Ingles IV.pdf

INGLÉS IV

1 SECRETARÍA DE EDUCACIÓN

SUBSECRETARÍA DE EDUCACIÓN MEDIA SUPERIOR Y SUPERIOR UNIVERSIDAD DIGITAL DEL ESTADO DE MÉXICO

AV. JOSÉ MA. MORELOS PTE. NO. 905 TERCER PISO COLONIA LA MERCED TOLUCA, ESTADO DE MÉXICO, C.P. 50080

Unidad I

1.1 ORACIONES REPORTADAS

Click on Supplementary video 1 to see more on this topic.

Click on Supplementary video 2 to see more on this topic.

..\Reported statement.wma Reported Statements. We use them to express what other people said, using two verbs “say” and “tell”.

For example: Direct Speech

Robert: “I will meet you in this café tomorrow at seven”,

http://www2.free-clipart.net/cgi-bin/clipart/directory.cgi?action=view&link=clipart/Electronics&image=Video_Camera_2.jpg&img=78

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Reported Speech

Robert said he would meet me in that café the next day at seven. Robert told me he would meet me in that café the next day at seven.

Notice the type of changes that can occur when reporting.

1. Subject pronoun: I he 2. Object pronoun: you me 3. Reference to place: this that 4. Reference to time: tomorrow the next day 5. Tenses: will meet would meet

Note that we usually shift the tense back in time

Direct speech Reported speech

1. "I don’t believe you". She said she didn’t believe me.

2. "I’m not happy". She said she wasn’t happy.

3. "I’m breaking up with you". She said she was breaking up with me.

4. "I won’t see you again". She said she wouldn’t see me again.

5. "I can’t stand you!" She said she couldn’t stand me.

6. "I haven’t seen him". She said she hadn’t seen him.

7. "I didn’t see him". She said she hadn’t seen him.

8. "He was lying to me". She said he was lying to her.

Notes: Observe point 8. Past progressive, frequently doesn’t change in reported speech.

Reporting an instruction is different. To report an instruction, we use ask, tell, or order

For example:

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Direct speech Reported speech

"Be polite with the customers", he said He told me to be polite with the customers

“Don’t talk so much, please", he said to me He asked me not to talk so much

1.2 PREGUNTA REPORTADA

supplementary video

Reported Questions.

We express reported questions with ask or want to know.

In reported questions, the verb goes in affirmative and the question mark is omitted.

Verb tenses, pronouns and possessive adjectives, change (like in the statements below).

When the direct question begins with a question word (who, where, when, what etc.) the reported question begins with the same word

For example: Direct speech: “Where do you live” she asked me.


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Reported speech: she asked me where I lived.

When the direct question is a YES or a NO question, and begins with an auxiliary verb, (do, is, are, am, did, etc) or a modal verb, (can, will, etc), the reported question begins with if or whether.

For example: Direct speech: "Do you have a pet?”He asked me.

Reported speech: He asked me if I had a pet.

He asked me whether I had a pet.

ACTIVIDAD DE APRENDIZAJE 1.1

1.3 PASADO PERFECTO

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For a complete review of perfect tenses see supplementary video lessons attached.

Past perfect is the combination of past tense of the verb to have which is Had and the past participle of the main verb. For example: Before Jacqueline got home it had rained.

The most common use of Past Perfect happens when there are two past actions and one of them happened before the other.

In this situation the Past Perfect tense is used for the first past action and the Simple Past is used for the most recent past action, or to talk about a past event in relation to another past event which happened after it.

For example:


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Affirmative Negative Question

We had eaten in that place

We hadn’t eaten in that place

Had we eaten in that place?

Habíamos comido en ese lugar

No habíamos comido en ese lugar

¿Habíamos comido en ese lugar?

Note: All pronouns have the same structure.

This is often structured like:

Before Jacqueline got home, it had rained.

Structure:

Subject had Past participle 2nd clause

We had eaten by the time Richard arrived

Ruth had already bought the cake when you called her

Note: The clauses could change position

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By the time Richard arrived, we had eaten

When you called Ruth, she had already bought the cake

Also, Past Perfect is used to talk about how many times something was done in the Past before another past action or event. For example: By the time we landed, I had eaten six airline meals.

By the end of the cruise, they had visited 9 different countries.

In the next sentence, this tense is often structured as follows:

She was chosen because she had won 5 gold medals. She was chosen because she’d won 5 gold medals.

To write the Past perfect of the previous sentences in a negative form we would write:

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By the time Richard arrived, we had not eaten. By the time Richard arrived, we hadn’t eaten.

When you called Ruth, she had not bought the cake yet. When you called Ruth, she hadn’t bought the cake yet.

Note: “Already”, can’t be used in negative sentences. For example: By the time we landed, I already hadn´t eaten six airline meals. When you called Ruth, she already hadn’t bought the cake.

1.4 PASADO PERFECTO PROGRESIVO

Past Perfect Progressive.

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Taking into consideration the same two past events mentioned before and if we want to know how long the first activity lasted, we would use Past Perfect Progressive. Past Perfect Progressive is the combination of:

the past simple of the verb to have the past participle of verb to be, and the progressive form of the main verb.

For example:

Affirmative Negative Question

It had been raining It hadn’t been raining Had it been raining

Note: Every pronoun (it) has the same structure. For example: Before Jacqueline got home, it had been raining for 5 hours It had been raining for 5 hours when Jacqueline got home.

When Past Perfect Progressive answers a “how long question”, it often uses the words for and since. For example: The boys were very tired because they had been playing for 5

hours.

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The boys were very tired because they had been playing since early this morning.


1.5 VOZ PASIVA


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Passive.wma Passive voice.

We use the passive voice when the emphasis of a sentence is on the object rather than on the subject or, when the person who performs an action, is not important or known.

We form the passive voice with the verb to be and the past participle of the main verb.

We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in everyday speech when we talk about things that occur by accident or unexpectedly.

Changing from “active” to “passive voice”.

The object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence.

The active verb remains in the same tense but changes into a passive form.

The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent and it is either introduced with the preposition by or it is omitted.

Voice

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

Subject

My sister

The car

Verb

was driving

was being driven

Object

the car

by my sister

Tense Active Passive

Present Simple They repair watches here Watches are repaired here

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Present Continuous

They are repairing my watch My watch is being repaired

Past Simple They repaired my watch yesterday.

My watch was repaired yesterday

Past Continuous They were repairing my watch when I arrived.

My watch was being repaired when I arrived.

Future Simple They will repair my watch tomorrow.

My watch will be repaired tomorrow.

Present Perfect They have repaired my watch. My watch has been repaired

Past Perfect They had repaired my watch. My watch had been repaired by six o´clock

Future Perfect They will have my watch repaired by Tuesday

My watch will have been repaired by Tuesday.

Note: When we want to find out who or what did something, the passive voice question form should go as follows: Who / What............................by. For example: Who was the Eiffel tower built by?

What was the shop destroyed by?

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1.6 PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS

Relative pronouns. Relative pronouns Who, Which or That, can represent a subject or an object and they are used in defining relative clauses to give essential information about a subject or an object. They are followed by verbs and preceded by nouns. For example: Henry Ford’s the man who invented the car.

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Who, refers to people, which, refers to things and that, can refer to people or things. It is commonly used in conversational style. Note: who, which or that, could be omitted when the verb after the relative pronoun, has a different subject For example: That’s the lady who you met at the party.

That’s the lady you met at the party.

That is the car that I want to buy That is the car I want to buy


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Resumen

En esta unidad I has aprendido a expresar situaciones descritas por otra persona, eventos

del pasado y la duración del primer evento, así como la descripción de eventos donde el

objeto de la oración es más importante que el sujeto; y el uso de pronombres relativos.

La siguiente actividad será resolver el examen de la unidad I como parte de la evaluación

de esta unidad.

Unidad II

2.1 Uso del 1er y 2° Condicional

Click on Supplementary video to see more on this topic.

..\First Conditional explanation.wma

../First%20Conditional%20explanation.wma


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Use of First and Second conditional. We use the First Conditional to talk about events which are possible. The conditional clause can refer to the present or future.

Conditional clause Main clause

If + Present Simple Will + simple verb form

If it rains, We will stay at home

The Conditional clause can go before or after the main clause and we use a comma at the end of the conditional clause when it comes first. For example: If you don’t try harder, you will fail

You will fail if you don’t try harder



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Note: In addition to the first conditional, there is another conditional called zero conditional that expresses possible events that have present simple in both conditionals: clause and main clause or result clause. For example: If you heat water, it boils.

If water boils, it evaporates.

Other structures are possible, depending on what you want to say:

Conditional clause main clause

If + Present Simple If you behave yourself

- modal verb you can come.

If + Present Simple If you don't work,

- be going to (future) you're going to fail.

If + Present Simple If you need anything,

- imperative Ask for it.

If + Present Continuous If we're leaving soon

- will I will get my coat.

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If + Present Perfect If I've finished

- will + infinitive. I will be able to come.

If + Present Perfect If you've finished,

- modal verb you can go out.

Imperative Eat less

- and /or + will and you will get slim

Supplementary information about first conditional.


Second Conditional We use the Second Conditional for improbable situations in the present or future:

Conditional clause main clause

If + Past Simple If I had enough money,

would I would retire

Instead of would, we can use other modal verbs: For example: If I lost my job, I might go abroad for a while.

../Suplement%20info%201°%20Conditional.wma


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Compare First and Second Conditionals: For example: If I lose my job, I will find life very difficult.

(First Conditional --- there is a possibility)

If I lost my job, I would find life very difficult. (Second Conditional --- there is no evidence)

2.2 USO DE WISH Y EL PASADO SIMPLE

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Wishes about the present

Vocabulary associated

Regret = lamentar, lamento

Note: Due to the fact that wish and hope express desire, it is convenient to know about

their uses and limitations so, I recommend the next videos for a deeper knowledge

Wish + Past Simple or Could are used to describe situations that we would like to change and to imagine situations differently. For example:

wish + past simple/could

I wish + I had a car = deseo que tuviera un coche

I wish + I could go = deseo que pueda ir

../wishes%20about%20the%20present.wma


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Note: In formal English, use were, for the verb to be.

I wish I were taller

In informal English, was, is acceptable I wish I was taller

We use wish with Past Simple form (simple and continuous) to express regret about present situations: For example: - I wish I was taller = (I’m not very tall)

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- I wish I was coming with you = (but I'm not)

- I wish you were more helpful = (you are not)

Note: “I wish I were”, can replace, “I wish I was”. For this reason, many people prefer to

use, I wish I were. It sounds more appropriate. For example: I wish I were taller.

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We use wish with could to express a wish for a present situation to be different: For example: I wish I could use a computer well.

I wish I could tell her about it.

Note: If you want to gain additional knowledge about this topic go to this link Past Simple present I wish I knew the answer.

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(= I don’t know it)

Past Simple present I wish I was / were better at sports.

(= I'm not)

Past Continuous present I wish I was / were going with you.

(= I'm not)

Could present I wish I could give you an answer.

(= I can't)

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Would future I wish you would be quiet.

(= Your talking irritates me.)

Past Perfect past I wish I had known you then.

(= but I didn't)

Could have past I wish I could have explained. (= I wasn't able to)


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2.3 USO DE FUTURO PROGRESIVO


Future progressive

Future progressive is used to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember that, this could be a real activity interruption or just an interruption in time.

For example: I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.

I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.

../../Future%20Progressive.wma


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Future progressive is used also to express that an action will be taking place in the future. The future progressive is formed by adding will be to the ing form of the main verb. For example: She will be coming to the office in a few minutes.

He will be driving a sport car into town.

Note: The future progressive tense is not as common as the other tenses, and it can, sometimes, be replaced by simple future, present progressive or even simple present. For example: I’ll be leaving in a few minutes.

I’ll leave in a few minutes.

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Future progressive has 2 different forms:

Future progressive with "Will" Future Progressive with "Be Going To "

will be + present participle

Example:

You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

Am / is / are + going to be + present participle

Example:

You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

I’m going to leave in a few minutes.

Both forms are interchangeable with little difference in meaning, but we are going to focus our attention on the first one.

2.4 USO DE FUTURO PERFECTO



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Future Perfect

Perfect future is used when we want to say that something has not yet happened but it’s planned to happen in the future.

Future perfect is formed with the expression will have and the past participle of the main verb.

For example:

Affirmative By this time tomorrow, I will have arrived

Negative By this time tomorrow, I won’t have arrived yet

Question Will you have arrived by this time tomorrow?

All pronouns follow the same rule.

For example: Tomorrow, Jim will start playing at 2 pm and stop at 5 pm.

At 5:30, Jim will have stopped playing.

Time expressions.

Future perfect uses adverbs with specific times in the future. The ending time at which the action will be completed.

By the time / tomorrow / by this time / next week / by the year 2020

Adverbs indicating a completion date: Before / until / till.


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2.5 PALABRAS O FRASES PUENTE

Linking words and phrases

Additional vocabulary linking words

Besides ademas

Since puesto que

Although aunque

In addition ademas

Moreover más aun

In summary en resumen

Too también

In spite of Despite = a pesar de

However sin embargo

Besides ademas

In addition ademas

Therefore por lo tanto

So asi es que


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In summary en resumen

To conclude para concluir

In conclusion en conclusion

Linking words or linking phrases are used to join clauses and sentences for different purposes:

Rules of usage:

To contrast two expressions, we can use: although, despite, and but.

To express why we do something or why something happened, we can use: because, so and since.

After although, because and so we use a subject + verb:

Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday

We didn't go out because it was raining.

He thinks everybody should speak English so he refuses to learn foreign languages.

After in spite of or despite, we use a noun, a pronoun (this / that / what, etc.) or -ing:

Despite the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.

She wasn't well, but despite of this, she went to work.

Despite what I said yesterday, I still love you.

I didn't get the job despite having all the necessary qualifications. After “because of”, we use a noun. For example: We didn’t go out because of the rain

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Compare in spite of and because of: For example: We went out despite the rain.

We didn't go out because of the rain.

I stayed at home because it was raining.

It was raining, so I stayed at home. (Use a comma before so)

You can also reverse the order of the sentences with because, and since:

Because it was raining, I stayed at home.

Note: This is not possible with so.



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Resumen

En esta unidad II hemos aprendido a expresar situaciones condicionadas posibles e improbables en presente y el futuro, eventos consecutivos en el futuro y frases puente con diferentes propósitos. La siguiente actividad será ejecutar el examen de la unidad II como parte de la evaluación de esta unidad.

UNIDAD III

3.1 USO DE ÓRDENES O INSTRUCCIONES REPORTADAS.


First Conditional explanation.wma

To report instructions we use the verbs:

ask, tell or order + direct object + (not) + infinitive.

../First%20Conditional%20explanation.wma


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Direct speech “Be polite with the customers”

Reported speech He told me to be polite with the customers

Direct speech “Don’t talk so much, please”, he said to me

Reported speech He asked me not to talk so much


3.2 USO DE PETICIONES REPORTADAS.


Reported Request.

To report requests, in reported speech we use ask.

Direct speech “Will you help me to set the table please?” Janet said

Reported speech Janet asked me to help her to set the table.

Direct speech “Will you do me a favor”? Mary said to me.

Reported speech Mary asked me to do her a favor.

../../Reported%20Request.wma


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3.3 USO DEL SEGUNDO Y TERCER CONDICIONAL.


2nd conditional

Use of 2nd and 3rd conditionals

It‘s often called the imaginary conditional and it’s formed like we saw before, by the past

simple in the first clause followed by a comma and the modal verbs: would / could /

might; and the base form in the result clause.

For example: If I had money I would go to Acapulco.

Basic form:


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if clause main clause

Simple Past

would + infinitive or could + infinitive or might + infinitive

Examples:

If I studied, I would pass the exams.

If I studied, I could pass the exams.

If I studied, I might pass the exams.

The if-clause, can be placed at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

If I studied, I would pass the exams.

I would pass the exams if I studied

3rd Conditional

It’s called the past conditional because it refers only to past situations with hypothetical

results.

It’s formed by the use of past perfect in the if clause followed by a comma, and would

have + past participle

For example: If I had had money I would have gone to Acapulco.

../../THIRD%20CONDITIONAL%20MODIFIED.wma

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Form

if clause main clause

Past Perfect

would + have + past participle or

could + have + past participle or

might + have + past participle

Examples

If I had studied, I would have passed the exams.

If I had studied, I could have passed the exams.

If I had studied, I might have passed the exams.

The if-clause can be placed at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

If I had studied, I would have passed the exams.

I would have passed the exams if I had studied.

3.4 USO DE CLAUSULAS DE PROPOSITO

Associated vocabulary.

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Clauses of purpose

To + infinitive = para I brought my car to travel to Acapulco

For + ing form = para She uses a blender for making a sauce

In order to = para I went to the bank in order to get money

So as to = para She attended an engineering course so as to

become an engineer.

So that + can / will = asi que + / puede tener / tendra

Robert has moved to the countryside so that he can have / will have a more relaxed life.

So that + could / would = para que + pueda

Robert bought a sailboat so that he could sail around the world

Clauses of purpose.

Clauses of purpose are used to explain why someone does something or, in other words, we often use an infinitive to talk about a person’s purpose. They are introduced with the following expressions:

TO + INFINITIVE

The most common type of purpose clause is a to-infinitive clause. Explanation

For example: Sarah went to the computer lab to print out her research report.

../../Clauses%20of%20Purpose.wma

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Negative Infinitives are normally formed by putting not before the infinitive.

For example: I decided to invite them. (Affirmative)

I decided not to invite them. (Negative)

You were silly not to have locked the car. (Incorrect: You were silly to not have locked the car.)

We can also use In order to or So as to

For example: She came to the city so as to look for work.

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So as to and in order to are more commonly used before verbs like: be, have, know, etc.

For example: He raised his voice so as to be heard.

He got up early in order to have enough time to pack.

In formal writing, in order to and so as to are often used.

For example: The company conducted a detailed survey in order to gauge its clients’ views.

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Before a negative infinitive, we normally use so as or in order.

For example: I am leaving now so as not to be late. (Incorrect: I am leaving now not to be late.)

SO THAT + CAN / WILL

In formal writing, you can also introduce a purpose clause with so that or in order that. These finite purpose clauses usually contain a modal.

For example: Dr Chan adjusted the overhead projector so that the students would be able to see the chart more clearly.

The difference between so and so that is that, in the expression so that, “that”, was deliberately done by someone to get a specific result.

Clauses, detailed description

TO-INFINITIVE

../../Clauses%20detailed%20description.wma

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I called my brother to tell him the good news.

In order to / so as to + infinitive (formal)

I went to the bank in order to apply for a loan.

She attended a catering course so as to become a chef.

So that + can / will (present or future reference).

Tommy has moved to the countryside so that he can have a more relaxed life.

SO THAT + COULD / WOULD

So that + could / would (past reference).

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Sophia bought a sailing boat so that she could sail around the world.

The lecturer finished his lecture five minutes early so that the students could come and ask him questions.

WITH A VIEW TO

With a view to + ing form

He wrote a letter of complaint with a view to sending it to the manager.

FOR

For is used to express the purpose of something or its function.

For + noun.

He came around for a cup of coffee.

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For + ing form

She uses a blender for making juice.

AS, BECAUSE AND SINCE

As, Because and Since are used when you want to explain why something occurs.

'Since' means the same as because. 'Since' tends to be used in more informal spoken

English.

For example: Since he loves music so much, he decided to go to a conservatory.

As, means the same as because. 'As', tends to be used in more formal, written English.

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For example: As the test is difficult, you better get some sleep.

As she wanted to practice her spoken English, Carrie, regularly, took part in the ELC’s Big Mouth Corner.

Mark joined the English Drama Club because he wanted to improve his intonation.

Note: Don’t use so in sentences beginning with as, because or since.


Resumen

En esta unidad III hemos aprendido a reportar instrucciones y peticiones que otra persona

dijo antes, a expresar situaciones, condicionales imaginarias o hipotéticas y clausulas para

expresar las razones de las acciones de alguna persona. La siguiente actividad será

ejecutar el examen de la unidad II como parte de la evaluación de esta unidad.

Ingles IV.pdf

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