(Aviones en Combate: Ases y Leyendas No.47) Los Bombarderos Torpederos Avenger de la II Guerra...

7/27/2019 (Aviones en Combate: Ases y Leyendas No.47) Los Bombarderos Torpederos Avenger de la II Guerra Mundial

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Mirbjj i0l Bmithrig f5 Eugl Kgrig KgrtilbzJhhrmilgj i0l Bmith rigf5 Eugl Qgk0l GzghfgAgsgmh bl ]A@/ ]AK Gvblnbr Rlits h`^hr fm ^gr 1_uafijgmh phr prikbrg vbz bl Nrgl Arbtglg bl 7999]rgmujji0l5 Qhmhf`h Kulhz Jgsgmh Mb bstg bmiji0l 1?? IBmijihlbs mbf _rgmhJbg Abrkumbz :9 213??: Kgmrim, Bspglg

7999 Hsprby _uafi sciln]bxth jhkpfbth b ifustrgj ihlbs mb bstg bmiji0l, Hsprby _uafiscilnFtm. 1?? 7]bxth bl ilnfbs mb Agrrbtt ]iffkglffustrgji0l mb phrtgmg mb fgil ^yffib_br` ifbs mb gvihlbs mb ]hk ]uffisMiauehs g bsjg fg mb Kgrd ZtyfilnIkprbsh bl Bspglg bl kgyh mb 1?? IIkphrtgmhr y mistriauimhr bl Iltbrihr5MIZ]QEARIMHQG NB BQGF MB _RAFIJGJIHLBZGfvgrgmh, 1 77 3/20719? - Aublhs GirbsMistriauimhr mb Jgpitg f5MIZ]QEQBMGvmg. Abfnrglh, 0:= , = I7?91 - Aublhs GirbsIZAL (Harg jhkp fbtg)5 3=-3:>1- 732-0IZA 5 3=-3:>1-29=-?M.F.5Qbsbr vgmhs fhmhs fhs mbrbj chs. BI jh lfblimh mb bs fg harg bw i prhfbn im h phr I. Ijy. qu bbZ fgaf bjb pblgs mb pr isihl y/h kuffg. gmbrkis mb fgs jh rrbsphlmiblfbs ilm bkli zgj ihljs phrmglhs y pb re ui jihs. pgrg qui bl rbprhmuzjg . pfgn ib ? mi sfriauyg puafijg kblfb. bl fhmh ? blpgrt b. ulg h arg fitbrgrig , grtistijg ? j ibltiìjg , ? fg trgls`hrkb, ilt brprbtj ? bejjut b bl jugfquibrfiph mb sh ph rt b. s il I. mbaimg gRfHri zgj ihl bsjrifg mb fhs prhpi bfgri hs .BI bmithr sb rjsb rvg bf mbrbj ch mb khmirijg r fg jstru jturg mb fhs jh kphljltjs mb fg bh fbjjihl.su hrmbl mb gpgri jij l y su prbj ig mb vbltg s i jirjul stglj igs tbjlijgs ? 777jrjgmhtbj lijgs mbjugfqui br ti ph 7? gjhlsbegrgl.


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h5z5555. cgaig s imh suk il istrgmh bl ul lu kbrh ku y bsjgsh jhkh pgrg sg ti s `gjbr fgs lbjbs imgmbs ajfijgs mb ulg kg ri lg bl mhs hjbglhs. Gm b fkfs. b f mbsngs tb h pbrg ti vh y mb jh k agtb cg aig rbmu j imh b filvb lt gr ih mb fhs ]A M mb 7:? pfgtg `hrkgs gjrbgs g ulgs =? g jh kiblzhsmb e uli h mb 79=1.

]rgs rbjhlhjbr fgs phs iafbs mbìjibljigs mbf ]A M. fg Hìj ilg mb Gbrhlgutijgmb fg Kgrilg mb Bstgmhs Rlimhs ci zh pFafijg bl 79:9 fg lbjbsimgm mb ulgvihl thrpbmbrh jhl agsb bl fhs ph rtggv ihlbs khmbrlhs y jhl kgs jgpgjimgm . Bltrb fhs jritbrihs mb misb iih sj ilj fuyjrhl ul g vbfhji mgm kgx ikg mb=3? dk/c (10? lumhs). ul g ahmbng mb ahkags iltjrlg. ul rgmih mb gjj ihl

Fhs pifhths mbf Bsjugmrhl]hrpbmbrh 3 ilspbjjihlgl ulh mbfhs prikbrhs ]A@-7 blvigmhs g fgAgsb Gbrhl gvgf mb Lhr`hfd blblbrh/ `barbrh mb 79=1. Bstgbxjbfbltb vistg bfbvgmg kubstrgjfgrgkbltb fg phs ij ihl mbfahkagrmbrh ph r mbtrgs mbf pifhth.Fg sbnulmg jgailg tgkaiblmisphlig mb kglmhs mb vubfh, qubùbrhl rbtirgmhs phr illbjbsgrihsmbspubs mbf 2?" gvihl mb fgprhmujjihl . Gulqub fg Kgrilg P fgIl`gltbrig mb Kgrilg mb BstgmhsRlimhs jgsi luljg vhfgagl jhl bstgphsijihl hjupgmg, ùb agstgltbcgaitugf bl fg Kgrilg Qbgf, jhl bfjhkpfbkblth mb ul hasbrvgmhrpgrg fg tripufgj ihl mb vubfh . Kujchsmb fhs prikbrhs Gvblnbr ùbrhlmbvubfths g `garijg pgrg rbgfizgrgfnulgs khmiìjgjihlbs qubkbehrgrhl bf ùljihl bkiblth mb fhskbjgliskhs pgrg mhafgr fgs gfgs, 7?jugf rbtrgsh bf mbspfibnub prbvisthbl bf _gj iì jh g ahrmh mbfphrtggvihl bs RZZ Chrlbt.


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]glth Nrukkgl jhkh Phunct rbs phlmibrhl jhl prhpubstgs, bf S]A@- Iy bf S]AR-I rbspbjtivgkbltb. Bl g f-nulhs gspbjths fhs mh s gvihlbs bljge g ag l ai b l, pbrh b f mi sbl h mbNrukkgl rbsuft h sbr kgs finbrh ykgs rgpimh, jhl ul kgyhr rgmih mbgjjihl y jhl ulg kblhr hjupgjihlmb bspgjih jl fg juaibr tg mb vub fh qub bf mb Phunct. Gfuti fi zgr b f kiskhmisblh pgrg mhafgr fgs gfgs qub phstbrihrkbltb sb utifizh bl bf @=@-= îfmjgt y bl bf @0@-:/2 Cbffjgt, fg blvbrngmurg mb gfg mbf ]A@ sb pumh rjmujir mb 7.02? jk g 7.20? jk. Gmbkgs, Nrukkgl misblh ulg thrrbtg mbgjjihlgkiblth kbjglijh ìgafb. Gulqub phstbrihrkbltb bf ]A R sb `garijh g pbqubiig bsjgfg jhkh bf ]A Y Zbgwh f` mb Jh lshfimgtbm fg bkprbsgmb Fbrhy Nrukkgl jhls inuih b f jhltrgth priljipgf. Fg Kgrilg bljgrnh130 gvihlbs bl mijibkarb mb 79=?, ikpufsgmhs phr bf khthr rgmigf bl`rigmhphr girb ^rinct Q-10??-3, jhl ulg phtbljig mb 7.>?? JY.

Il bvitgafbkbltb gpgrbjibrhl gfnulgs jhkpfijgjihlbs. _hr bebkp fh, fgvbfhjimgm kgxikg prbvistg bl bf misbiih hrinilgf mb 2 71 dk/ c sb rbmueh g==? mbaimh g fhs gukblths mb pbsh y g fhs prhafbkgs jhl bf jbltrh mbnrgvbmgm. Zil bkagrnh, b f pifhth mb prubags mb Nrukkgl, Qhabrt F. Cgff,rbgfizh su prikbr vub fh jhl b f S]A@-I (AuL" 12:9 - lfffffbrh mb `garijgjihl- ) bf > mb gnhsth mb 79=7.

Gq ubf ilvibrlh, ulg jhk isihl jhleultg mb gvigjihl mb fg Kgrilg y mbfBebrjith mb ]ibrrg jhkblzh g gsinlgr lhkarbs phpufgrbs g fhs gv ihlbs kifitgrbs. Zbnul jubltg fg fbyblmg mb fg jhkpgEfig, bf ilnblibrh mbf prhybjth ]A@. Qgykhlm Dhjc , quish agutizgr g su ahkagrmbrh thrpbmbrh jhkhbf Qbvblnbr bl rjjubrmh mj _bgrf Cgrahr. Ilmbpblmibltbkbltb mb jug f ùbrg bf hrinbl mbf lhkarb, bl su fung r bf ]A@ sb jhlvirtih bl b f Gvblnbr.

Fg `garijgj ihl mb fhs ]A@-I jhkblzh fbltgkbltb. BI prikbrh sb bltrbnhbl blbrh mb 79=1 y bl `barbrh Ib sinuibrhl jiljh kgs. BI Bsjugmrhl ]hrpbmbrh 3, gsinlgmh g flubvh phrtggvihlbs Chrlbf. rbjiaih fhs prikbrhs ]A@-Ikibltrgs thmgvig sb bljhltrgag bl fg `gsb mb gm ibstrgkiblth bl fg Agsb Gbrhlgvgf mb Lhr`hfd, Pirnilig. Zil bkagrnh, bl kgrzh sb prhmueh ul lubvhrbtrgsh juglmh sb mbvhfvih g `garijg fg prikbrg kbmig mhjblg mb gvihlbs pgrg fg sust itujihl mb fhs pgsgmhrbs mb fg grtiju fgj ihl pgrg mhafgr fgs gfgs.

Bl eulih mb 79=1, bl fg bphjg mb fg Agtgffg mb Kimwgy, Nrukkgl `garijgag 0? ]A @ gf kbs y pgsh mb 7?? bl lhvibkarb. Fg prhmujjihl mbfprikbr glh thtgf izh 0=0 y murgltb 79=: Nrukkgl kgltuvh ulg kbmig mbjgsi 72? gf kbsh _brh bf @0@ Cbffjgt tblig prihrimgm sharb bf rbsth mb fhsmisbEfhs mb Nrukkgl , y g jhkiblzhs mb 79=1 sb cijibrhl fhs grrbnfhs lbjbsgrihs pgrg qub fg Mivisihl mb Gvigjihl Bgstbrl mb Nblbrg f Khthrs jhkblzgrg g `garijgr fhs Gvblnbr jhkh ]AK-I bl ]rblthl , Lubvg Ebrsby.

Fhs khmbfhs mb sbrib sb mi`brbljigrhl rbfgtivgkbltb phjh g 7? fgrnh mbthmg fg nubrrg. BI]A@-I J iljhrphrh ulg gkbtrgffgmhrg mb jgfiarb 71,> kkbl jgmg gfg pgrg rb`hrzgr b f ùbnh mb jgfiarb 3.=0 kiff qub mispgrgag gtrgvbs mbf grjh mb fg cbfijb. BI S]A@-1 rbsufth lh tblbr ùturh jhl su

Zb pubmb vbr gf prikbr]A@-7 mb fgprhmujjihl (AuL ??:>:) bl vubfhbf 1: mb kgrzh mb 79=1 bl fgjhlìnurgjihl mb gtbrrizgeb5"Qubmgs gageh. `fgps gageh. ngljchgageh'5 Mbstgjg jhkh fg rubmg mbjhfg ikpimb gf hpbrgmhr mb rgmihutifizgr su gkbtrgffgmhrg mb jgfiarb>,01 kk , ul prhafbkg qub gpgrbjighjgsihlgfkbltb bl jhkagtbjuglmh sb pbrmig prbsihl cimlfufijgphr jufpg mb fhs mglhs hjgsihlgmhsy fg rubmg mbsjblmig cgstg fgphsijihl mbspfbngmg.

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mijibkarb. Jh l ulg supbrihrimgm fhjgfgarukgmhrg gfrbmbmhr mb Kimwgy. thmh bstgag prbpgrgmh pgrg ul triul`h egphlbs mbj isivh 4 fg `fhtg mbf _gjiìjh mbBstgmhs Rlimhs, supbrgmg bl lukbrh,lh phmig pbrkitir qub bf blbkinh hjupgrg bf gthfhl mb Kimwg y. gpblgs g kifsb isj iblths difhkbtrhs mb Hgcu.

Jhl fg iltbfinbljig phr mbfgltb mbfhs pfglb s egphlbsbs, fg `fht g mbf _gjiìjh rbulih g thmgs fgs ùbrzgs mi sphliafb s. BI 3 mb kgyh mb 79=1 sbilmi jh gf bh ltilnb ltb rbs tgltb mbf ]h rpbmh 3 bl Lhr`hfd qu b sb mi rinibrgg fg jhstg hbstb pgrg su ilk bmi gth trgs fgmh g Cgwg i. Fhs 79 Gvb lnbr fIbngrhl g _bg rf Cgrahr bf 19 mb kgyh. kblhs mb 1= chrgs mbspu bs mb qu bbf Chrffbf sb cu aibrg mbspf bngmh jhl fhs 72 ]AM mbf J@ ^g fmrhl.

Zh fh ul m ig mbspu bs. sb cizh ul g pt' tijihl mb vh fultgrihs pgrg trgsfgmgrsb is Gvb lnb r cgs tg Kimwgy. 7.7 ?? kiff gs kgril gs gf lhrhbstb mb _bgrfCgrahr. Zb lhka rh gf Ft Fglnmhl D. @ibabrfiln hì jigf gf kglmh mbf mbstgjgkblth pgrg fg ilkilbltb agtgffg y bf kglmh fhs ]A@ bl bf g irb pgrggqu bf fgrnh vubfh mb trgsfgmh bl fg kglglg mbf I mb euli h. Zus j iljh pifhths brgl fhs Blsinl (g f`b rbz mb fg Kg ril g) J. B. Argll hl. G. D. Bg rlbs t. H. 7. Ngyli br, P G. Fbw is y bf suah` ijigf gv igmhr M. M. ^hhms imb.Jg mg gv ihl fI bvg ag ul hpbrgmhr mb rgmi h y ul tirgmhr bl fg thrrbtg5 mhs]A@ mi sphligl mb lgvbngltbs gsinlgmhs. Bs ths uft ikhs brgl ku y lbjbsg rihs yg qu b gfnu lhs gf`b rbjbs lul jg cgai gl imh kgs gfig mb fg jhstg.

Hj ch chrgs mbspu bs mbf mbs pbnub. @ib abrfiln mirinih su bsjugm riffg pgrg gtbrrizg r jl fg isfg mb Bgs tbrl . mhlmb sb bg rngrhl fhs thrpbmhs. Mbspubs mb fg urnb ljig mb trgsfgmgr fhs ]A@ g Kim wgy, fhs mhs mi gs sinui bltbspgsgrhl jgsi jh l ul g gaurrimg rutilg. Mbspubs. gf bhki blzh mb fg kglglg mb f mig =. fgs jhsgs jg kai grhl.

BI ulibh pifhth mb fhs Gvb lnb r qu b sharbvivih g fg Agtgffg mb Kimwgyùb bf Bls Gfab rt D. Bg rl bs t. _hs tbrihrk bltb gqu bf ki skh kbs bf blvih ulil hrkb phs tbrih r g fg gjjihl bl bf qu b sb phmig fbb r ul g pgrtb qub mbbig 5

"Bl fg kglglg mb f = mb eulih lhs hj up gkhs mb lu bstrhs gv ihlbs mb fg`h rk g cgaitugf g fgs ?= 5??, fhs jg fbltgkhs y pgrgkhs fhs khthrbs, prbpgrglm hlhs pg rg bspbrgr murglt b fg gfbrtg mb fg kglglg. G fgs ?2 5=2 ulhì bigf mb fg Il `g ltbrig mb Kg rilg kb ilmijh qub grrgljgrg bf khthr ygqu b ul gv ihl bl pg truffg cgaig gv istgmh g fnul hs gv ihlbs mbsjhlhj imhs g70? dif hkbtrhs mb Kimwgy".

"G fgs ?05?? jh kblzgkhs g rhmgr phr fg pistg. mbspbngkhs y lhs jhfhbgkhs bl mhs sbjj ihlbs mb trbs gv ihlbs5 tglth fgs sbjjihlbs jhkh fhsgv ihlbs mbsjblmi brhl. _u si khs ul rukah nbhnrgìjh mb :1?. g ul g vbfhj imgm ilmi jg mg mb 70? lum hs y g ul g gftitum gprhx ik gmg mb 1.??? pi bs.Kgs ? kblhs j iljh kiluths mbs pu bs mbf mbspbn ub lhs gtgjgrhl mhs ? trbsgv ihlbs blbki nhs5 yh imbltiìqu b ul h mb bffhs jhl jibrtgs vgj ifgj ihlbs jhkh ul jgzg Kbssbrsb ck itt 7?9. Cui khs mb gqu b ffhs gvihlbs . gsjblmikhsg =.??? pibs y sbnuik hs lu bstrh rukah".

"Gprhx ikgmg kbltb g fgs ?>5?? gv istgkhs fg ùbrzg blbki ng g ul hs 1= dkmb mistgljig. miri niblmhsb cgj ig fg isfg mb Kim wgy . Brg ul g ùbrzg mb ulhsmibz auqubs5 mbs trubthrbs. jrujbrhs y gfk blhs ul gjhrgzgmh, `h rk glmh ul g

BI 3-]-7, pifhtgmh phr bf Bls Gf abrtD. Bgkbst, ùb bf ulijhsupbrvivibltb mb fhs sbis Gvblnbrmbf P]-3 mbspfbngmhs bl bf gthfhlmb Kimwgy murgltb fg agtgffg mbeulih mb 79=1. BI Ft F. D. @ibabriilnkglmh bf mbstgjgkblth mbf]hrpbmh 3 jhltrg fhs phrtggvihlbsegphlbsbs pbrh, gf `gftgribs bf gphyhmb fhs jgzgs, jiljh ùbrhlmbliagmhs. Bgkbst, jhl bf tirgmhrkubrth, bf hpbrgmh r mb rgmih cbrimhy bf kiskh cbrimh tgk aibl, fIbvh sumbstrhzgmh AuL ??:3? mb vubftg gKimwgy bl ul gtblizgeb jhl ulgshfg rubmg. Gqui sb pubmb vbr gf3-]-7 tgpgmh jhl juaibrtgs pgrg bfkhthr y fg jgailg qub sb cglsuaimh y jhfhjgmh bl gkags zhlgs.Bl fg pultg mbf gfg mbrbjcg shljfgrgkbltb visiafbs fhs mgìhs mbjhkagtb.

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NRGMGFJGLGF YFGZ IZFGZ ZGFHKHLB l fg jgkpglg mb Nugm g fj glg f, qub hìjigfkbltb murh mbsmbgnhsth mb 79=1 cgstg `barbrh mb 79=:, pgrtijipgrh l bl jhkagtb fhs ]A@ tglth g ahrmh mb fhs auqubs jhkh bl tibrrg . Gpgrtb mb fhs bsjugmrhlbs mb fg Kgrilg jhl agsb bl fhs phrtggvihlbs, fgprikbrg ulimgm mb fg Il gltbrig mb Kgrilg mb ahkagrmbrhs thrpbmbrhstgkaibl thkh pgrtb bl bf mbsgrrhffh mb fg jgkpglg. BI PKZA-7:7 mbf]jhf _guf Khrbt, qub cgaig simh gsinlgmh jhkh ul bsj ugmrhl mb ahkagrmbh y bxpfhrgjihl, iltrhmueh gf Gvblnbr bl jhkagtb g tibkph pg rgbf khkbltg jufkilgltb bl lhvibkarb mb 79=1.

Zhfh 7> mi gs mbspubs mbf mbsbkagrjh mb fg I Mivisih l mb fg Il`gltbrig mb Kgrilg bl Nugmgfjglgf y ]ufgni, sb prhmueh fg tbrjbrg agtgffgmb phrtggvihlbs mb fg nubrrg. BI 1= mb gnhsth fhs mhs phrtggv ihlbs mbBstgmhs Rlimhs misphliafbs, bf Bltbrprisb y bf Zgrgthng. jhkagtibrhljhltrg trbs phrtggvihlbs egphlbsbs bl fg agtgffg mb fgs isfgs Zgfhkhlhribltgfbs. Bstgag bl eubnh bf kgltblikiblth mb fgs jhkulijgjihlbskgriti kgs pgrg gagstbjbr g fg Il`gltbrig mb Kgrilg bl tibrrg.

BI ]hrpbmh :, bkagrjgmh bl bf Bltbrprisb y ageh bf kglmh mbf FtJm r (jgpitgl mb jhrabtg) Jcgrfbs K. fbtt , brg bf Bsjugmrhl mb ]hrpbmbrhs mbf Zgrgthng. qub thmgvig lh sb cgaig phmimh rbulir jhl su auqub mb hrinbl trgs qubmgr mbspfgzgmh mbf Yhrdthwl. culmimh bl Kimwgy.Inugfkbltb , bf Zgrg fIbvgag bf ]hrpbmh 3 mbf Chrlbt. ageh bf kglmh mbfFt Jmr Cgrhfm C. Fgrsbl, kgs jhlhjimh jhkh Zwbmb. Fgs mhs ulimgmbs bltrgrhl bl fg agtgffg mb Nugmgfjglgf jhl 72 ]A@-7.

Bl fg tgrmb mbf mi g 1= sibtb gvihlbs mb fbtt mbspbngrhl mbf Bltbrpri-sb bl ausjg mb fgs ulimgmbs mb fg `fhtg egphlbsg qub cgaigl simh fhjgIizgmgs, kibltrgs bf Zgrgthng prbpgrgag ul nruph mb gtgqub. JgmgGvblnbr iag grkgmh jhl mhs ahkags mb 113 dn phr si sb bstgafbjigjhltgjth jhl bf blbkinh.

fbtt y su pulth, Bls Q. 7. Ayb , cijibrhl eu stgkbltb bsh . G jgsi :1?difhkbtrhs gf lhrtb mb su phsijihl mb mb spbnub bljhltrgrhl gf phrtggvihlbs Iinbrh mb77.??? thlbfgmg s Qyue h jhl trbs bsjhftgs.Fhs mhs ]A@ vhfgrhl bl jirjufh cgjig bflhrhbstb mb fg ùbrzg blbking y rbgfizgrhlul gtgqub mb ahkagrmbh chrizhltgf mbs mb bfsh f. Lh cuah ùbnh gltigbrbh cgstg qub fhsGvblnbr bstuvibrhl jgsi bl bf pulth mb fglzgkiblth4 fgs jugtrh ahkags jgybrhl eultgsg 2?? pibs mb fg phpg mbf Qyueh. @ub ul rbsuftgmh mbjbpjihlgltb , pbrh jhl fhs egph-lbsbs bl gfbrtg kgxikg lh tblig sbltimhqubmgrsb . Fg sbjjihl mbf P]-: sb mirinih rgpimgkbltb cgj ig jgsg mb sp ub s mb cgab r

BI ]hrpbmh 3 prbsblth gf Gvblnbr bljhkagtb kibltrgs vhfg mbsmb Kimwgyy jhlsinuibltbkbltb Itbvh bf lubvhahkagrmbrh thrpbmbrh gf kgr bl bfZgrgthng. BI Bls @. N, Kgkkgl"ciljh" bf khrrh mbf ]grb 0= bf 70 mbsbptibkarb mb 79=1, 7? qub prhvhjhmgiihs bl fg cbfijb y phsiafbs mgiihsphr fg mbtbljihl rbpbltilg bl bf khthr^rinct Q-10??. Zil bkagrnh, bfAu L??=17 bstuvh mb vubftg bl bfprhnrgkg mb vubfh lh kujch tibkphmbspubs.

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rbgfizgmh bf ulijh gtgq ub mb ahkagrmbh chr izhltg f qub cgrigl eg kgs fhsGvblnbr jh ltrg ul phrtggvihlbs lgvbnglmh.

Bl ul sbjthr mb ausqubmg prhxikh, bf Ft E. L. Kybrs y bf Kgjcilist C.F. Jhrf gvistgrhl ul jrujbrh egphlbs. Zb prbpgrgrhl pgrg ul fglzgkiblthmb ahkags pbrh rbsu ftgrhl rbpbltilgkbltb iltbrjbptgmhs phr fhs Ubrh (ulhpgsh tgl jbrjg qub Kybrs pumh vbr ulg `rgleg rheg gfrbmbmhr mbf ùsbfgeb),y gu lqub fhs G0K1 lh jhlsinuibrhl ikpgjths bl fg prikbrg pgsgmg, Kybrsy Jhrf sb vibrhl ha fingmhs g iltbrrukpir bf gtgqub. BI jrujbrh mispgrgagrg`gngs prbjisgs mb grt iff brig gltigbrbg y ul Ubrh pbrsinuih g Jhrf mbltrhmb ulg luab. Bstb ffftikh kurih pbrh su tirgmhr, Qgmihkgl M. M. îfby, sharbvivih pgrg rbnrbsgr g Nugmgfjglgf jgsi sibtb kbsbs mbspubs.

Kibltrgs tglth, bf ]A@ mb Kybrs rbsufth nrgvbkbltb gfjglzgmh phr ulUbrh jbrjg mb fg gnrupgjihl tgjtijg bs tgmhulimblsb. BI gtgqub gb rbh eg-phlbs, fglzgmh jgsi sikuftglbgkbltb, jhnih g vg ri hs gvihlbs mb BstgmhsRlimhs bl fg zhlg y b f Bls Q. E. Ayb mbf P]-: ilijih ul iljhljVush mub-7? jhl ul Gij ci M:G gltbs mb qubmgrsb sil jhkaustiafb. Htrh mb fhs Gvblnbr mb Ebtt tgkaibl gkbrizh, pbrh fgs mhs tripufgj ihlbs ùbrhl rbsjgtgmgs.

G fgs 7= 5:?, kgs mb ulg chrg mbspubs mb qub pgrtibrg fg bxpfhrgjihl mbfBltbfprisb. bf Zgrgthng blvih cgstg 13 ZAM y hjch ]A@ pgrg bl`rbltgrsbgf QYfIeh. GI kglmh mb fhs Gvblnbr sb bljhltrgag b f Ft Arujb F. Cgrwhhm,qub tuvh qub rbnrbsgr phr prhafbkgs bl bf khthr, pbrh fhs htrhs sibtb jhltilugrhl. Rlh mb b ffhs brg bf Bls Abrt Bgrlbst, bf ulijh pifhth supbrvivibltbmb fhs ]A@ mbf mbstgjgkblth mb sbis gvihlbs mb Kimwgy mbf ]hrpbmh 3.

GI gvistgr bf afgljh, bf eb`b mbf gtgqub, Jmr C. M. @bft, m iri nih jiljh ]A@jh ltrg b f phrtggvihlbs y mhs jh ltrg b f jrujbrh ]hlb5 fhs Mgultfbss sb mivimibrhl mb inugf `hrkg.

Fhs nrglmbs Nrukkgl sb garibrhl pgsh cgstg fhs 1?? pibs y b f Ft Cgr whhm kglmh g trbs phr agahr y gmhs phr bstriahr. Fhs j il jh fglzgrhl susthrpbmhs mbltrh mb fhs 31? kbtrhs y ulh mb fhs fglzgmhs phr fg pgrtb mbagahr jhls inui h ul ikpgjth. Bs phsiafb qub htrhs mhs tgkaibl 7? g fjglzgrgl, pbrh tglth fhs il `hrkbs bstgmhulim blsbs jhkh fhs egphlbsbs shljhltrgm ijthrihs. Juglmh fhs ]A@ sg fi gl mbf afgljh, bf QPfIeh yg bstgag bsjhrglmhsb, grmiblmh prhùsgkbltb phr jufpg mb fhs ikpgjths mb fgs ahk-ags y mbf thrpbmh.

BI ]hl b bsjgph mb fhs mglhs mb fhs mhs thrpbmhs mirinimhs jhltrg bf y fhssibtb ZAM ilijigfkbltb blvigmhs jhltrg bf ùbrhl rbhribltgmhs cgjig bf QPII-eh . Murgltb bf gtgqub y fg rbtirgmg trbs Gvblnbr ùbrhl gnuebrbgmhs phr fg grtiffbmg gltigbrbg ? phr fhs jgzgs, pbrh thmhs rbnrbsgrhl g fg gnrupgjihl tgjtijg.

BI lubvh eb`b mbf nruph gbrbh mbf Bltbfprisb brg bf Ft Jmr Kgxwbff @.Fbsfib, gltbrihr eb`b mbf Ahkailn :. BI pbrkglbjih g ahrmh murgltb fg kgyhr pgrtb mbf mig, jhhrmilglmh fhs gtgqubs y fgs bxpfhrgjihlbs mb sus bsjugmrhlbs. Gfrbmbmhr mb fgs 795?? chrgs fhs bstgmhulimblsbs rbjiaibrhl fggfbrtg mb htrg il jursihl blbking bl rutg. BI Bltbrprisb y bf ZgrgfHng rbgfi zgrhl mbspbnubs mb bkbrnbljig pgrg mbspbegr fgs juaibrtgs y lh sbr jhnimhs bl fhs kiskhs gp urhs qub jhlmblgrhl g fg Dimh Autgi bl Kimwgy.

BI Bltbrprisb fglzh ul gtgqub jhkpfbth mb ulg juaibrtg mb :7 gvihlbs,ilJVuimhs sibtb ]A@. Bstb nr uph, hribltgmh pgrg fhjgfizgr y gtgjgr ulg ul i-mgm mb supbrìjib egphlbsg jbrjg mb fg phsijihl jhkul ijgmg mbf QPfIeh , sbrhkpih juglmh gpgrbj ih ul gtgq ub egphlbs. Fhs 72 îfmjgt sb bl`rbltgrhl g fhs iljurshrbs, mbeglmh g fhs ZAM y g fhs ]A@ qub sb mb`blmibrgl

71 phr si kiskhs. Y vgyg si sb mb`blmibrhl, yg qub bf tirgmhr mbf Kgjcilist

GI kglmh mbf Nruph Gbrbh mbfBltbrprisb murgltb fg Agtgffg mb fgsisfgs Zgfhkhl hribltgfbs sbbljhltrgag bf I t Jmr Kgxwbff @.Fbsfib, qub gltbrihrkbltb cgaigprbstgmh sus sbrvijihs jhkh JH mbfBsjugmrhl mb Ahkagrmbh :murgltb fg Agtgffg mb Kimwgy.Fbsfib sb gjtugfizh mb fhs ZAM g fhs]A@ bl su lubvg tuljihl mb JGN(Ebtb mb Nruph Gbrbh) y rbgfizh ulgkisihl bxtrghrmilgrigkbltb fgrngbl fg tgrmb mbf 1= mb gnhsth,fIbnglmh gf Zgrgthng mbspubs mbglhjcbjbr.]hmgvig brg su quilthgtbrrizgeb bl ul phrtggvihlbs jhlul Gvblnbr y bf prikbrh phr fglhjcb.


14/66

Rl bxjbfbltb bsjgfhl bl `hrkgjihlphr fg mbrbjcg mb 71 Gvblnbr mbfP]-7? bl fgs gnugs mbf _gjiìjhsurhjjimbltgf bl thkh g hjtuarb mb79=1. Gulqub lh gpgrbjb ku y jfgrhbl bstg `hthnrgìg bf ]A@ kgsprhxikh g fg jgkgrg (bf gvihl mbfJH) bstgag gmgptgmh jhl ulgilstgfgjihl bxpbrikbltgf mbgkbtrgffgmhrgs mb 71,> kkkhltgmgs bl bf bxtbrihr bl fhsbljgstrbs mbf gfg4 ul misblh mbilnblibrig mb Nrukkgl jhkhrbspubstg g fgs shfijitumbs mb fhsbsjugmrhlbs mb ulg kgyhrphtbljig mb ùbnhs mbfgltbrg. Bstbgrrbnfh ikprhvisgmh rbsuftgùljihlgf, pbrh sb kbehrg bl fhs]A@-7J, qub mispusibrhl mbgkbtrgffgmhrgs iltbrihrbs mb jgfiarb71,> kk khltgmgs bl fgs gfgs pgrgrb`hrzgr fgs gkbtrgffgmhrgs mb>,01 kk qub mispgrgagl g trgvbsmbf grjh mb fg cbfijb.

E. Q. Agdbr, GQK: /j J. F. N iashl, rbj fgkh ul M:G Pgf jhl mhs rg`gngsmb su gkbtrg ffgmhrg mb 71 ,> kk . B ftiftikh b l mbspbngr ùb bf Ft Jm r Fbsfib, qub rbjhrmgag gf ìlgf mb fg kisihl5

" Cgaig ulg hsjurimgm jhkpf btg juglmh fIbnub g fg supubstg zhlg mbfBltbrpris b. pbrh thmhs fhs auqubs sb cgaigl hsjurbj imh y lh cgaig lgmgg fg vistg. G jhltilugjihl, kb m irini phr bf qub jrmg qub sb rig bf rukahgprhpigmh mb rbtirgmg mb fhs auqubs y ìlgfkbltb pgsb sharb ulh g f qubsh fh pumb hasbrvgr mbaimh g fg bstbfg mb nrgl vbfhj imgm phr mbtlis mb b V.Lh sg aig si brg mb fhs kihs ? lh, y b ffhs prhagafbkbltb tbligl fg kiskgprbhjupgjihl jhl rbspbjth g ki. GI kblhs gvglzg ag bl fg kiskg mirbjjihl qub yh y bsh kb mih jibrth gli kh" .

" Mbspubs mb htrg kbmig chrg rbjiai ulg fIgkgmg bl fblnugeb jfgrh phr fgrgmih qub mbjig5 ' Kgx, sinub gvglzglmh y jhnb gfnh mb g ftitum ' . Brg ki jhkpgiibrh mb jfgsb mb Gll gph fis, Cgk Mhw, qub brg bf hìjigf mb rgm ih mb fg pfglg kgyhr mbf gfkirgltb @fbtjcbr y ùb fg kbehr lhtijig qub cb rbj iaimh egkgs.Bl gqubffhs migs bf rgmgr lh bstgag kuy aibl mbsgrrhffgmh, pbrh Cgk Mhwùb ulh mb fhs qub kgs il`fuyb rhl bl su mbsgrrhffh, y bf pbrkglbjih jhl kisbiigf bl fg pgltgffg cgstg qub fIbnub g fg zhlg mb fg gnrupgjihl tgjtijg".

"Yg brgl agstgltb kgs mb fgs 1: 5?? chrgs y fhs auqubs bstgagl g hsjurgs4 thmh 7? qub phmig vbr brgl sus sifubtgs bl b f gnug. ]hmgvig lh sgaig sibrgl gkinhs ? blbk inhs . Zil bkagrnh , blthljbs kb miebrhl phr rgmih qubbf Zgrgthng phlmrig thmgs sus fujbs bl ùljihlgkiblth pgrg qub yh gtbrri zgrg g ahrmh. Lh cgaig cbjch kgs mb trbs ? jugtrh gtbrrizgebs g ahrmh mbul phrtggvihlbs jhl ul ]A@ y luljg ulh mb lhjcb, pbrh kb shargagl nglgs mb iltbltgr gqub V. Y hjurrih qub sg fih aibl".

"]hmhs fhs gv ihlbs mb fg juaibrtg cgaigl simh jhfhjgmhs phr mbfgltb, prbpgrgmhs pgrg ul gtgqub g f gk glbjbr y sb cgaigl qubmgmh g fii cgstg b f uftikh kiluth,bspbrglmh ki fIbngmg. Kb miebrhl qub bl htrhs jiljhkiluths iagl g sbr rbtirgmhs cgjig gtrgs, 7? qub mbkubstrg jugl bstrbjch brg b f kgrnbl qub tblig" .

"Z ibkprb tblmrb ulg prhùlmg mbumg mb nrgtitum jhlfg kgnig mbf rgmgr y fg pbrsis tbljig mb Cgk Mhwblutifizgrfh. Bstgag agstgltb shrmh mbaimh g fgs jugtrhchrgs y trbs jugrths bl bf girb, pbrh mbspubs mb qub bfgfkirgltb @fbtjcbr kb fIgkgrg gf publtb , bf kb ilmijhqub agegrg g su jgkgrhtb y kb gjhstgrg bl su jgkg mhafb jh l agrrgs mb arhljb".

Gsi ìlgfi zh b f prikbr bl`rbltgkiblth mb fhs Gvblnbrbl fhs phrtggv ihlbs bl bf qub b f P]-: y bf P]-3 cgaiglfglzgmh 1> gvihlbs murgltb j ugtrh bxpfhrgjihlbs ? gtgqubs . Mhjb ]A@ gtgjgrhl fhs auqubs egphlbsbs, iljfuimh bf phrtggvihlbs Iinbrh Qvueh. qub rbsufth culmimh.Fhs sibtb Nrukkgl grkgmhs jhl ahkags lh fhnrgrhllilnul ikpgjth bl sus afgljhs .

Fgs agegs thtgfizgrhl sibtb Gvblnbr, ? bf 10% mb fhs]A@ fglzgmhs bl kisihlbs mb jhkagtb. Zil bkagrnh, shfh trbs mb fgs agegs ùbrhl mirbjtgkbltb gtriauiafbs g fggjjihl mbf blbkinh yg qub bf ]hrpbmh : mbf Zgrgthngpbrmih mhs gvihlbs phr `gftg mb jhkaustiafb y fglzh htrhs

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mhs phr fg ahrmg mba imh g fg nrgvbmgm mb sus mgiihs. 7:


15/66

R)hhh-'5555E`-l..u

ZGL]G JQRUFg jugr tg agtg ffg mb phrtggv ihlbs bl kblhs mbjiljh kbsbs tuvh fung r g ìl gfbs mb hj tuarb mb79=1. Jhkh brg cgaitugf, fhs bstgmhulimb lsbsbs tgagl bl il b rihrimgm kibltrgs mb`blmigl ulgphs ij i0l vitgf4 bl bs tb jgsh, bsg phs ij i0l sbnui g siblmh N ugmgfjglg f.

BI Blfbrprisb y b f Chrlbf brgl fhs priljipgfbsjhkagtibltbs jgpgjbs mb mbrrhtgr ulg gjji0l jhkailgmg mb fg Kgrilg y mbf Bebrj ith egphlbsbs pgrg thkgr Nugmgfjglgf mb ulg vbz phr thmgs . Rlgsphmbrhsgs ulimgmbs kgr itikgs prhtbnigl fhs rbùbrzhs mbf blbkinh , y b f mig 1> mb hjtuarb sb bltgaf0 ul blhkfb bl`rbltgkiblth girb-kg r. _gs0 g fg ci sthrig jhkh fg Agtg ffg mb Zgltg Jruz.

Bstg agtg ffg rbs uft0 kgf pgrg fg Kgrilg mb Bstgmhs Rlimhs . BI Chk bfùb culmimh, b f Bf7Ib /prisb rbs uft0 mg iigmh y lh sb pbrmi0 lilnul auqubmb nubrrg egphlbs, pbrh gqub ffg bljg rlizgmg agtg ffg gtbkpbr0 b f pbluftikh iltblth mb Egp0l jh ltrg Jgbfus. BI Blfbrprisb utifiz0 b f Nrup h Gbrbh7?, jhl b f bsjugmr0l mb thrpbmbrhs ageh b7kglmh mb f Ft Jmr Ehcl G. Jh ffbtt, kibltrgs qub bf Chrl bf bkpfb0 ul nrup h gb rbh kixth qub iljfuig gfgltinuh P]-0 (bsjugmr0l mb gmibs trgkiblth mb fg Kgrilg mb Bstgmhs Rli mhs ) mb f Nrgl B. kglmgmh phr b f Ft Bmw il A. _grdbr. Bltrb gkahs , fhsmhs bsjugmrhlbs thrpbmbrhs m isphligl mb 1= ] A@ h pbrg tivhs .

Gqub f kgrtbs phr fg tgrmb, bf Bf7Ibrpr isb fglz0 ul gprbs urgmh gtgqub mb1? gv ihlbs jhltrg fhs phrtggv ihlbs egphlbsbs, fhjg fizgmhs g ulhs :0? di-70kbtrhs mb mistgljig . Fhs pfglbs pgrg jhhrm il grsb jhl bf nruph gbrbh mb fChrlbf sg fibrhl kgf mbaimh g fg prisg y g fg jhlùsi0l, mb `hrkg qub bfJGN (Eb`b mb f Nruph Gb rbh) mb f Nrgff B, Jmr Qi jcgrm Ng ilbs, sinui 0 cgj ig mbfgltb jhl su pbqub iig `hrkgj i0l.

Gkahs aglmhs fglzg rhl nruphs mb gtgqub qub sg aigl m0lmb bljhltrgrg f gmvbrsg rih. _hr jhlsinui bltb, fhs bsjugmrhlbs mbf Bl fbfprisb sb jruzgrhl jhl b f bsj ugmr0l mb jgzg mb f UfIich g 90 dif0kbtrhs mb fg gn rupgj i0 l tgj tijg mb Bstgmhs Rlimhs. Qbg fizg lmh su gtgqub mbsmb grriag y phrmbtrgs, bf Ft Zg lbygsu Ci mgdg kglm0 sus lubvb G0K1 bl ulg iltbrjbptgj i0l ph r sh rprbsg qub gliquif0 gf ] A@ nui g bl fg prikbrg pgsgmg. BIkhthr mb f Ft Jmr Jh ffbtt sb il jblmi 0 y b f sb fglz0 bl pgrgjgimgs, pbrhlul jg ùb bljhltrgmh . Zu hpbrgmhr mb rgmih, GQK I /j ]. J. Lb fshl, sharbv ivi0 jhkh prisihlbrh.

_brh fhs chkarbs mbf BffIb/p risb rbs phlmibrhl. Gyumgmh phr htrhs mhstirgmh rbs , b f G K1 /j Q. A. Ch fknril , bl b f gv i0l mbf Ft(e n) Qi jcgrm D.Agttbl, jh lsin ui 0 ul bs pbj tgj uf gr mbrriah g f cgjb r bx pfhtgr ul Ubrh g9 7 kbtrhs mb fg sbnulm g sbjj i0l mb f P]-I H.

BI jhkagtb ùb arbvb y vih fblth. Mhs îfmjg t ù brhl mbrriagmhs y htrhsmhs sb vibrhl hafingmhs g gaglmhlgr bf jhkagtb (thmg fg sbjj i0l bl fgpgrtb izqui brmg mb fg `h rkgji0l ). Rl sbnulm h ]A @, p ifhtg mh phr bf BlsEhcl Qbbm bx pf ht0 ageh bf ùbnh mb fgs gkbtrg ffgmhrgs mb fhs Ubrh, b f ti rgmhr bsjgp04 bf hpbrgmhr mb rgm ih mb Qbbm Kurrgy Nfgssbr, tgka ibl ùbrbsjgtgmh phr ul mbs trujthr egphlbs. Fhs îfmjg t rbj fgkgrhl trbs mbrriahs, pbrh htrhs mhs ]A @ sb sg fibrhl mb fg `hrkgj i0l. Rlh mb b ffhs mbrria0 htrh jgzg Kitsuaisci , rbjhlhj imh g f hpbrgmhr mb rgmih mb f Ft Kgjmhlg fm

7= ]c hkpshl, Jcgrfbs B. Zcillbkgl.

Mhs ]A@-7 (jgsi jhl sbnurimgmgvihlbs mb fg Il`gltbrig mb Kgrilg)sb prbpgrgl pgrg sgfir rhmglmh mbfg pistg mb bstgjihlgkiblth pgrgulg kisihl cgjig fgs isfgs Zgfhkhlbl thkh g 79=:. BI Gvblnbr blprikbr pfg lh, jhl bf khthr yg blkgrjcg, fIbvg bf lukbrh mb ùsbfgeb:7:4 sb trgtgag mb ulg jhstukarbmb fg Il`gltbrig mb Kgrilg agsgmgbl fhs trbs uftikhs miniths mbflukbrh mb sbrib mb fg HìjilgGbrhlgutijg. Kibltrgs tglth, ulpifhth sb prbpgrg pgrg grrgljgr bfhtrh gvigl phr kbmih mb uljgrtujch bl bf jhkpgrtikblth mbgjjbshrihs mbf khthr.


16/66

Rl ]A@-7 mbf P]-77 kubstrg fhsmgiihs bl jhkagtb trgs su rbnrbsh gNugmgfjglgf murgltb bf vbrglh mb79=:. Rl prhybjti f gltigbrbhegphlbs mbstruyg jgsi fg k itgm mbfbstgaifizgmhr chrizhltgf izquibrmh,gulqub mbeg bf bfbvgmhrrbfgtivgkbltb iltgjth. Fg rbsistbltbbstrujturg mbf Gvblnbr brg ku y mbfgnrgmh mb fgs tripufgj ihlbs.

Fhs Ub rh mb Cimgd g cga igl mbstrhzgmh fg `hrkgjihl mb f Bltbrprisb.]rbs @=@y mhs ]A@ rbsuf tgrhl mbrr iagmhs y htrhî fmjgt, gmbkgs mb mhs Gvblnbr, tuvibrhl qub gaglmh lgr mbaimh g fhs mg lhsmb jhkagtb. Zil bkag rnh , fhs jgzgs mb fUuich tgkaibl su ribrhl ku jcgs agegs ,jhl jugtrh mbrr iagmhs, gmbkgs mb ulhmglgmh. Ci mgdg, jhkpuln imh, gaglmhlh fg kisihl y fIbvh g fhs supbrviv ibltbs mb vub ftg gf auqub.

Kibltrgs tglth, b f Jmr Qijcgrm Ngilbsjhl su ] A@ sil grkgkblth jhltiluh jhl

fhs jugtrh Gvblnbr. fhs trbs Mgultfbss y fhs jugtrh îfmjg t rbs tgltbs . Blbf khkblth bl bf qub vibrhl g fg ù brzg gvglzgmg e gphlbsg, fhs Z AM sbcgaigl sg fimh mb fg `hrkgjihl, mbeglmh g f Ft ]chkpshl qub gtgjg rg bfjrujbrh Zu55uyg. kibltrgs bf Ft Jmr Egkbs @f gtf by rbg fizgag ul gtgqub mbjgs tinh pgrg b fikilgr fg grtiffbri g gltigbrbg.

Ki bltrgs tglth, fhs ZAM mbf Chrlbr fhjg fizgrh l g fg ùbrzg blbki ng priljipgf y gtgjgrhl `brhzkbltb gf Zchdgdu jhl vg rihs ikpgjths mb ahkags. Bs tb qubmh ùbrg mb fg agtgffg, gulqub su nruph gbrbh yg cgaig fhjg fizgmh g fggnrupgj ihl tgjtijg mb Bs tgmhs Rlimhs. Fgs mhs mivisihlbs mbf ]hrpbmh 0, fglzgmgs mb `hrkg ilmbpblmibltb mbsmb bf Chrlbr. gtgjg rhl jgs ugfkbltb g mhsjrujbrhs phjh mbspubs mb qub fhs ahkagrmbrhs mb vubfh bl pijgmh gfjglzgrgl gf Zchdgdu. Fhs sbis Gvblnbr mbf Ft B. A. _grdbr ùbrhl g phr bf ]hlb.fglzgrh l jiljh thrpbmhs (ulh `gffh j fgrgkbltb bl bffglzgki blth) y `g ffgrhl.

Fhs lubvb ahkagrmbrhs mb f Ft ^grm @. _hwb ff rhmbgrhl g fg ulimgm e gphlbsg pgrg ausjg r b fbkblths kgs nrglmbs y fu bnh rbn rbsgrhl pgrg pb rsbnuir g f mglgmh Jcidu/7/g. _grdbr fIbvh g sus gv ihlbs g ul ahkagrmbh blpfglbg kiblth y jhlsinui h gf kblhs ul ikpgjth qub sb sukh g fhs mgiihsil`finimhs phr fhs ZAM mb f PZ-IH (bsj ugmrhl mb bx pfhrgj ihl ). BI Jcidu-f/7g su`rih jgsi :?? age gs mbaimh g f jhkaustiafb mb fhs cimrhgvihlbs mbfjrujb rh qub sb iljblmih bl fg supbrbs trujturg.

BI htrhrg pifhth mb jgzg FtR n) Cukpcrby F. ]gffkgl sb cgaig sbpgrgmh juglmh sus ahkags `g ffgrhl bl bf fglzg kiblth. Mbsjhltblth jhl fhsgjhltbjikiblths fhjg fizh ul jrujbrh Iinbrh y jhlsinui h fglzg r sus jugtrhahkags mb 113 dn, ulg mb fgs jugfbs pubmb qub gfjgl zgrg su haebti vh.

Fhs ]A @ mbf Chrlbr cgaigl bsjgpgmh s il agegs , pbrh thmgv ig qubmgagul fgrnh vubfh cgstg jgsg. Zb is Gvblnbr gkb rizg rhl g f qubmgrsb sil jhkaustiaf b, il jfuimh ulh mb fhs mhs gv ihlbs mb f P]-I ? qu b vh fgagl jhl bf]hrpbmh 0. Htrh Gvblnbr jgyh gltb fhs jgzgs egphl bsbs mb fg bsjh ftg mbfhs ahkagrmbrhs y mb fhs gv ihlbs thrpbmbrhs qub gtgjgrhl b f Bltbrprisby b f Chrlb r5 b f FtR n) Qu ùs Jfgrd ù b visth phr uftikg vbz phr fhs gtgjg ltbs pbrsbnuimhrbs mbf P]-0 g trgvbs mb fgs rg gngs mb fg grtiffbrig gltigbrbg prhpi g. @ub mbrriagmh y kurih eulth jhl su tripufgjihl, jhkagtiblmhg fhs pifhths mb f Eulyh qub imbltiìjg rhl su ]A@ jhkh ul ]AM.

Fg pbrsistbljig y fg supbrihrimgme gphlbsg gpfgstgrhl ìlgfkbltb g fg gpurgmg pgtruff g gbrbg mb jhkagtb bstgmhulimblsb. Fhs @=@-= sb qubmgrhl silkulijihl y lh pumibrhl ikpbmir qub fhs ahkagrmbrhs mb vubfh bl pijgmhM:G Pg f y fhs gvihlbs thrpbmbrhs A2L Dgtb il`finibrgl mglhs `gtgfbs gfChrlbr. BI Bltb/prisb fgkaibl ù b gfjglzgmh y hafingmh g rbtirgrsb .

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17/66

R)hhh- ';


19/66

(/ )hJ fh-';


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BF _Gji@IJH JBL]QGF

M smb ìlgfbs mb 79=: ffbngrhl g fgs ulimgmbs mb fg !fhtg jgmg vbzkgs ]A@-f J. flkbmigtgkbltb sb rbjhlhjibrhl y sb bxpfhtgrhlfg b fgstijimgm mbf mi sbiih mbf Gvblnbr y su phfivgfbljig hpbrgtivg y bl lilnul gkaith tglth jhkh bl fgs ùljihlbs lhjturlgs.Murgltb fg hpbrgjihl mb fgs isfgs Nifabrt mb lhvibkarb mb 79=:, bf eb`bmbf nruph gbrbh mbf Bff /b/prisb cizh bltrgr bl jhkagtb g sus bquiphs mb Afgjd_g ff/cbr. Bf Ft Jmr B. C. Awjc H' Cgrb yg brg ul fbnblmgrih pifhth mb jgzg,pbrh gmibstrh g sus _gff/cbr sbfbjjihlgmhs ulh g ulh pgrg fgs iltbrjbptgj ihlbs lhjturlgs mb gv ihlbs blbki nhs. Jhl ul Gvblnbr bquipgmh jhl rgmgr qubnuigrg gmhs @0@-: Cbffjgt jhlvbljihlgfbs bf pfgl jhlsistig bl misphlbr mbjhltrhfgmhrbs g ahrmh mb fhs auqubs qub jhfhjgrgl g fhs bquiphs kbmigltbfhs vbjthrbs sharb fhs ahkagrmbrhs egphlbsbs, khkbltg bl bf jugf fhs hpbrgmhrbs mb rgmgr mb fhs ]A@ jhkpfbtgrigl fg iltbrjbptgjihl.

Fg prikbrg prubag ffbnh fg lhjcb mbf 10 mb lhvibkarb. H ' Cgrb y supulth mbf Y@-1, `hrkglmh bquiph jhl bf Ft Jmr Ehcl J. _ciffips mbfY]-0, pbrs inui brhl g fhs Kitsuaisci N=K Ab/ty bl gprhx ik gj ihl bl ulghsjurimgm jrbjibltb. Bf hpbrgmhr mb rgmgr mb _ciffips, FtRn) C. A. Qglmjh fhjh g _ciffips sharb fhs mhs Abffy. ulh mbspubs mbf htrh . Fhs jgzgslh bstgagl ai bl phsijihlgmhs pgrg gtgjg r, gs i qub _ciffips sb garih pgshcgstg bf gfjgljb kilikh y mbrriah g fhs mhs jhl fgs gkbtrg ffgmhrgs mb71 ,> kk khltgmgs bl fgs gfgs.

]rgs ulg ffgkgmg mb rbulihl, fhs Cb ffjgt mb H'Cgrb sb eultgrhl jhl fhsGvblnbr juglmh gpgrbjibrhl kgs Ab/Iy . Bl ul arbvb y jhlùsh iltbrjgkaih lhjturlh mb mispgrhs, bf tirgmhr mbf ]A@ y ulh ? kgsAb/tv iltbrjgkaigrhl sus ùbnhs. Fgs prubags ilmijglqub H'Cgrb, bltrb bf ]A@ y fhs egphlbsbs, ùb gfjglzgmh phr bf ùbnh mb fgs gkbtrgffgmhrgs mb ul Ab/ty qub sbbljhltrgag phr bljikg y phr mbtrgs mb bI . Zu @0@ mbsjblmih pf glbglmh, sb Ib ùb viblmh jgmg vbz kblhs ymbsgpgrbjih pgrg sibkprb. _ciffips kurih bl jhkagtb phjh mbspubs, pbrh H'Cgrb y bf cgaigl mbkhstrgmh bf jhljbpth mb fhs jgzgs lhjturlhs jhl agsb bl fhs phrtggvihlbs.

Kibltrgs tglth, htrh gvigmhr mbf Bff/brprisb bstgagmbsgrrhffglmh bf jhlsimbrgafb phtbljigf mb gtgqub lhjturlh mbf Gvblnbr. Bf Ft Jmr îffigk I. Kgrtil, gltbrihrkbltb bl bf YZ-fH, cgaig gsukimh bf kglmh mbfY]-Eurgltb fg rbpgrgjihl mbf auqub bl 79=: bl fgjhstg hbstb. Yg jhkh ehvbl hìjigf cgaig bsjrith bf prikbr kglugf mb ilstrujjihl jhl il strukblths pgrg fhsgvigmhrbs mb fh s phrtggvihlbs y bl 79== ùb rbjhlhjimh jhkh fg guthrimgm mb fg Kgrilg bl bstg kgtbrig. Gs iki skh, murgltb fg ilstrujjihl bl fg Agsb Gbrhlgvgf(LGZ) mb Zbgttfb, ^g scilnthl, fhs bxpbrikblths jhl bfrgmgr gbrhtrglsphrtgmh mbkhstrgrhl qub sb phmigl mbtbjtgr fh s auqubs g ulg mistgljig mb :2 g 2? kiffgs lgu-

Rl tipijh nruph gbrbh mb fg jfgsbBssbx sb prb pgrg pgrg bffglzgkiblth mb fg mhtgji0l mb ulgjuaibrtg mb gf kblhs 71 jgzgs @0@,7=]A@-7JGvblnbr y > ZA1J-7Cbffmivbr. Gqui rbsuftg bvimbltb fgjhkpfbtg jhrbhnrgìg mb fg juaibrtgmb vubfh , bsbljigf pgrg jhlsbnuir fgsgfimg mb ulg kisi0l 5 fhs chkarbsmb fhs jgfzhs prbpgrgmhs pgrgphlbr bl khvikiblth fhs gvihlbs,fhs mirbjthrbs trgageglmh jhkh" nugrmigs mb trgtijh y fhs qubkglbegl fhs gvihlbs mb pib pgrggyumgr g mbspfbngr fgs gfgsmhafgmgs.

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Rl ]A@ rbgfizg ulg pgsgmg sharb ulauqub kbrjgltb egphlbsiljblmigmh murgltb bf gtgqubjhltrg bf gthfhl mb Dwgeg fbil bf= mb mijibkarb mb 79=:. Bstghpbrgjihl ilgunurh ulg sbrib mbgtgqubs jhltrg fgs ilstgfgjihlbsgbrhlgvgfbs blbkings bl fgs isfgsK grscgff4 fhs bsjugmrhlbs mbGvblnbr rbgfizgrhl fgs kisihlbs mbgphyh tbr]bstrb bl gqubffghpbrgjihl mb ul kbs mb murgjihljhltrg fhs gthfhlbs mb ^hteb,Kgfhbfgp y "Dwge'5

BI sinliìjgmh mbf gphyh gbrbhprhxikh. Fg Il`gltbrig mb Kgrilg mbBstgmhs Rlimhs hasbrvg ulgbsjugmriffg mb jiljh Gvblnbrgtgjglmh fgs phsijihlbs egphlbsgsbl fg pultg lhrtb mb fg isfg mbLgkur g jhkiblzhs mb `barbrh mb79==. Bsjblgs jhkh bstg sbrbpitibrhl bl thmh bf _gjiìjhjbltrgf gf prhphrjihlgr fhs ]A@ fgjhabrturg gbrbg tgjtijg pgrg fgil`gltbrig bstgmhulimblsb blmivbrsgs jgkpgiigs.

tijgs y Kgrtil mbmi jh ku jchtibkph g pbr`bjjihlgr bf jh ljbpth mbf gtgq ub lhj turlh.

Rlh mb fhs pifhths kgs bltusigs tgs mb Kgr til ùb bf Ft (en)Jcg rfbs B. Cblmb rsh l III , qubrbj ubrmg jhkh5

" _rh tbn imh ph r ul e hvb l ygn rbs ivh g fkirgltb mb lhkarbGrtcur Qgm`hrm, Aiff lhs bx inigkujch. Lilnulg htrg jhsg qublh ùbrgl fgs hpbrgj ihlbs lhj

tukgs y fhs il struk blths. _hr blthljbs bl Kgui , rbg fizgkhs fgrngs bx-pfh rgj ih lbs lhj turlgs y gtgqu bs jhltrg auqubs prhpihs. Kibltrgs sbmbsgrrh ffgagl lu bstrgs mbstrbzgs, kbehrgkhs lubs trhs bquiphs . Fg ikgn ilgj ihl mb Aiff lhs fIblgag mb illhvgjihlbs . Qbgn rupgkhs fhs ilstrukblths, mbsgrrh ffgkhs fg i7ukilgj ihl rheg ilmirbj tg, ul tikarb mb g fgrkgbl lubs trhs gftikbtrhs mb rgmih y ul g fzg mb kirg lhjtukg. Fh qub lh pumik hs jh lsbnuir jh l sh fijitumbs. 7? rhagkhs".

Irhlijg kbltb, mbspubs mb kbsbs mb prbpgrgj ihl, Kgrtil lh pumh rbg fizg r fg prikbrg kisihl mb jhkagtb lhj turl g mb su bsjugmrhl mbaimh g fgrhturg mb ul jhmh qub sb prhmueh bl ul pgrtimh mb ab isah f. Z il bkagrnh,bf mbsj ri aih bf bx ith ci sthrijh mbf P]- I? bl b f gthfhl mb ]rud bl fg lhjcbmbf 70- 7> mb `b arbrh mb 79==5

"B I bsj ugmrhl bstgag tgl aibl gm ibs trgmh qub rbgfkbltb lh brg lbjbsgrih qub yh bstuvibrg g fi i. BI Ft Pg l Bgshl kglmh fg kisihl y utifizh 7? qublhshtrhs mblhkil gagkhs jhkh bf gtgqub lhrkg f. Zb jhnig ul pulth ilijig f y fhs gvihlbs sb sbpgrgagl bl ul pgr mb kiluths pgrg fubnh rbnrbsg rg ul pulth mb rbulihl pgrg fg vub ftg gf phr tggv ihlbs. Bsth prhphrj ihlgagul j ib rth gphyh kutuh y fg lgvbngjihl jhkpgr timg".

" Lubstrhs 71 gv ihlbs bstgag l g fi i. ausjg lmh bf t rK ijh kgritikh egph-lbs y jgmg ulh jh l jugtrh ahkags mb 113 dn. ]hmhs b ffhs rbg fizgrhl jugtrh pgsg mgs y lh mbsgprhvbjcgrhl lilnulg mb b figs. Lubstrh gtgqub lhrkgfbrg g 12? pibs y g ulhs 72? lumhs ilmijgmhs, mb tg f `hrkg qub pumibrgkhs kgltblbr ulg g ftitum jhlstg ltb. Mi sphligkhs mb ul prhjbmikiblth

kbm igltb b f jugf juglmh b f afgljh mbsgpgrbjig phrmbageh sb jhltgag 'hlb g ffing thr twh ' y sb jh fhjg agulg ahkag, gfjg lzg lmh jgs i sibkprb fg filbg mb `fhtgj ihl mb ul auqub. Fgs ahkags tbligl ul finbrh rbtgrmh mb tgf `h rkg qub sh figl pblbtrgr bl bf jgsjh mbul auqub kbrjg ltb pbrkitiblmh qub b f gv ihl pgsgrgphr blj ikg gltbs mb bxpfhtgr".

"Mb jugfquibr `h rk g, lubs trhs gvihlbs jhlsinui brhl fg shrprbsg y sb fbjjihlgrhl fhs afgljhs juimgmhsg kbltb . Cgaig ul auqu b chs pi tg f g fii g f qu b lhmbsbg agkhs g fjglzgr pgrg 7? bugf mi sphligkhs mb ulgil `hrkgjihl ags tgltb aublg sharb mhlmb sb bljhltrgag. Jrbh qub fhs 71 gvihlbs gfjglzgrhl g 7: auqubsegphlbsbs, qub rbs uftgrhl culmimhs ? bljg ffgmhs , ylhsh trhs pbrmikhs ul ]A@. Fubnh kb m iebrh l qub mbspubs mb fg nubrrg fhs eg phlbsbs jhlìrkgrhl qub lubs-


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pgrh ulhs 1? prhybjtifbs jhltrg fgs pgrtbs il b rihrbs. BI Kitsuaisci jhkblzh g grmbr, jgyh gf gnug bl ul glnuf h mb =2" y bxpf hth.

Gulqub shfh sb pbrmih ul Gvb lnbr phr jufpg mb fg gvigj ihl blbking,trbs jgybrhl gltb fg pbsg mg y vgri gmg grtiffb rig gltigbrbg. Mhs mb fhs ]A @mbf P]-I mbf Yhrdthwl ùjrhl mbrriagmhs y bf P]-1= mbf Abffbgu ^hhm tgkai bl su`rih ulg ageg glt b bf ù bnh gltigbrbh. _brh fgs tripufgj ihlbs mb fP]-1= jhlsinui brhl fhs kbehrbs rbsuftgmhs.

BI Nruph Gbrbh 1= fglzh 71 gvihlbs5 hjch Cb ffjgt y jugtrh Gvblnb r.GI kglmh mb fg sbjj ihl mb ]A@ sb bljhltrgag bf Ft(en) Nbhrnb _. Arhwljhl fhs Ft(en) ^grrbl Q. Hkgrd, Able gkil J. ]gtb y ^. M. Futhl. Fhsjugtrh ]A @- IJ bstgagl grkgmhs jhl thrpbmhs.

Hkgrd rbjubrmg jhkh sb mbsg rrhffh b f gtgqub jhltrg b f afgljh priljipg f5"Arhwlib, Abl ]gtb y yh lhs garikhs bl gagli jh pgrg gprhx ik grlhs

mbsmb glnuf hs mi brblt bs. BI rukah mbf gtgqub lhs fIbvh sharb fg rbkhtgagrrbrg mb mbstrujthrbs, fubnh sharb fhs jrujbrhs y, ìlg fk bltb, sharb fhsgjhrgzgmhs. Cgai g qub pblbtrgr bstg agrrbrg pgrg fIbng r g f gfjgljb gmbjugmh pgrg b ffglzgki blt h mb fhs thrpbmhs jhltrg fhs phrtggv ihlbs . BI ù bnh gltigb rbh brg kuy iltblsh y yh cijb thmgs fgs gjjihlbs bvgsivgs qubpumb pgrg bv itgr fhs ikpgjths".

" Murglt b bf gtgqub, bf gvi hl mb Arhwlib ùb gfjglzgmh (phr fg grtiffbrig gltigb rbg ) y sb iljb lmih. J qub blthljbs tuvh fungr ulg mb bsgs lhtgafbs ci sthri gs mb fg nubrrg. Nbhrnb _f gtz y Bffis Agajhjd brgl fhs mhstripufgltbs mb f gvihl mb Arhwlib y g f sgabr qub su gvihl bstgag b l ffgkgsb iljgpgjbs mb cgaf gr jh l Arhwlib phr bf iltbrjhkulijgmhr sb fglzgrhlbl pgrgjg imgs y rbg fkblt b ù brh l tbs ti nhs mbf gtgqub mbsmb bf gnug. _brkglbj ibrhl gfii thmg fg lhjcb y ù brhl fhjg fizgmhs y rbsjgtgmhs g f mig s inuibltb phr fhs gvihlbs mb ausqubmg".

" F7 bng khs g ulhs =?? pi bs mb f gn ug pgrg jhlsbnui r ul fglzgkiblt h sg ti s`gjthrih mb lubs trhs thrpbmhs y fhs fglzgkhs bl fhs rukahs jhlvbrnblt bs qub prbsukiafbkblt b lh pbrkitirigl qub b f phrtggv ihlbs rbg fizgsbgjj ihlbs bvgsivgs. _f gtz y Agajhj d jhkbltgrh l phstbri hrkbltb qub s i gfjglzgkhs g f phrtggv ihlbs y qub kgs tgrmb sb culmih. Zb jhkulijh qubsb trgtgag mb ul phrtggv ihlbs mb fg jfgsb Cgr gtgdg. pbrh kgs tgrmb lhsbltbrgkhs mb qub brg ul auqub mb fg j7gsb Cik" .

Bstg uftikg il`hrkgjihl brg jh rrbj tg. Mb cbjch. lh cuah lilnulg j7gsb Cgvgtgdg bl fg Kgrilg Ikpbrigf4 bf brrhr ùb prhagaf bkbltb ul brrhrmb trgmujj ihl mb fg iltb finbljig mb Bstgmhs Rli-mhs. BI P]-1= gtgjh gf prhpih Ciyh. b f auqubilsinlig mb bstg j7gsb qub mbspf gzg ag kgs mb1=.??? thlbfgmgs y kbmig ulhs >1 ? pibs bl thtgf.

BI Ft(en) Abl ]gtb tgkaibl su`rih ulg bxpbribljig glnusti hsg murgltb b f gtgqub5

" Ki bltrgs mbsjblmig phr bffgtbrg f mbf phrtggvihlbs jrbi vbr prhybjtifbs trgzgmhrbs bl fg jgailg. Mbj imi qub sb trgtgag mb ulg `gfsg ifusihlcgstg qub ulh ikpgjth bl ki kglh, mbstrhzglmh ulhs juglths jbltikbtrhs mb fg pgrtb supbrihrmb fg pgfgljg. Kb rbtirb eulth g ul gjh rgzgmhqub mi spgrgag glmglgmgs jhltrg bf gnug phr mbfgltb mb ki, pbrh juglmh fIbnub g fgs zgkauffimgs lh pgsh lgmg. Zi rbjubrmh qub juglmh b f

BI I t Qhabrt Q. Qgifrhgm Ehlbsmbsjiblmb mbf gvihl mbspubs mbgtbrrizgr sglh y sgfvh mb vubftg gahrmh mbf Bltbrprisb trgs ulg mi` iji fkisihl sharb ]rud bf 70 mb `barbrhmb 79==. Kibltrgs Ehlbs sgfb mb fgjgailg , fhs tripufgltbs mbf P]-7?ilspbjjihlgl fhs mgìhs mb fggrtiffbrig gltigbrbg bl su]A@-7J ,qub tiblb gnuebrhs tglth mbbltrgmg jhkh mb sgf img bl bf ahrmbmb gtgqub mbf gfg izquibrmg .

BI prbj ih kgtbrigf mb fg v ijth rig lhshfh sb kbmig bl auqubs culmimhsy gvihlbs mbrriagmhs. BI]A@-7JAuL1==71 mbsjglsg bl fg pfgyg mbNlhkb, Lubvg Jgfbmhlig, blmijibka rb mb 79=: trgs cgabrsbfbrbtirgmh fg kgyhr pgrtb mb subquiph utif5 fhs pglbfbs bxtbrihrbsmbf gfg, fgs " pfukgs mb fg jhfg '4 fgsjhkpubrtgs mb gjjbsh, bfgrkgkblth y gfnulhsilstrukblths.

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(/ )FFEjr5`-g-';23 bl fg supbr`ijib. Htrh ] A@, p ifhtgmh phr

bf FtRn) ^. M. Zbb fby, tgkaibl gtgjh , il`finiblmh mgiihs qubhafingrhl gf suak grilh g rbn rbsg r g fg agsb. Gf PJ-23 sbIb rbjhlhj ibrh l bl uftikg ilstgljig trbs culmif7fiblths mbsuaf7fgrilhs murgltb sus mbspfibn ubs g ahrmh mb f NfIgmg /-jfIlg/ y mbf ^gd b Is/glm. :7


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:1

]AK-: Afgljh 77: mbf P]-31, RZZ Abllilnthl IJP 1?), `barbrh mb 79=2Bstb Gvblnb r ùb b f prhtgnhlistg mb ulg mb fgs `hthnrgìgskgs mrgkgtijgs mb fg II Nubrrg Kulmigf. Fhs nrgvbs mgìhsmb fg grt iffbrig glt igbrbg prhvhjgrhl fg pbrmimg mb jgsi fg kitgm mbf gfg izquibrmg, gmbkgs mb ulg zh lg mb j iljh pibs mbfrbvbstikiblth mbf ùsb fgeb ilkbmigtgkbltb phr mbtrgs mb fgthrrbtg. Zil bkagrnh, bf pifhth mbf P]-31 rbjupbrh cgaifkbltb

b f jhltrhf mb su jh lmblgmh ]AK bf tibkph suì jibltb pgrgrbgfi zg r ul gkbrizgeb jhl bxith. Fhs jh fhrbs y fhs mistiltivhs rbnfgkbltgrihs g jhkiblzhs mb 79=2 brgl bf `hlmh gzufari ffgltb jhl bf "g rah f mb Lgv imgm" mbf AbllilnfHl, ? fgpultg mb fg `fbjc g, rbpbtimg vgri gs vbjb s bl fg pgrtb supbrihr mbf gfg mbrbjcg, sh fgpglmhsb jhl bf gfbrhl .

]AK-: Afgljh 717 mbf P]-33, RZZ Yhrdthwl IJP 7?), gnhsth mb 79=2BI jhm inh QQ mb fg jhfg sustituyh g f gltbrihr bkafbkg mbfnruph gbrbh mb f Yhrdthwl. ul sbn kblth gfilbg mh bl mignhlgf mb fgs supbrìjibs mb fg jh fg, bl eulih mb 79=2 . Bl gqub fkhkblth, fg kgyhrig mb fhs nruphs gbrbhs mb fhs phrtggvihlbs pgsgrhl g jhm inhs mb ulg ? mh s fbtrgs, gu lqub ulh s

phjhs kgltu vibrhl fhs sikahfhs nbhkbtri jhs cgs tg bf ìlgfmb fgs chsti fimgmbs. BI P]-33 pgrtijiph bff fhs gtgqubs jhltrg fgs prhpi gs is fgs mb Egphl murgltb eufih y gnhsth, y sugtgqub kgs lhtgafb 7? rbg fizh jhltrg fgs ikph rtgltbs ulimgm bs mb supbrìjib gkgrrgmgs bl bf pubrth mb Durb.


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]AK-:M Afgljh/Lbnrh 03 mbf P](L) -9?, RZZ Bltbrprisb (JP 0). jhkiblzhs mb 79=2BI Nrgl irlpuf sh fgs hpbrgjihlbs mb g tgqubs lhj turlhs blfg n ubrrg mb fhs phrtggv ihlbs , jh rlblzg lmh jh l fg iljursihlmb ]rud mbf P]- I? bl `b arbrh mb 79== . Kblhs mb ul glhmbspubs bstb auqub bstgag mb vub ftg jhl ul nrup h gb rbhlhjturlh g t ib rlph jh rlpf bth ageh b f kglmh mbf rli skh illhvgmhr, bf Jmr îffigk I. Kgrtil . Fhs ]AK -: M fIbvgagl

bf bkaf brl g mb fg `f bjcg bl pbr` if. qub g rlblum h qubmga gbl pgrtb ? thtg fkbltb hsjurbj imh phr fg pilturg gz uf ? nri spgrg rbmujir bf jhltr gs tb. Z il bkagrnh , g fnulgs tripufgj ihlbs sblti gl qub fg rbmujj ihl mb fhs mistiltivhs mb visiaifimgm brg illbjbsgrig mbaim h g fg jgs i thtgf gusblj ig mb jgzgslhj turlhs e gphlbsbs bl gqub ffg `gsb mb fg nubrrg.

]AK-: Afgljh 9? mbf PJ-90, RZZ Qumybrm Agy (JPB 37), garif mb 79=2BI bka fbkg mb fg jugm rijuf g, ? rbe iffg, gpgrbj ih bl fgs jhfgs mb fhs Gvblnbr y fhs î fmjg t mb f PJ-90 qub phrtgaglmi sbiVhs tglth trijh fhrbs jh rlh bl gzu f ariffgltb. BI Qumvb rmAgy, qub pgrtijiph bl fg uf tirlg `gsb mb fg jgkpglg mb f _gji ìjh hjj imbl tgf , bsjh fth gf vi tg f n rup h mb rbg ags tbj irlibl-

th rlgri tik h pgrg bf kgltblikiblth mb fhs phrtggv ihlbs lipi mhs mb fg Gn rupgj ihl ]gjtijg :3 mbsmb rlgrzh g eufih mb79=2. Gqubf pb rihmh mb jugtrh kbsbs iljfu yh fg jgkpglgmb Hd ilgwg , gs i jhkh fhs gtgqubs jhltrg fgs isfgs egphlbsgs prhpi gs. ::


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:=

]AK-: Afgljh :1 mbf PJ -9>, RZZ Kgdgssgr Ztrgit (JPB 97), kgrzh mb 79=2BI prikb r bk afbkg mbf glzu b fh mbf Kgdgssgr Ztrgit ùbj ibrtgkbltb gprhpigmh pgrg fhs Gvblnbr mb f PJ-9> , bltrbjuygs ùljihlbs sb iljVuybrhl fgs pgtruffg s gltisuakgrilgsmurgltb b f mb spfibnub mb bs tb auqub bl `barbrh-k gyh mb79=2. Fhs gvihlbs mb bstb bsj ugmrhl rbg fi zgrhl pgtruffgsgbrbgs mb jh kagtb y mbsgrrhffgrhl fg nub rrg gltisuakgrilgpgrg b f n ruph mb rbg agstbj ikijlt h mb fhs phrtggvihlbs rg-

pimhs murgltb fg hpbrgj ihl mb Iwh Eik g y fubnh prhphrj ihlgrhl b f gphyh gjrbh prhxikh bl Hdilgwg. Zil bkagrnh.phr gqub ffg bphjg fg ù brzg suakgrilg egphlbsg cgaig qubmgmh bl nrgl pgrtb lbutrg fizgmg y fhs suakgrilhs jh lvbljihlgfbs gtgjgrhl g rbfg tivgkblt b phjhs auqubs mb nubr rgg figmhs, y kujch kblhs fhs culmibrhl.

]AK-: Gkgriffh 2> mbf PK]A-7:1 RZZ Jgpb Nfhujbstbr (JPB 7?9), eufih mb 79=2Bstb ]AK mb fg Il `gltbrig mb Kgrilg , jhl fhs mistiltivhs tipijhs mb fg kgyh ri g mb fhs phrtggvihlbs mb bsjh ftg mbspubsmb eulih mb 79=2, kubs trg b f sistbkg mb `rglegs, ? aglmgs,gkgri figs y af gljgs qub imblti ìjgag gf phrtggv ihlbs bl jh ljrbth y g su gnrupgj ihl t6ijtijg. BI PK]A-7:1, kglmgmhphr bf Jgpt Cblry Ci sb, pb rtblbjig gf Nruph Gj rbh = mb _h r-

tggv ihlbs mb fg Il `g ltbr ig mb Kgr ilg, qub tgkaij l misphligmb fhs Jh rsg ir mbf PK@-:2 7 (bsj ugmrhl mb jgzg mb fg Il `gltbrig mb Kgrilg) g ahrmh mbf Jgpb Nfhujbstbr. Fhs Gvblnb r pgrti jipgrhl arbvb kbltb bl fg jgkpgfig mb Hdilgwg yfu bnh hpbrg rhl bl bf kgr mb Jcilg hri bl tg f, bkprblmiblmhgtgqubs phr b f jh ltilbltb gs igtijh.


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]grphl I @L97? Afgljh =@ mbf Zql 3=0, Kgjricglisc, Bsjhjig, mijibkarb mb 79=:Bstb gvihl, mbf sbn ulmh nruph mb ]grphl I blvigmh g fhs ari-tgl ijhs bl jf hthiih mb 79=: , ùb rbkitimh gf Zq l 3=0 mbs-pubs mb qub bs tg ulimgm cuai b rg gaglmhlgmh b f CKZQgvgnbr y cuaib rg sifugmh su rbs im bljig bl Bsjhjig. @ubku y utifizg mh murgltb bf phstbr ihr pbrihmh mb gj tivimgm,

s iblmh `hthnrgìgmh bl jhfhr phr b f fbnb lmg rih Jcg rf bs B.Arhwl murgltb su pgr tij ipgj ihl bl ul mi g mb pubrtgs gaibr-tgs pgrg fg prblsg qub sirvih pgrg prbsbltgr bf lub vh kh-mb fh g fg hpilihl ptfafijg aritglijg4 bf Zql 3=0 ùb fg pr ikbrgulimgm qub utifizh bf ]grphl I bl fgs gn ugs fhjg fbs.

Gvblnbr I EU729 Qh eh 1@/Lbnrh 29 mbf Zql 321, CKZ Lgaha, jhkiblzhs mb 79==BI ]grphl I sj jH ffvirti h bl bf Gvblnbr I kbmigltb ul sbl-ji ffh jgka ih mb lhkarb bf 7: mb bffbrh mb 79==4 bstg ifu s-trgjihl kubstrg gf EUI 29 mb f Zq l 321 gprhx ikgmg kbltb blfg jphjg mb fg khmiìjgjihl. BI EU 729 pgrtij ip h bl kujcgsgjj ihlbs jhl bf Zql 321 kibltrgs bstuvh bkagrjgmh bl b f

phrtggvihlbs mb tripufgjihl jg lgmiblsb Lgaha bl trb bf IImb `barbrh y b f 0 mb gar if mb 79==4 rbg fizh gtgqu bs jhltrgbf trgìjh kgri tik h y sg fimgs mb fglzg kiblth mb kilgs blfgs prhx ikimgmbs mb fg jhstg lhrubng. :2


37/66

0

Gvblnbr II EU212 Afgljh _7S mbf Zql 3=9, CKZ Pijthrihus (:3), blbrh mb 79=2BI Zql 3=9 , ulh mb fhs prirlbrhs bsj ugm rhlbs mb fg Gvig-j ihl mb fg @fhtg qub sb `hrkh bl Bstgmhs Rlimhs pgrg uti-fi zg r fhs ]grphl I g kbmigm hs mb 79=:, prbs th sus sb rvibihsilijigf kbltb jh l fg @fhtg Fhjg f y mbsmb fgs agsbs jhstb rg smbf Qbilh Rlimh. Zil bkagrnh, bl sbptibka rb mb 79== sbmirinih cgjig b f bstb pgrg rbf'hrzgr fg gj tivimgm ab fijg g fig-mg jh ltrg fhs e gphlbsbs. Bstg ulim gm, bquipgmg phr blt hljjs jhl fhs Gvblnbr II , pgsh g `hrkgr pgrtb mbf Gfg mb GtgqubLgvg f 1 (jhl sus jhkpgiibrhs mjf Zq l 31? qub tgkai jl uti-fi zg agl fhs Gvblnbr II ) g ahrmh mbf CKZ PijfHrihfis y pbr-kgl bjih bl bs tb auqub cgs tg qub rbnrbsh g f Qbi lh Rlim h

bl hjtuarb mb 79=2. Murgltb fhs uftikhs hj ch kjsbs mb fgnubrrg mbf _gjiìjh bs tg ulimgm mbsbkpbffh ul pgpbf mbji-s ivh bl luk brhsgs gjj ihlbs bl fgs qub thkh pg rt b fg @fhufAr itgli jg mb f _gji ìj h, gtgjglmh afgljhs mjsmb fgs rbìlb-rigs pbtrh fi`brgs mb Zukgtrg cgstg fg s isfgs Zgd isc ikg y @hr-khsg y, ìlgfkjl tb, b f jhltilblt b egphljs bl fhs gfrbmb mhrjsmb ]hd ih. Bstb gv ihl ù b ulh mb fhs pgrtijipgl tbs jl fgs pri -kbrgs iljursihlbs rbg fizgmgs jhl trg fgs rj` il b rigs mj _gln-dgfgl, Arglmhl y _gfbrlagln, bl fgs Ilmig s Hribltgfbs, blblbrh mb 79=2. Fhs Gvblnbr ar itgl ijhs prhvhjgrhl ikphr-tgltbs mgiihs bl bs ths af gljhs.

]A@-7J LU1 LU1273 Afgljh 273 mbf Zql :?, pifhtgmh phr bf @it Ft @rbm Fgmm, _ivg , kgyh mb 79==BI LU12 73, sil mumg bf kgs `gkhsh mb thmhs fhs ]A@ lbh-zb fglmbsbs , ùb agutizgmh jhkh _fhldr' bl chlhr mb su gas-tbkih pifhth, @it Ft @rbm Fgmm. BI miaueh mb f khrrh eu sth phrmbfgltb mbf jgpht mbf gvihl rbprbsblt gag ul agrrif mb jj rvb-zg jhl g fgs qub sh ftgag su jhl tblimh bl fg bs tb fg g trgvbs mbul n ri 7'? bltrbg ai b rt h. Jh lhj imh ilj fush phr fg Qhsg mb ]h-dih. qub bl ulg hjgsihl sb rbì rih g b f bl sus bkisihlbs jh-

kh bf _fhjdy, bs tb gvihl pgrti jiph bl kujcgs gjjihlbs mbs-mb _i vg murgltb fg pri kbrg kit gm mj 79==. Mg ffgmh gf kb-lhs mhs vbjbs bl jhkagtb (ulg vbz phr sus prhpihs prhybjtifbs,qub ùbrhl fglzgmhs g kuy phjg g fturg), `fHb trgls`b rimh gfZq l : 7 b f 12 mb kgyh mb 79== y mbsgpgrbj ih bl jh kagtb(e ulth jhl su tripu fgjihl mb trbs chkarbs) sh fh II m igs mbs-pubs, gf rb suftgr g fjglzgmh phr bf ti rh gltigbrjh tbrrbstrb .


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mbs tru jth rbs y sb is phr fhs jrujbrhs.Fhs cim rhgv ihlbs HZ1R Diln ì scbrmb fhs jrujbrhs Ahs/IE/I y Jg ffcbrkrbsjgtg rhl g hu'hs j il jh gv igmhrjsmb fhs ]AK.

Bl th tg f. b f 1? mb e uli h sb pbrmibrhl :> ]A @ ? ]AK ph r mi vbrsgsjg usgs. ilj fuimhs jiljh mb fhs phrtggv ihlbs mb bsjh ftg. @ub b f pbh r rbsuftgmh bl ul sh fh mig cgs tg fg `bj cg. pbrh 7? pbh r bs tgag phr fI bng r.

GJJIHLBZ IL]BQKBMIGZ]rgs fg ag tg ffg mb f Kgr mb fgs is fgs @ifipilgs fg jhlqui stg mb fgs is fgsKg r ig lgs brg fg jh lj fusihl prbv isiafb. y fhs phrtggv ih lbs rgpimhs jh ltilFi grh l ZFi kgrjcg cgj ig b f hbs tb. Jh l fgs is fgs @ifip ilgs jh kh bf sinFfi j lt j haeb ti vh prilj ipg f. sb rbg fi zgrhl gtgq uj s prb pgrgth ri hs bl fgsis fgs Ahlil y _g fg u. qu b bs tgagl phs ij ih lgmgs pgrg gkblgzg r fgs hpb-rgj ihlbs lgvg fbs bs tgmhFilimb lsbs bl b f _gj iì jh hjj imblt g f gltbs mb fNh f`h mb Fby tb.

BI nrup h mb Ahlil . ul nr uph mb isfgs vh fjg li jgs g ulhs 7.1?? difhkbtrhs g f sur mb ]hdi h. b rg bs pbj ig fkbltb prbh jupgltb. Fg kgs nrglmb b ikphrtglt j brg Iwh Eikg. jh l trbs jgkp hs mb gv igj ihl. Zi l bka grnh. fgsjh kul ijgj ihlbs kgriti kgs tgkaibl sb imblti ìjgrhl jh kh afgljhs y blgnhs th mb 79== fhs phrtggv ihlbs rgpimhs pus ibrhl su kirg bl bf trKijhkgritikh egphlbs mb fg zh lg. Gqu bf gjhltbj ikijlth sblg fh fg prbsblt gj ihl mb thrpbmhs lubvhs pgrg fhs bsj ugmrhlbs mj Gvb lnb r, ilj fuimh bfP]-7 : mbf @rgldfil . kglmgmh pH ' bf Ft Jmr Fg rry @rbljc. qu b rbj ubrmg5

" Fg prikbrg fItifizgj ihl mb fhs th rpbmhs jhl jh fg mj gliff h ù b b f = mbgnhsth mb 79== jh ltrg ul jh lvhy eg phlbs mb sb is jg rnubrhs. jh l lffbvbmbs trujthrbs mb bsjh ftg. Gltbs mb f fglzg kiblth. lubs trh gfiffirglt b kb mieh5 'Lh quijrh iljfuir bl ki il h rkb mb fg gjj ihl lilnffff auqub mglgmh .fhs qui brh culmimhs".

" BI P]-7: rbjfgkh bf culmikibl-th mb fhs sbis jgrnubrhs. BI Eb `b mb fn ruph gb rbh 7? jhl ` iriffh y tg iffaiafphs tbri h rkbltb fhs auqubs mb supbrìji b bl vigmhs pgrg ilvbs tingr fg zh lg. J rbh ìrfff biffbltb qub si bf P]-7 :cuaibrg utifi zgmh fhs thrpbmhs gb rbhslhrkg fb s. fglzg lmh fhs g 7??-7 7? lumhs g IRH pibs, lh cgarigiffhs s imhjgpgjbs mb rbgfi zg r gqub f ,Cgqub jhlbxith yg qu b lubstrgs agegs cgarigl simh bxjbs ivgs. _brh lh pbrmik hs ligvihlbs li tripufgji h lbs y su`rikhsmglhs ikphrtgltb s bl ul ]AK y mg-lhs Iffblhrbs bl ht rhs trbs . Mbsmb blth ljb s bl gmb fgltj utifi zg khs fh sth rpbmhs jh l jh fg mb gliffh bl bf Kgrmb Ziauygl y bl htrgs zh lgs mb fgsis fgs @ifipilgs.

Bl fg tgrmb mbf 1? mb eulih, tgGnrupgjigl ]gjtijg 23 fglzg kgs mb1?? gvihlbs bl ul gtgqub mbgfjgljb kgxikh jhltrg fhsphrtggvihlbs egphlbsbs qub sbrbtirgagl mbf "]irh gf pgth mb fgsisfgs K g r i g l g s ~ BI P]-1 mbf Chrlbtgphrtg sbis Gvblnbr g fg "Kisiglkgs gfig mb fg hsjurimgm" 4 vhfgrhl gtrgvbs mb luabs bspbsgs jbrjg mb fg@fhtg Kgvif Egphlbsg .

Fhs suakgrilbs mb Bstgmhs Rlimhsculmibrhl mhs phrtggvihlbsegphlbsbs bf 79 mb eulih, pbrhlilnul gvigl bstgmhulimblsb cgaiggtgjgmh g fhs phrtggvihlbsblbkinhs mbsmb bf bl`rbltgkiblthmb Zgltg Jruz bl hjtuarb mb 79=1.Gqui sb pubmb vbr gf phrtggvihlbspbsgmh Uuidgdu (jbltrh).gprhxikglmhsb g fg pubstg mb shfmbf mig 1?, bl ffgkgs kibltrgsthmgvig bstg siblmh gtgjgmh.Zharbvivig g fhs mgiihs qub Ibil`finibrhl 7?s]A@ P fhs ZA1J, pbrhsujukaig g bstg kiskgjhkailgjigl bl bf nhf`h mb Fbytbjugtrh kbsbs mbspubs.

lhlrlz5- - e5 ?,

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( E )REg55 mb fhs := bsjugmrhlbs kixths y thrpbmbrhs mb fhs JP y JPB bstgag l bquipgmhs jhkpfbtgkbltb jhl fhs ]AK .

Fhs GPIHLBZ ]HQ_BMBQHZJHL]QG FHZ GJHQGUGMHZ

Wuizg fg gjjihl ilmivimugf kgs ikphrtgltb jhl thrpbmhs gb rbhs mb fg nubrrg tuvh fungr bl bf kgr mb Ziauygl bf 1= mb hjtuarb mb 79==. Fg phmbrhsg ùbrzg mb supbrìjib egphlbsg mbf vijbgfkirgltb Duritg jhl jiljhgjhrgzgmhs, 7: jrujbrhs y 72 mbstrujthrbs sb mirinig cgji g bf bstrbjch mbZgl Abrlgrmilh pgrg rbsphlmbr g fhs mbsbkagrjhs glìaihs bl fg jhstg bstb mb Fbytb. Fhs suakgrilhs Bstgmhulimblsbs culmibrhl mhs jrujbrhs bfmig 1: , pbrh fg `fhtg thmgvig jhltiluh cgj ig bf bstb. BI eb`b mbf bsjugmrhlthrpbmbrh mb f @rgldfil , Ft Jmr Fgrry @rbljc, mbsjriab 7? qub hjurrih5

"B I 1: mb hjtuarb jhkblzgrhl g ì ftrgrsb il`hrkbs mb ulimgmbs mb fg`fhtg egphlbsg bl khvikiblth cgjig fgs isfgs @ifipilgs. BI mig 1= mhs nrg l-mbs nruphs mb auqubs mb nubrrg pbsgmhs ùbrhl fhjgfizgmhs gjbrjglmhsbg Fbytb mbsmb mirbjjihlbs mi`brbltbs. Lhshtrhs bspbrgkhs glsihsgkbltbmurgltb thmg gqubffg kglglg kgs il`hrkgjihl sharb sus phsijihlbs. @ilgfkbltb, gprhxikgmgkbltb g fgs 72 5?? chrgs, fIbn0 ulg hrmbl. ' _ifhthsg fhs gvihlbs. Afgljh5 `fhtg egphlbsg bl bf Kgr mb Ziauygl" .

" Cgaig htrgs trbs gnrupgjihlbs mb phrtggvihlbs mb Bstgmhs Rlimhs blfg zhlg, pbrh lh bstgagkhs jhhrmilgmhs. Lubstrh gtgqub iag g jhlsistir blul gtgqub kixth mb ahkagrmbh y thrpbmbh, y bf gtgqub mbf @rgldfil sb jhkpush mb 1= ahkagrmbrhs mb vubfh blpijgmh, ulhs 71 jgzgs mb bsjhftg y 7?]AK jhl thrpbmhs jhl jhfg mb gliffh.BI nruph gvglzh bl rukah hbstb-lhrhbstb g 7> .??? pibs g trgvbs mb fg isfgmb Zgkgr cgjig bf Kgr mb Ziauygl, gulg mistgljig mb =?? di fhkbtrhs. Lhsb gvisth lilnRl jgzg blbkinh y fg visiaifimgm sharb bf afgljh brg aublg".

"GI fIbngr g fg bsjblg hasbrvb qubmhs nruphs mb auqubs egphlbsbs yg bstgagl bkpfbglmh su tgjtijg mb mb`bl-

BI ulijh phrtggvihlbs culmimhmurgltb fg `gkhsg "Kisihl kgs gfigmb fg hsjurimgm" ùb bf Ciyh, qubbrg ulh mb fhs auqubs mb nubrrgkgs khmbkhs mb fg KgrilgIkpbrigf. Bstgs jugtrh tripufgjihlbsmbf P]-1= ùbrhl fgs rbsphlsgafbsmb su mbsgpgrijihl trgs gtgjgr fg`fhtg khvif jhl fhs Gvblnbrgrkgmhs jhl thrpbmhs bf 1? mbeulih. Fhs trbs pifhthssupbrvivibltbs (mb pib) shl, mbizquibrmg g mbrbjcg5 Ft(en) ^. Q.Hkgrf6, Ft(en) A. J.]gtb yBls ^. M.Futhl. BI eb`b mb fg sbjjihl, qubmbsgpgrbjih bl fg kisihl, brg bfFt(en) N. _. Arhwl (bl bf jirjufh) .Fhs tripufgltbs gbrbhs shl E . B._riljb, Q. B. Qglbs, E . Mhaas,N. _fgtz, _. ^citiln, E . G. Arhhdagldy B. B. Agajhjd. Bl fg `hthnrgìg lhgpgrbjb E . @. Ziwijdi.

BI Ft(en) Nbhrnb _. Arhwl (bl bfjbltrh) jhl su tripufgjihl, bfGQK1/j Bffis J. Agajhjd (g fgmbrbjcg) y bf GKK1/j Nbhrnb C._fgtz (g fg izquibrmg) bl fg juaibrtgmb vubfh mbf Abffbgu hhm. Juglmhsu Gvblnbr sb iljblmih mbaimh g fhsikpgjths mb fg grtiffbrig gltigbrbg,Arhwl hrmblh g Agajhjd y g _fgtzqub sgftg rgl bl pgrgjgimgs, y fubnhjhltiluh su gtgqub jhltrg bf Ciyh,gf qub fhs mhs tripufgltbs vibrhlzhzhargr gqubffg lhjcb. @ubrhlrbsjgtgmhs pgrg jhlìrkgr bfculmikiblth mbf phrtggvihlbs, pbrhArhwl lh rbnrbsh.


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sg gltigbrbg y lgvbngagl bl jirjuf hs . Bs th suphlmrig gfnulhs prhafbkgspgrg bf gtgqub jh l thrpbmhs jh ltrg gqub figs ulimgmbs pbsgmgs mb fg `fhtg.Lhshtrhs sh figkhs gtgjg r mhs nruphs mb af gljhs mb `hrk g sikuftglbg jhlfg bspbrglzg mb gfjg lzgr fg prhg mb ul auqub pbsgmh juglmh sb mibrg fgvuj ftg. Lubstrg `hrkgj ihl sb gprhxikh mbsmb b f bstb y fg kitgm mb fhs ahkagrmjrhs y mb fhs thrpbmbrhs ù brhl g phr fhs gjhrgzgmhs mbf sur y fg htrgkitgm cgj ig fhs auqubs pbsgmhs mbf lhrtb".

Bl pgrt b. fg rgzh l mb qub fg `fhtg egphlbsg bstuvibrg mispbrsg b rg qubbf ninglt bsjh gjh rgzg mh Kffsgsci cgaig rbsuftgmh mg ri gmh prbv igkbltb biag g fg zgng mb su cbrkglh Ygkgth. _brh fhs mhs supbrgjhrgzg mhs kgltbl igl ulgs ùb rtbs agrrbrgs mb`bls ivgs jhkpubstgs phr jrujb rhs y mbstrujthrbs, phr lh kbljihlgr g trbs gjhrgzg mhs kblhrbs . @rbljc jhltilug5

" Fhs ZA1b If bngrhl g fhs af gljhs g 73.??? pi bs y jhkblzgrhl bf ahkagrmbh bl pi jgmh. Fhs gvihlbs thrpbmbrhs Iibngrhl mirbjtgkbltb phr bf fgtbrgf mb fhs auqubs qub lgvbngagl bl jirjufh, mbsjblmiblmh mbsmb fhs =.???pi bs y g fjglzglmh b f pulth mb fglzgkiblth juglmh fgs uftikgs ahkags bstgagl ikpgjtglmh. Murgltb fg gprhxikgj ihl g nrgl vbfhj imgm bf ùbnh glti gbrbh ù b kuy iltblsh. Fhs gjhrgzgmhs mispgrgagl iljfush sus agtbrigspriljipgfbs jh ltrg lhshtrhs , lh mirbjtgkbltb jhltrg fhs gvihlbs , silh pgrgjrbgr glmglgmgs bl bf gnug phr mbfgltb mb lhshtrhs. Fgs zgkauffimgs mbfhs prhybjtifbs prhvhjgagl nrglmbs jh fuklgs mb gn ug y bf blbki nh tbli gfg bspbrglzg mb qub fhs gvihlbs jgybrgl mbltrh mb b figs. Yh cgai g gprblmimh gqub fig tgj tijg bl b f P]-2 mbf vibeh YhrdfHC" 7I gltbs mb fg nubrrg. _hrbfih lh kb shrprblmih, ipbrh tb cgj igl sg ftgr fhs hehs jhkh fgs Kd 37"-

"Gqub figs glmglgmgs lh brgl bìjgjbs jh ltrg fhs gtgqubs jh l thrpbmhsyg qub lhs gprhxikgagkhs g f pulth mb fglzgkiblth g ulhs 10? lumhs yg 0??-3?? pi bs. Lubs trh hae bti vh jh lsisti g bl m ispgrgr g fg prhg mb f auqub juglmh sb mibrg fg vub ftg cgj ig lhshtrh s. B`bj ti vgkbltb Iibngkhs ymi spgrgk hs thmhs. pbrh rbs ufth jgs i ikphs iafb situgrsb bl bf gfjgljb gmbjugmh juglmh bf auqub pgsh" .

" Fg prikbrg y fg sbnulmg sbjjihl rbj fgkgrhl jugtrh ikpgjths phs iaf bs.Mhs ùbrhl bl bf gjhrgzgmh kgs nrglmb. bf Kffsgsci. ulh b l ul jrujbrh y bfhtrh phs iafb ikpgjth yh lh 7? vi. Fg tbrjbrg y fg jugrtg sbjjihl jhlsinui brhl ul ikpgjth bl ul jrujbrh mbf nruph lhrtb. _brmikhs mhs ]AK mbrriagmhs phr bf bspbsh ùbnh gltigbrbh y ul Gvblnbr rbnrbw jhl jfgiihs ikphrtgltbs".

Bl thtg f. sb is nruphs gbrbhs mb Bstgmhs Rlimhs gtgjgrhl fg ùb rzg mbDuritg murgltb gqubf mig. Gfnulhs pifhths rbg fizg rhl mhs kisihlbs , yg qubbf Iltrbpim. bf Jgagf. bf Fbxiln fH fI . bf Bssbx. b f @rgldfil y b f Bltbrpr isbfglzgrhl gtgqubs sujbs ivhs jhltrg gqubfig `fhtg. @ub ul trgageh prhfhlngmh.pb fin rhsh y gnhtgmhr, pbrh mih rbsuftgmhs .

BI Kfisgsci (jh l 0=.??? thlb fgmgs, ulh mb fhs mhs gjhrgzgmhs kgs nrglmbs egkgs jh lstruimhs) sRJFIkaih g 79 thrpbmhs y sb culmih bl bf Kgr mbZiauygl bl fg tgrmb mbf mig 1=. ki bltrgs qub b f jrujbrh pbsgmh Kyhdh rbsufth tgl nrgvbkbltb mg rigmh phr fgs ahkags y fhs thrpbmhs qub sb mih fgvub Itg. @ub fg prikbrg nrgl vijth ri g mb fg phtbl jig gbrbg mb fhs phrtggvihlbs sh arb fhs gjhrgzgmhs qub kglihargagl bl gn ugs gaibrtgs . Y lh sbrig fg uftikg.

Murgltb gqub ffhs gtgqubs jhltrg fg ù brzg priljipgf mb Duritg sb pbrmibrhl ul thtgf mb II ]A@rr AK , iljfuimh ulh qub ù b grrhegmh g f gnugmbsmb bf Bssbx. Lh hastgltb, sh fh kuribrhl jugtrh pifhths y II tripufgltbs mb bsths Gvblnb r.

BI Ft Q. _. Ni`t mis`rutg mb uljingrriffh Pmb ul rb`rbsjh b l fg sgfgmb prbpgrgjihl mbf phrtggvihlbsfinbrh Khltbrby mbspubs mbf`rblbtijh gtgqub gf gtgrmbjbr. Ni`tùb ulh mb fhs 2= p ifhths mb fhsGvblnbr qu b pgrt ijiph bl gqubffgkisihl4 su haebti vh thmgvig bstgbsjrith jhl tizg bl fg pizgrrg mbfP]13 mbtrgs mb bf.

-ul. "

lhlkU-- f5?

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:9


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(/ )R Eg5I-h-- '55555 kk .

BI Bls Cgls Eblsb l. ul pif h th mbfhs ]A K b l fgs pgtruff gs glti sua-kgrilhs g f lhrtb mb fg ]g`fi ' :. blvig fg prifffbrg g fb rtg phjh gltbs mbfgs ?>5??. Bs tgaf bj ih jh ltgj th phr rgmi h jh l J fi`thl Zprgn ub y Ib il`h rk h mb qu b b rgl visiafbs fhs jg rgj tb ri s ti jhs kgs tif bs bl `h rk g mb pgnh mg mb fhs gjh rgzgmhs egphlbsbs. Qgpimgkbltb b f rgmgr jh lìrkh b fgv istgkiblth.

Zprgn ub sb bljh ltrgag bl ulg phs ijihl lgmg blvimiga fb. ? phm ig jh l` igr bl mi stgljigr g sus hphlbltbs kgs rgpimhs y, j ib rt gkbltb. tgkphjhphmig nglg ribs bl ul iltbrjg kai h mb ùbnhs. Fhs jg ffhlbs kgs n rglmbs mbsu ù brzg b rgl fhs mb 7:.00 jk5 ul pharb hphlbltb pgrg fhs gjh rgzgmhs yfhs jrujbrhs mb Duritg. qu b fIbvg agl k hlt gmhs thmh tiph mb jg ffhlbs, mbs mb 72,1= jk cgstg =2,>1 jk. Gs i Zprgn ub ci zh 7? (ki jh qu b phmig cgjb r.Zb mirin ih cgj ig bf sur, cgj ig fg gyumg fbeglg mb htrhs n rup hs mb bsjh ffg.hrmblh g sus auqubs qu b mispusibrgl ulg agrrb rg mb cukh y jh kblzh gfglzg r g fg gv igj ihl. Kujchs lh bs tgagl grkgmhs .

Fg mbs inugf agtg ffg mb Zg kgr mbab rig cgabr ìlgfi zgmh jh l fg gliquifgjihl mb fg ]gfEi ' :. Bl fu ngr mb bs th. fhs gtgqubs bxjbpjihlgfkblt b mbj i-mimhs mb fhs mbs trujthrbs y fhs gv ihlbs mb Zprgn ub, gphygmhs phr gv ihlbsmb fg ]mfi' 1, hafing rhl g f bsjugmrhl mb jhkagtb egphlbs g rbtirgrsb. BIù bnh mb fhs jglhlbs cgaig culmimh b f Ng ff/ aibr Agy y trbs mbs trujthrbsmb Bstgmhs Rlimhs , kibltrgs qub b f 27Fh ùb mbstruimh phr ul jf/ II/ijg -jbh _brh trbs mb fhs jrujbrhs mb Duritg cgai gl rbs uffgmh mbstrhzgmhs y ù brhl gaglmhlgmhs pgrg su culmikiblth, sharb thmh nrgj igs g fgs gjj ihlbsmb fgs ahkags y fhs thr pbmhs mb fhs ]AK . Fg gkblgzg pgrg fg ilvgs ihlmb KgjGrtcur cgai g tbrkilgmh.

Zil bkagrnh, fhs bsj ugmrhlbs mb J YB cgaigl rbj iaimh ulg pg fizg. Zbcgai gl pbrmimh jugrbltg y mhs ]AK , aibl mbrriagmhs, bs trb ffgmhs ? culmimhs jhl sus a uqu bs. Iljfuimhs fhs bsjugmrhlbs mb phrtggv ihlbs rgpimhs,qub rbtirgrhl mbf sbrvij ih g htrg mhjblg, bf 12 mb hj tuarb ul lukbrh rbjh rm mb 2= Gvblnb r sujukaih g fhs jhk agtbs ? g f mbsngstb hpbrg tivh.G`hrtulgmgkbltb, fgs agegs bltrb fgs tripufgj ihlbs gb rbgs ùbrhl rb fg ti vg kbltb bsjgsgs, pbrh ilj fu sh gulqub fgs age gs cukglgs y kgtb ri gfbs ù brhl ikphrtgltbs, fg Kgrilg bs tgmhulimblsb pumh shphrtgr bs tb mbsngstb ysustituirfh jhlvbli bltbkbltb. Egphl lh.

BI AuL" =01?: jgvg phr fg ahrmg mbfKgrjus Isfglm bf 3 mb gnhsth mb79==, pbrh bfft(en) G. K. _bvhu P sutripufgjigl mbf PJ -17 lh pgrbjblbstgr bl pbfinrh kibltrgs bI]AK-7J`fhtg g pbsgr mb fg p,cmimg mb nrglpgrtb mbf gfg mbrbjcg.

lhlrl5z- i5l,

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pbl cgaig culmimh mhs auqubs blbki nhs, prhagaf bkbltb culmih htrhs mhsy mglg ul hs :?. Gmbkgs mb jgsi 7?? thlbfgmgs mb ahkags, fhs ]AK cgaigl fglzgmh ul ulijh thrpbmh, pbrh fhs Gvb lnb r mb vubfh lhj turlh mbkhstrgrhl sbr shrprblmbltbkbltb bìjgjbs bl bf jhkagtb gbrbh lhjturlh. Bs tbjsjugmrhl rbj fgkh j iljh mbrriahs, iljfuimhs mhs phr pgrtb mbf Ft(en) Jcgrfbs B. Cblmbrshl III y htrhs mhs pH' pgrtb mb f Ft (en) Jfi`thl Q. Fgrnbss.

Cblmbrshl tgkaibl rbj fgkh ulh prhagaf b jhl bf P]( )-9? y g ltbrihrkbltb yg cgaig mbrriagmh ul Eiff jhl bf P]- I?, 7? jugf Ib jhlvirtih bl b fpifhth jhl kgs vijth ri gs mb fhs Gvblnb r bl bf jhkagtb girb-g irb.

Mb fhs lujvj bsjugmrhlbs thrpbmbrhs lhj tu`ffhs hrnglizgmhs murgltb fgII Nubrrg Kulmigf, sh fh jugtrh sb mbspfbngrhl bl jhkagtb. BI uftikh ùbbf P]( )-9 7, qub Ifbnh g ahrmh mbf phrtggvihlbs mbf tiph Bssbx. 3? 77 C HII I -fII b Qijcgrm. bl e ulih mb 79=2 y qub thmgvig bstgag bl jhkagtb b f mig mbfg vijthrig sharb Egphl.

FGZ JHL]QGKBMIMGZ BFBJ]QHLIJGZBl gqub ffg `gsb mb fg nubrrg fhs ahkagrmbrhs mb fhs phrtggv ihlbs utifizgagl rbnufgrkbltb fgs j il tgs gltirrgmgr pgrg pbrturagr fhs rgmgrbs blbki nhs._hr bebkpfh, fhs Gvblnbr mbf P]-3= rbg fizgrhl bxpbrikblths jhl jhltrgkbmimgs bfbjtrhlijgs murgltb fgs ki sihlbs mb gtgqub jhltrg Egphl. Fhs bquiphs GL/G_]- I rbg fizgrhl pbrturagj ihlbs bfbj trhlijgs gj tivgs (`rbltb g fgspgsivgs) y ul gv ihl bl fg kgyhrig mb fgs bsjugmriffgs fIbvgag rbjb pthrbs yglg fizgmhrbs mb rgmgr GLIG_Q - I Y - I I. BI glg fisis phstbrihr g fg kisihl pbrkitig rbgeustgr fhs pbrturagmhrbs mb g ahrmh si fhs glgfizgmhrbs cgaigl mbtbjtgmh gfnul rgmgr hpbrglmh ùbrg mbf gljch mb aglmg lhrkg f.

Bltrb fhs lubvhs bsjugmrhlbs qubpgrtijipgrhl bl fhs jhkagtbs gjhkiblzhs mb 79=2 sb bljhltrgagbf P]-31 mbf Abllilnthl. Bstb ]AK-Erbgfizg ul mbspbnub rhmglmh phr fgjuaibrtg, jhl ul jibfh pfhkizh phrmbtrgs y jhl bf kgr pijgmh, murgltbfgs hpbrgjihlbs qub jhlmuebrhl gfg prikbrg sbrib mb gtgqubs jhltrgfgs isfgs egphlbsgs.

BI 7 mb garif mb 79=2 ùb bf "mig mbfgkhr" bl Hdilgwg, jhl fg iltblsgpgrtijipgjihl mb fhs phrtggvihlbsrgpimhs y mb fg jgpgjimgm mbf gphyhmirbjth prhxikh mb fhs bPB. Fgjuaibrtg mb vubfh mbf Qumybrm Agykubstrg g fhs Gvblnbr y g fhsîfmjgt mbf Pb -90 jhl sujgrgjtbristijh bkafbkg mb fgjugmrijufg , pbrh jhl ulhs lukbrhsmb fhs gvihlbs ? ulhs misbiihs mbjhfhrbs lgmg rbnfgkbltgrihs . Fgkgyh rig tiblb `hlmh gzuf ariffgltb ygf kblhs mhs ]AK thmgvig IIbvgl bfmisbiih trijhfhr, y g ul îfmjgt Ib

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`gftg bf cgaitugf lukbrh mb jhfg . =:


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Bstg bspbjtgjufgr `hthnrgìggtbstinug fg jgfimgm mb fhsprhmujths mb fg Mivisihl Bgstbrl mbNrukkgl Irhl ^hrfjs. Bstb ]AK mbfP]31 pbrmi0 fg kitgm mbf gfgizquibrmg y fg kgyhr pgrtb mbfrbvbstikiblth mbf ùsbfgeb bltrb fgthrrbtg y fg jhfg y, jhl thmh, sinui0vhfglmh 7? suìjibltb jhkh pgrgrbgfizgr ul gkbrizgeb jhl bxith. Blpgrtb, fg nrgl gkpfitum mbf gfg mbfGvblnbr pbrrlitig g fg rbsistbltbbstrujturg gbrbg kgltblbr ulgbfbvgji0l gmbjugmg g pbsgr mb fhsnrgvbs mglhs, ulg jugfimgm bstgkuy gprbjigmg phr fgs tripufgjihlbsgbrbgs.

ulg ag rrbrg mb ùbnh gltigb rbh jhl fhmgs fgs grkgs phs iafbs. il j fuimhs fhsjg ffhlbs pbsgmhs mb fgs agtb rigs priljipgfbs. Rlh mb lubs trhs gv ihlbs th rpbmbrhs . pifhtg mh pH ' bf Ft(en ) Brlib Mb fglby. ù b g fjg lzgmh pH' b f ùbnhgltigb rbh murgltb su pgsg mg sharb bf Yg ff/ gfg. ]hmg fg tripuf gj ihl sg ith blpgrgjg imgs. pbrh sh fh bf pifhth sharbv ivih. Bmwg rm E. Kgwcillby y îffigk ]iffby lh vh fvibrhl g sb r visths lul jg kgs -- .

-- Murgltb fgs jugtrh chrgs eulth g su ag fsg sg fvgvimgs . Mb fglby prbsbljih bf mrgkg mb fg gn rupgj ihl tgj tijg e gphlbsg khriaulmg g hjch difhkbtrhs mb mistgljig. Rl mbstrujthr sb gprhx ikh g :0? kbtrhs mb b i. y fubnhmb rbpblt b sb kgrjch. qui zg pblsg lmh qub fg agfsg lh bstgag hj upgmg mgmh qub Brlib bstgag bl b f gn ug. bsjhlm ib lmhsb. Juglmh mhs _AK Ib sharbvh fgrhl. Mbfglby suaih g fg ag fsg y gn ith fhs argzhs vihfbltgkblt b pgrgqub Ib rbjhlhjibrgl. Rl _AK hsj ifh g f gtrgb r b f ùbnh mb fg ùbrzg eg phlbsg. qub cga ig hasbrvgmh 7? qub bstgag pgsglmh5 b f htrh gkb rizh y fIbnhcgstg fg agfsg. Gfikbltgmh. garingmh y vblmgmh phr fg tripuf gj ihl. Brli bpimi h lhtijigs mb sus jh kpg iibrhs. _brh bf pifhth mbf _AK, qub cgaig ausjgmh iltblsg kbltb phr b f kgr. Ib il hrkh mb qub lh cgaig visth li rgstrhmb b ffhs. Fg bsjgsbz mb jh kaustiafb ikpimih qub fg ausqubmg jh ltilugrg" .

BI gtgqub mb f Ygkgfh. qub mbs tru yh bf gjh rgzgmh . ul jrujb rh finb rh yjugtrh mbstrujthrbs. ù b ul bxith iljg fiìjg afb , pbrh lh s il ageg s. Fhs il`hrkbs h ìji gfbs sbiigfgl qu b sb pbrmibrhl trbs Cb ffjg t, jugtrh Cbffmivbr ytrbs Gvblnb r. Z il bka grnh. sb grrhegrhl gf kgr htrhs jiljh ]AK jhl kujchs mg ffhs trgs rbn rbsg r g fhs auqub s . Fhs Gv blnb r fhs pb rmi b rh l b fP]- 7> (mhs. ilj fuimh ulh bl fg zh lg mb f afgljh ). b f P]-:? (ulh bl fg zhlg mb f afgljh). b f P]-=> (ul h). b f P]-31 (ul h ) y b f P]-3= (trbs , ulh bl fgzh lg mbf af gljh ). Mbsgpgrbjibrhl mhs pifh ths y sb is tripufgltbs. yg qub blgqu b ff g bphjg fg kgyh rig mb fhs bsj ugmrhlbs vh fg agl jh l ul --gyumgltbgb rbh -- . ai bl bf hpbrgmhr mj rgmih ? bf tirgmhr.

FGZ IZFGZ _QH_IGZJuglmh fg nubrrg mbf _gj iì jh fIbnh kgs jb rjg mb fgs prhpigs isfgs egphlbsgs. jh kh brg prbv isiafb. fg iltbls im gm mb fgs gjj ihlbs g ukblth. Fhs egphlbsbs. yg jhlhj imhs jhkh ul blbkinh mbspigmgmgkbltb tbl:U. rbmhafgrhlsus bs ùbrzhs lh sh fh pgrg mb `blmbr su pgtrig. silh 7? qub b ffhs jh lsimbrgagl jh kh ti brrg sgn rgmg. BI rbs uftgmh ùb ul ritkh y ulg `brhj imgm mbf

jh ka gtb gbrhlgvg f lh jh lhj imhs gltbrihrkblt b._grg fhs bsjugmrhlbs mb Gvblnb r. phr blthljbs

bquipgmhs jgsi thtg fkbltb jh l fhs ]AK. fgs hph rtulimgmbs mb kisihlbs jh ltrg bf trgìjh kgritikhmiskiluyb rhl rgpimgkbltb. Zil bkagrnh. fhs gtgqu bs sh arb ti brr g y fgs pgtruffgs glti suakgrilhskgltu vibrhl g fhs bsjugmrhlbs thrpbmbrhs thtgfkbltb hjupgmhs y b f mbsngstb jh ltiluh s iblmh b fbvgmh. Fh lhrkgf bs qu b sb pbrmibrgl ? rbsuftgrglg `bj tgmhs jibl gv ihlbs ? kgs g f k bs h

BI P]-3= m bf Affffdbr Ciff su`rih kgs agegs mb fgscgaitugfbs pgrg ul bsj ugmrhl thrpbmbrh bl gqub ffg`gsb mb fg n ubrrg. Bltrb kbmigmhs mb `barbrh y kbmi gmhs mb kgyh bstb bsjugmrhl pbrmih jugtrh gvihlbs bl jhkagtb. ulh gltb fg grtiffbrig gltigbrbg y

6-" ?h 5z5

mhs mbr riagmhs phr fhs jgzgs egphlbsbs. Z il bk- =2


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FHZ JGUGZRAKGQILHZ

B"Ygjih mb f G tf ,iltijh" ùb ul cbj ch tbrriafb pgrg fg vimg mb fhs

auqubs kbrjglt bs g fi gmhs mu rgltb fg kgyh r pgrtb mb fg II N ubrrgKulmig f. G pbsg r mb fhs gvihlbs mb pgtruffgs mb nrgl rgmih mb gj

jihl jh l agsb bl Lbw`hulmfglm, bl Isfglm ig y bl fgs is fgs Aritgli jgs thmgvig bx istig ul g `rgleg mb 3?? g 7.91? d ifhkbtrhs g 7? fgrnh mb fgs rutgsmb fhs jh lvhybs mb f G tfgltijh Lh rtb qub qubmgag ùbrg mb fg jhabrturg gb rbg. Li s iq uibrg fg gprhp igj ihl aritgli jg mb agsbs bl fgs is fgs Gzh rbs g ì lgfbs mb 79=: gprhxikh mb `h rkg sinli ìjgtivg 7? qub fhs kgrilhs kbrjgltbsmblhkilgagl bf "_hzh lbnrh". Bl gqub ffg zh lg. fhs sua kg rilhs gfbkglbs gjbj cgagl g fhs jh lvhybs g fi gmhs sil kibmh g fhs gtgqu bs gbrbhs . .cgs tg fg prikgvbrg mb 79=:.

G ìl gfbs mb 79= 7 fg Jhkisihl Kgritikg mb Bstgmhs Rlimhs jbm ih fhsjgsjhs mb vbiltb jg rnubrhs pgrg su trgls`hrkgj ihl bl ph rt ggv ihlbs mb bs jh ftg , ? JYB. Mi bz ù brhl pgrg fg Kgrilg mb Bstgmhs Rlimhs y mibz pgrgNrgl Arbtglg. Fbs sinui brhl jugtrh pbtrh fbrhs trgls`hrkgmhs y. g jh ltilugj ihl. 2? auqubs mb fg jfgsb Jgsgafgljg. qub ùbrhl thmhs jhlstruimhsmbsmb fg quiffg jh kh phrtggv ihlbs. G pbsgr mb fhs mi `b rbl tbs tiphs . thmhsfhs J YB ù brhl gprhxikgmgkbltb pgrbj imhs, jhl ul g fhlnitum thtgf mb 2??-22? pi bs. ulg vb fhj imgm kgx ikg mb 7>-7 9 lumhs y jh l jgpgj imgm mb g fabrngr cgstg :? gvihlbs.

G jhkiblzhs mb kgrzh mb 79=: bstgaghpbrgti vg fg prikbrg ulimgm mb jgzgsuakgrilhs bs tgmhulimblsb. Zb trgtgag mb fn ruph Aunffb. jh kpubsth phr jugtrh gltinuhs mbstrujthrbs mb fg I N ubrrg Kulmig fgn rup gmhs bl thrlh gf prikbr JYB bstgmhulimblsb utifizgmh b l fg bsjhftg mb jh lvhybs. BI Aunffb bk agrjg ag gf Bsj ugmrhlKi xth Lubvb (YJ-9) ageh bfk glmh mbf FtJmr îffi gk K. Mrglb b ilij ig fkbltb utifizh hjch ] A@-I y ulg mhjblg mb @=@-= .Ilkbm igtgkblt b sb imbl tiìjh gf Gvblnbrjhkh ul gpgrgth lgturgf pgrg bs tb trgageh .

Rlg kgfg kglbrg mb bkpbzgr bfmig5 ulg ahkag mb prhùlmimgmbxpfhtg jbrjg mbf cgz mbrbjch mb ulsuakgrilh kibltrgs htrg gjgag mbbltrgr bl bf gnug g 12 pibs mbfjgsjh. Bl fg juaibrtg sb pubmb vbr gmhs tripufgltbs qub cglgaglmhlgmh bf jglhl mb :> kk blbf gùstb ph r mbtrgs mb fg thrrb mbkglmh. Gulqub bf suakgrilh bstgsil imbltiìjgr. fg bphjg ùbprhagafbkbltb fg sbnulmg kitgmmb 79=:.

Rl ]A@ vubfg bl jirjufh sharb bffungr mhlmb cg fglzgmh fgs ahkagsmb prhùlmimgm jhlt rg ul suakgrilhgfbkgl . G kblumh. fg vgfhrgjihl mbfg prbjisihl mb bsths gtgqubsrbsuftgag ikphsiafb cgstg qub sbpumh misphlbr mb fhs il`hrrlbsjgpturgmhs mbf blbkinh pgrgjhkpgrgrihs jhl fhs mhjukblthsaritglijhs ? bstgmhulimblsbsmbspubs mb fg nubrrg. BIjhlsinu ibltb glgfisis rbjhlhjih g fhsGvblnbr mb Bstgmhs Rlimhs kgs mb:? culmikiblths mb suakgrilhs blbf Gtfgltijh P g fhs gvihlbs mb fgKgrilg Qbgf htrhs trbs kgs.

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') mb 7.0?? thlbfgmgs bl fg supbrìjib. BI @=@ sbfglzh bl pijgmh pgrg gtgjgr y bfikilgr bf ùbnh gltigbrbh, pbrh ùb nrgvbkbltb gfjglzgmh phr fgs grkgs guthkgtijgs y sb bstrb ffh bl b f hjbglh. Htrhs trbs gv ihlbs sbrbulibrhl bl fg bsjblg y rbg fizgrhl ul gtgqub jhhrm ilgmh. mivimiblmh fgs mb`blsgs. Rl ]A@ sb gjbrjh 7? suìjibltb pgrg fglzgr susahkags y bf R-=757> qubmh rbkgtgmh.

Cgstg b lthljbs. thmhs fhs mbrriahs mb fhs Gvblnbr bl fg GZ^ (nubrrg gltisuakgrilg) sb cgaigl jhlsbnuimh jhl ahkags ? jhl jgrngs mb prhùlmimgm._b rh gf mig sinuibltb, 7= mb eufih, sb utifizh ul gllg lubvg. Rl bquiph mbfPJ-19 mbf Zgl/bb gv isth gf R-/0? bl fg supbr ìjib gqubffg kglglg y bf îfmjgt mjsjblmih pgrg gtgjgr sbnul fg lubvg mhjtrilg. BI gtgqub prhvhjh qub bfsuakgrilh mbsjblmibrg. qub brm eustgkbltb 7? qub bstgag bspbrglmh bf pifhthmbf ]A@. Ft(en) Ehcl Agffbltilb. Bffglzh su thrpbmh Kd 1= @imh. qub sb mirinih cgj ig fhs khthrbs mbf auqub y jhlsinuih ul ikpgjth mirbjth. Rlg bxp fhsihl suakgr ilg surnih cgstg fg supbr ìjib y bf R-/0? luljg vhfvih g suair.

Kblhs mb 1= chrgs mbs pubs htrh Gvblnb r mb f Zg fffbb jhlsinuih ul culmikiblth jhl ul @imh. _hstbrihrkbltb, b f mig 70, ul ]A@ mbf P-7: mbf Jhrb culmih bf R-0> jhl ulg jg rng mb ahkags . Fhs JPB blvigrhl jugtrhsuakgrilhs gf `hlmh mbf kgr bl jugtrh migs jh lsbj utivhs. Fhs Gvblnbr mb fAhnub y mb f Zgl/bb jhlsinuibrhl fhs mhs fiftikhs mbrriahs mbf kbs utifizglmh jg rngs mb prhùlmimgm y ul @imh.

Bl gnhs th fIbng rhl sb is culmikiblths kgs . iljfuimhs fhs j ugtrh mb fPJ-I g ahrmh mb f Jgrm. Bl sbptibkarb fhs gv ihlbs mb fhs JPB lh jh lsinui brhl culmikiblths mb suakgrilhs, pbrh murgltb hjtuarb fhs gv ihlbs mbfJg rm. mbf Jhrb y mb f Jrhg/gff rbgfizgrhl 1? gtgqubs y rbj fgkgrhl 71 culmikiblths. Bl rbgfimgm, sh fh sb is mb bs tgs rbjfgkgjihlbs ùbrhl vg fimgs.pbrh ilmumga fbkbltb htrhs suakgrilhs rbsuftgrh l mglgmh s. Fhs ]A@ y fhs@=@ jgzgsuak grilhs jrbybrhl cgabr mbstruimh jiljhsuak grilhs bl lhvibkarb, y bf Ahnffb. jhl bf PJ -7 9g ahrmh phr blthljbs. ìl g fizh bf glh jh l ul culmikiblth bl jgmg ulh mb fhs mhs uftikhs kbsbs mb 79=:.

Fhs phrtggv ihlbs mb bsjhftg bstgmhulimblsbs culmibrhl 1: suakgrilhs mbsmb kgyh cgs tg mij ibkarb.jgs i thmhs phr pgrtb mb fhs Gvblnbr.

GI trgagegr jhleultgkbltb jhl fhs mbstru jthrbs yjhl htrhs auqubs gltisuakgrilhs rbmuebrhl fgs agegsbltrb bf trlìjh kgritikh bl bf uftikh trikbstrb mb 79=:g 39 auqubs jhl kblhs mb kbmi h kiffhl mb thlbfgmgs.Rl glh gltbs lh cuaibrg rbsuftgmh bxtrglh pbrmbr bsblukbrh bl ul ulijh kb sh BI bsjugmrhl jhl kgs bx i-ths ùb bf PJ-9 jhl hjch culmikiblths murgltb 79=: .

Bstg bxjbfbltb `hthnrgìg pubmb qubùbrg th k gmg g ahrmh mbf RZZAhnub bl 79==. Zb cg khmiìjgmh bftuah mb bsjgpb mbf Gvblnbr jhl ulgpgngffgkgs pgrg kgyhr sbnurimgmmurgltb fgs hpbrgjihlbs lhjtukgs,kibltrgs qub fhs @K-1 îfmjgt lhfIbvgl bstgs khmiìjgjihlbs4sbnurgkbltb ulg aublg sblgf pgrgfhs pifhths mb jgzg .

Jhl `rbjubljig fhs suakgrilhs brglbf blbkinh kblhr, jhkh qubmgmbkhstrgmh ph r fg juaibrtg vhfjgmgmb bstb phrtggvihlbs mb bsjhftgqub lgvbng g trgvbs mb ulg ùbrtbkgrbegmg gtciltijg . Bl jhlmijihlbsbxtrbkgs, fg juaibrtg mb vubfhphmig mbsgrrhffgr "bxjursihlbs" mb0? pibs ? kgs. cgjiblmh qub bfgtbrrizgeb sbnurg ùb rgjhkpfbtgkbltb ikphsiafb.


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Jhkh 7? mbkubstrg bstg `hthnrgìg ,fhs prhmujths mb Nrukkgl/Bgstbrlkgltuvibrhl ul khlhphfih bl fhsgvihlbs gltisuakgrilhs mb fhsphrtggvihlbs mb fg Kgrilgbstgmhulimblsb vg qub fhs GvblnbrP fhs îfmjgt brgl fhs "ulijhsprhpibtgrihs '5 BI misbiih mb jhfhrbsmbf tbgtrh mb hpbrgjihlbs mbfGtciltijh bs bvimbltb5 ilsinligafgljg nblbrgf jhl fgs supbrìjibssupbrihrbs P fgtbrgfbs bl nrisngvihtg . Fg ilsinlig lgjihlgf bstifh79== ageh bf gfg mbrbjcg mbf ]A@ blbf girb gpblgs sb pubmb vbr.

Fg kitgm fhs jh lsinuih vh fglmh mbsmbbf Ahnffb ageh bfk glmh mbf Ft Jmr Mrglb y fg htrg kitgm mbsmb bf Jgrm ageh bfkglmh mbf Ft Jmr C. K. Gvbry. G jh ltilugjihl, bstg ulimgm prbsth sus sbrv ijihs g ahrmh mbf Zh fhfffhls murgltb mhskbsbs bl 79==, thmgvig ageh bf kglm hmb Gvbry, y jhlsinuih ul lhvb lh auqub._brh lh ùb `gji!.

BI 72 mb eulih mb 79== ul g kgrjgjihl kbm igltb ul nh lih ilmijh ul suakgrilh bl fgs prhxikimgmbs y bf BlsNbhrnb B. Bmwgrms 7? rgstrbh. Fhs suakgrilhs thmgvig jrbigl bl fg phfitijg mbjhkagt ir y bf R-30? mbrriah bf Gvblnbrmb Bmwg rms gltbs mb qub bf pumibrg bl-vigr ulg jhkulijgjihl mb phsijihl. Rlprhnrgkg mb ausqubmg iltblsivg mb sj u-

arih gf prhafbkgtijh auqub lubvg kbltb gf gtgrmbjbr juglmh bf Ft Jm r Gvj ryfhjgfi zh gf R-30? bl fg supbfìjib. Zgaig qu b tblig ph jgs prhagaifimgmbs mbculmir fg bka grjgji hl sil gy umg pbrh gstutgkbltb jhlsimbrh qu b sb qubmgrigy jhka gtirig. Fh kgltuvh hj upgmh jhl pgsgmgs mb gtgqub murgltb 1? kikf-ths ki bltrgs bs pbrgag g htrhs trbs gv ihlbs. G pb sg r mbf guk bl th mb ùbrzgs,jf R-30? sinuih bl fg supbrìjij mispgrglmh ki bltrgs sb jbrli g fg hsju rim gm.BI Ft(e n) Jcgkabrfgil , qub cgaig mglgmh gf R-209 bl bf prikbr culmikibl-th mbf bsj ugm rhl kgs mb ul glh gltbs, fIbvh su gtgq ub cgstg ul gfjgljb g qubkgrrhpg. Zus ahkags bx pfhtgrhleusth jffiRfmh bf pgsgag phr bljikg, mbstruyblmhtglth gf gtgjg ltb jhkh g fg vijtikg jh l fg mbthlgjihl.

]rbs kbsbs gltbs cgaig tblimh fungr ul iljimbltb sikifgr. BI 79 mb kgrzh ul bq uip h mbf YJ-0 mbf Afhjd Isfglm fhjg fizh gf R- I?29 "vgjg fbjcbrg"g prikbrg chrg mb fg kg ffglg. Gfnul hs g fbk glbs bstgagl mis`rutglmh mb ulakfh juglm h bf îfmjgt sb fglzh bl pijgmh pgrg gtgjgr gf su ak gri lh, pjrhilk bm igtgkbltb jhkblzgrhl g ùljihlgr fhs jg ffhlbs mb fg grtiffbrig gltigb rbg y bf Gvb lnbr rbs ufth gfjg lzgmh murgltb bf gtgqub. BI pifhth mbf ]AK,Ft(en) Lhrkgl Mhw ty, sil cgjbr jgsh mb fhs mgffhs jhltiluh su pgsgmg.Fglzh mhs ahkags mb prhùlmimgm ulg mb fgs jugfbs bxpfhth bl bf mbphsith mj fg kulijihl y tglth bf ]AK jhkh bf suakgril h rbsuftgrhl mbstruimhs. Rlh mb fhs tripufgltbs mb Mhwty y sibtb gfbk glbs ùbrhl rbsjgtgmhs.

Gq ubf ùb bf fkijh suakgr ilh cul m imh phr fhs gv ihlb s mbf Afffjd 7.7'-fgffm. gulqub fhs mbs trujthrbs mb su agrrbrg jlvigrhl jiljh suakgril hs g f`hlmh mbfkgr. Fg DribnsfIfgriff b (Kgrilg mb Nubrrg mb Gfbkglig) sb jharh su vb lng lzg bf 19 mb kgyh juglmh jf R-2=9 mbf HcbrsffbufffufIf (tjlibltb jhrhlb f) Mbtfbv Drgld bl cgnbl jhfhjh trbs thrpbmhs bl bf JYB,gulqub bs tb ùb bf ulijh phrtggvihljs bstgmhulimblsb culmimh bl thmg fgjgkpglg mbf Gtfglti jh. BI YJ -22 pbrmih sus hj ch ]AK-I J y trbs ]A@-I .

Bl thtgf, fhs gv ihlbs mb fhs phrtggvihlbs mb bsjh ftg mb fg Kgrilg mb Bs tgmhs Rlimhs culmibrhl lubvb suakgrilhs bl bf Gtfgltijh murgltb 79==. BIuftikh mb bffhs ùb b f 1? mb gnhsth juglmh vgrihs ]AK mbf YJ-09 mbf Ahn ffb culmibrhl gf R- 7119 . Mb bs tg `hrkg, fhs gv ihlbs mbf Ahnub mbstruybrhlbf prikbr y fiitikh suakgrilh phr pgrtb mb fhs gvihlbs jgzgsuakgrilhs bs-

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tgmhulimblsbs. Gulqub fhs culmikiblths mb 79== ùbrhl jh lsimbrgafbkbl- 27


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-- ';3? blvigmhs g f `h lmh mbf kgrmurgltb thmg fg nubr rg. _brh fg Agtg ff g mb f G tfgltijh cgaig jg kai gmh tglmrgs tijg kbltb mb rukah bl 79=2, qu b li fhs Gvblnb r li fhs îfmjg t jh lsinui brhl kgs culmikiblths bl fhs j il jh kbsbs gltb rihrbs gf m ig mb fgvijthrig bl Burhpg. BI ikpgjth jhtimiglh mb fhs bsjugmrhlbs mb fhs phrtggv ihlbs mb bsjh ftg, su kbrg prbsblj ig, qubmg jgsi ùbrg mb thmh jg fju-7?. Juglths gtgqubs mb fhs suakgrilhs sb bv itgrhl ? sb iltbrrukpibrhl lgmib7? pubmb sgabr bxgjtgkbltb.

G pbsgr mb su ilmumgaf b bx ith jh ltrg fhs nruphs mb gtgqu b. fhs Gvblnbr y htrhs gvihlbs mb fg nubrrg gltisuakgrilg su`ribrhl agegs. Murgltbthmg fg nubrrg b f g rkgkblth pbsgmh mb fhs suakgrilhs prhmue h b f mbrri ah mb ul hs 77 ? gv ihlbs g figmhs , il jfuimhs gf kblhs j iljh Gvblnb r y mhsîfmjg t mb Bstgmhs Rlimhs mbsmb eulih mb 79=: cgstg sbptibkarb mb 79==.Bl iltb rjg kaihs mirbj ths jhl bs tgs age gs sb culmibrhl trbs suakgrilhs4bf R-101 y b f R-30? mbrriagrh l jgmg ulh mhs gvihlbs bs tgmhulimblsbs ,gulqub bstb uftikh auqub mbsgpgrbj ih bl bf prhjbsh.

]HQJC Y FBGMBQ]rbs bsjugmrhlbs mb ]A @ gphygrhl fg hpbrgj ihl ]hrjc, fg ilvgsihl bstgmhulimblsb mbf Kgrrubjhs `rg ljbs bl lhvibkarb mb 79=1. BI PNZ-10 g ahrm hmbf Zglngkhl (9 ] A@- I y 9 ZAM-:), b f PNZ-1> bl bf Zuwgllbb (9 ] A@-I )Y bf PNZ-19 g ahrmh mbf Zgltbb (9 ] A@- I Y 9 ZAM-:) vhfgagl mbsmb fhs phrtggvihlbs mb bsjh ftg. BI hfrh phrtggvihlbs bstgmhulimblsb pgrtijipgltb. bf Qglnbr (JP =), utifizgag mhs ulimgmbs mb @=@ y ulg mb ZAM, pbrh sil ]A @.

BI prikbr mig mb fg hpbrgjihl ]hrjc (3 mb lhvibkarb) ul Gvblnbr mbf Zglngffihl qub gtgjg ag bf jgkph mb gvigj ihl mb _h rt Fyugtby ùb iltbrjbptgmhphr ul Mbwhitilb M.21?. BI pifhth mb f ]A@, Ft Q. K. Ehlbs, virh cgj ig fggkblgzg b iltbrjgkaih arbvb kbltb ùbnh mb jglhlbs jh l bf jgzg mb Pijcy.GI vhfvbr g su kisihl gs inlgmg, Ehlbsahkagrmbh ul g agtbrig mb grtiffbrig gl-tigbrbg, qub g su vbz il`finih mg lhs ikphrtgltbs bl bf ]A @. Mbsj uarih qub lhphmi g age g r fhs ` fgps mb gtbr rizge b.pbrh jh lsinui h rbgfi zg r ul gtbrri zgebsbnurh g ahrmh mbf Zglngkhl. _hstb-rihrkbltb, gqubfk i skh mig, mhs Gvblnb r mb f PNZ -19 j chjg rh l b l b fmbspbnub mbsmb b f Zgltbb. pbrh fgs mhstripufgj ihlbs ù brhl rbsjgtgmgs.

GI mig sinuibltb, ul ] A@ mbf Zglfbb ùb gfjg lzgmh phr fg grtiffb rig gltigb rbg y rbg fizh ul gtbrrizgeb `h rzhshjbrjg mb Ahu Nubmrg. BI pifhth cbri-

Bstg tripufgjihl mbf Afhjd Isfglmpgrtijiph bl bf prikbr gtgqub jhlprhybjtifbs mb BB RR jhltrg ulsuakgrilh blbkinh mbspubs mbqub bf pifhth, Ft(en) Fbhlgrm F.Kj@hrm (bl bf jbltrh) , gvistgrg gfsuakgrilh bl fg supbrìjib. Zutripufgjihl bstgag jhkpubstg phrbf GQK:/j Jcgrfbs ^. Nbrtsjc(izquibrmg) y bf GKK1/j ^. C. Qymbr(mbrbjcg) .]gkaibl pgrtijiph bl bstbgtgqub fg tripufgjihl mbf Ft(en)îffis Zbbfby.

Mhs migs gltbs mbf Mig M, fg Kgrilgmb BB RR il`finih ul nhfpbikphrtgltb bl fg Agtgffg mbfGtfgltijh. Fg gnrupgjihl tgjtijg mbfNugmgfjglgf mbf jhltrggfkirgltbMglibf Ngffbry hafinh gf R-2?2 gsuair g fg supbrìjib jbrjg mb fgsGzhrbs y gfii fg tripufgjihl mbfsuakgrilh gaglmhlh bf auqub,bspbrglmh qub bstb sb culmibrg .Zil bkagrnh, ul bquiph aiblprbpgrgmh mb Ngffbry suaih g ahrmhmbf suakgrilh y 7? jgpturh iltgjth,eulth jhl mgths mb iltbfinbljig mbvgfhr iljgfjufgafb. Rl ]A@sharbvubfg bf R-2?2 qub, bl gqubfkhkblth, thmgvig bstgag blpbfinrh mb irsb g piqub .

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G pbsgr mb fg b`ijgjig mb fg mhjtrilgmb "bltrgr bl jhkagtb" mb fhssuakgrilhs qub supush gf kblhsfg pbrmimg mb sibtb gvihlbs mb fhsphrtggvihlbs bstgmhulimblsbs, fhskgyhrbs pbfinrhs rbsimigl bl bfmbsgrrhffh mb fgs hpbrgjihlbslhrkgfbs mb vubfh. Bstb Gvblnbrmbf Ahnub (bf mbsg`hrtulgmhlukbrh 7:) rhkpih ul jgafb mb`rblgmh , jgsi nhfpbg g ul kgrilbrhy jchjh jhltrg fg isfg jhl fhsrbsuftgmhs prbvisiafbs pgrg fgpfgtg`hrkg gbrbg.

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(Aviones en Combate: Ases y Leyendas No.47) Los Bombarderos Torpederos Avenger de la II Guerra...

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