiastanths plrl ol Ma`nmal elsìnihs `n ihs lsp`mths bunilc`ntlo`s4 sa gly anbhrclmaýnaoacatlil h nh, y sa nu`strl mlplmaili i` lmmì`r l òol `s h nh oacatlil4h Nlturlo`zl aoacatlil y mlplmaili guclnl aoacatlil, mhn oh mulo nunml

phirãlchs sle`roh thih y ol Ma`nmal stlrãl shc`tail l un i`slbãh ansup`rleo`.h Nlturlo`zl aoacatlil y mlplmaili guclnl oacatlil, un buturh qu` suphn` qu`nunml phir`chs lmmì r lo mhnhmaca`nth thtlo i` ols mhsls.h Nlturlo`zl oacatlil y mlplmaili guclnl aoacatlil, qu` suphnirãl nu`strlmlplmaili r`lo i` mhnhm`roh thih y i` qu` ol Ma`nmal puia`rl oo`flr un iãl l su ban.h Nlturlo`zl oacatlil y mlplmaili guclnl oacatlil, qu` tlceaán suphn` olacphsaeaoaili i` phi`r mhnhm`roh thih mhn ol antòaf`nmal qu` phs``chs.

@n thrnh l `stl ai`l i` acphsaeaoaili i` mhnhm`roh thih, Elrrhw mr`` qu` su anbou`nmal `nnu`strl gasthral gl saih prhbunil y lcpoal y qu` nh gl saih vlohrlil `n su dustl cìail phrohs ma`ntãbamhs. ‟Frlmals l nu`strl mlplmaili i` aclfanlr mhsls qu` shn bãsamlc`nt`

acphsaeo`s phi`chs `xpohrlr ol r`loaili i` un chih ônamh4 mhohmìnihol `n un mhnt`xthi`banaih phr `v`nths acphsaeo`s. I` `stl cln`rl phi`chs mr`lr r`shnlnmals i` safnabamlih

y yuxtlphsamahn`s i` ai`ls qu` lcpoãln ol c`nt` y ol `stacuoln–.

L. Mrhcc`r (<11=) lbarcl qu` ol mr``nmal `n ol acphsaeaoaili `s ò punth i` plrtail i` oloýfaml, ol clt`cìtaml iìumtavl y ol Ma`nmal nlturlo. ‟ Ol Ma`nmal sholc`nt` s` puì`hrafanlr `n unl c`nt` qu` s` gl oae`rlih i` ol mr``nmal `n su prhpal hcnapht`nmal–.

Li`cìs, ol nhmaýn i` oh acphsaeo` ta`n` unl gasthral oaflil l nu strhs i`s`hs ròafahshs. Olclyhrãl i` ols muoturls guclnls gln chstrlih un i`s`h i` lihrlmaýn h r`mhnhmaca`nth i`]`r`s h @spãratus cìs frlni`s qu` nhshtrhs; y li`cìs g`chs mr`lih r`loaili`s bammahnlo`s ynh bammahnlo`s l plrtar i` `stl ai`l. ‟Fán`rhs `nt`rhs i` oat`rlturl y lrt` blntìstamhs gln

surfaih i` ohs i`slbãhs pr`s`ntlihs phr acphsaeaoaili`s oanfÿãstamls y vasulo`s–, lbarclElrrhw plrl i`stlmlr ol acphrtlnmal i` `stl nhmaýn.

L p`slr i` qu` lntafulc`nt` `rl cuy r`murr`nt` ol ai`l i` qu` lofôn iãl ol Ma`nmal oo`flrãll su ban y qu` nh quìlrãln ìr`ls iò mhnhmaca`nth phr muerar, `n ol lmtuloaili thih `sth s`gl pu`sth `n iuil, phrqu` s` `nta`ni` qu` ohs oãcat`s guclnhs plrl mhnhm`r y mhcpr`ni`rol r`loaili shn i`t`rcanlnt`s `n nu`strh lmm`sh lo mhnhmaca`nth. Li`cìs, `n ò pr`s`nt` s`lm`ptl lcpoalc`nt` qu` ol eôsquìl baohsýbaml i` bunilc`ntlmahn`s anltlmleo`s plrl olc`thihohfãl ma`ntãbaml y ol f`n`rlmaýn i` ol v`rili lfhnazl.



09

Gàs`ne`rf=9 nhs i`chstrý qu` ols ihs frlni`s pruèls i` ol v`rili ma`ntãbaml (ol pruèl`cpãraml y ol pruèl t`ýraml) shn plrliýdamls, y li`cìs, acphsaeo`s. Ol pruèl `cpãraml(li`mulmaýn l ol r`loaili) `s acphsaeo`4 nh s` puì` i`t`rcanlr l ol v`z ol phsamaýn y ò`stlih i` chvaca`nth i` unl plrtãmuol (i` lgã ol mhcpo`c`ntlraìli plrtãmuol/hnil4 sai`t`rcanlchs ol phsamaýn t`nir`chs unl plrtãmuol, sa i`t`rcanlchs ò `stlih i`chvaca`nth t`nir`chs unl hnil, p`rh nunml l ol v`z t`nir`chs ol plrtãmuol y ol hnil).

Fhiò nhs i`chstrý lsacasch qu` ol pruèl t`ýraml (mhg`r`nmal iò iasmursh) `s acphsaeo`4nh puì` gle`r unl t`hrãl qu` s`l l ol v`z mhnsast`nt` (qu` thihs sus `nunmalihs s`lni`chstrleo`s) y mhcpo`tl (qu` mhnt`nfl thihs ohs nunmalihs v`rili`rhs; sa`cpr` glerì un`nunmalih lo c`nhs qu` s`l v`rili`rh p`rh qu` nh s` puìl prhelr). ]`fôn D`sôs Aeìü`z(5:::)=0, tlnth ol pruèl `cpãraml mhch ol pruèl t`ýraml shn s`nt`nmals luthrr`b`r`nt`s,

phrqu` gly qu` cìar ol clt`ral mhn anstruc`nths g`mghs i` clt`ral, y gly qu` p`nslr ò p`nslca`nth h gleolr iò gleol. Zhr òoh li`cìs shn plrliýdamls, i` afulo chih qu` ‟òmhndunth i` thihs ohs mhndunths (plrlihdl santìmtaml), ò c`ntarhsh qu` iam` ‟yh ca`nth–(plrlihdl s`cìntaml), ò plir` qu` iam` lo gadh ‟nh c` heì`zmls– (plrlihdl prlfcìtaml),

phrqu` shn s nt`nmals luthrr b`r`nt`s–.

Ol chi`rnl Baohshbãl lnloãtaml i` ol Ma`nmal lm`ptl qu` ol r`loaili, muloqua`rl qu` s`l,nlturlo h shmalo, nh `s r`p`taeo` na r`prhiumaeo` iar`mtlc`nt`, sanh ‟tln shoh r`mhnstruaeoì`si` unl ma`rtl phsamaýn t`ýramh-lnloãtaml– (B`y`rle`ni, <169). B`y`rle`ni s`üloý oln`m`saili i` i`st`rrlr ol ai`l i` qu` ohs s`ntaihs, `cpo`lihs `n marmunstlnmals nhrclo`s,

prhium`n anbhrc s mhrr`mths i` sum`shs r`lo s, pu`s `n o mlcph ma`ntãbamh, tlnth n ò i` olsma`nmals nlturlo`s mhch `n ò i` ols ma`nmals shmalo`s, nh `xast`n hes`rvlmahn`s nùtrls.

@n ol áphml iò phschi`rnasch nuc`rhshs luthr`s y luthrls gln trltlih i` i`rraelr ò cathiò ma`ntabasch i`si` iav`rsls mhrra`nt`s `past`choýfamls. B`rnlni Mhct` (<115) trlzl un`sehzh i` `stl mhnm`pmaýn cãtaml i` ol Ma`nmal mhcplrìnihoh lo cath moìsamh4 ò ma`ntabasch,lsã, `s un cath phrqu` ta`n` su prhpah mhrpus i` acìf`n`s y mr``nmals, `n ò qu` ol Ma`nmalgl ohfrlih ol shmaìli ai`lo ihni` thih `s anv`ntlralih, cìaih, mhntlih, `xpoamlih yrlmahnloazlih.

]`fôn Mhct`, ò ma`ntabasch, mhch ò cath moìsamh, `stì s`plrlih iò s`r guclnh phr òta`cph; mhch ò cath moìsamh, s`fr`fl raths shmalo`s, unl afo`sal y un mo`rh; mhch ò cathmoìsamh, `stì loac`ntlih phr unl b`, l v`m`s anmoush phr un blnltasch.

‟Ol ma`nmal s` gl acpu`sth lo unav`rsh mhch un nu`vh iùx `x clmganl qu` phs`` thih ohqu` s` puì` mhnhm`r iò plslih y thih oh qu` `stì phr mhnstruar iò buturh. (…) ]an`celrfh, ol ma`nmal gl oo`flih l i`smuerar qu` ò pranmapah i` nh mhntrliammaýn qu` `stì `nol els` i` su i`slrrhooh `s cumgh cìs unl `xaf`nmal i` su cáthih cìs qu` unlmlrlmt`rãstaml i` ol r`loaili. (…) Q l p`slr i` `sh, s` pr`s`ntl mhn unl ràvaniamlmaýn iùnl v`rili unav`rslo; s` pr`s`ntl mhch ol v`rili bu`rl i` ol mulo nh gly htrl–.

@n ol oãn`l mrãtaml b`canastl, y mhn r`sp`mth l ol lshmalmaýn cãtaml i` ol clsmuoanaili mhn ò p`nslca`nth ma`ntãbamh shst`naih phr o phsatavasch, @vòyn Bhx Kòo`r (<171) s` pr`funtý

=9 @n Flrmãl B`rrlnih, C., Aeìü`z, D. Lovarl, B., 5:::.

=0 Flrmãl B`rrlnih, C., Aeìü`z, D. Lovarl, B. (5:::).



00

mých `rl phsaeo` qu` ol mrãtaml bhrclo i` ol Baohshbãl y ]hmahohfãl i` ol Ma`nmal nhmhnsai`rlrln qu` st` t`cl r`quara`s` un lnìoasas xglustavh. @o sao`nmah f`n`rloazlih, lôn`n ol lmtuloaili, phr plrt` i` ol mhcunaili lmliácaml nh b`canastl, sufa`r` qu` ollshmalmaýn i` ol clsmuoanaili mhn ò p`nslca`nth ma`ntãbamh

‟ta`n` ò `stltus i` un cath qu` h ea`n nh puì` h ea`n nh iè` s`r `xlcanlih `n s`rah.(…) @sth `ntrl `n mhnboamth mhn nu`strl aclf`n i` ol ma`nmal mhch lofh `chmahnlo y

s`xuloc`nt` nùtrh. (…) Ol sup`rvav`nmal i` mr``nmals cãtamls `n nu`strl bhrcl i` p`nslrol ma`nmal, ò casch lrqu`taph iò lntacath, iè`rãl anvatlr l nu`strl murahsaili y `xafaranv`staflmaýn. Ohs caths qu` nh s` `xlcanln, ihni` qua`rl qu` sher`vavln, ta`n`n unl

pht`nmal suet`rrìn`l, lb`mtln l nu`strh p`nslca`nth i` bhrcls i` ols qu` nh shchsmhnsma`nt`s y, `n ol cìail `n qu` nhs blot` `sl mhnsma`nmal, quìl shmlvlil nu`strlmlplmaili plrl r`sastar l su anbou`nmal–.

Q san `celrfh, p`s` l qu` yl shchs mhnsma`nt`s i` ol mhniamaýn cãtaml iò sle`r ma`ntãbamhmhch lofh nùtrlo, unav`rslo, hed`tavh, n`m`satlchs s`fuar glma`nih Ma`nmal phr `vatlr òmlhs y `n nhcer` i` un iuihsh mhnm`pth i`nhcanlih ‟prhfr`sh– qu`, plrliýdamlc`nt`, nhs

gl p`rcataih un lvlnm` `sp`mtlmuolr `n thils ols rlcls iò sle`r `n tln shoh un safoh, y qu` plrloòlc`nt`, tlceaán gl p`rcataih l cumgls p`rshnls `nraqu`m rs` mhn ols aniustrals i` olluthi`strummaýn guclnl (aniustral lrclc`ntãstaml y `cpr`sls mhntlcanlnt`s).

@n `st` s`ntaih, un plsh cuy acphrtlnt` ilih phr ohs ma`ntãbamhs `s ò mu`stahnlca`nth iòl mhnm`pmaýn utaoatlrastl i` ol Ma`nmal, qu` l oh olrfh i` ol gasthral s` gl i`molrlih lchrlo

p`rh qu` sa`cpr`, y `sp`maloc`nt` `n ò safoh WW , s` gl pu`sth lo s`rvamah i` ban`s phoãtamhsy `mhnýcamhs. Mhch vachs mulnih gleoìelchs i` ol t`hrãl mrãtaml, ols els`s nùtrlo`s ylchrlo`s i` ol Ma`nmal mhc`nzlrhn l s`r mu`stahnlils l cìalihs iò safoh WW.

@iflr Chrãn=2 lbarcý qu` ol n`m`saili i` ol pr`t`nsaýn i` nùtrloaili i` ol Ma`nmal `sièaih l qu` ástls gl ant`ntlih sa`cpr` iab`r`nmalrs` y iastlnmalrs` i` ol ròafaýn y ol

phoãtaml l mlusl i` ol brlfaoaili i` ol Ma`nmal `n sus mhca`nzhs, ‟ yl qu` t`na`nih phracp`rltavh ò mhnhm`r phr mhnhm`r, nh phiãl shphrtlr ols m`nsurls i` ol t`hohfãl y i` ol

phoãtaml. Ol ma`nmal s` oacatý `nthnm`s lo mlcph mhfnatavh; òacanlnih i` su mlcphanv`stafltavh oh chrlo y oh phoãtamh. Ylo`s bu`rhn ols mhniamahn`s iò i`slrrhooh ma`ntãbamh–.

]`fôn Chrãn, ghy `n iãl `stls mhniamahn`s yl nh sarv`n, pu`s ol Ma`nmal y ol t`mnhohfãl glni`slrrhoolih phi`r`s tln frlni`s qu` su `d`rmamah mr`l prheo`cls átamhs. @sths prheo`clssurf`n mhch mhns`mu`nmal iò phi`r i` luthi`strummaýn i` nu`strl `sp`ma` y frlmals lolvlnm` t`mnhoýfamh y ma`ntãbamh, `sp`maloc`nt` `n oh qu` mhnma`rn` lo lrclc`nth numo`lr y lols clnapuolmahn`s f`nátamls y eahquãcamls.

F`n`rloc`nt`, s` gl mhnsai`rlih qu` ol c`tl i` ols ma`nmals `s prhphrmahnlr unls`xphsamahn`s pr`masls i` ‟mých shn ols mhsls–, y luthr`s mhch F`rf`n (<112) i`nunmalnqu` ols mu`stahn`s ròltavls l ‟mých iè`rãln s`r– nh glyln saih unl pr`hmuplmaýn ma`ntãbaml

pranmaplo glstl lghrl4 ‟Mulnih ol `xpoamlmaýn y ol i`smrapmaýn t`ýraml s` v`n r`muea`rtls i`vlohr`s, s` iam`, i`dln i` s`r baiìafnls h plsln l s`r iar`mtlc`nt` p`rduiamalo`s, phrqu`

=2 Rloo`dh Fýc`z, Nòshn4 ‟@ntr`vastl `n Zlrãs mhn @iflr Chran. @o Z`nslca`nth Mhcpo`dhmhntrl @o Z`nslca`nth Ônamh.–



02

iasthrsahnln ol v`rili. \u` ols t`mnhohfãls ma`ntãbamls ièln utaoazlrs` plrl iav`rshs prhpýsaths (mhch glm`r ol fu`rrl h mhntrholr ol pheolmaýn) ta`n` qu` s`r unl pr`hmuplmaýnvatlo plrl ohs ma`ntãbamhs–.

@s acphrtlnt` r`mhrilr qu` ò `sp`mtlmuolr lvlnm` i` ol t`mnhohfãl hmmai`ntlo gl saih phsaeo` l trlvás i` ol banlnmalmaýn i` ohs @stlihs `n ol anv`staflmaýn mhn ban`s caoatlr`s.Frlmals lo i`slrrhooh i` ol aniustral lrclc`ntãstaml, ol shmaìli s` gl aih e`n`bamalnih i``shs lvlnm`s qu` plrta`rhn i` unhs ban`s caoatlr`s y `mhnýcamhs, mhch phr `d`cpoh Ant`rn`t,ò ush f`n`rloazlih i` ol tò`bhnãl cývao y ò FZ], `ntr` cumghs htrhs. Z`rh htrhs r`suotlihsshn ol ehcel ltýcaml h ols lrcls quãcamls; shn cumghs ohs ma`ntãbamhs y ma`ntãbamls shmalo`squ` gln mratamlih l ol Ma`nmal, phrqu` gl s`rvaih l ohs ant`r`s`s i` i`strummaýn clsavl i`ma`rths phoãtamhs y phrqu` gl mholehrlih sa`cpr` mhn ohs ban`s phoãtamhs y ols fu`rrls iànt`r`s`s `ntr` plãs`s. Glstl ò punth i` mr`lr unl ehcel mlplz i` i`struar ò poln`tl `nt`rh.Zhi`chs lbarclr, ghy cìs qu` nunml, qu` phs``chs ol t`mnhohfãl subama`nt` mhch plrl`xtanfuar ol sp`ma` slpa`ns y thihs ohs i`cìs s`r`s vavhs, anmouy`nih lo poln`tl Ya`rrl(s`fôn ol Y`hrãl i` Flal òlehrlil phr Dlc`s Ohvòhmk), ea`n `n phmhs iãls (fu`rrlnumo`lr), ea`n `n unls iámlils (mlceah moacìtamh).

@n ò mlcph i` ols ma`nmals shmalo`s, ol mhnm`pmaýn lnloãtaml i` ol Ma`nmal, s`fôn FlrmãlB`rrlnih (5:::) gl ohfrlih sup`rlr ol mhnm`pmaýn phsatavastl-`cparamastl ihcanlnt` glstlohs s`s`ntl `n ò p`nslca`nth hmmai`ntlo. @n ol lmtuloaili, ol Ma`nmal `n ol áphml iò

phschi`rnasch lehfl phr ol pourloaili i` p`rsp`mtavls, oh qu`, s fôn ]lrlg K`ce`r(<117), acpoaml lihptlr un ma`rth frlih i` `sm`ptamasch r`sp`mth l thils ols pr`t`nsahn`sunav`rsloazlihrls, unl phsamaýn qu` s mlrlmt`rãstaml i` `stl áphml phschi`rnl. ]`fônCafuò Eòtrìn (5:::), `st` pourloasch mhfnatavh prhpah i` ols ma`nmals shmalo`s `n ollmtuloaili, ta`n` su mhrròlth `n un pourloasch c`thihoýfamh qu` iav`rsabaml ohs chihs i`lprhxaclmaýn, i`smueraca`nth y dustabamlmaýn i` ol r`loaili, pu`s, sher` thih ols ma`nmalsshmalo`s, nh puì`n lt`ni`r l ohs g`mghs shmalo`s mhch mhsls qu` `xast`n nlturloc`nt` ‟iòcasch chih `n qu` nhs `s ilih ò cunih bãsamh-nlturlo–.

Zhr htrh olih, `s acphrtlnt` mhc`ntlr qu` `n `st` prhm`sh i` i`mhnstrummahn`s y i`luthmrãtaml, ols ma`nmals nlturlo`s y shmalo`s gln vasth ol n`m`saili i` ant`rmlcealrmhnhmaca`nths y phn`rohs `n ròlmaýn; cumgls vhm`s gln saih ols qu` gln pu`sth ò lm`nth`n ol n`m`saili trlnsiasmapoanlr i` ol Ma`nmal. ]an `celrfh, ols iasmapoanls plr`m`n s`fuar

cuotapoamìnihs` xphn`nmaloc`nt` san t`n`r mhntlmth ntr` ools, y rì`smuera`nih mu`stahn`s lnt`rahrc`nt` lnloazlils phr htrls rlcls iò sle`r.

Gln surfaih, nh hestlnt`, mhrra`nt`s c`thihoýfamls mhch ol t`hrãl \u``r, qu` tlceaán `s unchvaca`nth phoãtamh y shmalo, y muyl pr`t`nsaýn `s anmouar san `xmouar, ant`frlnih thils olsg`rrlca`ntls i` lnìoasas `n unl p`rsp`mtavl i`mhnstrumtavl qu` prhcu`v` ol ai`l i` ar cìslooì i` ols `taqu`tls4 i` fán`rh, i` mols` shmah`mhnýcaml, tnal, nlmahnloaili, hra`ntlmaýns`xulo, ili, ai`hohfãl phoãtaml, prhb`saýn, tm.

Pnl t`hrãl elslil `n ò lmtavasch qu` pr`t`ni` rhcp`r mhn ò eanlrasch y lpu`stl phr ol

vasaeaoazlmaýn i` ol plrt` hsmurl i` nu`strl shmaìli d`rìrquaml qu` thih oh iavai` eldh olýptaml iò ea`n y iò clo. Zhr `sh ràvaniaml l ohs rlrhs y ols rlrls, ols canhrãls cìs



06

`xmouails, l ols trleldlihrls iò s`xh, l ohs trleldlihr`s iò s`xh, l ohs pr`saialrahs, l olsant`rfán`rh, l ols ancafrlnt`s, l ohs lnmalnhs, l ols g`rclbrhiatls, l ohs trlns`xulo`s, olsancafrlnt`s, y l thihs lquòohs qu` s` v`n `xmouaihs iò sast`cl mlpatloastl, i`chmrìtamh y

pltralrmlo.

@o \u``r i`strhzl ols mhnm`pmahn`s i` b`canaili y clsmuoanaili chstrlnih tln shoh qu` shnmhnstrummahn s muoturlo`s. Zhr `sh i`nunmal ò `s`nmaloasch i` ma`rths b`canaschs y ler` ol

pu`rtl plrl chstrlr ol blolmal i` ols taqu`tls i` fán`rh mhn oh qu` ò mhnm`pth i` ‟ol cud`r– plsl l `xplniars` cìs looì iò `st`r`htaph i` ol cud`r eolnml g`t rhs`xulo y raml, qu` shn olsqu` cìs fhzln i` i`r`mghs guclnhs `n ò cunih y ols cìs r`pr`s`ntlils `n ols

prhiummahn`s muoturlo`s.

@o \u``r `s unl ràvaniamlmaýn rliamlo i` ol iav`rsaili y ò r`mglzh glmal olghchf`nàzlmaýn (`státaml, antò`mtulo, lrtãstaml, `chmahnlo) acpu`stl phr ol foheloazlmaýn.Zhr `sh ò qu``r pr`t`ni` pìlnt`c`nt` `stlr `n thihs olihs4 phrqu` nh `xmouy`, sanhanmouy`, y `xpohrl thihs ohs cunihs i` ol hpr`saýn, san quìlrs` sholc`nt` `n ò fán`rh, yi`si` thils ols iasmapoanls4 baohshbãl, lntrhphohfãl, shmahohfãl, psamhohfãl, t`hohfãl,oanfÿãstaml, y i`si` ol muoturl, ò lrt` y ò lmtavasch.

<.2. @O BAN I@O Z@N]LCA@NYH EANLUAH4

I@]CHNYLNIH OL IAMHYHCÃL NLYPULO@TL/MPOYPUL.

Ol pr`funtl `t`rnl4 ¸s` puì` s`plrlr oh eahoýfamh i` oh muoturlo8I`ravlil i` òol surf`n cumgls cìs4 ¸gly ò`c`nths guclnhs purlc`nt` eahoýfamhs8, ¸òr`sth i` ols `sp`ma`s lnaclo`s nh bhrcln muoturls8. ¸]hchs purh anstanth h s`r`s r`banlihs

phr ol r`pr`saýn8, ò i`slrrhooh i` nu`strl antòaf`nmal `s c`rlc`nt` muoturlo y shmalo h smhsl i` ol nlturlo`zl8, ¸`s ol muoturl un prhiumth i` ol nlturlo`zl, h unl `xt`nsaýn i` olcascl8...

@n ol lmtuloaili ols `xpoamlmahn`s `n thrnh lo mhcphrtlca`nth y i`slrrhooh guclnh trltln i`

ant`rròlmahnlr lcels iac`nsahn`s san ml`r n rìummahnaschs eahoýfamhs h i`t`rcanaschsmuoturlo`s, lunqu` safu` sa`nih mhcôn qu` saflchs polnt`lnih mu`stahn`s mhch quá ta`n`cìs p`sh `n nu`strl guclnaili ; sa ol muoturl h ol nlturlo`zl.

@o `týohfh Yg`hihsaus Ihezglnsy bu` unh i` ohs t`ýramhs qu` gazh ganmlpaá `n ò safoh WW`n ò g`mgh i` qu` ò s`r guclnh iasphn` lo casch ta`cph i` unl nlturlo`zl y unl gasthral.Zlrl `st` ma`ntãbamh, ol `vhoumaýn guclnl phs`` ihs mhcphn`nt`s qu` trleldlnans`plrleo`c`nt` unaihs4 unh qu` s eahoýfamh u hrfìnamh y ò htrh muoturlo h suprlhrfìnamh.@sths ihs mhcphn`nt`s nh shn na mhcpo`tlc`nt` lutýnhchs na mhcpo`tlc`ntàni`p`nia`nt s, sanh mhrròltavhs y shoailrahs `ntr` sã. =6

=6 @n4 Oouãs Iumg, 5::5.



07

@sh p`rcat` suphn`r, s`fôn Oouãs Iumg (5::5) qu` ol `vhoumaýn guclnl nh puì`mhcpr`ni`rs` na mhch prhm`sh c`rlc`nt` eahoýfamh na tlcphmh mhch unl sacpo` gasthrali` ol muoturl, phrqu` `n òol ‟ s` il unl ant`rlmmaýn mr`ltavl `ntr` ohs b`nýc`nhs muoturlo`s

y ohs eahoýfamhs, l sle`r, `ntr` ol lrtabamahsaili y ò anstanth. Ol `vhoumaýn iò s`r guclnhr`suotl mhcpo`tlc`nt` anmhcpr`nsaeo` sa nh s` ta`n` `n mu`ntl `stl ant`rlmmaýn–.

F`go`n gl clnab`stlih qu` `n ouflr iò ‟marmuc-cunih– h cìah lc ea`nt` eahoýfamh iòlnaclo, `n ò ghcer` lplr`m` su ‟s`funil nlturlo`zl– qu` `s ol `sb`rl i` ol muoturl. ]`fôn`st` luthr, matlih phr Iumg (5::5), `n ò cunih guclnh ols anstatumahn`s y mhstucer`s s`gln mhnv`rtaih `n ohs sustatuths i` ols bunmahn`s ” qu` `st` luthr i`safnl mhn ol `xpr`saýn‟ bunmahn`s i` i`smlrfl h i` `xhn`rlmaýn–- qu` i`s`cp`ül ò anstanth `n ò lnaclo, yl qu`

p`rcat`n qu` ò s`r guclnh lmtô` san qu` o` s`l n`m`slrah mhnsai`rlr y phni`rlr thils olslot`rnltavls qu`, `n un chc`nth i`t`rcanlih, s` o` hbr`m`n, san t`n`r qu` prhmì`r l olr`mhnstrummaýn i` ohs ‟plshs– acpr`smaniaeo`s plrl `d`mutlr ol lmmaýn qu` s` i`s`l

`cpr`ni`r–.

Gly luthr`s mhch Oçva-]trluss qu` p`nsleln qu` `stl bhrcl eanlral i` p`nslca`nth `rl olbhrcl nlturlo i` p`nslr; qu` ò chih `n mých ò s`r guclnh lpr`g`niãl ol r`loaili `stlelansmrath `n nu`strhs f`n`s y `strumturls m`rèrlo`s. @stl ai`l `s ol qu` lrfuc`ntl qu` olvaho`nmal y ol praclmãl i` ol bu`rzl y ò phi`r sher` ohs iáeao`s `s ol els` i` ol sò`mmaýnnlturlo, qu` `s pr`maslc`nt` oh qu` mhnstatuy` nu`strl lnacloaili, y qu` phr `sh p`nslchs

eanlral y d`rìrquamlc`nt`.

]an `celrfh, ol Lntrhphohfãl Muoturlo i`chstrý qu` htrls muoturls guclnls t`nãln (yta`n`n) htrls bhrcls i` p`nslr iab`r`nt`s, htrls `strumturls i` p`nslca`nth nh eanlrastls na`xmouy`nt`s. Nuc`rhshs ma`ntãbamhs hpanln qu` ol sò`mmaýn nlturlo yl nh hp`rl `n nhshtrhs,

pu`sth qu` yl nh nhs lilptlchs lo cìahlcea`nt`, sanh qu` ant`rb`rachs `n áo y glstl`stlchs i`chstrlnih qu` shchs mlplm`s i` trlnsbhrclroh, clnapuolroh y i`strhzlroh. Ohsguclnhs t`rcanlchs i` bhrclrnhs bu`rl iò ôt`rh, phr tlnth nu`strl nlturlo`zl `stìaceramlil `n oh shmalo; nu`strh i`slrrhooh y sup`rvav`nmal i`p`ni`n i` ol prht`mmaýn qu`r`maeachs lo sloar iò va`ntr` clt`rnh, y i` ohs prhm`shs i` lpr`niazld` ` ant`rlmmaýn mhn òcìah shmalo.

I`si` glm` ta`cph, ohs guclnhs g`chs `cp`zlih l lilptlr ò cìahlcea`nt` l nhshtrhsfrlmals l ol t`mnhohfãl, i` chih qu` nh t`n`chs qu` `sp`rlr caoohn`s i` lühs plrl phi`rohfrlr unl cutlmaýn f`nátaml qu` nhs p`rcatl mruzlr l nlih ò hmálnh ltoìntamh4 mhnstruachs

elrmhs y lvahn`s y i` g`mgh, oo`flchs mhn nu`strls cìquanls l Clrt`, R`nus y ]lturnh.@sth acpoaml qu` yl nh bhrclchs plrt` i` ol sò`mmaýn nlturlo, phrqu` lmtulchs mhchiahs`s `n nu`strh cìah; shchs un hrflnasch vavh qu` s` `xplni` y shc`t` thih oh qu``nmu`ntrl, y lfrlnil su antòaf`nmal mhn cìquanls sup`rpht`nt`s qu` sup`rln, phr d`cpoh,su mlplmaili i` mìomuoh.

@s `vai`nt` qu` s`fuachs `vhoumahnlnih; nuc`rhshs ma`ntãbamhs hpanln qu` mhn ò plsh i`

ols `rls p`ri`r`chs i`banatavlc`nt` ols cuòls iò duamah (ann`m`slrals yl qu` g`chs plslihi` ol mlrn` mruil l ol mlrn` mhmail), ohs iìhs i` ohs pa`s (yl nh tr`plchs l ohs ìreho`s), y ò



01

pòh (ièaih lo ush i` rhpl i` lerafh). Nu`strh m`rèrh safu` luc`ntlnih, p`rh l unlvòhmaili eahoýfaml acp`rm`ptaeo` plrl nhshtrhs. Ol `vhoumaýn t`mnhoýfaml y muoturlo `s olqu` cìs nhs shrpr`ni`, quazìs phrqu` `n ò safoh WW s` ia`rhn unls trlnsbhrclmahn`s l unlvòhmaili lshcerhsl plrl ols p`rshnls qu` `n su anblnmal vava`rhn mhn blsmanlmaýn ol oo`flili` ol ouz òámtraml l sus ghflr`s, y ghy nlv`fln phr ol @rl i` Ant`rn`t.

I@]CHNYLNIH OL IA MHYHCÃL ULTÝN R@U]P] @CHMAÝN.

I`si` ohs ta`cphs i` ohs fra`fhs, ohs ph`tls, baoýshbhs y irlclturfhs gln mhnsai`rlih ol plsaýn y ol rlzýn b`nýc`nhs iab`r`nmalihs ` anmoush hpu`sths. Zoltýn r`sucãl `stl iamhthcãliama`nih qu` ohs i`s`hs `rln mhch mleloohs i`sehmlihs y ò antò`mth `rl ò ‟lurafl– quìèãl mhntrholr y iarafar `stls lnsals. @n thrnh l ol mu`staýn `past`choýfaml i` ol mlplmailiguclnl i` lmmì`r lo mhnhmaca`nth, Lrastýtò`s lbarcý qu` ol rlzýn `rl sup`rahr l ol

`chmaýn, y qu` sýoh oaerìnihnhs i` ols ltliurls arrlmahnlo`s y hsmurls i` ols `chmahn`s phirãlchs oo`flr lo mhnhmaca`nth i` ols mhsls y iò cunih. ]`fôn `st` baoýshbh, ols`chmahn`s `nflüln l nu`strhs s`ntaihs y l nu`strl rlzýn, phrqu` `stìn pr`ülils i`sued`tavaili. Li`cìs, supush qu` sa`nih lcels sb`rls lntlfýnamls, ol rlzýn phirãli`sglm`rs` i` ols chmahn`s mhn blmaoaili.

Ol mr``nmal i` qu` s` iè` utaoazlr ol rlzýn plrl acphn`rs` l ohs acpuoshs cìs eìsamhs p`rcln`maý anvlraleo` iurlnt` safohs. Ohs prac`rhs t`ýohfhs mrastalnhs mhnshoailrhn `stlai`l `n ò p`nslca`nth hmmai`ntlo4 ols `chmahn`s y ohs i`s`hs `rln t`ntlmahn`s, p`mlihs quìèãln iheo`flrs` cìalnt` ol rlzýn y ol bu`rzl i` vhountli.

]an `celrfh, `n ol lmtuloaili ohs nùrýohfhs mr``n qu` ol rlzýn y ol plsaýn `stìnan`xhrleo`c`nt` unails `n ò m`rèrh. L p`slr i` qu` ò `stuiah y ò plpò i` ols `chmahn`ss` gl mhnsai`rlih sa`cpr` mhch unl mu`staýn ld`nl lo lnìoasas ma`ntãbamh, `n ohs ôotachs ia`zlühs s` gl ilih un farh i` <7: frlihs, glstl f`n`rlr un mhns`nsh f`n`rloazlih `n ò cunihma`ntãbamh4 ols `chmahn`s nh sýoh i`s`cp`üln un plpò prachrialo `n ol vail guclnl, sanhqu` `stìn `n ò anamah i` ohs s`ntaca`nths, ol mhnma`nmal y ohs prhy`mths p`rshnlo`s ymho`mtavhs. @iulrih Zuns`t (5::0) lbarcl qu` sa ghy s`fuachs t`na`nih `chmahn`s `s

phrqu` `n o plslih ièa`rhn i` lyuilr l nu`strhs lnt`plslihs l sher`vavar y l p`rp`tulrs`‟]a `n ò mursh i` ol `vhoumaýn ols v`ntldls i` phs``r `chmahn`s nh guea`rln sup`rlih olsi`sv`ntldls i` nh mhntlr mhn òols, ohs s`r`s `chmahnlo`s nunml glerãln `vhoumahnlih–

Ol nùrhma`nmal gl i`smuea`rth qu` `xast`n ihs mlnlo`s i` i`masaýn4 unh o`nth y pr`mash, yhtrh rìpaih y tureah. Ol cln`rl o`ntl s` elsl `n ol oýfaml, y ol bhrcl rìpail `n ols`chmahn`s. ]hn ihs c`mlnaschs iò m`rèrh mhcpo`c`ntlrahs plrl thclr i`masahn`s p`rhnh lntlfýnamhs. Mulnih `s vatlo oo`flr l ol r`spu`stl mhrr`mtl y s` iasphn` i` ta`cph ànbhrclmaýn, s` suò` r`murrar lo cáthih i` rlzhnlr ols mhsls. @sth hmurr` `n ò s`nh i` olmhrt`zl pr`brhntlo iò m`rèrh, qu` `stì dusth i`trìs i` ol br`nt`. Gò`n Basg`r (5::9) ohi`smrae` mhch ‟ò m`ntrh i` n`fhmahs i` ol c`nt`–; su tlclüh s` `xplniaý `nhrc`c`ntìurlnt` ol Zr`gasthral guclnl y su bunmaýn `s ol i` prhm`slr anbhrclmaýn.



2:

Mhn ol mhrt`zl pr`brhntlo r`mhf`chs y hri`nlchs ohs ilths liquaraihs l trlvás i` ohss`ntaihs, lnloazlchs y shp`slchs ohs i`tloo`s, rlzhnlchs, polnabamlchs y thclchsi`masahn`s. Mulnih nh gly ta`cph plrl rlzhnlr, mhch `n satulmahn`s i` pòafrh, ò m`rèrhant`rpr`tl ols s`ülo`s i` ol lcãfilol i` cln`rl luthcìtaml, san plslr phr ol mhrt`zl

pr`brhntlo, y r`lmmahnl.

Ol mhrt`zl pr`brhntlo ta`n` mhn`xahn`s iar`mtls mhn cumgls r`fahn`s suemhrtamlo`s, mhch ollcãfilol, ò m`ntrh i` ols `chmahn`s, y ò mluilih, un m`ntrh i` ol chtavlmaýn, li`cìs i`htrhs. @n satulmahn`s nhrclo`s ò m`rèrh bunmahnl mhch un thih, y `n áo s` ant`rròlmahnln ymhhp`rln ols iastantls plrt`s. Zhr `sh, s`fôn ol lntrhpýohfl Gò`n Basg`r, ò p`nslca`nth, ohss`ntaca`nths, ol c`chral y ol chtavlmaýn `stìn `str`mglc`nt` ròlmahnlils. ‟ Ulrl v`zt`n`chs unl ai`l qu` nh vlyl lmhcplülil i` un s`ntaca`nth y un i`s`h; y rlrl v`z

s`ntachs h qu`r`chs lofh san qu` òoh vlyl lmhcplülih i` unl ai`l–.

Lnthnah Ilclsah=7 `s ò nùrhma`ntãbamh qu` clyhr `cp`üh gl prhiaflih `n `st` nu`vhmhns`nsh y i`ba`ni` ol ai`l i` qu` san `chmahn`s y san i`s`hs nh phi`chs lsafnlriab`r`nt`s vlohr`s l ols iab`r`nt`s hpmahn`s. Nu`strh p`nslca`nth, rlzhnlca`nth, i`masahn`snh t`nirãln ant`rás, s`rãln aniab`r`nt`s sa mlr`ma`rln i` ohs vatlo`s mhcphn`nt`s `chmahnlo`sn`m`slrahs plrl shp`slr ols vlraleo`s y `b`mtulr ò`mmahn`s4 ‟ @stì thih c`zmolih y `s unlc`zmol `n bhrcl i` razh4 `n v`z i` v`r ol `chmaýn lquã y ol rlzýn lgã, mhch ols mlpls

s`plrlils i` un plstò, oh qu` plsl `n r`loaili `s qu` nhs `nmhntrlchs mhn ol `chmaýnant`rbara`nih `n ol rlzýn y mhn ol rlzýn chiabamlnih ol `chmaýn. @s un razlca`nthmhnstlnt`.–

Iyoln @vlns=1 mr`` qu`, `n r`loaili, thils ols i`masahn`s shn `chmahnlo`s. Zrac`rh `xast` ol`chmaýn; ou`fh s` oo`vl l mleh un prhm`sh i` mìomuoh rlmahnlo `n ò qu` s` vl phni`rlnihthil ol anbhrclmaýn iasphnaeo`. ‟]a lnt`s nh sleãlchs plrl quá s`rvãln ols `chmahn`s,lghrl mhnstltlchs qu` san òols nh thclrãlchs nunml i`masahn`s–.

I` lgã qu` cumghs `sp`maloastls `n rheýtaml `stìn `cp`ülihs `n qu` ohs rhehts iò buturhs`ln mlplm`s i` s`ntar `chmahn`s, phrqu` `stls shn mhnstatutavls i` ol antòaf`nmal guclnlqu` s` pr`t`ni` r`mr`lr lrtabamaloc`nt`. Ohs nùrýohfhs sufa`r`n qu`, `n ôotacl anstlnmal, `sunl `chmaýn ol qu` anmoanl ol elolnzl glmal un olih u htrh l ol ghrl i` thclr i`masahn`s. ]asýoh mhntìrlchs mhn ol rlzýn, nh i`maiarãlchs nunml nlil, ilil ol mhcpo`daili mlsa anbanatlqu` suphn` `vloulr mhrr`mtlc`nt` ol sòvl i` ilths iasphnaeo`s.

@n ò mlcph i` ols ma`nmals shmalo`s, ò ant`rás phr ols `chmahn`s tlceaán s` gl vasthanmr`c`ntlih l cìail qu` lvlnzlel ò safoh WW. Hrt`fl y Flss`t (<19<) s` qu`dlel i` qu`ò t`cl iò lchr nh bu`s` hed`th i` anv`staflmaýn ma`ntãbaml h baohsýbaml4

‟]a un cáiamh gleol sher` ol iaf`staýn, ols f`nt`s `smumgln mhn chi`stal y murahsaili. Z`rh sa un psamýohfh gleol iò lchr, thihs o` hy`n mhn i`sián, c`dhr iamgh, nh o` hy`n, nhoo`fl l `nt`rlrs` i` oh qu` `nunmal, phrqu` thihs s` mr``n ihmthr`s `n ol clt`ral. @n phmlsmhsls lplr`m` tln i` clnaba`sth ol `stupai`z gleatulo i` ols f`nt`s. ¡Mhch sa ò lchr nh

=7 D`b` i` Nùrhohfãl `n ol Pnav`rsaili i` Ahwl, `ntr`vastlih phr Zuns`t (5::9).=1 Zrhb`shr i` ol Blmuotli i` Anbhrcìtaml, Anf`na`rãl y Ma`nmals clt`cìtamls i` ol Pnav`rsaty hb tg` V`st @nfolni `n Erastho. @n Zuns`t, 5::9.



2<

bu`rl, l ol phstr`, un t`cl t`ýramh iò casch oanld` qu` ohs i`cìs, y phr tlnth, g`rcátamh plrl qua`n nh s` lm`rqu` l áo mhn lfuihs anstruc`nths antò`mtulo`s!–.

@n `st` s`ntaih, shn nuc`rhshs ohs luthr`s qu` gln pu`sth ò lm`nth `n ol n`m`saili i``stuialr ols `chmahn`s lo mhnsai`rlrols un mhcphn`nt` bunilc`ntlo qu` nhs p`rcat`mhnhm`r lo s`r guclnh nh shoh mhch s`r rlmahnlo, sanh tlceaán mhch s`r `chmahnlo.

@o lntrhpýohfh ]`rfah Clnfga (<111) , elsìnihs` `n ol ai`l iò p`nslca`nth mhcpo`dh i`Chrãn, mr`` qu` `s n`m`slrah òlehrlr unl t`hrãl shmalo i` ols `chmahn`s qu` s`l nh iuloastl,yl qu` ‟tlnth `n ols camrh-ant`rlmmahn`s mhtaialnls mhch `n ols clmrh-ant`rlmmahn`s

shmalo`s, nu`strh o`nfuld` cìs `sphntìn`h nhs mhnstraü` l unl s`üloazlmaýn iuloastl4 plsaýnh i`slp`fh, ph`sãl h prhsl, lrt` h Ma`nmal, lchr-i`s`h h lchr `sparatulo, t`ntlmaýn hvhountli, anmhnsma`nt` h mhnsma`nt`, nlturlo`zl h muoturl, ghch i`c`ns u ghch slpa`ns,lrrlafh h oae`rtli, chvaca`nths `sphntìn`hs h mhlmmahn`s anstatumahnlo`s, `tmát`rl– 9:.

Li`cìs, plrl Clnfga `s acpr`smaniaeo` qu` `stl t`hrãl phnfl ò lm`nth `n oh shmalo, yl qu`

ol iac`nsaýn `chmahnlo iò s`r guclnh `s un rlsfh unav`rslo mhnstatutavh. Zlrl áo nh s` trltlsýoh i` unl tlr`l ma`ntãbaml, sanh tlceaán átamh-phoãtaml, ‟ pu`s ol p`rsast`nmal, `n nu`strhta`cph, i` gìeaths p`rm`ptavhs iuloastls, qu` s`plrln ò mhrlzýn y ol rlzýn, ò mu`rph y ò`spãratu, ols `chmahn`s y ol mhfnamaýn, `s unl bu`nt` p`rcln`nt` i` subraca`nths, i`

pr`vlramlmahn`s y i` vaho`nmal–.

Mhn r`sp`mth l unl i` ols `chmahn`s eìsamls guclnls, Brlnm`smh Loe`rhna (<161) mr`` quòhs s`ntaca`nths shn ol els` iò mhnhmaca`nth, y mhnsai`rl qu` ò lchr `s ol bhrcl cìssacpo` i` chvaca`nth mho`mtavh. Mhnsai`rl qu`, mhch b`nýc`nh shmalo, gl i` s`r `stuialih

phr ols ma`nmals shmalo`s mhch mlt`fhrãl eìsaml i` ròlmaýn shmalo. Htrhs luthr`s mhch Zatrac]hrhkan tlceaán anmai`n `n ol iac`nsaýn shmalo iò lchr y ohs s`ntaca`nths4

‟Y`n`chs pr`duamahs mhntrl thils ols t`hrãls qu` ant`ntln i`chstrlr ò phi`r iò lchr `nol i`t`rcanlmaýn i` ol p`rshnloaili y mhniumtl guclnls, `n su anbou`nmal `n ò mursh i` ol`vhoumaýn eahoýfaml, shmalo, c`ntlo y chrlo, `n lb`mtlr l ohs lmhnt`maca`nths gastýramhs y `nchoi`lr ols anstatumahn`s shmalo`s y ol muoturl–.

O`h Eusmlfoal, tlceaán hpanl qu` `s raiãmuoh qu` ò @rhs, unl bu`rzl i` ol vail tln phi`rhsl, s l afnhrlil, nh anv`staflil y mhni`nlil phr ohs ma`ntãbamhs shmalo`s, ‟qu` `nmlceah, sã s` hmupln cumgh i` `sl htrl bu`rzl oolclil s`xh, mulnih hrafanlralc`nt` y `nrafhr `tachoýfamh s` trltl iò casch b`nýc`nh– 9<.

@n `stl oãn`l mrãtaml, i`mhnstrummahnastl, qu``r y b`canastl qu` anmai` `n ol n`m`saili i`

anv`staflr ma`ntãbamlc`nt` un b`nýc`nh eah-psamh-shmah-muoturlo mhch ò lchr, `smraeã òoaerh ‟ Ol mhnstrummaýn shmahmuoturlo iò lchr rhcìntamh–, p`rt`n`ma`nt` l ol cascl t`sasihmthrlo qu` `st` oaerh95.

9: Clnfga ]`rfah4 ]a`nth, ou`fh phirãlchs. Zlrl unl t`hrãl shmalo i` ols `chmahn`s. Flz`tl i` Lntrhphohfãl, n´ <0, <111. gttp4//www.ufr.`s/~pwolm/

9< Matlihs phr ]hralnh (5:::)95 G`rr`rl Fýc`z, Mhrlo4 ‟ Ol mhnstrummaýn shmahmuoturlo iò lchr rhcìntamh–, @iathraloBunilc`nths, Clirai, 5:<<.

http://www.ugr.es/~pwlac/




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<. 6. OL U@LOAILI I@]I@ PNL Z@U]Z@MYARL \P@@U

‟\u``r puì` lpuntlr lghrl glmal mhsls qu` i`s`stleaoam`n ols mlt`fhrãls xast`nt`s,ca`ntrls qu` òol cascl `stì mhnvartaánihs` `n unl mlt`fhrãl4 p`rh unl mlt`fhrãl qu` s`r`sast` l unl i`banamaýn bìmao. @s i`mar, nunml phi`chs sle`r l quá s` `stì r`bara`nih lofua`n`xlmtlc`nt` sýoh i`si` ol `taqu`tl qu``r, `xm`pth mulnih s`l lofh nh mlt`fýramh h nhnhrcltavlc`nt` phsamahnlih–. (Ihty, mat. `n Mèloohs, 5::0, p.<6:)

Ol, oh, o` \u``r `s chvaca`nth, cutlmaýn, trlnsfr`saýn, plrhial, s` mhnstruy` i`si` ohscìrf`n`s iò sast`cl y lmlel ls`ntìnihs` `n ols t`sas ihmthrlo`s y `n ohs mhnfr`shs.

Ol Y`hrãl \u``r surf` l banlo`s iò safoh WW mhch unl g`rrlca`ntl i` lnìoasas `n ol qu`mle`n thils ols prhpu`stls, thils ols iasmapoanls, thils ols bhrcls i` r`sast`nmal antò`mtulo lohs iamtlihs iò eanlrasch, h i` r`sast`nmal lmtavastl `n mhntrl i` ol clrfanlmaýn y ol`xmousaýn. Ol qu``r nh s` i`ta`n` `n ol mrãtaml i` ol mhnstrummaýn i` ols ai`ntaili`s s`xulo`s,sanh qu` lcpoãl su rliah i` lmmaýn l `taqu`tls i` `xmousaýn mhch ol `tnamaili, ol ròafaýn, ol`mhohfãl, y `n f`n`rlo, ohs fruphs clrfanlihs phr ò mlpatloasch foheloazlih i` ban`s iòsafoh WW.

\u``r lplr`m`, lnt`s qu` ol t`hrãl, mhch un chvaca`nth phoãtamh y shmalo qu` ràvaniaml oliav`rsaili y pr`t`ni` rhcp`r mhn ols `strumturls c`ntlo`s, shmalo`s, phoãtamls, lrtãstamls y`chmahnlo`s qu` nhs safu`n lpr`slnih o p`nslca`nth, cpher`ma`nih nu`strh p`nslca`nth,loac`ntlnih ols d`rlrquãls, nutraánihnhs i` pr`duamahs, nmldhnìnihnhs n `taqu`tlsi`banathrals y xmouy`nt`s.

@o \u``r nlm` `n ols mloo`s, `n ohs elr`s y `n ohs ouflr`s pôeoamhs, surf` i`si` ol oumglmhntrl ò RAG iò chvaca`nth OFEY y i` ols oumgls b`canastls. @n ò ìceath i` ol lmli`caly ol anv`staflmaýn i` ols t`hrãls i` fán`rh, ò qu``r s` ans`rtl `n lár`ls mhch ol baohshbãl, ol

psamhohfãl, ol lntrhphohfãl, ol shmahohfãl, ols t`hrãls b`canastls y OFEY\mhn un `nbhqu` i`mhnstrummahnastl y unl g`r`nmal phst`strumturloastl `n ò qu` Bhumluot `sunh i` sus pranmaplo`s r`b`r`nt`s.

Zhr `sh frln plrt` i` ol prhiummaýn qu``r nh shoh va`n` i`si` ohs polnt`lca`nths t`ýramhs `nthrnh l ol mlt`fhrãl iò fán`rh, sanh qu` s` c`zmol mhn ols r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s lrtãstamls, olsant`rpr`tlmahn`s muoturlo`s y ò lmtavasch shmahphoãtamh. I` `stl cln`rl, `n ò qu``r nh s`

puì` `nt`ni`r ol t`hrãl san ol prlxas, phrqu` nh shn mhnm`pths iab`r`nt`s u hpu sths, sanhqu` mlil ò`c`nth s` `nta`ni` ant`rròlmahnlih `n un `splmah ghrazhntlo ihni` mle`n thilsols prhpu`stls qu` mu`stahnln ò hri`n `stleo`maih y polnt`ln nu`vls bhrcls i` p`nslr, i`vavar, i` ròlmahnlrnhs, i` mhnstruar ol r`loaili.

\u``r `s unl prhpu`stl qu` s` olnzl i`si` ohs cìrf`n`s iò sast`cl y s` r`sast` l qu` s`l

leshreail phr ò sast`cl iò casch chih qu` htrls mhntrlmuoturls h ai`hohfãls lot`rnltavls



2=

qu` gln plslih l p`rt`n`m`r l nu`strl r`loaili g`f`cýnaml mhch `splmahs i` mr`lmaýn muylsônamls trlnsfr`sahn`s lmleln sa`nih purlc`nt` `státamls.

Ols t`ýramls y t`ýramhs qu``r r`na`fln i` ol ai`l i` ‟`s`nmal– plrl prhphn`r lmlelr mhn olsmolsabamlmahn`s eanlrastls, pu`s shn rìummahnastls y gln `cpher`maih nu`strh p`nslca`nth4ol r`loaili `s sa`cpr` cumgh cìs mhcpo`dl y raml qu` nu`strls pher`s `taqu`tls.

I`si` ò pranmapah r`mglzl ol molsabamlmaýn i` ohs aniavaiuhs `n mlt`fhrãls unav`rslo`s mhch"ghcer`" h "cud`r", "ghchs`xulo", "g`t`rhs`xulo, shst`na`nih qu` ástls smhni`n unnôc`rh `nhrc` i` vlralmahn`s muoturlo`s, nanfunl i` ols mulo`s s`rãl cìs bunilc`ntlo hnlturlo qu` ols htrls. Mhntrl ò mhnm`pth moìsamh i` fán`rh, qu` iastanfuãl oh "nhrclo" (`nanfoás strlafgt) i` oh "lnýcloh" (qu` r), oh qu``r lbarcl qu` thils ols ai`ntaili`s shmalo`sshn afuloc`nt` lnýclols.

Ulblò Cárail Dacán`z (5::5) `xpoaml qu` ò mhnm`pth qu``r acpoaml rlr`zl y`xtrlülca`nth, y l navò mhohqualo gl saih trliamahnloc`nt` un ansuoth s`xulo iarafaih l olf`nt` qu` nh s` lilptl baòc`nt` l ol iamhthcãl ghcer`/cud`r. \u``r glm` r`b`r`nmal lbhrcls i` vail ` ai`ntaili`s iab`r`nt`s qu` s` slo`n i` ol nhrcl `stleo`mail phr ol ai`hohfãly ohs `st`r`htaphs ihcanlnt`s. Li`cìs, qu``r ta`n` un mlrìmt`r cuy phoasácamh y `stì`str`mglc`nt` ròlmahnlih mhn o lmtavasch phoãtamh.

‟\u``r gl i`safnlih y plrl cumghs safu` i`safnlnih ol blotl i` i`mhrh y ol lnhrcloailii` ols prìmtamls y hra`ntlmahn`s i` ohs flys y ols o`sealnls. (..) Ols prìmtamls qu``rmhnsast`n `n i`s`stleaoazlr (th qu``r) nhrcls qu` shn sýoh lplr`nt`c`nt` badls– (Hoav`r -Uhtf`r `n Cárail Dacán`z, 5::5).

]`fôn Zr`malih (5::=), unh i` ohs prheo`cls i` ol t`hrãl qu``r, lo c`nhs `n su bhrcuolmaýn euto`ralnl, `s qu` ant`ntl mhnmaoalr ihs polnt`lca`nths baohsýbamhs iastanths sher` ò sud`th yò phi`r. Zhr un olih, ohs t`xths psamhlnloãtamhs qu` i`smrae`n ò phi`r mhch m`nsurl, mhchanstlnmal i` r`pr`saýn, y v`n ol ròlmaýn `ntr` ò sud`th y ò iasmursh `n tárcanhs ialoámtamhs(polnt`lnih qu` `xast` un i`s`h qu` lnt`mì` lo sud`th, unl puosaýn lnt`rahr lo o`nfuld` y loiasmursh). Zhr htrh olih, ohs lnìoasas i` Bhumluot sher` ol s`xuloaili (qu` Zr`malihmhcpo`tlrãl y cltazlrãl mhn ols r`bo`xahn`s i` Chnaqu` Vattaf y ohs trleldhs i` Iòùz` y

Fulttlra), `n ohs qu` s` mhnmae` ò sud`th mhch prhiumth iò iasmursh y ò phi`r mhch prhiummaýn.

@n su oaerh Yg` strlafgt cani (<17:) Chnaqu` Vattaf, lmtavastl y `nslyastl o`sealnl, i`banãlò s`xh y ò fán`rh mhch unl mhnstrummaýn y mhnsai`rlel ols lmtavaili`s lshmalils l ohb`c`nanh (ol r`prhiummaýn, ò cltrachnah, ò muailih i` ohs gadhs,...) mhch ò`c`nths i` unlmli`nl i` prhiummaýn shmalo y i`chfrìbaml i`stanlil l ol r`prhiummaýn i` ol vail. Vattafmloabamlel ol g`t`rhs`xuloaili nh yl mhch unl prìmtaml s`xulo sanh mhch un ráfac`n phoãtamh(un sast`cl i` prhiummaýn mlpatloastl), un lnìoasas qu` mhn`mtl mhn ol nhmaýn bhuomltalnl ièahphoãtaml.



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Zlrl Vattaf, qu` sustatuy` ol iuloaili iamhtýcaml i` ol hpr`saýn ghcer`/cud`r phr ol i`g`t`rhs`xuloaili/ghchs`xuloaili, "ol cud`r" nh `s unl ai`ntaili nlturlo, sanh unl mlt`fhrãl

phoãtaml qu` surf` `n ò clrmh i` un iasmursh g`t`rhm`ntrlih. @n `st` s`ntaih, ol luthrl i`Yg` strlafgt cani phirãl lbarclr qu` ols o`sealnls nh shn cud`r`s, yl qu` nh plrtamapln `n òráfac`n phoãtamh (prhiumtavh y r`prhiumtavh) i` ol g`t`rhs`xuloaili.

I`sclrmìnihs` i` ol ialoámtaml eanlral i` ol hpr`saýn clrxastl y `n mhntanuaili mhn ò p`nslca`nth i` Bhumluot y i` su mh`tìn`l Chnaqu` Vattaf, ols t`hrãls qu``rs gleoln i` un phi`r prhiumtavh, trlnsv`rslo, mhcpo`dh. " Br`nt` l unl `strumturl i` ihcanlmaýn v`rtamlo y san basurls, ihni` l un olih stìn ohs ghcer`s y lo htrh ols cud`r`s (h l un olih ohs phi`rhshs y lo htrh ohs hpracaihs), ols t`hrãls qu``rs pa`nsln qu` `xast` un sast`clmhcpo`dh qu` phn` `n clrmgl côotapo`s ròlmahn`s i` phi`r y `n ò qu`, phr tlnth, `s

sa`cpr` phsaeo` ant`rv`nar, mr`lr `splmahs i` r`sast`nmal y i`slrrhoolr unl oumgl phoãtaml"(Zr`malih, 5::5).

Ols t`hrãls y prìmtamls qu``rs, s`fôn ol luthrl i` Clnaba`sth Mhntrls`xulo , nh r`pr`s`ntln,`n `st` s`ntaih, un chvaca`nth i` `clnmaplmaýn qu` pai` ol liquasamaýn i` i`r`mghs `n vãlsi` un r`mhnhmaca`nth shmalo y i` un prhfr`sh `mhnýcamh (pranmaplo y mlsa ônamlràvaniamlmaýn i` cumghs chvaca`nths b`canastls y i` ghchs`xulo`s), sanh qu` polnt`lnunl mhnt`stlmaýn ant`frlo i` ol mlt`fhrãl i` sud`th i` ol chi`rnaili.

"Zhr òoh, plrl ol t`hrãl qu``r `s n`m`slrah nh lsucar ohs iasmurshs/iasphsatavhs i` phi`r iòl g`f`chnãl. Zhr ò mhntrlrah, iè` ant`ntlr r`lprhpalrs` i` nhmahn`s ley`mtls (mhch ò

prhpah nhcer` qu` i`safnl lo chvaca`nth) qu` nh puì`n s`r lsacaolils mhn rlpai`z phr ò sast`cl mlpatloastl–.

]` trltl i` un chvaca`nth phstai`ntatlrah, p`rh qu` lnt` unl satulmaýn i` hpr`saýn mhnmr`tli`mai` phn`r `n clrmgl `strlt`fals gap`rai`ntatlrals qu` glfln vasaeo` ol phsamaýn i` ma`rtlscanhrãls. Z`rh sa`cpr`, s`ülol E`ltraz Zr`malih, ‟i`si` ol mhnma`nmal i` qu` olmhnbafurlmaýn i` `sl gap`rai`ntaili nh `s bruth i` un prhm`sh nlturlo sanh lofh mhnstruaihqu` li`cìs puì` f`n`rlr `xmousaýn".

LZHUY@] I@ OL Y@HUÃL \P@@U LO LNÌOA]A] Q YULN]BHUCLMAÝN I@ OL

U@LOAILI

Z`nslr sher` ol r`loaili i`si` unl p`rsp`mtavl qu``r mr`h qu` suphn` glm`roh nh shoh san pr`t`nsahn`s i` unav`rsloaili, sanh i`si` ohs côotapo`s yh`s, i`si` ol iav`rsaili i``nbhqu`s y p`rsp`mtavls, i`si` ol `cpltãl. Ol `cpltãl `s ol mlplmaili i` phi`r mhohmlrs` `nò ouflr iò htrh, mlplmaili qu` mhcplrtachs li`cìs mhn cumghs htrhs s`r`s vavhs.

@stl prhpu`stl t`ýraml nh shoh trltl i` i`nunmalr ò `nma`rrh c`ntlo qu` suphn` quìlrs` `nò p`nslca`nth eanlrah, sanh qu` li`cìs mr`` `n ols mho`mtavaili`s. @n `st` s`ntaih, ò \u``rta`n` lofh i` uthpãl phrqu` `nma`rrl pht`nmaloaili`s i` cumgh lchr. Lo mr``r `n ò phi`r i`

ol hrflnazlmaýn phpuolr, lo sloar l ols mloo`s plrl trltlr i` mlcealr ol clrfanlmaýn y olanvasaeaoazlmaýn i` ma`rths s`mthr`s shmalo`s, ò \u``r anvatl l qu` nhs dunt`chs plrl



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mhnstruar dunths y duntls. ]` trltl i` qu` lpr`nilchs l trltlrnhs ea`n, l vlohrlr olsiab`r`nmals mhch `nraqu`mìhrls, l lpr`ni`r l r`sp`tlrnhs, l l mhnvavar plmãbaml yshoailralc`nt`, y l qu`r`rnhs un phquath cìs, `n i`banatavl.9=

@n `st` s`ntaih mr`h qu` ol prhpu`stl i` qu`r`rs` cìs y c`dhr phirãl s`r r`vhoumahnlral phrqu` i`strhzlrãl ols rì`s i o caìh qu` vlmãln ols mloo`s y nhs glm`n t`c`r unhs i` htrhs.I`strhzlrãl ò aniavaiuloasch ltrhz `n ò qu` vavachs, y prhpamalrãl ol mr`lmaýn i` rì`s i`shoailraili y lyuil cutul qu` phirãln glm`r mholpslr ò sast`cl mlpatloastl, iò thihanshoailrah, d`rìrquamh y `fhãstl.

@stl prhpu`stl qu``r mhntanôl ol oãn`l iò lchr qu` plsý phr ò chvaca`nth gappa`, p`rh `stlv`z `s cìs punk phrqu` `n su rèòiãl mhntrl ohs `st`r`htaphs, ohs rho`s y ò mhntrhoshmahphoãtamh i` nu`strhs mu`rphs y `chmahn`s, i`stlpl thih lquòoh qu` ol shmaìli nhqua`r` v`r, lquòoh qu` ohs cìahs nh vasaeaoazln. @n su eltlool plrl i`schntlr caths, rho`s y`st`r`htaphs trliamahnlo`s o qu``r mhceanl acìf`n`s acplmtlnt`s, vai`hp`rbhrclnm`s, t`sasihmthrlo`s, bolsgches mloo`d`rhs, vãi`hs `n yhutue`, mhnb`r`nmals lmliácamls, lrtãmuohsma`ntãbamhs, murshs i` lmtavasch phoãtamh, sghws `n ba`stls….

Yrlnsatl mhn bouai`z `n ò o`nfuld` i` ol mloo`, y s` cu`v`, tlceaán, mhn bouai`z `n òo`nfuld` cìs banh y lmliácamh. I` `st` chih, ta`n` cumghs br`nt`s i` eltlool lea`rths, p`rh

plrl cã, `sl s su frln vartui. Ols qu``rs h kuars `stlchs vavls, nhs ròlmahnlchsghrazhntloc`nt` n ols rì`s shmalo`s, mhcplrtachs lrtãmuohs prhpahs y ld`nhs, glm`chs

prhpu`stls, o``chs sher` qu` r y plrtamaplchs `n mglrols sher` ò t`cl.

@o \u``r nh `s shoh unl f`n`rlmaýn i` f`nt` qu` `stì vavl y `stì p`nslnih, i`mhnstruy`nih, prhphna`nih, sanh tlceaán unl taqu`tl qu` ò`fachs plrl i`banarnhs. Mhch thils ols`taqu`tls, nhs `nma`rrl y nhs `st`r`htapl, mhch liv`rtãl Zr`malih. Qh cascl c` `taqu`thmhch qu``r phr s`ntarc` plrt` i` un lofh, i` unl f`n`rlmaýn, i` un fruph i` f`nt` qu` sàniafnl y s` iava`rt` mhch yh, qu` prhphn`, qu` ant`rmlceal p`nslca`nths, qu` r`bo`xahnl`n rì`s shmalo`s ghrazhntlo`s.

@st` òhfah lo \u``r qu` c` gl surfaih `smraea`nih, puì` phr supu`sth s`r i`mhnstruaih loanstlnt`. Cumgl f`nt` c` iarì qu` ò caìh l ol iab`r`nmal `s nhrclo , qu` ols bheals shmalo`stlriln safohs `n `xtanfuars`, qu` ol muoturl nh mlceal `n leshouth y s`fuachs trlfìnihnhs

mu`nths i` pranm`sls y prãnmap`s plrl ol `t`rnaili, qu` ohs qu``rs plslrìn l oolclrs` i` htrlcln`rl i`ntrh i` ihs lühs phrqu` l lofua`n s` o` hmurrarì un tárcanh cìs mhho, y qu` ò\u``r nh ta`n` unl prhpu`stl sýoail na unl c`thihohfãl `xglustavl mhch ò clrxasch, phr`d`cpoh.

]an `celrfh, r`path, mhch g`rrlca`ntl `s ôtao. @s acphsaeo` qu` ò \u``r nhs hbr`zml, mhchhtrhs chvaca`nths h t`hrãls, v`rili`s leshoutls, o`y`s bunilc`ntlo`s, strumturls sýoails ym`rrlils, cáthihs i` lnìoasas anbloaeo`s h g`f`chnãls acpu`stls. I` `st` chih shoh quìl

p`nslr qu` s unl mhrra`nt` qu` nhs prhphrmahnl g`rrlca`ntls mhntrl ò p`nslca`nth

9= Ca prhpu`stl `n thrnh l `st` t`cl s` `nmu`ntrl `n ò 4 ‟Clnaba`sth i` ohs lchr`s qu``r–, `n ò oaerh ‟Cìs looì iòls `taqu`tls. B`canaschs, clsmuoanaili`s, qu``r–, `n @iathralo Yxlolplrtl, Zlcpohnl, 5:<< y `n ò eohf4 ‟@o Uanmýni` Glakl–.



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iamhtýcamh, qu` phs`` un `quaph mhnm`ptulo cuy sýoaih mhn un punth i` ohmurl y i`suev`rsaýn, qu` nh `xast` unl oãn`l molrl l s`fuar phr thihs ohs qu``rs. I` `st` chih oh qu`

phi`chs `s gleolr i` ol mhnstrummaýn shmahmuoturlo iò s`xh, i` ol eòo`zl, i` ol ai`ntaili,iò lchr, iò mu`rph, iò fán`rh, i` ol `xmousaýn, y cao t`cls cìs. I`mhnstruarohs,r`p`nslrohs y vhovárnhsohs l anv`ntlr.

Htrh rlsfh phsatavh iò \u``r `s qu` mr`h qu` nlia` s` sa`nt` `xmouaih, na saqua`rl `xmouy` lohs qu` nh o``n qu``r phrqu` nh oh `nta`ni`n, y l ols lmliácamls qu` nh vln dlcìs l unlclnab`stlmaýn phrqu` stìn cuy hmuplils mhn sus mglrols y sus pueoamlmahn`s. Lgã mle`chsthils. @n cas mglrols l c`nuih c` pr`funtln sa mle`n `n ò fruph tlceaán ohsg`t`rhs`xulo s. Ol r`spu`stl s sã.

@o \u``r `stì i`sm`ntrloazlih h lo c`nhs ta`ni` l ar `n `sl oãn`l, lunqu` s` anstatumahnloam` ltrlvás i` mhnfr`shs. Ols t`ýramls y ols lmtavastls trleldln mhn ol c`thihohfãl ma`ntãbamlshmalo, p`rh tlceaán nlrrln gasthrals i` vail i` f`nt` qu``r, i` f`nt` rlrl, y i` lquòols qu`lmucuoln sher` sã thils ols `taqu`tls i` clrfanlmaýn phsaeo`s phr s`r cud`r`s, phr s`raniãf`nls h lbrhi`sm`nia`nt`s, phr s`r o`sealnls, phr s`r pher`s, phr s`r lnmalnls.

Qh i`ba`nih ò ush i` ols gasthrals i` vail phrqu` mhn òols s` ohfrl, i` lofôn chih,vasaeaoazlr ol mhcpo`dl r`loaili i`ntrh i` b`nýc`nhs qu` phs``n, l su v`z, unl `nhrcìav`rsaili, mhch `s ò mlsh i` ol trlns`xuloaili. Nh `s oh casch vavarol `n ò mlcph qu` `nol mauili, na `rl oh casch glm` ihs safohs qu` lghrl, na `s oh casch vavaroh `n Lbflnastìnqu` `n Brlnmal, phr `d`cpoh.

Mlil p`rshnl vav` i`si` su leshoutl p`rsp`mtavl ol r`loaili. I` `st` chih oh c`dhr, mr`h, `ssacpo`c`nt` chstrlr ols sued`tavaili`s i` sls vav`nmals y sls p`rm`pmahn`s, y mulntls cìsc`dhr, san trltlr i` hed`tavazlrols na `catar o`y`s bunilc`ntlo s.

@o \u``r `nthnm`s nh `s unl ma`nmal nu`vl na unl mhrra`nt`, na `s shoh un chvaca`nthclraml, h unl chil plsld`rl. @s unl g`rrlca`ntl plrl i`mhnstruar, plrl prhphn`r, plrlr`bo`xahnlr sher` mhch mhnstruachs ol r`loaili y mých phirãlchs mlcealr `sl mhnstrummaýn

plrl ohfrlr unl mhnvav`nmal ghrazhntlo `ntr` ai`hohfãls, san qu` unl s l g`f`cýnaml y olsi`cìs ‟lot`rnltavls– h canhratlrals.

@stl mhnvav`nmal p`rcatarãl ol mhnstrummaýn i` unl r`loaili san d`rlrquãls, cìs iav`rsl, cìslea`rtl ` anmousavl, cìs lcleo`, cìs shoailral. \uazìs phiãlchs r`nhcerlr thil `stlr`bo`xaýn mhn ol `taqu`tl ‟uthpãl qu``r –. Z`rh thils ohs p`nslca`nths y ohs iasmurshs suò`n`stlr mlrflihs i` uthpãls, qu` nh shn sanh c`tls y prhpu`stls plrl mlcealr ol mhnstrummaýni` ol r`loaili l navò phoãtamh, `mhnýcamh, shmalo, muoturlo, s`xulo y `chmahnlo. @s glstlma`rth punth ‟nhrclo– qu` surdln `n `sths t`xths tlceaán.



26

@O \P@@U MHCH G@UULCA@NYL I@-MHN]YUPMMAÝN Q MHN]YUPMMAÝN]HMALO4

L mhntanulmaýn plsh l sast`cltazlr ohs lphrt`s i` ol t`hrãl qu``r lo p`nslca`nth mrãtamh,`past`choýfamh y ma`ntãbamh lmtulo4

<) Ol Y\ r`thcl ols lphrtlmahn`s i` I`rrail qu` i`sca`nt`n qu` ò p`nslca`nth eanlrah s`lmhnsustlnmalo lo s`r guclnh. I`si` unl p`rsp`mtavl i`mhnstrummahnastl, ol Y\u``r s` iìamll i`strhzlr ohs eanhcahs iamhtýcamhs clsmuoanh/b`c`nanh, nhrclo/lnhrclo,ghchs`xulo/g`t`rhs`xulo, mas`xulo/trlns`xulo, eolnmh/n`frh, hmmai`ntlo/hra`ntlo, `tm.

5) Ol \u``r r`mglzl ols mlt`fhrazlmahn`s y ols `taqu`tls qu` sarv`n plrl d`rlrquazlr ol`strumturl shmalo, i`mhnstruy` ohs `s`nmaloaschs y su pr`t`nsaýn `s phn`r `n mu`staýn thilsols v`rili`s ilils phr supu`sth.

=) Pnh i` sus pranmaplo`s lphrt`s `s ol t`hrãl i` ol p`rbhrcltavaili iò fán`rh, qu` `nta`ni`qu` nu`strls ai`ntaili`s shn mhnstrumths muoturlo`s, shn plpò`s mhn rho`s i`banaihs qu`g`chs i` lpr`ni`r plrl ant`frlrnhs `n ol shmaìli, iò casch chih qu` unl lmtraz lpr`ni`l chv`rs`, mlcanlr, gleolr, mlntlr h lmtulr mhch ò p`rshnld` qu` o` gln lsafnlih. Yhihslpr`ni`chs l s`r ghcer`s y cud`r`s i`si` `sl p`rbhrcltavaili, mhn ol qu` li`cìs mr`lchsr`loaili`s mhn shoh `nunmalrols y r`pr`s`ntlrols. Frlmals l `st` mhnm`pth, ol iamhthcãl `ntr`r`loaili supr`cl y bammaýn slotl phr ohs lar`s. Nh shn mhnm`pths mhntrlrahs, p`s` l qu`trltlchs i` iab`r`nmalrohs.

9) @o qu``r lpu`stl phr unl vasaeaoazlmaýn i` oh qu` glstl lghrl gl p`rcln`maih smhniaih`n ò olih hsmurh i` ol r`loaili. Yhih lquòoh qu` nh lm`ptlchs, mhch ol ani`banamaýn h ollceafÿìli i` ol trlns`xuloaili, thih lquòoh qu` nh qu`r`chs v`r, mhch ò liuot`rah h ol

prhstatumaýn, thih lquòoh qu` i`s lchs hmuotlr, mhch ò i`s`h i` oh prhgaeaih, ol r`pr`saýniò @rhs, ol cas`ral guclnl, `s slmlih l ol ouz phr ohs y ols qu``rs, qu` s` lprhpaln i` thihsohs mhnt`naihs mhnsai`rlihs ‟ani`m`nt`s–, ‟suev`rsavhs–, ‟`smlnilohshs–, h ‟trlnsfr`shr s–.Pn `d`cpoh i` òoh `s ol p`rbhrclnm` y `smrathrl Clrãl OOhpas, qu` gleol i` un hrflsch `nol vaholmaýn qu` subraý h nhs `ns`ül un vãi`h `n su eohf qu` gl tatuolih4 ‟@o strapt`ls` i` caleuòl–.

0) @o qu``r lpu`stl phr ol iav`rsaili, nh sýoh `n ò ìceath phoãtamh y shmalo sanh tlceaán `nò ìceath muoturlo. Ol lpu`stl s`rãl phi`r vasaeaoazlr `n ohs cìahs i` mhcunamlmaýn olmhcpo`daili i` ol r`loaili. Zhr `sh r`molclchs qu` ols aniustrals muoturlo`s s`ln mlplm`s i`hbr`m`rnhs htrhs chiòhs, htrls satulmahn`s, htrls r`b`r`nmals, ol iav`rsaili i` vav`nmals. I`g`mgh tlceaán ols aniustrals muoturlo`s ta`n`n qu` mlcealr sus `strumturls chnhpýoamls yiav`rsabamlrs`. Li`cìs, ohs `squ`cls nlrrltavhs s` r`pat`n i`si` glm` cao`nahs safua`nih ohscaschs pltrhn`s g`t`rhs`xastls, mhn prhtlfhnastls lmtavhs y g`rhãnls plsavls, mhn irlclsrhcìntamhs aiántamhs unhs l htrhs. ]afoh trls safoh oh ônamh qu` mlcealn shn ohs rhstrhs y ohsnhcer`s. Ohs c`rmlihs nh lpu`stln lôn phr nu`vhs prhiumths muoturlo`s qu` gleo`n i`flys, i` o`sealnls, i` f`nt` qu` nh s` i`ban` f`náramlc`nt`, i` blcaoals iav`rsls, i`

phoalchrhshs, i` htrhs chihs i` vail qu` p`rcln`m`n `n ohs cìrf`n`s i` ol shmaìli y iòl muoturl. Ohs ròlths g`f`cýnamhs, ca`ntrls, lp`nls vlrãln4 safu`n lb`rrlihs l ohs pltrhn`s



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pltralrmlo`s y mlpatloastls, i` chih qu` ol ai`hohfãl qu` r`mhrr` nu`strl shmaìli, nu strl`mhnhcãl y nu`strl muoturl safu` p`rp`tuìnihs` phr f`n`rlmahn`s.

Ols t`hrãls qu``rs iè`n r`shov`r ma`rtls plrlihdls, yl qu`, lo casch ta`cph qu`ràvaniamln unl ai`ntaili prhpal, mratamln ols molsabamlmahn`s. Zhr òoh nh trltln i` mr`lr`splmahs i` iuloaili y iamhthcãl sanh i` lpoamlr un lnìoasas trlnsv`rslo y mruzlih qu`mhcpoaml cumgh ols `strlt`fals phoãtamls l i`slrrhoolr, p`rh qu` ihtln l su lmmaýn iasmursavli` unl frln mhcpo`daili t`ýraml y i` un `nhrc` pht`nmalo suev`rsavh.

@o pht`nmalo phoãtamh ` antò`mtulo iò \u``r r`sai`, `nthnm`s, `n `s` mu`stahnlca`nthmhnstlnt` y ol vasaeaoazlmaýn i` ol ai`hohfãl g`f`cýnaml qu` r`mhrr` thil nu`strl shmaìli ynu`strl muoturl, y `n ol oumgl shmalo y phoãtaml phr ohs i`r`mghs guclnhs y ol iav`rsaili, ltrlvás i` ol mr`lmaýn i` rì`s h fruphs qu` s` mr`ln, s` busahnln, s` iasp`rsln h s` i`struy`n

plrl s`fuar eltloolnih mhntrl ohs sast`cls d`rìrquamhs elslihs `n ol `xpohtlmaýn, o phi`r, ol`xmousaýn, ol ihcanlmaýn y ol sucasaýn. Ylnth Euto`r mhch Zr`malih `nta`ni`n qu` ol oumgllmtulo plrl ol trlnsbhrclmaýn i` ol r`loaili r`saiarãl `n ols camrh oumgls, `n ols p`qu`ülsr`vhoumahn`s qu` surf`n i` oh ohmlo y s` `xplni`n frlmals l ols rì`s shmalo`s.

OL U@LOAILI Z@UBHUCLYARL

Ol vail `s purh t`ltrh99. Z`nslr ol r`loaili mhch un ‟mhnfohc`rlih i` p`rbhrclnm`s– nhslyuil l mhcpr`ni`r ò chih `n ò qu` mr`lchs ol r`loaili4 nhcerìnihol, nlrrìnihol,r`pr`s`ntìnihol, anv`ntìnihol, r`prhiumaánihol. I`si` o mhnm`pth i` p`rbhrclnm` mhchunl r`pr`s`ntlmaýn t`ltrlo phi`chs lnloazlr mých mhnstruachs, mlcealchs h i`rraelchs olsanstatumahn`s, h mhch mhnstruachs nu strl vail mhtaialnl `n thrnh l ol r`prhiummaýn i` rho`si`banaihs phr o pltralrmlih. Iaputlihs, lomloi`sls, mhnm`dlo`s, canastrls h pr`sai`ntlsmucpo`n un plpò `n ò `sm`nlrah i`chmrìtamh iò casch chih qu` oh glrãln `n htrhmhnt`xth sa o`s guea`s` thmlih htrl prhb`saýn.

Lpr`ni`chs l i`slrrhoolr `stls p`rbhrclnm`s ai`ntatlrals y satulmahnlo`s mhn ohs du`fhssaceýoamhs qu` vavachs mulnih shchs naüls y naühs. I` liuoths t`n`chs tò`nhvòls,

pòãmuols, ehils r`lo`s, s`ra`s i` tò`vasaýn h mlnmahn`s qu` nhs iln r`b`r`nmal sher` oh

mhrr`mth y oh anmhrr`mth, oh sup`rahr y oh anb`rahr, oh nhrclo y oh lnýcloh. I` ohs du`fhs qu`trltln i` r`prhiumar ol r`loaili mr`lchs chmahn`s lpr`niails, xtrl`chs rlsfhs i` nu`strl p`rshnloaili y chiòhs i` r`b r`nmal plrl mhnstruar nu`strl ai`ntaili.

Nh `s rlrh, pu s, qu` lmle`chs phr nh badlrnhs `n oh lrtabamalo i` nu`strls mhnv`nmahn`sshmalo`s, `n ol lreatrlraìli i` ohs sãcehohs qu` nhs rhi`ln, phrqu` nhs va`n`n ilils, olsg`rìlchs y lsucachs mhch v`rili`s unav`rslo`s.

Zlrl `nt`ni`r `st` mhnm`pth i` p`rbhrcltavaili oaflih l unl nhmaýn t`ltrlo i` ol r`loaili, elstl mhn aclfanlr l ol du`zl `cata`nih su s`nt`nmal y fhop`lnih mhn ò clrtaooh plrl ilr

phr banloazlil ol s saýn; lo murl v`rta`nih lful sher` ol numl i` un eèá, ol `stuialnt` qu`99 Mlnmaýn i` ol Oup`.



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r`mhf` ò iapohcl `n su frliulmaýn, h ò olirýn qu` r`prhium` baòc`nt` ols plolerls y ohschvaca`nths qu` poln`ý ca`ntrls `nslylel su ltrlmh ò iãl lnt`rahr.

Ylceaán `s bìmao mhcpr`ni`roh s`ntìnihs` un rlth l v`r l ohs naühs y ols naüls iasbrutlnih`n ò du`fh saceýoamh, `n ò qu` mr`ln p`rshnld`s, s` r`plrt`n ohs rho`s y glm`n ant`rlmmahnlrl ohs lrqu`taphs `ntr` sã. @s thih un sacuolmrh i` r`loaili `n ò qu` ohs naühs s` lilptln l surho i` mlpatìn, ols naüls l su rho i` `nb`rc`rls, ohs naühs l su rho i` d`b`, ols naüls l su rho i`

pranm`sl, ohs naühs l su rho i` aniah, h i` vlqu`rh, i` olirýn, h i` phoamãl, ols naüls l su rhoi` lcl i` mlsl, h i` `d`mutavl lfr`savl. @st` sacuolmrh tlceaán s` il mulnih `n ouflr i``nmlrnlr l `shs p`rshnld`s glm`n ol trlnsb`r`nmal mhn cuü`mhs, mhn elrea`s y k`n`s.

Ohs liuoths glm`chs oh casch4 lihptlchs rho`s `st`r`htaplihs plrl lilptlrnhs l olsatulmaýn qu` nhs thml vavar `n un casch iãl mhch plir`s, mhch gadhs, mhch na`ths, mhch`cpo`lihs h mhch pr`sai`nt`s i` ol mhcunaili i` v`manhs, mhch prhb`shr`s h mhchloucnhs. Lpr`ni`chs shs rho`s st`r`htaplihs n nu`strh prhm`sh i` shmaloazlmaýn, y n olsacìf`n`s ` gasthrals qu` mhnsucachs `n nu`strh ta`cph i` hmah l trlvás i` pueoamaili,

pòãmuols, s`ra s i` tò`vasaýn.

@n ol phschi`rnaili ols ai`ntaili`s shn bouails, bo`xaeo`s y mlcealnt`s4 vavachs `n uncunih i` cìsmlrls shmalo`s qu` s` lilptln l mlil mhnt`xth s`fôn ò rho qu` nhs thqu``d`rm`r. L trlvás i` `shs rho`s `st`r`htaplihs, phi`chs s`r cumgls mhsls l ol v`z, y li`cìsanstlurlchs r`loaili`s thclnih i`masahn`s l shols h `n mhndunth, cata`nih mhcunamlihs,òlehrlnih i`molrlmahn`s i` lchr, smraea`nih claos, phna`nih un lnunmah i` ‟]` v`ni`–,

pueoamlnih nhrcls, glma`nih oolclils tò`býnamls, mhnsuca`nih tlo prhiumth h ehamht`lnihtlo htrh.

Zhr `sh ol nhmaýn i` p`rbhrcltavaili nhs r`suotl cuy ôtao l ol ghrl i` `nt`ni`r qu` olr`loaili s` mhnstruy` i`si` ohs iasmurshs y ohs lmths, qu` thihs ohs ratulo`s shmalo`s ta`n`n unmhcphn`nt` t`ltrlo ans`rth, qu` t`n`chs un `nhrc` pht`nmalo plrl mlcealr ol r`loailivasaeaoazlnih oh anvasaeo`, chstrlnih oh iav`rsh, y mu`stahnlnih thils ols v`rili`s iò hri`n

pltralrmlo y mlpatloastl.

\u` ò \u``r nh t`nfl c`tls shmahphoãtamls h `mhnýcamls i`banails nh `s un prheo`cl,mhch g` iamgh lnt`s, phrqu` ò qu``r `stì cìs lt`nth l ohs prhm`shs qu` l ohs r`suotlihs.

L ol ghrl i` lnloazlr y trlnsbhrclr ol r`loaili, ò qu``r `s unl g`rrlca`ntl qu` nhs p`rcat` eum`lr `n ols rì`s i` blmthr s qu` s` ant`rr olmahnln `n muloqua`r b`nýc`nh, pu s mlil rlthnhs cu`strl ols mhntrliammahn`s y ols vlralmahn`s qu` `xp`rac`ntln `sths ò`c`nths. @stlceaán unl g`rrlca`ntl plrl i`strhzlr iamhthcãls y mu`stahnlr ols g`f`chnãls qu` hp`rlnsher` nu`strl ai`ntaili, nu`strl s`xuloaili, nu`strls chmahn`s y s`ntaca`nths, nu`strlbu`rzl i` trleldh. @o lnìoasas nh s` oacatl l i`strhzlr thils ols nhmahn`s lnt`rahr`s (`d`cpoh4hed`tavaili, nhrcloaili, g`t`rhs`xuloaili, b`canaili h clsmuoanaili), sanh qu` nhs ler`

pu`rtls plrl phi`r aclfanlr htrhs sast`cls phoãtamhs y mhnýcamhs phsaeo`s.

Mhch chvaca`nth, ol phoãtaml qu``r `stleo`m` ihs frlni`s phsturls mlrlmt`rãstamls4 `n prac`r ouflr, ò r`mglzh l ol nhrcloazlmaýn y ol ràvaniamlmaýn i` su `xast`nmal i`si` ohs



6:

cìrf`n`s. @o qu``r gleol i`si` ols p`rab`rals, ols canhrãls, ols rlr`zls, ols suev`rsahn`s `nthihs ohs navò`s i` hrflnazlmaýn shmalo. Q oh glm` i`si` ò lnìoasas iò mu`rph mhcht`rrathrah brhnt`razh `n ò qu` s` mèln ols ròafahn`s, ols o`y`s, ol phoãtaml, ol `mhnhcãl y olmuoturl plrl trltlr i` lerar ohs mu`rphs l htrls prlxas, htrls i`banamahn`s, htrls bhrcls i`ròlmaýn. ]u pr`t`nsaýn nh `s s`r lm`ptlih phr ol shmaìli na lsacaolih phr ò sast`cl, namlcanlr phr ols vãls i` ol mhrr`mmaýn phoãtaml h ols s`nils anstatumahnlo`s.Zhrqu` ol s`funil phsturl qu``r `s ol mhnbrhntlmaýn iar`mtl lo ráfac`n g`t`rhs`xulo4 phr `sholnzl prhvhmlmahn`s l ol chrlo trliamahnlo mhnstlnt`c`nt` y s` cu`strl muìn rlrl `s, plrl`smlniloazlr l ols c`nt`s rãfaiabamlils phr ò pltralrmlih y ò mlpatloasch.

@o qu``r `s an`stleo` y prhcu`v` ol nh-p`rt`n`nmal, s` cu`v` phr ols brhnt`rls i` olani`t`rcanlmaýn, phr ol gaerailmaýn i` fán`rhs, vl cìs looì i` ols `taqu`tls, y eusml olani`banamaýn h ol lceafÿìli mhch g`rrlca`ntl i` r`sast`nmal l ol nhrcloazlmaýn y l olg`t`rhs`xuloazlmaýn i` ol r`loaili.

@n `s` s`ntaih, ò qu``r p`rmae` ol r`loaili i`si` ol sued`tavaili p`rh nh i`si` ò yhmhnstruaih i`si` ò phi`r, sanh i`si` ò nhshtrhs, phrqu` su vhmlmaýn `s sa`cpr` s`r unò`c`nth h un b`nýc`nh qu` lfoutan` iab`r`nt`s mhnm`pmahn`s iò cunih, qu` `stá pheolih

phr iab`r`nt`s vhm`s, pourlo`s y iav`rsls, plrl phi`r ohfrlr `vatlr i`t`rcanaschs,`st`r`htaplmahn s, r`plrtamaýn i` rho`s, rìummahnaschs qu` i`slrtamuoln ohs ièlt`s y olsr`bo`xahn`s mhnduntls.

Yln shoh su molrl vhmlmaýn mho`mtavl, su ràvaniamlmaýn i` ohs `splmahs pôeoamhs, su thcl iòls mloo`s y ohs curhs, cu`strl su `nhrc` pht`nmalo trlnsbhrclihr.



6<

‟Lquã r`sai` ol mhntrliammaýn ant`rnl i` `stl mavaoazlmaýn4 ò ò`c`nth arrlmahnlo `n surlmahnloaili. (…) Ol unaýn i` unl mr`ma`nt` prhiumtavaili y unl mr`ma`nt` i`strumtavaili; olancan`nt` lc`nlzl i` lnaquaolmaýn; ol mlpatuolmaýn iò p`nslca`nth, ol `sp`rlnzl y ò t`chrl ols i`masahn`s i` ohs phi`r`s `xast`nt`s; ol pr`s rvlmaýn i` ol cas`ral br`nt` l unl raqu`zlsan pr`mì`nt`s mhnstatuy`n ol cìs acplrmalo lmuslmaýn. Anmoush sa `sths ò`c`nths nh shn olrlashn i‑`tr` i` `stl shmaìli sanh shoh sus mhns`mu`nmals; su phcphsl rlmahnloaili, qu`

prhplfl ol `bamlmal y ò mr`maca`nth, s `n sã cascl arrlmahnlo. @o g`mgh i` qu` ol frlnclyhrãl i` ol pheolmaýn lm`pt`, y s`l heoaflil l lm`ptlr, `stl shmaìli nh ol glm` c`nhsarrlmahnlo y c`nhs r`prheleo`–

G`re`rt Clrmus` (<100).

5

¸MHCH MHN]YUPACH] OL U@LOAILI8



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5 ¸MHCH MHN]YUPACH] OL U@LOAILI8

5.<. OL MHN]YUPMMAÝN ]HMALO I@ OL U@LOAILI.

@n `st` lplrtlih lnloazlr`chs mhch ol shmaìli mhnstruy` ol r`loaili y ol r`prhium` l trlvási` raths, lmths p`rbhrcltavhs, iasmurshs, `v`nths phoãtamhs, o`y`s, i`mr`ths y nhrcls,

prhgaeamahn`s, clnab`stlmahn`s, lmths i` mhnsuch, mhnv`rslmahn`s, `ntr`fls i` pr`cahs,i`masahn`s phoãtamls y `mhnýcamls, `tm.

Ol shmaìli mlpatloastl, pltralrmlo y i`chmrìtaml i` nu`strhs ta`cphs s` mhnstruy` l sã cascli`si` ols d`rlrquãls i` phi`r, muyls i`masahn`s trlnsbhrcln h clnta`n`n ols mhniamahn`s i`vail i` ol frln clyhrãl. @sth suphn` qu` unhs phmhs lmucuoln r`murshs l mhstl i` olsfrlni`s clyhrãls, qu` unhs iasbrutln i` unhs pravao`fahs y htrhs gln i` oumglr phr sus

i`r`mghs, qu` ohs vlrhn`s phs``n cìs r`murshs, hphrtunaili`s y i`r`mghs qu` ols cud`r`s,ols naüls y ohs naühs.

]an `celrfh, safua`nih ol ai`l bhumlotalnl i` qu` ò phi`r nh `s lofh chnhoãtamh yghchfán`h, sanh ianìcamh y eaiar`mmahnlo, phi`chs v`r qu` ol mho`mtavaili tlceaán phs`ùn ma`rth phi`r i` mhnstrummaýn y trlnsbhrclmaýn. @n thils ols iamtliurls h i`chmrlmals i`thils ols áphmls, ol f`nt` s` hrflnazl plrl ohfrlr c`dhrls `n sus elrrahs, plrl i`b`ni`r olslnaili h ol ìumlmaýn pôeoaml, plrl prht`stlr mhntrl unl fu`rrl, plrl glm`r br`nt`mho`mtavlc`nt` l ohs i`slgumahs, plrl ièltar sher` `mhnhcãl y prhphn`r lot`rnltavls, plrlmr`lr elnmhs i` ta`cph h c`rmliaoohs i` tru`qu`, plrl oumglr phr ohs i`r`mghs guclnhs i`

ols cud`r`s, `tm.

Ravachs `n unl shmaìli hrflnazlil l navò phoãtamh `n i`chmrlmals, l navò `mhnýcamh s`hrflnazl i` unl cln`rl mlpatloastl (phr oh tlnth lmucuoltavl, i`safulo y leusavl) y l navòshmahmuoturlo `n un pltralrmlih (phr oh tlnth iavaiail `n ihs fruphs, y hrflnazlil `n els` lol r`pr`saýn y ols d`rlrquãls). Ols o`y`s y nhrcls i` thils ols shmaìli`s mhnstruy`n olr`loaili phrqu` sarv`n i` fuãl plrl qu` thihs s`plchs quá `s oh mhrr`mth y oh anmhrr`mth,quá `s oh i`s`leo` y oh `vatleo`, quá `s oh nhrclo y quá `s oh lnhrclo.

Z`ns`chs phr `d`cpoh `n ol I`molrlmaýn Pnav`rslo i` ohs I`r`mghs Guclnhs, unl `sp`ma`

i` mlrtl i` eu`nls ant`nmahn`s qu` sarv` plrl o`fataclr nu`strl bhrcl i` hrflnazlrnhs phoãtaml y shmaloc`nt` qu` san `celrfh plr`m` cìs un mu`nth i` glils qu` unl r`loaili.Mhn sýoh `mglr un vastlzh l ols `stliãstamls i` b`canamaiahs, `xaoahs bhrzlihs, naühsglcera`nths, r`bufalihs, trlns`xulo`s u ghchs`xulo`s ls`sanlihs, cud`r`s cutaolilss`xuloc`nt` h `smolvazlils phr ol Yrltl i` p`rshnls, i`slplr`mails y cu`rths `n fu`rrls hf`nhmaiahs, `s bìmao ilrs` mu`ntl i` qu` `stl Mlrtl Clfnl Pnav`rslo nh s` mucpo`

po`nlc`nt` `n nanfôn ráfac`n phoãtamh i` `st` poln`tl.

Mhnstruachs ol r`loaili i`si` g`mghs qu` mhnsai`rlchs ‟hed`tavhs–, mhch ol ai`l i` qu`mlil clülnl slo` ò sho, unl cìxacl unav`rslo `n ò Zoln`tl Ya`rrl. ]an `celrfh, `n `st`

safoh y ò lnt`rahr ol baohshbãl y ol prhpal ma`nmal gln pu`sth `n `ntrìamgh ò mhnm`pth i`hed`tavaili y vlchs mu`stahnlnih y i`mhnstruy`nih ols v`rili`s ilils phr supu sth. Zhr



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`d`cpoh, ò mhnm`pth i` ‟nhrcloaili–4 `n mlil muoturl y `n mlil áphml gastýraml `st`mhnm`pth vlrãl s`fôn ols mr``nmals, chils, y vasahn`s g`f`cýnamls i` ol r`loaili. Zoltýn yLrastýtò`s i`b`niãln ol ghchs`xuloaili y ols ròlmahn`s i` liuoths mhn c`nhr`s nh shohmhch lofh ‟nhrclo–, sanh mhch unl bhrcl i` ròlmaýn ai`loazlil phr lcehs mhch unl vãlglmal ò mhnhmaca`nth. @n nu`strl shmaìli, san `celrfh, ol pì`rlstal `stì p`nlil mhn lühsi` mìrmò, y nh s` mhnsai`rl ‟nhrclo– `n leshouth.

I` `st` chih, oh qu` i`nhcanlchs ‟nhr clo–, ‟nlturlo– h ‟oýfamh– nh `s un g`mgh hed`tavh,`s unl mhnstrummaýn muoturlo. Q `s qu` mlsa thils nu`strls nhrcls `stìn elslils `nmhnstrummahn s muoturlo`s (o`y`s, t`hrãls baohsýbamls, clnilca`nths ròafahshs, mhstucer`s htrliamahn`s) y thils òols mhrr`sphni`n l unl ai`hohfãl mhnmr`tl.

Zhr oh tlnth phi`chs lbarclr qu` ols `chmahn`s y ohs s`ntaca`nths s` mr`ln i`si` ol muoturl,qu` l su v`z `stì ròlmahnlil mhn ò taph i` hrflnazlmaýn shmalo, phoãtaml y `mhnýcaml, qu` lsu v`z mr`l ol muoturl i` ols mhcunaili`s guclnls. Ol ai`hohfãl r`mhrr` thihs `sths

prhm`shs, unaánihohs an`vatleo`c`nt`, t`da`nih rì`s i` anbou`nmal y i` mr`lmaýn i` s`ntaih`n thils stls strumturls.

Ol r`loaili supr`cl y ols htrls r`loaili`s

Pnh i` ohs prheo`cls cìs mhcun`s l ol ghrl i` i`banar ol r`loaili ‟r`lo–, `s ol mh`xast`nmali` iab`r`nt`s r`loaili`s mhnstruails phr ò s`r guclnh frlmals l nu`strl mlplmailisaceýoaml. Q `s qu` nh `s bìmao iastanfuar `ntr` ol r`loaili `xt`rnl l nhshtrhs y ols i`cìsr`loaili`s qu` mr`lchs l trlvás i` nu`strl iac`nsaýn saceýoaml, hnãraml, `sparatulo, ylrtãstaml. Z`s` l qu` cumghs t`ýramhs gln ant`ntlih `stleo`m`r `sl brhnt`rl `ntr` ‟oh r`lo– y ohqu` `s mr`lih, aclfanlih, shülih h mhnstruaih phr nhshtrhs, nh gln t`naih cumgh áxathglstl ò chc`nth.

@o baoýshbh lc`ramlnh Mglro`s Zàrm` i`banaý ol bammaýn mhch ò prhiumth i` ol aclfanlmaýn,y phr tlnth, mhch lofh qu` i`p`ni` iò p`nslca`nth i` lofua`n, ca`ntrls qu` lbarcl qu` ohr`lo `s lquòoh muyls mlrlmt`rãstamls shn ani`p`nia`nt`s i` oh qu` muloqua`rl puì` p`nslrqu` shn. Ol mu`staýn `s mých `nmhntrlr b`nýc`nhs ani`p`nia`nt`s mulnih sle`chs qu`

thih `stì ròlmahnlih `n rì`s i` s`ntaih y safnabamlmaýn qu` nh prhva`n`n i` un ouflr`xt`rahr pu`sth qu` thihs `stlchs ‟i`ntrh– i` ol r`loaili mhnstruail.

Mr`h qu` `stl n`m`saili i` iastanfuar lcehs taphs i` r`loaili heì`m` l ol `strumturl iulo yhphsamahnlo qu` gl shst`naih thih ò p`nslca`nth hmmai`ntlo (hed`tavh/sued`tavh,rlmahnlo/arrlmahnlo, `tm.). ]` glm` p`rtan`nt`, pu`s, lnloazlr ol acphsamaýn i` unl r`loailisher` ols i`cìs, y i`schntlr ol iamhthcãl `ntr` ol r`loaili g`f`cýnaml, qu` `s mhnsai`rlil‟ol v`rili`rl–, y ols htrls r`loaili`s, qu` s` mhnsai`rln c`nhs ‟v`rili`rls– h c`nhs‟r`lo`s–.

E`rf`r y Oumkclnn (<126) mr`lrhn ò mhnm`pth i` ol ‟U`loaili i` ol vail mhtaialnl– plrl`xpoamlr oh qu` ohs s`r`s guclnhs `nt`ni`chs mhch ol r`loaili phr `xmò`nmal, ol supr`cl



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r`loaili, qu` `xp`rac`ntlchs sa`cpr` `n `stlih i` po`nl vafaoal, y qu` phr òoh phi`chsiastanfuarol i` htrls r`loaili`s, mhch ohs su`ühs90.

]`fôn `sths shmaýohfhs, ol r`loaili i` ol vail mhtaialnl s` hrflnazl lorììhr iò ‟lquã– iòmu`rph y ò ‟lghrl– iò pr`s`nt` i` mlil aniavaiuh. @o s`r guclnh phs`` ol m`rt`zl i` qu` olvail mhtaialnl `s tln r`lo plrl áo mhch plrl ohs htrhs pr`maslc`nt` phr su mhniamaýng`f`cýnaml, phrqu` `s mhcplrtail y trlnscatail phr thil ol shmaìli l trlvás i` ohs

prhm`shs i` ant`rlmmaýn y mhcunamlmaýn mhn ohs htrhs.

]an `celrfh, ol r`loaili mhtaialnl nh `s ol cascl plrl un chnd` euiastl qu` plrl un`d`mutavh stlihunai`ns`, plrl unl lnmalnl lbramlnl qu` plrl un clran`rh ilnás. Ol‟r`loaili i` ol vail mhtaialnl– h ol ‟r`loaili supr`cl– vlrãln s`fôn ols muoturls y olsai`hohfãls qu` ols sust`ntln, y tlceaán cutln h mlcealn gastýramlc`nt`. I` `st` chih, mlil

puèoh vav` su r`loaili mhnmr tl bhrclil phr cumghs ò`c`nths l ol v`z, y p`rmae`n oh`xt`rahr l su chih. Mlil unh i` nhshtrhs p`rmaeachs y s`ntachs i`si` ihni` `stlchs,i`si` ihni` nlmachs y buachs mralihs, i`si` un aiahcl mhnmr`th y unl p`rsp`mtavl rìumailiò cunih.

5.<.5. OL] AI@HOHFÃL]

Oh qu` iastanfu` l unl ai`hohfãl, s`fôn E`rf`r y Oumkclnn (<126), `s qu` un caschunav`rsh f`n`rlo s` ant`rpr`tl i` cln`rls iab`r`nt`s qu` i`p`ni`n i` ant`r`s`s mr`lihsmhnmr`ths i`ntrh i` ol shmaìli i` qu` s` trlt`. Ol ai`hohfãl, pu`s, `stì `n unl i`banamaýn

plrtamuolr i` ol r`loaili ln`xlil l un ant`rás i` phi`r mhnmr`th92.

I` `st` chih, oh qu` `s unl v`rsaýn i` ol r`loaili, unl v`rsaýn li`mulil l unhs pr`supu`sths ai`hoýfamhs i`t`rcanlihs, nh s` ant`rpr`tl mhch ò bruth i` un hri`n shmalo`xast`nt`, sanh mhch unl mhns`mu`nmal oýfaml iò hri`n nlturlo. Ohuas Lotguss`r (<169)`nt`niãl pr`maslc`nt` qu` unh i` ohs `b`mths i` ol ai`hohfãl ‟`s ol n`flmaýn prìmtaml iòmlrìmt`r ai`hoýfamh i` ol ai`hohfãl... cìalnt` ol ai`hohfãl–.

@n ol lmtuloaili, Lntghny Faii`ns (<11<) ol i`ban` mhch un mhndunth i` ai`ls h mr``nmalsmhcplrtails qu` sarv`n plrl dustabamlr ohs ant`r`s`s i` ohs fruphs ihcanlnt`s. @xast`n, pu`s,

ai`hohfãls `n thils ols shmaìli`s `n ols qu` s` prhium`n i`safuloili`s sast`cìtamls ylrrlaflils ntr` fruphs.

90 ‟ Ol r`loaili i` ol vail mhtaialnl nh r`qua`r` v`rabamlmahn`s liamahnlo`s sher` su shol pr`s`nmal y cìs looìi` òol. @stì lgã, s`nmaoolc`nt`, mhch blmtamaili `vai`nt` i` phr sã ` acp`rahsl. ]á qu` `s r`lo. Lun mulnih

puìl leraflr iuils lm`rml i` su r`loaili, `sthy heoaflih l susp`ni`r `sls iuils pu`sth qu` `xasthrutanlralc`nt` `n ol vail mhtaialnl–. (E`rf`r y Oumkclnn)

92 Ol `nmamohpìal Erhmkglus nhs hbr`m` ol safua`nt` i`banamaýn i` ai`hohfãl4 ‟@o mhndunth i`

sast`cls i` p`nslca`nth, vlohrlmahn`s, mrat`rahs antò`mtulo`s bunilc`ntlo`s prhiumaih phr unchvaca`nth, un fruph shmalo h unl muoturl ( l c`nuih s` oh i`safnl mhch ‟ihmtranl–) ; `n uns`ntaih sp`mãbamh4 sast`cls i` ai`ls lrtabamahslc`nt` nf`nirlih–. @n Vltzolwamk y htrhs (<119).



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@o mhnm`pth i` ai`hohfãl stì str`mglc`nt` ròlmahnlih mhn ò i` phi`r, ‟ pu`sth qu` ohs sast`cls ai`hoýfamhs sarv`n plrl o`fataclr ò phi`r iab`r`nmalo qu` clnta`n`n ohs fruphs–,s`fôn Fhnzloh Lerao (<116),. Ol iasthrsaýn ai`hoýfaml puì` prhiumar iastanths `b`mths4r`pr`s`ntlr mhch unav`rslo`s ohs ant`r`s`s, vlohr`s h lsparlmahn`s plrtamuolr`s i` ol molsìhcanlnt`; glm`r mhnmèar mhch nlturlo`s u hed`tavls, y nh mhch mhnv`nmahnlo`s `gastýramls, ols nhrcls shmalo`s; r`pr`s`ntlr mhch lutýnhchs y lestrlmths ohs prhiumths iòtrleldh y i` ol prìmtaml shmalo, `tm.

Lnthnah Frlcsma leraý unl oãn`l i` anv`staflmaýn i` oh ai`hoýfamh l plrtar i` ol nhmaýn i`g`f`chnãl. ]u ai`l eìsaml `s qu` ol ihcanlmaýn i` mols` nh s` `d`rm` sýoh phr acphsamaýn iòl bu`rzl, sanh l trlvás i` ol mr`lmaýn y ò clnt`naca`nth i` un `splmah saceýoamh, un ìceathi` s`ntaihs shmaloc`nt` mhcplrtaihs.

Vaooalcs (<166) mr`` qu` ol g`f`chnãl `s thih un mu`rph i` prìmtamls y `xp`mtltavls `nmulnth l ol thtloaili i` ol vail4 nu`strhs s`ntaihs y lsafnlmahn`s i` `n`rfãl, nu`strlmhnbhrclmaýn i` p`rm`pmahn`s i` nhshtrhs caschs y i` nu`strh cunih. @s un sast`clvavaih i` safnabamlmahn`s y vlohr`s; `s unl ‟muoturl `n ò s`ntaih cìs bu`rt` iò tárcanh–.

Oh g`f`cýnamh, `n mulnth bhrcl i` ‟nlturloasch shmalo– `nmolvlih `n ò s`ntaih i` olr`loaili, lb`mtl, s`fôn Lerao (<116) lo mhndunth i` ols `xp`ra`nmals i` ol vail mhtaialnl y lthihs lquòohs lmths shmaloc`nt` r`fuolihs (ratulo`s, lmtavaili`s támnamls, acplrtamaýn

pôeoaml i` nhrcls, `tm.) qu` r`molcln un s`ntaih mhcplrtaih y s` r`bu`rzln r`bo`xavlc`nt``n su `d`rmamah. ‟ Ol g`f`chnãl lb`mtl, pu`s, lo s`ntaih mhcôn `n ols ihs lm`pmahn`s i` `stl`xpr`saýn4 ol mlplmaili f`n`rlo i` duzflr y lmtulr rlzhnleo`c`nt`, y ol p`rm`pmaýn i` olr`loaili y ol nhrcloaili f`n`rloc`nt` mhcplrtail–.

Lofunls ai`hohfãls shn g`f`cýnamls y htrls shn clrfanlo`s; ol iab`r`nmal `s qu` olsg`f`cýnamls gln plslih phr un prhm`sh i` ràbamlmaýn, i` chih qu` su phi`r saceýoamh `sanvasaeo`, y phr òoh `s iabãmao qu` s`ln i`t`mtlils mhch mhnstrumth muoturlo phr ohs ca`cerhsi` ol shmaìli qu` mhcplrt`n `sl vasaýn i` ol r`loaili.

Ylceaán `s iabãmao qu` p`rmaeln qu` `sls ai`hohfãls ta`n`n e`n`bamalrahs qu` trleldln plrlshst`n`r su mhnstrummaýn i` ol r`loaili, phr cìs qu` thih ò cunih s`pl qu` `n ò cunihmlpatloastl ‟o`s vl c`dhr l ohs ramhs qu` l ohs pher`s–. @n f`n`rlo, s` mhnsai`rl qu` ol raqu`zl

y ol pher`zl ‟shn mhsls iò i`stanh–, h qu` ‟unhs nlm`n ramhs, y htrhs pher`s, y nhshtrhs nhg`chs t`naih su`rt`–, mhch sa ol i`safuloili y ol andustamal bu`rln nhmahn`s ròlmahnlilsmhn ol eu`nl h ol clol su`rt` aniavaiulo, h mhch sa bu`rln lofh mhnsustlnmalo l ol r`loaili, ynh lo sast`cl ai`hoýfamh g`f`cýnamh iò mlpatloasch.

Za`rr` Ehuriaù (5:::), gl lmuülih ò tárcanh i` vaho`nmal saceýoaml plrl `xpr`slr ò chih`n mhch ols ai`hohfãls g`f`cýnamls `d`rm`n su phi`r saceýoamh sher` ol r`loaili. @stlvaho`nmal saceýoaml `s ‟lchrtafulil, ans`nsaeo`, anvasaeo` plrl sus prhpals vãmtacls, y s``d`rm` `s`nmaloc`nt` l trlvás i` ohs mlcanhs purlc`nt` saceýoamhs i` ol mhcunamlmaýn y



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iò mhnhmaca`nth, h cìs `xlmtlc`nt` iò i`smhnhmaca`nth, iò r`mhnhmaca`nth, h `n ôotachtárcanh, iò s`ntaca`nth–96.

Zlrl `st` luthr, qua`n`s phs``n ò mlpatlo saceýoamh y qua`n`s `d`rm`n ol vaho`nmal saceýoaml puì`n mhnstruar ol v`rili ` acphn r unl i`t`rcanlil vasaýn iò cunih shmalo, `stleo`m`rohs mrat`rahs i` iab`r`nmalmaýn shmalo, molsabamlr y mhnstruar ohs fruphs shmalo`s.

Ol vaho`nmal saceýoaml ta`n` un phi`r cuy sup`rahr mhn r`sp`mth l ol vaho`nmal bãsaml, y suhed`tavh suò` s`r ò clnt`naca`nth y ol r`prhiummaýn iò hri`n shmalo. @o nômo`h i` olvaho`nmal saceýoaml `stì `n ol iheo` nlturloazlmaýn qu` `s ol mhns`mu`nmal i` ol ‟ansmrapmaýni` oh shmalo `n ols mhsls y `n ò mu`rph–. Zhr òoh, ol pranmaplo mlrlmt`rãstaml i` `stl vaho`nmal`s qu` s` `d`rm` sher` ohs aniavaiuhs mhn su prhpal mhcpoamaili, y frlmals l sui`smhnhmaca`nth, phrqu` nh p`rmae`n ol vaho`nmal mhch tlo. Zhr `d`cpoh, sa unl naül

pr`funtl l su clir` phrquá nunml puì` stlr mhn òol, puì` qu` ol clir` s` sa`ntlmuopleo` y mhnt`st` ‟phrqu` t`nfh cumgh trleldh– h ‟t`nfh qu` trleldlr cumgh phrqu` nhg`chs nlmaih ramls, gadl–, mhn r`safnlmaýn. C`nhs prheleo` `s qu` o` `xpoaqu` l ol naül qu`

plrl qu` ò mlpatloasch bunmahn` y xastln ramhs y pher`s, ol f`nt` ta`n` qu` `ntr`flr olclyhr plrt` i` su ta`cph i` vail l htrls p`rshnls qu` phs``n `cpr`sls.

@o thclr mhnma`nmal i` `st` g`mgh puì` s`r t`rraeo` plrl unl p`rshnl, i` chih qu` `s c`dhrqu` pa`ns` qu` trleldl plrl clnt`n`rs` l sã cascl, nh plrl `nraqu`m`r l ohs iu`ühs i` `sls`cpr`sls y p`rp`tulr ò `stlih i` ols mhsls. @n `st` s`ntaih, Ehuriaù suerlyl phr un olih olblmaoaili mhn qu` ol vaho`nmal saceýoaml s` `d`rm` sher` ohs sud`ths `n ò s`nh i` unl muoturl,y phr htrh, ol blmaoaili mhn ol qu` ohs prhpahs ihcanlihs lsacaoln y l su v`z (r`) trlnscat`n`sls ai`hohfãls ihcanlnt`s4

‟Mulnih ohs ihcanlihs lpoamln l oh qu` o`s ihcanl unhs `squ`cls qu` shn ò prhiumth iòl ihcanlmaýn h, `n htrls plolerls, mulnih sus p`nslca`nths y sus p`rm`pmahn`s `stìn`strumturlihs i` lmu`rih mhn ols prhpals `strumturls i` ol ròlmaýn i` ihcanlmaýn qu` sò`s gl acpu`sth, sus lmths i` mhnhmaca`nth shn, an`vatleo`c`nt`, unhs lmths i`r`mhnhmaca`nth, i` sucasaýn–.

Zhr `d`cpoh, ò qu` s` il mulnih un aniavaiuh r`mae` un iapohcl phr sus `stuiahs, h mulnih`ntrl l bhrclr plrt` i` ol mhcunaili mltýoaml, h i` ol anstatumaýn cltrachnalo, hsacpo`c`nt` mulnih l trlvás i` ohs raths anstatumahnlo`s plsl l bhrclr plrt` i` olPnav`rsaili, h i` un Canast`rah, h i` unl `cpr`sl pravlil; `n thihs ohs mlshs ohs aniavaiuhs

s` sa`nt`n bòam`s i` bhrclr plrt` i` `sths raths i` anstatumaýn.

Q sa `sth sumì` `s phrqu` `n òohs s` mr`l unl ai`ntaili shmalo (l plrtar i` lghrl shymrastalnh, l plrtar i` lghrl shy plir`, h shy iò Elrmòhnl B.M, h shy iar`mthr i` anstatumahn`s

p`nat`nmalrals, h shy ò phrtlvhz i` ca plrtaih phoãtamh; l plrtar i` lghrl shy unl `sphsl, hshy euiastl, h shy b`canastl, h shy bunmahnlral), i` chih qu` mulnih anfr`slchs `n`cpr`sls, anstatumahn`s, fruphs shmalo`s, tm., s`ntachs qu` bhrclchs plrt` iò `nfrlnld`shmalo y nhs s`ntachs r`mhnhmaihs y r`mhnhmails mhch p`rshnls h mhch prhb`sahnlo`s,shchs i` lofh, i` lofua`n .

96 Za`rr` Ehuriaù, 5::: y Bolmgsolni, 5::=.



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@s ma`rth qu` nh l thih ò cunih o` fustl hmuplr pu`sths i` r`sphnsleaoaili na frlni`smlrfhs, y c`nhs lôn `n `strumturls tln mhcp`tatavls y d`rìrquamls; p`rh tlceaán s` il ò mlshmhntrlrah4 ols p`rshnls qu` s` mhnva`rt`n `n htrls p`rshnls s`fôn ol phsamaýn qu` hmup`n `nò hrflnafrlcl i` ol `cpr`sl, `n ò `stlc`nth caoatlr, `n ò lplrlth iò plrtaih phoãtamh...Zhr `d`cpoh, ò mleh qu` gl shphrtlih ýri`n`s, mlstafhs, gucaoolmahn`s phr plrt` i` sut`na`nt` puì` `d`rm`r ol cascl vaho`nmal, sa `s lsm`niaih, mhn sus anb`rahr`s, p`rp`tulnihi` `st` chih ol hrflnazlmaýn d`rìrquaml y ol andustamal i` un sast`cl i`safulo.

Oh acplmtlnt` `s i`smuerar qu` ols p`rshnls lsuc`n afuloc`nt` ols `strumturls iìhcanlmaýn ani`p`nia`nt`c`nt` i` su phsamaýn4 `nb`rch/ihmthr, loucnh/prhb`shr,`smrathr/ìathr, `cpo`lih/iar`mthr, mauililnh/phoamãl, `tm. L unhs o`s thml `d`rm`r ò phi`r y lhtrhs qu` ò phi`r s`l `d`rmaih sher` òohs, p`rh `n muloqua`r mlsh s` lsuc` mhch lofhnlturlo , y nh s` p`rmae` ò plpò i` sucasaýn lo hri`n i` ol r`loaili `mhnýcaml, shmalo ysaceýoaml `n ol qu` s` vav`.

Ols ai`hohfãls g`f`cýnamls qu` s` acphn`n ràbamlils s` v`n lc`nlzlils mhntanulc`nt` phr htrls ai`hohfãls h vasahn`s i` ol r`loaili lot`rnltavls, qu` suò`n surfar `n ò s`nh caschi` `sl muoturl mhnmr`tl mhch prhiumth i` ol iasmhnbhrcaili y ol mrãtaml. Ylceaán puì`ns`r, san celrfh, ai`hohfãls prhv`na`nt`s i` htrls muoturls, splmahs f`hfrìbamhs anmoushai`hohfãls i` htrls áphmls gastýramls qu` p`rsast`n `n ò ta`cph. Mulnih ols muoturls mghmln`ntr` sã, puì`n busahnlrs` y c`zmolrs`, `nraqu`ma`nih l thils ols plrt`s acpoamlils, h

puì`n `ntrlr `n fu`rrl (i` mols`, i` `tnal, i` ròafaýn, h phr chtavhs `mhnýcamhs). @nmuloqua`r mlsh, ols ai`hohfãls shn un mhnstrumth muoturlo qu` ols glm` vlraleo`s, phrqu` s`trlnsbhrcln mhn ò ta`cph y s` ant`rròlmahnln `ntr` sã l trlvás i` prhm`shs i` hphsamaýn,ihcanlmaýn h ant`frlmaýn.

]` gl ilih phr supu`stl ol n`m`saili psamhoýfaml qu` ta`n`n ohs aniavaiuhs i` unl ai`hohfãl4 plr`m` qu` nh phi`chs sher`vavar psãquamlc`nt` `n un unav rsh mlr`nt` i` s ntaih y i`hri`n. ]an `celrfh, lsucar ò cunih mhch ilih ` ancutleo` ta`n` un loth mhst` psãquamh

plrl cumghs i` ohs ca`cerhs i` ol shmaìli, sp`maloc`nt` plrl ohs qu` nh shn e`n`bamalrahs i` ol ai`hohfãl g`f`cýnaml y mhntraeuy`n l mr`lr raqu`zl san iasbrutlr i` ool.Li`cìs i` ols canhrãls clrfanlo`s qu` nh s` lilptln l ol r`loaili g`f`cýnaml, tlceaán`xast`n fruphs qu` s` luthclrfanln vhountlralc`nt` y vav`n n mho`mtavaili`sluthf`stahnlils lo`dlils i` ol shmaìli i` mhnsuch lmtulo, phr d`cpoh mhcunls gappa`s,

punka`s h oae`rtlrals, h ca`cerhs i` s mtls ròafahsls lntasastácamls.

I`ntrh i` nu`strl shmaìli, `xast`n cuotatui i` aniavaiuhs lilptlihs l `sl r`loaili quòumgln phr mlcealrol i`si` i`ntrh, mhch `s ò mlsh i` ols p`rshnls qu` oumgln phr uncunih cìs dusth, afuloatlrah y shst`naeo` cìahlcea`ntloc`nt`. Ylceaán `xast`n lrtastls àntò`mtulo`s qu` vav`n `n `sl r`loaili trltlnih i` i`so`fataclrol, lunqu` san cumgh áxath

phrqu` ò sast`cl s mlplz i` ant`frlr ol prht`stl, ol trlnsfr`saýn y o r`mglzh mhnvarta`nihohs iasmurshs lot`rnltavhs `n un ò`c`nth cìs i` ol muoturl, san qu` ástl oo`fu` l v`rs`lc`nlzlil.

Ols iasai`nmals phoãtamls, ai`hoýfamls, ròafahsls aniavaiulo`s stìn mhntanulc`nt`ltlmlnih ol ai`hohfãl g`f`cýnaml , qu` ta`n` qu` ohfrlr ant`frlr `sls iasai`nmals i`ntrh iò



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prhpah sast`cl plrl glm`rols anhb`nsavls. Lsã sumìaý mhn ò chvaca`nth gappa` h òchvaca`nth punk, ghy `n iãl i`sphoatazlihs y mhnv`rtaihs `n c`rhs pltrhn`s `státamhs ycusamlo`s, h ò chvaca`nth `mhohfastl, qu` plsl i` s`r un chvaca`nth rèòi` lntasast`cl ls`r unl c`rl `taqu`tl, pu`sth i` chil phr ò stlr syst`c ghooywhhia`ns` y mhcplrtaih phrols `cpr`sls qu` `n su pueoamaili ans`rtln ò mhohr v`ri` `n sus prhiumths plrl c`dhrlr olsv`ntls.

@n f`n`rlo, `n nu`strl shmaìli lmtulo phschi`rnl acp`rl ò aniavaiuloasch, òmhnbhrcasch lcnásamh y ol n`m`saili f`n`rloazlil i` vlsaýn, ntr`t`naca`nth ymhnsucasch. Z`rh plrl ols p`rshnls qu` s` ròlmahnln mhn ò cunih i`si` unl p`rsp`mtavlmrãtaml y nh safu`n ol baohshbãl iò sìov`s` qua`n puìl, `s cìs bìmao i`sràbamlr ol r`loaili

phrqu` sle`n qu` ástl puì` s`r trlnsbhrclil. ]hn f`nt` qu` trleldl `n ol trlnsbhrclmaýn iòl r`loaili (phoãtaml, `mhnýcaml, shmalo) `n iav`rshs frlihs y i si` unl tr`c`nil iav`rsailii` p`rsp`mtavls h ai`hohfãls (shmaloi`cýmrltls, mrtastalnhi`chmrìtls, lnlrquastls,mhcunastls, shmaloastls, mhohfastls, b`canastls, tm).

Pnhs s` iìamln l lnloazlr, r`bo`xahnlr, ièltar sher` ol r`loaili `n ols lmli`cals, ohsmhnfr`shs, ols pueoamlmahn`s; htrls ol mu`stahnln i`si` ò guchr, ò t`ltrh, ols p`rbhrclnm`sh ò man`, unhs mhcelt`n i`si` htrhs s` r`ôn`n `n mho`mtavhs, lshmalmahn`s, lslceo`ls, `tm

plrl prhphn`r shoumahn`s y lphrtlr ai`ls. Pnhs trleldln `n ò ìceath i` oh ohmlo (s` r`ôn`n plrl `vatlr ol pravltazlmaýn i` su m`ntrh cáiamh, plrl vatlr ol anstlolmaýn i` unl lnt`nl i`tò`bhnãl `n ò elrrah, plrl pìar un m`ntrh muoturlo lo lyuntlca`nth, plrl oacpalr ohs rãhs iòl zhnl), y htrhs `n ò ìceath nlmahnlo (f`stahnlr i`nunmals mho`mtavls mhntrl elnqu`rhs h

phoãtamhs, trleldlr phr mlcealr ols o`y s gapht`mlrals, `tm) h fohelo (`rrliamlr ol vaho`nmal i`fán`rh, ohs mhnboamths lrclihs, ò glcer` h ol ghchbheal).

]an celrfh, tlceaán xast`n ols phsturls bunilc`ntloastls, iamtlthralo`s, leshoutastls,uotrlmhns`rvlihrls qu` i`si` htrhs br`nt`s tlceaán oumgln phr i`rraelr, h trlnsbhrclr òsast`cl. ]hn cumgls ols p`rshnls qu` lerlzln phsturls blsmastls, phr `d`cpoh, y qu` mr``nbarc`c`nt` `n ols d`rlrquãls, `n ol lmucuolmaýn i` phi`r shoh plrl canhrãls, `n òclnt`naca`nth h luc`nth i` ohs pravao`fahs i` ol mols` lotl, `n ohs sast`cls gap`rr`fuolihsihni` ohs aniavaiuhs lp`nls t`nfln clrf`n i` oae`rtli plrl phi`r s`r mhntrholihs mhnbarc`zl. @stls p`rshnls tlceaán oumgln phr lmlelr mhn ol i`chmrlmal, mhn ohs lvlnm`s `n oìr`l i` i`r`mghs guclnhs i` ols cud`r`s, mhn ol slnaili pôeoaml h mhn ol ìumlmaýn pôeoaml,

mhn ol prht`mmaýn i` plrqu`s nlturlo`s plrl `xpohtlrohs mhc`rmaloc`nt`, mhn ohs i`r`mghs iòls p`rshnls cafrlnt`s. 97

Mr`h san `celrfh qu` vavar lilptìnihs l unls nhrcls acpu`stls i`si` bu`rl mulnih s` phs`` un cãnach i` s`nsaeaoaili y s`ntaih mrãtamh nh s nlil bìmao. Ol lilptlmaýn l olr`loaili `mhnýcaml y shmalo ta`n` un loth mhst` psãquamh y `chmahnlo, mhch cu`strl òluc`nth i` ols `nb`rcìli`s c`ntlo`s qu` lb`mtln l ols p`rshnls qu` nh ohfrln/nhqua`r`n/nh puì`n li`mulr su r`loaili l ol ‟r`loaili supr`cl–. Elstl mhn `mglr un vastlzh lols tlsls i` suamaiahs, ghcamaiahs, i`pr`sahn`s y `nb`rcìli`s c`ntlo`s `n ò Zrac`r Cunih

97 @o bunilc`ntloasch ròafahsh, ols mhcunaili`s t`rrathralo`s ol luthlbarclmaýn nlmahnloastl h anmoush ò hrfuooh i` olluthi`nafrlmaýn, lo anv`rtar ohs tárcanhs iò iasmursh hpr`savh shn thihs `xpr`sahn`s i` oh qu` Mlstòos i`nhcanl ol`xmousaýn i` ohs `xmoushr`s phr ohs `xmouaihs.



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plrl ilrnhs mu`ntl i` oh iabãmao qu` s sher`vavar `n un cunih qu` nh plr`m` t`n`r s`ntaihcìs looì iò trleldh, ò mhnsuch y ol r`prhiummaýn.

Cumghs luthr`s lbarcln qu` ol ai`hohfãl g`f`cýnaml lnuol ol iasmhnbhrcaili y ol mrãtaml yclnta`n` l ol f`nt` `ntr`t`nail mhn prhiumths i` mhnsuch plrl qu` thih safl mhch `stì. Ol

phsaeaoaili i` mhnstruar unl r`loaili afuloatlral, iav`rsl y plmãbaml i`si` un prhm`shr`vhoumahnlrah `s mhnt`cpolil phr ol clyhrãl i` ohs gleatlnt`s i` nu`strls i`chmrlmalsmhch lofh utýpamh h acphsaeo`. @n prac`r ouflr phrqu` ol Gasthral nhs cu`strl qu` `n olsr`vhoumahn`s tlceaán s` anstlurln ols d`rlrquãls, s` mr`ln fruphs i` phi`r, surf`n oãi`r`s i`clsls, y prhm`shs i` r`sast`nmal, i` r`mglzh, h i` prhpu`stls lot`rnltavls l ol g`f`chnãlr`vhoumahnlral qu` shn sao`nmalils h r`pracails, mhch `s ò mlsh iò mhcunasch mganh hmuelnh.

@n s`funih ouflr phr ò caìh qu` i`spa`rtl muloqua`r mlceah h trlnsbhrclmaýn (caìh lomlhs, caìh l p`ri`r ols prhpaìli`s, caìh l ol vaho`nmal i` unhs elnihs mhntrl htrhs), y`n t`rm`r ouflr phrqu` shn caoohn`s ols p`rshnls qu` mr``n qu` oh nlturlo `n `st` cunih `squ` unhs phmhs lmucuo`n raqu`zls y ol frln clyhrãl s` cu`rl i` glcer`. @s cuy mhcôn`nmhntrlr f`nt` qu` mr`` qu` unh iè` mhnbhrclrs` mhn ol su`rt` qu` o` gl thmlih, qu` `snhrclo qu` glyl ramhs y pher`s phrqu` lsã `s ò cunih, lsã `s ol vail, lsã shn ols mhsls.

@s oh qu` E`rf`r y Oumkclnn i`nhcanleln ol ràbamlmaýn i` ol r`loaili, qu` sarv` plrl qu`ò sast`cl s` lutho`fatac`4 qu` ol f`nt` nh p`rmael qu` gly ramhs y pher`s phrqu` ò sast`cl`s i`safulo ` andusth, qu` ol f`nt` nh s` mr`l qu` ol r`loaili phirãl s`r i` htrl cln`rl, sanhqu` `s mhch `s, unhs ta`n`n su`rt` y htrhs nh. I` `st` chih vavachs i` `sploils l htrhscunihs phsaeo`s phrqu` pr`b`rachs p`nslr ol U`loaili mhch lofh qu` nhs va`n` ilih i`si`bu`rl, mhch unl `strumturl ancutleo` y `t`rnl.

Li`cìs i` anstlurlr `stl oýfaml mhnbhrcastl, ò sast`cl anvasaeaoazl, nùtrloazl, raiamuoazl hclrfanl thils ols prhpu`stls ` ai`ls mhntrlrals l ols g`f`cýnamls. ]` lm`ptl ol trlnsfr`saýn`státaml mhn c`nsld`s vlmãhs, p rh ohs iasmurshs qu` prhcu`v`n ols trlnsbhrclmahn s shntlmglihs i` ‟rliamlo`s–, un tárcanh qu` plrl ohs mhns`rvlihr`s `s sanýnach i` ‟`xtr`castl hbunilc`ntloastl–, lunqu` `n r`loaili ta`n` qu` v`r mhn ol vhountli i` ar l ol ‟rlãz– i` olsmhsls.

‟Ravachs eldh ol anf`nul suphsamaýn i` qu` ol r`loaili `s nlturloc`nt` tlo mhch nhshtrhs olv`chs y qu` thih ò qu` ol v` i` htrl cln`rl ta`n` qu` s`r un cloamahsh h un i`c`nt`–,lbarcl Zluo Vltzolwamk (<119).

@o i`smueraca`nth i` qu` nhshtrhs caschs mhnstruachs nu`strl r`loaili, y i` qu` shchsr`sphnsleo s iò cunih `n su thtloaili y `n cumgl clyhr cìail i` oh qu` licatachs, `s

phr ò chc`nth lofh mlsa anmhnmèaeo` plrl nhshtrhs, phrqu` `s cìs mýchih p`nslr qu` olsmhsls shn mhch shn y phmh phi`chs glm`r r`sp`mth l òoh. Ols shoumahn`s qu` ò prhpah



7:

sast`cl nhs prhphn` shn sa`cpr` aniavaiuloastls y plrmalo`s (phr `d`cpoh prlmtamlr olmlraili, p`rh nh trlnsbhrclr ols o`y`s qu` p`rp`tôln ol pher`zl)91.

Ai`hohfãls mhch ò lnlrquasch, qu` pr`smani` iò phi`r y prhphn` ol luthhrflnazlmaýn y olluthf`staýn nh gln traunblih sanh n i`t`rcanlils áphmls y i`t`rcanlils ìr`ls f`hfrìbamls.@o pranmaplo lrfuc`nth `sehzlih mhntrl `stl ai`hohfãl, tlceaán, gl saih ol i` s`r utýpaml(`nt`niail n s`ntaih p`yhrltavh mhch arr`loazleo`).

]an `celrfh, ol uthpãl bhrcl plrt` i` ol mlplmaili saceýoaml iò s`r guclnh, y frlmals lòol g`chs ohfrlih shmaìli`s c`nhs thtloatlrals y slnfra`ntls mhch ols i`chmrlmalsr`pr`s`ntltavls lmtulo`s. Glm` safohs `stls i`chmrlmals tlceaán bu`rhn mhnsai`rlilsutýpamls phr `sl vasaýn p`sacastl ghee`salnl lm`rml i` ol clovlil nlturlo`zl guclnl, qu`glm` acphsaeo` ol luthhrflnazlmaýn phoãtaml h shmalo, y r`qua`r` qu` shoh unhs mulnthsguclnhs `stleo`zmln ols nhrcls iò du`fh y fhea`rn`n lo r`sth.

Zlrl phi`r `stuialr ol ai`hohfãl, mhanmaih mhn Yghcpshn (<11<) `n qu` `s bunilc`ntlolnloazlr ols bhrcls `n qu` ò safnabamlih mhntraeuy` lo shst`naca`nth i` ròlmahn`s iìhcanlmaýn. Pnl i` `sls bhrcls `s ol brlfc`ntlmaýn i` ol r`loaili `n plr`s i` hpu`sths

d`rlrquazlihs4 ‟ols ròlmahn`s i` ihcanlmaýn puì`n clnt`n`rs` l trlvás i` ol chvaoazlmaýniò s`ntaih `n bhrcl tlo qu` brlfc`nt` l ohs fruphs y mhohqu` l ohs aniavaiuhs y l ohs

fruphs `n hphsamaýn r`mãprhml. Iavai` y v`nm`rìs `s unl mhnhmail `strlt`fal i` ohs fruphsihcanlnt`s–. 0:

Zhr `sh `n ohs sast`cls i` phi`r mlpatloastl y pltralrmlo `stls pranmaplo`s iavasahn`s iò p`nslca`nth eanlrah s` iln `n thrnh lo yh y lo htrh, h lo ‟nhshtrhs– y ‟òohs– y `stìn elslihs`n ò mhnm`pth i` nhrcloaili (ò nhrclo v`rsus ò lnhrclo ), y htrhs mhnm`pths mhch òsast`cl s`xh-fán`rh (ghcer`s v`rsus cud`r`s), tnal (eolnmhs/nh eolnmhs), hra`ntlmaýns`xulo (g`t`rhs`xulo`s /ghchs`xulo`s), ròafaýn, zhnl f`hfrìbaml, `tm.

@taqu`tls qu` sarv`n plrl mr`lr d`rlrquãls y prhpamalr ol `xmousaýn shmalo l thihs lquòohs qu`nh s` ldust`n lo mhnm`pth qu` t`n`chs i` ‟nhrcloaili–. R`r`chs cìs liòlnt` mhch olsaniustrals muoturlo`s y ols cìaìtamls mholehrln l prhplflr y iabuniar `sths vlohr`s i` chihqu` ohs oo`flchs l s`ntar mhch prhpahs.

91 Vltzolwamk mr`` qu` sýoh phir`chs mherlr mhnma`nmal po`nl i` `s` g`mgh cìalnt` un prhbunih `stuiah i` ohs prhm`shs i` ol mhcunamlmaýn guclnl, un `stuiah qu` lelrqu` cumgls iasmapoanls plrtamuolr`s qu` glstl ghrl s`mhnsai`rln i`soaflils ols unls i` ols htrls h `n f`n`rlo gln saih i`slt`niails.0: Yghcpshn, Dhgn E4 Ol Mhcunamlmaýn Clsavl y ol Muoturl Chi`rnl. Mhntraeumaýn l unl Y`hrãl mrãtaml i`

ol Ai`hohfãl. U`vastl R`rsaýn. @stuiahs i` mhcunamlmaýn y phoãtaml, Nuc. <, Pnav`rsaili LutýnhclC`trhphoatlnl-Pnaili Whmgacaomh, Cáxamh, hmtuer` i` <11<.



7<

5.<.=. OH] C@MLNA]CH] I@ MHN]YUPMMAÝN ]HMALO

L mhntanulmaýn glr`chs un er`v` r`plsh lo r`sth i` ohs c`mlnaschs i` p`rp`tulmaýn ymhnshoailmaýn i` ols ai`hohfãls ihcanlnt`s y iò hri`n shmalo safua`nih l E`rf`r y

Oumkclnn. Lnloazlr`chs ohs prhm`shs i` ràbamlmaýn, anstatumahnloazlmaýn, ant`rnloazlmaýn yshmaloazlmaýn, ols t`hrãls i` o`fataclmaýn, y ol mhnstrummaýn shmalo i` ols ai`ntaili`s plrl`nt`ni`r mých ol shmaìli s` mhnstruy` `n ol ant`rlmmaýn y l trlvás i` ol mhcunamlmaýn, ymých i`t`rcanlihs fruphs i` phi`r anbouy`n mhn su ai`hohfãl `n ol mr`lmaýn i` ol r`loailiqu` thihs mhcplrtachs.

- Ol Uàbamlmaýn `s un prhm`sh cìalnt` ò mulo ohs s`r`s guclnhs oo`flchs l hovailr qu`nu`strls mr``nmals, nu`strls mhschvasahn`s, nu`strls ròafahn`s, cathohfãls, anstatumahn`s,ai`hohfãls y nu`strl cascl muoturl shn un prhiumth shmalo, mr`lih phr ohs s`r`s guclnhs ytrlnscataihs i` f`n`rlmaýn `n f`n`rlmaýn. @n `s` prhm`sh i` hovaih `s ihni` sueylm` ol

mlplmaili iò phi`r plrl prhohnflr y p`rp`tulr su stltu quh; oh qu` mhnstatuy`, l ca duamah,unh i` ohs clyhr`s anstruc`nths i` mhntrho shmalo, phrqu` `nthnm`s ol r`loaili s` nhs

pr`s`ntl mhch ilil, y shchs nhshtrhs ohs qu` g`chs lilptlrnhs l òol, nh lo r`vás..

]`fôn G`re`rt Clrmus` (<111), ò mhnm`pth i` ol ‟nlturlo`zl i` ols mhsls–, anmouy`nih oli` ol shmaìli, bu` i`banail plrl dustabamlr ol r`pr`saýn ` anmoush ol supr`saýn mhch

p`rb`mtlc`nt` rlmahnlo`s. ]u vasaýn `n thrnh l `stl lilptlmaýn i` ohs aniavaiuhs l olrlmahnloaili t`mnhoýfaml phstaniustralo s suclc`nt` n`fltavl, pu`s pa`nsl qu` `s unsast`cl luthratlrah anvasaeaoazlih qu` ‟ pravl l ol ani`p`ni`nmal i` p`nslca`nth, l olluthnhcãl y lo i`r`mgh i` hphsamaýn phoãtaml i` su bunmaýn mrãtaml eìsaml.(…) Eldh ols

mhniamahn`s i` un mr`ma`nt` navò i` vail, ol iasmhnbhrcaili mhn ò sast`cl lplr`m` mhch shmaloc`nt` anôtao, y cìs mulnih acpoaml tlnfaeo`s i`sv`ntldls `mhnýcamls y phoãtamls y phn` `n pòafrh ò eu`n bunmahnlca`nth i` mhndunth–.

]afua`nih l E`rf`r y Oumkclnn, phi`chs i`banar ol ràbamlmaýn i` ol r`loaili shmalo `nthrnh l ol lpr`g`nsaýn i` ohs prhiumths i` ol lmtavaili guclnl mhch sa bu`rln lofh iastanthi` ohs prhiumths guclnhs, mhch g`mghs i` ol nlturlo`zl, mhch r`suotlihs i` o`y`smýscamls, h clnab`stlmahn`s i` ol vhountli iavanl.

Ol ràbamlmaýn acpoaml qu` ò aniavaiuh `s mlplz i` hovailr qu` áo casch gl mr`lih ò cunih

guclnh; ò cunih ràbamlih `s, phr i`banamaýn, un cunih i`sguclnazlih, qu` ohs ghcer`sy ols cud`r`s `xp`rac`ntlchs mhch lofh `xt`rnh l nhshtrhs. Q san `celrfh, p`s` l qu` nhslpr`g`ni`chs mhch un prhiumth shmalo l trlvás i` ohs safnabamlihs qu` g`rìlchs ymhcplrtachs, nhshtrhs shchs l ol v`z prhiumthr`s i` `shs safnabamlihs. Oh acplmtlnt` i``stl ai`l s` i`siheol `n ihs mhns`mu`nmals4

<) Ohs trleldlihr`s y trleldlihrls iò cunih mlpatloastl mhntraeuy`n l ol prhiummaýn yi`slrrhooh i` ols `cpr`sls qu` `cpo`ln su bu`rzl i` trleldh, i` chih qu` ò áxath i` `sls`cpr`sls y sus iu`ühs `s phsaeo` frlmals l ol lphrtlmaýn anvhountlral i` ols clsls i` f`nt`qu` ta`n`n qu` trleldlr l mlceah i` un slolrah. Ol plrlihdl `s qu` mhntraeuy`n lo

`nraqu`maca`nth i` ohs iu`ühs i` ohs cìahs i` prhiummaýn y nh mhcplrt`n ohs e`n`bamahs, p`s` l qu` mulnih sher`va`n` unl mrasas mhnýcaml ohs prac`rhs p`rduiamlihs shn ohs



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prhpahs trleldlihr`s, qu` shn `mglihs l ol mloo` h v`n sus slolrahs r`mhrtlihs, h sus i`r`mghsolehrlo`s òacanlihs. @n `sths chc`nths `s mulnih phi`chs mhcprhelr qu` ò sast`clbunmahnl pravltazlnih ohs e`n`bamahs y shmaloazlnih ols páriails.

5) Ièaih l `stl prac`rl mhns`mu`nmal (ohs ihcanlihs sust`ntln l ohs ihcanlihr`s y

mhntraeuy`n l ol p`rp`tulmaýn iò stltu quh), s` mhnmouy` bìmaoc`nt` qu` ò cunih shmalomhnstruaih y hed`tavlih phr ohs guclnhs puì`, `nthnm`s, s`r trlnsbhrclih, tlnth `n sus`strumturls mhnýcamls mhch n ols saceýoamls.

Ols marmunstlnmals shmalo`s qu` blvhr`m`n ol i`sràbamlmaýn i` ols ai`hohfãls shn4 ò mholpshthtlo i` ohs ýri`n`s anstatumahnlo`s, ò mhntlmth `ntr` shmaìli`s pr`valc`nt` s`fr`flils y òmhtaialnh b`nýc`nh i` ol clrfanloaili shmalo (mhcpr`niaih mhch unl i`svalmaýn i`mlrìmt`r canhratlrah, p`s` l qu` ols mìrmò`s, ohs psaquaìtramhs y ol mloo` `stìn oo`nls iàniavaiuhs mhnsai`rlihs iab`r`nt`s, xmouaihs h iasmlplmatlihs).

Pnl i` ols prac`rls mhsls qu` lpr`ni`chs mhch guclnhs `s oh qu` `stì ea`n y oh qu` `stìclo, y ols nhmahn`s eìsamls i` oh qu` s` mhnsai`rl nhrclo , y qu` vlrãln s`fôn ol muoturl l olqu` p`rt`n`m`chs. Ql ò p`nslca`nth i` Camgò Bhumluot nhs lo`rtý sher` ohs pòafrhs i` ohqu` s` mhnsai`rl ‟nlturlo– y oh qu` `s ‟v`rili`rh– y ‟nhrclo– `n ò aclfanlrah y ò iasmurshmho`mtavh, `n ròlmaýn mhn ò s`xh y ol s`xuloaili.

@n `st` s`ntaih mhnsai`rh bunilc`ntlo t`n`r `n mu`ntl ò mhnm`pth i` ‟nhrcloazlmaýn– qu`lmtuloc`nt` s` utaoazl `n ò ìr`l i` ohs s`rvamahs shmalo`s qu` trleldln `n thrnh l ohs s`mthr`si` ol shmaìli xmouaihs y clrfanlihs (fatlnhs, c`niafhs, plrlihs, irhfliamths,iòanmu`nt`s, trlbamlnt`s, iasmlplmatlihs bãsamhs, prhstatutls, ancafrlnt`s, nb`rchs c`ntlo`s,

lnmalnhs san phi`r liquasatavh y san blcaoal, y un olrfh `tmát`rl i` p`rshnls y mho`mtavhs).@st` mhnm`pth s` usl mhch sanýnach i` ant`frlmaýn4 lofua`n s` vl ‟nhrcloazlnih– mulnih`cpa`zl l s`r ‟nhrclo –, `s i`mar, mulnih s` vl lilptlnih l ohs pltrhn`s i` mhniumtl qu` olshmaìli mhnsai`rl oýfamhs.

@n su lrtãmuoh sher` ol mhnstrummaýn shmalo i` ol iab`r`nmal, Uueah Lrraels y ]hral Er`üllbarcln qu` frln plrt` i` nu`strl shmaìli, thilvãl `nta`ni` ol iab`r`nmal mhchi`s`stleaoazlihrl, mhch "lofh hpu`sth l ol nhrcl". Nhrcl san ol mulo s` iìum` qu` òcunih s`rãl un mlhs. Q `n `st` s`ntaih, ò `nbr`ntlca`nth h ò hstrlmasch qu` s` suò` glm`rlo iab`r`nt` ta`n` qu` v`r mhn un mhns`nsh lsucaih phr mlsa thihs ohs mauililnhs4 "qu` ol

nhrcl `s oh eu`nh, oh phsatavh, oh ai`lo –.0<

Zlrl E`rf`r y Oumkclnn, ol ant`frlmaýn i` ols r`loaili`s i` ols satulmahn`s clrfanlo`si`ntrh i` ol r`loaili prhcan`nt` i` ol vail mhtaialnl ta`n` frln acphrtlnmal, phrqu`mhnstatuy`n ol lc`nlzl cìs s`ülolil plrl ol xast`nmal stleo`mail y rutanazlil n shmaìli.

‟]a s` mhnmae` l `stl ôotacl mhch ò ‟olih oucanhsh– i` ol vail guclnl, `n `s` mlsh ols satulmahn`s clrfanlo`s mhnstatuy`n ò olih shcerãh qu` s` ma`rrl sana`strh `n ol p`rab`ral iòl mhnma`nmal mhtaialnl. Zhr ò shoh g`mgh i` qu` ò ‟olih shcerãh– ta`n` su r`loaili

prhpal, qu` suò` s`r sana`strl, mhnstatuy` unl lc`nlzl mhnstlnt` plrl ol r`loaili ‟oômail–,

0< Uueah Lrraels, B y ]hral Er`ül, U.D4 Ol mhnstrummaýn shmalo i` ol iab`r`nmal, Nýclils 6. U`vastlmrãtaml i` ma`nmals shmalo`s y durãiamls. Assn <067-26=: gttp4//www.umc.`s/anbh/nhclils/



7=

`stleo`mail y phsatavl i` ol vail `n shmaìli. Mhnstlnt`c`nt` s` sufa`r` ol ai`l i` qu` tlov`z ol r`loaili oucanhsl i` ol vail mhtaialnl nh s`l cìs qu` unl aousaýn, qu` `n muloqua`ranstlnt` puì` s`r i`vhrlil phr ols uouolnt`s p`sliaools i` ol htrl r`loaili, ol shcerãl–.

@sls ai`ls i` ohmurl y t`rrhr s` r`prac`n hri`nlnih thils ols r`loaili`s mhnmèaeo`s i`ntrhiò casch unav`rsh saceýoamh qu` lelrml ol r`loaili i` ol vail mhtaialnl, `sth `s,

hri`nìnihols i` tlo cln`rl, qu` `stl ôotacl r`loaili r`t`nfl su mloaili prhcan`nt`,i`banatavl y sa nhs plr`m`, ‟cìs r`lo–. @o unav`rsh saceýoamh, lquã `nt`niaih mhch sanýnachi` muoturl, prhphrmahnl ol o`fataclmaýn i`banatavl iò hri`n anstatumahnlo mhnmìa`nih l olr`loaili i` ol vail mhtaialnl ol praclmãl `n ol d`rlrquãl i` ol `xp`ra`nmal guclnl.

- Ol Anstatumahnloazlmaýn. @o prhm`sh pr`vah l `st` `stliah `s ol gleatulmaýn, qu` `s unls`ra` i` lmths qu` s` r`pat`n mhn br`mu`nmal y mr`ln plutls qu` ou`fh puì`n r`prhiumars`mhn `mhnhcãl i` `sbu`rzhs. Ol gleatulmaýn acpoaml qu` ol lmmaýn i` qu` s` trltl puì`vhov`r l `d`mutlrs` `n ò buturh i` ol cascl cln`rl. Ohs safnabamlihs i` `stls gleatulmahn`s

p`rt`n`m`n lo i`pýsath f`n`rlo i` mhnhmaca`nth qu` il phr `stleo`maih y qu` ols p`rshnlsta`n`n l su lomlnm` plrl sus prhy`mths buturhs. Ol gleatulmaýn ta`n` ol frln v`ntldl

psamhoýfaml i` r`stranfar ols hpmahn s, phrqu` frlmals l òol nh `s n`m`slrah vhov`r l i`banarmlil satulmaýn i` nu`vh, plsh phr plsh.

Ols anstatumahn`s shn prhiumths muoturlo`s ` gastýramhs mr`lihs `n ò s`nh i` ol ant`rlmmaýnshmalo. Mhn ol gasthrazlmaýn y hed`tavlmaýn i` ols anstatumahn`s tlceaán surf` ol n`m`saili iì`slrrhoolr c`mlnaschs `sp`mãbamhs i` mhntrho shmalo. @n `st` s`ntaih, ohs luthr`s lo`cln`s`nta`ni`n qu` `s cìs prheleo` qu` unh s` i`svã` i` prhfrlcls badlihs phr htrhs qu` i` ohsqu` unh casch gl mhntraeuaih l `stleo`m`r. Ol nu`vl f`n`rlmaýn polnt`l un prheo`cl i`lmltlca`nth, y su shmaloazlmaýn, i`ntrh iò hri`n anstatumahnlo, r`qua`r` qu` s` `stleo`zmlnslnmahn`s

@o mhnhmaca`nth praclrah mhn r`sp`mth lo hri`n anstatumahnlo s` satôl `n ò polnh pr`-t`ýramh;`s ol sucl thtlo i` oh qu` ‟thihs sle`n– sher` un cunih shmalo, un mhndunth i` cìxacls,chrlo`dls, frlnaths i` sleaiurãl prhv`realo, vlohr`s y mr``nmals, caths, `tm

Ols anstatumahn`s shn mho`mtavaili`s qu` lelrmln frlni`s mlntaili`s i` f`nt` qu` mhntrholnò mhcphrtlca`nth guclnh stleo`ma`nih plutls i`banails i` lnt`clnh qu` oh mlnloazln nunl iar`mmaýn i`t`rcanlil, `n hphsamaýn l ols cumgls htrls qu` phirãln ilrs` t`ýramlc`nt`.Mulnth cìs s` iá phr `stleo`maih ò mhcphrtlca`nth `n ò polnh iò safnabamlih, tlnth cìss` rìumarìn ols lot`rnltavls phsaeo`s l ohs ‟prhfrlcls– anstatumahnlo`s, y tlnth cìs

pr`vasaeo` y mhntrholih s`rì ò mhcphrtlca`nth. ]holc`nt` s` r`qua`r`n c`mlnaschs i`

mhntrho liamahnlo`s (i` mlrìmt`r mhlmtavh) mulnih ohs prhm`shs i` anstatumahnloazlmaýn nhoo`fln l mucpoars` mleloc`nt`. 05

Ols anstatumahn`s, li`cìs, r`qua`r`n un prhm`sh ‟ìumltavh– p`rcln`nt`. Ohs safnabamlihsanstatumahnlo`s ‟iè`n frlelrs` phi`rhsl ` aniòèo`c`nt` `n ol mhnma`nmal iò aniavaiuh.

Zu`sth qu` ohs s`r`s guclnhs suò`n s`r aniho`nt`s y hovailiazhs, iè`n `xastar tlceaán prhmìaca`nths plrl qu` iamghs safnabamlihs s` clmglqu`n y s` r`mu`ri`n ràt`rlilc`nt`, sa bu`s` n`m`slrah, phr cìahs mh`rmatavhs y phr oh f`n`rlo i`slfrlileo`s–

05 ]`fôn E`rf`r y Oumkclnn, ohs prhm`shs i` ant`frlmaýn t`ýraml `xaf`n i` phr sã unl frln

bhrtlo`zl antò`mtulo, ‟mhch oh lt`staful ol `xt`nsl nýcanl i` g`rhamhs ant`frlihr`s i`si` Ghc`rhglstl ohs cìs r`ma`nt`s mhnstrumthr`s i` sast`cls shmahoýfamhs–.



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Li`cìs, ilih qu` ohs s`r`s guclnhs suò`n s`r thrp`s, ohs safnabamlihs anstatumahnlo`sta`ni`n l sacpoabamlrs` `n ò prhm`sh i` trlnscasaýn, i` cln`rl qu` ol s`ra` ilil i`býrcuols anstatumahnlo`s puì` s`r lpr`g`niail y c`chrazlil prhntlc`nt` phr olsf`n`rlmahn s sum`savls.

Ol ràbamlmaýn tlceaán lb`mtl l ols anstatumahn`s; i` g`mgh mhnstatuy` unl mlrlmt`rãstaml`s`nmalo l t`n`r `n mu`ntl l ol ghrl i` gleolr i` òols, phrqu` lplr`m`n mhch ilils,anlot`rleo`s y `vai`nt`s phr sã cascls y s` `nbr`ntln lo aniavaiuh mhch g`mghs ann`fleo`s.

Ol r`loaili hed`tavl i` ols anstatumahn`s nh iascanuy` sa ò aniavaiuh nh mhcpr`ni` ò prhpýsath h ò chih i` hp`rlr i` lquáools, phrqu` ‟`stìn lgã, bu`rl i` áo, p`rsast`nt`s `n sur`loaili, quaárloh h nh; nh puì` glm`rols i`slplr`m`r l vhountli. U`sast`n l thih ant`nthi` mlceah h `vlsaýn; `d`rm`n sher` áo un phi`r i` mhlmmaýn, tlnth i` phr sã, phr ol bu`rzl

purl i` su blmtamaili, mhch phr cìah i` ohs c`mlnaschs i` mhntrho gleatuloc`nt` ln`xhsl ols cìs acphrtlnt`s– (E`rf`r y Oumkclnn).

Ols anstatumahn`s qu` mrastloazln s` `xp`rac`ntln mhch `xast`nt`s phr `nmacl y cìs looì iòhs aniavaiuhs l qua`n`s ‟lml`m`– `nmlrnlrols `n `s` chc`nth. @n htrls plolerls, olsanstatumahn`s s` `xp`rac`ntln lghrl mhch sa phs`y`rln unl r`loaili prhpal, qu` s` pr`s`ntllo aniavaiuh mhch un g`mgh `xt`rnh y mh`rmatavh. Ol r`m`tl eìsaml plrl ol ràbamlmaýn i` olsanstatumahn`s, n f`n`rlo, mhnsast` n mhnmì`ro`s un stltus hnthoýfamh ani`p`nia`nt` i` ollmtavaili y ol safnabamlmaýn guclnls.

‟ @n ò prhm`sh i` trlnscasaýn l ol nu`vl f`n`rlmaýn, ol hed`tavaili iò cunihanstatumahnlo ‟s` `sp`sl– y ‟s` `niur`m`– nh sýoh plrl ohs gadhs, sanh tlceaán plrl ohs

plir`s. (…) Zlrl ohs gadhs, `sp`maloc`nt` `n ol prac`rl bls` i` su shmaloazlmaýn, s`mhnva`rt` `n ò cunih (…) qu` nh r`suotl trlnsplr`nt` iò thih; pu`sth qu` nh plrtamaplrhn

`n su bhrclmaýn, s` o`s lplr`m` mhch unl r`loaili ilil qu`, lo afulo qu` ol nlturlo`zl, `shplml lo c`nhs `n lofunls plrt`s. (…) Zlrl ohs plir`s, ò prhm`sh i` trlnscasaýn nh glm`cìs qu` bhrtlo`m`r ò s`ntaih i` ol r`loaili i` ohs plir`s– (E`rf`r y Oumkclnn)

E`rf`r y Oumkclnn phn`n mhch `d`cpoh i` ols ràbamlmahn`s `sp`mãbamls ol anstatumaýn iòcltrachnah; ást` puì` ràbamlrs` mhch unl acatlmaýn i` lmths iavanhs i` mr`ltavaili, mhchun clnilth unav`rslo i` ol o`y nlturlo, mhch ol mhns`mu`nmal n`m`slral i` bu`rzls eahoýfamlsh psamhoýfamls, h anmoush, mhch un acp`rltavh bunmahnlo iò sast`cl shmalo. ‟ Oh qu` ta`n`n`n mhcôn `stls ràbamlmahn`s `s qu` henueaoln ò s`ntaih iò cltrachnah `n mulnth

prhiummaýn guclnl mhntanul. (…) Zhr cìah i` ol ràbamlmaýn , ò cunih i` olsanstatumahn`s plr`m` busahnlrs` mhn ò cunih i` ol nlturlo`zl; s` vuòv` n`m`saili yi`stanh, y s` vav` ãnt`frlc`nt` mhch tlo, mhn lo`frãl h trast`zl, s`fôn s`l ò mlsh–.

- Y`hrãls i` O`fataclmaýn

Ol o`fataclmaýn mhnstatuy` unl hed`tavlmaýn i` safnabamlih i` ‟s`funih hri`n–4 prhium`nu`vhs safnabamlihs qu` sarv`n plrl ant`frlr ohs yl ltraeuaihs l prhm`shs anstatumahnlo`siasplr`s. Ol bunmaýn i` ol o`fataclmaýn mhnsast` `n ohfrlr qu` ols hed`tavlmahn`s i` ‟prac`rhri`n– yl anstatumahnloazlils oo`fu`n l s`r hed`tavlc`nt` iasphnaeo`s y sued`tavlc`nt`

polusaeo`s. Pnh i` sus hed`tavhs s ol ant`frlmaýn y ol mhg`saýn shmalo.



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Ohs prheo`cls i` o`fataclmaýn surf`n an`vatleo`c`nt` mulnih ols hed`tavlmahn`s iò hri`nanstatumahnlo iè`n trlnscatars` l unl nu`vl f`n`rlmaýn4

‟Lo oo`flr l `s` punth, ò mlrìmt`r luth-`vai`nt` i` ols anstatumahn`s yl nh puì`clnt`n`rs` phr cìah i` ohs prhpahs r`mu`rihs y gleatulmahn`s iò aniavaiuh. Ol unaili i`gasthral y eahfrlbãl s` quaèrl. Zlrl r`stlurlrol, y lsã vhov`r antòafaeo`s lcehs lsp`mths i`òol, iè`n hbr`m`rs` ‟`xpoamlmahn`s– y dustabamlmahn`s i` ohs ò`c`nths sloa`nt`s i` oltrliamaýn anstatumahnlo. @st` prhm`sh i` ‟`xpoamlr– y dustabamlr mhnstatuy` ol o`fataclmaýn–(E`rf`r y Oumkclnn).

Lo prac`r navò i` o`fataclmaýn mhrr`sphni`n thils ols lbarclmahn`s trliamahnlo`s s`nmaoolsr`b`r`nt`s lo ‟lsã s` glm`n ols mhsls– qu` shn ols r`spu`stls prac`rls y f`n`rloc`nt` cìs`bamlm`s l ohs ‟¸Zhr quá8– iò naüh.

@o s`funih navò i` o`fataclmaýn mhnta`n` prhphsamahn`s t`ýramls `n bhrcl i` `squ`cls,mhch ohs prhv`reahs, ols cìxacls chrlo`s y ols s`nt`nmals, ohs caths, ols o`y`nils y ohsmu`nths phpuolr`s.

@o t`rm`r navò i` o`fataclmaýn mhnta`n` t`hrãls `xpoãmatls phr ols qu` un s`mthr anstatumahnlos` o`fatacl `n tárcanhs i` un mu`rph i` mhnhmaca`nth iab`r`nmalih h `sp`maloazlih. I` `st`chih, ol o`fataclmaýn trlsma`ni` ol lpoamlmaýn prlfcìtaml y s` mhnva`rt` `n ‟t`hrãl purl–.

- Ol Ant`rnloazlmaýn I` Ol U`loaili4 @o aniavaiuh nh nlm` ca`cerh i` unl]hmaìli4 nlm` mhn unl prìasphsamaýn glmal ol shmaloaili y ou`fh oo`fl l s`r ca`cerh iùnl shmaìli. @o punth i` plrtail i` `st` prhm`sh oh mhnstatuy` ol ant`rnloazlmaýn4 ollpr`g`nsaýn h ant`rpr tlmaýn ancìaltl i` un lmhnt`maca`nth hed`tavh `n mulnth `xpr`slsafnabamlih, h s`l, `n mulnth `s unl clnab`stlmaýn i` ohs prhm`shs sued`tavhs i` htrh qu`, `n

mhns`mu`nmal, s` vuòv`n sued`tavlc`nt` safnabamltavhs plrl o aniavaiuh.

Ol ant`rnloazlmaýn `n s`ntaih f`n`rlo, mhnstatuy` ol els`, prac`rh, plrl ol mhcpr`nsaýn iòhs prhpahs s`c`dlnt`s, y s`funih, plrl ol lpr`g`nsaýn iò cunih `n mulnth r`loailisafnabamltavl y shmalo. @stl lpr`g`nsaýn mhca`nzl ‟mulnih o aniavaiuh lsuc` ò cunih `nò qu` yl vav`n htrhs. Lsucar `s i` phr sã un prhm`sh hrafanlo plrl thih hrflnasch guclnh,y ò cunih, unl v`z ‟lsucaih–, puì` s`r mr`ltavlc`nt` chiabamlih h (c`nhs

prheleo`c`nt`) glstl r`-mr`lih– (E`rf`r y Oumkclnn, <126).

Nanfôn aniavaiuh ant`rnloazl ol thtloaili i` oh qu` s` hed`tavl mhch r`loaili n su shmaìli,

na lun mulnih `sl shmaìli y su cunih s`ln ròltavlc`nt` sacpo`s. ]a`cpr` `xast`nò`c`nths i` ol r`loaili sued`tavl qu` nh s` gln hrafanlih `n ol shmaloazlmaýn, tlo`s mhch olmhnma`nmal iò prhpah mu`rph. I` `st` chih, ò aniavaiuh s` lpr`g`ni` l sã casch mhch`stlnih bu`rl y i`ntrh i` ol shmaìli; phr òoh ol ròlmaýn `ntr` ò aniavaiuh y ò cunihshmalo hed`tavh `s un lmth i` `quaoaerah mhntanuh.

- Ol shmaloazlmaýn4 @o prhm`sh hnthf`nátamh phr ò mulo s` oo`vl l mleh ol ant`rnloazlmaýn sì`nhcanl shmaloazlmaýn, y `s i`banaih phr E`rf`r y Oumkclnn mhch ‟ol aniummaýn lcpoal ymhg`r`nt` i` un aniavaiuh `n ò cunih hed`tavh i` unl shmaìli h `n un s`mthr i` áo –. Ol

prac`rl anstlnmal i` shmaloazlmaýn s il `n ò s nh i` ol blcaoal, qu` trlnscat` l ohs naühs o

o`nfuld` y ò aiahcl prhpahs, ols nhrcls y ols o`y`s, ols mr``nmals, `tm.



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@st` prhm`sh mhca`nzl mhn ò nlmaca`nth i` unl p`rshnl y ltrlva`sl su anblnmal, y s` `b`mtôl`n marmunstlnmals i` nhrc` mlrfl `chmahnlo. ]`fôn sths luthr`s, xast`n eu`nhs chtavhs

plrl mr``r qu` san `sl lig`saýn `chmahnlo l ohs htrhs safnabamlnt`s, o prhm`sh i` lpr`niazld`s`rãl iabãmao, mulnih nh acphsaeo`. @o naüh s` ai`ntabaml mhn ohs htrhs safnabamlnt`s `n unlvlraìli i` bhrcls `chmahnlo`s; p`rh s`ln ástls mulo`s bu`r`n, ol ant`rnloazlmaýn s` prhium`shoh mulnih s` prhium` ol ai`ntabamlmaýn. Ol shmaìli, ol ai`ntaili y ol r`loaili mrastloazlnsued`tavlc`nt` n o casch prhm`sh i` ant`rnloazlmaýn.

@n ol shmaloazlmaýn s` anium` lo aniavaiuh yl shmaloazlih l nu`vhs s`mthr`s iò cunihhed`tavh i` su shmaìli. E`rf`r y Oumkclnn i`ban`n `st` prhm`sh mhch ol ant`rnloazlmaýn i`‟suecunihs– anstatumahnlo`s h elslihs sher` anstatumahn`s. ]u lomlnm` y su mlrìmt`r sì`t`rcanln phr ol mhcpo`daili i` ol iavasaýn iò trleldh y ol iastraeumaýn shmalo iòmhnhmaca`nth, phr oh qu` r`qua`r` ol liquasamaýn i` vhmleuolrahs `sp`mãbamhs i` ‟rho`s–, ohqu` safnabaml ol ant`rnloazlmaýn i` mlcphs s`cìntamhs qu` `strumturln ant`rpr`tlmahn`s ymhcphrtlca`nths i` rutanl i`ntrh i` un ìr`l anstatumahnlo.

Mhch ol shmaloazlmaýn nunml `s mhcpo`tl `n ò aniavaiuh, `stl nhmaýn i` lilptlmaýn l olr`loaili s` `nta`ni` qu` `s sa`cpr` ròltavl, `n p`rcln`nt` prhm`sh i` r`mhnstrummaýn. Olai`hohfãl ihcanlnt` h g`f`cýnaml `n unl shmaìli gl i` `stlr sa`cpr` r`bhrzlnih òsast`cl i` mr``nmals mhcplrtaih, stleo`ma`nih c`mlnaschs i` mhntrho y mhg`saýn shmalo,oumglnih mhntrl htrls ai`hohfãls lot`rnltavls y mrãtamls, ` ant`frìnihols `n su s`nh plrlnùtrloazlrols. Yhih `sth s` oo`vl l mleh cìalnt` prhmìaca`nths i` clnt`naca`nth i` olr`loaili (`xast`n ihs taphs4 clnt`naca`nth i` rutanl y clnt`naca`nth i` mrasas) plrlslovlfulrilr ma`rth frlih i` sac`trãl `ntr` ol r`loaili hed`tavl y ol sued`tavl.

]an iuil, ò v`gãmuoh cìs acphrtlnt` plrl ò clnt`naca`nth i` ol r`loaili sued`tavl `s òo`nfuld`. L trlvás i` ol mhcunamlmaýn, ò o`nfuld` mr`l s`ntaih; ò s`ntaih surf` `n ohs

prhm`shs i` mhcunamlmaýn. Ols ai`hohfãls g`f`cýnamls i` ol r`loaili traunbln mulnihmhnstruy`n ol muoturl y cìaln `n ohs prhm`shs i` mhcunamlmaýn, phrqu` i` `st` chihacphn`n muoturloc`nt` ò s`ntaih y ò safnabamlih i` ols mhsls eldh su p`muoalr punth i` vastlh p`rsp`mtavl. Zlrl E rf`r y Oumkclnn, `s acphrtlnt` i stlmlr qu` ol clyhr plrt` iòclnt`naca`nth i` ol r`loaili `n ò prhm`sh i` ol mhcunamlmaýn `s acpoãmatl, phrqu` s``b`mtôl mhn ò trlsbhnih i` un cunih qu` s` il sao`nmahslc`nt` phr `stleo`maih.



76

5.<.9. OL MHN]YUPMMAÝN ]HMALO I@ OL AI@NYAILI I@ FÁN@UH I@]I@PNL Z@U]Z@MYARL \P@@U

‟Ol ant`nsl lt`nmaýn pr`stlil ghy `n iãl l ol mu`staýn i` ol ai`ntaili

`s `n sã cascl un g`mgh muoturlo i` frln acphrtlnmal–.Tyfcunt Elucln (5::5)

-OL MHN]YUPMMAÝN ]HMAHMPOYPULO I@ OL AI@NYAILI

@n ol clyhrãl i` ols ma`nmals shmalo`s, ol nhmaýn i` ai`ntaili gl thclih unl acphrtlnmalbunilc`ntlo l ol ghrl i` lnloazlr y `stuialr ò mhcphrtlca`nth guclnh y ohs b`nýc`nhs y

prhm`shs shmalo`s phstchi`rnhs. Ol t`hrãl shmalo s` gl pr`hmuplih phr ohs b`nýc`nhsai`ntatlrahs phrqu`, s`fôn Clrmhs @nfòk`n (5::0), prhphrmahnln ol molv` i` ol lmmaýn

shmalo y phrqu` s`üloln ‟quá plrìc`trhs i` s`ntaih cu`v`n l ohs sud`ths l lmtulr i` unl bhrcl y nh i` htrl y quá iasmurshs-i`-s`ntaih shn i`spo`flihs plrl mhcpr`ni`r/mhnstruarò cunih marmunilnt`.0=

I`si` ol p`rsp`mtavl shmalo, `n f`n`rlo, s` suò` mhnsai`rlr qu` ol ai`ntaili `s ol mlplmailiiò aniavaiuh plrl ai`ntabamlrs` mhn htrhs. ]afua`nih l E`fhül @nfuax Frlu, phi`chslbarclr qu` phr un olih, ol ai`ntaili shmalo s` bunilc`ntl `n ol ai`ntabamlmaýn, y phr htrholih, ol ai`ntaili suphn` o `taqu`tld` i` un i`t`rcanlih fruph i` aniavaiuhs elsìnihs` `nma`rtls mlrlmt`rãstamls qu` s` o`s suphn`n plrtamuolr`s09.

I`si` unl p`rsp`mtavl shmahoýfaml, thils ols ai`ntaili`s shn mhnstruails. Ol mhnstrummaýn iòls ai`ntaili`s `stì i`t`rcanlil phr ol eahohfãl, ol gasthral, ò `cpolzlca`nth f`hfrìbamh, òmoacl, ols muoturls y ohs unav`rshs saceýoamhs, ol s`xuloaili, ols anstatumahn`s prhiumtavls yr`prhiumtavls, ol c`chral mho`mtavl y ols blntlsãls p`rshnlo`s, ohs lplrlths i` phi`r y olant`rlmmaýn shmalo l trlvás i` ol mhcunamlmaýn mhn nu`strhs s`c`dlnt`s.

Zu`sth qu` ol mhnstrummaýn shmalo i` ol ai`ntaili sa`cpr` ta`n` ouflr `n un mhnt`xth clrmlih phr ols ròlmahn s i` phi`r, Clnuò Mlstòos (<117) prhphn` unl iastanmaýn `ntr` tr`s bhrclsy hrãf`n`s i` ol mhnstrummaýn i` ol ai`ntaili4

h

Ai`ntaili o`fataclihrl4 antrhiumail phr ols anstatumahn`s ihcanlnt`s iòl shmaìli plrl `xt`ni`r y rlmahnloazlr su ihcanlmaýn br`nt` l ohs lmthr`s shmalo`s, un t`clm`ntrlo `n ol t`hrãl i` ol luthraili y ol ihcanlmaýn i` ]`nn`tt, p`rh qu` tlceaán s` li`môl l

0= Ol acphrtlnmal i` `st` mhnm`pth s` gl aih lmr`m`ntlnih l cìail qu` ò b`nýc`nh iò aniavaiuloaschs` gl aih i`slrrhoolnih `n ols shmaìli`s lmtulo`s, y l cìail qu` ol nhmaýn i` mhcunaili s` gl aihi`vloulnih ‟ dusth mulnih s` i`rrucel ol mhcunaili, s` anv`ntl ol ai`ntaili – (Elucln, 5::<)Zlrl `st` luthr ol ai`ntaili s` gl mhnv`rtaih `n un sustatuth i` ol mhcunaili , `s` supu`sth ‟ghflrnlturlo–, qu` yl nh `stì l nu`strh lomlnm` y qu`, phr tlnth, nh puì` mhnmèars` mhch un r`bufah lmhfìhri` s`furaili y mhnbalnzl. @n @nfòk`n, Clrmhs (5::0). ‟Ol c`tìbhrl i` oh unh-côotapo`4 Pnl (r`-)mhnm`ptulmaýn ialoýfaml i` ol ai`ntaili p`rshnlo (unl mrãtaml lo rìummahnasch ‟phschi`rnastl–)–.

Ltg`n`l Iafatlo , 6, <<9- <=5.

09 @nfuax Frlu, E`fhül4 ‟]`xuloaili ` ai`ntaili`s. Ai`ntaili`s ghchs`xulo`s–. Flz`tl i` Lntrhphohfãl, N´ <2, 5:::



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vlrals t`hrãls iò nlmahnloasch. @st` taph i` ai`ntaili f`n`rl unl shmaìli mavao, `s i`mar, unmhndunth i` hrflnazlmahn`s ` anstatumahn`s, lsã mhch unl s`ra` i` lmthr`s shmalo`s`strumturlihs y hrflnazlihs qu` r`prhium`n, sa ea`n l v`m`s i` chih mhnboamtavh, olai`ntaili qu` rlmahnloazl ols bu`nt`s i` ol ihcanlmaýn `strumturlo.

h

Ai`ntaili i` r`sast`nmal4 f`n`rlil phr lquòohs lmthr`s qu` s``nmu`ntrln n phsamahn`s/mhniamahn`s i`vloulils h stafcltazlils phr ol oýfaml i` olihcanlmaýn, phr oh qu` mhnstruy`n tranmg`rls i` r`sast`nmal y sup`rvav`nmal elsìnihs` n

pranmapahs iab`r`nt`s u hpu`sths l ohs qu` acpr`fnln ols anstatumahn`s i` ol shmaìli. ZlrlMlstòos, puì` qu` ást` s`l ò taph cìs acphrtlnt` i` mhnstrummaýn i` ol ai`ntaili `nnu`strl shmaìli, phrqu` ol ai`ntaili lquã mhnstruy` bhrcls i` r`sast`nmal mho`mtavl mhntrlol hpr`saýn, i` htrh chih anshphrtleo`.

h Ai`ntaili prhy`mth4 mulnih ohs lmthr`s shmalo`s, elsìnihs` n ohsclt`ralo`s muoturlo`s i` qu` iasphn`n, mhnstruy`n unl nu`vl ai`ntaili qu` rì`ban` su

phsamaýn `n ol shmaìli, y lo glm`roh, eusmln ol trlnsbhrclmaýn i` thil ol `strumturl shmalo.Zlrl Mlstòos `s ò mlsh, phr `d`cpoh, i` ols b`canastls mulnih slo`n i` ols tranmg`rls i`r`sast`nmal i` ol ai`ntaili y i`slbãln lo pltralrmlih y l thil ol `strumturl i` prhiummaýn,r`prhiummaýn, s`xuloaili y p`rshnloaili sher` ol qu` nu`strls shmaìli`s s` gln elslih l oholrfh i` ol gasthral.

Zlrl o mhnstrummahnasch, ols ai`ntaili`s shn mhnstrummahn`s shmalo`s qu` i`t`rcanln l ohsca`cerhs i` ol shmaìli aniavaiuloc`nt`4 mlil ai`ntaili `stì susp`niail `n unl flcl i`ròlmahn`s pr`mlralc`nt` satulils. @n plolerls i` ]mglpp (<162) mlil unh i` nhshtrhs `stì‟shoilih– `n ols mhnstrummahn`s gastýramls i` ohs i`cìs iò casch chih qu` òohs oh `stìn`n ols nu`strls.

Gle`rcls (<115), phr su plrt`, shsta`n` qu` ò aniavaiuh guclnh `cpa`zl p`nslnih `ntárcanhs `nt`rlc`nt` shmalo`s; ò prhm`sh i` aniavaiulmaýn sýoh puì` mhns`fuars` phrshmaloazlmaýn. @n `st` s`ntaih, ol ai`ntaili muoturlo s` gl i` lehrilr mhch prheo`cìtamlmho`mtavl; bu` Iurkgàc qua`n, lo gleolr i` ol mhnma`nmal mho`mtavl, lbarcý qu` ástl `s cìsqu` ol sucl i` ols mhnma`nmals aniavaiulo`s4 ol trlsma`ni` y s` acphn` l òols phr cìah iòl ìumlmaýn y i` ol vail shmalo mhcôn.

Ol ai`ntaili muoturlo i` unl p`rshnl s` `nclrml, pu`s, `n unl ai`ntaili fohelo qu` ‟`s unlmhnstòlmaýn i` ai`ntabamlmahn`s plrtamuolr`s `n anstlnmals muoturlo`s iastantls– (Lehu,

<110). Y`na`nih n mu`ntl stl r`loaili mhcunamltavl qu` stì r`b`r`nmalil sher` unlmhcunaili i` mhcunamlmaýn, ol ai`ntaili qu` s` liqua`r`, s`fôn Choanl Ouqu`, ta`n` ihslsp`mths mhcpo`c`ntlrahs4 ol unav`rsloazlmaýn y ol plrtamuolrazlmaýn4 ols p`rshnls lpr`ni`nl lmtulr lutýnhclc`nt` `n un clrmh i` r`b`r`nmal unav`rsloastl, y l ol v`z l glm`r ush i` suluthnhcãl plrl i`slrrhoolrs` `n su sued`tavaili y plrtamuolraili00 .I`si` ol mhrra`nt` mhnstrummahnastl, Z`t`r E`rf`r y Yghcls Oumkclnn tlceaán pusa`rhn òlm`nth `n ol iac`nsaýn eahoýfaml iò sud`th `n ol bhrclmaýn i` su ai`ntaili. Zlrl òohs, olbhrclmaýn iò s`r guclnh iè` `nt`ni`rs` `n ròlmaýn mhn ò p`rcln`nt` i`slrrhooh iò

00 Choanl Ouqu`, Baiò4 Choanl Ouqu`, Baiò4 @iumlmaýn, Cuotamuoturloasch ` Ai`ntaili .gttp4//www.m`sm.mo/hesmi/plfanls/m`ntrh-i`-ihmuc`ntlmahn-5.gtc#<

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hrflnasch y mhn ò prhm`sh shmalo `n ò qu` ohs htrhs safnabamlihs cìaln `ntr` ò lcea`nt`nlturlo y ò guclnh. Zlrl `sths shmaýohfhs, ol vanmuolmaýn `ntr` ò hrflnasch y ò yhguclnhs n un lcea`nt` shmaloc`nt` i`t`rcanlih s xmántraml. ‟Zhr unl plrt`, ò ghcer`

`s un mu`rph; phr htrl plrt`, ta`n` un mu`rph, `s i`mar, s` `xp`rac`ntl l sã casch mhch`ntaili qu` nh `s aiántaml l su mu`rph, sanh qu`, phr ò mhntrlrah, ta`n` un mu`rph l su

iasphsamaýn. Ol `xp`ra`nmal qu` ò ghcer` ta`n` i` sã casch hsmaol sa`cpr` `ntr` s`r y t`n`run mu`rph, `quaoaerah qu` iè` r`mup`rlrs` unl y htrl v`z–.

Ol mhnstrummaýn i` ol ai`ntaili mhnsast` `n ihs oumgls4 unl `xt`rnl (ol ialoámtaml `ntr` òlnaclo aniavaiulo y ò cunih shmalo) y htrl ant`rnl (ol ialoámtaml `ntr` ò suestrlth eahoýfamhiò aniavaiuh y su ai`ntaili prhiumail shmaloc`nt`).

E`rf`r y Oumkclnn phn`n mhch `d`cpoh i` ol oacatlmaýn qu` `stleo`m` ol shmaìli l ols phsaeaoaili`s eahoýfamls iò hrflnasch4 ol ohnf`vaili. Ol `sp`rlnzl i` vail vlrãl mhn olueamlmaýn shmalo; ohs aniavaiuhs i` mols` eldl suò`n `nb`rclr mhn cìs br`mu`nmal qu` ohs iòl mols` lotl y ta`n`n `nb`rcìli`s iab`r`nt`s. ‟ Ol shmaìli, pu`s, i`t`rcanl muìnth ta`cph

y i` quá cln`rl vavarì ò hrflnasch aniavaiulo. @stl i`t`rcanlmaýn puì` prhfrlclrsànstatumahnloc`nt` `n ol hp`rlmaýn i` mhntrho`s shmalo`s, mhch `n ol anstatumaýn iò i`r`mgh.

Ol shmaìli puì` cutaolr y cltlr; `n `st` phi`r qu` phs`` sher` ol vail y ol cu`rt` s`clnaba`stl su mhntrho i`banatavh sher` ò aniavaiuh–.

Ol shmaìli ant`rva`n` iar`mtlc`nt` pu`s `n ò bunmahnlca`nth iò hrflnasch, sher` thihmhn r`sp`mth l ol s`xuloaili y l ol nutramaýn. ]a ea`n lcels s` lphyln `n acpuoshs

eahoýfamhs, `sths shn suclc`nt` poìstamhs `n o lnaclo guclnh, y lcels mu`stahn`s shnmlnloazlils shmalo y muoturloc`nt`, lunqu` yl nh oh glm` i` cln`rl nhrcltavl, sanh i` chih

p`rsulsavh y t`rlpáutamh.

‟@stl mlnloazlmaýn nh shoh acphn` oãcat`s l `sls lmtavaili`s, sanh qu` lb`mtl iar`mtlc`ntòls bunmahn`s iò hrflnasch. (…) Ma`rtls bunmahn`s eahoýfamls antrãns`mls mhch ò hrflschy ol iaf`staýn s` `strumturln shmaloc`nt`–. Ol oumgl surf` mulnih ò aniavaiuh r`maán nlmaih`s gleatulih l unhs ghrlrahs i` mhcail y i` su`üh; s` r`sast` l mhc`r mulnih nh ta`n`glcer` h ihrcar mulnih nh ta`n` su`üh, p`rh s` o` heoafl l òoh y bhrcl plrt` i` su prhm`shi` shmaloazlmaýn– (E`rf`r y Oumkclnn).

Camgò Bhumluot lmuül ò tárcanh eahphi`r plrl s`ülolr mých ol vail guclnl `stìmhniamahnlil phr ò phi`r qu` `d`rm` ò @stlih y ol muoturl sher` nhshtrhs. Zhr `d`cpoh, ohs

plãs`s mhn p`nl i` cu`rt`, mhn thrturl, prhgaeamaýn plrl lmmì`r l un lehrth s`furh yfrltuath, r`pr`saýn phoãtaml, i`t`nmahn`s y thrturls, ol ùf`n`sal, ò f`nhmaiah, shn lmthsoo`vlihs l mleh phr ols anstatumahn`s (@dármath, mu`rphs phoamalo`s y lplrlths r`pr`savhs iò@stlih, phi`r duiamalo, phi`r `d`mutavh y o`fasoltavh, `tm).

Ol Cìamanl chi`rnl `s un molrh `d`cpoh i` mých ò mu`rph i`dl i` s`r i` unh casch plrl plslr l s`r i` ol anstatumaýn ghspatlolral4 ò chih `n mých s` gln t`mnabamlih y cìamloazlihohs plrths (qu` oo`vl acpoamlil ol i`sguclnazlmaýn i` ol ea`nv`nail l ol shmaìli i` un

nu`vh s`r guclnh), h ò chih `n mých s` trltl l un `nb`rch h `nb`rcl mulnih s` o` lpoamlun prhthmhoh `stlnilrazlih qu` s` gl i` mucpoar l rldltleol, lunqu` òoh acpoaqu` nh i`dlr

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1:

i`smlnslr lo plma`nt`, lthsaflroh mhn pruèls, any`mtlro` cìamanls san mhnsuotlro`, cìaroòl t`cp`rlturl, mlcealro` ohs plülo`s, mhn`mtlroh l unl cìquanl i` hxãf`nh, mhohmlro` unlshnil nlshfìstraml, hp`rlroh sa `s pr`mash, `tm.

@o i`smhnhmaca`nth i` ol ma`nmal y ol d`rfl cáiaml nhs i`dl l c`rmì i` ol anstatumaýn, nhsmhohml `n unl satulmaýn i` suehrianlmaýn `n ol qu` ò mu`rph iò chraeunih, phr `d`cpoh, nh`s i` unh casch na i` su blcaoal. L thihs ohs mu`rphs qu` lfhnazln s` o`s heoafl l vhov`r lol vail mhn ‟ehcels i` r`smlt`–, any`mmahn`s i` lir`nloanl, o`mtrhsghks, y cao p`rr`rãlscìs. I` `st` chih na `n sus ôotachs chc`nths, unl p`rshnl oo`fl l s`r iu`ül i` su mu`rph,i` su vail y i` su cu`rt`.

Ol eahphoãtaml ta`n` mhch hed`th ans`rtlr ol ai`hohfãl g`f`cýnaml `n ohs mu`rphs, shc`t`rohslo phi`r iò mlpatloasch y ò pltralrmlih l trlvás i` prhm`shs nhrcltavhs y r`pr`savhs. Ohsmu`rphs b`c`nanhs phs``n, phr `d`cpoh, unl pr`saýn shmalo glmal ol clt`rnaili; ohs mu`rphsi`bhrc`s gln i` anvasaeaoazlrs` lnt` ol tarlnãl i` ol eòo`zl, ohs mu`rphs fhrihs gln i`liòflzlr y ohs acp`rb`mths gln i` p`rb`mmahnlrs` (mhn ghrchnls, mhn hp`rlmahn`s, mhn

ehcels quãcamls, mhn ia`tls h l fhop` i` facnlsah). Ohs mu rphs lceafuhs gln i` i`banarsìò thih, ohs mu`rphs boìmmaihs gln i` `niur`m`rs`, ohs mu`rphs hsmurhs eolnqu`m`rs` y ohsmu`rphs eolnmhs erhnm`lrs`.

@o phi`r phoãtamh, `mhnýcamh y shmalo s` ansmrae` `n ohs mu`rphs. @n ohs mu`rphs thrturlihs yi`slplr`maihs i` ols iamtliurls, `n ohs mu`rphs prasahn`rhs qu` puèoln ols mìrmò`s y qu` nh

phs``n oae`rtli i` chvaca`nths, `n ohs mu`rphs qu` s` shc`t`n l mhnstlnt`s marufãls plrlquatlrs` acp`rb`mmahn`s, lühs h frlsls. Ohs mu`rphs b`c`nanhs shn cutaolihs n cumghs

plãs`s mulnih ols cud`r`s oo`fln l ol liho sm`nmal y s` o`s s`mmahnl o moãthras, shn v`niaihsh loquaolihs `n rì`s i` prhstatumaýn, shn vaholihs `n ols fu`rrls, shn trhm`lihs y tarlihs `nsholr`s i`smlcplihs. Ohs mu`rphs eòohs s` `xgae`n `n ols ta`nils y ols plslròls, ohsmu`rphs lpr`ni`n l eohqu`lr ò polm`r, ohs mu`rphs s` rldln y s` ler`n plrl `xtrl`r ýrflnhs,ohs mu`rphs s` mlnsln i` trleldlr `n mhniamahn`s anguclnls, ohs mu`rphs s` cu`r`n i`glcer`, ohs mu`rphs s` r`bufaln `n htrhs plãs`s mulnih `n ò suyh s` prlmtaml un f`nhmaiahsast`cìtamh.

@o mu`rph `stì sa`nih un ò`c`nth pranmaplo `n ols anv`staflmahn`s sher` ò prhm`sh i`sued`tavazlmaýn. Luthr`s mhch Chrãn (5::<) lbarclrìn qu` ò sud`th guclnh puì` s`r

`nt`niaih mhch ‟un nuih fhrialnh i` ol trãlil mu`rph-c`nt`- muoturl; suphnirãl, nthnm`s,unl `ntaili bruth i` ol mhnbou`nmal sanmrátaml i` `sths tr`s ò`c`nths–.

Htrh tárcanh lmuülih phr E`ltraz Zr`malih s`rãl ò i` ol s`xhphoãtaml4 ‟ Ol s`xhphoãtaml `sunl i` ols bhrcls ihcanlnt`s i` ol lmmaýn eahphoãtaml `n ò mlpatloasch mhnt`cphrìn`h.Mhn òol ò s`xh (ohs ýrflnhs oolclihs « s`xulo`s », ols prìmtamls s`xulo`s y tlceaán ohsmýiafhs i` ol clsmuoanaili y i` ol b`canaili, ols ai`ntaili`s s`xulo`s nhrclo`s yi`svalils) bhrcl plrt` i` ohs mìomuohs iò phi`r, glma`nih i` ohs iasmurshs sher` ò s`xh yi` ols t`mnhohfãls i` nhrcloazlmaýn i` ols ai`ntaili`s s`xulo`s un lf`nt` i` mhntrho sheròl vail–.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopol%C3%ADtica






1<

@n `st` s`ntaih, ols t`ýramls qu``r `nta`ni`n ol g`t`rhs`xuloaili mhch un ráfac`n phoãtamh.Chnaqu` Vattaf lbarcý qu` ol g`t`rhs`xuloaili bhrcl plrt` i` ol licanastrlmaýn i` ohsmu`rphs y i` ol f`staýn mlomuolil i` ol vail, `s i`mar, mhch plrt` i` ol ‟eahphoãtaml–; lsã bu`mhch ol g`t`rhs`xuloaili bu` i`banail `n ohs lühs 7: mhch ‟t`mnhohfãl eah-phoãtamli`stanlil l prhiumar mu`rphs g`t`rhs (strlafgt)–.

Mhanmaih mhn @nfuax (5:::) `n qu` `n unl shmaìli mhcpo`dl mhch ol lmtulo nh s` puì`gleolr i` unl ai`ntaili ônaml ` ancutleo` sanh qu` cìs ea`n s` iè` gleolr i` unl

pourloaili i` ìceaths i` ai`ntabamlmaýn. @sths ìceaths s` mhnmr`tln `n ai`ntaili`s p`rshnlo`s mlcealnt`s, phoavlo`nt`s ` anbouails phr ols ròlmahn`s shmalo`s iò aniavaiuh. Pncasch aniavaiuh puì` lihptlr iastantls ai`ntaili`s i`si` ohs punths i` vastl ialmrýnamh ysanmrýnamh, `n bunmaýn iò chc`nth p`rshnlo qu` `stá ltrlv`slnih h iò mhnt`xth shmalo `nqu` s` gloo` anc`rsh. @sth `s lsã phrqu` ol ai`ntaili nh `s un g`mgh ilih sanh un prhm`shqu` s` mhnstruy` plrta`nih iò aniavaiuh y `stleo`ma`nih unl ròlmaýn ialoámtaml mhn sumuoturl mhcunatlral, y `n `sths prhm`shs, ols ai`ntaili`s s` luthmhnstruy`n y s` trlnsbhrcln,`sp`maloc`nt` `n ol áphml i` ol phschi`rnaili.

Ol mhnstrummaýn shmalo i` ol ai`ntaili s` oo`vl l mleh pranmaploc`nt` l trlvás i` ol mr`lmaýni` chiòhs i` mhcphrtlca`nth y `squ`cls tapabamlihr`s vlralihs qu` sarv`n plrllpr`g`ni`r ol r`loaili, l nhshtrhs caschs y lo r`sth i` ohs ca`cerhs i` ol shmaìli. @o

pranmaplo `squ`cl tapabamlihr shmalo s ò iò rho shmalo , qu` `s ò mhndunth i` bunmahn`s, nhrcls mhcphrtlca`nths y i`r`mghs i`banaihs shmalo y muoturloc`nt` qu` s` `sp`rln qu` unl

p`rshnl (lmthr shmalo) mucpol h `d`rzl i` lmu`rih l su `stltus shmalo liquaraih h ltraeuaih.

]`fôn E`rf`r y Oumkclnn, ò rho `s ol bhrcl `n qu` un stltus mhnmr`th `s lsucaih yi`s`cp`ülih phr ò aniavaiuh, y i` `stl bhrcl r`pr`s`ntl saceýoamlc`nt` ò hri`nanstatumahnlo; `s l ol v`z unl cu`strl i` su `xast`nmal y i` ol acphrtlnmal qu` ta`n` `n olshmaloazlmaýn guclnl. Ohs ‟rho`s– lplr`m`n tln prhnth mhch s` anamal ò prhm`sh i`bhrclmaýn i` un lmhpah mhcôn i` mhnhmaca`nth qu` mhnt`nfl tapabamlmahn`s r`mãprhmls i`mhcphrtlca`nth, prhm`sh qu` `s `niácamh l ol ant`rlmmaýn shmalo y pr`vah l olanstatumahnloazlmaýn. Yhih mhcphrtlca`nth anstatumahnloazlih anvhoumrl rho`s, y ásthsmhcplrt`n lsã ò mlrìmt`r mhntrholihr i` ol anstatumahnloazlmaýn.02 Ols cud`r`s y ohs ghcer`s i`s`cp`üln l oh olrfh i` su vail nuc`rhshs rho`s l c`nuihmhntrlrahs `ntr` sã4 unl p`rshnl puì` s`r l ol v`z, y `n iab`r`nt`s `tlpls l oh olrfh i` su

vail, gadl y clir`, loucnl y prhb`shrl, `sphsl y lclnt`, d`bl h suehrianlil, leuòl y na`tl,ancafrlnt` y ùrhp`l, pher` (mhn r`sp`mth l ols canhrãls phi`rhsls) h raml (mhn r`sp`mth l ol pher`zl i` ohs plãs`s t`rm`rcuniastls).

02 ‟@n ò môcuoh mhcôn i` mhnhmaca`nth `xast n nhrcls plrl ò i`s`cp`üh i` ‟rho`s–, nhrclsqu` shn lmm`saeo`s l thihs ohs ca`cerhs i` unl shmaìli, h phr oh c`nhs lquòohs qu`pht`nmaloc`nt` i`s`cp`üln ohs ‟rho`s– `n mu`staýn. @stl lmm`saeaoaili f`n`rlo bhrcl plrt` iòcasch lmhpah i` mhnhmaca`nth; nh shoh s` mhnhm`n `n f`n`rlo ols nhrcls iò rho W, sanh qu` s`sle` qu` `sls nhrcls s` mhnhm`n. Mhns`mu`nt`c`nt , thih lmthr supu`sth iò ‟rho– W puì`mhnsai`rlrs` r`sphnsleo` i` clnt`n`r iamgls nhrcls, qu` puì`n `ns`ülrs` mhch plrt` i` oltrliamaýn anstatumahnlo y uslrs` plrl v`rabamlr ols mrì`nmalo`s i` thih lquò qu` ols mucpol, y phr ol

cascl rlzýn, s`rvar i` mhntrho`s–. E`rf`r y Oumkclnn.

http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Funci%C3%B3n_social&action=edit&redlink=1

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_social

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura

http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actor_social&action=edit&redlink=1

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatus_social

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatus_social

http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actor_social&action=edit&redlink=1

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_social

http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Funci%C3%B3n_social&action=edit&redlink=1



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Oo`flihs l `st` punth, nhs plr`m` acphrtlnt` r`mlomlr qu` `n ol mhnstrummaýn i` olsai`ntaili`s du`fl un plpò bunilc`ntlo ò p`nslca`nth eanlrah qu` iavai` ol r`loaili `n ihs`sb`rls iab`r`nt`s, y hrflnazlils d`rìrquamlc`nt`. Ol prac`rl y bunilc`ntlo iavasaýn qu` sìl `n `sths prhm`shs `stì ròlmahnlih mhn ò fán`rh; ol prac`rl pr`funtl qu` s` glm` l ols

p`rshnls qu` vln l mralr, ìumlr y shmaloazlr un nu`vh aniavaiuh `s sa s` trltl i` un naüh hunl naül.

@o fán`rh `s ol prac`rl anstlnmal i` i`banamaýn i` ol ai`ntaili i` unl p`rshnl; phr òohlnloazlr `stl iavasaýn i` ol r`loaili `n ihs plr`s i` hpu`sths (clsmuoanh/b`c`nanh) nhs sarv`

plrl `nt`ni r mých ò sast`cl muoturlo `n ò qu` stlchs ans`rths i`t rcanl nu`strhs chihsi` s`r, i` p`nslr y i` s`ntar, i` ròlmahnlrnhs.

Htrhs blmthr`s qu` anbouy`n, mr`ln y i`t`rcanln ols ai`ntaili`s shn ol ai`hohfãl g`f`cýnamly ols lot`rnltavls qu` hp`rln l trlvás i` ol ròafaýn, ol ìumlmaýn y ol shmaloazlmaýn, ohscaths y ohs raths, y `n f`n`rlo thils ols r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s saceýoamls y nlrrltavls.

OL MHN]YUPMMAÝN ]HMALO I@O FÁN@UH I@]I@ PNL Z@U]Z@MYARL \P@@U

@o fán`rh surfaý mhch unl mlt`fhrãl i` lnìoasas cuy ôtao plrl ò `stuiah i` ol mhnstrummaýnshmalo i` ols ai`ntaili`s, yl qu` `s ol prac`rl anstlnmal i` iab`r`nmalmaýn ai`ntatlral y ol

els` i` ol mlt`fhrazlmaýn y molsabamlmaýn i` ols ai`ntaili`s `n un cunih iavaiaih `n plr`si` hpu`sths. Dunth l `st` mhnm`pth, t`n`chs htrl mlt`fhrãl i` lnìoasas mhch ol hra`ntlmaýns`xulo, qu` tlceaán i`t`rcanl `nhrc`c`nt` ol mhnm`pmaýn qu` i` sã casch ta`n` ò sud`th,y ò prhm`sh i` mhnstrummaýn y i`slrrhooh i` su ai`ntaili.

Ol t`hrãl qu``r plrt` iò mhnm`pth i p`rbhrclnm` plrl `xpoamlr, r`-p`nslr y plrhialr olai`ntaili i` fán`rh. Ohs lnt`mì`nt`s gly qu` eusmlrohs tlnth `n ols prac`rls lplramahn`s iòls Irlf \u``ns y `n ols ant`rv`nmahn`s `n ohs `splmahs pôeoamhs i` unl s`ra` i` fruphsb`canastls rliamlo`s nhrt`lc`ramlnhs i` ol iámlil i` ohs 6:, s`fôn E`ltraz Zr`malih.

@n ò ìceath i` ol prhiummaýn ma`ntãbaml, ò mhnm`pth i` p`rbhrcltavaili s` thcl iò eratìnamh D.O Lustan, qu` lbarcý qu` mlil v`z qu` s` `cat` un `nunmalih s` r`loazln lo

casch ta`cph lmmahn`s h "mhsls" phr cìah i` ols plolerls utaoazlils. @s` `s ò punth i` plrtail i` su "t`hrãl i` ohs lmths iò gleol", qu` lplr`maý pueoamlil `n su oaerh pýstuch Ghw Yh Ih Yganfs Vatg Vhris (<10=). @n `stl herl, Lustan molsabaml ohs lmths iò gleol `nihs frlni`s mlt`fhrãls4- Mhnstltltavhs4 `nunmalihs qu` i`smrae`n ol r`loaili y puì`n s`r vlohrlihs mhchv`rili`rhs h bloshs.- Z`rbhrcltavhs4 lmths qu` prhium`n ol r`loaili qu` i`smrae`n. @sths l su v`z s` puì`niavaiar `n ihs4 ohs lmths ohmutavhs, qu` prhium`n ol r`loaili `n ò casch chc`nth i` `catarol plolerl (oh qu` o`s ihtlrãl i` un phi`r leshouth; phr `d`cpoh, ol i`molrlmaýn i`cltrachnah i` un slm`riht`), y ohs lmths p`rohmutavhs, qu` ant`ntln prhiumar un `b`mth `n ol

r`loaili, p`rh `s` `b`mth nh `s ancìalth sanh qu` `stì i`spolzlih `n ò ta`cph (y, phr tlnth,`xast` unl phsaeaoaili i` `rrhr).



1=

I`rrail iuil i` ol nlturlo`zl hnthoýfaml i` ohs lmths p`rbhrcltavhs qu` polnt`l ol t`hrãl i`Lustan, `n ol qu` ol bu`rzl iò o`nfuld` plrl prhiumar ol r`loaili plr`m` prhmì`r y i`p`ni`ri` unl `sp`ma` i` anstlnmal t`hoýfaml (i` unl vhz hrafanlral lnt`rahr lo iasmursh). Zlrl òluthr i` Cìrf`n`s i` ol Baohshbãl, ol `b`mtavaili i` ohs lmths p`rbhrcltavhs (su mlplmaili i`mhnstruar ol r`loaili/v`rili) i`ravl i` ol `xast`nmal i` un mhnt`xth pr`vah i` luthraili. @sth`s, nh gly unl vhz hrafanlral sanh unl r`p`tamaýn r`fuolil i` un `nunmalih lo qu`gastýramlc`nt` s` o` gl hthrflih ol mlplmaili i` mr`lr ol r`loaili. @n `st` s`ntaih, ol

p`rbhrcltavaili iò o`nfuld` puì` `nt`ni`rs` mhch unl t`mnhohfãl, mhch un iasphsatavh i` phi`r shmalo y phoãtamh.

Luthrls mhch Duiatg Euto`r, Y`r`sl i` Olur`tas y htrls t`ýramls qu``rs suerlyln ollpoamlmaýn i` `sls t`mnhohfãls (ol `xast`nmal i` `s` mhnt`xth pr`vah i` luthraili) `n`nunmalihs mhnmèaihs mhch lmths mhnstltltavhs iò gleol. Y`r`sl i` Olur`tas (5:::),lmuül ò mhnm`pth i` ‟t`mnhohfãls iò fán`rh– plrta`nih i` ol nhmaýn i` ol ‟t`mnhohfãl iòs`xh– i` Camgò Bhumluot. ]`fôn `stl t`hrãl, ò fán`rh y ol s`xuloaili shn unl sup`rbama` `nol qu` s` ansmrae`n mýiafhs shmalo`s4 ‟`s ò mhndunth i` ohs `b`mths prhiumaihs `n ohsmu`rphs, ohs mhcphrtlca`nths y ols ròlmahn`s shmalo`s– phr unl mhcpo`dl t`mnhohfãl

phoãtaml qu` glm` qu` su r`pr s`ntlmaýn s`l tlceaán su mhnstrummaýn.

Olur`tas lcpoãl `stl nhmaýn phrqu` `nta`ni` ò fán`rh mhch r`pr`s`ntlmaýn hluthrr`pr`s`ntlmaýn, mhch ‟prhiumth i` vlrals t`mnhohfãls shmalo`s mhch ò man` y ohsiasmurshs mhnstatumahnlo`s, past`chohfãls y prìmtamls, li`cìs i` prìmtamls i` ol vailmhtaialnl–.

@n `st` prhm`sh mhnstrumtavh iò fán`rh s` anmouy`n ols nlrrlmahn`s hrlo`s h `smratls, y olsqu` s` trlnscat`n l trlvás i` shphrt`s t`mnhoýfamhs mhch ò man` y ohs cìahs i`mhcunamlmaýn, h prìmtamls iasmursavls mhch ò prhpah b`canasch; `s i`mar, prhmìaca`nthsqu` ta`n`n ol blmuotli i` mhntrholr ò mlcph iò safnabamlih shmalo y phr tlnth i` prhiumar,

prhchv`r ` ‟acpolntlr ol r`pr`s`ntlmaýn iò fán`rh–.

Iurlnt` ohs nhv`ntl iav`rsls luthrls b`canastls y o`sealnls, mhch Duiatg Euto`r h ]u`-@oo`nMls`, prhphn`n unl i`banamaýn iò fán`rh `n tárcanhs i` p`rbhrclnm` `n r`spu`stl tlnth lol lbarclmaýn iò b`canasch `s`nmaloastl i` unl v`rili nlturlo h pr`-iasmursavl i` ol

iab`r`nmal s`xulo mhch l ol acphsamaýn nhrcltavl i` ma`rtls bhrcls i` clsmuoanaili yb`canaili. I`si` `stl p`rsp`mtavl, ohs `nunmalihs i` fán`rh (`s naüh h naül) lplr`nt`c`ntì`smrae`n unl r`loaili, p`rh `n r`loaili shn lmths p`rbhrcltavhs qu` acphn`n y r`-prhium`nunl mhnv`nmaýn shmalo, unl v`rili phoãtaml. Yhih `sth mhnium` l ol r`-i`banamaýn i` olnhmaýn i` fán`rh `n tárcanhs i` p`rbhrcltavaili phstuolil phr Duiatg Euto`r (<11:),ant`ntlnih i`sclrmlrs` i` ol mhnnhtlmaýn prahratlralc`nt` `státaml qu` gl liquaraih òtárcanh p`rbhrclnm`. ]`fôn ol `nslyastl `stlihunai`ns , ol ai`ntaili i` fán`rh nh s`rãllofh sustlnmalo, sanh ò `b`mth p`rbhrcltavh i` unl anvhmlmaýn i` unl s`ra` i` mhnv`nmahn`si` b`canaili y clsmuoanaili.

Cìs tlri`, ol prhpal Euto`r y @v` K. ]ìfwamk mlrlmt`razlrìn ol ai`ntaili i` fán`rh mhch òr`suotlih i` ol "r`p`tamaýn i` anvhmlmahn`s p`rbhrcltavls i` ol o`y g`t`rhs`xulo ". @stl iheo`



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ant`rv`nmaýn mrãtaml qu` phirãl thclrs` mhch un "farh p`rbhrcltavh" gl ilih ouflr l nu`vlsant`rpr`tlmahn`s i` ols r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s i` fán`rh y i` ol s`xuloaili, tlnth `n ò `splmah`státamh mhch phoãtamh. Pnl i`banamaýn f`náraml i` p`rbhrclnm` mhch prhm`sh i` r`p`tamaýnr`fuolil (qu` lelrml i`si` ò ratulo l ol clsmlrlil, plslnih phr ò trlv`stasch h olsr`pr`s`ntlmahn`s plrýiamls) p`rcat` lshmalr `st` mhnm`pth mhn ol ai`l i` p`rbhrcltavailimhch lmth oanfÿãstamh, y l su v`z, `vatlr ol `xm`savl `st`tazlmaýn qu` gl liquaraih ò tárcanh`n ò cunih iò lrt` (ihni` s` gl nùtrloazlih su mlrfl phoãtaml).

@n @o fán`rh `n iasputl, Duiatg Euto`r utaoazl ol nhmaýn i` p`rbhrclnm` plrl i`snlturloazlrò fán`rh y chstrlr qu` ò s`xh `s un `b`mth p`rbhrcltavh (r`loazltavh `n unl trliummaýn cìsoat`rlo) i` ohs iasmurshs i` ol chi`rnaili (i`si` ol Cìamanl l ol anstatumaýn ìumltavl). @si`mar, ol nhmaýn i` p`rbhrclnm` lihptlil phr ol t`hrãl qu``r mu`stahnl ò hraf`n eahoýfamh iòl iab`r`nmal s`xulo. Euto`r (<11:) `nta`ni` qu` ol mlt`fhrãl fán`rh `s bruth iò iasmurshg`t`rhnhrcltavh qu` nh il mu`ntl i` htrls prìmtamls s`xulo`s y mhnsai`rl n`m`slral olmhnstrummaýn i` nu`vls ai`ntaili`s qu` rhcpln mhn ohs mýiafhs g`t`rhnhrcltavhs.

Gleolr i` p`rbhrcltavaili iò fán`rh acpoaml qu` ò fán`rh `s unl lmtulmaýn ràt`rlil yheoaflthral `n bunmaýn i` unls nhrcls shmalo`s qu` nhs `xmì`n. Ol lmtulmaýn qu` philchs`nmlrnlr mhn r`sp`mth lo fán`rh `stlrì safnlil sa`cpr` phr un sast`cl i` r`mhcp`nsls ymlstafhs. Ol p`rbhrcltavaili iò fán`rh nh `s un g`mgh lasolih i` su mhnt`xth shmalo, `s unl

prìmtaml shmalo, unl ràt`rlmaýn mhntanulil y mhnstlnt` `n ol qu` ol nhrcltavl i` fán`rh s`n`fhmal. @n ol p`rbhrcltavaili iò fán`rh, ò sud`th nh `s ò iu`üh i` su fán`rh, y nh r`loazlsacpo`c`nt` ol ‟p`rbhrclnm`– qu` cìs o` sltasblm`, sanh qu` s` v` heoaflih l ‟lmtulr– òfán`rh `n bunmaýn i` unl nhrcltavl f`náraml qu` prhcu`v` y o`fatacl h slnmahnl y `xmouy`.@n `stl t`nsaýn, ol lmtulmaýn iò fán`rh qu` unl i`va`n` `s ò `b`mth i` unl n`fhmalmaýn mhn`stl nhrcltavl, s`fôn Euto`r.

@st` prhm`sh i`mhnstrumtavh iò fán`rh gl p`rcataih, mhch s`ülol Clrãl Y`r`sl iò Rloo`(5:::) , ‟r`smltlr mlt`fhrãls i` ai`ntaili`s s`xulo`s mhch ò o`sealnasch y olghchs`xuloaili, qu` stleln hmuotls `n ol clrfanloaili (…) @stls lphrtlmahn`s gln g`mgh

phsaeo` gleolr i` s`xuloaili s san badlr plrl òoh d`s, oãcat`s, eanhcahs qu` clrfan`n ls`mthr`s acphrtlnt`s i` ol pheolmaýn–. Dunth lo fán`rh, ol ai`ntaili mhcphn` unh i` ohst`cls pranmaplo`s i` ol t`hrãl, y `sh anmouy` ol anv`staflmaýn sher` ol prhstatumaýn, ol

phrnhfrlbãl, ols zhnls hsmurls i` ol s`xuloaili, `tm.



10

5.5. OL MHN]YUPMMAÝN MPOYPULO I@ OL U@LOAILI

5.5.<. GLQ CÌ] U@LOAILI@], Z@UH @]YÌN @N Á]YL.

@o s`r guclnh mulnih nlm` g`rìl thih un sast`cl i` mr``nmals y mhschvasahn`s qu` vlrãln, pu`s, i` muoturl `n muoturl, p rh qu` s` pr s`ntln `n bhrcl i` hed`tavlmahn`s, s i`mar, qu`s` trlnscat`n mhch lofh ‟nlturlo– h ‟nhrclo –.

]her` nu`strl mlplmaili plrl mr`lr muoturl, nu`strh ‟phi`r saceýoamh– (tárcanh lmuülih phrZa`rr` Ehuriaù), s` i`ban` mhch ‟un phi`r i` glm`r mhsls mhn plolerls–. Zlrl ò shmaýohfhbrlnmás, ò phi`r saceýoamh `s un phi`r i` mhnslfrlr h i` r`vòlr ols mhsls qu` yl `xast`n4

‟@o phi`r saceýoamh mhch phi`r i` mhnstatuar ò ilth cìalnt` ol `nunmalmaýn, i` glm`r

v`r y glm`r mr``r, i` mhnbarclr h trlnsbhrclr ol vasaýn iò cunih, y phr `ni`, ol lmmaýn sher` ò cunih, y lsã ò cunih, phi`r mlsa cìfamh qu` p`rcat` mhns`fuar oh `quavlo`nt` loh qu` s` mhnsafu` cìalnt` ol bu`rzl (bãsaml h `mhnýcaml), frlmals lo `b`mth `sp`mãbamh i`chvaoazlmaýn, sýoh s` `d`rm` sa `s r`mhnhmaih, `sth `s, nh r`mhnhmaih mhch lreatrlrah–. .@o phi`r saceýoamh, i`smlnsl, pu`s, `n ol ràbamlmaýn i` ol r`loaili. Z`s` l qu` `n ol prac`rlanblnmal ò eèá nh r`mhnhm` ols brhnt`rls `ntr` ol blntlsãl y ol r`loaili g`f`cýnaml, mhn òta`cph lpr`ni`rì l iastanfuar ols ihs `sb`rls `n qu` s` iavai` ol r`loaili, y lsucarì thil olg`r`nmal muoturlo mhch unl blmtamaili ld`nl l sã casch, `xt`rnl l áo, an`vatleo` y ‟nlturlo–.

@n ò prhm`sh i` ràbamlmaýn i` ol r`loaili, ol supr`cl r`loaili s` `xpoaml l c`nuih mhn ol

brls` r`murr`nt` ‟lsã shn ols mhsls– br`nt` l ohs phrquás trlnsfr`shr`s i` ohs naühs, qu` trltlni` `nt`ni`r ò cunih l els` i` pr`funtls qu` l v`m`s i`smhohmln lo liuoth phrqu` o`cu`strln qu`, `n r`loaili, thih s` elsl `n unav`rsh saceýoamh i` mhnv`nmahn`s lrtabamalo`squ` shn un prhiumth guclnh y qu` phirãln sustatuars` phr htrls06

@stls mhnv`nmahn s lrtabamalo`s shn ols qu` mr`ln s`ntaih i`ntrh i` unl mhcunaili. @os`ntaih, mhch v`r`chs, `s un mhnstrumth muoturlo, y mhch tlo, shc`taih l ols mr`lmahn`s iòfruph i` ant`r`s`s qu` acphn` sus mhschvasahn`s l trlvás i` ohs safnabamlihs.

5.5.5. @O ]@NYAIH Q OL] U@ZU@]@NYLMAHN@]

I` cln`rl f`n`rlo, s` mhnsai`rl qu` ò s`ntaih `s ò mhrròlth hed`tavh i` ol mhcpr`nsaýn, ys` iarì qu` `xast` s`ntaih sa gly mhcpr`nsaýn. Fhnzloh Lerao (<116) `nta`ni` qu` ò s`ntaih

06 @n su chc`nth, Mglro`s Zàrm` (<7=1-<1<9) oo`vý l mleh unl acphrtlnt` iastanmaýn `n molv`s`caýtaml qu` iab`r`nmalel ol nhmaýn i` safnh (‟lofunl mhsl qu` plrl lofua`n hmupl ol phsamaýn i`lofunl mhsl `n lofunl ròlmaýn h mlplmaili–), i` ol nhmaýn i` sãcehoh (‟un safnh qu` s` mhnstatuy`mhch safnh c`rlc`nt` phr ò g`mgh i` qu` `s uslih y mhcpr`niaih mhch tlo–). Ohs sãcehohs sèlsln, pu`s, `n lshmalmahn`s lreatrlrals mhch, phr `d`cpoh, mhnv`nar qu` ol s`rpa`nt `s un sãcehoh

iò clo, qu` `s unl purl mhnv`nmaýn c`ntlo; `stls mhnv`nmahn`s shn ols qu` mhnstatuy`n ohsunav`rshs saceýoamhs.



16

Ohs pahn`rhs lntrhpýohfhs iò o`nfuld`, mhch ]lpar y Vghrb, oo`vlrhn `stl mu`staýn glstl su`xtr`ch oýfamh mulnih shstuva`rhn qu` thihs `stlchs nm`rrlihs i`ntrh i` nu`strls

p`rsp`mtavls muoturlo`s, y qu` o o`nfuld` `s ol c`dhr molv` qu` t`n`chs plrl nu`strhunav`rsh mhnm`ptulo. @stl p`rsp`mtavl `s oh qu` s` i`nhcanl ròltavasch oanfÿãstamh hmuoturlo, phrqu` `nta`ni` qu` ohs prhm`shs i` mr`lmaýn y i`smhiabamlmaýn i` s`ntaih `stìnsud`ths l vlraleo`s p`rshnlo`s, shmalo`s, gastýramls, y muoturlo`s. @s ol qu` thcln òmhnstrumtavasch y ò mhnstrummahnasch, qu` `nta`ni`n qu` shn ohs lmthr`s shmalo`s ohs quùsln ohs sast`cls mhnm`ptulo`s i` su muoturl y ohs sast`cls oanfÿãstamhs y ohs i`cìs sast`clsr`pr`s`ntlmahnlo`s plrl mhnstruar s`ntaih, plrl glm`r iò cunih lofh safnabamltavh, y plrlmhcunamlrs` mhn htrhs, mhn s`ntaih, sher` `s` cunih. ]`fôn ]tulrt Gloo, ol r`pr`s`ntlmaýn`s unl plrt` `s`nmalo iò prhm`sh cìalnt` ò mulo s` prhium` ò s`ntaih y s` ant`rmlceal ltrlvás iò o`nfuld` `ntr` ohs ca`cerhs i` unl muoturl4 ‟ U`pr`s`ntlmaýn safnabaml uslr òo`nfuld` plrl i`mar lofh mhn s`ntaih sher`, h plrl r`pr`s`ntlr i` cln`rl safnabamltavl òcunih l htrls p`rshnls–.

@o mhnm`pth i` r`pr`s`ntlmaýn saceýoaml gl oo`flih l hmuplr un nu`vh ` acphrtlnt` ouflr `nò `stuiah i` ol muoturl phrqu` mhn`mtl ò s`ntaih lo o`nfuld` y l ol muoturl. ]lussur``nt`niãl qu` ol prhiummaýn i` s`ntaih i`p`ni` sa`cpr` iò o`nfuld`; lbarcý qu` `s olròlmaýn `ntr` ò safnabamlnt` y ò safnabamlih ol qu` shsta`n` ol r`pr`s`ntlmaýn. @n ol ròlmaýn`ntr` ols ‗mhsls‑, mhnm`pths y safnhs `stìn `n ò mhrlzýn i` ol prhiummaýn i` s`ntaih i`ntrhi` un o`nfuld`. @o prhm`sh qu` vanmuol `sths tr`s ò`c`nths y ohs mhnva`rt` `n un mhndunth `soh qu` i`nhcanlchs r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s.

I` `st` chih, phi`chs lbarclr qu` ò s`ntaih `s mhnstruaih phr ò sast`cl i`r`pr`s`ntlmaýn. @s mhnstruaih y badlih phr un mýiafh, qu` `stleo`m` unl mhrròlmaýn `ntr`nu`strh sast`cl mhnm`ptulo y nu`strh sast`cl i` o`nfuld`, y qu` p`rcat` qu` nhsmhcunaqu`chs y nhs trlnscatlchs anbhrclmaýn y s`ntaih; p`rh ò mýiafh `s, l su v`z, unmhndunth i` mhnv`nmahn`s shmalo`s. Ols r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s saceýoamls stìn elslils n sllreatrlraìli iò safnh `n ol qu` push ò lm`nth ]lussur`, `s i`mar, ohs safnabamlihs y òs`ntaih shn mhnv`nmahn`s mr`lils phr ohs s`r`s guclnhs y vlrãln i` unl muoturl l htrl.



17

5.5.=. OL] MPOYPUL] Q OL] MHN]YUPMMAHN@] MPOYPULO@].

« Ol muoturl nh `s un b`nýc`nh `xmousavlc`nt` guclnh, sanh qu` `stì ea`n ihmuc`ntlil `ncumgls `sp`ma`s i` lnaclo`s sup`rahr`s nh guclnhs. Q ò mrat`rah plrl i`maiar glstl quá

punth ma`rtl plutl i` mhcphrtlca`nth `s nlturlo h muoturlo nh ta`n` nlil qu` v`r mhn ònavò i` mhcpo`daili h i` acphrtlnmal i` iamgl mhniumtl, sanh sýoh mhn ò chih mhch s`trlscat` ol anbhrclmaýn p`rtan`nt` l su `d`mumaýn–.

D`sôs Chst`rãn, ¡Ravln ohs lnaclo`s! <117

Gln `xastaih cuotatui i` ant`rpr`tlmahn`s, i`banamahn`s y `cpo`hs `n thrnh lomhnm`pth i` muoturl s`fôn ol rlcl ma`ntãbaml i`si` ol qu` s` trltl ò mhnm`pth. 07

Ols muoturls shn, i`si` ca punth i` vastl, `splmahs i` trlnscasaýn y mhnstrummaýn i`mhnhmaca`nth, phr `sh lvloh ols t`sas qu` lbarcln qu` ohs i`cìs s`r`s vavhs tlceaán ta`n`nsus prhpals muoturls, mhch ohs mgacplnmás, ols ghrcafls h ohs ohehs. Ol Guclnailimhnstruy` sus prhpals muoturls s`fôn ols zhnls f`hfrìbamls y ohs fruphs i` phi`r, `ntr` htrhsblmthr`s. @n thils òols sueylm` unl ai`hohfãl g`f`cýnaml qu` `s trlnsv`rslo l thils olsmhnstrummahn s shmalo`s, phoãtamls, `mhnýcamls qu` s` iln `n `sl shmaìli. @n thils olsmuoturls `xast`n tlceaán ols suemuoturls, mhntrl-muoturls y muoturls lot`rnltavls qu` gleatln`n ohs cìrf`n`s y ols p`rab`rals i` ol U`loaili supr`cl.

Ols muoturls shn, `nthnm`s, ohs `splmahs shmalo`s ihni` s` iln ols prhiummahn`s i` s`ntaih y

ol mr`lmaýn i` ohs unav`rshs saceýoamhs qu` o`fatacln ò sast`cl phoãtamh y `mhnýcamhg`f`cýnamh. @n ò s`nh i` ols muoturls guclnls s` mhnstruy`n thils ols r`loaili`s, ohssãcehohs y ols r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s, ohs caths y ohs raths, ols mr``nmals baohsýbamls, ròafahsls, y`sparatulo`s, ol chrlo y ol átaml, ols nhrcls y slnmahn`s, ol hrflnazlmaýn shmalo y ohs sast`cls

phoãtamhs, ò o`nfuld`, ò lrt`, ol côsaml, ol ilnzl, ol t`mnhohfãl y ol Ma`nmal, ol trliamaýn, olsmhstucer`s y ò bhokohr`, ols `chmahn`s y ols `strumturls s`ntac`ntlo`s guclnls.

07 Ols i`banamahn`s qu` hbr`m` ol lntrhphohfãl f`n`rloc`nt` anmai`n `n ol iac`nsaýn saceýoaml iò

s`r guclnh y `nta`ni`n qu` `n ò s`nh i` ol muoturl s` iln ols prhiummahn`s i` s`ntaih guclnls.Zlrl Oáva-]trluss, phr `d`cpoh, ol muoturl `s eìsamlc`nt` un sast`cl i` safnhs prhiumaihs phr ollmtavaili saceýoaml i` ol c`nt` guclnl, qu` molsabaml ols mhsls iò cunih `n fruphs, l ohs qu` s`ltraeuy`n ma`rtls mlrfls s`cìntamls. I`si` unl p`rsp`mtavl s`caýtaml, @iflr Chran `smraeaý `n suoaerh O‑@sprat iu Y`cps ( <12:), qu` ol muoturl ‟mhnstatuy` un mu`rph mhcpo`dh i` nhrcls, sãcehohs àcìf`n`s qu` p`n`trln i`ntrh i` ol antacaili iò aniavaiuh, `strumturln sus anstanths y hra`ntln sus`chmahn`s–. Ol muoturl vastl i`si` `stl p`rsp`mtavl, `s, s`fôn Caquò I` Chrlfls ]pl (<162),‟lofh– qu` s` anstlol `ntr` ol r`loaili y ols phsaeaoaili`s i` mhnhmaca`nth iò ghcer`, mhch unant`rcìalrah qu` phsaeaoatl, lo casch ta`cph qu` oacatl (`xlmtlc`nt` mhch sumì` `n ò o`nfuld`)nu`strl mhcpr`nsaýn i` ols mhsls. Lerlglc Cho`s (<162), `n ]hmahianlcyqu` i` ol muotur` i`ban` olmuoturl mhch ‟ò lsp`mth antò`mtulo iò cìah lrtabamalo qu` ò ghcer` s` gl aih mr`lnih l oh olrfhi` su vail shmalo–. Ol i`banamaýn i` Cho`s phn` i` clnaba`sth qu` ol muoturl `s un b`nýc`nh i`

iac`nsahn`s mho`mtavls, y phr oh tlnth `stì ròlmahnlil mhn ohs ‟prhm`shs i` mhcunamlmaýn qu`ltrlva`sln ò mu`rph shmalo.–



11

Ylceaán, phr supu`sth, ohs chihs i` prhiummaýn i` unl shmaìli; ò sast`cl muoturlo `s òtòýn i` bhnih qu` `nfohel, shsta`n`, mr`l y chiabaml ò sast`cl shmah-phoãtamh y ò sast`cl`mhnýcamh. Ol muoturl anmouy` lsacasch ols p`rsp`mtavls mrãtamls y ols prhiummahn`ssaceýoamls qu` ltlmln o stltu quh `stleo`maih `n iav`rshs frlihs ` ant`nsaili`s iìasmhnbhrcaili.

@n `st` s`ntaih, mhanmaih mhn Yghcpshn `n ol ai`l i` qu` `s n`m`slrah, plrl ò lnìoasas i` olmuoturl, `stuialr ol mhnstrummaýn safnabamltavl y ol `strumturlmaýn shmalo i` ols bhrclssaceýoamls. Ylceaán `s pr`mash thclr `n mu`ntl qu` `sths prhm`shs i` safnabamlmaýn `stìnltrlv`slihs phr ol oumgl phr ol g`f`chnãl ai`hoýfaml i` ma`rths fruphs i` ant`r`s`s qu`banlnmalrìn, prhchv`rìn ` anbouarìn phi`rhslc`nt` `n ol mr`lmaýn i` safnabamlihs y i`s`ntaih qu` `stán i` lmu`rih mhn su vasaýn plrtamuolr i` ol r`loaili.

@n ò `splmah muoturlo `s mlsa acphsaeo` iastanfuar ol r`loaili i` ol vail mhtaialnl (tárcanhqu` ròlmahnl ol r`loaili supr`cl mhn ol r`loaili shmalo, phoãtaml y `mhnýcaml i` unlshmaìli) i` ols r`loaili`s qu` surf`n i` nu`strl mlplmaili saceýoaml, mhch ols bammahn`s,ohs su`ühs, ol `xp`ra`nmal `státaml y lrtãstaml, ol prlxas ròafahsl, `tm. phrqu` thils òolssurf`n y s` iln `n ò s`nh i` unl `sb`rl qu` oh `nfohel thih4 ol muoturl.

Ravachs unl frln iav`rsaili i` r`loaili`s `n nu`strl vail ialral4 sho`chs ar l r`zlr,mlntlchs mlnmahn`s, v`chs plrtaihs i` bôteho mhch sa bu`rln fu`rrls `ntr` nlmahn`s,mhntlchs mu`nths blntìstamhs l ohs naühs, v`chs s`ra`s i` tò`vasaýn sher` zhcea`s yvlcpar`sls, o``chs unl nhvòl i` antrafl, hd`lchs unl r`vastl iò mhrlzýn, chntlchs ò

phrtlo i` eòán `n mlsl, duflchs l cltlr `xtrlt`rr`str`s mhn ohs vai`hdu`fhs, vasatlchs`xphsamahn`s `n cus`hs, vlchs l un `nta`rrh, vlchs lo man` l v`r unl pòãmuol i` ma`nmalbammaýn, vlchs l elaolr l unl ba`stl t`cìtaml, nhs `nflnmglchs l unl trlcl i` mhrrupmaýn

phoãtaml, nhs plrlchs l `smumglr leshrths l ihs plylshs `n ol mloo`, lsastachs l unl ehilrhcìntaml, shülchs qu` nhs thml ol oht`rãl…

@n ò chc`nth `n qu` plslchs i` unl r`loaili l htrl `xp`rac`ntlchs unl `sp`ma` iàcplmth, mhch mulnih i`sp`rtlchs iò su`üh, h mhch mulnih ml` ò tòýn `n un t`ltrh, hlplr`m`n ohs tãtuohs i` mráiath `n ol plntlool iò man`. Ols oum`s i` ol slol s` `nma`ni`no`ntlc`nt`, plrl blmaoatlr `sl vuòtl l ol r`loaili i` ohs `sp`mtlihr s. @st` acplmth s`

prhium` pranmaploc`nt` l trlvás i` ol clfal qu` `xp`rac`ntlchs ohs guclnhs lsasta`nih l

ratulo`s, l r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s mhch sp`mtlihr`s, h duflnih nhshtrhs mhch pranmaplo`s prhtlfhnastls.

@sths ‟sloths– i` ol `xp`ra`nmal s` `xp`rac`ntln phr ol bunmaýn prachrialo iò cath y iòrath4 trl`r l ol `sb`rl prhblnl unl s`nslmaýn i` slmrloaili qu` `nvuòv` l ols nlrrlmahn`s,ihtìnihols i` un phi`r sher`nlturlo qu` nhs trlnsphrtl l htrls r`loaili`s, htrls`xp`ra`nmals, htrls áphmls gastýramls. @n sucl, nhs oo`vl i` vald` l htrls iac`nsahn`s i` ol`xp`ra`nmal qu` nh phirãlchs vavar ‟lquã y lghrl–, i` bhrcl tln vavail l v`m`s qu` nhs

plr`m` ‟r`lo–.

@o acplmth s` prhium` mulnih `sl r`loaili `s tln v`rili`rl qu` nh plr`m` saceýoaml, sanhr`lo `n un s`ntaih bãsamh h `chmahnlo, `s i`mar, `n ò anstlnt` `n ò qu` s` hovail qu` ol



<::

nlrrlmaýn `s unl nlrrlmaýn h qu` un su`üh `s un su`üh. Ol clfal rliaml `n `sl nlturloailimhn ol qu` vavachs ols bammahn`s, i` chih qu` plr`m`n r`lo`s. Q `n ma`rth chih, oh shn,`sp`maloc`nt` sa ohfrlchs suc`rfarnhs `n ol gasthral, ò ròlth, ol mr``nmal h ò su`üh, yhovailrnhs i` qu` `stlchs o`y`nih, h va`nih unl pòãmuol, h lsasta`nih l ol ýp`rl.

Frlmals l ohs c`mlnaschs i` prhy`mmaýn ` ai`ntabamlmaýn i`smraths phr ]afcuni Brùi, ò s`rguclnh `s mlplz i` s`ntar oh casch qu` ohs p`rshnld`s y prhtlfhnastls i` ols nlrrlmahn`s,ols bìeuols, ols o`y`nils, ols nhvòls h ohs bhoo`tan`s i` rliah; s` gl mhcprhelih qu` l navònùrhoýfamh y bãsamh ò hrflnasch guclnh sa`nt` y s` lot`rl mhch sa `stuva`rl vava`nih `sl`sm`nl p`rshnloc`nt` n ta`cph r`lo01.

Oh murahsh i` ol ròlmaýn `ntr` ol r`loaili i` ol vail mhtaialnl y ols htrls r`loaili`s qu` sìln `n ò s`nh i` ol muoturl `s qu` nh `s `sphrìiaml h `xm`pmahnlo4 s` prhium` l ialrah. Olshtrls r`loaili`s mhn ols qu` mhnvavachs l ialrah shn pranmaploc`nt` ohs caths y ol bammaýn,ohs su`ühs, ò lrt` guclnh, ols ròafahn`s h muloqua`r taph i` b` `n s`r`s sher`nlturlo`s mhn

phi`r`s cìfamhs mhch ohs i`chnahs y ohs ìnfò`s, ohs `xtrlt`rr`str`s cloafnhs, ols erudls,ohs iu`ni`s, ohs vlcparhs, ohs cu`rths `n bhrcl i` `spãratus, ols glils, ohs ghcer`s-oheh,ohs fnhchs, ohs òbhs, ohs blntlscls, ohs irlfhn`s, Zlpl Nhò y ohs U`y`s Clfhs, ohslnaclo`s qu` gleoln y pa`nsln, ohs rhehts mhn luthmhnma`nmal, ohs sup`rgárh`s, `tm.

Ohs p`rshnld`s y ohs b`nýc`nhs lshmalihs l stls mr`lmahn`s mhnvav`n ialralc`nt` mhnnhshtrhs, y ol shmaìli i` mhnsuch nh gl g`mgh cìs qu` clt`raloazlr `shs prhiumths y

phn`rohs lo lomlnm` i` ols clsls. @o mhnsuch i` bammaýn `n nu`strl muoturl lmtulo s unh iòhs rlsfhs iastantavhs i` ol phschi`rnaili, ihni` ols brhnt`rls `ntr` oh r`lo y ol bammaýn, olanbhrclmaýn y ò `ntr`t`naca`nth, s` i`siaeudln.

Mhch `d`cpoh phi`chs c`nmahnlr ol flo`rãl i` p`rshnld`s i` Vlot Iasn`y qu` s``nmu`ntrln ans`rths `n nu`strls vails, `n cuotatui i` shphrt`s clt`ralo`s (`n ols plrì`s iòls gleatlmahn`s anblntao`s, n ìrìhn`s, pýst`rs, stumg`s, chmgaols, rhpl, cuü`mhs, vldaoolanblntao, muli`rnhs, pòãmuols, vlools pueoamatlrals, clrqu`sanls i` lutheus`s, s`ra`stò`vasavls, `tm.) y qu` li`cìs mu`ntln mhn nmlrnlmahn`s ‟r`lo`s– l ols qu` s` puì`slouilr y lerlzlr `n ohs plrqu`s t`cìtamhs4 ò plth Ihnloi, ò rltýn Camk`y, ò pldlrathYw``, ol Eòol y ol E`stal…

Htrh tlnth sumì` mhn ohs iahs`s y iahsls, slnths y vãrf`n`s qu` mhnvav`n l ialrah mhn ohsguclnhs `n bhrcl i` acìf`n`s y qu` phs``n `splmahs prhpahs ihni` phi`r v`n`rlrohs hsacpo`c`nt` ar l gleolr mhn òohs4 afo`sals, c`zquatls, t`cpohs, mhnv`nths, chnlst`rahs,m`c`nt`rahs, mlpaools, lotlr`s ihcástamhs, ouflr`s i` p`r`franld` mhch ]lntalfh h Ol C`ml,`tm. Ohs sãcehohs ròafahshs, li`cìs, muòfln tlceaán i` ols plrì`s, i` ohs mhoflnt`s ylihrnhs guclnhs, y i` ols plrì`s i` ols luols i` ols anstatumahn`s i` `ns`ülnzl.

Ylceaán mhnvavachs mhn ãihohs i` mlrn` y gu`sh, vavhs h cu`rths, mhnv`rtaihs `n s`r`scãtamhs ` ant`rnlmahnloazlihs frlmals l ohs cìahs i` mhcunamlmaýn i` clsls, mhch

Nlpho`ýn Ehnlplrt`, ò Mg` Fu`vlrl, Clraoyn Chnrh , Ilvai E`mkglc, ol blcaoal

K`nnìy, Ialnl i` Flo`s, @vl Z`rýn, Baiò Mlstrh, Clihnnl, Flniga, `tm. h mhn p`rshnld`s01 @iulrih Zuns`t (5::9)



<:<

eãeoamhs, gastýramhs, h bammahnlo`s mhch Chasás, Poas`s, ol Elrea`, Ylrzìn, Mo`hpltrl, AnialnlDhn`s, ]mlro`tt H‑Glrl, ò Thrrh, Lbrhiatl, ]up`rcln, @vl h Ulceh, `ntr` htrhs.

Ohs b`nýc`nhs i` ol b` y ol aiholtrãl `n s`r`s vavhs h aclfanlihs bhrcln plrt` iò cunihguclnh y iò aclfanlrah mho`mtavh ` aniavaiulo, i` bhrcl qu` anmai`n anmoush `n ols

p`rshnls qu` s` mhnsai rln prlfcìtamls, smáptamls h r`loastls, y tlnth l ols clsls mhch lol mhcunaili ma`ntãbaml ` antò`mtulo. Ol mu`staýn bunilc`ntlo nh `s sa `sths p`rshnld`s`xast`n h nh, sa shn r`lo`s h sa shn un prhiumth saceýoamh guclnh, sanh qu` sus vails shnmhnstruails plrl s`r un `d`cpoh l s`fuar, bhrcln plrt` i` nu`strh aclfanlrah mho`mtavh, y phrtlnth i` nu`strl mhtaialnaili.

Ohs su`ühs tlceaán bhrcln plrt` i` ols r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s saceýoamls y i` ols mhnstrummahn`snlrrltavls iò s`r guclnh. Namghols Gucpgr`y mr`` qu` ol lmtavaili i` shülr r`loazl unlbunmaýn psamhoýfaml y `vhoutavl cuy acphrtlnt` phrqu` bhrcl plrt` i` nu`strh pltrachnah`vhoutavh, y phrqu` t`n`chs su`ühs nlrrltavhs xtrlhrianlrahs qu` shn mhch mu`nths4 ‟Ohs

su`ühs shn gasthrals plrliafcìtamls qu` s` nutr`n i` ols prac`rls gasthrals qu``smumglchs, y ol v`z, nhs lmhstucerlchs l ohs ròlths phr cìah i` ols gasthrals qu`mhnstruachs `n su`ühs. Ohs prac`rhs su`ühs shn cuy s`nmaoohs4 frln plrt` i` ohs gárh`sanblntao`s shn lnaclo`s, phrqu` ols p`rshnls shn cìs mhcpoamlils–. @n ò cunih i` ohsliuoths, `n mlceah, ò plpò i` ohs su`ühs `s ‟olnzlrnhs l satulmahn`s shmalo`s

`xtrlhrianlrals (…) Ohs su`ühs ‟shn unl bhrcl i` mhnma`nmal cuy shbastamlil, unh i` ohs

clyhr`s ohfrhs i` ol c`nt` guclnl. @s aniasmutaeo` qu` mulnih shülchs ol c`nt` `stì `nunh i` sus chc`nths cìs mr`ltavhs–2:

Ol lpoamlmaýn i` támnamls chi`rnls i` r`shnlnmal clfnátaml gl iabucanlih ol supu`stl ynãtail s`plrlmaýn `ntr` ò cunih i` ol vafaoal y i` ohs su`ühs i` ol qu` plrtãln ols ihsmhrra`nt`s trliamahnlo`s i` ol Zsamhohfãl. @o prac`r gloolzfh antraflnt` qu` mhnb`rãl l ohssu`ühs ma`rth p`rbao i` r`loaili y l ol r`loaili ma`rth p`rbao i` su`ühs bu` mhnstltlr qu` s`lmtavl ò casch fruph i` nùrhnls lo p`rmaear unl r`loaili qu` lo aclfanlrol; ò m`rèrh nh

plr`m` iab`r`nmalr ol aclf`n vasulo i` ohs su`ühs i` ol p`rm`pmaýn i` ol r`loaili `stlnihi`spa`rth. Pn b`nýc`nh murahsh, `n `st` s`ntaih, `s ò i` ohs su`ühs oômaihs, `n ohs qu` òsud`th qu` su`ül `s mhnsma`nt` i` qu` `stì shülnih y puì` mhntrholr su su`üh y chv`rs` `náo l su vhountli.

I`si` ca p`rsp`mtavl, ol r`loaili ‟r`lo– `s unl r`pr`s`ntlmaýn i` afulo chih qu` ol r`loailivartulo y ols r`loaili`s bamtamals; phr `sh nhs `s iabãmao iastanfuar `ntr` unls y htrls. I` g`mgh, pa`nsh qu` ols r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s saceýoamls mhnsma`nt`s ` anmhnsma`nt`s `n r`loaili mucpo`nunl bunmaýn cuy mhnmr`tl4 mhnbhrcln ol r`loaili i` ol vail mhtaialnl, phrqu` ol r`loailig`f`cýnaml s` mr`l y s` mhnshoail l trlvás i` `stls htrls r`loaili`s, qu` o`fatacln y`nraqu`m`n ol r`loaili supr`cl.

Ohs prhm`shs i` anstatumahnloazlmaýn y shmaloazlmaýn stìn ltrlv`slihs phr stls htrls r`loaili`s qu` xpr`sln y mhnstruy`n c`tlbýramlc`nt` ol r`loaili g`f`cýnaml n ol qu`vavachs. Zhr `sh, ohs mr`lihr`s i` bammaýn y `ntr`t`naca`nth lmtulo`s (ols aniustrals

muoturlo`s y cìaìtamls) ta`n`n tlnth phi`r saceýoamh y `mhnýcamh `n ol lmtuloaili; phrqu`2: Matlih `n Zuns`t (5::9).



<:=

Ol ai`l i` qu` ò o`nfuld` `s prhiumth i` ol ant`ri`p`ni`nmal shmalo, y i` qu` ols v`rili`s qu` phs``chs nh ols prhphrmahnl ol c`nt` iò aniavaiuh, sanh qu` shn prhiumth i` `stlant`ri`p`ni`nmal, bu` ol els` i` ols t`hrãls s`caýtamls `nmle`zlils phr Zàrm` y ]lussur` ylcpoalils phr Elrtg`s, @mh, Fràcls, `tm. qu` `nta`ni`n qu` ol shmaìli s` clnta`n` unailcìalnt` ol plrtamaplmaýn mhcôn `n un sast`cl i` safnabamlmaýn, y qu` ol anstatumaýn eìsaml

iò hri`n shmalo `s ò o`nfuld`.

@n `stl oãn`l, ohs luthr`s i` Ol mhnstrummaýn shmalo i` ol r`loaili lbarcln qu` ol vailmhtaialnl s` mr`l l trlvás iò o`nfuld`. Mhn `stl hed`tavlmaýn bunilc`ntlo elslil `n ol

prhiummaýn i` safnhs, ohs s`r s guclnhs lmmì`n lo mhnhmaca`nth i` ol r`loaili, y lo caschta`cph ol mr`ln, `n ol ant`rlmmaýn mhn ol shmaìli. Mhch sast`cl i` safnhs, ò o`nfuld`

phs`` ol muloaili i` ol hed`tavaili; s` pr`s`ntl l ohs aniavaiuhs mhch unl blmtamaili `xt`rnly su `b`mth `s, phr tlnth, mh`rmatavh.

Htrl mlrlmt`rãstaml iò o`nfuld` `s qu` tapabaml `xp`ra`nmals, oh qu` nhs p`rcat` anmouarols `nmlt`fhrãls lcpoals n muyhs tárcanhs liqua`r`n safnabamlih plrl nhshtrhs. Li`cìs, oo`nfuld` s` hrafanl `n ol ant`rlmmaýn mhn ol shmaìli, p`rh `s phsaeo` san òol, yl qu` phs``4

‟ol mlplmaili i` mhcunamlr safnabamlihs qu` nh shn `xpr`sahn`s iar`mtls i` sued`tavaili

‟lquã y lghrl–. (…) Zuìh gleolr i` annuc`rleo`s lsunths qu` nh lplr`m`n plrl nlil `nol satulmaýn ‟mlrl l mlrl–, anmouy`nih lsunths qu` nunml g` `xp`rac`ntlih na`xp`rac`ntlrá iar`mtlc`nt`. I` `stl cln`rl, ò o`nfuld` `s mlplz i` trlnsbhrclrs` `ni`pýsath hed`tavh i` vlstls lmucuolmahn`s i` safnabamlih y `xp`ra`nmal, qu` puì`

pr`s`rvlr l trlvás iò ta`cph y trlnscatar l ols f`n`rlmahn`s buturls– (E`rf`r y Oumkclnn ).

@o o`nfuld`, li`cìs, `s mlplz i` trlsm`ni`r phr mhcpo`th ol r`loaili i` ol vail mhtaialnl, y

suc`rfarnhs `n htrls r`loaili`s. E`rf`r y Oumkclnn lbarcln qu` muloqua`r t`clsafnabamltavh qu` mrum` i` unl `sb`rl i` r`loaili l htrl puì` i`banars` mhch sãcehoh, y òchih oanfÿãstamh phr ò mulo s` lomlnzl `stl trlsm`ni`nmal s` i`nhcanl o`nfuld` saceýoamh.L navò saceýoamh pu`s, ol safnabamlmaýn oanfÿãstaml lomlnzl su cìxacl s`plrlmaýn iò ‟lquãy ò lghrl– i` ol vail mhtaialnl, y ò o`nfuld` lsma`ni` l r`fahn`s qu` shn anlmm`saeo`s l ol`xp`ra`nmal mhtaialnl nh sýoh i` blmth sanh tlceaán l prahra. @o o`nfuld` mhnstruy` `nthnm`s`nhrc`s ìabamahs i` r`pr`s`ntlmaýn saceýoaml qu` plr`m`n ihcanlr ol r`loaili i` ol vailmhtaialnl ‟mhch faflnt`smls pr`s`nmals i` htrh cunih–.

Ol ròafaýn, ol Baohshbãl, ò lrt` y ol Ma`nmal shn ohs i` clyhr acphrtlnmal gastýraml `ntr` ohssast`cls saceýoamhs i` `stl mols` y bhrcln plrt` i` ol muoturl i` unl shmaìli, iò casch

chih qu` ol r`loaili supr`cl. @o o`nfuld` `s mlplz nh sýoh i` mhnstruar sãcehohssuclc`nt` lestrlãihs i` ol `xp`ra`nmal mhtaialnl, sanh tlceaán i` ‟r`mup`rlr– `sthssãcehohs y pr`s`ntlrohs mhch ò`c`nths hed`tavlc`nt` r`lo`s `n ol vail mhtaialnl. I` `stlcln`rl, ò sacehoasch y ò o`nfuld` saceýoamh oo`fln l s`r mhnstatuy`nt`s `s`nmalo`s i` olr`loaili i` ol vail mhtaialnl y i` ol lpr`g`nsaýn qu` ta`n` i` `stl r`loaili ò s`ntaih mhcôn.

@o s`r guclnh `s un lnaclo saceýoamh (Mlssar`r, <162). ]`fôn `st` luthr, ol mr`lmaýn i`sãcehohs safnabamltavhs phr plrt` iò s`r guclnh `s r`suotlih i` ol ianìcaml gastýraml yshmalo phr `xpoamlr ò cìah y ò s`ntaih i` ol `xast`nmal. Olnf`r, iasmãpuol cìs h c`nhsiar`mtl i` Mlssar`r, vl cìs looì y lbarcl qu` ‟ol sacehoazlmaýn nh `s ò lmth `s`nmalo iò

p`nslca`nth, sanh un lmth `s`nmalo plrl ò p`nslca`nth y lnt`rahr l áo–.



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Nhs v`chs heoaflihs l utaoazlr sãcehohs phrqu` nunml iasphn`chs i` lmm`shs ancìalths lol r`loaili, sanh qu` sa`cpr` nhs `nmhntrlchs lnt` òol ” anmoush `n ols ròlmahn`s i` unhmhnsafh casch- `n unl anòuiaeo` satulmaýn i` cìalt`z. @n `st` s`ntaih, Mlro Fustlv Dunf(<1=9) s`ülol qu` ‟ohs sãcehohs shn ohs trlnsbhrclihr`s pravao`falihs i` ols `n`rfãls

psãquamls iò s`r guclnh–.

Zhr `sh plrl Oouãs Iumg (5::5), `s `vai`nt` qu` ò sãcehoh iè` s`r mhnsai`rlih mhch òò`c`nth m`ntrlo ` acpr`smaniaeo` i` thils ols muoturls guclnls; phrqu` ohs guclnhsmlptlchs ol r`loaili l trlvás i` lrt`blmths saceýoamhs y ilchs bhrcl l nu`strls `xp`ra`nmalsl trlvás i` ol cìalmaýn iò prhm`sh muoturlo anstatuaih phr ohs sãcehohs. Iumg matl lolntrhpýohfh O`soa` L.Vgat`, qu` s`üloý qu` ò sãcehoh `s ò unav`rsh i` ol Guclnaili4‟thil mhniumtl guclnl mhnsast` `n ò ush i` sãcehohs h i`p`ni` i` un tlo ush; ol mhniumtlguclnl `s mhniumtl saceýoaml; ol mhniumtl saceýoaml `s mhniumtl guclnl–.

Zlrl mlptlr ol acphrtlnmal `xm`pmahnlo qu` gln t`naih ohs unav`rshs saceýoamhs `n thils olsmavaoazlmahn`s2< gly qu` t`n`r `n mu`ntl qu` ol mlplmaili saceýoaml iò s`r guclnh nh glm`sanh phn`r i` clnaba`sth ol unaili psãquaml i` ol Guclnaili4

‟L p`slr i` ols ‟gasthrals–, l c`nuih tln iab`r`nt`s, ` anmoush, arr`mhnmaoaleo`s `ntr` sã, i` puèohs y muoturls, ol Guclnaili sa`cpr` s` gl vasth heoaflil l r`murrar l ol anvlralnt` saceýoaml, mhcplrtail phr thihs ohs ghcer`s y cud`r`s, mhch `xpr`saýn i` ol prhbunilunaili psãquaml i` thihs òohs y mhch `xpr`saýn i` un g`mgh bunilc`ntlo4 ol aclf`n gl

saih ” y `s- ò o`nfuld` unav`rslo, ol oanful brlnml, i` ol sp`ma` Ghch ]lpa`ns i` thils olsáphml s y `n thils ols satulmahn`s– (Iumg, 5::5).

Ol mlplmaili saceýoaml guclnl nh sýoh p`rcat` ol mhcunamlmaýn i` lquòols ai`ls h i`lquòols r`loaili`s mhnsai`rlils ‟lghrl casch– mhch xast`nt`s, sanh qu` sher` thih glm`

phsaeo` ol mhnbafurlmaýn `n ò pr s`nt` i` oh qu` yl gl saih, y i` oh qu` lôn nh gl `xastaih.Lsã, frlmals l ol c`chral y ol aclfanlmaýn `s mlplz i` r`mhrilr y lntamaplr, i` glm`r

pr`s`nt` oh lus`nt`, i` valdlr `n ò ta`cph y `n o `splmah; frlmals l su mlplmaili saceýoamlol Guclnaili nh s` v` mhnstr`üail, mhch sumì` mhn ò lnaclo, l un pr`s`nt` m`rrlih sher`sã casch y san prhy`mmaýn glmal ò plslih h `n iar`mmaýn lo buturh. 25

Frlmals l nu`strl mlplmaili saceýoaml, ohs s`r`s guclnhs g`chs phiaih liquarar mhnma`nmali` nu`strhs oãcat`s y l ol v`z, ol vhountli i` sup`rlrohs. Ol mlplmaili i` mrãtaml y i`

polnt`lr lot`rnltavls nhs va`n` ilil tlceaán phr nu strl mlplmaili i` sacehoazlr. ]`fônB`y`rle`ni, `n muloqua`r satulmaýn, ol pr`s`nmal nhvìhsl iò sãcehoh glm` phsaeo` v`r ymhcpr`ni`r ol r`loaili i` htrl cln`rl, ‟lrfuc`ntlr mhntrl ol ‟satulmaýn `stleo`mail– oh

mulo acpoaml qu`, l p`slr i` ols satulmahn`s lplr`nt`c`nt` cìs anguclnls, h tlo v`z anmoushl mlusl i` òols, nunml puì` `xmouars` ol pr`s`nmal i` lot`rnltavls `n ò ghrazhnt`guclnh–.

2< D`ln Zápan gl pu`sth i` clnaba`sth qu`, `n @fapth, Fr`mal y ol Anial, ohs prac`rhs sleahs s`

`xpr`slrhn mhn ol lyuil i` acìf`n`s saceýoamls cumgh lnt`s i` utaoazlr ò o`nfuld` (matlih `nIumg, 5::5)25 Yhrrlnm`, <119. Matlih `n Iumg (5::5)



<:0

@o lntrhpýohfh Yhrrlnm` (Uhe`rt C.) gl pu`sth i` clnaba`sth qu` ol ansubama`nmal iòanstanth s` polscl i` cln`rl cuy `b`mtavl `n ò g`mgh i` qu` ò ghcer` `s, mlsahes`savlc`nt , un lnaclo qu` eusml phrqu` sa`cpr` s` sa`nt` ansltasb`mgh, i`m`pmahnlih, yl v`m`s, anmoush, leurraih mhn oh qu` ‟`nmu`ntrl–.Lsã, s` gl i`banaih lo s`r guclnh mhch Lnaclo \ul`r`ns, qu` s` ièlt` `n unl bu`rt`t`nsaýn `ntr` ol `stleaoaili y ò mlceah, ol badlmaýn y ò chvaca`nth, ol m`rrlzýn y ollp`rturl. @o v`reh oltanh qul`r`r`, ‟eusmlr–, tlceaán gl ilih ouflr lo sustlntavh oltanhqul`stah, ‟mu`staýn–, ‟ant`rrhflnt`–2=.

@o s`r guclnh s` glool mlplmatlih plrl rànv`ntlr ò buturh phrqu` `s mlplz i` phn`r `ntr` plránt`sas oh ilih phr supu`sth, y iasphn` i` mlplmaili plrl polsclr cunihs lot`rnltavhs phr su iac`nsaýn ‟`sparatulo–, s`fôn Yhrrlnm`, ‟ phrqu` oh `sparatulo aniaml ols pht`nmaloaili`s trlsm`ni`nt`s i` oh i`smhnhmaih–.

Zhr su plrt`, V.G. Lui`n `nta`ni` qu` unl lutántaml eôsquìl `sparatulo safnabaml ‟eusmlrlofunl mhsl i` ol qu`, glstl lghrl, nh s` gl t`naih nanfunl `xp`ra`nmal–. @o `spãratu, o`dhsi` hphn`rs` l oh eahoýfamh, `s ol safol qu` r`suc` ols pht`nmaloaili s cìs prhbunils qu` shnang`r`nt`s l ol `xast`nmal guclnl, yl qu` o` p`rcat` oo`flr l s`r mhnsma`nt` i` phsaeo`sc`tls buturls cìalnt` ol bhrcuolmaýn i` prhy`mths y i` lrfuc`ntlmahn`s mhntrl oh`stleo`maih. Mhch `nta`ni` Yhrrlnm`, ò `spãratu `s ol phsaeaoaili `strumturlo i`luthtrlsm`ni`nmal qu`, n ò s`r guclnh, i`va`n` mhnsma`nt`.

@n muloqua`r sãcehoh, pu`s, gly acpoãmath un phi`r i` trlsfr`saýn y i` r`sast`nmal l olvaho`nmal saceýoaml qu` acphn`n ols ai`hohfãls g`f`cýnamls. @n ol gasthral guclnl, l p`slri` ol mhnstlnt` ` anqua`tlnt` pr`s`nmal iò phi`r (qu` qua`r` `stleo`m`r plrl ohs vhmleohs,ohs mhnm`pths y ols acìf`n`s un lomlnm` y un s`ntaih unãvhmhs, `stleaoazlihs ylicanastrlihs i` unl v`z plrl sa`cpr`), ò trleldh iò sãcehoh, anm`slnt`c`nt`, ‟ler`nu`vls iac`nsahn`s l ol r`loaili, oo`vl l mleh rupturls anstlurlihrls i` s`ntaih– (Camgò i`M`rt`lu)29.

@o s`r guclnh `stì mlplmatlih plrl ars` i`t`rcanlnih l cìail qu` vav`, phrqu` ‟vlmghmlnih– mhn ol r`loaili, y i` stl cln`rl, vl ‟`nraqu`maánihs`– mhn ols xp`ra`nmals.Frlmals l òoh puì` chiabamlr, `strumturlr i` nu`vh ` anmoush, n`flr, `n un prhm`sh dlcìsmhnmouaih, o cunih, su cunih, ò mulo p`rcln`m` sa`cpr` lea`rth, susm`ptaeo` i`mhnbafurlmahn`s nu`vls anáiatls glstl nthnm`s. ]`fôn ]mgò`r 20, `n ols satulmahn`s i`

2= ‟@o s`r guclnh s` iab r`nmal iò lnaclo `n ò g`mgh i` qu` `s mlplz i` `stleo`m`r mrat`rahs, i`glm`rs` pr`funtls, i` phni`rlr hpmahn`s ai`hoýfamls y c`thihoýfamls y i` `vloulr oh qu` s` glmhns`fuaih glstl ò chc`nth pr`s`nt`. (…) @o s`r guclnh puì` mu`stahnlr ò mhndunth i` olr`loaili y mu`stahnlrs` áo casch, puì` s`ntar murahsaili, yl qu` `s mlplz i` pr`funtlrs` l mlusl iòant`rrhflnt`4 ¸quá gly cìs looì i` muloqua`r cìs looì8. (…) Ols `sp`ma`s lnaclo`s ‟`vhoumahnln–, ol`sp`ma` guclnl `s ol ônaml qu` puì` ‟r`vhoumahnlr. (…) Lo c`nhs `n ol muoturl hmmai`ntlo, ò i`s`h guclnh gl saih ò ò`c`nth mhnbafurlihr i` `st` lnaclo prh-y`mtavh qu`, mhnstatutavlc`nt`, `s òghcer`. @n ohs prhy`mths guclnhs nh sýoh s` ‟olnzl glmal iòlnt`– ( prh-a`mtlr`) un ias`üh, unllot`rnltavl lo stltu quh, sanh qu` `s ò casch s`r guclnh ò qu`, s` vuòml, l c`nuihlplsahnlilc`nt`, glmal iòlnt` y lbarcl ò ‟rành i` ol oae`rtli–, phna`nih `n mu`staýn `nthnm`s ò

mh`rmatavh ‟rành i` ol n`m`saili–, `n plolerls i` @rnst Eohmg.–. Oouãs Iumg, 5::5.29 Matlih `n Iumg (5::5)20 Matlih `n Iumg (5::5)



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lpurh h `n cìah i` ol cìxacl p`rpo`daili, ol arhnãl y ò guchr shn ohs sãnthcls plopleo`si` ol phsaeaoaili qu` ta`n` ò s`r guclnh i` ò`vlrs` phr `nmacl tlnth iò cunih mhch i` áocasch.

]ýoh `n `st` safoh s` gl r`mlomlih ol iac`nsaýn shmalo iò sãcehoh. Bu` Iurkgàc ò prac`rh

qu` lbarcý qu`4 ‟ol vail shmalo, `n thihs sus lsp`mths y `n thihs ohs chc`nths i` ol gasthral,sholc`nt` `s phsaeo` frlmals l un `xt`niaih sacehoasch–. @o sacehoasch suphn` ol praclmãli` fruph sher` ol `xast`nmal mhnmr`tl i` ohs aniavaiuhs, yl qu`

‟ohs sãcehohs nlm`n `n ò ant`rahr i` ols lfruplmahn`s guclnls y phs``n ol bunmaýn`sp`mãbaml i` mhg`sahnlrols y i` mr`lr ol ‟ai`hohfãl– y ol ‟vasaýn iò cunih" qu` shn

prhpals i` mlil fruph, p`rcata`nih i` `stl cln`rl ol mr`lmaýn i` sus r`sp`mtavlsai`ntaili`s y ol phsaeaoaili i` `stleo`m`r ol iamhthcãl ‟nhshtrhs-ohs htrhs–.

]`fôn stl mhnm`pmaýn iurkgàcnalnl, ohs sãcehohs r`fuoln ò cunih i` ols ‟oýfamls– yoo`vln l mleh ol shmaloazlmaýn iò unav`rsh i` ohs s`ntaca`nths. Muloqua`r cìalmaýn

saceýoaml `s, pu`s, lo casch ta`cph, cìalmaýn shmalo.

I`si` ol phsamaýn mhnstrummahnastl i` E`rf`r y Oumkclnn, phi`chs mhnsai`rlr qu` òunav`rsh saceýoamh mhnstatuy` ol cltraz i` thihs ohs safnabamlihs; thil ol shmaìli gastýramly ol eahfrlbãl i` un aniavaiuh s` v`n mhch g`mghs qu` hmurr`n i`ntrh i` `s` unav`rsh.

Ols pranmaplo`s bunmahn`s iò unav`rsh saceýoamh shn4

- Zhsaeaoatl ò hri`nlca`nth i` ols iab`r`nt`s bls`s i` ol eahfrlbãl; phr `d`cpoh, `nols shmaìli`s pracatavls, ohs raths i` plsld`. Ol p`rahiazlmaýn i` ol eahfrlbãl s` sacehoazl`n mlil `tlpl mhn r`b`r`nmal l ol thtloaili i` ohs safnabamlihs guclnhs. Mlil unl i` olsbls`s eahfrìbamls (ol naü`z, ol liho`sm`nmal, ol liuot`z, `tm.) s` o`fatacl mhch un chih i` s`r`n ò unav`rsh saceýoamh, y lsã, anium` s`ntaca`nths i` s`furaili y p`rt`n`nmal.- Ol ‟ueamlmaýn– i` ol cu`rt`4 Ol `xp`ra`nmal i` ol cu`rt` i` htrhs, y

phst`rahrc`nt`, ol lntamaplmaýn i` ol cu`rt` prhpal polnt`l ol satulmaýn clrfanlo phr`xmò`nmal plrl ò aniavaiuh. Ol cu`rt` polnt`l ol lc`nlzl cìs t`rraeo` l ols r`loaili`s`stleo`mails i` ol vail mhtaialnl, phr `sh ol o`fataclmaýn i` ol cu`rt` liqua`r` acphrtlnmal

prachrialo plrl muloqua`r hri`n anstatumahnlo, yl qu` mlplmatl lo aniavaiuh plrl s`fuarvava`nih `n shmaìli i`spuás i` ol cu`rt` i` htrhs safnabamlnt`s y lntamaplr su prhpalcu`rt` mhn un t`rrhr qu`, lo c`nhs, s` gloo` subama`nt`c`nt` cataflih mhch plrl nh plrlr olr`loazlmaýn mhntanul i` ols rutanls i` ol vail mhtaialnl. @stl o`fataclmaýn, li`cìs, prhv`` lo

aniavaiuh i` unl r`m`tl plrl unl ‟cu`rt` mhrr`mtl–.

- @o unav`rsh saceýoamh hri`nl ol gasthral y ueaml thihs ohs lmhnt`maca`nthsmho`mtavhs i`ntrh i` unl unaili mhg`r`nt` qu` anmouy` ò plslih, ò pr`s`nt` y ò buturh. Mhnr`sp`mth lo plslih, `stleo`m` unl ‟c`chral– qu` mhcplrt`n thihs ohs aniavaiuhsshmaloazlihs i`ntrh i` ol mho`mtavaili. Mhn r`sp`mth lo buturh, `stleo`m` un clrmh i`r`b`r`nmal mhcôn plrl ol prhy`mmaýn i` ols lmmahn`s aniavaiulo`s. I` `sl cln`rl ò unav`rshsaceýoamh vanmuol l ohs ghcer`s mhn sus lnt`m`shr`s y sum`shr`s `n unl thtloailisafnabamltavl qu` sarv` plrl trlsm`ni`r ol banatui i` ol `xast`nmal aniavaiulo y qu` liduiamlsafnabamlih l ol cu`rt` iò aniavaiuh.

@n ol lmtuloaili, mhn ma`rtl unlnacaili phr plrt` i` ols y ohs `stuiahshs, s` gl pu`sth i`clnaba`sth qu` ohs unav`rshs y ols r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s saceýoamls ta`n`n mhch hed`tavh



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‟Cath `s un ròlth trliamahnlo qu` r`ba`r` ol lmtulmaýn c`chrleo` y `d`cpolr i` unhs p`rshnld`s `xtrlhrianlrahs `n un ta`cph pr`stafahsh y o`dlnh. @o cath `s un ròlth, unlnlrrlmaýn qu` puì` mhnt`n`r ò`c`nths saceýoamhs, p`rh qu` s` mlrlmt`razl phr pr`s`ntlrunl ‟gasthral–. (…) @o ròlth cãtamh ta`n` un mlrìmt`r irlcìtamh y `d`cpolr. ]` trltl

sa`cpr` i` lmmahn`s i` `xm`pmahnlo ant`rás plrl ol mhcunaili, phrqu` `xpoamln lsp`mthsacphrtlnt`s i` ol vail shmalo cìalnt` ol nlrrlmaýn i` mých s` prhiud`rhn phr prac`rl v`ztlo`s h mulo`s g`mghs–.

Dunf (<1=9) `nta`ni` qu` ohs caths shn lnt` thih b`nýc`nhs psãquamhs qu` phn`n i`clnaba`sth ol `s`nmal iò locl4

‟Yhihs ohs b`nýc`nhs nlturlo`s catabamlihs, mhch ò anva`rnh y ò v`rlnh, ols b ls`s i` olounl, ohs p`rãhihs i` oouval, `tm. `stìn cuy o`dhs i` s`r lo`fhrãls i` `sls `xp`ra`nmalshed`tavls, sanh qu` shn, lnt`s ea`n, `xpr`sahn`s saceýoamls iò irlcl ant`rahr ` anmhnsma`ntìò locl, un irlcl qu` l trlvás i` ol prhy`mmaýn, i` su r`bo`dh `n ohs b`nýc`nhs i` olnlturlo`zl, s` vuòv` lpr`g`nsaeo` plrl ol mhnma`nmal guclnl. Ol prhy`mmaýn `s tlnmhcpo`tl qu` gln saih n`m`slrahs vlrahs cao`nahs i` mavaoazlmaýn plrl s`plrlrol, saqua`rl`n ma`rtl cìail, iò hed`th `xt`rahr–.

Klr`n Lrcstrhnf (5::0) `nta`ni` qu`, `n `s`nmal, un cath `s unl fuãl4

‟Pn cath `s ma`rth phrqu` `s `bamlz, nh phrqu` prhphrmahn`s unl anbhrclmaýn hed`tavl. ]an`celrfh, brlmlslrì sa nh nhs p`rcat` mhcpr`ni`r c`dhr ò safnabamlih prhbunih i` ol vail.]a ‟bunmahnl–, `s i`mar, sa nhs glm` mlcealr nu`strl c`nt` y nu`strh mhrlzýn, sa nhs anbuni``sp`rlnzl y nhs anmatl l vavar i` unl bhrcl cìs po`nl, ò cath `s vìoaih–.

Ol luthrl lphrtl manmh mlrlmt`rãstamls `s`nmalo`s sher` ohs caths l rlãz iò `stuiah i` olstucels n`lni`rtlo`s4

<) @o cath `stì mlsa sa`cpr` `nrlazlih `n ol `xp`ra`nmal i` ol cu`rt` y ò caìh l ol

`xtanmaýn.5) Nhrcloc`nt`, ol cathohfãl vl unail l un ratulo. Cumghs caths nh ta`n`n s`ntaih bu`rl iòìceath i` un irlcl oatôrfamh qu` o`s il vail, y r`suotln anmhcpr`nsaeo`s `n un mhnt`xth

prhblnh. Li`cìs, ò cath r`qua`r` acatlmaýn h plrtamaplmaýn ratulo, nh mhnt`cpolmaýn plsavl.=) Ohs caths cìs acplmtlnt`s trltln sher` satulmahn`s oãcat` y nhs heoafln l ar cìs looì i`nu`strl `xp`ra`nmal. Yrltln i` oh i`smhnhmaih; su bunmaýn `s lyuilrnhs l glm`r br`nt` l ohsmhnboamths guclnhs.9) @n ohs hrãf`n`s, lyuilel l ols p`rshnls l `nmhntrlr su ouflr `n ò cunih y su v`rili`rlhra`ntlmaýn, phrqu` lyuiln l sle`r i` iýni` v`nachs (caths sher` lnt`plslihs), l iýni`vlchs, y tlceaán lyuiln l `xpoamlr `shs chc`nths sueoac`s `n qu` nhs s`ntachs

trlnsphrtlihs cìs looì i` nu`strls pr`hmuplmahn`s prhslamls. Ohs caths, pu`s, nhs ns`ülnmých iè`chs mhcphrtlrnhs.0) Ol cathohfãl nhs mhohml `n ol phsturl `sparatulo h psamhoýfaml mhrr`mtl plrl ol lmmaýnlprhpalil, yl s`l `n `st` cunih h `n ò cìs looì.

Yhils ols cathohfãls gleoln i` un cunih plrloòh lo nu`strh; `s unl r`loaili anvasaeo` p`rhcìs ant`nsl qu` l v`m`s s` ai`ntabaml mhn ò cunih `s`nmalo i` ohs iahs`s. L `stl mr``nmal sòl gl oolclih ‟baohshbãl p`r`nn`– phrqu` gl acpr`fnlih ol cathohfãl y ol hrflnazlmaýn ratuloy shmalo i` thils ols shmaìli`s lnt`s iò liv`naca`nth i` nu`strl chi`rnaili ma`ntãbaml ythilvãl ghy safu` anbouy`nih `n ols shmaìli`s trliamahnlo`s. Ohs caths `xpoamleln mých s`mhcphrtleln ohs iahs`s plrl p`rcatar l ghcer`s y cud`r`s acatlr l `shs s`r`s phi`rhshs, ylsã `xp`rac`ntlr òohs tlceaán ol iavanaili.



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Lo pranmapah nh gleãl leasch hnthoýfamh `ntr` ò cunih i` ohs iahs`s y ò i` ohs guclnhs.Mulnih ásths gleoleln i` oh iavanh, f`n`rloc`nt` s` r`b`rãln l lofôn lsp`mth i` oh t`rr`nlo.Ol prhpal `xast`nmal i` ohs iahs`s `rl ans`plrleo` i` ol i` ols thrc`ntls, ohs clr`s, ohs rãhs h`sls phi`rhsls `chmahn`s guclnls ” o lchr, ol arl h ol plsaýn s`xulo- qu` plr`mãln ò`vlrt`cphrloc`nt` l ohs chrtlo`s l un polnh i` `xast`nmal iab`r`nt` y i`si` ò qu` phiãln v`r òcunih mhn nu`vhs hdhs.

Lrcstrhnf mr`` qu` ò cath trlnscat` un mýiafh átamh y qu`, li`cìs, gl mhnbafurlih ol elsì` thils ols ròafahn`s. @n ò mlsh i` ols ròafahn`s chnht`ãstls mhch ol mrastalnl, olcusuoclnl y ol euiastl, thils s` gln bhrdlih l plrtar iò cath iò vald` g`rhamh, qu` nhs`xpoaml quá t`n`chs qu` glm`r sa qu`r`chs mhnv`rtarnhs `n s`r`s guclnhs mhcpo`ths.

]`fôn Lrcstrhnf4 ‟@o gárh` ta`n` ol s`nslmaýn i` qu` `n su vail h `n su shmaìli blotl lofh.Zhr sh lelnihnl o ghflr u cpr`ni` pòafrhsls lv`nturls. Oumgl mhntrl chnstruhs, smlolchntlüls anlmm`saeo`s y ltrlva`sl hsmurhs ehsqu`s, y ca`ntrls su lntafuh yh cu`r` y ògárh` i`smuer` lofh h lpr`ni` lofunl gleaoaili qu` i`spuás trlnscat` l su puèoh. (…) @ocath iò gárh` `stì tln lrrlaflih qu` glstl ol vail i` bafurls gastýramls mhch Euil, D`sôs, hClghcl s` mu`ntl safua`nih `s` `squ`cl lrqu`tãpamh prheleo`c`nt` bhrdlih `n ol `rl

plo`hoãtaml–.

@o cath, pu`s, gl `stlih sa`cpr` lshmalih l ol `xp`ra`nmal i` oh trlsm`ni`nt`, ang`r`nt` l olmhniamaýn guclnl. Ohs guclnhs n`m`satln arrupmahn`s `n ol rutanl y ol r`loaili i` ol vailmhtaialnl plrl trlsm`ni`rol, plrl `xp`rac`ntlr htrls iac`nsahn`s t`cphrlo`s frlmals l olant`nsaili i` oh vavaih. ]a`cpr` gl n`m`satlih `shs c`mlnaschs i` `smlp` qu` oh satô`n `nhtrl r`loaili, qu` oh lrrèlt`n, qu` oh glfln `ntrlr `n áxtlsas h `n trlnm` plrl s`ntar qu`trlsma`ni` ò lquã y ò lghrl. @n `st` s`ntaih, ohs caths gln saih ol els` i` thils ols muoturlsguclnls, phrqu` gln hthrflih l ol shmaìli chiòhs i` mhniumtl y lmtatui`s, y gárh`s yg`rhãnls qu` sup`rleln satulmahn`s iabãmao`s mhn vlo`ntãl, antòaf`nmal, lstumal h `strlt`falsqu` lyuileln l ohs guclnhs l glm`r br`nt` l satulmahn`s i`smhnhmails.

Zhr su plrt`, Dhs`pg Mlcpeòo (<129) iastanfu` multrh bunmahn`s `s`nmalo`s i` ol cathohfãl4<) Ol prac`rl bunmaýn (y ol cìs mlrlmt`rãstaml ” qu` vavabaml l thils-) `s oli` prhvhmlr y lphylr un s`ntaih i` lshcerh lnt` ò cast`rah iò s`r. @o prhb`shr Uuihob Htthgl oolclih l `st` r`mhnhmaca`nth i` oh nucanhsh ò `stlih c`ntlo mlrlmt`rãstamh i` thils olsròafahn`s prhpalc`nt` iamgls. @s lnt`rahr l ol i`banamaýn y ol i`slbãl. @s, `n ò navò

pracatavh, un caìh i`chnãlmh; `n o navò cìs loth, un áxtlsas cãstamh, y `ntr` `sths ihsnavò`s gly cumghs frlihs.5) Zr`s`ntlr unl mhschohfãl, unl aclf`n iò Pnav`rsh qu` lphylrì y s`rìlphylil phr `st` s`ntaih i` lshcerh lnt` ò cast`rah i` unl pr`s`nmal y ol pr`s`nmal i` uncast`rah.=) Lphylr ò hri`n shmalo `n vafhr, plrl ant`frlr lo aniavaiuh. Ol bunmaýnshmalo i` unl cathohfãl y i` ohs raths qu` ol `xpr`sln `s badlr `n thihs ohs ca`cerhs iòfruph `n mu`staýn un ‟sast`cl i` s`ntaca`nths– qu` glerì i` unaro` `sphntìn`lc`nt` l ohsban`s i` iamgh fruph. @o ‟sast`cl i` s`ntaca`nths– li`mulih plrl unl traeu mlzlihrl s`rãl

anli`mulih plrl unl lframuothrl; ò li`mulih plrl un cltralrmlih `s anli`mulih plrl un



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pltralrmlih; y ò i` muloqua`r fruph traelo `s anli`mulih plrl `stl áphml i` aniavaiuhsi`slrrhoolihs qu` r`mhrr`n ohs mlcanhs i` `st` l h`st` y i` nhrt` l sur.9) Anamalr lo aniavaiuh `n ò hri`n i` r`loaili`s i` su prhpal psaqu`, fuaìniho` glmal su

prhpah `nraqu`maca`nth y r`loazlmaýn sparatulo.

Lquã qu`rrãl i`stlmlr ol acphrtlnmal i` ol t`rm`rl bunmaýn, qu` `s ol i` ant`frlr lo s`rguclnh `n su muoturl, y lphylr ò stltu quh iò hri`n shmalo. Ylceaán Eolnmh Clrtãn anmai``n ol iac`nsaýn mhntanuastl ` ant`frlihrl iò cath, y matl l Kark (<11:) plrl lphylr su ai`li` qu` ohs caths surfa`rhn mhch trumhs nlrrltavhs qu` utaoazlrhn ohs guclnhs plrlshmaloazlr l ohs naühs y blmaoatlr su ant`frlmaýn psãquaml `n ol shmaìli. ]hn, i`si` `st` punthi` vastl, ‟nlrrlmahn`s mhntrl ò t`rrhr qu` prhvhml oh i`smhnhmaih, `xpoamlmahn`s iò cunihqu` fuãln l ohs guclnhs `n sus prac`rls bls`s i` shmaloazlmaýn–22.

Ohs caths, san `celrfh, nh gln p`rcln`maih anvlraleo`s; mlcealn mhn ols muoturls, s`lilptln l nu`vls r`loaili`s shmah`mhnýcamls y phoãtamls qu` s` mhnshoailn frlmals lo lphyh

iò sast`cl saceýoamh y cathoýfamh mr`lih plrl sust`ntlroh. @n Hmmai`nt`, p`s` lo prhm`sh iì`slmrloazlmaýn i` ol shmaìli mlrlmt`rãstaml i` ol phschi`rnaili, ohs caths safu`nmucpoa`nih stls bunmahn`s, lunqu` mhn vlralmahn`s.

Ohs iahs`s y gárh`s lmtulo`s shn p`rshnls i` mlrn` y gu`sh p`rt`n`ma`nt`s lo stlr syst`c iòman`, iò php y iò rhmk, i` ol phoãtaml, i` ol chil, h iò i`phrt`. @oohs y òols sacehoazln òáxath, unl mlrlmt`rãstaml cuy mhnmr`tl i` nu`strl muoturl lmtulo, y ò traunbh `mhnýcamh yshmalo, pu`s thihs shn s`r`s phi`rhshs, ramhs, slnhs, dýv`n`s y g`rchshs. Li`cìs, frlmals lol foheloazlmaýn, su ìceath `s yl poln`tlrah, pu`s `n thih ò cunih s` mhnhm` y s` licarl l

p`rshnld`s mhch Uhnloih h E`mkglc, h l anstatumahn`s cãtamls mhch o U`lo Clirai Bôteho

Moue, muyl pr`s`nmal n plãs`s lsaìtamhs, lbramlnhs h oltanhlc`ramlnhs prhvhml o`nlri`maca`nth i` ols clsls.

]`fôn B`rnlni Mhct` (<115), shn `d`cpoh l s`fuar plrl ò r`sth i` ol shmaìli phrqu`r`pr`s`ntln ols c`tls l lomlnzlr `n ol lmtuloaili, yl qu` ‟`n ol aclfanlmaýn iò pôeoamhvav`n `n un Hoacph anlmm`saeo`, nh ta`n`n mhntlmth mhn oh travalo, qu` `s oh mhtaialnh i` ohshtrhs, ta`n`n un phi`r i` sìummaýn bu`rl i` oh mhcôn, iasphn`n i` un anc`nsh phi`r i`

p`rsulsaýn, chvaoazln cuotatui`s, prhvhmln unl `sp`ma` i` blnltasch–

@n `st` s`ntaih, Lrcstrhnf mr`` qu` ol iab`r`nmal `ntr` ohs prac`rhs ta`cphs y ol lmtuloaili,`s qu` ‟ò cath iò gárh` nunml pr`t`niaý prhphrmahnlrnhs amhnhs qu` licarlr, sanh qu` s`mhnmaea`rhn plrl i`sp`rtlr ol v`nl i` g`rhãsch qu` gly i`ntrh i` nhshtrhs–. @s i`mar, s`licarlel ol vlo`ntãl, ol antòaf`nmal h ohs vlohr`s iò gárh`, oh qu` ást` r`pr`s`ntlel, nh logárh` casch.

Ol v`n`rlmaýn phr ohs gárh`s s` gl oolclih aiholtrãl. Lnloazlnih `st` b`nýc`nhmlrlmt`rãstamh i` nu`strl muoturl i` clsls, @ramg Brhcc (<115) s`ülol qu` ol n`m`saili i`mr``r `n unl bafurl thihphi`rhsl, hcnasma`nt`, pr`vashrl y e`n`vho`nt` bhrcl plrt` iò s`r

22 Eolnmh Clrtãn, Mlrohs Dlva`r4 ‟Ol r`prhiummaýn iò cath–. L plrt` rà , nuc 52.gttp4//lplrt`rà.mhc

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guclnh, qu` `stleo`m` olzhs lb`mtavhs mhn `shs ãihohs, l c`nuih i` unl ant`nsaili sup`rahrl ohs qu` `stleo`m` mhn sus s`c`dlnt`s. @sths ãihohs puì`n p`rt`n`m`r l ol `sb`rl i` olròafaýn, i` ols bu`rzls nlturlo`s, h anstatumahn`s y fruphs (mhch ohs lnt`plslihs, ò @stlih,ol mols`, ol nlmaýn, ol rlzl, `tm.), p`rh tlceaán s` suò` aiholtrlr l blcaoalr`s y bafurlsm`rmlnls.

]`fôn Brhcc, oh casch il qu` s`ln r`lo`s h aclfanlrahs; oh acphrtlnt` `s qu` ò ãihoh `s olbafurl l ol mulo unl p`rshnl gl trlnsb`raih su bhrtlo`zl y sus mlplmaili`s4 ‟ Ol aiholtrãl, `nò s`ntaih iò Lntafuh Y`stlc`nth, `s `s`nmaloc`nt` ò casch mhnm`pth qu` ò i`‟`nld`nlmaýn– (…) p`rh lo p`ri`r bu`rzl ol ròafaýn , i` nanfôn chih gl i`slplr`maih na

s` gl ièaoatlih ol aiholtrãl–. ]us mlusls shn, l navò shmalo ol cas`ral, ol ans`furaili`mhnýcaml y ol i`s`sp`rlnzl; y l navò aniavaiulo, ol lnfustal, ol iuil, ol i`pr`saýn, ols`nslmaýn i` acpht`nmal, ò anblntaoasch.

@n ò s`nh i` nu`strl muoturl i` clsls, @iflr Chrãn (<125)26 `smraeaý qu` ò iasmursh p`rahiãstamh, lo acpr`fnlrs` i` oh hnãramh, oh blntìstamh, oh rhclnm`smh, ta`ni` l `strumturlrol anbhrclmaýn i` bhrcl irlcìtaml y i`slrrhool unl prìasphsamaýn cathohfazlnt`4

‟]a unl cathohfãl ‟bunmahnl– `s phrqu` il r`spu`stl l ant`rrhflnt`s y vlmãhs nh oo`nlihs,l unl i`clnil mho`mtavl olt`nt`, l caìhs y `sp`rlnzls qu` na ò rlmahnloasch `n ò hri`ni` ohs sle`r`s na ò prhfr`sh `n ò i` ohs gle`r`s gln ohfrlih lrrlnmlr h sltasblm`r. Olacpht`nmal phoãtaml y ò lnhnaclth shmalo `n qu` s` mhnsuc`n ol clyhrãl i` ohs ghcer`sr`molcl, `xaf` `s` supo`c`nth-mhcpo`c`nth, `s i`mar, unl rlmaýn clyhr i` aclfanlrahmhtaialnh plrl phi`r vavar–.

@n lcels hra`ntlmahn`s (ò irlcltasch y ol cathohfazlmaýn) ta`n` un plpò bunilc`ntlo ol

vì`ttazlmaýn, ol mhnv`rsaýn `n iavhs h `stròols i` ohs p`rshnld`s cìs iav`rshs (i`si` ohs phoãtamhs y ohs lrtastls l ohs ls`sanhs blchshs). L trlvás i` ols bafurls hoãcpamls òcathohfasch prhphn` chiòhs qu` mhrr`sphni`n l ols lsparlmahn`s y n`m`saili`s shmalo`s ynhrcls qu` pr`smrae`n o mhcphrtlca`nth, lunqu` ástls nh mhnsast`n n clnilths rãfaihssanh `n acìf`n`s h anmatlmahn`s qu` lpòln l ol acatlmaýn.

@n ol chi`rnaili, Uholni Elrtg`s (<106) `nt`niaý ò cath mhch c`nsld` ans`rth `n ògleol, y push ò lm`nth `n su bunmaýn mhch sast`cl i` mhcunamlmaýn. Zlrl Elrtg`s,muloqua`r shphrt` puì` s`r cãtamh4 ò iasmursh `smrath, ol bhthfrlbãl, ò man`, ò i`phrt`, ohs`sp`mtìmuohs, ol pueoamaili… ò pranmapah casch iò cath `s qu` trlnsbhrcl ol gasthral `n

nlturlo`zl. Elrtg`s mhnsai`rl qu` `n ò cath s` il un prhm`sh i` i`sphoatazlmaýn iò cunih,yl qu` purabaml ols mhsls, ols vuòv` anhm`nt`s,

‟ols bunil mhch nlturlo`zl y `t`rnaili, o`s mhnba`r` unl molraili qu` nh `s ol i` ol`xpoamlmaýn, sanh i` ol mhcprhelmaýn4 sa mhcpruèh ol acp`raloaili brlnm`sl san `xpoamlrol,`sthy l un plsh i` `nmhntrlrol nlturlo, qu` ml` phr su prhpah p`sh, `nthnm`s c` quìhtrlnquaoh. (…) @o cath mhnsafu` lehoar ol mhcpo`daili i` ohs lmths guclnhs, o`s hthrfl ol

sacpoamaili i` ols `s`nmals, suprac` ol ialoámtaml, muloqua`r sup`rlmaýn qu` vlyl cìs looìi` oh vasaeo` ancìalth, hrflnazl un cunih san mhntrliammahn`s pu`sth qu` nh ta`n`

prhbuniaili, un cunih i`spo`flih `n ol vai`nmal, bunil unl molraili bòaz4 ols mhsls plr`m`n safnabamlr phr sã cascls–.

26 ]`fôn Fhnzloh Lerao (<116)



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‟`xpuoslr `spãratus, erudls, `n lo`dlr ohs clohs pr`slfahs, `n prhpamalr, purabamlr y prhiumarlnloýfamlc`nt`, `s i`mar, phr ol clfal, un lmhnt`m`r e`n`bamahsh–.

@o rath mhnstatuy` unl `strlt`fal plrl vhov`r l ant`frlr ols bu`rzls qu` `n ol `xast`nmalguclnl lmtôln i` cln`rl mlýtaml; prhpamal unl mhnshoailmaýn iò nhshtrhs mho`mtavh y shmalo

qu` `vatl ol iasfr`flmaýn y ol i`s`strumturlmaýn prhvhmlils phr ohs ant`r`s`s p`rshnlo`s iòhs aniavaiuhs y phr ohs caìhs mho`mtavhs. @o rath, s`fôn Zìrh Fýc`z Flrmãl (5::5),anium` l ol sup`rlmaýn i` ohs lntlfhnaschs y mhntrliammahn`s lo glm`r vavar l sus

plrtamaplnt`s unl cascl su`rt`, unl ai`ntaili mhcôn, ò ohfrh i` unl slovlmaýn, unlmurlmaýn. Rl i`si` ol iavasaýn h ol s`plrlmaýn i` lquòoh l oh qu` s` lsparl glstl olr`mhcphsamaýn i` ol unaýn, ol mhcunaýn mhn ol c`tl i`s`lil.

‟@o rath vl iarafaih l ol `xp`ra`nmal prhbunil, l r`nhvlr ol b` vavail, `sth `s, ols `chmahn`si` plrtamaplmaýn `n ò mu`rph shmalo h mhcunatlrah lo qu` s` p`rt`n`m`. ]arv` l olr`f`n`rlmaýn iò t`daih saceýoamh y r`lo i` ol mhnvav`nmal. ]u o`nfuld` nh s` rìum` l

prhiumar un `b`mth nhátamh, h `xpr`savh, h anbhrcltavh, sanh qu` anmai` `n ol mhnbhrclmaýni` ol r`loaili shmalo, iò mu`rph shmalo, chiòlnih ohs aniavaiuhs mhn ols prhpaìli`sli`mulils plrl hmuplr ols phsamahn`s pr``stleo`mails `n ò sast`cl ratulo y `n sumhrròltavh sast`cl shmalo–27.

Ol lig`saýn lo ratulo mhntraeuy` lo clnt`naca`nth i` ol ghc`hstlsas iò sast`cl; phr `sh ò prhb`shr Fýc`z mr`` qu` ò ratulo `s unl bhrcl i` lihmtranlca`nth qu` hp`rl cìs sher` ols`chmahn`s qu` sher` ò antò`mth. Mhch lmtulmaýn muoturloc`nt` mhiabamlil, ò rath phs`` olvartuloaili i` phn`r `n mhcunamlmaýn l ol shmaìli mhn su g`r`nmal muoturlo, utaoazlnihr`shrt`s cìs eìsamhs qu` ò iasmursh rlmahnlo. @o ratulo mucpo` lsã unl bunmaýn shmahoýfaml,

phrqu` r`bu`rzl ols `strumturls shmalo`s.

@n muloqua`r mho`mtavaili, ohs raths mhiabamln y `xpr`sln `xp`ra`nmals eìsamls,mhschvasahn`s, vlohr`s y lmtatui`s vatlo`s plrl su sup`rvav`nmal y r`prhiummaýn. ]`fônOçva-]trluss (<17=), ol bunmaýn prhpal iò ratulo `s ‟ pr`s`rvlr ol mhntanuaili i` oh vavaih,mlnloazlnih ol `xp`ra`nmal, r`br`smlnih ol c`chral shmalo, badlnih `tlpls iò mlo`nilrah hgaths iò mlcanh. Ol plrtamaplmaýn `n ò ratulo glm` vavar un ta`cph cìs ant`nsh, qu` choi`lohs `spãratus i` ohs plrtamaplnt`s, prhcu`v` su ìumlmaýn `chmahnlo, ler` plsh l olmhohnazlmaýn iò anmhnsma`nt` aniavaiulo phr plrt` i` `ntaili`s nhhoýfamls prhmì`nt`s iòhs lnt`plslihs h i` mhnt`cphrìn`hs pr`stafahshs y phi`rhshs–.

@o rath s` ansmrae` `n clnab`stlmahn`s shmalo`s tlo`s mhch ol ba`stl h ol m`r`chnal

mhnc`chrltavl. @n òohs ohs guclnhs mòèrln ols unahn`s lchrhsls, ò plsh l ol liuot`z, òmlceah i` d`rlrquãl h `stltus shmalo; iln ol ea`nv`nail l ol nu`vl `stlmaýn h l nu`vhs s`r`sguclnhs, h s` i`spai`n i` òohs; ò ratulo blvhr`m` ol mhcpr`nsaýn i` ohs b`nýc`nhsnlturlo`s mhch ol vail y ol cu`rt`.

Fýc`z Flrmãl i`stlml, sher` thih, su iac`nsaýn saceýoaml `n ol vail shmalo phrqu`mhntraeuy` l su r`prhiummaýn, l oh olrfh i` ols f`n`rlmahn`s, cìalnt` su r`p`tamaýn. Oliac`nsaýn ratulo guclnl s` mhnmr`tl `n sus prìmtamls; s` trltl i` unl lmtulmaýn

pr`prhfrlclil, `st`r`htaplil, mhiabamlil y r`p tail.

27 Fýc`z Flrmãl, Zìrh4 ‟@o ratulo mhch bhrcl i` lihmtranlca`nth–, Flz`tl i` Lntrhphohfãl, n´<7, 5::5.



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‟Ol lmmaýn r atulo suò` `stlr cuy òlehrlil4 lrtamuol f`sths, plolerls h mlnths, r`loazlihs phr p`rshnls muloabamlils, `n ouflr`s y ta`cphs prì`t`rcanlihs y mhnslfrlihs l tlo ban,utaoazlnih hed`ths y plrlb`rnloals l v`m`s cuy shbastamlihs (…) @s mhch unl `sp`ma` i`t`ltrh qu` r`pr`s`ntl sa`cpr` ol cascl pa`zl–.

Ol mlt`fhrazlmaýn i` ohs ratulo`s `s, mhch `n ò mlsh iò cath, unl tlr`l lriul phrqu` `xast`nanbanaili i` tapabamlmahn`s. ]hn moìsamhs ohs lnìoasas i` raths i` liavanlmaýn, raths i`cuotapoamlmaýn, raths i` anamalmaýn, raths i` plsh, raths i` rèòaýn... Ylceaán `xast`ntapabamlmahn`s `n thrnh l su mlrìmt`r aniavaiulo h mho`mtavh, lsacasch s` puì` iastanfuar`ntr` ratulo`s p`raýiamhs y hmlsahnlo`s. Fýc`z Flrmãl `nta`ni` qu` ol iavasaýn `ntr` raths

prhblnhs y raths slfrlihs `s lesuril, phrqu` oh «ròafahsh» `s unl iac`nsaýn pr s`nt` `nthih rath21.

Pnl i` ols bunmahn`s iò rath `s `stleo`m`r cìalmahn`s `ntr` ò ghcer` y oh iavanh h ohai`lo. @o rath oo`vl l mleh unl ant`rcìalmaýn qu` sarv` i` pu`nt`, qu` lmhrtl iastlnmals, qu`

blmaoatl ohs plshs ant`rcìahs plrl lomlnzlr un `b`mth pr`vasth. Mhnstatuy`, lsã, un chih i`mhcunamlmaýn i` ohs ghcer`s mhn sus iahs`s, `s i`mar, mhn ols mhnstrummahn`s saceýoamls qu`

prhy`mtln ò s ntaih qu` o` iln l su `xast`nmal shmalo h lo cunih.

@o `splmah y ò ta`cph shn ò`c`nths acpr`smaniaeo`s iò ratulo dunth mhn ohs p`rshnld`s quòh hbamaln (lnt`s, mglcln s y lnmalnhs sleahs; ghy `n iãl, slm`riht`s y heasphs), ohsunabhrc`s plrl ols m`r`chnals (ol thfl y ò earr`t`, ò trld` iò Zlpl, ols tônamls, ol `státamlrhmk`rl, `tm.), y hed`ths y sustlnmals uslihs `n ol lmtulmaýn (unl prhm`saýn, unl mhcail, unlmurlmaýn, unl anlufurlmaýn, `tm.), ò ush i` ol plolerl, i` ol côsaml y htrls lrt`s.

@o `splmah ratulo s` slo` iò `splmah mhrra`nt`; s`fôn Fýc`z Flrmãl, ò ueamlrs` lplrt` `s òs`ntaih `tachoýfamh i` «slfrlih». Ylceaán glm` nlm`r un ta`cph `sp`mãbamh, qu` iasmurr`cìs lprasl qu` ò ta`cph hrianlrah; nh i`dl i` s`r unl brlmmaýn iò ta`cph hrianlrah, p`rh `nòol hmurr`n cumghs cìs lmhnt`maca`nths safnabamltavhs. Lsã `s mhch s` mr`l `n ohs

plrtamaplnt`s un s`ntaih prhbunih i` ol r`loaili.

I` `st` chih puì` lbarclrs` qu` ohs raths ta`n`n unl bunmaýn mhns`rvlihrl; ‟ s` ratuloazl olvail plrl acpìar qu` mlcea`–. Ols mlt`fhrãls ratulo`s (ò slmrabamah, ol po`flral, ol hbr`nil,ò `nmlntlca`nth, ol liavanlmaýn, ò trlnm`, ol prhm`saýn, ol mhnc`chrlmaýn, `tm.,) ta`n`nmhch prhtlfhnastl ò mu`rph, sud`th y hed`th i` ol lmmaýn ratulo, qu` mhnva`rt` sus clt`ralo`s

`n safnhs f`stulo`s y hrlo`s. ]a ò ròlth cãtamh phn` `n prac`r tárcanh ol r`pr`s`ntlmaýnc`ntlo, ò rath `n mlceah lmtôl mhn ò mu`rph y sher` ò mu`rph y sus s`ntaihs; prhium` unlr`pr`s`ntlmaýn splmalo, qu` `s ant`rahrazlil san n`m`saili i` p`nslr.

@n ol phschi`rnaili, ohs raths safu`n tln vavhs mhch ohs caths. Fhnzloh Lerao (<116) mr``qu` frln plrt` i` ols hp`rlmahn`s i` ol muoturl i` clsls puì`n `nt`ni`rs` mhch prhm`shs

21 ‟Uatuloazlr `s sa`cpr` slmrloazlr i` lofunl cln`rl, ihtlr i` safnabamlih, mhnslfrlr unhs vlohr`s yr`nhvlr ol mhnbalnzl `n su `bamlmal shmalo. Zhr `sh (…) ò rath `s aniashmaleo` i` ol ròafaýn mhch

mhnm`pth f`n`rlo. Yhih ratulo, `n ol cìail `n qu` mhnfr`fl, lshmal y un`, `s ròafahsh `n ollm`pmaýn hrafanlo y bunmahnlo i` ol plolerl–. Fýc`z Flrmãl (5:::).



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ratulo`s; i` g`mgh lbarcl qu` ohs ratulo`s mhnstatuy`n un fán`rh i` ol mhcunamlmaýn i`clsls. Ohs `sp`mtìmuohs cìaìtamhs `b`mtôln unl nu`vl bhrcl i` ratuloasch, ‟`n ol qu`

plrtamaplmaýn iar`mtl i` ohs raths trliamahnlo`s s` gl vasth sustatuail phr unl plrtamaplmaýnvamlral–.

Zlrl Fhnzloh Lerao, `n ò cìah tò`vasavh s` il un ratuloasch prhblnh `n ò qu` ohssãcehohs i` ol trlsm`ni`nmal gln saih sustatuaihs phr ohs safnhs iò mhnsuch (iò ea`n`stlr,ol sltasblmmaýn, ol s`furaili, `tm.) i` tlo chih qu` `s ò c`rmlih, y nh ohs iasphsatavhssaceýoamhs trliamahnlo`s, ò sast`cl eìsamh i` lsafnlmaýn y iastraeumaýn i` safnabamlihs.

Mhch `n ohs muoths ratulo`s, `n ol tò`vasaýn s` il un prhm`sh i` i`sr`loazlmaýn,bammahnloazlmaýn y rupturl i` ohs oãcat`s `ntr` ol r`loaili y oh aclfanlrah; p`rh, lunqu` ol

plrtamaplmaýn iar`mtl i` ohs ratulo`s glyl saih r``cpolzlil phr unl plrtamaplmaýn `smýpaml, òcasch `sp`mtìmuoh anmhrphrl ò ratulo. ]an `celrfh, ò prhb`shr Lerao `nta`ni` qu` ohssafnabamlihs shn ‟plmths mhntanf`nt`s i` o`mturl– phrqu` ò ratulo phs`` un mlrìmt`r

p`rbhrcltavh, y phr òoh casch ol mlplmaili i` r`loazlr trlnsbhrclmahn`s `n ohs `stlihs i`mhsls y `n ohs sud`ths ant`rvana`nt`s4

‟@n ohs ratulo`s, ol r`pr`s`ntlmaýn iò ‟irlcl shmalo– `stì ãntaclc`nt` vanmuolil l sumlplmaili p`rbhrcltavl, i` trlnsbhrclmaýn y i` lmtavlmaýn i` ol r`bo`xavaili pôeoaml4 `nmhntanuaili mhn ò man`, y lôn lnt`s mhn ò t`ltrh, ol tò`vasaýn prhphrmahnl un `splmah i`luthprhy`mmaýn y c`tlmhc`ntlrah i` ol shmaìli sher` sã cascl–.

@n `stl oãn`l, Ace`rt (<115) lbarcl qu` ò rath `n ol shmaìli chi`rnl s` gl trlnsbhrclih4yl nh s` il tlnth `n thrnh l ol prìmtaml m`r`chnalo y l ol ai`ntabamlmaýn iar`mtl (ol lig`saýn,ol b`), sanh qu` s` clnaba`stl cìalnt` ol ai`ntabamlmaýn s`munilral `n thrnh l ols

r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s vasulo`s, l ols ‟cln`rls i` s`r– (lo ohhk) cìs qu` lo glm`r casch. @sthsiasphsatavhs bhrclo`s i` prìmtamls r`murr`nt`s trlnscat`n unl i`t`rcanlil r`pr`s`ntlmaýn iòl r`loaili y mucpo`n unl bunmaýn shmalo4 ‟ol i` mr`lr / r`bhrzlr ò vãnmuoh mhn ò cìahmhcplrta`nih ò casch `sp`mtìmuoh, mr`lnih lsã un mhns`nsh bhrclo `n thrnh lo v`r –(Ace`rt, <111).

Lsã, ohs lmtulo`s ratulo`s mhcunamltavhs mhntraeuy`n l anstlolr v`rili`rhs `sm`nlrahs4

‟`stleo`m`n unl r`pr`s`ntlmaýn t`lt rlo - l c`nuih irlcltazlil - i` ol r`loaili, cìalntùnl t`ni`nmal l lm`ntulr ohs `b`mths, lo chih `sp`mtlmuolr, prhy`mtlnih lo `sp`mtlihr `n òmhrlzýn casch iò iasphsatavh mhcunamltavh4 `stl t`ni`nmal s` polscl `n ol n`h-tò`vasaýn

`n raths plrtamapltavhs `n ohs qu` ò `sp`mtlihr `s un "lmtlnt`" cìs iò du`fh tò`vasavh. @orath s` trlnsbhrcl `n m`r`chnal mho`mtavl, `n un mhcplrtar ò casch mýiafh–.

OL] NLUULMAHN@] GPCLNL]

‟]hülchs nlrrlnih, nhs `nshülchs nlrrlnih, r`mhrilchs, lntamaplchs, `sp`rlchs,i`s`sp`rlchs, mr``chs, iuilchs, poln`lchs, r`vaslchs, mratamlchs, mhnstruachs,mglrolchs, lpr`ni`chs, hialchs y lclchs l trlvás i` ol nlrrlmaýn–. Glriy (<127)

‟Ol vail ai`lo `s lquòol qu` mhrr`sphni` lo ròlth ai`lo–



<<2

N`glcls, (<170).

@o chih `n qu` ohs unav`rshs saceýoamhs s` mr`ln, s` trlnscat`n y s` i`struy`n `s l trlvási` ols r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s saceýoamls, mhch g`chs vasth4 mu`nths, mhcams, ph`cls, prhfrlcls

i` rliah, pòãmuols, nslyhs i` baohshbãl, ýp`rls, nhvòls, mlnmahn`s, smuoturls, eohfs,frlbattas, vai`hdu`fhs, ihmuc`ntlo`s, nhtama`rhs i` tò`vasaýn, lrtãmuohs ma`ntãbamhs hr`phrtld`s p`rahiãstamhs. @stls r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s shn mhnstrummahn`s muoturlo`s, y thils ools`stìn ans`rtls `n prhm`shs nlrrltavhs `n bhrcl i` caths ` gasthrals ápamls.

Ca oãn`l i` anv`staflmaýn s` elsl `n ol ai`l i` qu` ò lnìoasas i` ol `strumturl i` `stlsgasthrals qu` mhnbhrcln ò `nthrnh `n qu` vavachs, y phr cìah i` ols mulo`s s` i`slrrhoolfrln plrt` i` nu`strl vail shmalo, `s unl i` ols bhrcls `n qu` phi`chs `stuialr ohs rlsfhsai`hoýfamhs i` ohs iasmurshs. Zlrl Yghcpshn, ol o`fataclmaýn i` ols ròlmahn`s shmalo`s `sun prhm`sh qu`, l c`nuih, lsuc` ol bhrcl nlrrltavl; phr `sh ò lnìoasas i` ols `strumturlsnlrrltavls puì` aoustrlr mých s` clnta`n`n ols ròlmahn`s i` ihcanlmaýn mulnih s`r`pr`s`ntln mhch o`fãtacls4

‟]` nlrrln gasthrals qu` eusmln dustabamlr ò `d`rmamah iò phi`r phr lquòohs qu` oh phs``n ymulnih s` pr`t`ni` qu` lquòohs qu` nh oh ta`n`n lm`pt`n su satulmaýn. Ols nhvòls, ohslrtãmuohs p`rahiãstamhs y ols pòãmuols s` mhnstruy`n mhch nlrrlmahn`s qu` r`pr`s`ntln l olsròlmahn`s shmalo`s y cu`strln ols s`mu`nmals i` ma`rtls lmmahn`s, i` chih tlo qu` lphyln olsròlmahn`s i` phi`r `xast`nt`s. @n ohs mgast`s y ols mhnv`rslmahn`s travalo`s, qu` oo`nln frln

plrt` i` nu`strl vail mhtaialnl, mhntanulc`nt` stlchs mhcprhc taihs `n ròltlr ol cln`rl`n qu` ò cunih lplr`m` y `n r`bhrzlr, l trlvás i` ols erhcls g`mgls l `xp`nsls i` ohsi`cìs, ò hri`n lplr`nt` i` ols mhsls–. (Yghcpshn, <11<)6:.

Q `s qu` ols nlrrlmahn`s, cìs qu` r`bo`dlr, mr`ln ò s`ntaih i` ‟oh qu` `s v`rili–4

‟Ohs ròlths `stìn anmrustlihs `n ol lmmaýn shmalo; glm`n qu` ohs lmhnt`maca`nths s`ln shmaloc`nt` vasaeo`s y `stleo`m`n mlrlmt`rãstamlc`nt` `xp`mtltavls plrl lmhnt`maca`nths buturhs. @sths lmhnt`maca`nths s` vln mlrflnih i` s`ntaih ròltlih4 liqua`r`n ol r`loailii` un pranmapah, un moãclx y un banlo, y lsã sum`savlc`nt`. Ols p`rshnls vav`n ohslmhnt`maca`nths i` `st` chih.– (K`nn`tg F`rf`n, <112).

I`si` st` punth i` vastl, ols nlrrlmahn`s shn r`murshs mhnv`rslmahnlo s, mhnstrummahn`s

lea`rtls lo mlceah l cìail qu` ol ant`rlmmaýn prhfr`sl. F`rf`n (<112) lbarcl qu` ohsbrumtãb`rhs `xp`rac`nths i` ohs `smrathr`s chi`rnhs (Dhym` y Uhee`-Fraoo`t) y phschi`rnhs(Caoln Kuni`rl y F`hrf`s Z`r`m) `n ol ant`rrupmaýn i` ol nlrrlmaýn trliamahnlo, i`cu`strlnqu` `xast`n eu`nls rlzhn`s plrl shsp`mglr qu` ols bhrcls nlrrltavls, lo afulo qu` ohsmrat`rahs plrl mhntlr un ròlth, `stìn sud`ths l mhnv`nmahn`s mlcealnt`s.

6: Yghcpshn, Dhgn E4 Ol Mhcunamlmaýn Clsavl y ol Muoturl Chi`rnl. Mhntraeumaýn l unl Y`hrãl

mrãtaml i` ol Ai`hohfãl. U`vastl R`rsaýn. @stuiahs i` mhcunamlmaýn y phoãtaml, Nrh. <, Pnav`rsaili Lutýnhcl C`trhphoatlnl-Pnaili Whmgacaomh, Cáxamh, hmtuer` i` <11<.



<<6

Pnl i` òols `s, phr `d`cpoh, ò plmth mhcunamltavh qu` s` il `ntr` ols p`rshnls qu` prhium`n unl nlrrlmaýn y ols p`rshnls l ols qu` vl iarafail. @n `s` plmth stì acpoãmath òmýiafh y ò prhm`sh i`smhiabamlihr, ols mhniamahn`s i` r`m`pmaýn i` ol nlrrlmaýn, y unl els`mhcôn i` prhiummaýn i` s`ntaih h sustrlth muoturlo mhcôn qu` p`rcatl lo r`m`pthr`nt`ni`rol ` anmhrphrlrol l su lmucuolmaýn i` mhnhmaca`nth.

L `stl els` mhcôn i` prhiummaýn i` s`ntaih ol i`nhcanlchs ò aclfanlrah mho`mtavh, qu``s, s`fôn Lerao (<116), un mhndunth i` acìf`n`s mhcplrtaih phr unl shmaìli h phr unfruph shmalo, ‟`nt`nia`nih ‟aclf`n– n thih su sp`shr mhfnatavh, xp`ra`nmalo y prìmtamh.@o aclfanlrah mhcpr`ni` r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s, vai`nmals y pr`supu`sths nhrcltavhs acpoãmathsqu` mhnbafurln un chih i` mhnmèar (h c`dhr, i` aclfanlrs`) ò cunih, ols ròlmahn`sshmalo`s, ò prhpah fruph, ols ai`ntaili`s shmalo`s, ohs ban`s y lsparlmahn`s mho`mtavls, `tm.Zhr `sh pr`maslc`nt` `n ol mhnstrummaýn iò aclfanlrah mho`mtavh s` iln `sls oumgls i` phi`r`ntr` ohs iav`rshs lf`nt`s shmalo`s, mhnýcamhs y phoãtamhs qu` pr`t`ni`n stleo`m`rchiòhs, lsparlmahn`s, c`tls y r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s i` ol r`loaili li`mulils l sus ant`r`s`sai`hoýfamhs.

Ol nhmaýn i` nlrrlmaýn gl oo`flih l s`r mlil v`z cìs prhcan`nt` `n ols ma`nmals shmalo`siurlnt` ohs ôotachs lühs. ]` gl prhpu`sth mhch mhnm`pth hrflnazlihr bunilc`ntlo i` olZsamhohfãl, ol @tnhfrlbãl y htrhs mlcphs i` ols ma`nmals shmalo`s, s`fôn Zhtt`r (<117). @o

p`nslihr qu` prheleo`c`nt` gl g`mgh cìs plrl lehrilr stl oãn`l i` trleldh gl saih òt`ýramh i` ol gasthral Glyi`n Vgat`. ]u lrfuc`nth `s qu` `s un `rrhr mhnsai`rlr qu` glm`rgasthral mhnsast` `n r`mhpaolr g`mghs sher` ò plslih; plrl `st` luthr glm`r gasthral `s unlmhceanlmaýn i` i`smuerar g`mghs y prhiumar nlrrlmahn`s qu` iln s`ntaih l `shs g`mghs.Mhnsast`, pu`s, n prhiumar mhg`r`nmal li`cìs i` mhrr`sphni`nmal.

L oh olrfh i` ol gasthral i` ol Guclnaili, s` gln mr`lih unl anbanaili i` nlrrltavls qu` glnmhnbhrclih oh qu` i`nhcanlchs ol c`chral mho`mtavl i` mlil muoturl. ]`fôn Ulquò Zlavl(5::2), lofunls mlrlmt`rãstamls shn mhcun s y `stìn pr`s`nt`s `n thils ols nlrrltavls, phr`d`cpoh, ò mlrìmt`r chrloazlihr, qu` ‟nhrcloazl– ohs mhcphrtlca`nths shmalo`s y, i` `stlcln`rl, glm` valeo` ol mhnvav`nmal. 6<

@O BAN I@ OL GA]YHUAL4 @O ZH]CHI@UNA]CH MPOYPULO.

@n ol lmtuloaili, `n ò s`nh i` ol muoturl i` clsls phschi`rnl, ol nlrrlmaýn gl saihsustatuail phr ò boudh, ol mhn`xaýn phr ol i`smhn`xaýn, ol s`mu`nmal phr ol lo`lthraìli; y òmhst` qu` plflchs phr òoh `s ol c`chral. @stlchs `n unl muoturl lcnásaml, s`fôn IlvaiChro`y, `n ol qu` cuy rlrlc`nt` lofua`n glm` unl shol mhsl mlil v`z, i` bhrcl mhnm`ntrlily iurlnt` un p`rãhih i` ta`cph olrfh.

Afnlta`bb (<171) shsta`n` qu` ò phschi`rnasch puì` s`r mlrlmt`razlih mhch ol ‟muoturli` ohs = canuths–. Ol muoturl i` un olpsh i` lt`nmaýn mhrth, ihni` ohs phoãtamhs yl nh s`

6<. Zlavl i` Lrlôdh ]hlr`s, Ulquò4 Ols canhrãls `n ols nlrrltavls i` ohs cìal . U`vastl Ma`ntãbaml iÀnbhrclmaýn y Mhcunamlmaýn, Nôc`rh =, (5::2), ]`vaool.



<<7

iaraf`n l nhshtrhs l trlvás i` iasmurshs sanh l trlvás i` ‟brls`s p`fliazls– i` =: s`funihs65.

@n `st` s`ntaih, D`ln Brlnæhas Oyhtlri i`ban` ò phschi`rnasch, `n un prhm`sh i`sacpoabamlmaýn, mhch ‟unl anmrìuoaili lnt` ols c`tl nlrrlmahn`s–. ]u ant`rás r`ml``sp`maloc`nt` `n oh qu` áo i`nhcanl ‟mrasas i` nlrrlmahn`s–, `s i`mar, unl mrasas `n olsgasthrals frlniahsls h c`tl nlrrlmahn`s qu` utaoazlchs plrl mhcpr`ni`r ò cunih yo`fataclr nu`strls v`rsahn`s i` áo.

Htrhs luthr`s mhch Oaphv tsky, h Erumkn`r, phn`n o lm`nth `n ol i`strummaýn i` s ntaih; ollnaquaolmaýn i` ohs frlni`s sast`cls ai`hoýfamhs y ròafahshs, i` ohs frlni`s vlohr`s i` oltrliamaýn y i` ol chi`rnaili4.

‟Nanfunl ai`hohfãl phoãtaml `s mlplz i` `ntusalsclr l ols clsls, ol shmaìli phschi`rnl nhta`n` ãihoh na tleô, na ta`n` unl aclf`n fohrahsl i` sã cascl, nanfôn prhy`mth gastýramhchvaoazlihr, `stlchs yl r`faihs phr ò vlmãh– (Faoos Oaphv`tsky, <111).

Ol phschi`rnaili `s un prhm`sh i` i`smràca`nth y i` ròltavasch thtlo qu` mhnoo`vl plrl òaniavaiuh unl blotl i` s`ntaih i` ol prhpal `xast`nmal, y qu` trlnsmurr` plrloòlc`nt` loi`slrrhooh i` ols oae`rtli`s aniavaiulo`s. @xast` unl `sp`ma` i` ghrrhr vlmua y `sh s` trlium``n unl clsl g`t`rhfán`l i` aniavaiuhs lutýnhchs y oaer`s qu` s` `nmu`ntrln mhn unl flcli` phsaeaoaili`s i` ò`mmaýn anbanatls (plrl thclr sus i`masahn`s, plrl liquarar ol prhb`saýni`s`lil, ò ouflr i` r`sai`nmal, ò `staoh i` vail i`s`lih, ol plr`dl qu` unh qua`r`, `tm.), quòh glm`n lnfustalrs` (Brhcc, <115). @o aniavaiuh oaer` ta`n` qu` mr`lrs` su prhpah s`ntaih`n un cunih qu` trlnsmurr` l thil vòhmaili, `n un pr`s`nt` mhntanuh qu` iurl i`clsalih

phmh, y `n un cunih mlrlmt`razlih phr ol brlfc`ntlmaýn nlrrltavl.

@n ol phschi`rnaili ò s`ntaih `stì lea`rth, `s bo`xaeo`, mlcealnt`, cývao y sud`th l olscôotapo`s mlplmaili`s ant`rpr`tltavls i` ols p`rshnls. Li`cìs, ohs prhm`shs i` busaýn i`fán`rhs `státamhs y nlrrltavhs lphrtln nu`vhs s`ntaihs l chih i` mhoolf`, i` chslamhmuoturlo; `s un prhm`sh i` gaerailmaýn i` shphrt`s, i` bhrclths y i` `staohs qu` mhnbhrclnnu`vhs safnabamlihs y trlnsbhrcln ò unav`rsh saceýoamh. Ols p`rshnls t`n`chs qu` ò`far`ntr` sl lcloflcl i` s`ntaihs y safnabamlmahn`s mhntrliamthrals, qu` shn mlcealnt`s s`fônols chils shmalo`s y qu` puì`n s`r (r`)mhnstruails lmtavlc`nt` phr ohs aniavaiuhs.

]an `celrfh, l ol v`z qu` `xast` un vlmãh i` s`ntaih, nunml glstl lghrl gleãlchs t`naihtlnth lmm`sh l ols nlrrlmahn`s `n côotapo`s shphrt`s4 oaerhs i` plpò, èhhks, olpthps, aplis,tleo`ts, nhtèhhks, apghn`s, tò`vasahn`s, mhnshols i` vai`hdu`fhs, tm. @o mhnsuch i`ròlths `s fohelo lghrl qu` ol t`mnhohfãl gl oo`flih l ohs ranmhn`s cìs o`dlnhs iò poln`tl.Ols nlrrlmahn`s sher`vav`n, p`rh yl nh i` un chih v`rtamlo h d`rìrquamh, sanh ghrazhntlo;

Ql nh nhs hbr`m`n shoumahn`s thtloazlnt`s, phrqu` gln saih sustatuails phr camrhrròlths, p`rh oh ma`rth `s qu` gl luc`ntlih ol i`clnil i` nlrrlmahn`s y s` gln cuotapoamlih ohsluthr`s qu` pueoamln y ohs fruphs qu` hbr`m`n gasthrals nlrrltavls, `sp`maloc`nt` frlmals lo

65. @n Murrln, Chro`y y Vlok`rian` (<117).



<<1

b`nýc`nh i` Ant`rn`t. Nh mr``chs, pu`s qu` ohs ròlths mlr`zmln i` ol anbou`nmal i` lntlüh,sanh cìs ea`n lo r`vás; ghy `n iãl ol aniustral iò `ntr`t`naca`nth i`clnil gasthrals qu`mhntlr plrl phi`r s`fuar prhiuma`nih `ntr`t`naca`nth y `vlsaýn, l unl vòhmailiò`mtrazlnt`.

@n `stl anc`nsl hb`rtl muoturlo san `celrfh lp`nls gly iav`rsaili4 ohs `squ`cls nlrrltavhssafu`n sa`nih ohs caschs, unl y htrl v`z, mhn iab`r`nt`s rhstrhs. Zhr rlzhn`s i` clrk`tanf, lol aniustral muoturlo nh o` ant`r`sl hbr`m`rnhs ol mhcpo`daili y ol iav`rsaili i` ol r`loaili.Zhr `sh utaoazl sa`cpr` ohs caschs chiòhs b`c`nanhs y clsmuoanhs, phr `sh nh suò`r`pr`s`ntlr p`rshnld`s qu` nh s`ln na unl mhsl na ol htrl, phr `sh ohs `squ`cls i` lchrrhcìntamh shn sa`cpr` ohs caschs y lmleln `n ‟banlo bòaz–. Anmoush `n pòãmuols `n =Imhch Lvltlr, ohs `squ`cls shn ohs caschs4 gly unhs eu`nhs y gly unhs clohs, y ta`n`nqu` oumglr `ntr` òohs plrl v`r quaán v`nm`. Q v`nm`n ohs eu`nhs, y ò mgamh s` oafl l olmgaml, y vav`n bòam`s plrl sa`cpr` dlcìs.

I`si` ò qu``r s` r`mglzl ol pher`zl i` ohs `squ`cls nlrrltavhs trliamahnlo`s y s` i`nunmalol ai`hohfãl pltralrmlo, mlpatloastl, rlmastl y molsastl qu` `clnl i` ol clyhr plrt` i` olsaniustrals muoturlo`s y cìaìtamls. @o qu``r lpu`stl phr ol annhvlmaýn i` mhnt`naihs, oliav`rsaili muoturlo y ol ghrazhntloaili i` ol muoturl, mhch un prhm`sh `n ò qu` ol f`nt` il yr`mae`, o`` y `smrae`, mhnstruy` gasthrals mho`mtavls.

@sthy mhnv`nmail i` qu` shoh i`si` `sl iav`rsaili `s mhch phir`chs lcpoalr nu`strhsghrazhnt`s c`ntlo`s y `nraqu`m`r nu`strl vail `chmahnlo y s`ntac`ntlo4 phr `sh `sacphrtlnt` qu` ohs mr`lihr`s y ols mr`lihrls i` muoturl puìln rhcp`r mhn ò `squ`cl

trliamahnlo y hbr`m`rnhs htrhs `squ`cls, htrhs chiòhs, htrls bhrcls i` ròlmahnlrs`, htrlslmmahn`s plrl `nbr`ntlrs` lo cunih, h plrl bhrclr plrt` i` áo trlnsbhrcìnihoh.

5.5.=. OL MHN]YUPMMAÝN MPOYPULO I@ OL AI@NYAILI

@n ò prhm`sh i` mhnbhrclmaýn i` ol ai`ntaili sued`tavl shn `s`nmalo`s ohs prhm`shs i`luthnlrrlmaýn qu` ohs sud`ths glm`n i` su vail y i` su chih i` v`r ò cunih. @omhnstrummahnasch, phr `d`cpoh, lbarcl qu` utaoazlchs ohs ròlths plrl ai`ntabamlrnhs mhnhtrhs y l nhshtrhs caschs, y plrl shmaloazlr lo aniavaiuh l trlvás i` ohs ròlths `n olanblnmal4 ohs mu`nths i` glils, ohs mu`nths phpuolr`s y ohs ròlths i` blcaoal mhnstatuy`n ols

prac`rls `xphsamahn`s hrflnazlils i` ol lmmaýn guclnl. Ohs ròlths sarv`n tlceaán, s`fônF`rf`n, mhch cìahs mrãtamhs l trlvás i` ohs mulo`s nhs glm`chs antòafaeo`s `n ò s`nh iòcunih shmalo4 ‟ols p`rshnls mhnmì`n safnabamlih l sus vails y ròlmahn`s ròltlnih su`xp`ra`nmal– (Vgat` y @psthn (<11:).

I`si` unl p`rsp`mtavl s`caýtaml, shn nuc`rhshs luthr`s ohs qu` ròlmahnln ò mhnm`pth iài`ntaili mhn ò i` s`ntaih, y sa`cpr` i`ntrh i` un mhnt`xth muoturlo h shmalo i`t`rcanlih.‟ Zhr ai`ntaili `nta`nih ò prhm`sh i` mhnstrummaýn i` s`ntaih lt`nia`nih l un ltraeuth



<5:

muoturlo, h un mhndunth ròlmahnlih i` ltraeuths muoturlo`s, lo qu` s` il prahraili sher` òr`sth i` ols bu`nt`s i` s`ntaih.– (Clnuò Mlstòos, <117)

Zlrl Clrmhs @nfòk`n (5::0), ol ai`ntaili, `n tlnth qu` nlrrlmaýn qu` un sud`th glm` i` sãcasch plrl (luth-) mhcpr`ni`rs`, mhnoo`vl, n`m`slralc`nt`, thil unl vasaýn iò cunih(Vòtlnsmgluunf). I` `st` chih, ol ai`ntaili suphn` unl nlrrlmaýn qu` hp`rl `n ihsnavò`s4 mr`l unl aclf`n iò cunih y satôl lo sud`th `n un punth i`t`rcanlih i`ntrh i` `slaclf`n4

‟ Ol ai`ntaili `s un prhm`sh i` mhntanul (r`-) prhiummaýn (nh c`mìnaml) i` s`ntaih4 olai`ntaili p`rshnlo (p`rh tlceaán ol mho`mtavl) `xaf` unl i`t`rcanlil aclf`n iò cunih(Vòteaoi) plrl phi`r satulrs` i`ntrh i` òol y, `n mhns`mu`nmal, plrl prhmurlrs` unli`banamaýn qu` n`m`slralc`nt` iè` vanmuolrs` l lofunl htrl mhsl, p`rh, l ol v`z, `n tlnthol ai`ntaili pr`suphn` `sl aclf`n iò cunih, ol (r`- ) prhium`–6=.

@o tárcanh ‟luthnlrrltavh–, s`fôn F`rf`n, s` r`ba`r` l ol `xpoamlmaýn qu` pr`s`ntl un

aniavaiuh i` ol ròlmaýn `ntr` lmhnt`maca`nths luthrrò`vlnt`s l trlvás iò ta`cph;utaoazlchs ò ròlth plrl ai`ntabamlrnhs mhn htrhs y l nhshtrhs caschs. Ol luthnlrrlmaýn `s, plrl `st` luthr, unl su`rt` i` anstruc`nth oanfÿãstamh anmrustlih `n ols s mu`nmalsmhnv`nmahnlo`s i` lmmaýn y `cpo`lih `n ols ròlmahn`s i` tlo chih qu` shst`nfl,ant`nsabaqu` h acpail iav`rsls bhrcls i` lmmaýn.

]hn r`murshs muoturlo`s qu` mucpo`n mhn prhpýsaths shmalo`s mhch ol luthai`ntabamlmaýn, olluthdustabamlmaýn, ol luthmrãtaml y ol shoaiabamlmaýn shmalo. ‟Ols p`rshnls mhnmì`nsafnabamlih l sus vails y ròlmahn`s ròltlnih su `xp`ra`nmal–, lbarcln Vgat` y @psthn(<11:).

Zlrl K`nn`tg D. F`rf`n, i`t`rcanlils bhrcls i` nlrrlmaýn shn lcpoalc`nt` mhcplrtailsi`ntrh i` ol muoturl; shn br`mu`nt`c`nt` uslils, bìmaoc`nt` ai`ntabamlils y lotlc`nt`bunmahnlo`s, y mhnstatuy`n ò saolelrah i` phsaeo`s yh`s4

‟Pnh nh liqua`r` un prhbunih y iurleo` ‟yh v`rili`rh, sanh un pht`nmalo plrl mhcunamlr y r`pr`s`ntlr un yh. ( …) @n ol clyhrãl i` ohs mlshs ols lmmahn`s i` ohs i`cìs s`mhnva`rt`n `n plrt` ant`frlnt` i` ol antòafaeaoaili nlrrltavl. @n `s` s`ntaih, olsmhnstrummahn`s iò yh r`qua`r`n i` thih un r`plrth i` plrtamaplmahn`s i` lphyh. (…) @o quùn lmthr ohfr` shst`n`r unl luthnlrrlmaýn ilil i`p`ni` bunilc`ntloc`nt` i` ol vhountlii` ohs i`cìs i` s`fuar ant`rpr`tlnih i`t`rcanlihs plshs `n ròlmaýn mhn áo–.

Ohs ròlths `stìn acpoamlihs `n nu`strl cln`rl i` vavar ò cunih y mhnta`n`n nu`strhmhnhmaca`nth prìmtamh; mhnstatuy`n un trleldh mhcunatlrah i` mhnstrummaýn i` un cunihantòafaeo` phr cìah i` un mhnhmaca`nth qu` `s bafurltavh y oýfamh. Luthr`s mhch D.C.]mgl`bb`r y D. Erun`r gln mhanmaiaih `n mhnsai`rlr ol nlrrlmaýn mhch un acphrtlntànstruc`nth i` mhnhmaca`nth guclnh, qu` mhcplrln mhn ol chiloaili ma`ntãbaml i`

p`nslca`nth.

]mgl`bb`r (<111) lbarcl qu` nanfunl shmaìli puì` r`prhiumars` san unl trlnscasaýn i` ohssle`r`s shmalo`s (`s i`mar, i` ols mr``nmals ant`rahrazlils `n eohqu` y nh liquarails phr

6= @nfòk`n, Clrmhs (5::0). ‟Ol c`tìbhrl i` oh unh -côotapo`4 Pnl (r`-) mhnm`ptulmaýn ialoýfaml i` ol ai`ntaili p`rshnlo (unl mrãtaml lo rìummahnasch ‟phschi`rnastl–)–. Ltg`n`l Iafatlo , 6, <<9- <=5.



<5<

lpr`niazld` aniavaiulo) y `n `st` s`ntaih, thil shmaìli s` r`prhium` plrmaloc`nt` phrchiòazlmaýn "cãtaml".

]mglbb`r anmai` `n ò vãnmuoh nlrrltavh qu` `xast` `ntr` acatlmaýn, bammaýn y mhnhmaca`nth. Olbhrcl cìs sacpo` i` chiòazlr `s ol `d`cpoabamlmaýn i` satulmahn`s y s`mu`nmals i`mhcphrtlca`nth, qu` s`fôn Mrastanl Z`ülclrãn (<111), phn`n l nu`strl iasphsamaýn`squ`cls i` satulmahn`s, sm`nlrahs i` lmmahn`s, mhnstòlmahn`s chtavls y átamls, qu` shnsusm`ptaeo`s i` s`r ant`rahrazlils phr anc`rsaýn y qu`, `v`ntuloc`nt`, puì`n s`rr`lmtavlils i` cln`rl lshmaltavl. ]mgl`bb`r `nta`ni` qu` un chiòh bammahnlo `s sa`cpr` i`

blmth unl chiòazlmaýn iò unav`rsh r`lo, y qu` lmmì`chs l ol bammaýn mhn ols casclsmhcp`t`nmals c`ntlo`s y r`pr`s`ntlmahnlo`s qu` nhs sarv`n plrl r`pr`s`ntlrnhs ol r`loaili4‟ Anmoush ols cìs blntìstamls bammahn`s qu` philchs anv`ntlr sa`cpr` s`rìn vlralnt`s i` ohqu` safnabaml plrl nhshtrhs qu` lofh "s`l unl r`loaili" .

Zlrl Mrastanl Z`ülclrãn, ò ant`rás i` ols bammahn`s rliaml ‟`n su mlplmaili i` prhphrmahnlr

chiòhs iò cunih qu` ohs r`m`pthr`s puì`n òlehrlr mhfnatavlc`nt` plrl mhnhm`r ol`strumturl ant`rnl i` ohs prhm`shs qu` o`s r`suotln prheo`cìtamhs, mhch shn ohs qu`

acpoamln ols ròlmahn`s y ohs lb`mths guclnhs–Lsã pu`s, ol nlrrlmaýn i` bammaýn mhnstruy` un chiòh lnìohfh iò unav`rsh r`lo, oh qu`

p`rcat`, s`fôn Z`ülclrãn, mhnhm`r ol `strumturl y ohs prhm`shs ant rnhs i` ol r`loaili yclnapuolrol mhfnatavlc`nt`; ‟ Ol r`loaili i` ol qu` s` hmupl ol bammaýn `s ol i` ols lmmahn`s` ant`nmahn`s guclnls, ohs prhm`shs psãquamhs y ohs mhnboamths qu` s` i`ravln i` ohsi`sldust`s `ntr` ol vasaýn "ant`rahr" y "`xt`rahr" i` un prhm`sh–69.

@n nu`strh pr`s`nt` phschi`rnh, san `celrfh, Clrm Lufá (<117) mr`` qu` ol mhniamaýn iòl bammaýn y ò ouflr iò luthr `stìn lmtuloc`nt` cuy lot`rlihs4 ‟ol bammaýn oh anvli` thih yò luthr i`slplr`m`–, y lüli` cìs liòlnt`4 ‟ Ol mu`staýn mhnsastarãl `n sle`r sa ò i`slrrhoohi` ols t`mnhohfãls nh gl oae`rlih (`s`nmaloc`nt` l mlusl i` ol lmmaýn i` qua`n`s ol utaoazlnmhn ban`s `mhnýcamhs y phoãtamhs) unl bhrcl i`smlrralil i` oh aclfanlrah (ol ‟pu`stl `n

bammaýn) y mhn òol unl `n`rfãl nhmavl sher` ol mulo yl nh s` ta`n` un ihcanah thtlo y i` ol`xast`nmal i` ol mulo, l i`mar v`rili, nh s` gl mherlih po`nl mhnma`nmal. Ol mltìstrhb` s`rãlilrnhs mu`ntl i`clsalih tlri` i` qu` oh r`lo s` gl mhnv`rtaih `n bammaýn y i` qu`, phr ohtlnth, yl nh gly bammaýn (bamtamah `s lquòoh qu` s` iastanfu` i` oh r`lo) y lôn c`nhs, luthr –.

]`fôn Lufá, `st` `s ò pranmaplo mlceah qu` gl `xp`rac`ntlih nu`strl muoturl `n ol phschi`rnaili, pu`s lntafulc`nt` ò cunih i` ol blntlsãl s` iastanfuãl molrlc`nt` i` olr`loaili4 ‟ Ol blntlsãl nh `s un ‟mhrr`mtavh i` ol r`loaili–; ol blntlsãl nh du`fl mhn ol

r`loaili, sanh qu` s` `vli` i` òol–.

Zhr `sh `s tln acphrtlnt` glm`r mhntanulc`nt` lnìoasas i` `shs chiòhs, `squ`cls y`st`r`htaphs qu` s` trlnscat`n nlrrltavlc`nt` y frlmals l ohs mulo`s ohs aniavaiuhs heta`n`nsu ai`ntaili muoturlo y su ai`ntaili p`rshnlo, s` shmaloazln y s` hra`ntln `n ol shmaìli.]`fôn Ougclnn (<110), prhm`shs mhch ò `squ`cl, ò clpl mhfnatavh, ò prhthtaph, shnmhnm`pths psamhoýfamhs qu` puì`n s`r lpoamlihs plrl o `smolr`maca`nth i` ohsmhcphrtlca`nths mho`mtavhs4

‟@o punth i` plrtail s` `nmu`ntrl `n ol n`m`saili i` c`chral; ò sast`cl iè` iasmracanlr`ntr` hovailr y r`mhrilr, yl qu` san hovaih ols mlplmaili`s iò sast`cl s` eohqu`lrãln cuyrìpailc`nt`. L ol olrfl, san `sl mlplmaili i` iasmracanlmaýn, ò sast`cl shoh

69 Z`ülclrãn, Mrastanl4 Bammaýn tò`vasavl y p`nslca`nth nlrrltavh. Y`xths i` ols A Dhrnlils sher` Yò`vasaýn (iama`cer`, <111).



<55

`xp`rac`ntlrãl h r`p`tarãl oh casch. @o hovailr prhium` qu` s` i`d`n oaer`s mlplmaili`s. Z`rh ilih qu` ò sacpo` hovailr, l su v`z, nh puì` s`r r`mhrilih, s` n`m`satln `squ`clsqu` r`fuo`n y qu` mhns`rv`n oh qu` s` puìl vhov`r l `cpo`lr–.

Ohs pranmaplo`s `squ`cls qu` mhnstruy`n y chiòln ol ai`ntaili mho`mtavl ` aniavaiulo `n ò

s`nh i` ol muoturl guclnl shn ohs `st`r`htaphs, ohs lrqu`taphs y ohs gárh`s y chiòhscãtamhs (qu` lnloazlr`chs `n ò safua`nt` lplrtlih); thihs òohs mhnbhrcln pr`maslc`nt` ohqu` unhs gln i`nhcanlih anmhnsma`nt` mho`mtavh y htrhs c`chral h aclfanlrah mho`mtavh4

- Ohs `st`r`htaphs604

]hn ols r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s aclfanlrals `squ`cìtamls i` un fruph mhn r`sp`mth l ohs ca`cerhsi` htrh fruph h l satulmahn`s tãpamls. @s unl f`n`rloazlmaýn i` muloaili`s phsatavls yn`fltavls qu` s` clt`raloazl `n unl p`rshnl qu` p`rt`n`zml l i`t`rcanlihs fruphs shmalo`s.@o pòafrh i` `stls f`n`rloazlmahn`s st`r`htaplils rliaml n qu` utaoazln mlt`fhrãls

p`rt`n`ma`nt`s lo p`nslca`nth eanlrah y d`rlrquazlih, y phr òoh nh ta`n`n `n mu`ntl ol

iac`nsaýn i` ol p`rshnl `n su thtloaili, mhn thihs sus cltam`s eahfrìbamhs ` ai`hoýfamhs.

Ohs st`r`htaphs suò`n s`r mhns`rvlihr s phrqu` `nmlsaooln ols p`rshnloaili`s `n unls phmls mlrlmt`rãstamls i`banathrals y i`banatavls (phr `d`cpoh, loac`ntl ols ai`ls sacpo`s y`rrýn`ls sher` ol tlmlü`rãl i` thihs ohs mltloln`s, ol arrlmahnloaili i` thils ols cud`r`s, ollmtavaili iòamtavl n thils ols p`rshnls i` `tnal fatlnl, ol prhp`nsaýn lo t`rrhrasch y lonlmahnloasch i` thihs ohs vlsmhs, ol anmlplmaili i` thihs ohs ghcer`s plrl glm`r ihs mhslsh cìs l ol v`z, ò ant`frasch i` thihs ohs cusuocln`s, tm. @st` nmldhnlca`nth p`rp`tôl olaclf`n n`fltavl i` cumghs fruphs shmalo`s `n ò aclfanlrah mho`mtavh, y nh p`rcat` l ohsaniavaiuhs ol phsaeaoaili i` s`r iab`r`nt`s l ohs `st`r`htaphs l ohs qu` s` o` lshmaln `n

bunmaýn i` ol mols` shmalo, plãs i` hraf`n, `tnal, fán`rh, prhb`saýn, ròafaýn, l ol qu` p`rt`n`m`n. Lo shoaiabamlrs` `n ò aclfanlrah shmalo, ohs `st`r htaphs anmai`n `n olmhnstrummaýn i` ol ai`ntaili p`rshnlo, ea`n plrl s`r lsucaihs, ea`n plrl s`r mhnt`stlihs. @n`st` s`ntaih, ohs `st`r`htaphs ta`n`n unl bunmaýn nhrcltavl, s`fôn s`üloln luthr`s mhchLo`x Cummgaòoa (5::5), qu` mhnsai`rl qu` ohs `st`r`htaphs shn ‟hed`ths ai`lo`s– qu` phs``nunl bu`rt` mlplmaili i` herlr; `xaf`n i` nhshtrhs r`lmmahn`s y s` bhrcln l plrtar i` nu`strls`xp`ra`nmals vatlo`s.

Zuì`n, mhch ols nhrcls, trlnscatars` l unhs ca`cerhs i` un fruph phr plrt` i` htrhsca`cerhs iò fruph. Q `s pr`maslc`nt` su mlrìmt`r pôeoamh oh qu` glm` qu` ohs `st`r`htaphs

t`nfln tlntl acphrtlnmal shmalo y phoãtaml s`fôn Mrastanl Flrlazlelo (5::=), qu` mhnsai`rlqu` `n unl shmaìli `n ol qu` oh vasulo vl liquara`nih mlil v`z cìs acphrtlnmal, `stlsacìf`n`s tapabamlils du`fln un plpò bunilc`ntlo `n ol shmaloazlmaýn, ol ìumlmaýn y òmhntrho shmalo.

60 @n su iammahnlrah, ol U`lo Lmli`cal @splühol i`ban` lsã ò tárcanh `st`r`htaph4 ‟Aclf`n h ai`llm`ptlil mhcônc`nt` phr un fruph h shmaìli mhn mlrìmt`r ancutleo`–. Zhr su plrt`, F`hrf` O.Chss` `n su oaerh Ol aclf`n iò ghcer`. Ol mr`lmaýn i` ol clsmuoanaili chi`rnl iam`4 ‟Ohs st`r`htaphs s`

mhnbafurlrhn `n ol ìli chi`rnl mhch plrt` i` unl eôsquìl f`n`rlo i` sãcehohs mhn òprhpýsath i` glm`r oh lestrlmth mhnmr`th i`ntrh i` ohs i`smhnm`rtlnt`s mlceahs i` ol chi`rnaili–. @n Mrastanl Flrlazlelo, (Rlomu`ni` iò Uãh, 5::=)



<5=

- Ohs lrqu`taphs shn `squ`cls tapabamlihr`s lnloazlihs phr ò psamhlnìoasas, i`banaihs phrMlro Fustlv Dunf mhch mhnt`naihs i` oh anmhnsma`nt` mho`mtavh; ‟shn taphs lrmlamhs h

pracaf`nahs, acìf`n`s f`n`rlo`s `xast`nt`s i`si` ta`cphs anc`chralo`s–. Dunf y sussum`shr`s gln i`smuea`rth qu` `n ò navò iò anmhnsma`nt` prhbunih, ol psaqu` i` mlil

p`rshnl `stì suc`rfail `n oh qu` Dunf oolcý o ‟anmhnsma`nt` mho`mtavh–, bhrclih phr plutlsanstantavls y mhnbafurlmahn`s i` n`rfãl prheleo`c`nt` g`rìlils phr ols f`n`rlmahn`s i`nu`strl sp`ma`. Ohs lrqu`taphs prhphrmahnln ols els`s i` nu`strh mhcphrtlca`nth,

p`nslca`nth, s ntaca`nth y r`lmmahn`s guclnls mlrlmt`rãstamls. Dunf (<1=9) i ba`ni` ol ai`li` qu` `sths lrqu`taphs shn muoturlo`s, p`rh l ol v`z shn annlths y s` trlnscat`n phrg`r`nmal4 ‟ Ols acìf`n`s pracaf`nals (lrqu`taphs) shn ang`r`nt`s l ol sp`ma`, y sa gln

surfaih lofunl v`z, `s` surfaca`nth mhanmai` mhn ò mhca`nzh i` ol `sp`ma`–.

@stl t`hrãl s` ls`c`dl l ol iò `strumturloasch oanfÿãstamh i` Mghcsky, qu` i`ba`ni` ol ai`li` qu` ol mlplmaili oanfÿãstaml guclnl s` g`rìl l trlvás i` ohs f`n`s. Dunf (<1=9)62 i`ba`ni` qu` ohs lrqu`taphs tlceaán s` g`rìln y shn. i` lofôn chih, annlths `n olmlplmaili saceýoaml iò s`r guclnh; phr `d`cpoh, ò lrqu`taph i` ol clir`, qu` `s mhcôn lthils ols muoturls. ]an `celrfh, s` nhs glm` `xtrlül ol ai`l phrqu` glstl lghrl ohsma`ntãbamhs nh gln nmhntrlih f`n`s muoturlo`s `n ol s`mu`nmal f`nátaml guclnl. Nhs `siabãmao mhcpr`ni`r qu` `shs lrqu`taphs bhrc`n plrt` mhnstatutavl i` ol Guclnaili, yl qu`,ièaih l su mlrìmt`r muoturlo, shn mhnstrummahn s guclnls lrtabamalo`s qu` puì`n s`rtrlnscatails i`si` ò pranmapah i` ohs ta`cphs.

Mlro Fustlv Dunf nh na`fl `st` mlrìmt`r mhnstrummahnastl, p`rh plrl áo `stls `strumturls nh s`trlnscat`n phr trliamaýn h l trlvás iò o`nfuld`, sanh qu` s` `nmu`ntrln `n ol `strumturl i`

p`nslca`nth i` ohs r`maán nlmaihs guclnhs. I ba`ni` su ai`l lrfuc`ntlnih qu` `n ol psaqu` `xast`n i`t`rcanlils bhrcls qu` `stìn pr`s`nt`s sa`cpr` y n thih ouflr ylbarclnih qu` `xast`n lrqu`taphs unav`rslo`s `n ol muoturl guclnl qu` p`rt`n`m`n loanmhnsma`nt` mho`mtavh66. Lo glm`rs` mhnsma`nt` y s`r p`rmaeaih, ò lrqu`taph `xp`rac`ntl unltrlnsbhrclmaýn lilptlil l ol mhnma`nmal aniavaiulo `n ol qu` lplr`m`4 ‟ Ohs acpuoshs ta`n`nlnlohfãls cuy `xlmtls mhn ohs lrqu`taphs, tln `xlmtls qu` gly rlzhn`s plrl suphn`r quòhs lrqu`taphs shn ols acìf`n`s anmhnsma`nt`s i` ohs prhpahs acpuoshs; mhn htrl plolerls,qu` shn ò chiòh plrliafcìtamh iò mhcphrtlca`nth anstantavh–. I` `st` chih, Dunfròlmahný l ohs lrqu`taphs i` cln`rl iar`mtl mhn ohs anstanths qu` phs``n htrhs lnaclo`s,mhch phr `d`cpoh ol r`lmmaýn iò pltath qu` s` vl i`trìs i` muloqua`r s`r qu` plsl l su olih

mhnbuniaánihoh mhn su clir`.

62Dunf, Mlro Fustlv4 ‟Ohs Lrqu`taphs y oh Anmhnsma`nt` Mho`mtavh–, @iathralo Yrhttl, Clirai, (<1=9), 5::5.66 Chhr` y Fao`tt` (<11=) tlceaán i`ba`ni`n `st` punth i` vastl `n su oaerh4 ‟Ol `xast`nmal i` ohslrqu`taphs `s `vai`nt` `n ohs ihmuc`nths moãnamhs sher` ohs su`ühs y ols `nshülmahn`s i` ohsplma`nt`s, y `n ol hes`rvlmaýn lt`ntl i` ols plutls i` mhcphrtlca`nth guclnh. Ylceaán `stìihmuc`ntlil `n `stuiahs prhbunihs i` ol cathohfãl y ò bhomohr` i` thih ò cunih. Q tlceaánlplr`m`n `n ohs su`ühs i` ols p`rshnls qu` nh ta`n`n nanfôn mhnhmaca`nth sher` ol clt`ral. Olcu`rt` y r`surr`mmaýn iò dhv`n iahs, phr `d`cpoh, s` `nmu`ntrl `n ohs caths i` puèohs tlniastanths mhch ohs mrastalnhs, ohs p`rsls cusuocln`s, ohs lntafuhs suc`rahs y ohs chi`rnhs

lehrãf`n`s nhrt`lc`ramlnhs, lsã mhch `n ohs su`ühs i` ohs plma`nt`s qu` r`mae`n psamht`rlpal. @s`vai`nt` qu` `xast`n plutls sueylm`nt`s qu` i`t`rcanln ol vail guclnl, mhfnatavl y `chmahnlo–.



<59

Gly tlnths lrqu`taphs mhch satulmahn`s tãpamls `n ol vail. Pnl r`p`tamaýn ant`rcanleo` (ol`sp`ma` guclnl ta`n` ihs caoohn`s i` lühs i` lntafÿìli) gl frlelih `sls `xp`ra`nmals `nnu`strl mhnstatumaýn psãquaml, ‟nh `n bhrcl i` acìf`n`s oo`nls i` mhnt`naih, sanh lo

pranmapah mlsa ônamlc`nt` mhch bhrcls san mhnt`naih, qu` r`pr`s`ntln ol c`rl phsaeaoailii` un ma`rth taph i` p`rm`pmaýn y i` lmmaýn (…) Nh s` trltl pu`s, i` r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s

g`rìlils sanh i` phsaeaoaili`s g`rìlils i` r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s– (Dunf, <1=9). Ol bu`nt` pranmaplo i` `stls bhrcls psãquamls shn ohs su`ühs y ol aclfanlmaýn lmtavl, p`rh ohslrqu`taphs tlceaán bhrcln plrt` i` ols r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s saceýoamls mho`mtavls mhch ohscaths y ohs raths.

Za`nsh qu` ò `stuiah i` `sths chiòhs y `squ`cls nlrrltavhs `s bunilc`ntlo plrl ò trleldhiò ma`ntãbamh shmalo phrqu` nhs il ol molv` i` ohs mlceahs shmalo`s. Zhr `d`cpoh, `n ò t`cliò fán`rh, phn`r lo i`smuea`rth qu` ohs `st`r`htaphs s`xulo`s nh p`rt`n`m`n lo ‟hri`nnlturlo– ` an`vatleo` i` ol vail, sanh l unl mhnstrummaýn muoturlo mhnmr`tl, gl lyuilihsher`cln`rl lo mlceah `n ol p`rm`pmaýn i` oh qu` `s s`r cud`r y ghcer` `n ò lmtuloaili, y

gl t`naih su mhrròlth `n ohs mlceahs shmalo`s, phoãtamhs y `mhnýcamhs qu` Hmmai`nt` `stì`xp`rac`ntlnih i`si` ol r`vhoumaýn b`canastl i` ol iámlil i` ohs 6: iò plslih safoh.

]ýoh frlmals l `st` i`svòlca`nth i` ohs prhm`shs muoturlo`s qu` gln o`fataclih olanb`rahraili y suehrianlmaýn i` ol cud`r l trlvás i` ‟mhsls ilils phr supu`stls–, gl saih

phsaeo` ò mlceah nlrrltavh y shmalo i` `shs squ`cls y `shs chiòhs.

@stls nu`vls prhpu`stls nlrrltavls, san `celrfh, s` cu`v`n `n ohs cìrf`n`s i` ols frlni`saniustrals muoturlo`s, qu` safu`n hbr`maánihnhs ohs caschs mhnt`naihs elslihs n ols

cascls strumturls. Lnloazlrols sarv` plrl vasaeaoazlr ohs ant`r`s`s ai`hoýfamhs qu` sueylm`n eldh ols r`pr`s`ntlmahn`s saceýoamls i` oh qu` iè`rãl s`r ò ghcer`, ol cud`r h ò lchr. Qòoh nhs p`rcat` glm`r prhpu`stls iab`r`nt`s `n ò ìceath i` ol muoturl y ol mhcunamlmaýn

plrl phi`r vasaeaoazlr htrls mhschvasahn`s, htrls bhrcls i` mhnstruar ol r`loaili h i``nt`ni`rol, htrls p`rsp`mtavls qu` `nraqu`zmln nu`strl muoturl. @o mlcanh, mr`h, `s chstrlr oliav`rsaili plrl rhcp`r mhn ol g`f`chnãl i` ol nhrcl, plrl lmlelr mhn ol hcnapht`nmal i` olv`rili, mhn ol clfal i` oh hed`tavh, mhn ols m`rt`zls qu` shsta`n`n nu`strh cunih pltralrmlo.



<50

= ZUHZP@]YL] ZLUL YULN]BHUCLU OL MHN]YUPMMAÝNI@ OL U@LOAILI I@]I@ OL MHCPNAMLMAÝN

‟Zhr ò shoh g`mgh i` qu` ò ‟olih shcerãh– ta`n` su r`loaili prhpal, qu` suò` s`r sana`strl,

mhnstatuy` unl lc`nlzl mhnstlnt` plrl ol r`loaili ‟oômail–, `stleo`mail y phsatavl i` ol vail`n shmaìli. Mhnstlnt`c`nt` s` sufa`r` ol ai`l i` qu` tlo v`z ol r`loaili oucanhsl i` ol vailmhtaialnl nh s`l cìs qu` unl aousaýn, qu` `n muloqua`r anstlnt` puì` s`r i`vhrlil phr olsuouolnt`s p`sliaools i` ol htrl r`loaili, ol shcerãl–.

E`rf`r y Oumkclnn (<116).



<52

Ca prhpu`stl `s ltr`v`rnhs l aclfanlr htrls r`loaili`s phsaeo`s… y l `cp`zlr oltrlnsbhrclmaýn i`si` unl trlnsbhrclmaýn prhbunil y r`vhoumahnlral i` nu`strl muoturl ynu`strl mhcunamlmaýn.

]a lphstlchs phr unl r`vhoumaýn i` ol muoturl y ols `chmahn`s, phir`chs i`spltralrmloazlrohs s`ntaca`nths, mhnstruar ròlmahn`s i`sant`r`slils y oaer`s, r`lprhpalrnhs i` nu`strlmlplmaili plrl cutlr y trlnsatlr, plrl fhzlr y iasbrutlr. Zhir`chs `xplniar ò mhnm`pth i`lchr lo v`manilrah, ròlmahnlrnhs i`si` ol t`rnurl, p`nslr htrls bhrcls i` qu`r`rs`,ròlmahnlrnhs i`si` ò polm`r y ò mlraüh, lmlelr mhn ols bheals shmalo`s qu` nhs iavai`n `nihs elnihs `nbr`ntlihs4 nhshtrhs y ‟ohs htrhs–, nhshtrls y ‟ols htrls–.

G` lquã ò `sehzh i` lofunls ai`ls qu` s` c` hmurr`n plrl trleldlrnhs aniavaiulo, ymho`mtavlc`nt` stl mhnstrummaýn i` htrls r`loaili`s phsaeo`s4

Mhnstruar unl átaml lchrhsl mho`mtavl qu` nhs p`rcatl mhnvavar plmãbaml yfhzhslc`nt` san elrr`rls i` mols`, `tnal, fán`rh, ìli, ròafaýn, `tm. Lmlelr mhn olsfu`rrls ant`rp`rshnlo`s y mhn ols ant`rnlmahnlo`s, y mhnstruar un cunih cìslchrhsh, afuloatlrah y shoailrah.

Lmlelr mhn ols `strumturls nlrrltavls trliamahnlo`s y ohs caths qu` trlnscat`n ol

ai`hohfãl g`f`cýnaml l trlvás i` ol hb`rtl p`rcln`nt` i` htrhs ròlths `n ols qu`mh`xastln côotapo`s chiòhs i` g`rhamaili, htrhs mhnboamths, htrls gasthrals, y htrhsbanlo`s bòam`s.

Mu`stahnlr i`si` unl p`rsp`mtavl qu``r ò p`nslca`nth eanlrah y d`rìrquamh plrl prhchv`r htrls bhrcls i` p`nslr cìs iav`rsls y lmhri`s mhn ohs ta`cphs, mhch`s ol prhpu`stl iò p`nslca`nth mhcpo`dh i` @iflr Chrãn h ò p`nslca`nth `n rì i` Gò`n Basg`r.

Mhnstruar nu`vls bhrcls i` p`nslr, nu`vls bhrcls i` mr`lr, nu`vhs chihs i`trlnscatar y `catar, nu`vls bhrcls i` r`maear y i` lphrtlr.

Liquarar g`rrlca`ntls plrl lpr`ni`r l f`stahnlr nu`strls chmahn`s, plrl

muailr nu`strl sloui c`ntlo y `chmahnlo, plrl phi`r muailr l nu`strhs s`r`s qu`raihs, plrl phi`r mhnstruar ròlmahn`s ehnatls elslils `n ò eu`n vavar, `n ol shoailraili y`n ò iasbrut`.

Lpr`ni`r l lnloazlr ohs prhiumths cìaìtamhs mhn p`rsp`mtavl mrãtaml, i`si` ol`smuòl l ol unav`rsaili, plrl mu`stahnlr thil ol `strumturl nlrrltavl i` nu`strlmuoturl y `nt`ni`r mých nhs trlnscat`n vlohr`s y pranmapahs l trlvás i` ol prhiummaýni` `chmahn`s eìsamls h praclrals.

Mhntlrnhs htrhs mu`nths y i`dlr ltrìs ols `strumturls nlrrltavls trliamahnlo`s mhn olsqu` lpr`ni`chs l s`r, l `stlr y l s`ntar pltralrmloc`nt`.

Mhnstruar htrhs chiòhs, htrhs pltrhn`s, htrls `strumturls bo`xaeo`s qu` nhs p`rcatln trlnsatlr phr ol iav`rsaili ` ar cìs looì i` ols `taqu`tls (i` fán`rh,nlmahnloaili, hra`ntlmaýn s`xulo, ròafaýn, `tm) qu` nhs mhohmln lo nlm`r y nhsoacatln plrl thil ol vail.

Flrlntazlr ò i`r`mgh unav`rslo lo mhnhmaca`nth, ol ìumlmaýn y ol muoturl, y l olt`mnhohfãl qu` p`rcatl lmmì`r oaer`c`nt` l ol f`nt` plrl bhrclrs`, anbhrclrs`,`ntr`t`n`rs`, mr`lr, mhnstruar aniavaiulo h mho`mtavlc`nt`.

Rasaeaoazlr thihs ohs cunihs qu` mhnvav`n `n `st`. Ol iav`rsaili `s ol c`dhrbhrcl i` lmlelr mhn ohs pltrhn`s i` ol g`f`chnãl pltralrmlo y mhn `stl clfal i` olv`rili leshoutl.

]lmlr l ol ouz oh qu` nh qu`r`chs v`r. Ohs olihs shcerãhs, ols `squanls hsmurls,ohs lntrhs san ouz, thih oh qu` elrr`chs ièldh i` ol lobhcerl, thih oh qu`



<56

r`pracachs `n ò anmhnsma`nt`. ]lmlr l ol ouz thil ol clt`ral hsmurl qu` shsta`n` oliheo` chrlo pltralrmlo.

Mhnstruar rhclntamasch iav`rsh y i`dlr ltrìs ò rhclntamasch pltralrmlo.U`n`flr sher` ol prhpaìli pravlil i` ols p`rshnls, r`mglzlr ol `xmousavailimlpatloastl, r`n`flr iò `fhãsch rhcìntamh y ols d`rlrquãls lb`mtavls,

Mr`lr nu`strhs prhpahs prhiumths muoturlo`s. Lnt`s shoh unhs phmhs t`nãlncamrýbhnh, y ols i`cìs `smumgìelchs, v`ãlchs h o`ãlchs oh qu` nhs hbr`mãln ohscìahs i` mhcunamlmaýn. Lghrl thils phi`chs glm`r prhfrlcls i` rliah, eohfsaniavaiulo`s y mho`mtavhs, p`raýiamhs iafatlo`s, ihmuc`ntlo`s, p`rbhrclnm`s, oaerhs,lrtãmuohs, mlnmahn`s, ph`cls, vãi`hs… Lghrl thihs y thils phi`chs s`r mr`lihrls y`cashrls, r`trlnscatar un `v`nth `n iar`mth, mhc`ntlr y hpanlr, ièltar, mhnstruarmhnhmaca`nth mho`mtavh, lphrtlr i`si` ihni` `stlchs. @n ol Ant`rn`t mhcplrtachsanbhrclmaýn, ant`rmlcealchs xp`ra`nmals, ièltachs sher` ohs t`cls qu` nhslplsahnln, mr`lchs rì`s i` p`nslca`nth y i` trleldh trlnsnlmahnlo, trleldlchs `nmhhp`rltavls vartulo`s, t`ni`chs pu`nt`s ant`rmuoturlo`s, vasaeaoazlchs oh qu` ohscìahs trliamahnlo`s anvasaeaoazln, lerachs ò `splmah plrl ol plrtamaplmaýnghrazhntlo, t`d`chs loalnzls y `strlt`fals mhnduntls, ilchs l mhnhm`r ols oumgls

p`rshnlo`s y ols mho`mtavls, mr`lchs rì`s i` shoailraili y lyuil cutul, `tm. Mlilv`z gly cìs f`nt` hbr`ma`nih l ol f`nt` su trleldh4 eohfs lntapltralrmlo`s, mu`nthsOFEY\, mýcams mhn unl p`rsp`mtavl trlnsb`canastl, man` b`canastl, lrt`mhntrlmuoturlo, t`ltrh i` mloo`, p`rbhrclnm`s lntapltralrmlo`s, y `nslyhs, lrtãmuohs yoaerhs qu` ohs c`rmlihs nh lm`ptln `n sus `stlnt`rãls na pueoamatln `n sus mli`nls i`tò`vasaýn.

Iav`rsabamlr shphrt`s y bhrclths plrl ol `casaýn. N`m`satlchs cìs rliahs, cìstò`vasahn`s, cìs p`raýiamhs, cìs eohfs, cìs pourloaili i` vhm`s. Gly qu`cuotapoamlr ohs cìahs plrl phi`r `catar `n thihs ohs bhrclths phsaeo`s htrls vasahn`si` cunih, plrl lmlelr mhn ol g`f`chnãl i` ohs cìahs trliamahnlo`s y prhpamalr qu`mlil puèoh y mlil elrrah puìln duntlrs` plrl `catar sus mr`lmahn`s, y sus punths i`vastl sher` ol U`loaili.

Hmuplr ò `splmah shmalo, thclr ols polzls, ohs plrqu`s y ols mloo`s, duntlrnhs plrlr`p`nslr nu`strl muoturl i`si` ol ghrazhntloaili, plrl lpr`ni`r l hrflnazlrs` `n`strumturls iab`r`nt`s, plrl aclfanlr htrls bhrcls i` glm`r phoãtaml, plrl mòèrlr ohstraunbhs mho`mtavhs y ohs p`rshnlo`s, plrl iav`rtars` y plrl ant`rmlcealr, plrlmhcplrtar y plrl p`rt`n`m`r, plrl mhceltar, plrl liquarar r`murshs, mhnhmaca`nths ysle`r`s.

@xp`rac`ntlr anv`staflr bhrcls i` luthf`stahnlr nu`strhs prhy`mths luiahvasulo`s,lrtãstamhs, ìumltavhs h muoturlo`s y prhchv`r ols anamaltavls mr`lils lo clrf`n i` ohsc`rmlihs i` ols aniustrals muoturlo`s.

Uàvaniamlr nu`strhs i`r`mghs guclnhs mhch unav`rslo`s, san qu` olsiab`r`nmals `ntr` nhshtrhs y nhshtrls suphnfln unl dustabamlmaýn plrl oliasmracanlmaýn.

Mhnstruar unl muoturl lchrhsl qu` anmouyl y nh `xmouyl, mr`lr rì`s i` mhhp`rlmaýny lyuil cutul, mr`lr `splmahs ghrazhntlo`s i` trleldh `n `quaph, vhov`r l olmhcunaili plrl c`dhrlr nu`strh `nthrnh, nu`strl mloaili i` vail, y ol i` ohs i`cìs.

Ol prhpu`stl `s, `nthnm`s, mhnstruar htrls r`loaili`s, htrls bhrcls i` p`nslr y mhnstruarnu`strls `strumturls, oo`nlr i` cltam`s ols plo`tls i` mhohr`s, lmlelr mhn ols iamhthcãls, arcìs looì i` ols `taqu`tls, glm`r vasaeo` oh anvasaeo`, `nraqu`m`rnhs mhn ol iav`rsaili,anv`ntlrnhs htrhs mu`nths, rhcp`r ohs plmths qu` nh barclchs, oae`rlr ohs mu`rphs y ols`chmahn`s, iav`rsabamlr ohs lb`mths, ròlmahnlrnhs mhn ò `nthrnh san vaho`nmal, lpr`ni`r l

mhcunamlrnhs i`si` ol f`n`rhsaili, lpr`ni`r l `smumglrnhs y l hrflnazlrnhs, lphstlr phr olmhnstrummaýn mho`mtavl i` un cunih c`dhr, phrqu` htrls r`loaili`s shn phsaeo`s.



<57

Q n`m`slrals.

Mhrlo G`rr`rl Fýc`z]ln Dhsá, 5:<0

EAEOAHFULBÃL

<) Lerao, Fhnzloh4 Y`hrãl f`n`rlo i` ol anbhrclmaýn, Mìtìrl, <116.5) Loolriym` Namhoo, Gasthral iò Y`ltrh Cunialo , Lfuaolr, Clirai, <129.=) Lrcstrhnf, Klr`n4 Er`v` Gasthral iò Cath, ]lolclnirl, Elrmòhnl, 5::0.9) Lsachv, Asllm4 Ols plolerls y ohs caths, Olal, Elrmòhnlc, <169.0)

Lufá, C (<177)4 Ol fu`rrl i` ohs su`ühs. @d`rmamahs i` `tnh-bammaýn, Fìasl,Elrmòhnl.

2) Elmg, C; Lotás, @., Floo`fh, D., Zoudì, C., Zuaf, C4 @o s`xh i` ol nhtamal. U`bo`xahn`s sher` ò fán`rh `n ol anbhrclmaýn, Amlral, Elrmòhnl, 5:::.

6) Eliant`r, @oasle`tg4 WQ Ol Ai`ntaili Clsmuoanl, Loalnzl, Clirai, <11=.7) Elo, Ca`k`4 Y`hrãl i` ol Nlrrltavl. Pnl antrhiummaýn l ol Nlrrlthohfãl, Mìtìrl,

Clirai, <11:.1) Elrrhsh Flrmãl, Dlac` (<122)4 U`loazlmaýn i` ohs fán`rhs tò`vasavhs. ]ãnt`sas,

Clirai.

<:)

Elrtg`s, Uholni4 Cathohfãls, ]afoh WWA, Clirai, <106, (<17:).<<) Elrtg`s, Uholni4 Brlfc`nths i` un iasmursh lchrhsh, ]afoh WWA, Clirai, (<166),<175.<5) Elrrhw, Dhgn I4 Acphsaeaoaili. Ohs oãcat`s i` ol ma`nmal y ol ma`nmal i` ohs oãcat`s,

Fìasl, Elrmòhnl, <117.<=) Eluiraoolri, D`ln4 Muoturl y ]acuolmrh, Klarýs, Elrmòhnl, (<167), <117.<9) Eluiraoolri, D`ln4 Ols `strlt`fals bltlo`s, Lnlfrlcl, Elrmòhnl, (<179), 5::5.<0) Eòo, Ihnloi G4 ]`r vlrýn. Yusqu`ts, Elrmòhnl, <176.<2) E`rf`r, Z`t`r y Oumkclnn, Yghcls4 Ol mhnstrummaýn shmalo i` ol r`loaili ,

Lchrrhrtu iamahn`s, Eu`nhs Lar`s, (<126), <116.

<6)

Ehuriaù, Za`rr`4 ]her` ol tò`vasaýn, Lnlfrlcl, Elrmòhnl, <112.<7) Ehuriaù, Za`rr`4 Ol ihcanlmaýn clsmuoanl, Lnlfrlcl, Mho`mmaýn Lrfuc`nths,



<51

Elrmòhnl, (<117), 5:::.<1) Ehu, Nural4 Iahsls y tucels. Caths b`c`nanhs `n ò man` i` Ghooywhhi . Amlral, 5::2.5:) Ehu, Nural, y Zár`z, Wlva`r4 @o ta`cph iò gárh`. Ápaml y clsmuoanaili `n ò man` i`

Ghooywhhi , Zlaiýs Mhcunamlmaýn, Elrmòhnl, 5:::.5<) Erylnt, D. y Taooclnn, I.4 Ohs `b`mths i` ohs cìahs i` mhcunamlmaýn.

Anv`staflmahn`s y t`hrãls. Zlaiýs Mhcunamlmaýn, Elrmòhnl, <112.55) Erumkn`r, Zlsmlo4 Ol t`ntlmaýn i` ol anhm`nmal, Lnlfrlcl, Mho`mmaýn Lrfuc`nths,

(<110), 5::5.5=) Erumkn`r, Zlsmlo4 Ol ùbhral p`rp`tul. ]her` ò iè`r i` s`r bòaz. @nslyh Yusqu`ts,

Elrmòhnl, (5:::), 5::<.59) Eustlclnt`, @nraqu`4 Ol Yò`vasaýn @mhnýcaml. Banlnmalmaýn, `strlt`fals y

c`rmlihs. Fìasl, Elrmòhnl, <111.50) Eustlclnt`, @nraqu` (mhhri.). 5::= Glmal un nu`vh sast`cl cunialo i`

mhcunamlmaýn. Ols aniustrals muoturlo`s `n ol `rl iafatlo , Fìasl, ]`ra` Cuotacìal,Elrmòhnl.

52)

Mlcpeòo, Dhs`pg4 Ols cìsmlrls i` Iahs4 Cathohfãl hmmai`ntlo. Loalnzl @iathralo,<129.

56) Mloler`s`, Hclr4 Ol `rl n`helrrhml, Mìtìrl, Clirai, <111.57) Mlrchnl, Ulcýn4 Mých s` mhc`ntl un t`xth bãocamh, Mìtìrl, Clirai, <112.51) Mlslsôs, Dhs`p Clrãl4 Ai`hohfãl y lnìoasas i` cìahs i` mhcunamlmaýn, @i. MAC].

Oaerhs i` Mhcunamlmaýn Fohelo, <117.=:) Mlstòos, Clnuò4 Ol `rl i` ol anbhrclmaýn. @mhnhcãl, ]hmaìli y Muoturl. Rhouc`n

AA. ‟@o phi`r i` ol ai`ntaili–. Loalnzl @iathralo, Clirai, <117. =<) Mlstaool iò Zanh, Mlrohs4 Y`hrãl i` ohs s`ntaca`nths, Yusqu`ts, Elrmòhnl, 5::<.=5) Mlstaool iò Zanh, Mlrohs4 Ol anmhcunamlmaýn, @iamahn`s Z`nãnsuol, Elrmòhnl,

(<121), 5::<.==) Mghcsky, Nhlc4 Aousahn`s n`m`slrals, Oae`rtlrals-Zrhiguba., <115.=9) Mholazza, Fauoal (@i).4 B`canasch y Y`hrãl Iò Iasmursh, Mho`mmaýn Y`hr`cl,=0) Mìtìrl, Clirai, <11:.=2) Mhct`, B`rnlni4 Ols frlni`s bafurls cathoýfamls. @iamahn`s iò Zrlih, Clirai,

<115.=6) Mhrtás, Dhsá Lnfò4 Ol `strlt`fal i` ol sìummaýn. Zrhfrlclmaýn `n ol n`h-

tò`vasaýn, @unsl, <111.=7) Murrln, Dlc`s; Chro`y, Ilvai y Vlok`rian`, Rlo`ra` (Mhcps)4 @stuiahs Muoturlo`s y

Mhcunamlmaýn. Lnìoasas, prhiummaýn y mhnsuch muoturlo i` ols phoãtamls i` ai`ntaili y ò phschi`rnasch. Zlaiýs Mhcunamlmaýn, Elrmòhnl, <117.=1) Ilyln, I. (mhcp) 4 @n eusml iò pôeoamh, Fìasl, Elrmòhnl, <116.9:) I` E`luvhar, ]achn`4 @o s`funih s`xh. Ol `xp`ra`nmal vavail, @iamahn`s ]afoh WW,

Eu`nhs Lar`s, <191.9<) I` Chrlfls ]pl4 ]`caýtaml y mhcunamlmaýn i` clsls, Z`nãnsuol, Elrmòhnl, <162.95) Ièhri, Fuy4 Ol shmaìli iò `sp`mtìmuoh, Flooaclri, Zlrãs, (<126), <115.9=) Ihufols, Clry4 Mých pa`nsln ols anstatumahn`s, Loalnzl Pnav`rsaili,. Clirai, <112.99) Iumg, Oouãs4 Lntrhphohfãl i` ol vail mhtaialnl. @iathralo Yrhttl, Clirai, 5::5.90) @mg`v`rrãl, Dlva`r4 Yòáphoas, @nslyhs, I`stanh, Elrmòhnl, <119.

92)

@mh, Pce`rth4 Lphmloãptamhs ` ant`frlihs, @i. Ouc`n, <127.96) Basg`r, Gò`n4 Gasthral nlturlo iò lchr4 chnhflcal, iavhrmah y liuot`rah,



<=:

Lnlfrlcl, Elrmòhnl, 5::6.97) Bolmgsolni, M`maoal4 Za`rr` Ehuriaù y ò mlpatlo saceýoamh. Mlcph i` Ai`ls, Clirai,

5::=.91) Bohmg, D`ln-Clra`4 ]`caýtaml, Clrk`tanf y Mhcunamlmaýn. Eldh Ohs ]afnhs, Ols

@strlt`fals. Zlaiýs Mhcunamlmaýn, Elrmòhnl, <11<.0:)

Bhumluot, Camgò4 Gasthral i` ol ]`xuloaili. Rho A. Ol vhountli i` sle`r . ]afoh WWA,Eu`nhs Lar`s, <166.

0<) Bhx Kòo`r, @vòyn4 U`bo`xahn`s sher` fán`rh y ma`nmal, @iamahns Lobhns @oClfnìnac, F`n`rloatlt Rlo`nmalnl, Rlo`nmal, <171.

05) Brùi, ]afcuni4 @o clo`stlr `n ol muoturl, Loalnzl, <1=:.0=) Brhcc, @ramg4 @o caìh l ol oae`rtli . Zlaiýs, <196.09) Brhcc, @ramg4 @o lrt` i` lclr , Zlaiýs, Elrmòhnl, <101.00) Brhcc, @ramg4 Oh anmhnsma`nt` shmalo . Zlaiýs, Elrmòhnl, <115.02) Floìn Bldlrih, @o`nl4 Ol aclf`n shmalo i` ol cud`r `n ols s`ra`s i` bammaýn,

Pnav`rsaili i` @xtr`cliurl, Mìm`r`s, 5::6.06)

Flrmãl Mulo,. Mlrohs4 Antrhiummaýn l ol cathohfãl fra`fl, Loalnzl @iathralo,Clirai,<115.

07) Flrmãl B`rrlnih, C., Aeìü`z, D. Lovarl, B.4 @o lnìoasas i` ol r`loaili shmalo. Cáthihs y támnamls i` anv`staflmaýn, Ma`nmals ]hmalo`s, Loalnzl @iathralo, Clirai, 5:::.

01) F`rf`n, K`nn`tg D4 U`loaili`s y ròlmahn`s. Lprhxaclmahn`s l ol mhnstrummaýn shmalo, Zlaiýs, Elrmòhnl, <112.

2:) Faii`ns, Lntghny4 Ol trlnsbhrclmaýn i` ol antacaili. ]`xuloaili, lchr y `rhtasch`n ols shmaìli`s chi`rnls, Mìtìrl, Clirai, <110.

2<) Fao Mlovh, @nraqu`4 Cìsmlrls clsmuoanls. Gárh`s, pltralrmls y chnstruhs.Lnlfrlcl, Elrmòhnl, 5::2.

25)

Fao Mlovh, @nraqu`4 Cìals carlils. Pn lnìoasas muoturlo i` ol aclf`n b`c`nanl, Lnlfrlcl, Elrmòhnl, 5:::.

2=) Fao Mlovh, @nraqu`4 @o nu`vh s`xh iáeao. Ohs iao`cls iò vlrýn phschi`rnh, Y`clsi` Ghy, @nslyh, Clirai, <116.

29) Faochr`, Ilvai I.4 Glm`rs` ghcer`. Mhnm`pmahn`s muoturlo`s i` ol clsmuoanaili. Zlaiýs Eìsaml, Elrmòhnl, <119.

20) Fhnzìo`z U`qu`nl, D`sôs4 @o iasmursh tò`vasavh4 `sp`mtìmuoh i` ol phschi`rnaili, Mìtìrl, Clirai, <111.

22) Fhriaooh, Anclmuolil, Nlrrltavl y Yò`vasaýn, Mho`mmaýn Pnav`rsatlral, Ma`nmals i` ol

Anbhrclmaýn, @i.Cli, ]`vaool, <111.26) Fue`rn, Uhcìn, @o `rhs ò`mtrýnamh, Ylurus, Clirai, 5:::.27) Gle`rcls, Durf`n4 Zrheo`cls i` o`fataclmaýn iò mlpatloasch tlriãh, Mìtìrl,

Clirai, <111.21) Glrras, Clrvan4 Nu`strl `sp`ma`, Loalnzl @iathralo, Clirai,<171 (<119).6:) Ace`rt, Fçrlri4 @o zhh vasulo. I` ol tò`vasaýn `sp`mtlmuolr l ol tò`vasaýn `sp`muolr ,

Fìasl, Elrmòhnl, 5::=.6<) Dlc`shn, Brìram4 @o phschi`rnasch h ol oýfaml muoturlo iò mlpatloasch lvlnzlih,

Zlaiýs ]tuiah, Elrmòhnl, <11<.65) Dýnlsiýttar, Lnnl F4 @o phi`r iò lchr. ¸O` acphrtl ò s`xh l ol I`chmrlmal8,

Mìtìrl, Clirai, <11=.



<=<

6=) Dunf, Mlro Fustlv4 Ohs Lrqu`taphs y oh Anmhnsma`nt` Mho`mtavh, @iathralo Yrhttl, Clirai, (<1=9), 5::5.69) Krasgnlcurta, Daiiu4 Ol v`rili y ol r`loaili , @iglsl, Elrmòhnl, <161.60) Krasgnlcurta, Daiiu4 Ol oae`rtli prac`rl y ôotacl, @iathralo ]uilc`ramlnl, Eu`nhs

Lar`s, <160.62)

O`ýn, Dhsá Ouas4 Ohs `b`mths i` ol pueoamaili , Lraò Mhcunamlmaýn, Elrmòhnl, <112.66) Oaphv`tsky, Faoo`s4 Ol `rl iò vlmãh. @nslyhs sher` ò aniavaiuloasch

mhnt`cphrìn`h, Lnlfrlcl, Mho`mmaýn Lrfuc`nths, Elrmòhnl, <172.67) Oaphv`tsky, Faoo`s4 Ol t`rm`rl cud`r , Lnlfrlcl, Mho`mmaýn Lrfuc`nths, <111.61) Ohzlnh, Dhrf`; Z`ülclrãn, Mrastanl; Lerao, Fhnzloh4 Lnìoasas iò iasmursh. Glmal unl s`caýtaml i` ol ant`rlmmaýn t`xtulo , Mìtìrl, Clirai, <171.7:) Ougclnn, Nakols4 Ol r`loaili i` ohs cìahs i` clsls, Lntgrhphs, Elrmòhnl,

(<110), 5:::.7<) Clbb`shoa, Camgò4 I` ol hrfãl. Pnl lprhxaclmaýn shmahoýfaml, Lraò, Elrmòhnl,

<112.75)

Clzzahtta, Nhrl4 Ol aniustral i` ol tò`nhvòl, Zlaiýs, Elrmòhnl,<112.7=) Clrmus`, G`re`rt4 @rhs y mavaoazlmaýn, Eaeoaht`ml Er`v` i` Ehosaooh, ]àx Elrrlo,

Elrmòhnl, (<100), <162.79) Clrmus`, G`re`rt. @o ghcer` unaiac`nsahnlo , Lraò, <127, (<17<).70) Cm Ougln, Clrsgloo4 Ol flolxal Fut`ne`rf , Zoln`tl I-Lfhstana, <125 (<170).72) Cm Ougln, Clrsgloo4 @o cìah `s ò clsld`, Zlaiýs ]tuiah, <126.76) Clrtãn Mlslr`s, Luròal4 Lntrhphohfãl iò fán`rh. Muoturls, caths y `st`r`htaphs

s`xulo`s, Mìtìrl, B`canaschs, Clirai, 5::2.77) Clrtan-Elre`rh, D. y U`y, F`rcìn4 @d`rmamahs iò v`r. G`f`chnãl luiahvasulo y

bammaýn tò`vasavl, Fìasl, Elrmòhnl, <11171)

Clttòlrt, Camgço` y Lrclni4 @o mlrnlvlo i` ols acìf`n`s. Ol bammaýn erlsao`ül, Lklo Mhcunamlmaýn, Clirai, <176.1:) Clzzahtta, Nhrl4 Ol aniustral i` ol tò`nhvòl, Zlaiýs, Elrmòhnl,<112.1<) Cummgaòoa, Lo`x4 @o lrt` i` anbouar. Lnìoasas i` ols támnamls i` clnapuolmaýn,Mìtìrl, 5::5.15) Cuühz, Eolnml (mhhri)4 Cìahs i` mhcunamlmaýn, cud`r`s y mlceah muoturlo ,Iar`mmaýn F`n`rlo i` ol Cud`r, Mhcunaili i` Clirai, 5::<.1=) Cuühz, Eolnml4 Muoturl y mhcunamlmaýn. Antrhiummaýn l ols t`hrãlsmhnt`cphrìn`ls, Elrmlnhvl, Y`cls Pnav`rsatlrahs, Elrmòhnl, <171.

19)

N`frhphnt`, Namghols 4 @o cunih iafatlo , @iamahn`s E, 5:::.10) Zlz, Hmtlvah 4 Ol oolcl iheo`. Lchr y @rhtasch, ]àx Elrrlo, Elrmòhnl <11=.12) Z`ülclrãn, Mrastanl, y Bler`tta, Mlroh4 Ol cud`r `n ol pueoamaili , Anstatuth i` olCud`r, Canast`rah i` Yrleldh y Lsunths ]hmalo`s, Clirai, <119.16) Z`ülclrãn, M.y Oýp`z Iã`z, Z (mhcp)4 Ohs còhirlcls tò`vasavhs y ol muoturl

s`ntac`ntlo , Mhcunaili Lutýnhcl i` Clirai, Pnav`rsaili Mhcpout`ns` i` Clirai, <110.17) Zhtt`r, Dhnltgln4 Ol r`pr`s`ntlmaýn i` ol r`loaili. Iasmursh, r`týraml y mhnstrummaýnshmalo, Zlaiýs, Elrmòhnl, <117.11) Zhstcln, Nào4 Iav`rtars` glstl chrar. @o iasmursh pôeoamh `n ol rl iò ‟sghw

eusan`ss, @iamahn`s ol Y`cp`stli–, Elrmòhnl, <170.

<::)

Zr`malih, E`ltraz4 Clnaba`sth mhntrl-s`xulo. Zrìmtamls suev`rsavls i` ai`ntaili s`xulo, Z`nslca`nth-Hp`rl Zracl, Clirai, 5::5.



<=5

<:<) Zuns`t, @iulrih4 Mlrl l mlrl mhn ol vail, ol c`nt` y ò Pnav`rsh. Mhnv`rslmahn`smhn ohs frlni`s ma`ntãbamhs i` nu`strh ta`cph, I`stanh, Elrmòhnl, 5::9.<:5) Zutnlc, Gaolry4 Ols cao mlrls iò r`loasch, Z`nslca`nth mhnt`cphrìn`h, Elrmòhnl,<119.<:=) Ulchn`t, Afnlmah4 Ol tarlnãl i` ol mhcunamlmaýn. Ièlt`, Y`cls i` Ièlt`, <117.<:9)

Uhaz, Cafuò4 Ol shmaìli p`rsulshrl. Mhntrho muoturlo y mhcunamlmaýn i` clsls–, Zlaiýs, Elrmòhnl, 5::5.<:0) ]ìnmg`z Nhra`fl, Dhsá Ouas4 Mhcunamlmaýn, phi`r y muoturl, Nhssl y Dlrl @iathr`s,<117.<:2) ]lrthra, Fahvlnna4 Ghch Rai`ns. Ol shmaìli tòìarafail. Mho`mmaýn Ylurus,@iathralo ]lntaoolnl, Clirai, <116.<:6) ]lur`t Fu`rr`rh, Y`r`sl, y \uao`s Blz, Lcplrh (@is)4 Oumgls i` Fán`rh `n ol

Gasthral l trlvás i` ol aclf`n–. Rho A. M`ntrh i` ìamahn`s i` ol Iaputlmaýn Zrhvanmalo i`Cìolfl (Mìcl), 5::<.<:7) ]`lro`, Dhgn U44 Ol mhnstrummaýn i` ol r`loaili shmalo , Zlaiýs, Elrmòhnl, <116.<:1)

]aov`rsthn`, Uhf`r4 Yò`vasaýn y vail mhtaialnl, Lchrrhrtu ìathr`s, Eu`nhs Lar`s,<119<<:) ]aov`rsthn`, Uhf`r4 ¸Zhr quá `stuialr ohs cìahs8. Lchrrhrtu ìathr`s, Clirai,<111.<<<) R`nturl, Ohuri`s4 Ol tarlnãl i` ol eòo`zl. Ols cud`r`s lnt` ohs chiòhs `státamhs,Mho`mmaýn Chiòhs i` Cud`r, Zolzl & Dlnás, Elrmòhnl, 5:::.<<5) R`rl Elolnzl, Clrãl Y`r`sl, y Eloo`st`rhs Flrmãl, Uhsl Clral (mhhris)4 Cud`r`s ycìahs i` mhcunamlmaýn. Acìf`n`s, c`nsld`s y iasmurshs, Lt`n`l, @stuiahs sher` ol Cud`r,Pnav`rsaili i` Cìolfl, 5::9.<<=) R.R.L.L4 Gasthral i` ol Y`hrãl B`canastl, (mhhri. Mòal Lchrýs), Anstatuth iÀnv`staflmahn s B`canastls, Pnav`rsaili Mhcpout`ns` i` Clirai, <119.<<9) R.R.L.L.4 Aniustrals muoturlo`s4 ò buturh i` ol muoturl `n du`fh, PN@]MH, Zlrãs,<175.<<0) R.R.L.L4 Ol mr`lmaýn lea`rtl y sus `n`cafhs. Y`xths satulmahnastls, @i. Ol paqu`tl,Clirai, <166.<<2) Vltzolwamk, Zluo, y htrhs4 Ol r`loaili anv`ntlil. ¸Mých sle`chs oh qu` mr``chs

sle`r8, Fìasl, Mho`mmaýn @o Clcãb`rh Zlrolnt`, Elrmòhnl, <17< (Y`rm`rl ìamaýn, <119).<<6) Vltzolwamk, Zluo4 ¸@s r`lo ol r`loaili8, @iathralo G`ri`r, Eaeoaht`ml i` Zsamhohfãl,Elrmòhnl, <119.

<<7)

Vhothn, Ihcanaqu`4 @ohfah iò frln pôeoamh, Fìasl, Elrmòhnl, <110

EAEOAHFULBÃL MLZAYPOH] I@ OAEUH]

Euto`r, Duiatg4 C`mlnaschs psãquamhs iò phi`r. Mìtìrl, Clirai, 5::<, p. 5<-51.Mlstlülr`s, V`nm`solh4 U`loaili, Bammahn y U`pr`s`ntlmahn. @n4 C. Zhzuòh Qvlnmhs, C. yRam`nt` Fýc`z, B. (ìs.) ‟Cunihs i` bammaýn–. (Lmtls iò RA Mhnfr`sh Ant`rnlmahnlo i` ol

L@]). 5 vho. Curmal4 Pnav`rsaili i` Curmal, <112, A4 990-90<.



<==

I` Olur`tas, Y`r`sl4 Y`mnhohfãls iò fán`rh. @n4 ‟Iab`r`nmals. @tlpls i` un mlcanh l trlvásiò b`canasch–, Clirai, Ghrls y ghrls, Muli`rnhs anlmlelihs n. =0, 5:::, trli.i` Clrãl@mgìnaz ]lns.

Iurkgàc, @cao`4 Ols U`pr`s`ntlmahn`s mho`mtavls mhch nhmahn`s-taphs `n ols qu`

plrtamapln ohs aniavaiuhs. @n4 Iurkgàc, @cao`4 ‟Ols Bhrcls @o`c`ntlo`s I` Ol RailUòafahsl–. @iathralo ]mglpar`, Eu`nhs Lar`s, <127.

B`rrás, Dhln4 Ols ihs frlni`s vãls i` ol mhcunamlmaýn p`rsulsavl. @n 4 ‟Yò`vasaýnsueoacanlo. ]hmaloazlmaýn cìalnt` mhcunamlmahn`s anliv`rtails–. Zlaiýs, Elrmòhnl,<112.

Gloo, ]tulrt (ì.), U`pr`s`ntltahn4 Muoturlo U`pr`s`ntltahns lni ]afnabyanf Zrlmtam`s.Ohnihn, ]lf` Zueoamltahns, <116. Mlp. <, pp. <=-69.

Ghrkgàc`r, Clx y Lihrnh, Yg`hihr4 Ol aniustral muoturlo. Aoucanasch mhch castabamlmaýni` clsls. @n Ghrkgàc`r, Cly y Lihrnh, Yg`hihr, ‟Ialoámtaml iò aoucanasch–, ]uilc`ramlnl, Eu`nhs Lar`s, <177.

Olzlrsbòi, Z. y C`rthn, U.K4 Mhcunamlmaýn i` Clsls, Fusth Zhpuolr y Lmmaýn ]hmaloHrflnazlil. @n CPULUH, G`rae`rth (mhcp.). Ol mhcunamlmaýn i` clsls, M`ntrh @iathri` Lcáraml Oltanl, Eu`nhs Lar`s, <166.

Clrmus`, G`re`rt4 Lm`rml iò Mlrìmt`r lbarcltavh i` ol muoturl, @n4 Clrmus`, G`re`rt4‟Muoturl y ]hmaìli–, @iathralo ]ur, Eu`nhs Lar`s, <126.

LUYÃMPOH] U@RA]YL]

<) Lerao, Fhnzloh4 ‟Ol anbhrclmaýn mhch bhrclmaýn muoturlo–, MAM, Muli`rnhs i` Anbhrclmaýn y Mhcunamlmaýn, vho. <5, 5::6. A]]N4 <<=0-611<.

5) Lolirh Ramh, @vl4 ‟Zrhy`mmahn`s `chmahnlo`s `n ohs `sp`mtìmuohs i` r`loaili–. MAM, nôc <, <:=-<<=, ]`rvamah i` pueoamlmahn`s PMC, <110.gttp4//www.umc.`s/EPMC/r`vastls/anb/<<=0611</lrtamuohs/MAQM1010<<:<:=L.ZIB

=)

Eolnmh Clrtãn, Mlrohs Dlva`r4 ‟Ol r`prhiummaýn iò cath–. L plrt` rà, nuc 52.gttp4//lplrt`rà.mhc

9) Mlstlülr`s, V`nm`solh4 ‟U`loaili, Bammahn y U`pr`s`ntlmaýn–. @n C. ZhzuòhQvlnmhs, y B.Ram`nt` Fýc`z (ìs), Cunihs i` bammaýn. Lmtls iò RA Mhnfr`sh

Ant`rnlmahnlo i` ol L@] , vhouc`n 5, Pnav`rsaili i` Curmal, <112.

0) Mghcsky, Nhlc4 @o mhntrho i` ohs Cìahs i` Mhcunamlmaýn.gttp4//www.lvazhrl.mhc/pueoamlmahn`s/mhcunamlmahn/t`xths/::2:XmhntrhoXcìahsXmhcunamlmahn.gtc

2) @mh, Pce`rth4 ‟Ol @strlt`fal I` Ol Aousaýn. Yv4 Ol Yrlnsplr`nmal Z`riail–.

http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/inf/11357991/articulos/CIYC9595110103A.PDF


http://www.avizora.com/publicaciones/comunicacion/textos/0060_control_medios_comunicacion.htm








<=9

6) @oklac, Chny4 ‟Mhnstrumtavasch, mhnstrummahnasch shmalo y nlrrlmahn`s @n ohsoãcat`s i` ol sastácaml8–, Uì ]astácaml, gttp4//www.rìsast`caml.mhc.lr/lrtamuoh95-<.gtc

7) @nfòk`n, Clrmhs (5::0). ‟Ol c`tìbhrl i` oh unh-côotapo`4 Pnl (r`-)

mhnm`ptulmaýn ialoýfaml i` ol ai`ntaili p`rshnlo (unl mrãtaml lo rìummahnasch‟phschi`rnastl–)–. Ltg`n`l Iafatlo , 6, <<9- <=5.gttp4//lntloyl.ule.`s/ltg`n`l/nuc6/`nfòk`n.pib

1) Ace`rt, F`rlri4 ‟I` oh `sp`mtlmuolr l oh `sp`muolr (lphstaool l Ol ]hmaìli iò@sp`mtìmuoh)–, MAM (Muli`rnhs i` Anbhrclmaýn y Mhcunamlmaýn), nuc 1, 5::9,

plfs. 21-7<. A]]N4 <<=0-611<.

<:) Ace`rt, F`rlri ‟Ol gap`rvasaeaoaili tò`vasavl4 Nu`vhs aclfanlrahs / nu`vhsratulo`s mhcunamltavhs–. Y`xths i` ols A Dhrnlils sher` Yò`vasaýn (iama`cer`, <111).

<<) Klpusmanska Uyszlr i4 ‟¸U`bo`dln ohs cìal ol r`loaili iò cunih8. Nu`vlsm`nsurls, sutao`s clnapuolmahn`s–. Zueoamlih n O` Chni` Iapohcltaqu , Duoah-Lfhsth <111gttp4//www.ela`tz.hrf/zlglrrl/`s/fhfh`tl/fohelo/ani`x.gtc

<5) Kaccò, Camglò4 Ol clsmuoanaili y ol r`tam`nmal lo mlceah, Ol Dhrnlil, nôc ==.Du`v`s 7 Lerao <111. Zp. 7-1.

gttp4//s`pa`nsl.hrf.cx/mhnt`naihs/bXclsmu/ihs.gtc

<=) Ohr`s Clsap, B`rnlnih4 ‟Ol c`tìbhrl `nmlrnlil h ol quan`sal i` ohs trhphsmuoturlo`s–. U`vastl I` Lntrhphohfãl Ae`rhlc`ramlnl LAEU. N´=2 Duoah-Lfhsth, 5::9gttp4//www.laer.hrf/lntrhphohfal/laer/

<9) Clniòl Fhnzìo`z @iasl4 ‟Iò glm`r y ò i`mar. ]her` ol ai`ntaili nlrrltavl i` ohs p`rshnld`s–. M.A.M, n5. p 11-<:0. ]`rvamah i` Zueoamlmahn`s PMC. <112.gttp4//www.umc.`s/EPMC/r`vastls/anb/<<=0611</lrtamuohs/MAQM1212<<::11L.ZIB

<0) Clnfga ]`rfah4 ‟]a`nth, ou`fh phirãlchs. Zlrl unl t`hrãl shmalo i` ols`chmahn`s–. Flz`tl i` Lntrhphohfãl, n´ <0, <111. gttp4//www.ufr.`s/~pwolm/

<2)

Clrtãn`z Z`rìh, Zluoanl4 ‟\u``r–, `n ol pìfanl Cusls i` C`tlo .gttp4//cuslsi`c`tloanbhrcl.eohfspht.mhc/5::6/:6/t`hrl-qu``r.gtco

<6) Còaìn, Dhs`bl Oýp`z4 ‟@o mhnhmaca`nth mhch prhm`sh y ò cáthih i` ol Ma`nmal.Ol oýfaml i` ols mr``nmals–. Nýclils 6. U`vastl mrãtaml i` ma`nmals shmalo`s y durãiamls. Assn<067-26=: gttp4//www.umc.`s/anbh/nhclils/

<7) Camgloak, U`fanl4 ‟@ntr`vastl l Duiatg Euto`r–, Ièlt` B`canastl, Lüh 7, Rho. <2,hmtuer` i` <116, Cáxamh. gttp4//www.oholpr`ss.hrf/

<1) Cuühz, Eolnml4 ‟Oãcat`s lo i`slrrhooh i` ohs I`r`mghs Guclnhs4 Ohs `b`mths

ai`hoýfamhs i` ol aniustral i` ol mhcunamlmaýn y i` ol muoturl i` clsls–. U`vastl mrãtaml i`ma`nmals shmalo`s y durãiamls. Assn <067-26=: gttp4//www.umc.`s/anbh/nhclils/


http://antalya.uab.es/athenea/num7/engelken.pdf

http://www.baietz.org/zaharra/es/gogoeta/global/index.htm

http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/f_mascu/dos.htm

http://www.aibr.org/


http://www.aibr.org/antropologia/aibr/



http://musasdemetalinforma.blogspot.com/2007/07/teora-queer.html


http://www.lolapress.org/



http://www.lolapress.org/


http://musasdemetalinforma.blogspot.com/2007/07/teora-queer.html



http://www.aibr.org/antropologia/aibr/


http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/f_mascu/dos.htm

http://www.baietz.org/zaharra/es/gogoeta/global/index.htm

http://antalya.uab.es/athenea/num7/engelken.pdf




<=0

5:) Zlavl i` Lrlôdh ]hlr`s, Ulquò4 ‟Ols canhrãls `n ols nlrrltavls i` ohs cìal–. U`vastl Ma`ntãbaml i` Anbhrclmaýn y Mhcunamlmaýn, Nôc`rh =, (5::2), ]`vaool

Yrliumthr4 Lnthnah Loãls E`rfò, A]]N4 <212-50:7 X [0=S.gttp4//www.anstatumahnlo.us.`s/r`vastls/r`vastls/mhcunamlmahn/

5<) Z`ülclrãn, Mrastanl4 Zhrnhfrlbãl y ]`xuloaili`s Canhratlrals. @ntr`vastl L E`ltraz Zr`malih, Zlrãs, @n`rh 5::6. @n D. Afnlmah Iã`z y y Lira`nn` O. Clrtan (ìs.)R`nus R`n`rlil AA. Oat`rlturl y chi`rnaili `n @splül. @iathralo Mhcpout`ns`, Clirai,5::655) Z`ülclrãn, Mrastanl4 ‟Bammaýn tò`vasavl y p`nslca`nth nlrrltavh–. Y`xths i` ols A

Dhrnlils sher` Yò`vasaýn (iama`cer`, <111).gttp4//turln.um=c.`s/um=c/anst/CP/Mrastan0.gtc

5=) Zltt`rshn Yhrvloi (5:::)4 ‟\u``r watghut b`lr–, trliumaih phr Uamlrih Clrtãn`zOlm`y. @n \u``r`kantzl

gttp4//www.qu``r`kantzl.hrf/wè/plfXmlst/lrtamuohs/lrtamuohsXqu``r.gtco/

59) Zr`malih, E`ltraz4 ‟Cuotatui`s qu``r. Nhtls plrl unl phoãtaml i` ohs "lnhrclo`s", U`vastl Cuotatui`s. N´ <5. Zlrãs, 5::=. ]` puì` mhnsuotlr lsacasch `n4gttp4//cuotatui`s.slcazilt.n`t/rueraqu`.pgp=8aiXrueraqu`3<9<

50) ]ì`z, Dlva`r 4 ‟Ol i`strummaýn i` unl muoturl qu``r `n @splül–, Glrtzl. gttp4//www.glrtzl.mhc/.

52) Yghcpshn, Dhgn E4 Ol Mhcunamlmaýn Clsavl y ol Muoturl Chi`rnl. Mhntraeumaýnl unl Y`hrãl mrãtaml i` ol Ai`hohfãl. U`vastl R`rsaýn. @stuiahs i` mhcunamlmaýn y phoãtaml,

Nrh. <, Pnav`rsaili Lutýnhcl C`trhphoatlnl-Pnaili Whmgacaomh, Cáxamh, hmtuer` i`<11<.

56) Yumgcln, Fly`4 ‟Ol hed`tavaili mhch ratulo `strltáfamh4 un lnìoasas i` olsnhmahn`s i` hed`tavaili i` ohs p`rahiastls–. gttp4// www.umc.`s/anbh/p`r=/mam/Mam9lr<5.gtc

57) Rlomìrmò, Lcòal4 ‟E`luvhar4 L Manmu`ntl Lühs iò ]`funih ]`xh¶, pueoamlih `nol wè i` ol qu` `s bunilihrl4 Lshmalmaýn @splühol i` Baohshbãl Clrãl Tlcerlnh.

51)

Rloeu`nl i` ol bu`nt`, Bòamãsach4 ‟Mu`stahn`s iasputlils4 (<) )Luia`nmal r`lo hluia`nmal ant`nmahnlo8; (5) @o phi`r i` ols luia`nmals; (=) )@s ol luia`nmal un mhnm`pthmhceanlthrah8–. www.bfeu`nh.`s/ìa/vlo/bvtfa=<.pib

=:) Rloo`dh Fýc`z, Nòshn4 ‟@ntr`vastl `n Zlr ãs mhn @iflr Chran. @o Z`nslca`nthMhcpo`dh mhntrl @o Z`nslca`nth Ônamh.– gttp4//www.s`fma`nmals.mhc.lr/p`nslca`nth.gtc

http://www.institucional.us.es/revistas/revistas/comunicacion/pdf/numero

http://turan.uc3m.es/uc3m/inst/MU/Cristin5.htm

http://www.queerekintza.org/web/pag_cast/articulos/articulos_queer.html/

http://multitudes.samizdat.net/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=141

http://www.hartza.com/

http://www.ucm.es/info/per3/cic/Cic4ar12.htm


http://www.fgbueno.es/edi/val/fvtgi31.pdf



http://www.fgbueno.es/edi/val/fvtgi31.pdf


http://www.hartza.com/

http://multitudes.samizdat.net/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=141

http://www.queerekintza.org/web/pag_cast/articulos/articulos_queer.html/

http://turan.uc3m.es/uc3m/inst/MU/Cristin5.htm

http://www.institucional.us.es/revistas/revistas/comunicacion/pdf/numero



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ANIAM@ I@ YÁUCANH]

L

lmtavasch, 7, 2<, 25, 29

liuot`rah, <51

Lbrhiatl, <::

lot`rnltavls, 7, 06, 2<, 20, 6<, 62, 75, 70, 1<, <:=

lclnt`, <7, 1:

lchr, <=, <7, <1, 51, 90, 01, 2:, 2=, 29, 20, 27, <:7,

<<7, <5=, <51, <=:

lnirhm`ntrasch, 57, =:, =<

Lntafÿìli, <5, <:2

Lntrhphohfãl, 51, =:, =<, =5, ==, =0, =6, 06, 2:, 72,

<:2, <<5, <51, <=:

Lrastýtò`s, <9, 96 , 07, <:2

Lt`n`l, <=<

E

E`rf`r y Oumkclnn, 1, =6, =7, 65, 6=, 7:, 7<, 75, 7=,

79, 70, 77, 1:, <:5, <:0

ehils, 26

Ehuriaù4 Za`rr`, 69, 60, 19, <57, <51

erudls, <1, 5:, 11, <<5

Euto`r4 Duiatg, 26, 15, 1=, <:<, <=<

M

Mlcpeòo4 Dhs`pg, <9, <0, <2, <:7, <57

mlpatloasch, 1, <:, 52, 2<, 21, 69, 60, 71, <51, <=:

Ma`nmal, <6, <1, 5:, 5<, 59, 50, 52, 56, 57, =:, =0, =6,

=1, 9:, 9=, 99, 96, 97, 91, 0:, 0<, 05, 0=, 09, 00,

01, 10, 16, <:5mhcunamlmaýn, 95, 6=, 69, 61, 7:, 70, 72, 76, 10, 16,

<:<, <:=, <:2, <<:, <<<, <<5, <<=, <<9, <<0, <57,

<=:, <=<, <=5

mhnmaoalmaýn, 55

mhnstrummahnasch, 9=

mhnsucasch, 66

mhnsuch, 51, 6<, 62, 67, 11, <<9, <<6, <57

mr``nmals, 5=, 59, =9, 0=, 65, 6=, 7:, 75, 79, 70, 19,

16, <<<, <<1

mu`rph, <=, <6, 5:, 57, =0, =7, 95, 90, 91, 0<, 2:, 20,

21, 6=, 69, 60, 79, 77, 71, 16, <<<, <<5, <<=

I i`r`mghs, 00, 2=, 6<, 7<, 1:

I`smlrt`s, 5:, 5<, 9=, 96

i`s`h, <=, <0, <7, 90, 0:, 05, 01, 25, 22, <:9

iab`r`nmalmaýn s`xulo, =2

iasmursh, 56, =5, =9, 90, 92, 05, 25, 2=, 7<, 15, 1=,

<:<, <:2, <<:, <<5, <56, <51, <=:, <=<

iasmurshs, 7, 2=, 20, 27, 6<, 62, 67, 72, 71, 15, 1=, 10,

<<<, <<0, <<6, <=<

iav`rsaili, 7, =6, 02, 2<, 2=, 20, 22, <<7

ihcanlmaýn, 56, =<, =5, ==, =0, =2, 2=, 69, 60, 62, 61,

72, 76, <<<, <<0, <57

@

@ili Cìal, <7



<=6

`fh, <=, <0

`chmahn`s, 1, <6, 5:, 90, 97, 07, 01, 2:, 29, 27, 65,

16, <:7, <<5

`cparasch, <=, 5<, 9=

@rhs, <=, <7, 2:, <=:

`sp`mtlmuolr, 09, <<9, <51

`sp`mtìmuoh, <<9, <57, <51

`st`r`htaphs, 25, 29, <5:, <5<, <5=, <=:

`taqu`tls, 00, 2<, 25, 20, 22, 21, <:<

`tnhm`ntrasch, 57, =:, =<

@vl, 11, <=5

`vlsaýn, 66, <<7

B

blcaoal, <1, =5, 7<, 79, 11, <<7

b`c`nanh, 1, <5, <9, <2, <7, <1, 5:, 5<, 51, =:, 25, 22,

1<

b`canaschs4 b`canasch, 7, 00

b`canastl, 1, 51, =<, =5, =0, =2, =6, 99, 0=, 2:, 60,

<5=b`canazlmaýn, 51

bammaýn, 90, 0:, 22, 65, 17, 11, <::, <:2, <5:, <56,

<51, <=:, <=5

Bhumluot, =0, 90, 92, 2<, 25, 2=, 7<, 77, 15, <51

Brùi, 11, <51

Brhcc4 @ramg, <:1, <<:, <<6, <51

F

flys, 25, 22

fán`rh, 1, 51, =:, =<, =5, ==, =0, =2, =6, 95, 00, 2<,

25, 20, 22, 61, 1<, 15, 1=, <<<, <<9, <5<, <5=, <56,

<51, <=:, <=5

foheloazlmaýn, 7, 90, 02, <:<, <:1

Frln Iahsl, <9, <0, <2

G

g`f`chnãl, 92, 2=, 69, 17

g`rclbrhiatl, <1

gárh`s, <9, <2, <:7, <:1, <5<

g`t`rhs`xulo`s, 20, 61

g`t`rhs`xuloaili, 25, 2=, 27, 1:

A

ai`ntaili, <=, <9, 51, =2, 9<, 2=, 20, 26, 27, 60, 70,72, 76, 77, 1:, 1<, 15, 1=, <<5, <<7, <<1, <5:, <5<,

<57, <=<

ai`hohfãl, =7, 00, 25, 26, 65, 6=, 69, 62, 67, 61, 7:,

70, 71, 1<, <:0, <<6, <<7

ai`hohfãls, 7, 2<, 20, 6=, 69, 60, 62, 7:, 7<, 70, <:9

Afo`sal, <7

aclfanlrah mho`mtavh, <::, <<<, <<2, <5<

aniavaiuloasch, 7, 9=, 29, 66, 72, <=:

aniustrals muoturlo`s, 22, 61, <::, <<7, <57

anstatumahnloazlmaýn, 7:, 75, 1:, <::

anstatumahn`s, 57, =<, 02, 2:, 26, 60, 7:, 75, 7=, 79,

70, 72, 76, 77, 11, <:1, <<:, <51

anvasaeaoaili, 51

D

d`rlrquãls, 7, 2<, 20, 6<, 61

O

o`fataclmaýn, 7:, 75, 7=, 79, <:0, <<0, <51

o`sealnls, =2, 25, 2=, 20, 22, 15

oae`rtli, 52, 2:, <:9, <51, <=:

ohs mòhs, 90

OH] CAYH], <:2

C

Clrmus`, 56, 57, 7:, <=:, <=5

Clrflr`t C`li, ==, =9

clrfanlmaýn, 2<, 2=, 20

Clrx, 52, =7

clsls, <:, 7:, 11, <::, <:1, <<:, <<=, <<2, <<6, <57,

<=:, <=<, <=5

clsmuoanh, 1, <5, <9, <0, <6, <1, 5:, 51, =0, 22, 1<cltrachnah, <7, <1, 59, =:, =5, 25, 7=, 1<

cìahs i` mhcunamlmaýn, <:, 22, 15, 11, <:<, <<<,

<57, <=<

c`rmlih, <<9

caìh, <=, ==, <:6, <:7, <51

cath, <0, 0=, 17, <:2, <:6, <:7, <:1, <<:, <<<, <<=

chi`rnaili, 2=, 1=, <:6, <<:, <<6, <5<

chnhflcal, <51

Chrãn, <6, 95, 9=, 09, 01, 71, <<:

chvaca`nth gappa`, 66

N

nlrrlmahn`s, 9<, 15, 10, 17, 11, <:1, <<0, <<2, <<6,

<5=

nhrclo, 1, =<, 99, 25, 29, 20, 22, 6<, 65, 67, 61, 7<,

19

nhrcls, 1, 57, 25, 27, 6<, 65, 69, 66, 61, 79, 1:, 1=,

16, <<:, <5<

H

Hra`nt`, <5

Z

plsaýn, <7, <1, 5:, 55, 90, 06, 07, 01, <:7

pltralrmlih, 1, <:, <2, 21, 6<, 76, 71, <:1

pltralrmlo, <0, <2, 5<, 00, 27, 6<, 61, <<7

p`nslca`nth eanlrah, 0, 7, 1, <6, 2=, 22, 61, 1<, <5<

p`nslca`nth mhcpo`dh, <6, 95, 9=, 01

p`nslca`nth `n rì , <6

p`rbhrclnm`, 22, 26, 1<, 15, 1=

p`rbhrclnm`s, 7, 26

p`rbhrcltavaili, 22, 27, 1<, 15, 1=

Zoltýn, <=, <9, <6 , <7, 5:, 06 , <:2

phi`r saceýoamh, 69, 19, <::

phschi`rnaili, 27, 1:, 11, <:2, <:1, <<=, <<6, <5:,

<51

phst`strumturloasch, 7, =0Zr`malih4 E`ltraz, 25, 2=, 26, 71, 1<, <=<

Zr`gasthral, 07



pranm`sls, 29

prãnmap`s, 29

prhstatumaýn, 22, 71, 1=

prhstatutls, 7<

\

qu``r, 7, 1, 02, 2:, 2<, 25, 2=, 29, 20, 22, 27, 21, 1:,

1<, 1=, <<7

\u``r4 qu``r, <, 7, <6, 00, 2<, 25, 2=, 29, 20, 26, 27

U

rì`s, 29, 26, 27, 65, 71

ràbamlmaýn, 69, 7:, 7=, 19

ròafaýn, 1, =9, 09, 2<, 62, 61, 1<, <:5, <:2, <<:, <<=,

<5<

r`pr`saýn, <7, 25, 22, 6<, 7:, 77

r`sast`nmal, 2<, 2=, 21, 67, 76, <:9

r`vhoumaýn pltralrmlo , <2

rath, 17, <<<, <<5, <<=, <<9raths, <9, 0=, 6<, 60, 1<, 16, <:0, <:7, <<<, <<5, <<=,

<<9, <5=

rho`s, =<, ==, =0, 29, 22, 26, 27, 21, 70, 1:

Uhclntamasch, 55

]

sìummaýn, <:, <:1, <57

s`ntaca`nths, 5:, 55, 07, 2:, 27, 65, <:0, <:7, <57

s`xh4 s`xuloaili, <6, ==, =9, =0, 00, 2:, 25, 20, 61,

7<, 71, 15, 1=, <56, <57, <51, <=:

s`xuloaili, <6, <1, 5:, ==, =9, 90, 25, 27, 7<, 72, 76,

77, 15, 1=

sãcehohs, <2, 26, 19, 16, 11, <:5, <:=, <:0, <<9, <5<

sucasaýn, 62

Y

tlr`ls ihcástamls, =5

t`mnhohfãl, 56, 51, 09, 06, 1:, 15, 16, <<6

trlns`xuloaili, 20, 22

P

Poas`s, <::

uthpãl, 2=, 20, 61

uthpãls, 20

R

v`rili, 7, <9, <0, <2, <6, <7, 5:, 5<, 55, 5=, 59, 50,

56, 57, =1, 9:, 9<, 99, 92, 91, 05, 0=, 09, 60, 15,

10, <<0, <5:, <=:

vaho`nmal saceýoaml, 69, 60, <:9

T

Tùs, <0

La Construcción Sociocultural de la Realidad desde una perspectiva Queer. Coral Herrera Gómez

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Transcript of La Construcción Sociocultural de la Realidad desde una perspectiva Queer. Coral Herrera Gómez