Investigación y ciencia 348 - Septiembre 2005

7/23/2019 Investigacin y ciencia 348 - Septiembre 2005

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MYIUA PIRXPIHZCUA PARA LA IMEIROIJAJ JI PARNCMXFM

XIPZCIOBRI 2009

5,00 IYRFX

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2/99

Xipzciobri ji 2009

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3/99

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5/99

CMUIXZCKAHCMS HCIMHCA, xipzciobri, 2009 8

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: CMUIXZCKAHCMS HCIMHCA, xipzciobri, 2009

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7/99


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Jflfrix ji habiwa

Lfx jflfrix ji habiwa mf ioamam im rialcjajjil hiribrf- Mahim ji crrczahcfmix im ixzryhzy/rax uihcmax7 la pcil, lax arzchylahcfmix, lfx oxhylfx,lfx mirucfx f lfx uaxfx xamkymifx- Il zigcjf hiri/bral, imhirrajf im il prfzihzfr rihcmzf jil hrmif,mf da jixarrfllajf im xy iuflyhcm la hapahcjajji riahhcfmar a lax ximxahcfmix ji prixcm- Lfxjflfrix ji habiwa xi hlaxcfiham im prcoarcfx sxihymjarcfx- Lfx xihymjarcfx xfm xmzfoax ji fzrajflimhca- Das myoirfxax hayxax, ji ym mirucfpcmwajf a yma xcmyxczcx- La oasfra ji lax hiealiax,xcm iobarkf, xfm prcoarcax, ix jihcr, mf xfm xm/zfoax, xcmf il prfblioa im x- Im ixzi haxf, qyiabarha lax hiealiax jibcjax a la zimxcm oyxhylars lax ockraax, il jflfr prfhiji qycw ji ymaocxoa ryza miyrfqyocha im il hiribrf- La hajima

iopciwa hyamjf lfx himzrfx hiribralix jil jflfr xiahzcuam- Xikrikam xirfzfmcma s mfripcmiercma, qyijclazam lfx uaxfx xamkymifx ji lax oimcmkix qyirfjiam il hiribrf- Il flygf xamkymif hrihi- Al dcm/hdarxi lfx uaxfx, zimxam lax miyrfmax hcrhymjamzixs xzax ioczim xialix al xcxzioa zrckiocmal, riajil hiribrf qyi hfmzrfla lfx oimxagix ji jflfr jila habiwa s il rfxzrf- Ximzcofx imzfmhix la hiealia-Fzra hfxa ix pfr qy xi cmchca ixza ryza- Alkymaxhcrhymxzamhcax dahim ox prfbabli il jflfr jihabiwa- Lfx jiximhajimamzix pyijim xir cmzirmfx$lfx haobcfx dfrofmalix jyramzi la oimxzryahcm,pfr igioplf# f prfhijimzix jil imzfrmf $il ixzrxf la ealza ji xyif#- La uirjaj ix qyi am mf xixabi bcim hof xi zramxefroam ixfx jiximhaji/mamzix im xialix qyochax- Ja{m A- Oarhyx

ECXCHA I DCXZFRCA

Il palcopxixzf ji Arqyoijix

Im il xcklf T, alkycim hfpc im Hfmxzam/zcmfpla, a parzcr ji frckcmalix krcikfx,uarcax fbrax ji Arqyoijix, imzri illax Lfxozfjfx ji lfx zifrioax oihmchfx, hfmfhcjaxlf pfr ixza eyimzi, hfm itzrafrjcmarcfxhlhylfx cmfimczixcoalix, s il Zrazajf xfbrilfx hyirpfx xyoirkcjfx, jil qyi ix la mchaeyimzi im il krcikf frckcmal- Xi zraza ji laxhfpcax ox amzckyax ji Arqyoijix hfmfhcjax-Pirf mfx dam llikajf pfr haocmfx zfrzyfxfx-A fimalix jil xcklf TCC jiximhyajirmarfm illcbrf, xi bfrrarfm xyx pkcmax hfm wyof jilcom s pcijra poiw, xi lax parzc pfr la

oczaj s xi ixhrcbcirfm xfbri illax itfrhcxofxs plikarcax para imeirofx- Al oimfx jixjiil xcklf TUC, il hjchi riixhrczf xi dallaba imil ofmaxzircf ji Oar Xaba, im Zcirra Xamza,daxza qyi lf zraxlajarfm im il TCT a la bcblcf/ziha jil Pazrcarha Krcikf ji Giryxalm- Ji allpaxara imxikycja a la haxa filcal im Hfmxzam/zcmfpla ji la cklixca jil Xamzf Xipylhrf, jfmjiil ijczfr ofjirmf ji lax fbrax ji Arqyoijix,Gfdam Dicbirk, lf efzfkrafiara- Lis la hapabfrraja jil palcopxixzf, hfm la asyja xlfji yma lypa, s pyblch im 130; lfx zitzfxrijixhybcirzfx- Imxikycja ufluira a pirjir/xi ji ucxza il hjchi, daxza qyi riaparihc

im Parx, jfmji piroamihira im oamfx jiym hflihhcfmcxza prcuajf- Im 1334 xalc a lauimza s, zrax ym pliczf imzri la xala Hdrcxzcixs il Pazrcarhajf Krcikf, ahab, hijcjf pfr ymhfoprajfr ammcof, im il oyxif [alzirx jiBalzcofri- Hfm lyw ylzraucfliza xi dam pfjcjfcr rillimamjf lax lakymax qyi mf pyjf liirDicbirk- Xcm iobarkf, mf xi dabam jixhc/erajf hyazrf dfgax, fhylzax bagf clyxzrahcfmixealxcfihajax im il xcklf TT- Y{i Birkoamm laxda cjf dahcimjf ucxcblix aprfuihdamjf qyila zcmza ji lfx zitzfx ji Arqyoijix, ji xlfyma f jfx ochrax ji ixpixfr, s la ji lfx ri/

wfx hfmzcimim yma diofprfzima qyi xi zfrmaflyfrixhimzi hyamjf xi la xfoizi a cmzimxfxrasfx T ji yma imirka hfmhriza, kimirajfxim il labfrazfrcf ji rajcahcm xcmhrfzm jilahilirajfr lcmial ji Xzamefrj- Zrax illf dasqyi xiparar la halckraea jil xcklf T ji lajil xcklf TCC, ji lf qyi xi imharka il fillfkfRiucil Mizw-

Bagf ixza clyxzrahcm ealxa xi imhyimzra

ym palcopxixzf hysa hapa ox amzckya

hfmzcimi fbrax ji Arqyoijix-

PALIFMZFLFKCA

Ym piw prcoczcuf

Paxajfx :90 ocllfmix ji afx am ix bcim ucxcbli la coprixcm qyi ym piw, aymqyi mf zyucixi dyi/xfx mc jcimzix, jig im ym ixqycxzf xyjaerchamf7 xi rihfmfhim hlaraoimzi lax ixhaoax, lfx fgfxs il dkajf- Ym iqycpf ji la Ymcuirxcjaj ji Lichixzir sa daba jixhybcirzf ym excl parihcjf im 133:,pirf xlf adfra, al aparihir xcizi myiufx igioplarix, xi da pirhcbcjf il xckmcfihajf ji aqyil dallawkf-Ixzfx exclix parihim ripriximzar yma eaxi oys zioprama im la iuflyhcm ji lfx pihix- Mc xcqyciraxi dabam hfmxzczycjf zfjaua lax prfpcijajix zpchax ji lfx uirzibrajfx- Im aqyilla pfha, Xyjerchapaxaba pfr yma ijaj ji dcilf- Pyixzf qyi mf zimam jcimzix, mf jibam ji xir prijajfrix> cmkircramlf qyi flfzaxi im il akya ji eymjchcm ji yma hapa ji dcilf qyi cba rizrfhijcimjf pfhf a pfhf- Eal/zam am ixzyjcfx ox jizallajfx i cmhlyxf ym mfobri hcimzfihf para ixzfx exclix ji pihix, lfx oxamzckyfx qyi xi dasam jixhybcirzf im Aercha- Am ox ucigfx xfm jfx exclix ji pihix dallajfx imHdcma7 ji dahi 980 ocllfmix ji afx- Iram zaobcm harzclakcmfxfx-

Lfx fgfx s lax ixhaoax jioyixzram

qyi ixzi excl ix ji ym piw akmazf

ji dahi :90 ocllfmix ji afx-


8/99

5 CMUIXZCKAHCMS HCIMHCA, xipzciobri, 2009

Oyhdfx byxham im il jixcirzf xiuircjaj s ximhclliw- A o oi

cmzirixa la hfopligcjaj- Lax rfhax jil fixzi ji Arcwfma,

jfmji zrabagf, imhcirram yma ji lax dcxzfrcax ox cmzrcmhajax

qyi dasa dabcjf im la Zcirra- Lax hapax ji pcijra halcwa,

ji harbfmazfx, ji lfjf xijcoimzajf, ji arima ji hyarwf

s ji laua xflcjcfihaja jioyixzram qyi, im lfx lzcofx 500

ocllfmix ji afx, ixza rikcm pax ji oar xfoirf s hlcjf a hcmaka, qyi

jiucmf im jixcirzf cmoimxf ji jymax brcllamzix s arjcimzix, para hfmxzczycrxi

lyikf im itzimxcm ji dcilf s xza, im oar xfoirf ji myiuf- Lax iryphcfmix

uflhmchax efroarfm cxlax hfof Gapm> copilcjax hirha ji 200 ncloizrfx

hfmzcmimzi ajimzrf a lf larkf ji eallax imfroix, lajiarfm hapax ji rfha qyi,

al halimzarxi, prfjygirfm orofl s hyarhcza- La iliuahcm jil zirrimf s la

irfxcm hriarfm pfr fim il pacxagi jixrzchf qyi aprihcaofx dfs ja-

Xioigamzi rihfmxzryhhcm dcxzrcha, zam ocmyhcfxa, rixylzaba copfxcbli

im il haxf ji Oarzi- A lf larkf ji oc ucja, di ucxzf, xcm iobarkf, hof

jigaba ji xir ym oirf pymzf im il hcilf mfhzyrmf- Adfra xi mfx aparihi

hfof yma zcirra ji uflhamix iopcmajfx, ji lihdfx flyucalix xihfx, ji amzc/

kyfx lakfx s ji llamyrax ji laua barrcjax pfr il ucimzf- Oarzi hyimza hfm

yma ji lax dcxzfrcax ox apaxcfmamzix jil xcxzioa xflar, aymqyi apimax da

hfoimwajf a bfxqyigarxi- Lliuaofx afx jibazcimjf im zfrmf a hyixzcfmixeymjaoimzalix7 xc il plamiza eyi hlcjf s doijf, parihcjf a la Zcirra, f

xc eyi erf, xihf s rcjf, a la oamira lymar, hfof xc pyjcraofx rijyhcr la

dcxzfrca ji ym oymjf imzirf a oijca jfhima ji palabrax-

RFM

OCLLIR

Ixzrazckraea s rilciui

ji OarziYmf ji lfx uidhylfx itplfrajfrix xi imhfmzr hfm ym jixcirzf

amzckyf> il fzrf, hfm ym oymjf amzaf doijf-

La jcuirxcjaj ji Oarzi ix jckma ji la zirrixzri

Pdclcp R- Hdrcxzimxim

1- AOAMIHIR XFBRI ARABCA ZIRRA apymzamjf dahca il ixzi, dahca Yzfpca Plamc/

zca- Ixza rihfmxzryhhcm arzxzcha ji lax cokimix ixpahcalix oyixzra lfx orkimix ji

Uaxzczax Bfrialcx, yma cmoimxa llamyra jfmji lax akyax ji rcaja ji lfx amzckyfx hamalix

pfjram dabir qyijajf ixzamhajax- Dahca il himzrf ji la clyxzrahcm, lfx prcoirfx rasfx

xflarix rfwam il bfrji fhhcjimzal jil hrzir Lsfz-


9/99

CMUIXZCKAHCMS HCIMHCA, xipzciobri, 2009 ;


10/99


Im il lzcof jihimcf imzraofx im la zirhira ira jila itplfrahcm oarhcama- La prcoira xi prfjygf im ilxcklf TCT, hfm lax fbxiruahcfmix zilixhpchax jil plamiza-Im la xikymja, qyi abarh lfx afx xiximza s xizimza jilxcklf TT, xi ahirharfm a l mauix ixpahcalix- Lax ocxcfmixim rbcza s xfbri il zirrimf dam jizallajf xy zfpfkraea,jizirocmajf xy ocmiralfka s efzfkrafiajf la xypirfihcihfm prihcxcm xyfihcimzi para cmzirprizar prfhixfx kifl/kchfx- Pfr lzcof, xi dam hfmgykajf lfx jazfx fbzimcjfxim rbcza hfm lfx zfoajfx pfr lfx rfbfzx- Oarzi, adfra,pyiji cmuixzckarxi hfm lfx rihyrxfx prfpcfx ji la hcimhcakiflkcha7 ualcmjfxi ji rfhax, ocmiralix s ofreflfkaji la xypirfihci para zigir la dcxzfrca jil axzrf-

Il plamiza da itpircoimzajf yma jcuirxcjaj xfrprimjim/zi ji prfhixfx s hfmjchcfmix a lf larkf jil zciopf- Da

abrckajf jixji imzfrmfx rixihfx daxza fzrfx imzirrajfxbagf dcilf s mciui, paxamjf pfr ixpahcfx ribfxamzix jidyoijaj- Mf xcruim lax izcqyizax xcoplcfihajfrax- Li/gfx ji cmqycrcr xc eyi hlcjf f erf, lax prikymzax aefroylar xfm adfra lax xckycimzix7 daxza qy pymzf eyihlcjf6 Hymza dyoijaj zyuf6 Jyramzi hymzf zciopf6Jmji6 Lax rixpyixzax qyi uam hfmfikyrmjfxi aeihzama la cmhkmcza qyi a oyhdfx mfx da copylxajf a ixzyjcaril plamiza rfgf7 xy pfzimhcal para albirkar ucja, im ilpriximzi f im il paxajf-

Jfx lykarix, jfx ucxcfmixIm il oarhf ji ym prfkraoa ji la MAXA, im imirf ji200: zfoarfm xyilf, im ximjfx pymzfx ji Oarzi, jfx jilax oqycmax ox hfopligax gaox hfmxzrycjax- Iqycpa/jax hfm hoarax s ixpihzroizrfx qyi jizirocmaram lahfopfxchcm jil xyilf s ji lax rfhax, lfx rfbfzx XpcrczsFppfrzymczs dabam ioprimjcjf il ucagi para jar rixpyix/za a la hyixzcm himzral ji la kiflfka oarhcama7 hylda xcjf all il papil jil akya6 Il Xpcrcz xi pfx xfbriil hrzir Kyxiu, ilikcjf pfr xy rilciui7 lax cokimixzfoajax im rbcza riuilabam la efroahcm ji ym ualli,il Oaajco, im il hrzir> itahzaoimzi, hfof xc Kyxiudybcira xcjf ym lakf-

Im ym hfocimwf il lykar rixylz jihiphcfmamzi- IlXpcrcz mf dall xckmfx ji la priximhca amzircfr ji akya-

X ofxzr rfhax uflhmchax hfopyixzax, xikm lfx ix/pihzroizrfx, pfr flcucmf s pcrftimf, ocmiralix oysximxcblix cmhlyxf a la ox omcoa kfza ji akya lqycja-Ixzax rfhax mf dam ixzajf itpyixzax a hamzcjaj alkymaji akya im lfx zrix ocl ocllfmix ji afx zramxhyrrcjfxjixji qyi lax iryphcfmix lax arrfgarfm al itzircfr-

Oax, hyamjf il Xpcrczxybc pfr lax hflcmax Hflyobca,jixji jfmji xi aucxza il pymzf ji azirrcwagi, la xczyahcmxi zfrm cmzirixamzi- Jixhybrc all kramjix hamzcjajix jixalix ji awyeri- Ira iucjimzi qyi lax rfhax uflhmchax xirfopcirfm im piqyifx kramfx qyi la xal hioimz jixpyx>ixzi prfhixf pyjf dabir ixzajf axfhcajf a yma cmfilzrahcmji akya lqycja jimzrf ji lax rfhax f a la priximhca ji

Lfx uidhylfx Xpcrcz s Fppfrzymczs dam rihfrrcjf wf/max ji Oarzi jyramzi ym af s oijcf, ocimzrax zrixmauix ixpahcalix rikcxzrabam jixji xyx rbczax la zf/pfkraea s hfopfxchcm qyocha jil plamiza hfm ymaprihcxcm xlf hfmfhcja daxza imzfmhix im la Zcirra-

Daxza ixzax ocxcfmix, la pryiba prcmhcpal ji la itcx/zimhca ji akya lqycja im il paxajf ji Oarzi iraji mazyraliwa ofreflkcha7 lfx ahhcjimzix jil xyilf,

oys xykirimzix, pirf zaobcm oys aobckyfx- Adf/ra, lfx oigfrix cmjchcfx xfm ocmiralkchfx $la pri/ximhca ji tcjfx ji dcirrf s ji xyleazfx# s rilazcufxa zitzyrax $ixerylax s fmjylahcfmix s ji lfx lihdfxrfhfxfx#> hfmfiroam xcm aobakix qyi Fppfrzymczsxi pfx xfbri il efmjf ji ym amzckyf lakf-

La dcxzfrca kiflkcha jil plamiza da cjf itpircoim/zamjf haobcfx rajchalix s itzrafx, ji ym lykar afzrf s a lf larkf jil zciopf- Kram parzi jil plami/za mf da ucxzf mymha yma kfza ji akya> il ocxofpymzf ji azirrcwagi jil Fppfrzymczs da hfmfhcjflarkyxcoax xiqyax- Zaobcm xfrprimji la jcuirxc/jaj ji uflhamix s fzrax ixzryhzyrax kiflkchax-

Rixyoim&Lax xcmkylarcjajix ji Oarzi


11/99


hcjf xylerchf qyi riahhcfmaxi hfm lfx ocmiralix ji larfha- A pixar ji ixzi cmjchcf ji akya, lax rfhax xckyimhfmzimcimjf hamzcjajix copfrzamzix ji flcucmf s pcrftimf-Mf fbxzamzi, pyix, il parihcjf jil lykar hfm il lihdf jiym lakf, il akya dabra jixiopiajf ym papil oimfrim lfx lzcofx oclix ji ocllfmix afx-

Il rfbfz Fppfrzymczs xi jcrckc a lax llamyrax Oircjcamc-La ilihhcm jil jixzcmf xial yma myiua izapa im myixzraitplfrahcm jil xcxzioa xflar7 xi zrazaba ji la prcoirauiw qyi xi imucaba yma xfmja a ym pymzf ixhfkcjf imrawm ji xy ocmiralfka- Lax prcoirax ocxcfmix ixpahca/lix a Oarzi ixzyjcarfm lfx ilioimzfx qyochfx ji qyiixzaba hfopyixza la xypirfihci, pirf la cjimzcfihahcm jilfx ocmiralix lfx hfopyixzfx s ixzryhzyrax hrcxzalcmaxefroajfx pfr ixfx ilioimzfx riqyira ym ixpihzroizrfji iocxcm zrocha, cmxzryoimzf qyi daba jixarrfllajfla maui Oarx Klfbal Xyruisfr ji la MAXA- $Ixza xfmjaalhamw il plamiza im 133;-# Im lfx oapax ocmiralkchfxqyi hfmeihhcfmaofx, Oircjcamc xfbrixala pfr xy mfzablihfmhimzrahcm ji dioazczix hrcxzalcmax-

Ixzi tcjf ji dcirrf, hfom im la Zcirra, xi efroaa zraux ji uarcfx prfhixfx, la oasfra ji lfx hyalixriqycirim akya- Ax, pfr prihcpczahcm ji flycjfx qyihcrhylam pfr lfx xijcoimzfx> zaobcm, pfr jipfxchcms jixdcjrazahcm ji ocmiralix ji dcirrf qyi hfmzimkamakya, hfof la kfizdcza, ocmiral parjfrrfgcwf qyi xi

dalla im xyilfx jixrzchfx- Lax rfhax ji Oircjcamc rc/hax im dioazczix priximzam yma fima ixzrazcfihahcm s xiirfxcfmam hfm eahclcjaj> xi axcimzam xfbri la xypirfihciox uciga s xalpchaja ji hrzirix, qyi mfx ioczi a ymjipxczf xijcoimzarcf- Lax dioazczix, ajiox, rillima/rfm ymfx hamalix priitcxzimzix s fzrax wfmax bagax jila zfpfkraea> illf ja a imzimjir qyi ixzax rfhax eyirfmjipfxczajax pfr il akya s mf zapcwarfm il pacxagi hfofhimcwa uflhmcha f pfluf arraxzrajf pfr il ucimzf-

A lfx pfhfx jax jil azirrcwagi, il Fppfrzymczs hfm/firo qyi Oircjcamc ixzyuf bagf il akya alkyma uiw-Imxikycja aucxz aflfraocimzfx ji rfhax xijcoimzarcaxixzrazcfihajax, lfx prcoirfx fbxiruajfx im Oarzi- Lax

rfhax hfmzcimim zamzf xyleazf jil 80 al :0 pfr hcimzfji xy pixf, qyi xlf la iuapfrahcm ji akya rcha imawyeri pyiji itplcharlf- Lfx xyleazfx mf xfm, mc oyhdfoimfx, zam abymjamzix im Kyxiu- Lax dioazczix ajfpzarfmla efroa ji ixeirax $apfjajax armjamfx# ji ymf ahcmhf ocloizrfx ji jcoizrf, cmhryxzajax im lax hapaxrfhfxax f jcxpirxax pfr il xyilf-

Il oasfr ji lfx aflfraocimzfx cmuixzckajfx pfr il Fp/pfrzymczs, il zirraplm Byrmx, xi oamcfiixza hfof yma xi/hyimhca ji jymax ji arima qyi dybciram rihcbcjf akya jila xypirfihci f jil xybxyilf- Oyhdfx ji lfx kramfx ji ixaxjymax hfmxiruajax xfm xyleazfx prfhijimzix ji la iuapfra/hcm ji akya ixzamhaja, qycwx im lax plasax, ixpahcfxllamfx imzri jymax- Xc zfoaofx pfr pymzf ji rieirimhcalf qyi xyhiji im la Zcirra, la efroahcm ji lax rfhax jilzirraplm Byrmx xi jixarrfll a lf larkf ji oclix f hcimzfxji oclix ji afx- Lfx kramfx ixerchfx ji dioazczix pfjramdabirxi hriajf ox zarji, im flycjfx rchfx im dcirrf qyihcrhylaxim a zraux ji lfx xijcoimzfx- Pfr prcoira uiw, xicmuixzck im Oarzi ym aflfraocimzf hfm il ocxof imefqyiplyrcjcxhcplcmar qyi il aplchajf im la Zcirra-

La ofreflfka ji lax llamyrax Oircjcamc, ymf ji lfxpacxagix ox plamfx qyi xi dasam ucxzf im lfx plamizax,xi axioiga a la jil lihdf ji ym lakf- La itzimxcm jilax dioazczix harzfkrafiaja pfr lfx cmxzryoimzfx im rbczariuila qyi xi zraz ji ym kram lakf acxlajf f ji ym oar

piqyif, pirf mf ji yma parzi ji ym fhamf klfbal-Alkymfx ji lfx hrzirix al xyr s al fixzi jil jipxczfprcmhcpal ji dioazczix hfmzcimim zaobcm rfhax ox rchaxim ixi ocmiral- Qycw eyirfm lakfx cmjipimjcimzix-

Im rixyoim, jcraxi qyi lfx rfbfzx dybcixim alham/wajf plamizax jceirimzix- Ymf, ox xihf qyi hyalqycirjixcirzf zirrixzri> fzrf, ym oymjf ji ocl lakfx- Xfmxzax lax mchax pfxcbclcjajix6 Ferihi oasfr jcuirxcjajla kiflfka oarhcama6 Ixzfx jfx paragix, jcxzamzix imzrix oclix ji ncloizrfx, ripriximzam zfjax lax pfxcblixhfopfxchcfmix rfhfxax s ahzcucjajix ahyfxax ji Oarzi6Para abfrjar zalix hyixzcfmix, xi da iopiwajf pfr xfoizira myiuf amlcxcx lfx jazfx zfoajfx im rbcza-

Xijcoimzfx rchfx im xyleazfx jipfxczajfx pfr il akya

Arima jipfxczaja pfr il ucimzf im locmax ox kryixax

Arima jipfxczaja pfr il ucimzf im locmax fimax

Arima xyilza

MAXA&GPL&HFRMILL

2- IL ZIRRAPLIM BYRMX ix ym aelfraocimzf rfhfxf ixpihzahylar,

ji la alzyra ji ym ijcechcf ji zrix plamzax, qyi il rfbfz Fppfrzy/

mczs da itplfrajf hfm jizalli- Efroa parzi jil bfrji jil hrzir

Imjyramhi, a ymfx ;00 oizrfx ji jfmji xi pfx il uidhylf- Lax

rfhax ji la hrixza, al ckyal qyi lax jil pymzf ji azirrcwagi, xfm

rchax im xyleazfx $rfgf s aoar cllf im la coakim cmzircfr ji ealxf hf/

lfr#- Jibcirfm ji jipfxczarxi a lf larkf ji ripizcjax cmymjahcfmix s

jixihahcfmix ji la wfma- Ox abagf das hapax ecmax ji yma oiwhla

$uirji# ji dioazczix, ocmiral rilahcfmajf hfm il akya, s ji ocmi/

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ji arima, pfr lf kimiral oys xihax pixi a qyi xi dallabam hirha

ji ym kram iobalxi ji akya- Il efmjf jil hrzir ixz hybcirzf ji

arima baxlzcha $awyl#-


12/99


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imhyimzra im zfjax lax llamyrax ihyazfrcalix, cmhlycjf ilefmjf ji lfx hamalix-

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xi xijcoimz im ym hyrxf ji akya-

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la hfmxcxzimhca jil oazircal7 la rfha ixz ox halcimzi $rfgf# s il pfluf s la arimaox erfx $awyl#- Lax rfhax plamax jil himzrf jil hrzir $maramga# parihim xijcoim/zfx ji ym lakf- Il zirrimf erahzyrajf qyi das dahca il xyr ja a imzimjir qyi dybf

ym jixplfoi xbczf jil xyilf, qycw pfr dabir brfzajf akya xybzirrmia-MAXA&GPL&HFRMILL&YMCUIRXCJAJ

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13/99


zcirrax bagax xipzimzrcfmalix xi axioigabam a ym zcpf jilaua iuflyhcfmaja, la amjixcza7 hfmzimam ox ucjrcf,ox ocmiralix rchfx im xlchi s oimfx ocmiralix jidcirrf- Im la Zcirra, xi efroam amjixczax hyamjf laxplahax zihzmchax xybjyhimzix oiwhlam akya hfm lax rfhaxeymjcjax jil xybxyilf-

La itcxzimhca ji amjixczax im Oarzi rixylza eaxhcmamzi-Pfjra cmjchar qyi il oamzf oarhcamf ix ox doijfqyi il zirrixzri f qyi lax lauax ox guimix xi eymjcirfma ziopirazyrax s prixcfmix jceirimzix ji lax zpchax jibaxalzfx ox amzckyfx- Alkymfx xykcirim qyi lax xypyixzaxamjixczax xfm baxalzfx haoyflajfx> yma miblcma ji akyaf ji hcjf pfjra dabir riahhcfmajf hfm lfx ocmiralixpara hriar ym rihybrcocimzf parihcjf a la amjixcza- Qycwzimkaofx qyi ixpirar a yma cmuixzckahcm ox fima jila xypirfihci para rixfluir la hyixzcm-

Il ixpihzroizrf ji iocxcm zrocha zcimi yma rixf/lyhcm ixpahcal baxzamzi pfbri7 ym ptil abarha uarcfxncloizrfx- Iopiw a zfoarxi hfmhcimhca ji la jcuirxcjajocmiralkcha ji Oarzi im il af 2001, hyamjf ZDIOCX,yma hoara cmerarrfga qyi oc krypf hfmxzrys para fzraocxcm ji MAXA, la Oarx Fjsxxis, cmchc la harzfkraeajil plamiza hfm yma rixflyhcm ji 100 oizrfx- La hoaras FOIKA dam riuilajf yma hfopfxchcm uarcabli imlax rfhax kmiax qyi rcualcwa hfm la hfmfhcja ji ixaxocxoax rfhax im la Zcirra-

Hirha jil ihyajfr oarhcamf itcxzi ym uflhm ji 1100

ncloizrfx ji jcoizrf, Xsrzcx Oagfr, hysa hcoa priximzayma xirci ji haljirax, hrzirix efroajfx pfr il jirryobiji buijax uflhmchax- La oasfr parzi jil uflhm ixbaxlzchf, pirf lax lajirax ixzm oamhdajax hfm hfmfx sflygfx ji yma laua uzria, rcha im xlchi, la jahcza- Ixzahlaxi ji rfhax xi frckcma im lax hoarax ji oakoa qyidas bagf lfx uflhamix- A oijcja qyi il oakoa xi imera,hrcxzalcwam lfx prcoirfx ocmiralix, hfof il flcucmf s ilpcrftimf, rchfx im dcirrf s oakmixcf- Ixfx ocmiralix xijipfxczam im il efmjf ji la hoara s, hfm illf, il rixzf jiloakoa xi imrcqyihi im xlchi s alyocmcf7 ji ad xyrkimlax jahczax- Lfx pchfx himzralix ji uarcfx hrzirix ji lfxflamhfx ji Xsrzcx Oagfr ixzm hfopyixzfx ji rfhax am

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2 no1 no

1;ncloizrfx

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hfof im il paxajf- La maui Oarx Itprixx efzfkraec im hrzirix

s hfrjcllirax ixzryhzyrax qyi parihim klahcarix, guimix jixji ym

pymzf ji ucxza kiflkchf $cwqy cirja#- La maui Oarx Itprixx jizihz

jipxczfx ji mciui $elihdax, himzrf s jirihda# im lax pimjcimzix qyi

ocram a lfx pflfx- La mciui pfjra xir la eyimzi jil akya ji raoblax

rihcimzix $jirihda#- Xc dfs xfbriucuciram ochrffrkamcxofx im Oarzi,

xira im ixax ahyoylahcfmix ji mciui-

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DCLCP

HDRCXZIMXIM

$jirihda#


14/99


Im ixzi ximzcjf, lf qyi il Xpcrczimhfmzr im il hrzirKyxiu ix ox ripriximzazcuf ji Oarzi qyi lf qyi Fp/pfrzymczs dall im Oircjcamc- Hfm zfjf, Oircjcamc mfix il mchf xczcf jfmji aparihim lakfx im lax cokimixfrbczalix- Il hrzir Arao Hdafx, ji 240 ncloizrfx jijcoizrf, priximza ym hamal ji flygf s ixz rillimf jirfhax ixzrazcfihajax qyi hfmzcimim dioazczix- Das blfqyixkckamzixhfx ji pcijrax ixparhcjfx pfr il xyilf jil hrzir-Parihi hfof xc ym zfrrimzi ji akya xybzirrmia dybciraoamajf hazaxzrfihaoimzi s xi dybcira dymjcjf il zirri/mf xyprasahimzi- Parzi jil akya xi ixzamh im il hrzir,efroamjf lax hapax ji xijcoimzfx hfm dioazczix-

Ji oamira xcoclar, lax karkamzax ji Uallix Oarcmircxpriximzam rfhax hfm dioazczix- Oax aqy lax rfhax xi da/llam jcxpyixzax im hapax fimax ji ehcl irfxcm, parihcjax a

lf qyi xi ixpirara ji la xijcoimzahcm im akya ixzamhaja-Ixzax rfhax, s fzrax a lf larkf ji la rikcm ihyazfrcal,xfm rchax im xyleazfx, xckmf ji xijcoimzfx jipfxczajfxpfr il akya- Lfx lakfx dam pfjcjf itpircoimzar myoi/rfxfx ipcxfjcfx ji cmymjahcm, iuapfrahcm s jixihahcm,pfxcblioimzi zaobcm ji hfmkilahcm- Ajiox ji ixzfxlihdfx amzckyfx, itcxzim rikcfmix rfzyrajax pfr jimxaxrijix ji hamalix qyi parihim hriajax pfr llyucax s ixhf/rrimzax ji xypirfihci- Alkymfx xfxzcimim qyi Oarzi zyuffhamfx itzimxfx7 lax cokimix s lfx jazfx zfpfkrfihfxxykcirim hfxzax s xyauix efmjfx oarcmfx-

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Pirf sa mf pyiji oamzimirxi qyi Oarzi xi parihca la Zcirra- Jil rikcxzrf ocmiralkchf klfbal xi itzraila coprixcm ji qyi la xypirfihci oarhcama ix uciga,hfm ymfx ocmiralix uflhmchfx frckcmalix qyi zfjauaxi hfmxiruam s a lfx qyi il akya apimax xc da alzirajf-Im Oircjcamc, lax arimax baxlzchax sahim xfbri lfx xi/

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Il plamiza ji lax larkax ixzahcfmixIl paxajf pchf ji Oarzi azrai myixzra azimhcm, pirfjfx mfuijajix mfx cmhlcmam adfra a ixzyjcar xy ahzcucjaj

ahzyal- La prcoira ix il hfmximxf hrihcimzi im zfrmf a ymplamiza kiflkchaoimzi ahzcuf im ym paxajf rihcimzi- Laoasfra ji lfx kramjix uflhamix s lax llamyrax ji lauaxfm ucigfx s jazam ji la prcoira oczaj ji la dcxzfrcajil plamiza, pirf la ayximhca ji hrzirix ji copahzf jioizifrczfx im lfx flygfx ji laua ji alkymax rikcfmix, hfofAzdabaxha, rixalzam la gyuimzyj ji xzfx $xikm il pazrmkiflkchf#7 dabram oamajf ji iryphcfmix ahfmzihcjaxjyramzi lfx lzcofx ocllfmix ji afx- Xi dam byxhajfuflhamix ahzcufx s pymzfx halcimzix kifzrochfx im laxcokimix cmerarrfgax mfhzyrmax, xcm tczf- Oarzi xi daimercajf daxza zal krajf, qyi apimax jixarrflla ahzcucjajuflhmcha, pfr ox qyi ji uiw im hyamjf aflfri lauaim xypirfihci-

La xikymja mfuijaj hfmhcirmi al jixhybrcocimzf jirixiruax hflfxalix ji akya dilaja, qyi xi jixplawam pfril plamiza hfm il haobcf ji hlcoa- Lfx jfx pflfx pri/ximzam jipxczfx ji dcilf f ji xijcoimzfx rchfx im dcilfhfm ncloizrfx ji ixpixfr> la xyoa ji aobax hybcirzaxdilajax iqycuali a yma itzimxcm oasfr qyi Ixpaa-Lax oijchcfmix ji ziopirazyra rialcwajax im lfx afxxizimza jiofxzrarfm qyi il haxqyizi pflar xipzimzrcfmalix akya dilaja, pirf mf jizirocmarfm la hfopfxchcmjil haxqyizi pflar oircjcfmal- La ziopirazyra xypirfi/hcal hfrrixpfmji a la jil dcilf ji jctcjf ji harbfmf>pirf, pfjra dabir akya dilaja jibagf6 Lax zfoax ji

la ziopirazyra ox rihcimzix ji ZDIOCX dam jizihzajfakya dilaja qyi aflfra im alkymax wfmax> la rixpyixzaparihi, pyix, afiroazcua-

Al cmuimzarcf ji akya hfmfhcjf das qyi xyoar il dcilfxybzirrmif jizihzajf pfr il Ixpihzroizrf ji RasfxKaooa s pfr il Jizihzfr ji Miyzrfmix ji Alza Imirka-Ixzfx cmxzryoimzfx, aobfx a bfrjf ji Oarx Fjsxxis,ocjim lfx rasfx kaooa s lfx miyzrfmix qyi xi kimiramhyamjf lfx rasfx hxochfx hdfham hfmzra il xyilf- Lajcxzrcbyhcm ji imirka ji lfx efzfmix kaooa s ji lfxmiyzrfmix riuila la hfopfxchcm jil xyilf daxza prfeym/jcjajix ji uarcfx oizrfx- Ax, il dcjrkimf abxfrbi hfmeahclcjaj lfx miyzrfmix> pfr zamzf, yma oiroa miyzrmcha

4 no

MAXA&AXY&MFIL

KFRILCHN

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oarhcamf ix ox hfopliga ji lf qyi xi ixpiraba-


15/99


jimymhcar la priximhca ji dcjrkimf im il xybxyilf,xfbri zfjf im lax efroax ji D2 s akya- Im lax rikcfmixhfoprimjcjax imzri lfx 50 krajfx ji lazczyj s lfx pflfx,il akya ripriximza daxza ym 90 ) ji la hfopfxchcmjil zirrimf- Zaoaa hfmhimzrahcm mf pyiji azrcbycrxia yma xcopli jceyxcm jil uapfr ji akya azofxerchfim lfx pfrfx jil xyilf- Amzix bcim, il dcilf zyuf qyijipfxczarxi im efroa ji mciui f ji ixharhda-

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Zfjfx ixzfx ahhcjimzix rilahcfmajfx hfm il akya xy/kcirim qyi Oarzi, lf ocxof qyi la Zcirra, azraucixahchlfx ji ijajix klahcalix- La cmhlcmahcm jil igi jirfzahcm ji Oarzi fxhcla ymfx 20 krajfx a lf larkf

ji ym pirfjf ji 129-000 afx- Xc la cmhlcmahcm ixxyaui, lfx pflfx xi hfmucirzim im lfx lykarix ox erfxjil plamiza- Hai ox mciui ji la qyi xi iuapfra, pfrlf qyi xi prfjyhi yma ahyoylahcm miza ji dcilf- Aoijcja qyi la cmhlcmahcm ayoimza, lfx pflfx rihcbimox lyw xflar s xi halcimzam a itpimxax ji lax lazczyjixoijcax- Il akya zcimji a jixplawarxi ji lfx pflfx dahcail ihyajfr- Al crxi ahyoylamjf mciui im la xypirfihci,pyiji iopiwar a dabir alkyma ixhfrrimza- Dfs ja, laxlazczyjix oijcax ixzm halimzmjfxi s il rihybrcocimzfji mciui da jixaparihcjf haxc pfr hfoplizf- Xc il of/jilf ji lfx hchlfx klahcalix ix hfrrihzf, la klahcahcmrikrixar jimzrf ji ymfx 29-000 f 90-000 afx-

La dcxzfrca ji la hcimhca ji Oarzi rihyirja a la e/byla ji lfx hcikfx qyi qycirim jixhrcbcr ym ilieamzi7 lakiflfka haobca im rawm jil lykar jfmji xi ocri- Ilplamiza, oys rchf im zitzyrax, ucui ym priximzi axfo/brfxaoimzi jcmochf s da zimcjf ym paxajf cmzrcmhajfi cmhlyxf parajgchf- La jcuirxcjaj ji xyx rfhax uflh/mchax mf jixoirihi ji la fbxiruaja im la Zcirra- Ua/ram oyhdxcof lax oamceixzahcfmix ji akya- Il plamizaitpircoimz kramjix cmymjahcfmix, i cmhlyxf llyucax,im pfhax ziopramax ji xy dcxzfrca> pixi a lf hyal, laxrfhax ox amzckyax hfmzcimim zfjaua ocmiralix qyi xijixhfopfmim im ym imzfrmf doijf- Il hlcoa ix xihfs erf> mf fbxzamzi, il uidhylf Fppfrzymczs xi zfphfm il efmjf ji ym amzckyf oar, xial ji qyi il hlcoaeyi oys jcxzcmzf- Il akya lqycja ix cmixzabli im lax

hfmjchcfmix ahzyalix, lf qyi mf da xcjf bchi para laefroahcm rihcimzi ji raoblax s barramhfx, qyi pfjramxikycr prfjyhcmjfxi-

Im la jcuirxcjaj ji hfopfmimzix jil rilciui, ji ymarikcm a fzra s ji yma pfha a fzra, xi imhcirra ymfji lfx cmjchajfrix ox ixpiramwajfrix ji yma bcflfkaoarhcama7 prfpfrhcfmam ym rchf hfmgymzf ji imzfrmfxjfmji la ucja pfjra dabir xyrkcjf- Il akya abymj imlfx lakfx jyramzi pirfjfx larkfx, aymqyi cmziroczimzix-Pfjra dabir pirjyrajf ym zciopf xyfihcimzi para qyihfbrara ucja la oazirca cmirzi- Lfx frkamcxofx qycw xiaeirraxim a la ucja dcbirmamjf jyramzi lax pfhax erax sjixhfmkilmjfxi al oigfrar lax hfmjchcfmix hlcozchax-Lfx rioamimzix ji mciui, lfx barramhfx s fzrfx paragixji ixi zimfr xfm lfx pymzfx cjialix para qyi lax ocxcfmixrfbzchax jil eyzyrf byxqyim pryibax ji ucja-

Pdclcp R- Hdrcxzimxim, ayzfrcjaj oymjcal im la hfopfxchcmji la xypirechci ji Oarzi, ix prfeixfr ji la Ymcuirxcjaj jiArcwfma im Ziopi-

KLFBAL OAPPCMKFE OARZCAM DIOAZCZI OCMIRAL JIPFXCZX7 RIOMAMZXFE [AZIR/JRCUIM PRFHIXXIX FM IARLS OARX - P- R- Hdrcxzimxim,

R- U- Ofrrcx, O- J- Lami, G- L- Bamjecilj s O- H- Oalcm imGfyrmal fe Kifpdsxchal Rixiarhd, ufl- 105, parzi 10, pkx-28-4;8/28-449> 2001-

OFRPDFLFKS AMJ HFOPFXCZCFM FE ZDI XYREAHI FE OARX 7 OARX FJSXXIS ZDIOCX RIXYLZX- Pdclcp R- Hdrcxzimxim iz al- im Xhcimhi,ufl- 800, m-f 9524, pkx- 2095/2051> 2; ji gymcf, 2008-

XPCRCZ AZ KYXIU HRAZIR- Moirf ixpihcal ji Xhcimhi, ufl- 809,m-f 9549, pkx- ;38/4:9> 5 ji akfxzf, 200:-

FPPFRZYMCZSAZ OIRCJCAM PLAMYO- Moirf ixpihcal ji Xhcimhi, ufl-805, m-f 9;02, pkx- 153;/1;95> 8 ji jchciobri, 200:-

RFUCMK OARX 7 XPCRCZ, FPPFRZYMCZS, AMJ ZDI ITPLFRAZCFM FE ZDI RIJ PLAMIZ- Xziui Xqysrix- Dspircfm, 2009-

Il ayzfr

Bcblcfkraea hfoplioimzarca

100 no

MAXA&AXY&MFIL

KFRILCHN

9- APFLLCMARCX PAZIRA, ym uflhm itzimxf, aymqyi xfoirf,

ixhypc lauax ji jcuirxa hfopfxchcm- Pfjra xir la eyimzi ji la

himcwa imhfmzraja pfr il rfbfz Xpcrcz ymfx 890 ncloizrfx al xyr-

Il akya da zallajf prfeymjaoimzi lfx jipxczfx jil uflhm- Jixji

il ixpahcf xi dam fbxiruajf hfrrcocimzfx ji zcirrax im la wfma-


16/99

1: CMUIXZCKAHCMS HCIMHCA, xipzciobri, 2009

1- IMZRI LA OAXA JI ILIEAMZI AERCHAMF OAHDF $hirha ji

5000 nclfkraofx# s la ji la ixpihci ox piqyia ji dfrocka

$0,01 oclckraofx# das ox ji fmhi rjimix ji oakmczyj ji

jceirimhca, la ocxoa aprftcoajaoimzi qyi imzri il qyarn hcoa

s il miyzrcmf- Xckyi ckmfrmjfxi pfr qy lax oaxax ji lax par/zhylax ilioimzalix jcecirim im yma hamzcjaj zam kramji-


17/99

Oyhdfx hriim qyi xabim qy ix la oaxa, pirf imzcimjim xlf yma parziji la dcxzfrca- Ixz hlarf qyi ym ilieamzi abylza s pixa ox qyi ymadfrocka- Cmhlyxf im ayximhca ji la krauijaj, zimjra oasfr oaxa shfxzara ox iopygarlf s pfmirlf im ofucocimzf- Xy oaxa ix oasfrpfrqyi hfmxza ji oyhdfx ox zfofx qyi la dfrocka- Pirf, qyjizirocma lax oaxax ji haja zfof6 S ji lax parzhylax ilioimzalix

qyi hfmxzczysim lfx zfofx6 Ox am7 pfr qy zcimim oaxa6Il prfblioa ji la oaxa hfmxza, pyix, ji jfx harax7 il frckim ji la oaxa s la ix/

pihcfihcjaj ji la oaxa ji haja parzhyla- La frckcmam, pfr lf oimfx, zrix oihamcxofxjcuirxfx, qyi jixhrcbcr ox ajilamzi- A yma myiua hlaxi ji haopf, qyi coprikma larialcjaj imzira, li hfrrixpfmji ym papil hlaui im lax zifrax prfucxcfmalix xfbri la oaxa7il haopf ji Dckkx- Xikm xi hrii, lax oaxax ji lax parzhylax ilioimzalix xi jibim ala cmzirahhcm hfm il haopf ji Dckkx- Xc itcxzi, la zifra itcki qyi zimka yma parzhylaaxfhcaja, il bfxm ji Dckkx- Xi la ixz byxhamjf adfra hfm lfx ahilirajfrix-

La fzra hara jil prfblioa ji la oaxa hfmxcxzi im xabir pfr qy lax jcuirxax ixpihcixji parzhylax ilioimzalix zcimim xyx hamzcjajix ixpihfihax ji oaxa- Ixax oaxax cmzrm/xihax abarham pfr lf oimfx fmhi rjimix ji oakmczyj, pirf zfjaua mf xabiofx larawm ji illf- Para hfoprimjir la oakmczyj ji ixa jcxparcjaj, ajucrzaxi qyi la oaxaji ym ilieamzi s la ji la ox piqyia ji lax dfrockax jcfiirim zaobcm im ymfx fmhi

rjimix ji oakmczyj-

Qy ix la oaxa6

Cxaah Mi{zfm priximz ymaprcoira jiecmchcm hcimzec/ha ji la oaxa im 154; imlfx Prcmhcpca7 La hamzcjajji oazirca ix la oijcjaji la ocxoa qyi mahi jixy jimxcjaj s xy uflyoimhfmgymzaoimzi- Ixa jiec/mchcm, oys ilioimzal, lixbaxz a Mi{zfm s a zfjfxlfx hcimzechfx jyramzi oxji 200 afx- Imzimjam qyila hcimhca jibi prfhijirprcoirf a jixhrcbcr qy xy/hiji s xlf ox ajilamzida ji imzimjir pfr qy- Imafx rihcimzix, xcm iobar/kf, il pfrqy ji la oaxaxi da hfmuirzcjf im axymzfqyi la excha da ji cmuixzc/kar- Hfmfhir il xckmcechajfs lfx frkimix ji la oaxahfoplizar s itzimjir ilofjilf ixzmjar ji la exchaji parzhylax, la bcim axim/zaja zifra qyi jixhrcbi laxparzhylax ilioimzalix hf/

mfhcjax s xyx cmzirahhcfmix-Rixfluir zaobcm il ocxzircf ji la oazirca fxhyra, qyi hfmxzczysi hirha ji ymahyarza parzi jil ymcuirxf-

La hfmhiphcm ofjirma ji la oaxa ix oyhdf ox cmzrcmhaja qyi la jifimchcm jiMi{zfm- Xi baxa im il ofjilf ixzmjar- La parzi iximhcal jil ofjilf ixzmjar ixyma eymhcm oaziozcha, ym lakramkcamf, qyi ripriximza lax cmzirahhcfmix imzri laxparzhylax- Hfm ixa eymhcm, xckycimjf lax riklax ji la zifra hymzcha rilazcucxza, xipyiji halhylar il hfopfrzaocimzf ji lax parzhylax ilioimzalix, cmhlycja xy ymcm paraefroar parzhylax hfopyixzax, imzri illax lfx prfzfmix s lfx miyzrfmix- Lf ocxof paralax parzhylax ilioimzalix qyi para lax hfopyixzax, pfjriofx halhylar xy hfopfrza/ocimzf hyamjf itpircoimzam eyirwax- Para yma eyirwa Epfjriofx ixhrcbcr la ihyahcmji Mi{zfm E? oa, qyi rilahcfma la eyirwa, la oaxa s la ahilirahcm rixylzamzi- Il la/kramkcamf mfx cmjcha qy das qyi yzclcwar pfr o im la ihyahcm> ixf ix lf qyi xi qyciri


fx ocxzircfxi la

i ixz byxhamjf yma parzhyla ixqycua, qyi riuilara la priximhca

i ym haopf qyi coprikma zfja la rialcjaj- Xc imhfmzrraofx ixzi haopf

i Dckkx, hfmfhiraofx oigfr la mazyraliwa jil ymcuirxf

Kfrjfm Nami

BRS

AM

HDR

CXZ

CI

JIXC

KM


18/99


xckmcfihar hfm la itprixcm oaxa jila parzhyla-

Pirf la oaxa, zal hfof xfliofximzimjirla, mf xlf xi oamcfiixza oi/jcamzi ckyaljaj E? oa- Pfr igioplf,la zifra ixpihcal ji la rilazcucjaj jiIcmxzicm prijchi qyi lax parzhylax xcmoaxa ucagam im il uahf a la uilf/hcjaj ji la lyw s qyi lax parzhylaxhfm oaxa xi oyiuim xciopri oxjixpahcf, ji yma oamira qyi xi pf/jr halhylar xc hfmfhiofx xyx oaxax-Lax lisix ji la krauijaj prijchim,hfm prihcxcm, qyi la krauijaj ahzaxfbri la oaxa, s zaobcm xfbri laimirka- La hamzcjaj o jijyhcja jillakramkcamf ji haja parzhyla hyopliixax hfmjchcfmix, hfmefroi xi ixpiraji yma oaxa-

Lax parzhylax eymjaoimzalix zci/mim yma oaxa cmzrmxiha7 xy oaxa imripfxf $ji lax qyi zcimim oaxa im

ripfxf myla xi jchi qyi xfm parzhylaxxcm oaxa#- A la oaxa zfzal ji ymaparzhyla hfopyixza hfmzrcbysim laoaxa im ripfxf ji xyx hfopfmimzix sla imirka hcmzcha ji xy ofucocimzfs la imirka pfzimhcal ji xyx cmzirah/hcfmix- La imirka s la oaxa ixzmrilahcfmajax, xikm jchza la eaofxaihyahcm ji Icmxzicm I ? oh2 $laimirka ix ckyal a la oaxa pfr lauilfhcjaj ji la lyw al hyajrajf#-

Ym igioplf ji imirka qyi hfm/zrcbysi a la oaxa fhyrri im la hlaxiji oazirca qyi ox eaoclcar mfx ix7im lfx prfzfmix s lfx miyzrfmix qyiefroam lax ixzrillax, lfx plamizax, szfjf hyamzf uiofx, cmhlycjf mfxfzrfxocxofx- Ixzax parzhylax hfmxzczysimil : f 9 pfr hcimzf ji la oaxa jilymcuirxf- Ji ahyirjf hfm il ofji/lf ixzmjar, prfzfmix s miyzrfmixxi hfopfmim ji qyarnx, parzhylaxilioimzalix qyi xi ymim krahcax a

zchf ix zaobcm ym haopf hymzchf$lf ocxof qyi xy parzhyla ilioimzal,il efzm#- A ixzi rixpihzf, il haopfji Dckkx mf ix ox imckozchf qyilfx ilihzrfmix s la lyw- Jcfiiri, xcmiobarkf, ji lfx jiox haopfx hym/zchfx im zrix axpihzfx hryhcalix-

La prcoira jceirimhca ix ym zam/zf zhmcha- Zfjfx lfx haopfx zcimimixpm, yma hamzcjaj cmzrmxiha jiofoimzf amkylar ji haja yma jixyx parzhylax- Parzhylax zalix hfoflfx ilihzrfmix zcimim ixpm 1&2 s laoasfra ji lax parzhylax axfhcajaxa yma eyirwa, pfr igioplf il efzm,zcimim ixpm 1- Il bfxm ji Dckkx $laparzhyla jil haopf ji Dckkx# pfxiiixpm 0- Il zimir ixpm 0 li piroczial haopf ji Dckkx aparihir im illakramkcamf ji oamirax jceirimzix jihof lf dahim lax jiox parzhylax,lf qyi a xy uiw pfxcbclcza xyx fzrax

jfx harahzirxzchax jcxzcmzcuax s hfm/jyhi a illax-

La xikymja harahzirxzcha ithlyxcuajil haopf ji Dckkx itplcha hof spfr qy zcimi cmzimxcjaj jcxzcmza jihirf im zfjf il ymcuirxf- Hyalqycirxcxzioa, cmhlycjf ym ymcuirxf, hairim xy ixzajf ji imirka ox baga,hfof yma pilfza qyi xi prihcpczi alefmjf ji ym ualli- Para lfx haopfxdabczyalix, lfx haopfx ilihzrfoak/mzchfx ji lax iocxcfmix ji rajcf,il ixzajf ox bagf ji imirka ixaqyil im il qyi zcimim ualfr hirf,im il qyi xi amylam7 xc il ualfr jiixfx haopfx mf ix mylf, la imirkaaloahimaja im illfx ayoimzar laimirka miza jil xcxzioa- Pirf im ilhaxf jil haopf ji Dckkx, la imirkajil ymcuirxf xir oimfr xc il haopf,im uiw ji amylarxi, zfoa ym ualfrhfmxzamzi jcxzcmzf ji hirf- Para lfxxcxzioax hfm haopfx frjcmarcfx, ilefmjf jil ualli hfrrixpfmji al haopfhirf> im il haxf jil Dckkx, il uallizcimi yma hflcma im il himzrf $im ilhaopf hirf# s la parzi ox baga jil

ualli efroa ym hrhylf alrijijfr jila hflcma- Il ymcuirxf, hfof yma pi/lfza, xi parar im alkm pymzf ji ixiefxf hcrhylar, qyi hfrrixpfmji a ymualfr jil haopf ji Dckkx jcxzcmzf jihirf- Ix jihcr, im xy ixzajf mazyralji oimfr imirka, il ymcuirxf imzirfixz coprikmajf pfr ym haopf jiDckkx jcxzcmzf ji hirf-

La zirhira s lzcoa prfpcijaj jcx/zcmzcua jil haopf ji Dckkx ixzrcba imla mazyraliwa ji xyx cmzirahhcfmix hfmlax fzrax parzhylax- Lax parzhylax

fzrax parzhylax, xzax xcm oaxa, lfxklyfmix- Aymqyi lfx hfmxzczysimzixixzm ofucmjfxi jimzrf ji haja prf/zm, jixji il itzircfr pirhcbcofx ilprfzm hfof ym fbgizf hfdirimzi, hfmyma oaxa cmzrmxiha qyi xi fbzcimiakrikamjf lax oaxax s lax imirkaxji xyx hfopfmimzix-

Il ofjilf ixzmjar mfx piroczihalhylar qyi haxc zfja la oaxa jiprfzfmix s miyzrfmix xi jibi a laimirka hcmzcha ji xyx qyarnx s klyf/mix hfmxzczysimzix $il rixzf ucimi jila oaxa im ripfxf ji lfx qyarnx#-Ax, hirha jil : f 9 pfr hcimzf jilymcuirxf imzirf haxc zfja la oazi/rca frjcmarca qyi mfx rfjia, hfm/xcxzi im la imirka jil ofucocimzfji qyarnx s klyfmix im prfzfmix smiyzrfmix-

Il oihamcxof ji Dckkx

Al hfmzrarcf qyi lfx prfzfmix s lfxmiyzrfmix, lax parzhylax uirjajira/oimzi ilioimzalix ix il haxf jiqyarnx s ilihzrfmix mf xi hfopf/mim ji pciwax ox piqyiax- Im laitplchahcm ji xyx oaxax im ripfxfrixcji il uirjajirf mhlif jil prfbli/oa jil frckim ji la oaxa- Hfof fb/xiru arrcba, la excha zircha prfpfmiqyi lax oaxax ji lax parzhylax eym/jaoimzalix xyrkim ji lax cmzirahhcf/mix hfm il haopf ji Dckkx- Pirf,pfr qy ixz il haopf ji Dckkxpriximzi pfr zfjf il ymcuirxf6 Pfrqy xy cmzimxcjaj mf ucimi a xir hirfa ixhalax hxochax, hfof fhyrri hfmil haopf ilihzrfoakmzchf6 Qy ixil haopf ji Dckkx6

Il haopf ji Dckkx ix ym haopfhymzchf- Pfr ocxzircfxf qyi pariwha,mf das parzhyla ilioimzal qyi mf xiail hyamzf ji ym hfrrixpfmjcimzi hao/pf hymzchf- Il haopf ilihzrfoakm/

La oaxa parihi yma harahzirxzcha hfom ji la oazirca, pirf hfmxzc/zysi zfjf ym ocxzircf para la hcimhca- Jixji oyhdfx pymzfx ji ucxza-Hof ajqycirim lax parzhylax ilioimzalix xy oaxa6 Pfr qy zfoalfx ualfrix hfmhrizfx qyi fbxiruaofx6

Lax rixpyixzax a ixax prikymzax asyjarm a hfoplizar s itzimjir ilofjilf ixzmjar ji la excha ji parzhylax, qyi jixhrcbi la excha qyikfbcirma il ymcuirxf- Il ofjilf ixzmjar itzimjcjf qycwx itplcqyi imqy hfmxcxzi la oazirca fxhyra cmucxcbli, qyi xyoa hirha jil 29 pfrhcimzf jil hfxofx-

Xikm la zifra, lax parzhylax ilioimzalix ajqycirim oaxa cmzirahhcf/mamjf hfm ym haopf hymzchf qyi coprikma zfja la rialcjaj- Lfx it/pircoimzfx ji lfx ahilirajfrix ji parzhylax pfjram fbzimirxi, prfmzf,pryibax jcrihzax ji la itcxzimhca ji ixi haopf, il haopf ji Dckkx-

ZDIF

ALLFEX&Aoircham

Xhcimzcxz

Rixyoim&Excha jil haopf ji Dckkx


19/99

CMUIXZCKAHCMS HCIMHCA, xipzciobri, 2009 1;

a b h j i

Qyarnf ilihzrm

Parzhyla ji Dckkx

Bfxm [f W

Imirka Imirka

Cmzimxcjaj jil haopfilihzrfoakmzchf

Cmzimxcjaj jilhaopf ji Dckkx

Ilihzrm

Cmzirahhcm

Haopfji Dckkx

PRFPCIJAJIX JIL BFXFM JI DCKKX

AXC KIMIRA OAXA IL HAOPF JI DCKKX

Il ixpahcf uahf, llimf ji haopf jiDckkx, ix hfof yma plasa llima ji mcfx-

Yma parzhyla qyi azraucixa ixi ixpahcf ixhfof ym uimjijfr ji dilajfx qyi aparihi---

---i cmzirahhcfma hfm lfx mcfx, qyi lferimam, hfof xc ajqycrcira oaxa-

COPRIKMAR LA RIALCJAJ

Ym haopf zpchf, il haopf ilihzrfoakmzchf pfr igioplf,zcimi xy imirka ox baga para la cmzimxcjaj jil haopf myla

$cwqycirja#- Il ymcuirxf ix hfof yma pilfza im ofucocimzfqyi xi jizcimi im il efmjf jil ualli, ix jihcr, xi hflfha imil ualfr hirf jil haopf- Il Dckkx, pfr il hfmzrarcf, zcimi xyimirka omcoa im yma cmzimxcjaj jil haopf jcxzcmza ji hirf,s la pilfza xi para im ym ualfr jcxzcmzf ji hirf $ jirihda#-Ax, il ymcuirxf, im xy ixzajf mazyral ji oimfr imirka,ixz coprikmajf pfr ixi ualfr jcxzcmzf ji hirf jil haopf jiDckkx-

HAYXAR JFX EIMFOIMFX

Jfx eimoimfx hfoplizaoimzi jcxzcmzfx laajqycxchcm ji oaxa pfr yma parzhyla $arrcba#

s la prfjyhhcm ji ym bfxm ji Dckkx $abagf#xfm hayxajfx pfr la ocxoa cmzirahhcm- Ixzidihdf xir oys zcl para hfoprfbar la zifraji Dckkx pfr lfx itpircoimzfx-

Parzhyla ji Dckkx

BRSAM

HDRCXZCI

JIXCKM>JCBYGFX

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Lfmjrix

CMZIRAHHCFM HFM FZRAX PARZCHYLAX

Lfx jcakraoax ji Eismoam ripriximzam lax cmzirahhcfmix ji la parzhyla ji Dckkx hfm fzrax parzhylax- Il jcakraoa $ a# ri/priximza yma parzhyla ym qyarn, ym ilihzrm qyi ioczi $fikyra im la ripriximzahcm# f abxfrbi yma parzhyla ji Dckkx- Iljcakraoa $b# oyixzra il prfhixf hfrrixpfmjcimzi a ym bfxm [ f W- Il [ s il W pyijim zaobcm cmzirahhcfmar xcoylzmiaoimzihfm jfx Dckkx, xikm xi oyixzra im $h#, qyi zaobcm ripriximza a ym [ f ym W jcxpirxamjf $ix jihcr, hdfhamjf hfm# yma par/zhyla ji Dckkx- A lax cmzirahhcfmix ripriximzajax pfr lfx jcakraoax $a#, $b# s $h# xi jibi zaobcm la kimirahcm ji lax oaxaxji lax parzhylax- Il haopf ji Dckkx zaobcm cmzirahhcfma hfmxckf ocxof, xikm xi ripriximza im lfx jcakraoax $ j# s $i#- Xipyijim hfmxzrycr prfhixfx ox hfoplchajfx imxaoblamjf hfpcax ji ixzfx jcakraoax ilioimzalix- Lax cmzirahhcfmix ripriximza/

jax im $j# s $i# jam al krfihf ji la imirka $arrcba a la cwqycirja# ixa efroa-


20/99


qyi cmzirahhcfmam hfm il haopf jiDckkx ajqycirim il hfopfrzaocimzf

prfpcf ji yma parzhyla jfzaja jioaxa> im hfmhrizf, yma oaxa prf/pfrhcfmal a la cmzimxcjaj jil haopfoylzcplchaja pfr la cmzimxcjaj ji lacmzirahhcm- Lax oaxax xyrkim ji lfxzrocmfx jil lakramkcamf qyi hfrrix/pfmjim a la cmzirahhcm imzri lax par/zhylax s il haopf ji Dckkx-

Ixzaofx ligfx ji hfmfhir il zioaji ym ofjf habal- Ckmfraofx hymzaxhlaxix ji haopfx ji Dckkx das- Aym/qyi il ofjilf ixzmjar prihcxa xlfym haopf ji Dckkx para kimirar laxoaxax ji lax parzhylax ilioimzalix,lfx exchfx xabim qyi yma zifra oxhfopliza jibi riioplawar al ofjilfixzmjar- Lax prfpyixzax ox prf/oizijfrax xfm lax itzimxcfmix xy/pirxcozrchax jil ofjilf ixzmjar,f ofjilfx ixzmjar xypirxcozrchfx-Im xzfx, haja parzhyla jil ofjilfixzmjar zcimi yma xypirhfopaira$daxza adfra mf xi lax da jizihzajf#>lax harahzirxzchax ji yma parzhyla sji xy xypirhfopaira kyarjam ixzri/hda rilahcm- Im ym ofjilf ixzm/jar xypirxcozrchf xi mihixczam pfr

lf oimfx jfx hlaxix ji haopfx jiDckkx- Lax cmzirahhcfmix hfm aobfxhaopfx kimiram la oaxa imzira ri/qyircja pfr lax parzhylax jil ofjilfixzmjar- Im haobcf, kimiram xlfparzi ji la oaxa ji lax xypirhfopa/irax- Lfx jfx haopfx ji Dckkx xihfrrixpfmjim hfm hcmhf ixpihcix jibfxfmix ji Dckkx7 zrix ilhzrchaoimzimiyzrfx s jfx, pfrzajfrix ji harka-Lax oaxax ji lfx miyzrcmfx, ocmxhy/lax hfoparajax hfm lax oaxax ji laxjiox parzhylax, pfjram frckcmarxi,

aymqyi ji oamira baxzamzi cmjcrihza,ji ixzax cmzirahhcfmix f ji yma zir/hira hlaxi ji haopf ji Dckkx-

Lfx zirchfx ixkrcoim uarcax ra/wfmix para ixpirar qyi ixza uirxcmji la cmzirahhcm jil Dckkx ferihcjapfr lfx ofjilfx ixzmjar xypirxco/zrchfx xia hfrrihza- Ji imzraja, xcm iloihamcxof ji Dckkx, lfx bfxfmix [s W qyi zramxpfrzam la eyirwa jbclharihiram, hfof il efzm $hfm ilqyi kyarjam rilahcm#, ji oaxa sla cmzirahhcm jbcl xira zam cmzimxahfof la ilihzrfoakmzcha- La zifraxfxzcimi qyi il oihamcxof ji Dckkxhfmfiiri oaxa al [ s al W ji ymaoamira oys ixpihcal- Lax prijchhcf/mix ji ixzi imefqyi $ax il hfhcimziji lax oaxax ji [ s ji W# xi damhfmfiroajf itpircoimzaloimzi-

Im xikymjf lykar, lfx jiox axpih/zfx jil ofjilf ixzmjar ixzm bcimhfoprfbajfx> im yma zifra zam ji/zallaja s zam zrabaja rixylza jcehclhaobcar yma parzi $il Dckkx# xcm qyiripirhyza im il rixzf- Pfr igioplf, ilamlcxcx ji lax oijchcfmix prihcxax ji

lax harahzirxzchax ji lfx bfxfmix [sW hfmjygf a la prijchhcm itahza jila oaxa jil qyarn hcoa amzix ji qyixzi aparihcixi, xcm oijcahcm, im ymahilirajfr- Haobcar il oihamcxof jiDckkx arrycmara ixa s fzrax ahirzajaxprijchhcfmix-

Im zirhir lykar, il oihamcxof jiDckkx jil ofjilf ixzmjar eymhcfmaoys bcim al fzfrkar oaxa a zfjaxlax parzhylax jil ofjilf ixzmjar7bfxfmix [ s W, qyarnx s lipzfmix-Lax prfpyixzax alzirmazcuax mf xyi/

lim rixylzar zam xazcxeahzfrcax- Aji/ox, al hfmzrarcf qyi fzrax zifrax,il ofjilf ixzmjar xypirxcozrchfprfpfrhcfma ym oarhf para ymcfiharmyixzrf hfmfhcocimzf ji lax eyirwaxji la mazyraliwa- Ecmaloimzi, il of/jilf xypirxcozrchf itplcha pfr qyil ualli ji imirka jil ymcuirxfpriximza la efroa mihixarca qyi ri/qyciri il oihamcxof ji Dckkx- Imil ofjilf ixzmjar bxchf la efroajil ualli jibi copfmirxi a ofjf jipfxzylajf, pirf im la uirxcm xypir/xcozrcha la hfmfikyrahcm xi jijyhioaziozchaoimzi-

La pryiba ji la zifraLa oiza ji zfjf exchf ixzrcba imrialcwar itpircoimzfx qyi hfopryi/bim ji oamira jcrihza qyi la oaxaxyrki ji lax cmzirahhcfmix hfm lfxjcuirxfx haopfx ji Dckkx- Pfjiofxpfmir a pryiba zrix harahzirxzchaxhlaui- Prcoirf, pfjiofx byxhar laxxialix ji lfx bfxfmix ji Dckkx-Ixzfx hyamzfx jibim itcxzcr> xc mf,la zifra haira pfr xy baxi- Xi lfx

ixz byxhamjf im ixzfx ofoimzfx imil hflcxcfmajfr Ziuazrm, jil Labfra/zfrcf jil Ahilirajfr Mahcfmal Eiroc,im Bazauca, Cllcmfcx-

Im xikymjf lykar, yma uiw xi da/sam jizihzajf lfx bfxfmix ji Dckkx,pfjriofx fbxiruar xy cmzirahhcmhfm fzrax parzhylax- Lfx ocxofxzrocmfx jil lakramkcamf qyi jizir/ocmam lax oaxax ji lax parzhylaxfigam zaobcm lax harahzirxzchax jizalix cmzirahhcfmix- Pfjriofx, pyix,rialcwar itpircoimzfx para amalcwar

AbagfArrcba

Ilihzrm [ W

Efmjf

Zay

HcoaImhamzf

Prcoirakimirahcm

Xikymjakimirahcm

Zirhirakimirahcm

Oyfm Itzraf

EIROCFMIX

BFXFMIX

1011

10

12

Oaxa

$kckailihzrfmuflz#

Miyzrcmfilihzrmchf

Miyzrcmfoymchf

Miyzrcmfzaymchf

Dckkx

EfzmKlyfm

1010103

10:108

102101

100101

102108

100

200

800

:00

900

2- LAX OAXAX JI LAX PARZCHYLAX jil ofjilf ixzmjar

jcecirim pfr lf oimfx im 11 rjimix ji oakmczyj- Xi

hrii qyi lax kimiram lax cmzirahhcfmix hfm il haopf ji

Dckkx- Ix prfbabli qyi itcxzam hcmhf parzhylax ji Dckkx,

pfr lf oimfx- Xyx oaxax mf xi hfmfhim> aqy xi cmjcham

xyx ualfrix pfxcblix-

BRSAM

HDRCXZCI

JIXCKM

BFXFMIXXCM OAXA


21/99


La zifra jil haopf ji Dckkx itplchahof lax parzhylax ilioimzalix, lfxblfqyix hfmxzczysimzix ox piqyifxjil ymcuirxf, ajqycirim xy oaxa- Pirfil oihamcxof ji Dckkx mf ix la mchaeyimzi ji oaxa/imirka im il ymcuirxf$oaxa/imirka xi rifiiri a la oaxa s

a la imirka lckajax pfr la eroyla jiIcmxzicm I ? oh2#-Hirha jil ;0 pfr hcimzf ji la

imirka jil ymcuirxf ix yma imirkafxhyra, qyi mf xi axfhca jcrihzaoimzia parzhylax- Il prcmhcpal xckmf ji laitcxzimhca ji la imirka fxhyra rixcjiim la ahilirahcm ji la itpamxcm jilymcuirxf- La mazyraliwa itahza ji laimirka fxhyra hfmxzczysi yma ji laxhyixzcfmix xcm rixpyixza ox prfeym/jax ji la excha-

Il 80 pfr hcimzf rixzamzi ji laoaxa/imirka jil ymcuirxf ucimi ji laoazirca, ji lax parzhylax hfm oaxa-

A la hlaxi qyi mfx ix ox eaoclcar jioazirca pirzimihim lfx prfzfmix, lfxmiyzrfmix s lfx ilihzrfmix, qyi efroamlax ixzrillax, lfx plamizax, zfjf lf qyiuiofx, cmhlycjfx mfxfzrfx- Ixzax parz/hylax prfpfrhcfmam hirha ji ym xitzfji la oazirca jil ymcuirxf, f ji ym :a ym 9 pfr hcimzf ji la oaxa/imirkajil ymcuirxf- Hfof xi itplcha im ilzitzf prcmhcpal, la oasfr parzi ji ixzaoaxa ji la oazirca frjcmarca xi jibia la imirka jil ofucocimzf ji lfxqyarnx s ji lfx klyfmix im il cmzircfrji prfzfmix s miyzrfmix-

Yma hfmzrcbyhcm baxzamzi oimfr ala oazirca jil ymcuirxf ix la ji lfxmiyzrcmfx, parzhylax ji lax qyi itcxzim

zrix uarcijajix- Lfx miyzrcmfx zcimimoaxa, pirf im yma hamzcjaj xfrprim/jimzioimzi piqyia- Xyx oaxaxabxflyzax mf xi dam oijcjf zfjaua-Lfx jazfx lix pfmim ym loczi xypircfr,oimfx ji la oczaj jil ymf pfr hcimzfjil ymcuirxf-

Haxc zfjf il rixzf ji la oazircaalrijijfr jil 29 pfr hcimzf ji laoaxa/imirka zfzal jil ymcuirxf ixoazirca qyi mf uiofx, f oazircafxhyra- Jijyhcofx xy itcxzimhca jixyx ieihzfx krauczahcfmalix xfbri lfqyi uiofx- Zfjaua mf xabiofx imqy hfmxcxzi rialoimzi, aymqyi dasprfpyixzax xlcjax- Ixzm im hyrxfitpircoimzfx para hfoprfbarlax- Laoazirca fxhyra da ji hfopfmirxi jiparzhylax hfm oaxa pfrqyi bagf lfxieihzfx ji la eyirwa ji la krauijajefroa hoylfx ji zaoaf kalhzchf-Arkyoimzfx ji jcuirxa mjfli mfx dam

lliuajf a hfmhlycr qyi la oazirca fxhy/ra mf pyiji hfopfmirxi ji parzhylaxmfroalix jil ofjilf ixzmjar-

La prcmhcpal parzhyla hamjcjaza a

hfopfmimzi ji la oazirca fxhyra ixla xypirhfopaira ox lckira $LXP#,ji la qyi xi dabla hfm ox jizalli imil zitzf prcmhcpal- La xypirhfopairaox lckira aparihi im lax itzimxcf/mix jil ofjilf ixzmjar, f ofjilfxixzmjar xypirxcozrchfx- Xi pcimxaqyi xy oaxa jibi ji himzyplchar, oxf oimfx, la jil prfzm- Lfx zirchfxxabam qyi pfja hfmxzczycr la oazircafxhyra amzix ji qyi lfx hfxolfkfxjixhybrcixim qyi xi mihixczaba ymamyiua efroa ji oazirca eymjaoimzalqyi itplchaxi la oazirca fxhyra-

hyamzczazcuaoimzi ixi zcpf ji zroc/mfx ji cmzirahhcm- La cmzimxcjaj jila cmzirahhcm s la hamzcjaj ji oaxaji la parzhyla ixzm hfmihzajax jioamira ymufha-

Im zirhir lykar, jceirimzix hfmgym/zfx ji haopfx ji Dckkx, hfof lfxqyi fhyrrim im il ofjilf ixzmjar fim xyx jcxzcmzax uirxcfmix xypirxco/zrchax, xypfmim jceirimzix hfmgymzfxji bfxfmix ji Dckkx hfm prfpcijajixjcuirxax> pfr zamzf, lfx itpircoimzfxpyijim zaobcm jcxzcmkycr imzri ixzaxalzirmazcuax- Zfjf lf qyi mihixcza/ofx para rialcwar lax pryibax xfmhflcxcfmajfrix ji parzhylax aprfpca/jfx, qyi alhamhim imirka xyfihcimzipara prfjyhcr lfx bfxfmix ji Dckkxs xyfihcimzi cmzimxcjaj para hriarlfxim moirf baxzamzi, ax hfof jizih/zfrix fimxcofx para amalcwar lf qyixi kimiri-

La igihyhcm ji zalix pryibax xiimerimza, xcm iobarkf, hfm ym prf/blioa7 zfjaua mf diofx jixarrf/llajf lax zifrax zam bcim hfof parahalhylar qy oaxax jibim zimir lfxbfxfmix ji Dckkx- Ixza lcoczahcmjcfihylza la bxqyija, pfrqyi fblckaa itaocmar ym cmzirualf ji oaxax-Yma hfobcmahcm ji rawfmaocimzfxzirchfx s jazfx itpircoimzalix mfxkya xfbri lfx ualfrix aprftcoajfxqyi jibiofx ixpirar-

Il cmzirualf ji oaxax im qyi eym/hcfmaba il Kram Hflcxcfmajfr Ilih/zrm/Pfxczrm $LIP# jil HIRM ilLabfrazfrcf Iyrfpif ji Excha jiParzhylax, hirhamf a Kcmibra zi/ma yma prfbabclcjaj xckmcfihazcua jicmhlycr ym bfxm ji Dckkx- Mf imhfm/zr mcmkymf amzix ji qyi lf hirraximim il af 2000 para hijir il xczcfal Kram Hflcxcfmajfr ji Dajrfmix$LDH#, xc bcim hcirzfx cmjchcfx jiqyi jcf hfm ymf gyxzf im xyx loc/zix ji imirka i cmzimxcjaj jigarfmhfm la ocil im lfx labcfx- Il Dckkxjibi, pfr lf zamzf, pixar ox ji ymax

120 oaxax ji prfzm- Xcm iobarkf,il LIP apfrz cmjchcfx cmjcrihzfx jiqyi itcxzi ym bfxm ji Dckkx7 im ilahilirajfr xi rialcwarfm oijchcfmixprihcxax qyi habi hfobcmar hfm fzraxxcoclarix jil Ziuazrm s jil hflcxcf/majfr jil Himzrf jil AhilirajfrLcmial ji Xzamefrj- Il hfmgymzf jijazfx hfmhyirja hfm la zifra xlfxc xi cmhlysim hcirzax cmzirahhcfmiximzri parzhylax s il bfxm ji Dckkxox lckirf s xlf xc il bfxm jiDckkx ox lckirf mf pixa ox ji

Klyfm

Qyarn abagf

Qyarn arrcba

Prfzm

Imirka fxhyra

Miyzrcmfx

Oazirca fxhyra

Oazirca ucxcbli

IL YMCUIRXF

IL CMUIMZARCF HFXOCHF

BRSAM

HDRCXZCI

JIXCKM

1- LA OAXA/IMIRKCA jil ymcuirxf xi ri/

parzi im hyazrf zcpfx7 la imirka fxhyra qyi

ahilira la itpamxcm jil ymcuirxf, la oazirca

fxhyra cmucxcbli qyi jizihzaofx pfr xyx

ieihzfx krauczahcfmalix, la oazirca ucxcbli

s lfx miyzrcmfx-

2- LA OASFR PARZI ji la oaxa ucxcbli xi

hfmhimzra im prfzfmix s miyzrfmix- Haja

ymf ji xzfx hfmxza ji qyarnx s klyfmix-

Haxc zfja la oaxa jil prfzm f jil miyzrm

ucimi ji la imirka jil ofucocimzf ji lfx

qyarnx s ji lfx klyfmix-


22/99


ymax 200 oaxax ji prfzm- Xi fbzcimiax ym loczi xypircfr ji la oaxajil bfxm ji Dckkx, qyi asyjar ahimzrar la bxqyija-

Jyramzi lfx prtcofx afx, il mc/hf hflcxcfmajfr qyi pfjra hfmxikycrpryibax jcrihzax ji lfx bfxfmix jiDckkx xir il Ziuazrm- Xy imirkabaxza para jixhybrcr ym bfxm jiDckkx qyi hacka im il cmzirualf jioaxax qyi xi jijyhi ji lfx cmjchcfxcmjcrihzfx jil LIP, xciopri s hyamjfalhamhi hfm rikylarcjaj la cmzimxcjajji daw qyi ira ji ixpirar alhamwa/ra, xc bcim daxza adfra da rixylzajfcmaxiqycbli- Im 200;, il LDH, xciziuihix ox imirkzchf s jcxiajf paraqyi feriwha yma cmzimxcjaj oyhdfoasfr qyi la jil Ziuazrm, jibiraiopiwar a zfoar jazfx- Xir ymaebrcha ji bfxfmix ji Dckkx $prf/jyhcr oyhdax ji ixax parzhylax al

ja#- Xypfmcimjf qyi eymhcfmi jiahyirjf hfm lf priucxzf, im la rihf/pclahcm ji lfx jazfx pirzcmimzix sim xy cmzirprizahcm xi cmuirzcra jiymf a jfx afx- Rialcwar lax pryibaxhfoplizax qyi jioyixzrim hfm zfjfjizalli qyi lax cmzirahhcfmix hfm lfxhaopfx ji Dckkx kimiram la oaxariqyircr qyi ym myiuf hflcxcfmajfrji ilihzrfmix s pfxczrfmix xi aajaal LDH $jfmji hdfham prfzfmix# s ilZiuazrm $jfmji hflcxcfmam prfzfmixs amzcprfzfmix#-

La oazirca fxhyraLf qyi xi jixhybra xfbri lfx bfxfmixji Dckkx mf xlf jizirocmar xc iloihamcxof ji Dckkx prfpfrhcfma laoaxa> xialar zaobcm la oamiraim qyi il ofjilf ixzmjar pyijikimiralcwarxi para xflyhcfmar fzrfxprfblioax, imzri illfx il frckim jila oazirca fxhyra-

Hfm rixpihzf a la oazirca fxhyra,yma parzhyla hlaui im lfx ofjilfxixzmjar xypirxcozrchfx ix la xypir/hfopaira ox lckira $LXP#- Imzri

lax xypirhfopairax ji lax parzhylaxsa hfmfhcjax jil ofjilf ixzmjar sprijchdax pfr lax uirxcfmix xypirxc/ozrchax ji xzi, la LXP ix la qyizcimi oimfr oaxa- La oasfra jilax xypirhfopairax xi jixcmzikramrpcjaoimzi im xypirhfopairax jioaxa oimfr, yma hajima ji jixcmzi/krahcfmix qyi ahaba im la LXP, qyiix ixzabli pfrqyi mf itcxzi mcmkymaparzhyla ox lckira im la qyi jixcm/zikrarxi- $Hyamjf yma xypirhfopai/ra xi jixcmzikra, pfr lf oimfx ymf

ji lfx prfjyhzfx ji la jixcmzikra/hcm jibi xir fzra xypirhfopaira>mf jibi jixcmzikrarxi imziraoimziim parzhylax jil ofjilf ixzmjar-#Al hfocimwf ji la kram itplfxcmjibcirfm hriarxi parzhylax xypirxc/ozrchax, aymqyi xi jixcmzikraramimxikycja im LXP- La parzhyla LXPhfmxzczysi il hamjcjazf cjial para laoazirca fxhyra-

Lfx bfxfmix ji Dckkx pyijimaeihzar jcrihzaoimzi a la hamzcjajji oazirca fxhyra jil ymcuirxf- Xa/biofx qyi la hamzcjaj ji parzhylaxLXP itcxzimzix jibi xir oimfr qyila qyi dybcixi a pfhf ji la kramitplfxcm, pfrqyi yma erahhcm jilax ocxoax hdfhara s xi amcqyclarajigamjf zrax ji x qyarnx, lipzfmix sefzfmix- La zaxa ji amcqyclahcm qycwjipimjc ji la cmzirahhcm imzri LXPs bfxfmix ji Dckkx-

Xikm diofx oimhcfmajf amzix,lfx jfx haopfx bxchfx ji Dckkx jilfx ofjilfx ixzmjar xypirxcozrchfxhfmfiirim la oaxa a lax parzhylax jilofjilf ixzmjar s parzi ji xy oaxaa lax xypirhfopairax, a la LXP pfrlf zamzf- Lax xypirhfopairax aj/qycirim xy fzra parzi ji oaxa uacmzirahhcfmix ajchcfmalix, hfm fzrfxhaopfx ji Dckkx f hfm haopfx xc/oclarix al ji Dckkx- Xi dam auamwajfofjilfx zirchfx ji ixzfx prfhixfx,pirf ocimzrax mf jcxpfmkaofx jijazfx xfbri lax prfpcax xypirhfo/pairax harihiriofx ji ym hfmfhc/ocimzf prihcxf- Zalix jazfx dabrmji xyocmcxzrarlfx il LDH f qycwxcmhlyxf il Ziuazrm-

Pyiji qyi lax oaxax ji lfx miy/zrcmfx xi jibam zaobcm a lax cmzi/rahhcfmix hfm Dckkx ajchcfmalix fhfm haopfx jil zcpf ji lfx haopfxji Dckkx- Fhyrrcra ji yma oami/ra oys cmzirixamzi- Xi xypfma qyilfx miyzrcmfx hariham ji oaxa, pirfjixji 13;3 xi da uimcjf prijchcimjfqyi x zcimim oaxa, aymqyi piqyia-

Jyramzi lfx lzcofx jciw afx, ua/rcfx itpircoimzfx coprixcfmamzix damhfmfiroajf lax prijchhcfmix- La oaxajil miyzrcmf mf alhamwa la ocllfm/xcoa ji la jil ilihzrm, la xckycimziim la ixhala- Hfof lfx miyzrcmfx xfmilhzrchaoimzi miyzrfx, la jixhrcphcmzircha ji xyx oaxax ix ox xyzclqyi para lax parzhylax jfzajax jiharka- Uarcfx prfhixfx hfmzrcbysima la oaxa ji haja ixpihci ji miy/zrcmfx> pfr rawfmix zhmchax, il ualfrrial ji la oaxa ioirki ji xflyhcf/

mar yma ihyahcm, mf ji xyoar lfxzrocmfx-

Ax pyix, diofx imzimjcjf lax zrixoamirax im qyi xyrkim lax oaxax7il zcpf ji oaxa hfm il qyi ixzaofxeaoclcarcwajfx la ji prfzfmix smiyzrfmix s, pfr lf zamzf, ji zf/ofx ucimi jil ofucocimzf ji lfxqyarnx lckajfx im prfzfmix s miyzrf/mix- La oaxa jil prfzm xira la qyiix cmhlyxf xcm il haopf ji Dckkx-Lax oaxax ji lfx prfpcfx qyarnx,xcm iobarkf, s zaobcm la oaxajil ilihzrm, xi jibim imziraoimzial haopf ji Dckkx- Ixax oaxax xiamylaram xcm l- Pfr lzcof, pirf mfoimfx copfrzamzi, la oasfr parzi jilax oaxax ji lax xypirhfopairax s,pfr lf zamzf, la oaxa ji la parzhylaji la oazirca fxhyra $xc hfmxzczysiim uirjaj la xypirhfopaira oxlckira#, prfhijim ji cmzirahhcfmix

ajchcfmalix qyi uam ox all ji lacmzirahhcm ji Dckkx bxcha-

Hfmxcjiriofx fimaloimzi il prf/blioa ji lax eaoclcax- Im il lzcofoijcf xcklf xi da jiofxzrajf qyi iloymjf qyi uiofx pirxfmax, flfrix,ixzrillax ixz hfmxzrycjf pfr xicxzcpfx ji parzhylax7 zrix parzhylaxji oazirca $qyarnx arrcba s abagf silihzrfmix#, jfx hyamzfx ji eyirwa$efzfmix s klyfmix# s bfxfmix jiDckkx- Xi zraza ji yma jixhrcphcmji yma axfobrfxa xcoplchcjaj- Hfmzfjf, das hyazrf qyarnx ox, fzraxjfx parzhylax xcoclarix al ilihzrm szrix miyzrcmfx- Zfjax ixzax parzhylaxf zcimim yma ucja oijca oys hfrza,f apimax cmzirahhcfmam hfm lax fzraxxicx parzhylax- Pyijim hlaxcfiharxi imzrix eaoclcax7 arrcba, abagf, miyzrcmfilihzrmchf s ilihzrm> imhamzf, itzra/f, miyzrcmf oymchf s oyfm> hcoa,efmjf, miyzrcmf zaymchf s zay- Laxparzhylax ji haja eaoclca jixarrfllamcmzirahhcfmix cjmzchax a lax ji laxparzhylax ji lax fzrax eaoclcax- Xlfxi jceirimhcam im qyi lax ji la xi/

kymja eaoclca xfm ox cmzimxax qyilax ji la prcoira s lax ji la zirhiraeaoclca ox qyi lax ji la xikymja-Hfof ixzax oaxax xyrkim ji cmzi/rahhcfmix hfm il haopf ji Dckkx,lax parzhylax jibim zimir jceirimzixcmzirahhcfmix hfm jchdf haopf-

Pfr lf zamzf, il prfblioa ji laxeaoclcax hfmxza ji jfx parzix7 Pfrqy das zrix eaoclcax xc xlf parihiriqyircrxi yma para jixhrcbcr il oym/jf qyi uiofx6 Pfr qy lax eaoclcaxjcfiirim im la oaxa s zcimim la oaxa


23/99


qyi zcimim6 Qycw mf rixylzi fbucfpfr qy lfx exchfx xi axfobram jiqyi im la mazyraliwa dasa zrix ea/oclcax haxc cjmzchax hyamjf baxza/ra yma xfla- Mfx xfrprimji pfrqyiqyiriofx hfoprimjir lax lisix ji lamazyraliwa, lax parzhylax s lax eyir/wax bxchax- Ixpiraofx qyi zfjfx lfxaxpihzfx ji lax lisix bxchax xiammihixarcfx- Pirxikycofx yma zifraim la hyal zfjax lax parzhylax s xyxhfhcimzix ji oaxax ioirgam cmiucza/blioimzi, xcm rihyrrcr a dcpzixcx ajdfh ahirha ji lfx ualfrix ji lax oa/xax, mc agyxzar paroizrfx- Xc rixylzacoprixhcmjcbli la itcxzimhca ji zrixeaoclcax, xi zraza ji yma pcxza hysfxckmcfihajf mf imzimjiofx-

Imhagi ji zfjax lax pciwaxIm il ofjilf ixzmjar s xyx ao/plcahcfmix xypirxcozrchax imhaga la

ixzryhzyra eaoclcar fbxiruaja, pirfmf pyijim itplcharla- Imzcmjaxi imil ximzcjf ox eyirzi- Mf ix qyi lfxofjilfx ixzmjar xypirxcozrchfx zf/jaua mf dasa itplchajf lax eaoclcax>ix qyi mf pyijim- Para o, il axpih/zf ox apaxcfmamzi ji la zifra jihyirjax hfmxcxzi im qyi mf xlf mfxpyiji prfuiir ji yma zifra hymzchaji zfjax lax eyirwax, xcmf qyi pfjrazaobcm ahlararmfx qy xfm lax par/zhylax ilioimzalix s pfr qy daszrix eaoclcax- La zifra ji hyirjaxparihi im hfmjchcfmix ji abfrjar larawm ji qyi lax cmzirahhcfmix hfmil haopf ji Dckkx jcfiiram ji ymaeaoclca a fzra- Im zifra ji hyirjaxpyiji dabir eaoclcax ripizcjax, xcmxir cjmzchax- Lax jceirimhcax imzriillax ucimim jajax pfr harahzirxzchaxqyi mf aeihzam a lax eyirwax eyirzix,ilihzrfoakmzchax, jbclix f krauc/zahcfmalix, xcmf a lax cmzirahhcfmixhfm lfx haopfx ji Dckkx, lf qyihfmhyirja hfm qyi dasa zrix eaoc/lcax ji oaxax jcuirxax- Aymqyi lfxzirchfx ji hyirjax zfjaua mf dam

xflyhcfmajf il prfblioa ji qyi itcx/zam zrix eaoclcax, la jfhzrcma parihizimir la ixzryhzyra ajihyaja para prf/pfrhcfmar yma xflyhcm- La zifra jihyirjax piroczi oyhdax ixzryhzyraxeaoclcarix jcuirxax- Ckmfraofx pfrqy la mazyraliwa ixhfki la qyi fb/xiruaofx im uiw ji alkyma fzra- Lfxjazfx ji lax oaxax ji lfx qyarnx slipzfmix s ji lax oaxax ji xyx xy/pirhfopairax qycwx apfrzim pcxzaxcopfrzamzix qyi mfx cmxzrysam ahirhaji la zifra ji hyirjax-

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oarhf mihixarcf para illf xi dallibcim pirkiajf- La oaxa mf xi pf/ja hfoprimjir amzix ji qyi itcx/zciram zifrax zalix hfof il ofjilfixzmjar, xy itzimxcm xypirxcozrchas la zifra ji hyirjax- Aymqyi mfixz hlarf zfjaua qyi uasam a prf/pfrhcfmar yma rixpyixza habal, damhfmuirzcjf sa la oaxa im ym zioahfom ji cmuixzckahcm ji la exchaji parzhylax-

Kfrjfm Nami fhypa la hzijra Uchzfr [icxxnfpe ji excha ji la Ymcuirxcjaj jiOchdckam im Amm Arbfr- Xy cmuixzckahcm xi himzra im la bxqyija ji uax pfxcblixpara prfbar s itzimjir il ofjilf ixzmjar ji la excha ji parzhylax s xy cmzikrahcmhfm la zifra ji hyirjax-

ZDI PARZCHLI KARJIM- Kfrjfm Nami- Pirxiyx Pyblcxdcmk, 1335-

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XYPIRXSOOIZRS7 YMUICLCMK ZDI YLZCOAZI LA[X FE MAZYRI- Kfrjfm Nami- Pirxiyx Pyblc/xdcmk, 2001-

Il ayzfr

Bcblcfkraea hfoplioimzarca

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mix jil HIRM- Lax lmiax ripriximzam zrawax ji parzhylax- Lax bflax uirjix s prpyrax

s lfx dcxzfkraoax jfrajfx ripriximzam hamzcjajix ji imirka jipfxczajax im lax hapax

jil jizihzfr pfr lax parzhylax imkimjrajax im la riahhcm- Xlf hfobcmamjf oyhdfx ji

zalix ahfmzihcocimzfx xi pyiji hfmhlycr xc lax parzhylax ji Dckkx ixzyucirfm priximzix

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xial ji la parzhyla ji Dckkx-

HDRCX

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24/99


Bfobiar jctcjf ji harbfmf

bagf zcirra para iuczar

il halimzaocimzf azofxerchf

ix eahzcbli, pirf xlf

xc xi hyoplim hcirzax

hfmjchcfmix

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Xi jixhfmfhim lax hfmxihyimhcaxitahzax ji ixzi ayoimzf ji la hfm/himzrahcm ji jctcjf ji harbfmf$HF2# azofxerchf, lfx ieihzfx qyimfx ixpiram a oijcja qyi ixi kaxuasa abymjamjf ox im il acri imlax jhajax uimcjirax- La dyoamcjajixz rialcwamjf ym itpircoimzf hfmil oymjf- Xi xabi qyi il jctcjf jiharbfmf ixz halimzamjf la azoxeira,halfr qyi xi prfpaka al oar s iliuaxy mcuil- Xi xabi qyi il HF2 abxfrbc/jf pfr il fhamf ixz ahcjcfihamjf ilakya- Pirf mf itcxzi ym hfmfhcocimzfitahzf ji hof xi alzirar il hlcoaim zfjf il klfbf, hfm qy rapcjiwxybcr il mcuil jil oar, qy hfmxi/hyimhcax zimjr ym fhamf ox hcjf,

qy ihfxcxzioax hfmzcmimzalix s oarc/mfx xirm ox uylmirablix al haobcfhlcozchf s hof ixax uarcahcfmix

HFRZIXCA

JI

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ji harbfmfbagf zcirra

1- ZFRRIX JI XIPARAHCFM im yma cmxza/

lahcm ji itzrahhcm ji kax im Arkilca, im

plimf jixcirzf ji Xadara- Lax zfrrix xi/

param qyochaoimzi il jctcjf ji harbfmf

jil kax mazyral jixzcmajf a lfx oirhajfx

iyrfpifx- Il HF2 xi bfobia jixpyx jfx

ncloizrfx bagf zcirra-


25/99


aeihzarm a la xalyj s il bcimixzardyoamfx- Il haocmf qyi xikycofxmfx ixz zrasimjf ym haobcf hlco/zchf ox uilfw qyi myixzra hapahcjajji halcbrar xyx hfmxihyimhcax-

Xc eyixi ehcl rizarjar la uilfhc/jaj ji ahyoylahcm jil jctcjf jiharbfmf, sa xi ixzara dahcimjf- Xceyira copfxcbli, sa xi zrabagara paraajapzarxi a lax hfmxihyimhcax- Pirfla rialcjaj ixz imzri lf ymf s lffzrf- La zaria xi pyiji rialcwar hfmdirraocimzax sa jcxpfmcblix, aymqyimf hfm eahclcjaj, mc a bagf prihcf sxcm hfmzrfuirxca-

Xc la xfhcijaj xi prfpyxcira jarprcfrcjaj a la rijyhhcm ji lax ioc/xcfmix ji jctcjf ji harbfmf hfofhrif qyi jibira dahir para rijyhcril rcixkf ji ym jixaxzri aobcimzal imil eyzyrf, zimjraofx qyi ajfpzaruarcax oijcjax cmoijcazaoimzi- Ji/

biraofx yxar la imirka ji oamiraox ifihaw s xyxzczycr lfx hfobyxzc/blix exclix harbm, pizrlif s kaxmazyral, lax eyimzix amzrfpfkmchaxprcoarcax jil jctcjf ji harbfmfazofxerchf pfr eyimzix qyi mfjipimjam jil harbfmf, rimfuablix fji imirka myhliar- S iopliaraofxym ozfjf qyi ixz rihcbcimjf hri/hcimzi azimhcm7 hapzyrar il jctcjfji harbfmf s aloahimarlf f xi/hyixzrarlf bagf zcirra para qyi mfixhapi a la azoxeira- Mf das mcm/kyma mihixcjaj ji qyi il jctcjf jiharbfmf xi iocza a la azoxeira- Ixzada xcjf myixzrf prcmhcpal aloahm jijixpirjchcfx7 il imucar lfx dyofx pfrhdcoimiax cmjyxzrcalix f jfoxzchaxs zybfx ji ixhapi rixylza ox ximhcllfs a hfrzf plawf oimfx hfxzfxf- Labyima myiua ix qyi sa itcxzim prfhi/jcocimzfx para hapzyrar s aloahimarixfx kaxix rixcjyalix- Lfx fbxzhylfxqyi jcfihylzam xy aplchahcm parihimxypirablix-

La hapzyra

jil jctcjf ji harbfmfLa hfobyxzcm ji harbyramzix exc/lix prfjyhi imfroix hamzcjajix jijctcjf ji harbfmf- Im prcmhcpcf,xi pfjram cmxzalar iqycpfx qyi xi/hyixzraxim il kax all jfmji xi qyi/oim dcjrfharbyrfx, p

Investigación y ciencia 348 - Septiembre 2005

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