Genomics based tools for omega 3 rich oil seed crop,...

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1 Genomics based tools for omega3 fatty acid rich oil seed crop, Linseed 1 CSIRNCL, Pune, India Vidya Gupta Narendra Kadoo, Ashok Giri, Varsha Pardeshi, Vitthal Barvkar, Sandip Kale, Rajwade Ashwini COA, Nagpur P. B. Ghorpade CSAUAT, Kanpur, India Shrivastava R. L. Next Generation Genomics and Integrated Breeding for Crop Improvement Feb 20, 2014, ICRISAT, Hyderabad Flax/ Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) Versatile total utilization crop High nutritional and industrial value: Unique fatty acid composition : (>50% α‐Linolenic acid (ALA), an omega3 fatty acid) Excellent source of protein and dietary fiber (28 g total dietary fibre/100 g dry weight) Rich source of lignans (phytoestrogens) and other antioxidants (800 mcg/g) Oil used in paint industry while fibre used for carpet making, linoleum etc. 2

Transcript of Genomics based tools for omega 3 rich oil seed crop,...

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Genomics based tools for omega‐3 fatty acid rich oil seed crop, Linseed

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CSIR‐NCL, Pune, India Vidya Gupta

Narendra Kadoo, Ashok Giri, Varsha Pardeshi, VitthalBarvkar, Sandip Kale, Rajwade Ashwini

COA, NagpurP. B. Ghorpade

CSAUAT, Kanpur, IndiaShrivastava R. L.

Next Generation Genomics and Integrated Breeding for Crop Improvement Feb 20, 2014, ICRISAT, Hyderabad

Flax/ Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Versatile total utilization crop

High nutritional and industrial value:

Unique fatty acid composition : (>50% α‐Linolenic acid (ALA), an omega‐3 fatty acid) 

Excellent source of protein and dietary fiber (28 g total dietary fibre/100 g dry weight)

Rich source of lignans  (phytoestrogens) and other antioxidants (800 mcg/g) 

Oil used in paint industry while fibre  used for carpet making, linoleum etc.

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Flax agriculture in India

India ranks 1st (0.45 MHa) in area under cultivation in the World

6th in the production (0.14 MT): average yield of 317.4 Kg/ha (FAO, 2010)

Largely a neglected crop in India 3

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

Area under cultivation (Ha)-2010

Rabi crop confined to limited areas in the country

0200400600800

100012001400

Yield (Kg/Ha)-2010

Low economic returns –Native varieties‐ Low productivity 400kg/hectare under rain fed condition

Susceptible to rust, wilt, seedling blight, viral diseases, insect pests

Production and area under cultivation shrinking 

050000

100000150000200000250000300000350000400000450000

Production (Tonnes)-2010

Need based research  in flax/ linseedEnhancing omega‐3 fatty acid and lignan content

Levels of omega‐3 fatty acids in the diet decreasing drastically

Only agricultural source of high ALA (45‐65 %) and SDG

Systematic efforts lacking: Breeding, OMICS and Engineering approaches for omega‐3 fatty acid and high lignan content

Essential breeding activity

Tapping varietal variation for biochemical parameters, oil content, quality and yield

High yielding, early maturing, disease tolerant 

High oil content and better quality

Fiber content and better quality

Better management of the crop

Developing genetic and genomic tools Developing appropriate mapping populations

Core population development and phenomics

Developing molecular tools

Genome analysis, metabolic pathway networks

Health benefits Flax products

Verification of health related activities using animal models4

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Development of genetic and  genomic resources

Development of Genomic SSR and EST‐SSR Markers

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Development of genomic SSR markers

Genomic DNA: Flax variety NL‐97

Microsatellite enrichment library  preparation

5’ anchored PCR method (Fisher et al. 1996)

PIMA (PCR Isolation of Microsatellite Arrays) (Lunt et al. 1999)

FIASCO (Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntainingrepeats) (Zane et al. 2002)

Next generation sequencing: Pooled amplicons (from each  enrichment library) sequenced using next generation sequencing (454 pyrosequencing) technology

7Kale et al Molecular Breeding 2012

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Frequency distribution of genomic SSRs 

Dinucleotide motif distribution

0

5

10

15

20

25

AG GA CT TC AC CA TG GT

% Frequen

cy 

Dinucleotide repeat motif

0

5

10

15

20

25

AAG AGA GAA CTT TTC TCT

% Frequen

cy 

Trinucleotide  repeat motif

Trinucleotide motif distribution

DNR            TNR          Others

% of repeat motif

Repeat motifKatti et al. (2001)

Motif Analysis

AT/TAAG/GA/CT/TCAC/CA/TG/GTGC/CG

27 diverse genotypes used 52 primers randomly selected 43 showed amplification

31 (72%) TNR, 10 (23%) DNR Nine (21%) polymorphic

Polymorphism Screening

Cd-hit-est

CAP3

Development of EST‐SSR markers

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Work flow

Species No of primers 

amplified

Transferability (%) 

Jatropha curcas 0 0.00

Arabidopsis thaliana 3 0.34

Ricinus communis 13 1.47

Medicago 

truncatula

22 2.49

Populus trichocarpa 22 2.49

Glycine max 22 2.49

Gossypium 

hirsutum

52 5.88

Vitis vinifera 60 6.79

Nicotiana tabacum 66 7.47

e - PCRDeviation in virtual PCR product size observed in

different species from that observed in L. usitatissimum

CAP3

Cd-hit-est

SSR Locator v.1

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Development of Indian flax core collection

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Indian flax diversityIndian flax germ‐plasm: 2239

Indigenous: 1890

Exotic: 349

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Descriptors used for clustering Descriptors used for evaluation

Days to 50% flowering (DTF) Plant type

Days to maturity (DTM) Flower colour

Plant height (cm) (PH) Flower size & shape

Technical plant height (cm) (TPH) Aestivation type

Capsules per plants (CPP) Venation colour

Seeds per capsule (SPC) Anther colour, Stigma colour, Style colour

1000 seeds weight (g) (TW) Capsule dehiscence

Seed yield per plant (g) (SPP) Seed colour & Seed sizeKale et al 2013 Communicated

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Method : Ward’s minimum variance Distance : Standardized Euclidean Squared multiple correlation (R2) : 0.75 CC construction: proportional random sampling

( Upadhyaya et al.,2003)

Software:SAS 9.1. 3XLSTAT

Diversity within eight quantitative characters and five fatty acid contents 

Variable mean  SD min max range CV

DTF  82.59 8.35 54.67 105 50.33 10.1

DTM  139.5 7.6 115.9 158 42.11 5.45

PH  62.94 11.4 27.06 111 83.94 18.1

TPH  33.78 9.18 15 88 73 27.2

CPP  107.8 46.6 22 364 342 43.2

SPC   7.78 1.42 4 10.56 6.56 18.3

TW  6.49 1.76 3 10.6 7.6 27.1

YPP  5.48 2.24 0.46 15 14.54 40.9

Stearic acid  1.02 0.37 0.35 2.71 2.36 35.9

Palmitic acid  1.41 0.46 0.67 4.21 3.54 32.5

Oleic acid  3.89 1.47 0.95 11.3 10.34 37.8

Linoleic acid  2.31 0.99 0.59 8.98 8.39 42.9

Linolenic acid  10.33 3.58 2.87 22.3 19.43 34.7

Core population size: 192

0.0000.1000.2000.3000.4000.5000.6000.700

Entire collectionCore collection

Shannon‐Weaver diversity index for 12 morphological descriptors in the entire and core collections

Means (± Standard errors) for morphological descriptors for the entire and core collections

% MD: 00.00% CR:  82.35

VariableEntire

Collection

Core

Collectionp value Difference

DAF 82.946±0.18 82.58±0.58 0.550 NS

DTM 139.3±0.17 139.34±0.51 0.942 NS

PH 62.142±0.25 62.92±0.74 0.318 NS

TPH 33.666±0.19 33.71±0.59 0.950 NS

CPP 106.724±0.96 107.44±3.16 0.829 NS

SPC 7.749±0.03 7.76±0.09 0.919 NS

TW 6.391±0.03 6.55±0.11 0.187 NS

YPP 5.505±0.05 5.48±0.15 0.875 NS

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Genetic diversity analysis Total Available SSRs:  100 Polymorphic SSRs:  34  Genotypes Used: 192 No of alleles: 78 Average allele no. :  2.5 Average gene diversity:         0.4 Average PIC:  0.3 

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Neighbor‐ joining tree constructed using genetic distance matrix calculated based on molecular marker data

PCA analysis of 192 linseed accessions based on molecular marker data

Present of two sub‐populations in the core collection

Software used :  STRUCTURE V. 2.3.1 Ancestry model:     Admixture   No. of K  assumed:   1 to 10 (each with 10 

replicates) Burn in time :  1,00,000 MCMC iterations: 1,00,000  Optimal K determination:

ad hoc procedure (Pritchard et al. 2000) ∆K method ( Evanno et al. 2005 )

SSR marker representative

SNP Development and Genome Wide Association Scan

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Genotyping By Sequencing‐Overview

SNP Discovery

GBS Workshop., June 2013

SNP Development and Annotation

1.84 Million of reads

38% aligned to flax reference genome

72,758 SNPs identified 

13,280 SNPs with MAF of ≥ 0.1

Density : one SNP per 27.86 kbp

SNPEff

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Linkage Disequilibrium

Contig_25 (LD‐Decay = 75Kbp )

Contig_67 (LD‐Decay = 112Kbp )

Contig_123 (LD‐Decay = 100Kbp )

Population Structure Analysis

Software: Structure 2.3.3

Software: DARwin v5.0.158

Fst : 0.006

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Association studies

CPP: 16  Significant SNPsTPH: 7 significant SNPsPH: one SNPs

Capsule per plant

Tech. Plant Height

Plant Height

SNP distribution

Trait Alleles Contig P‐value MarkerR2

CPP A/G 604 1.34E‐12 0.45CPP C/T 543 5.18E‐10 0.37CPP A/T 1486 1.20E‐09 0.36CPP T/G 3345 2.06E‐09 0.35CPP T/G 863 2.09E‐09 0.35CPP T/C 165 3.34E‐09 0.35CPP G/A 176 4.68E‐09 0.34CPP C/A 165 1.52E‐08 0.32CPP G/A 1253 4.45E‐08 0.31CPP T/G 1123 1.09E‐06 0.26CPP C/T 8159373 1.69E‐06 0.25CPP C/T 86 1.8E‐06 0.25CPP A/G 1376 2.38E‐06 0.25CPP A/T 1376 2.38E‐06 0.25CPP G/A 98 2.59E‐06 0.24CPP G/C 6 2.72E‐06 0.24PH A/T 883 5.41E‐07 0.27TPH A/T 883 3.55E‐12 0.44TPH A/T 34 4.43E‐10 0.37TPH T/C 464 1.87E‐07 0.29TPH C/T 196 2.41E‐07 0.28TPH T/A 8 8.04E‐07 0.26TPH C/T 888 1.81E‐06 0.25TPH A/G 924 1.90E‐06 0.25

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Sr. No.

Cross  Character 

1. R‐552 (7.9) x KL‐221 (1.12)SDG

2. KL‐224 (7.49) x LC‐54 (1.23)

3. PKV‐NL‐260 (55.5%) x TL‐23 (1.2%) Omega 3

4. TL‐23 (1.2%) x EC‐541221 (66.13%)

Development of mapping populations for SDG and Omega‐3 fatty acid

COA, Nagpur  

Genome analysis

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Genome wide identification of flax NBS‐LRR genes

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Identification and characterization of flax NBS‐LRR genes

CN CNL N NL TCNL TLTNL TN TNL TNLTNL TNN TNNN TNTNL Total

CNLA 1 2 3

CNLC 4 17 1 4 26

TNLA 2 1 3

TNLB 1 8 1 1 11

TNLC 1 1 4 1 7

TNLD 2 1 20 1 24

Total 4 18 1 8 2 1 3 33 1 1 1 1 7426

• Flax gene models

~43,484 gene models

• 114 characterized Rgene from  plant R gene database

BLASTP

• NBS, LRR, TIR and CC  domains search

Pfam and COILS

• Phylogeneticanalysis

• Real time analysis

97 NBS‐LRR genes

Classification of NBS‐LRR genes

Kale et al Genome 2013

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Gene structure

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TNL‐A and TNL‐C showed  either lack of domain or show unusual structure

Phylogeny analysis of flax NBS –LRR genes

NBS region: P‐loop to WMA

HMMER 3: profile building and alignment

Phylogeny method : Parsimony (protpars ; Phylip suite )

Dots : coalescent points determined  by comparing with Poplar & Arabidopsis NBS  Sequences

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NBS‐LRR gene expression analysisIn silIco expression:• Total 23% predicted genes had EST expression evidence with the highest for g2659• Promoter region analysis:

– Uniform distribution of the regulatory elements (WBOX, CBF, GCC and DRE) across the families

Real time gene expression: Variety: Ayogi ( Disease tolerant) Pathogen: Alternaria lini Tissue collected: 0, 4, 7 and 10 Days After Infection (DAI) 4 TNL and 1 CNL genes studied

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Identification of the genes involved in lignan biosynthesis

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Lignan• Phytoestrogens, structurally similar to several sex hormones – estradiol

and estrone

• Anti‐cancer effects (hormone related – breast, prostate)

• Flax seed contains lignan; Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) 

Why study UDP‐Glycosyltransferases (UGTs)?• Glycosylation is terminal and regulatory step of secondary metabolite 

biosynthesis

• Alters the bioactivity, solubility, bioavailability and transport of metabolites

• In planta functions: hormone homeostasis, detoxification of xenobiotics and biosynthesis and storage of secondary metabolites

Strategy for identification of flax UDP‐Glycosyltransferases

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Mining of WGS using PSPG box

Filtration using various criteria for identification of UDP‐ Glucosyltransferase

Phylogenetic and expression analysis

Exploitation of the generated data to identify and characterize gene involved in lignan biosynthesis 

Baravkar et al BMC Genomics 2012

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Phylogeny of flax UGT-

Glycosyltransferase

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New family members

Flax diverged members

Expression of flax UGT genes

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Duplicated genes with similar expression

Duplicated genes with different expression

Duplicated genes with one of the genes without expression

Candidate gene with highexpression in seeds

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Genome wide Identification of the regulatory genes

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Mature sequences from miRBase (3430)

Flax genome search using PatMan

Extract miRNA flanking sequences

Folding using RNAfold

Most stable hairpin check using Randfold

Strategy for prediction of miRNA from flax genome

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Total 116 microRNA genes belonging to 23 families identified 

Minimum free energy (MFE) for all miRNA was ≤ ‐ 37.70 kcal.mol‐1

Baravkar et al Planta 2013

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Flax miRNA genes characterization

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RT-qPCR of selected 14 pre-miRNA transcripts

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Target prediction Mature miRNA sequences were searched against assembled flax 

EST database

Specifically miRNA/target duplexes must obey the following rules

Complementarity: Smith–Waterman algorithm

No more than four mismatches between miRNA & target

No more than two adjacent mismatches in the miRNA/target duplex

No adjacent mismatches in positions 2‐12 of the miRNA/target duplex (5' of miRNA)

Target site accessibility: RNAup calculates unpaired energy (UPE)

Translational inhibition : predict mode of gene expression inhibition

39psRNATarget (http://plantgrn.noble.org/psRNATarget) 

Expression analysis of miRNA target genes

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A total of 479

(142 non-redundant)

potential target

transcripts identified

Most of the targets

coding for TFs

Flax EST targets transcripts identified for 105 (90.51%) miRNAs

52% of identified target transcripts of unknown function

Inverse correlation in expression of miRNA and its predicted target,

indicating miRNA mediated regulation of the target genes

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Flax genetic improvement

Gene regulation

Genome organization 

and evolution

Genomic resources

Seed development

FA & SDG pathway

Seed proteome

Seed metabolites

Seed miRNA

Molecular markers

Core population

Genetic map

MiRNAprofiling

Gene Promoter 

Comparative genomics

Multi‐gene families

PublicationsA.V. Rajwade, R. S. Arora, N. Y. Kadoo, A. M. Harsulkar, P. B. Ghorpade and V. S.Gupta(2010)Relatedness of Indian Flax Genotypes (Linum usitatissimum L.): An Inter‐Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) primer assay Mol Biotechnol, 45:161–170 DOI10.1007/s12033‐010‐9256‐7

S. M. Kale, V.C. Pardeshi, N. Y. Kadoo, P. B. Ghorpade, M. M. Jana and V. S. Gupta (2012).Development of simple sequence repeat markers in linseed using next generationsequencing technology.Molecular Breeding, 30 , 596‐606

S.M. Kale, S.G. Kale, V.C. Pardeshi, G.S. Gurjar, V.S. Gupta, R.T. Gohokar, P.B. Ghorpade andN.Y. Kadoo. (2012). Inter‐simple sequence repeat markers reveal high genetic diversityamong Alternaria alternata isolates of Indian origin. Journal of mycology and plantpathology, 42(2)

V. T. Barvkar, V. C. Pardeshi, S. M. Kale, N. Y. Kadoo and V. S. Gupta. (2012). Phylogenomicanalysis of UDP glycosyltransferase 1 multigene family in Linum usitatissimum identifiedgenes with varied expression patterns. BMC Genomics, 13:175

V. T. Barvkar, V. C. Pardeshi, S. M. Kale, N. Y. Kadoo and V. S. Gupta (2012). Proteomeprofiling of flax (Linum usitatissimum) seed: Characterization of functional metabolicpathways operating during seed development. Journal of Proteome Research, 11 (12),6264‐6276

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PublicationsS. M. Kale, V. C. Pardeshi, V. T. Barvkar, V. S. Gupta and N. Y Kadoo. (2013) Genome‐wide identification and characterization of nucleotide binding site leucine‐rich repeat genes in linseed reveal distinct patterns of gene structure. Genome, 56:91‐99, 10.1139/gen‐2012‐0135

V. T. Barvkar, V.C. Pardeshi, S.M. Kale, S. Qiu, M. Rollin S,R. Datla, V. S. Gupta and N. Y. Kadoo. (2013). Genome‐wide identification and characterization of microRNA genes and their targets in flax (Linum usitatissimum). Planta, 237:1149–116

Rajwade AV , Kadoo NY, Borikar SP, Harsulkar AM, Ghorpade PB and Gupta VS (2014)Differential transcriptional activity of SAD, FAD2 and FAD3 desaturase genes in developing flax seeds contributes to varietal variation in α‐linolenic acid content. Phytochemistry, 98: 41–53 

S.M. Kale, D. Jarquin R.L. Srivastava, P.K. Singh, V.C. Pardeshi, V.T. Barvkar, A. Lowrenz, N.Y.Kadoo, V.S. Gupta (2014) Genomewide association mapping in linseed identifies significant loci for different agronomic traits. Submitted to Molecular Breeding.

S.M. Kale, R.L. Srivastava, P.K. Singh, V.C. Pardeshi, V.T. Barvkar, N.Y.Kadoo, V.S. Gupta.(2014) Development of core collection of linseed and Genetic diversity, population structure analysis using SSR markers. Submitted to Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding

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NCL team

Dr. Narendra Y. Kadoo, Dr. Ashok  P. Giri

Dr. Varsha C. Pardeshi , Mrs. AshwiniRajwade , Mr. Sandip Kale, Mr. Vitthal Barvkar 

Collaborators

Dr. Prakash B. Ghorpade, COA, Nagpur

Dr. Abhay Harsulkar, IRSHA, Pune

Dr. R. L. Srivastava, CSAUAT, Kanpur

Dr. Raju Datla/ Dr. Mike Deyholos‐ PBI –Canada 

Funding Agency 

DBT, India and CSIR, India

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Thank you

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