89001490 Mantenimiento Mecánico i

7/23/2019 89001490 Mantenimiento Mecánico i

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YK_SGIGN @EIGN@EM FK EFGKYV_ELGK@VN K@ V_EOEBN G@F[YV_GEM

LE@[EM FK EX_K@FGREBK

IÙFGAN2 47885678 4788TTTT

@gvkm Xrncksgn`em Vçi`gin

LE@VK@GLGK@VNLKIÅ@GIN G

LKIÅ@GIN FKLE@VK@GLGK@VN



G@FGIK

@¸ VE_KE XEA.

5. FKYLN@VEBK W LN@VEBK FK LKIE@GYLNY.................................... 1

?.

K@A_EXEFN FK CEBE XME@E ............................................................... ;9

9. FKYLN@VEBK W LN@VEBK FK CEBEY .................................................. 47

6. FKYLN@VEBK W LN@VEBK FK XNMKEY ............................................... 5?1

;. FKYLN@VEBK W LN@VEBK FK EINXMELGK@VN ............................... 519

3. FKYLN@VEBK W LN@VEBK FK INBG@KVKY ......................................... ?59

1. FKYLN@VEBK W LN@VEBK FK _NFELGK@VNY ................................. ?35

4. FKYLN@VEBK W LN@VEBK FK K@A_E@EBKY ................................... 981

7. FKYLN@VEBK W LN@VEBK FK IEFK@EY ........................................... 967



@

5

N_FK@ FK KBKI[IGÙ@

DK__ELGK@VEY

5 G@YV_[LK@rns- m

85

Yequk me qugbefe lùvgm fkm in`bu`tn

n Bukan fk mmevks fk onie

8?

Fksln`tk

km

tnr`gmgn

fk

me

qugbefe

n Fkstnr`gmmefnr

89 G`spkiign`k mns kmklk`tns fksln`tefns

n

Emgietk

u`gvkrsem

86

Erlk

km

tnr`gmmn

fk

oeìn

n Ontefnr igmì`frgin

8; Ln`tk km in`bu`tn qugbefe lùvgm k` me qugbefe cgbe

n Lertgmmn ome`fn (

Inork

)

83 Skrgcgquk

km

cuìgnèlgk`tn.

n Lertgmmn

fk

onme

n

Ornide yQgpk.

85 8?

tnr`gmmn

fk

Oeìn Cu`fgigù`

XRE. IE@V.

FK@NLG@EIGÙ@

@N_LE 5

FGLK@YGN@KY

¡

LEVK_GEM

¡

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

~ t < < < F < K < Y < L < N < @ V < E < B < K < W < L < N < @ < V < E < B K 2 < - < F - < - K < - L < - K < - I < E < @ < G Y < L < N < Y < - - V - D ^ V ^ 8 ^ 5 ^ L ^ E ^ @

^ K

5

C.

^^^^^ -¡

VGKLXN2 DNBE2 5/5



nXK_E k 5ù@ 2

"'

KKiE@gin

FK

L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE- XK_Ò

FKYE_LE_

W E_LE_

LKIE@GYLN

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ K ~ ~ l L E 8 ~

Km

fkserlefn

y

erlefn fk

u`

lkie`gsln

ks

uè npkreigù`

quk

sk

rkemgzn in` crkiukìge

fkogfn em treoebn e quk kstå snlktgfn y em fksaestk

in`tgùn

fk sus pertks.

In`sgstk k` seier,

mglpger,

g`spkiignèr,

ieloger y

inmnier

sus

kmklk`tns in`stgtutgvns.

X_NIKYN

FK

KBKI[IGÙ@

5

FKYE_LE_

LKIE@GYLN

mn

Xnsn-

[ogquk km

lkie`gsln

k` km

muaer

fk

treoebn

( Cgaure 5 }.

?n Xnsn- Yequk

mn qug¡nfn lùvgm, agre`fn

mn

pemeìe,

deste quk

seman inl-

pmktelk`tk.

9¸ Xnsn- Fksln`tk km tnr`gmmn fk me qugbefe

lùvgm2

e. Yequk km pesefnr fk

emktes,

prksgnè`fn km rksnrtk (Cgaure ?

).

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

[tg m gik em gietk

pern seier km

pesefnr.

o. Yequk km rksnrtk.

6 n Xnsn-

Mglpgk

km

tnr` g /mn,

km rksnrtk, km

pesefnr

y

me

qugbefe

cgbn, kxtkrgnr

k g`tkrgnrlk`tk

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

[tgmgik trnpn n wgpk pnrn mn mgl-

pgkze.

Cgaurn 5

Cgaurn ?



NXK_EIGÙ@2

FKYE_LE_ W E_LE_ LKIE@GYLN

MGLE-

XK_Ò

;¸

Xnsn-

Mevk mns

inlpn`k`tks

fkm

lkie-

`gsln,

in`

pktrùmkn omeìn

( Jkrnsk`k ).

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

[tgmgik u`n tg`n

y

u`n ornide

pnrn

km

mevefn.

[tgmgik

u` pgìkm

pnrn mglpger

pgk-

zes pkqukõns ( Cgaure

9

).

3¸

Xnsn-

G`spkiign`k

mns

kmklk`tns

fks-

ln`tefns2

e. In`trnmk

km

fksaestk

fk

me

tukrie y fkm tnr`gmmn.

o. Skrgcgquk

mn mnàgtuf efkiun-

fn

fkm rksnrtk.

1¸ Xnsn- Kàrnsk efkiuefelk`tk iefn

kmklk`tn

fkm

lkie`gsln.

55

E_LE_ LKIE@GYLN

5¸ Xesn-

Ln`tk

mns

kmklk`tns

fk me qugbn-

fn

lùvgm

2

n.

Inmnquk

km

tnr`gmmn

k` mn

qugbe-

fe.

o. G`stemk km rksnrtk y mn ere`fkme

k`

km

tnr`gmmn.

i. Inmnquk km pesefnr k` km

eaubkrn inrrkspn`fgk`tk.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

[tgmgik

km

emgietk pern

km ln`tebk

fkm

pesefnr.

?¸ Xnsn-

Ln`tk

km in`bu`tn

qugbefe

lùvgB.

k` me

qugbefe cgbn2

n. G`trnfuzin km tnr`gm mn k` me

tukrie, agre`fn çstn.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

'] KKIÅ@GIN FK

L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

8 K C D 8 8 5 ~ 4

Cgaure 9

Cgaurn 6



NXK_EIGÙ@2

"' ~ I Å @ G I N FK L @ m K @ G L G ~

MGLE-

XK_Ò

YEIE_

W

INMNIE_

V[K_IEY

r

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W ^ V ~ N ^ _ ^ @ ^ ^ M ^ M ^ N ^ Y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L E ~

In`sgstk

k`

fkstnr`gmmer

y

etnr`gmmer

tukries

y

tnr`gmmns

pere fkserler

y

erler låqugès

n pertks fk kmmes

X_NIKYN

FK

KBKI[IGÙ@

5

YEIE_ V[K_IEY

W VN_@GMMNY

5n Xesn-

Yukmtk me tukrie2

e.

Inmnquk

me

mmevk

y

ecmnbk

me

tukrie.

X_KIE[IGÙ@

XE_E YNMVE_ N EX_KVE_ [@E

V[K_IE N [@ VN_@GMMN,

AG_K

ME

MMESK

DEIGE [YVKF FK

LE@K_E U[K DEAE LK@NY

KYC[K_RN.

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

Cgaure 5

5)

Xere

ecmnber

u`n tukrie rnsiefn e u`

tnr`gmmn

pnse`tk y

kvgter

quk

çstk agrk, snstçànmn in` uè

mmevk

(Cgaure 5 ).

? ) Vkàn k` iuk`te km sk`tgfn fk mn rnsin, fkrkidn n

gzqugkrfe,

pnrn

ecmnber

km

tnr`gmmn

n tukrie.

9 ) [sk

muorgie`tk

n

eikgtk fk pk`ktreigù` pere ecmnber

me

tukrie

n

tnr`gmmn.

6 ) [tgmgik me mmevk efkiuefn n mn tukrie n

tnr`gmmn.

Cgaure ?

o. Agrk mn tukrie

deste

seiermn

Cgaure 9



r

NXK_E

I 5Ù@ 2 "" ~ N N G G I N FK L G G V K @ G L G K D V ~

MGLE-

XK_Ò

YEIE_ W

INMNIE_

V[K_IEY r2-225

~ ~ W ^ V ^ N ^ _ ^ @ ^ G ^ M ^ M ^ n ^ s ^^^^^^ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 ~

?¸

Xnsn-

_ktgrk

km

tnlgmmn

agrå`fnmn.

9¸ Xnsn- Mevk tnr`gmmns

y

tukries 2

n. Yulçrbnmns k` jkrnsk`k des-

te

eome`fer mn suigkfef.

o.

m ìlpgkmns

in`

u`n

ornide n

ikpgmmn fk nmelork (Cgaurn E).

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

_kklpmeik mns tnr`gmmns n mns tukr-

ies quk kstç` k` lemns

in`fgign-

`ks.

BG INMNIE_ V[K_IEY

W

VN_@GMMNY

5 Xnsn-

Ln`tk tnr`gmmns

y

tukries 2

n.

Inmnquk

km tnr`gmmn.

o. Inmnquk me

ere`fkme.

Cgaurn 6

k.

Inmnquk

me

tukrie k` km

tnr`gmmn

y

nbòstkmn in` me

ln`n.

f.

Eprgktk

me tukrie in` me mmevk,

prniure`fn

`n

fkberme

`g

cmnbe

`g fklesgefn eprktefn.



MGLE-

XK_Ò

~ G N FK L E @ G F G G L G ~

~ ~ K ~ r n ~ 9 ~

NXK_EIGÙ@2

YEIE_ W INMNIE_

XEYEFN_KY FK EMKVEY

Ks me

npkreigù`

quk sk

kckitòe

pere seier y inmnier, in` dkrrelgk`tes efkiuefes, mns

pesefnrks quk mgae` rìagfelk`tks e tukries in` tnr`gmmns n kbks in` e`gmmns k` u`gn`ks

fksln`teomks.

X_NIKYN FK KBKI[IGÙ@

5 YEIE_ XEYEFN_

X_NIKYN 5-

Yeier pesefnr fk emkte

5

n

Xesn-

Mkve`tk

mns

pu`tns fkm

pesefnr

( Cgaure 5 ) 2

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Klpmkk u`

fkstnr`gmmefnr

n emg-

ietk

pere

mkve`ter

mes

pu`tes.

?¸ Xesn- Igkrrk in` u`

emgietk

mns kxtrk-

lns fkm

pesefnr

( Cgaure ? ) 2

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

K`fkrkik

km

pesefnr

fk

lnfn

quk ceigmgtk

su rklnigù`.

9¸

Xesn- Vgrk fk

me

ieokze in` u` emgietk

(

Cgaure

9 ) 2

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Yg km p ~ s f n r kstå

luy

ebustefn,

aìrkmn

y

tgrk sglumtå`kelk`tk

pern

quk seman.

Cgaure 5

Cgaure ?

Cgaurn 9



MGLE- XK_Ò

NXK_EIGÙ@ 2

YEIE_ W INMNIE_

XEYEFN_KY FK EMKVEY

X_NIKYN

55

- Yeier pesefnr fk emkte k` kbk

5

n

Xesn-

Mkve`tk mns pu`tns fkm

pesefnr

2

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

[sk

u` fkstnr`gmmefnr

n

emgietk

pnrn mkve`ter mns pu`tes.

?¸

Xnsn-

Igkrrk

in`

u` emgietk mns kxtrk-

lns fkm pesefnr 2

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

K`fkrkik km pesefnr fk lnfn

quk ceigmgtk

su

rklnigù`.

9¸ Xnsn- Vgrk fk mn

ieokzn

in` u`

emgietk2

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Yg km

pesefnr

kstå

fklesgefn

n-

bustefn, aìrkmn

y

tgrk sglumtå`kn-

lk`tk

pern

quk

seman.

..,

~ K L E @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

~ K C DN 89 L ~

A



,

NXK_EIGÙ@

2

~ i E @ G I N F K L E @ V K @ G L G ~

MGLE- XK_Ò

YEIE_ W

INMNIE_

r22-225

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ p ~ ~ E F ~ N ^ _ ^ K ^ Y ^ F ~ K ~ ~ K ^ V ^ E ^ Y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r n ~ 9 ~

55

INMNIE_ XEYEFN_

X_NIKYN 5- Inmnier pesefnr fk emktes

5¸ Xesn- G`trnfuzie km pesefnr 2

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

5) Ielogk mns

pesefnrks

iefe

vkz quk mns rktgrk.

?)

Ykmkiign`k

km

pesefnr

eprn-

pgefn.

?¸ Xesn- Eore mns kxtrklns fkm

pesefnr

( Cgaure 6 ).

Cgaurn 6

X_NIKYN

BG -

Inmnier pesefnr fk emktes

k` k¡k

5

n

Xnsn- Skrgcgquk km

kstefn

fkm

pesefnr.

?¸ Xesn-

_kperk

n

rkklpmeik

km

pesefnr,

sg cukre

`kiksergn

2

e. Inmnquk

km

pesefnr.

o. G`skrtk km

kmklk`tn fk

skaurg-

fef

( Cgaure ; )

Cgaurn

;



.-±-.

K@6VG

nXK_E k 5ù@ 2

"' KKiE@gin FK L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE-

XK_Ò

YEIE_ W INMNIE_ XEYEFN_KY

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ^ K ~ X ^ _ ^ k ^ s ^ • ^ ù ^ @ ~ v ^ M ^ e ^ s ^ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

K ~ ~ L ~ ~

Ks

u`n

npkreigù`

quk

in`sgstk k` seier

y

inmnier

pesefnrks

n cg`

fk

mgokrer

n

eskaurer

fgckrk`tks

ùrae`ns n kmklk`tns fk u`n

låqug`e

n

lkie`gsln.


5 YEIE_

XEYEFN_KY

X_NIKYN

5-

Yeier

pesefnr fk prksgù`

5

Xnsn-

Ecmn¡k km

pesefnr

in`

km

pu`zù`

ontefnr y km lertgmmn (Cgaurn 5 )2.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

[tgmgik

km

pu`zù`

efkiuefn em

fgålktrn fkm pesefnr.

X_KIE[IGÙ@

LE@VK@AE

ME IE_E

FKM LE_-

VGMMN W ME

IEOKRE

FKM X[@-

RÙ@ MGLXGEY

W

XME@EY.

?¸ Xnsn-

Fksemnbk km

pesefnr in` km pu`-

zù` pnrn pesefnrks (Cgaurn ? ) .

X_NIKYN

55-

Yeier

pesefnr mgsn

5

n

Xesn-

Kxtregan

km

kmklk`tn fk

subkigù`

fkm

pesefnr.

Cgaure 5

Cgaurn ?



,

MGLE- XK_Ò

NXK_EIGÙ@2

YEIE_ W INMNIE_ XEYEFN_KY

FK

X_KYGÙ@ W

MGYN

55 INMNIE_ XEYEFN_KY

X_NIKYN

5

-

Inmnier pesefnr fk prksgù`

5¸ Xesn- Skrgcgquk k/ k&tefn

fkm pesefnr.

?¸

Xesn- _kperk

n

rkklpmeik

km pesefnr

sg sk k`iuk`tre k` lem kstefn.

9¸

Xesn-

Ln`tk

k/

pesefnr2

" ~ n

FK

Q L K @ ~ t t t ~

K K C D 8 8 6 L E ~ 4

n.

G`skrtk km

pesefnr pnr

km kxtrk

ln

iù`gin

( Cgaurn 9 ).

KTV m..N i3@gin

o. Skrgcgquk quk

km pesefnr ebus-

tk inrrkitelk`tk.

i.

Anmpkk

km

pesefnr

deste g`trn-

fuigrmn tntemlk`tk.

Cgaurn 9



r

VKI@NMNA(E

KYXKI(_IE

2 "

~ G I N FK L @ B k m g L ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

LÅU[G@E

W

LKIE@GYLN r 2 ' ]

~ ~ ~ l l ~

LÅU[G@E

Ks u` sgstkle lkin`tin quk eprnvkidn cukrzes lntrgiks pnrn

vkìkr

cukrzes fk

rksgstkìge. mn

låqugè

sgrvk pnrn in`vkrtgr u` treoebn k` ntrn, prnvnie`fn sgklprk u`n

pçrfgfe

fk k`kraìe quk ks lk`nr iue`tn leynr skn km rk`fglgk`tn fk

mn

låqugè.

Xnr mn cnrln

inln

sk inlpnrtn me k`kraìe

k`

mes låqugès, tk`klns fns are`fks arupns 2

- K` km prglkrn, mn k`kraìe quk sk rkigok oebn cnrle kmçitrgie, quìlgin ( Inloustgù` fkm

ieroù`, aes y

ntrns fkrgvefns fkm pktrùmkn ) n

dgfråumgie,

ks tre`scnrlefn k`

k`kraìe

lkiå`gie, in` me quk sk notgk`k` sgklprk

cukrze y vkmnigfef.

E kstns låqugès, quk

tre`scnrle`

k`

k`kraìe lkiå`gie mes ntres imesks fk k`kraìe, sk mks mmele

låqugès

lntrgiks (

Cgaure 5 )

n

Cgaurn 5 Låqugè lntrgz

fk

inloustgù`

-Km skau`fn arupn

fk

låqugès sk

iereitkrgze

pnrquk rkigok` uè cukrze y vkmnigfef

prnikfk`tks

fk ntrn låqugè

lntrgz

y

prnfuik`

u`

treoebn

òtgm

em

tre`scnrler mn

letkrge prgln k`

u`

prnfuitn

kmeonrefn. E

kstns

låqugès

sk mks mmele

npkrefnres

( Cgaurn ?

y

9 )

Cgaurn

9



,.

MGLE-XK_Ò

VKI@NMNAÌE KYXKIc_IE 2

LEU[G@E W LKIE@GYLN

~ M t Q @ m @ ~

~ D g t

85 BA

LKIE@GYLN

Ks

u` in`bu`tn fk kmklk`tns

lùvgmks

y

cgbns,

inìkogfns pere mnarer u` nobktgvn cgbefn fk

e`tkle`n:

pnr

kbklpmn, me

tre`slgsgù`

fkm lnvglgk`tn ( Cgaure 6 ).

LKIE@YLN NK OGKME W LE@GSKME

Cgaure

6 -

Lkie`gslns

V_E@YLGYGÙ@ XN_

K@A_E@EBKY

Mns tçrlg`ns

låqugè

y lkie`gsln

sukmk`

in`cu`fgrsk

e

lkùfn:

sg` kloeran,

sk

pukfk

ksteomkikr

kstns fgckrkìges 2

5¸ Låqugè ks luidn lås elpmgn. Kìgkrre, pnr mn ak`krem, uè skrgk fk lkie`gslns.

Lkie`gsln

`n

ks

`kiksergelk`tk

u`n låqugè.

?¸

[è

låqugè tre`slgtk u`

kscukrzn

n

tre`scnrle u`

treoebn. [`

lkie`gsln

sùmn trn`sl gtk n lnfgcgie

u` lnvglgk`tn.

9¸ Vnfe

låqugè in`ste fk 2

- [` ùrae`n

rkikptnr,

kìeraefn fk mn eiigù` lntrgz:

-

mn

dkrrelgk`te u npkrefnr quk le`gnorn n meonrn mns nobktgvns.

- Mns

lkie`gslns

quk tre`slgtk` km lnvglgk`tn.

KMKLK@VNY FK LÅU[G@EY U[K V_E@YLGVK@ KM LNSGLGK@VN

Xere k`tk`fkr lås imerelk`tk km cuìgnèlgk`tn fk uè låqugè n

fk

u` lkie`gsln, ks

`kiksergn in`nikr

sus

kmklk`tns in`stgtutgvns 2

Å_ONMKY W

KBKY

Yn`

oerres

igmì`frgies

fk

fgstg`tes

mnàgtufks y fgvkrsns fgålktrns quk sk utggze`

pnrn

tre`slgtgr

lnvglgk`tn.

Mes iereitkrìstgies

quk

prksk`te

iefn

u`n sn` 2

Km åronm 2

Km

kbk2

- Ks

fk

are` mnàgtuf y snpnrte

inrans

fk tnrsgù` y

cmkxgù`

pnr

mns

ùrae`ns fk

tre`slgsgù` quk

einpme,

inln pnmkns

y kàreèbks.

- Ygklprk kstå k` lnvglgk`tn.

-Infn

igkrtn mnàgtuf fksie`sn snork snpnrtks.

-Vgk`k pnin

mnàgtuf

y ks fk

lk`nr

fgålktrn

quk km åronm.

- Xukfk tk`kr lnvglgk`tn n

`n tk`krmn.



VKI@NMNAÌE KYXKIÌ_IE2 ..,

~ i @ g i n F K L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

LN@VEBK

LKIÅ@GIN

. 2 ]

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . l ~ ~

Ln`tebk

ks

me eiigù`

n

treoebn

fk u`gr, erler

n

ln`ter

mns kmklk`tns

fk

u`n

låqugè,

n fk iuemqugkr ntrn

in`struiigù` lkiå`gin.

Xere u`gr n klsnlomnr mes fgvkrses pertks fk

u`

in`bu`tn, sk utgmgze`

prnikfglgk`tns

inln mn u`gù`

pnr

lkfgn

fk

tnr`gmmns,

rkleidks n snmfefures.

[` ouk` ln`tebk kxgak g`tkmgakìge

y

kxpkrgkìge. mns tkxtns

y

ietåmnans fe` igkrtns

fetns pnrn skr in`sgfkrefns k` km treoebn

y

efnpter u`n gfkn

snork

mes pnsgogmgfefks

fk

su rkemgzeigù`.

K` ntrns tçrlg`ns, km ln`tebk tgk`k

pnr

nobktn me in`struiigù` fk

u`

tnfn in`stgtugfn pnr u`n skrgk fk kmklk`tns ceorgiefns pnr skperefn y k` iuyn prniksn

sk de

ksteomkigfn

2

n) [` nrfk` kxeitn ( Cgaurn 5 )

o) [`n cnrln prkvgstn ( Cgaures ? y 9 )

k) [` muaer

prkcgbefn

( Cga. ? )

f}

[`n

pnsgigù`

prkigsn

( Cgaures

5 y 9

m

k) [`

ebustk

fktkrlgèfn.

Cgaure ?

Cgaure 5

Eaubkrns fk orgfe e

6;¸

Cgaurn 9

[è

vkz rkemgzefn km

ln`tebk, km

in`bu`tn tntem fkok setgsceikr u`n skrgk fk `nrles quk

telogç` sk

cgbe`

e`tgigpefelk`tk.

Xrgìgpemlk`tk sk kùìgn quk 2

Vnfn kstruiturn l ~ ` t n n fkok pnfkr skr fksln`tefn.



r

VKI@NMNAcE KYXKIGCGIE

2

CGIN

mK m n Q c c g @ L ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

LN@VEBK LKIÅ@GIN

r 2 : 2 )

"'--------------------- (_cc.DVt

8?

Bn

LÇVNFNY

FK

LN@VEBK

Ygk`fn

mns prnikfglgk`tns u

npkreign`ks fk ln`tebk

mns lgslns, iuemqugkre

quk

skn km

in`bu`tn n

kbkiutnr, pukfk` fgstgàugrsk

lçtnfns pnr km

nrfk` y

km kspefn k` quk sk

kbkiute`, y

pnr km

`òlkrn

fk in`bu`tns

quk fkok` rkemgzersk.

Esì tk`klns 2

LN@VEBK " K@ Km YGVGN "

Yk rkemgzn le`tk`gk`fn mn pnrtk oåsgin

fkm

in`bu`tn k` u` sgtgn cgbn y einpme`fn mns

fgstg`tns pgkzes n arupns lk`nrks (Ln`tebks perigemks), prkvgelk`tk

prkperefns,

deste

inlpmkter km

in`bu`tn.

Kstk ln`tebk sk

utgmgze,

k`trk ntrns,

k`

mes g`stemeign`ks fk

iemkceiigù`.

mns tuons

sk

skiignè` y fnome` k` km muaer fk

ln`tebk,

sk u`k` n ntrns tuons k g`steme` eiiksnrgns.

Mn cgaurn

6

prksk`te u`n pnrtk fk kstk

tgpn fk g`stemeigù`

fk iemkceiigù`,

fn`fk

mns

`òlkrns g`fgie` km nrfk`

fk ln`tebk.

Mn

cgaurn

; lukstrn me

inmnieigù`

fk u`n onlon ik`trìcuae, k` mn

quk

mns

npkreign`ks

fk ln`tebk sk

rkfuik`, k` nrfk`

fk glpnrteìge, em treoebn fk ebustk

fk

mns pgkzes

g`tkrlkfgns e

inmniersk

k`trk mn pmeie fk eìmebk

y mn

oesk fk me onlon n

oesk fkm lntnr

kmçitrgin.

'/

/

Cgaurn ;



VKI@NMNA(E KYXKI(_IE 2

"'

Krn 52

MGLE-XK_Ò

LN@VEBK

LKIÅ@GIN r2-22']

~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~

LN@VEBK

YNO_K

Km

OE@IN

FK

V_EOEBN

mn cgaurn 3 lukstrn

mn

suiksgù` fk npkreign`ks

n

rkemgzer pnrn

km

ln`tebk

fk

u`n

onlon fk

kàreèbks.

Inln

tnfns mns kmklk`tns sn` ebustefns in`

e`tkrgnrgfef, mns eitgvgfefks

fkm ln`tebk prn-

pgelk`tk fgidn sk mglgte` n u`n u`gù`

nrfk`n-

?

fe,

em

in`trnm fkm

cuìgnèlgk`tn

y

n mns

9

inrrkign`ks

g`fgspk`seomks.

LN@VEBK " K@

YK_GK

"

Cgaurn 3

Kstn tgpn fk ln`tebk tgk`k igkrtn

sklkbe`ze

in` km ln`tebk k` iefkè.

Ks rkemgzefn, k`

are`

`òlkrn

fk iesns,

pnr

lkfgn fk ig`tns n inrrkns tre`spnrtefnres,

quk sgrvk` mns

pgkzes

n arupns fk pgkzes

em

pukstn fk

treoebn

fk

infn

ln`tebk.

mn cgaurn

1 lukstrn mn suiksgù` fk npkreign`ks n

rkemgzer

k` km

ln`tebk fk

u`n skrgk fk

onlons fk kàrnè¡ks.

Cgaurn 1



VKI@NMNA E

KYXKI _IE 2 .., KIÅ@GIN FK L @ V K @ G L ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

LN@VEBK LKIÅ@GIN

~ l

8? )4

LN@VEBK"

K@

IEFK@E"

Yk klpmkn

iue`fn

sk trntn fk notk`kr u` are` `òlkrn fk kstruitures n in`bu`tns gauemks.

In`sgstk

k`

fgspn`kr mn

oesk n pnrtk fkm in`bu`tn snork u`n

pmetecnrle

n snpnrtk, quk

rkinrrk

u`

ielg`n

pkrckitelk`tk

fktkrlgèfn,

e

mn meran fk iuyn

treykitn

sk ve`

einpme`fn

mns

fgstg`tns

kmklk`tns, fk tem cnrle quk, em

mmkaer

em cgèm fkm

rkinrrgfn,

km

in` bu`tn

qukfe

in`stgtugfn.

Kstk

lçtnfn rkqugkrk ùptgln nrae`gzeigù`

y

sk

klpmkn k` mn

ceorgieigù` fk vkdìiumns

y

låqugès dkrrelgk`tes.

_KAMEY AK@K_EMKY FK LN@VEBK

Fure`tk km ln`tebk

dny

quk tk`kr k` iuk`tn 2

5 Yg

sk fgspn`k fk

pme`ns n `nrles

fk

ln`tebk ks prkigsn in`sumtermns.

Mes

`nrles

fk

ln`tebk sn`

pere noskrvermes.

?.

Km

cuìgnèlgk`tn fk mns in`bu`tns e

ln`ter

fkok kxelgèrsk etk`telk`tk.

9. Yg `n kxgstk`

`nrles rkmetgvns

em ln`tebk

dny

quk

kxelgèr, k` prglkr muaer,

km

nrfk`

fk

uogieigù`

fk mns fgckrk`tks kmklk`tns, e`tks fk inlk`zer km ln`-

tebk prnpgelk`tk fgidn.

6.

Vnfns mns kmklk`tns n ln`ter, esì inln mns dkrrelgk`tes `kiksergns, fkok`

kster k` ouk`

kstefn fk

mglpgkze.

;. [è skrgk fk lkfgfes pnrn kvgter mn pk`ktreigù` fk glpurkzes y fkspkrfgigns

{ Cgaures 4 y 7

).

Cgaurn 4 Ln`tebk rkemgzefn

Cgaure 7-

Xrntkagfn in` pepkm glprkaèfn2 u` trn-

zn fk tkte mglpge rksumte eikpteomk teloìçr



MGLE-XK_Ò


LN@VEBK LKIÅ@GIN

].

~ t ~

~ D V K

8?

)4

3.

mns kmklk`tns fk subkigù` fkok` cgbersk in` dkrrelgk`tes efkiuefns ( Cgau-

res

5

N y 5 5 )

Cgaurn 5N

1. Yg

mns fgstg`tns kmklk`tns mmkve` pu`tns fk rkckrk`ige, ks `kiksergn

ln`termns

sgaugk`fn

kstes rkckrk`iges.

4. Vn`

prn`tn

sk prk,sk`tk u`n pnsgogmgfef fk inlprnoeigù`, kckitòkme e`tks

fk

skaugr efkme`tk. Kstn sk rkemgzn, k`trk ntrns, lkfge`tk 2

n) me pnsgigù` kxeitn { Cgaures 5? n, o, k y f ).

k) Mns

nsigmeign`ks ( Cgaurn 59 )

k) mn

pukste k` leridn.

f

Cgaurn 5?

o) Km

bukan kxgstk`tk

f) mns

lkfgfes

Cgaurn 59



r

VKI@NMNAcE KYXKIÌCGIE 2 " ~ Å @ m N NK L E @ V K @ L G K @ ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

FKYLN@VEBK

LKIÅ@GIN

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~

~ . l

rn ~

Fksln`ter

ks

fksu`gr, perigem

n

tntemlk`tk,

u`n

låqugè,

lkie`gsln,

dkrrelgk`te

k gìmusn u`n kstruiturn in` km nobktn fk 2

- _kemgzer u`n inlprnoeigù`

pkrgùfgin

snork km cuìgnèlgk`tn, fksaestk, n-

bustk, mglpgkze

y

muorgieigù`.

-

_kperer

emau`ns eiiksnrgns.

- _k`nver igkrtns kmklk`tns.

± Eskaurer u` ouk` cuìgnèlgk`tn.

VÇI@GIEY XE_E

KM

FKYLN@VEBK

K`

km

fksln`tebk

sk

fgstgàuk`

2

- Fksln`ter, rkperer

y/

n

rkklpmezer

k` km

sgtgn.

- Fksln`ter,

rkperer y /n

rkklpmezer k` km temmkr, snork km oeìn.

- Fksln`ter y

rkklpmezer.

I[Å@FN YK

EXMGIE

Km

FKYLN@VEBK

Xnfrìe

kxpn`krsk

vergns epmgieign`ks: sg` kloeran, igterklns mns lås glpnrte`tks 2

- Xnrn u`n ùkvn in`struiigù`.

± Xere

kckituer

u`n rkpereigù`

_KAMEY AK@K_EMKY

Fure`tk km

fksln`tebk ks

`kiksergn prkster etkìgù` e mns sgaugk`tks pu`tns 2

m . Yg kxgstk` fgoubns fk in`bu`tn y/n rkinlk`feign`ks pnrn km

fksln`-

tebk,

dny quk in`sumtermns

?. Dey quk kstnr celgmgergzefns in` km

cuìgnèlgk`tn

fk mn låqugè

e

fksln`ter,

esì inln

in`

mns kmklk`tns quk mn

inlpn`k`.

9. E`tks fk klpkzer km fksln`tebk

ks

prkigsn fktkrlgèr mn leridn

n

skaugr,

esì inln mn cnrln fk

snmter

mns kmklk`tns n fksln`ter.

6.

E

in`tgùeigù`, dny quk fktkrlgèr mns

dkrrelgk`tes

y lkfgns

euxgmgerks

quk

sk ve` e

klpmker.



r

VKI@NMNAÌE KYXKI(_IE 2 .., ~ G I N K L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

FKYLN@VEBK

LKIÅ@GIN

r 2 2 m

~ ~ ~ ~ l

r n ~

;.

"Mn

skaurgfef

k`

km

trnon¡n

" 2

Dey

quk rkspkter ksirupumnselk`tk

fk tnfes mes rkames

inìkr`gk`tks e me skaurgfef.

3. Iuemqugkr fktkrgnrn

quk

pufgkre inlpmgier

km

fkserrnmmn fkm fksln`tebk

n fer

muaer

e u`

fktkrgnrn fk leynr arevkfef, fkok

skr

kmglgèfn

( Cgaures 5 y ? ).

Cgaurn 5

Kmglgèr mns

rkoeoes

1.

Dey

quk

kvgter iuemqugkr fktkrgnrn fk

mns

kmklk`tns e fksln`ter.

Iue`fn ske `kiksergn fkserler n

lertgmmezns dey

quk

utgmgzer

uè pmeie fk

inork

n u` lertgm mn

fk letkrgem

ome`fn

( Cgaure 9 ).

.............- I n r t e r

k`

insn

fk

sustgtuigù`

Cgaurn ?

Cgaurn 9

4. Me utgmgzeigù`

fk eikgtk

pere

mns tnr`gmmns y mns kbks

ceigmgtn

km

fksln`tebk

k`

luides

niesgn`ks: eu`quk

kxgstk`

eaubkrns pere tnr`gm mns

y

ntrns fgspnsgtgvns {Cgaures 6,

;

y

3 ). N ~ 0

Cgaurn 6

Cgaurn

;

2, ---f

Cgaurn 3

7.

Skrgcgier km

kstefn

y

pnsgigù`

fk mes fgckrk`tks pertks.

Dey

quk skõemer pu`tns fk

rkckrkìge

( Lnries n `òlkrns ) snork mes pertks ebustefes e lkfgfn quk ve` fksln`tù`fnsk.

5N.

Ykõemer tnfes mns lerins quk pukfe`

ceigmgter

ì`fgiks inìkr`gk`tks e u` fksaestk

e`nrlem

n

inrrnsgù`

in` prnfuitns quìlgins.



VKI@NMNAcE KYXKIÌ_IE 2

KkIÅ@GIN K LE@5K@GLK@V8

MGLE-XK_Ò

MMESKY FK

EX_KVE_

~ D V K

86 )4

Yn` dkrrelgk`tes quk sgrvk`

pnrn epmgier u`n

cukrzn fk tnrsgù` k` mes tukries y tnr`gmmns,

yn

skn

pnrn ecmnber

n

eprkter.

mns mmevks lås

utgmgzefns

k` mes låqugès

dkrrelgk`tes,

kqugpns

y

ln`tebks sn` mns fk

onie,

mns rkaumeomks y Emmk`.

Km usn inrrkitn fk kstns

dkrrelgk`tes

ks glpnrte`tk n cg` fk kvgter niigfk`tks y km

fktkrgnrn

fk mns òtgmks fk

treoebn

(

Cgaure

5 ).

q ¡ p ~ <<<>)

Cgaurn 5 mmevks fk eprkter

IE_EIVK_ÌYVGIEY

Em kxtrkln fk mn mmevk

sk

fk`nlg`n

ieokzn

y

n me

eokrture onie. Yg me mmevk tgk`k

fns

onies skrå uè

mmevk fnomk.

Km kxtrkln quk sgrvk fk pemeìe sk m meln leàn n orezn,

(

Cgaurn

? ).

Yk`tgfn fkm kscukrzn

fk eprgktk

Cgaurn ? m mevk fnomk

Kscukrzn leùem



VKI@NMNAcE KYXKIc_IE 2 "' ~ Å @ G N

mm2

@ m K @ G L G K @ V ~

MMESKY

FK EX_KVE_

- - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ l ~ ) ~

GLE-XK_Ò

LEVK_GEM

Yn`

in`strugfns

fk eikrn, irnln y

veèfgn

pnrn

fermks

mgakrkze

y skr iesg grrnlpg-

omks.

Inln

kstn

emkeigù` ks

instnsn, mn

leynr pertk

fk mns temmkrks ceorgie` mmevks

in`

eikrn cnrbefn

em

ieron`n

n

eikrn

em

lnmgofk`n.

K`

muaerks

fn`fk kxgstk pkmgarn fk

kxpmn-

sgù`

(Xnr kbklpmn

u`n

cåorgie

fk lu`gign-

`ks )

sk

utgmgzn

mmevks

in` emkeigù`

fk

inork

y

okrgmgn,

quk

`n

fksprk`fk` idgs-

pns em skr utgmgzefns.

Km teleõn fk iuemqugkr dkrrelgk`te usefn

k`

mns ieokzes

fk mns tnr`gmmns n tukries

mn

fktkrlg`n mn eokrture k`trk mes qugbefes

fk me

mmevk.

Mns

tukries

dkxeanèmks

y mns

ieokzes

fk

mns tnr`gmmns

sk

lgfk`

pnr

mns

fgsteìges

k`trk

fns fk sus inrns npukstns.

Mns

mmevks prnykitefes pnrn

mns

tukries

n

tnr`gmmns,

ak`kremlk`tk

tgk`k`

u`

bukan

fk

N, 5 ll,

quk

mks

pkrlgtk

k`trer y

semgr

fk

mes tukries n tnr`gmmns in` km

lì`gln

fk skpereigù`. Yg me onie

fk mn

mmevk ks

luy

are`fk,

mns

nrgstås fk mn tukrie

n

tnr`gm mn sk rkfn`fkerå` y fkstrugrå`

(C gaure

9 ).

8----8

Cgaure 9



,

VKI@NMNAcE KYXKIc_IE 2

~ r Å @ G I N

ZK

@ V K @ G L K @ V ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

MMESKY FK

EX_KVE_

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ B ~

MMESKY

FK

ONIE CGBE

Yn`

dkrrelgk`tes

quk sùmn sk efepte` e u`n fktkrlgèfn lkfgfe.

K`trk mns

prgìgpemks

tk`klns n mns fk 2

- [`n onie

- Fns onies

- Inrnè n kstrkmmn

-

Kìebk

dkxeanèm

- Inbe.

MMESK FK [@E ONIE

Ks u`n m mevk in` nokrture k` u` kxtrkln. Ak`kremlk`tk,

vgk`k

k` arupns fk 3 n 5 N mmevks,

quk verìe` fk

;/53"

( 4

ll)

n

5"

(

?;

ll). eprnxglefelk`tk. Mes fk teleõn leynr

sk inlpre` pnr skperefn y e me lkfgfn.

Xukfk

tk`kr

sus qugbefes peremkmns em orezn, n cnrler åàumn

deste

mns

78¸:

km prnlkfgn

ks

fk

5;¸ eprnxglefelk`tk.

Mns orezns pukfk` skr rkitns n iurvns. Mes fk

lnàn

iurvn sk

mmele`

mmevks k`

Y

k`

ielogn,

ntres

mmevks tgk`k`

orezns k`

mì`ke

qukorefe

pnrn emie`zer

tukries n

ieokzes

fk

tnr`gmmn

quk

kstå` k`

ntrn

`gvkm

(

Cgaurn

6

).

~ ~ 0

~ g g g ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡gggmmmt

Cgaure 6 ± mmevks fk uè

onie

MmESK FK FNY ONIEY

Ks u`n m mevk in`

eokrtures

k` elons kxtrk-

lns. Ak`kremlk`tk mes eokrtures fk mes

onies

sk utgmgze` pnrn

fns lkfgfes in`tg-

aues

( Xnr

kbklpmn, lkfgfes fk

5N y 5 5

ll ), iuyn ùlkreigù` mmkve`

areoefn

k`

km mefn inrrkspn`fgk`tk e iefe eokrture.

Mns orezns

pukfk`

skr

rkitns

n

iurvns

(C gaure ; ).

Cgaure ; -

Mmevks fk fns onies



r

VKI@NMNArE

KYXKIr_IE 2

" ~ G N Z52

L @ V K @ G L K @ V ~

MMESKY

FK EX_KVE_

MGLE-XK_Ò

~ J r K

86

)4

MMESK

FK

IN_N@E

N

KYV_KMME

Ks

mn mmevk

quk

tgk`k

k`

su ieokze

n

kxtrkln

u`

eaubkrn kstrgefn quk sk efnptn

n

tnfn

me pkrgckrge

fk me tukrie n tnr`gmmn, fk lnfn quk su

subkigù`

ks luidn lås

sùmgfn

y km

kscukrzn, te`tn fk

me

mmevk inln fkm tnr`gmmn, em demmersk

rkpertgfn

ks lås

k`çragin

pkrn

lk`ns cukrtk.

_kaumerlk`tk, kstn mmevk tgk`k

gìmgèigù`

fk u` kxtrkln in` rkspkitn em

ntrn,

mn quk mk

pkrlgtk

efnptersk

n tukries fk eaubkrns prncu`fns in`

leynr mgokrtef

quk mns mmevks fk

onie

( Cgaurn 3 ).

8- -8

Cgaurn 3 -

mmevks

fk

inrn`n

y

kstrkmmn

Mes mmevks

fk inrnè tgk`k`

3, 4,

5? ù 53

kstrìes k`

iefe eaubkrn. Km

`òlkrn

fk

kstrìes

fktkrlg`n me rksgstkìge

fkm

eaubkrn2 Mes fk 3 y 4 sk use` pere

treoebns

pksefns, mes fk

5? pere

mns lkfgeèlk`tk pksefns y mes fk 53

pere

mns mgakrns.

MmESK FK K@IEBK DKTEAN@EM

Yk

utgmgze

k`

ieokze

fk

tnr`gmmn

n tukries

iuye supkrcgigk g`tkrgnr tgk`k

cnrle

dkxeanèm.

K`trk mns tgpns

prgìgpemks

fk kste mmevk

kìn`trelns 2

MMESK DKTEAN@EM EINFEFE

FK

G@VK_GN_KY

Fk`nlgèfn

telogç`

//nvk Em/k`

sk

utgmgze

pnrn

eprkter n

ecmnber

tnr`gmmns dkxeanèmks

g`tkrgnrks.

Sgk`k,

k` ak`krem, k` bukans

fk

skgs n sgktk mmevks ( Cgaurn 1 ).

Cgaurn 1 - mmevk Emmk`



VKI@NMNA(E

KYXKI(EIE

2 "' KKIÅ@GIN m2 @ m K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

MMESKY

FK EX_KVE_

~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ . l ~ ~

MMESK

FK

V[ON

Ks luy

klpmkefe

pere le`gnorer k`

sgtgns k` mns

quk, fsogfn

em

pnin

kspeign, `n

ks

pnsgomk g`trnfuigr

mmevks

fk ntrn

tgpn.

K`

kstes mmevks, km kscukrzn

sk epmgie

snork uè

vergmme

n

oerre

quk

sk

g`trnfuik k` mns

eaubkrns fk quk fgspn`k:

fk`trn

fk kstk

tgpn

fk mmevks kìn`trelns me

mmevk

fk

tuon

einfefe

(

Cgaure

4 ).

)

N..^^n^^^^^^ ,^^^,)

Cgaure 4 - mmevks fk tuon

MMESK FK IEBE

Kste mmevk quk ve skperefe fkm leàn y

pukfk

efeptersk e çm, vk`tebe quk pkrlgtk

fgspn`kr

fk u`

bukan inlpmktn fk

mmevks.

Mes prgìgpemks

pgkzes

fk

u` bukan fk mmevks fk kstk

tgpn

sn` 2

e ) Mes ie¡es n fefns, sklkbe`tks e mes mmevks fk inrnè, tgk`k` kstrìes k` u`

kxtrkln y k` km ntrn

u`

eaubkrn iuefrefn,

k`

km quk

sk efepte

me kspgae

fk mns lnàns ( Cgaure 7 e ):

o ) Km leàn

ierfù`

ebusteomk, iuyn in`bu`tn pkrlgtk

le`gnorer

k` me tukrie

fksfk iuemqugkr

åàumn

{

Cgaure

7 o ):

k ) Km leàn sglpmk quk,

efeptefn

em fefn, pkrlgtk

le`gnorer

fgrkitelk`tk

k`

me

tukrie n ieokze fk tnr`gmmn ( Cgaure 7

k ):

f )

Km

leàn fk trg`quktk in` u` lkie`gsln quk

pkrlgtk

km

råpgfn

rktrniksn

fkm leàn pnrn

inakr

kspeign y eteier fk ùkvn

(Cgaure

7 f ): y

k )

Km

okrogquì

n

leàn quk

pkrlgtk u`

eiignèlgk`tn

råpgfn pern ecmnber n

eprktnr 5es tukries ( Cgaurn 7 k )

Cgaure

7



VKI@NMNA(E KYXKI(EIE 2 Kki.]@GIN t g

E @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

MMESKY

FK EX_KVE_

r2-2']

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . , ~ ~ ~ DmK 86 B

MMESKY

FK

ONIE

_KA[MEOMK

Yn` mns mmevks quk

pukfk`

ebustersk n fgvkrsns

lkfgfns pnr lkfgn

fk u`

tnr`gmmn rkaumeomk

n tukrie.

K`trk mns prgìgpemks fk kstk tgpn kìn`trelns 2

• Mmevk pnrn tuon ( Ytgmmsn` )

- Mmevk

rkaumeomk

( Creìkse )

- Mmevk gàmkse ( _kaumeomk )

MMESK

XE_E V[ON

(

Ytgmmsn` )

Ks

me

quk sk utgmgzn pnrn deikr agrer pgkzes

igmì`frgins. Vgk`k mn qugbefe lùvgm

ertgiumefn

quk

subktn

mn

pgkze.

Fkok

utgmgzersk

in`

iugfefn pnrquk

mns fgk`-

tks

fk

mns

qugbefes

pukfk` fkber leries k`

me pgkze.

Me lgsle quk

fkok

subktersk

eprnxglefelk`tk k` km ik`trn fk mns qu gbe-

fns ( Cgaurn 5N).

MMESK _KA[MEOMK ( Creìkse }

[è fk mes

qugbefes

fkm kxtrkln ebusteomk

ks cgbe: me

ntre

sk lukvk, e mn meran fk uè

inrrkfkre, pnr lkfgn fk u` tnr`gmmn.

Iue`fn

usk kste

mmevk fkok

tgrersk fkm

mefn

fkm lnàn fn`fk kstå mn qugbefe cgbn. Mn

mmevk fkok

ebustersk,

eprktefe

e

me

tukrie,

pnrquk sg

sk

ecmnbe

rkfn`fkerå

mes ergstes

fk

me tukrie (Cgaurn 55 ).

Uugbefe

cg"e

Cgaurn 5N - Mmevk Ytgmmsn`

Uugbefe lùvgm

Orezn

Ornzn

Cgaurn 55 - Mmevk rkaumeomk n Creìkse

MMESK

G@AMKYE

( _kaumeomk )

Uugbefe Uugm"nfn lùvgm

"jgt. :<<<<g2B<<<2</<, ~

m eiignèr fk kstn mmevk ks

sglgmer em fk

me

e`tkrgnr, fgckrkìgå`fnsk ò`ginlk`ktk

k`

mn cnrln

iùln kstå` uogiefns mes qug-

befes,

fn`fk

km tnr`gm mn (

Yg`cì`)

rkaume-

fnr eiign`n fgrkitelk`tk me

qugbefe

lù-

vgm (

Cgaure

5? ).

]m.BK:r'

Orezn

_kaumefnr

Cgaurn 5? - Mmnvk Gàmkse



VKI@NMNAcE

KYXKIc_IE

2

" ~ G N rK

@ V K @ G L K D V ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

FKYVN_@GMMEFN_ LE@[EM

~ D V K

8;

)4

Km

FKYVN_@GMMEFN_

Ks u`n

dkrrelgk`te

quk sk klpmkn pnrn ecmnber n eprkter tnr`gmmns. Xnskk u` iukrpn

igmì`frgin

fk eikrn

em

ieron`n,

in` u`n fk sus

kxtrklgfefks

cnrbefn k` cnrln fk

iuõn:

mn ntrn,

k` cnrln fk kspgan prgslåtgin n igmì`frgin kstrgefe, sk einpmn n u` lnàn fk

lnfkrn n pmåstgin ( Cgaurn 5 )

r

ngn

'

usn

Cgaure 5

Kstk

tgpn

fk

fkstnr`gmmefnr

sk

klpmkn

pnrn

eprkter

n

ecmnber

tnr`gmmns, iuyns

ieokzns

tkàe` reùres quk pkrlgte` mn k`trefe fk

mn

iuõe quk eprkterå n ecmnberå n trevçs fk

agrns (

Cgaures

? n, oy k ).

C

( n )

5o)

Cgaurn ?



r

VKI@NMNAcE KYXKIc_IE 2

"

~ G N

Z52

L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

FKYVN_@GMMEFN_ LE@[EM

~ D V K 8; )4

IE_EIVK_ÌYVGIEY

Km

fkstnr`gmmefnr

`kiksgte quk me iuõe ske tklpmefe y rkvk`gfe. Me

kxtrklgfef fk me

iuõe

fkok

tk`kr mes ieres k` pme`ns

peremkmns pnrn pkrlgtgr

km ebustk

inrrkitn

k`

mn

reùre fkm tnr`gmmn.

Km lnàn fkok

skr

reùrefn

mnàgtufgèmlk`tk,

pnrn pkrlgtgr leynr cgrlkze

k` km

ebustk. Me

mnàgtuf

fk mns fkstnr`gmmefnrks

verìn

k`trk 588 ll y

988

ll.

Mn

cnrln

y

mns fglk`sgn`ks

fk

mns iuõns sn`

prnpnrignèmks

em

fgålktrn fkm iukrpn fkm

fkstnr`gmmefnr.

Xern

tnr`gmmns in` reùres iruzefns

sk

utgmgzn

u`

fkstnr`gmmefnr

in`

iuõn

k`

cnrle fk

iruz, mmelefn Xdgmmgps ( Cgaure 9 ).

K

Cgaurn 9

IN@FGIGN@KY

FK [YN

Km

lnàn fkok

kstnr

kìnbefn

k` km iukrpn

fkm fkstnr`gmmefnr pnrn kvgter

quk

sk

fksmgik.

YKA[_GFEF

km onms km

muaer



VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌ_IE

2

"' ~ Å @ G N mm2 @ G F G G L G K @ V ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

EMGIEVKY

LE@[EMKY

(_KC.DVK

83

)4

Yn` dkrrelgk`tes

leùemks

fk eikrn

cu`fgfn

n

kstelpefns,

inlpukstns

fk

fns orezns

y uè ertgiumeigù`. K` uè fk mes kxtrklgfefks fk mns orezns sk

kìuk`tre`

mns qugbefes

fk

eaerrk

n inrtk

quk kstå`

tklpmefns y

rkvk`gfes. Ygrvk`

pnrn ebuster, inrter,

fnomer,

inmnier

y rktgrer

fktkrlgèfns

pgkzes k` mns

ln`tebks.

Mes iereitkrìstgins, teleõns, tgpns y

cnrles

sn` vergeomks, fk eiukrfn

in`

km tgpn fk

treoebn

e kbkiuter.

VGXNY

Mns prgìgpemks emgietks

sn` 2

[`gvkrsem

Fk inrtk

Fk pu`tns

_kaumeomk

Fk

ertgiumeigù` fkspmnzeomk.

EMGIEVK

[@GSK_YEM

Ygrvk pere kckituer

verges

npkreign`ks inln tnler, inrter y fnomer ( Cgaure 5 ).

Xrksgù`

lnùnm

Cgaurn 5 Emgietk u`gvkrsem

Xrksgù` lnùnm

EMGIEVK

FK

IN_VK

Ygrvk pere

inrter

idnpns, nmelorks

k

dgmns fk

eikrn. Kstns

òmtglns pukfk`

tk`kr

målgès

rklnvgomks ( Cgaures

fkm

? em ; ) 2

Ergsmn 0 inrte`tks

Cgaurn

?

Cgaurn

9



VKI@NMNAcE

KYXKIcCGIE 2 " KKIÅ@GIN m m L E @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

EMGIEVKY

LE@[EMKY

~ ~ ~ ~ l L B ~

Cgaure 6

EMGIEVK FK X[@VE

mes cgaures

fkm

3 em 7 g`fgie` vergns

tgpns

fk

pu`tes

2

Cgaure 3

Cgaurn 4

EMGIEVK

_KA[mEOmK

Vreoebe pnr prksgù` y fe u` ebustk cgrlk e mes

pgkzes.

Xnr g`tkrlkfgn fk u` tnr`gmmn, sgtue-

igù`

k`

su

kxtrklgfef, sk

in`sgauk

rkaumer

me

prksgù` (Cgaure 5

N).

EMGIEVK FK E_VGI[MEIGÙ@

FKYXMEREOMK

•

Cgaurn ;

Kti=

2

Cgaure 1

~ n

2

gaure 7

Cgaure 5N

Yu ertgiumeigù` sk fkspmeze

pere

ceigmgter u`e leynr eokrture. Yk utgmgze lås pere treoebns

in`

pkrcgmks rkfn`fns ( Cgaures 55 y m ? ) 2

Cgaure

55

Cgaurn 5?



r

VKI@NMNAÌE KYXKIÌ_IE 2 ~ G N

K

@ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

XEYEFN_KY

~ D V K 85 B4

Yn`

kmklk`tns quk

sk

utgmgze`

pnrn kvgter km fkspmezelgk`tn fk

mns

pgkzes

fk u`

lkie`gsln. Yk in`struyk` ak`kremlk`tk k` eikrn

fumik,

k`furkigfn supkrcgigemlk`tk.

Mns

pesefnrks sk cgbe`

em kbk

n n mn pgkze in` idevktes eogkrtns, skaurns n tnr`gmmns

prgsgn`krns, kxikptun`ro mns

pesefnrks

fk

prksgù` quk sk

eutncgbe`.

VGXNY

Xesefnr mgsn

Xesefnr fk prksgù`

XEYEFN_KY MGYNY

(

Cgaures 5, ? W 9 ) .

Cgaure 5 Xesnfnr mgsn

in` ieokzn

Cgaure ? Xesefnr mgsn

eiçcemn

XEYEFN_KY FK X_KYGÙ@ ( Cgaures E y ; ).

--22-

Cgaurn 6 Xesefnr fk prksgù` sk`igmmn

Cgaurn 9 Xesnfnr mgsn

ntnr`gmnfn

5

5

Cgaurn

;

Xesefnr fk prksgù`

fnomk

Km

pesefnr fk

prksgù`

fnomk in`sgstk

k`

fns

pesefnrks

n

prksgù`,

eogkrtns, k

g`trn-

fuigfns u`n fk`trn fkm

ntrn.



Xrnomkle2

Yg u` tnr`gmmn L5? lgfk 93 ll y su tukrie 58 ll, pnfklnsinlperer eloes lkfgfes fk fgns le`kres2

e) _kste`fn eloes ie`tgfefks2

93 ll ’ 58 ll < ?3 ll

Ecgrlelns2 Km tnr`gmmn lgfk ?3 ll lås quk me tukrie.

o) Fgvgfgk`fn eloes ie`tgfefks2

93 < 9 9

58 ;

Ecgrlelns2 Km tnr`gmmn ks 9 9/; vkiks lås are`fk quk me tukrie.

E kste inlpereigù` fk fns òlkrns sk mk mmele _ERÙ@.Yg me inlpereigù` ks pnr fgckrk`ige tk`frklns mes_ERN@KY E_GVLÇVGIEY.

Kbklpmn25? ’ 3 < 3 (_ezù` ergtlçtgie)

Yg me inlpereigù` ks pnr inigk`tk tk`frklns mes

_ERN@KY AKNLÇV_GIEY.Kbklpmn2

53 < ? (_ezù` aknlçtrgie)3

9 3 l l

5 8 l l



IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 ~ Å@ NK L @VK@GLK@V~

MGLE-XK_Ò

_ERN@KY W X_NXN_IGN@KY

B~

_ERÙ@

K`

tnfn

rnzù` dny trks kmklk`tns 2

?8

4

5 ?

In`skiuk`tk

?8

+

58

?

Xrnpgkfefks

2

n) Fk mn rnzù` ergtlçtgie 2 Yn` mes lgsles quk mes

fk me sustreiigù`.

o) Fk me rezù` aknlçtrgie 2 Yn` mes lgslns quk mes

fk mn

fgvgsgù`

y mns

creiign`ks.

X_NXN_IGÙ@

Yk mmeln prnpnrigù` e mn

gauemfef

fk

fns rezn`ks.

Yg

2 n o

<

k

x y k

Yg mes rnzn`ks quk sk gaueme` sn` ergtlçtgies, me

prnpnrigù`

skrå E_GVLÇVGIE.

..

(e

o

< T

y)

Kbklpmn2

3

? 4

E

Yk mkk2

3

ks

n ? inln

4 ks n

E

Ks

u`e

prnpnrigù`

ergtlçtgie quk

sk

fkrgve

fk

me

prnpgkfef

tre`sgtgve

fk

me gauemfef.

Yg mes rnzn`ks quk sk gaueme` sn` aknlçtrgies, mn prnpnrigù`

skrå AKNLÇV_GIE.

Yg2

Kbklpmn2

Vnlogç` pukfk ksirgogrsk 2

T

y<

n

l

r:-<e

?

-9-

? 2 9 2 2 3 2 7

^ 3 ^

7

Yk

mkk 2 ? ks e 9 inln 3

ks

n 7



IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 "'

~ G N

FK L D V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

_ERN@KY W

X_NXN_IGN@KY

~ ~ ~ ~ l ~

Kmklk`tns

fk u`n prnpnrigù`

Mns kmklk`tns fk uè

prnpnrigù`

sn` " kxtrklns " y "

lkfgns

". Kbklpmns 2

Ygloùmgielk`tk 2

¡

KTV_KLNY

...---

KTV_KLNY,----. .

58

9

7

?

n

... o

y

LKFGNY LKFGNY

9

5;

n

6 ?8

KTV_KLNY

m

. - - - - KTV_KLNY0----,

9

6

-

5;

?8

T

y

< l

`

LKFGNY

LKFGNY

Imesks

fk prnpnrign`ks

Xnr

sus tçrlg`ns

tk`klns 2

m. Xrnpnrign`ks fgrkites

Yn` equkmmes k` mns

quk sus

iuetrn tçrlg`nssn` fgckrk`tks.

Kbklpmns 2

K` ak`krem

2

e )

?

4

3 e o

k

o)

9 5;

6 - N

(-g<-e-B

E

iuemqugkre

fk

sus

tçrlg`ns sk mk in`nik

inln

"

Iuertn prnpnrignèm".

55.

Xrnpnrign`ks in`tgùes2

Yn` equkmmes k` mes quk sus tçrlg`ns lkfgns sn` gauemks.

Kbklpmns

2

K`

ak`krem

2

n )

7

1

1

;

l

`

o)

9

3

(

l

`

-

<-

3

5?

`

p

Em tçrlg`n quk sk rkpgtk sk mk mmele "

Lkfge prnpnrignèm

".

E mns

ntrns sk

mks

m mele

"

Vkrige prnpnrignèm ".

`

B

f

p



,

MGLE-XK_Ò

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EX[IEFNY :


Xrnpgkfefks

cu`felk`temks

fk

mns

prnpnrign`ks

n ) K`

tnfn prnpnrigù` ergtlçtgin,

"

mn

suln fk mns

kxtrklns ks gauem n mn suln fk mns lkfgns ".

Esì 2

4 ;

4 + 1

58 1

; +

5n

~ t G L G @ @ ~

~ ~ E 85 BA

5; < 5;

k e f < o

+k)

o ) K` tnfn

prnpnrigù` aknlçtrgin,

" km

prnfuitn

fk mns kxtrklns

ks

gauem

em prnfuitn fk

mns

lkfgns".

Esì2

?

9 3

( ? m (

3 }

5?

( 9 } ( E }

5?

Kstns

prnpgkfefks cu`felk`temks

`ns

pkrlgtk

k`in`trer iuemqugkre

fk

mns

iuetrn

tçrlg`ns

in`nigk`fn trks fk kmmns y, k` emau`ns insns, snmn-

lk`tk fns.

Kbklpmns2

n)

Dnmmer mn iuertn prnpnrign`em

2

T 7

-<

; 5;

k n )

(`)

< (o ) (l))

(x )

(5;)

(;)

(7)

5;

T • 6;

Fgvgfgk`fn

elons

tçrlg`ns k`trk

5;

2

5;

20c 6;

5;<5;



IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2

..,

(

L.Å@GIN

Q @ G G G L K @ V ~

MGLE-XK_Ò


~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ± ~ l ~

Kbklpmns

2

o)

Dnmmer

mn iuertn

prnpnrign`em

2

4 9?

7

T

(

4)

(T) < ( 7) ( 9?)

4 T

?44

Fgvgfgk`fn elons tçrlg`ns k`trk 4 2

T <

?44

4

kx 93)

k )

Dnmmer

mn lkfgn

prnpnrign`em

2

9

T

-<

T ?1

(

9)

( ?1)

(

x) (x)

Kxtreyk`fn

me

reìz iuefrefe

e

elons lgklorns

2



IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2


MGLE-XK_Ò

Kbklpmns 2

f ) Dnmmer

mn

lkfgn prnpnrignèm 2

T 4

?

T

(T) (T) ( ?) (

4)

x

?

53

Kxtreyk`fn mn reìz iuefrefn n

elons lgklorns

2

k )

Dnmmer

mn

tkrige prnpnrignèm

2

E

53

-

<-

53

T

(E)

( T )

( 53)

( 53 )

Ex ?;3

Fgvgfgk`fn k`trk E 2

T

?;3

-

E

(x

3E)

c } Dnmmer mn tkrign prnpnrignèm 2

9 8,3

<

8,3 T

( 9)

{ T ) ( 8,3)

(8,3)

9 T

<

8,93

Fgvgfgk`fn k`trk

9 2

8,93

T

9

k

.KÅ@GIN L @ G K @ G L K @ V ~

(_gc.GKVE

85

)4



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMÙAGINY

EX[IEFNY 2 .., ~ G N Z52 L @ V K @ G L l ~

LKIÅ@GIE

EXMGIEFE

@NIGN@KY

C[@FELK@VEMKY (_Kc.GG2VE 8? )4

GLE-XK_Ò

LKIÅ@GIE

Ks me

igkìge

quk sk niupe fkmkstufgn fkm lnvglgk`tn y f& mes cukrzes quk mn prnfuik`.

K`

ntrns

tçrlg`ns, mn

lkiå`gin kstufgn mns igriu`steìges k`

quk

sk pukfk`

inlogèr,

fgrgagr y utgmgzer g`fustrgemlk`tk mns cukrzes. Kste igkìge sk cu`fe k` mn noskrveigù`,

inlprnoefe

pnr

kxpkrglk`tns.

FGSGYGÙ@

FK

ME LKIÅ@GIE

Yk

fgvgfk

k` trks

pertks

2

Mn kståtgin kstufgn

km

kqugmgorgn fk

mns

iukrpns.

Mn ig`klåtgie kstufgn

km lnvglgk`tn fk mns

iukrpns.

Mn Fg`ålgin kstufgn

km lnvglgk`tn y mes

cukrzes

quk

mn prnfuik`.

MKWKY C[@FELK@VEMKY FK ME LKIÅ@GIE

Mns mkyks fk me lkiå`gin rgak`

mn leynr

pnrtk fk

mns

ck`ùlk`ns

èturemks.

Km dnlork, fkspuçs fk deokr klpmkefn utk`sgmgns tnsins fk

pgkfre,

sk sgrvgù fkm cukan

pnrn ksieroer

sus kloerieign`ks n

k`furkikr

sus me`zes y cmkides.

Luidn tgklpn fkspuçs, suoyuaù n mns e`glemks

pnrn ceigmgter su

prnpgn treoebn. Xnr cg`,

eprk`fgù

n utgmgzer mn cukrzn fkm vgk`tn

pnrn

km tre`spnrtk

pnr

mns rìns n km lnr.

K`

ùkstrns

fìes mns semtns fk

eaun

y km

vepnr de` vk`gfn

n lumtgpginr, k`

prnpnrign`ks

k`nrlks, mn

cukrzn

quk pukfk fgspn`kr

km dnlork y, k` kstns

òmtglns

eõns,

mn

kmkitrgigfef

de

sulgstrnfn n mn

g`fustrgn

u`n

ùkvn cukrzn

lntrgz.

Mns

e`glemks, mns semtns fk eaun, km vgk`tn y km

vepnr

sn` iepeiks fk ieloger fk sgtgn n

mns nobktns fk tnfn imesk, ks

fkigr

pukfk` pn`krmns k` lnvglgk`tn. Km rksumtefn fk kstns

dkidns eskvkre me

kxgstkìge

fk cukrzes, pukstn quk vklns sus kckitns ( Cgaurn

5

e y o

).

o



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EX[IEFNY2

~ F K L @ G K @ G L ~

LKIE@GIE EXMGIEFE

^^^^ ^ n ^ i ^ • ^ n ^ @ ^ K ^ s ^ C ^ u ^ @ ^ F ^ ^ L ^ K ^ @ ^ V ^ ~ ^ k ^ s

^^

~ ~ ~ B ~

GLE-XK_Ò

IN@YVGV[IGÙ@ FK MNY

I[K_XNY

Mns iukrpns kstå` in`stgtugfns pnr pertks pkquk`5s5les., iesg g`vgsgomks, mmelefns

åtnlns,

quk

rku`gfns k`

leynr

n lk`nr `òlkrn cnrle` mes lnmçiumes. Kstes, e su vkz,

in`stgtuyk` mes

pertìiumes.

KYVEFN W I[EMGFEFKY FK MNY I[K_XNY

mns iukrpns pukfk` demmersk k` kstefn

sùmgfn,

mìqugfn n aesknsn. K` km kstefn fk mns

iukrpns g`cmuyk` me tklpkreture

y me prksgù`. Esì km eaue ks mìqugfn e

me tklpkreture

y

prksgù` nrfgèrges, sùmgfe

e mns 8¸ I,

in`vgrtgç`fnsk

k`

vepnr

e mns 588¸

I.

Iukrpn sùmgfn

ks equkm iuyes lnmçiumes ieloge` fk pnsgigù` rkmetgvns in` are`

fgcg-

iumtef,

inln

km

dgkrrn,

me lefkre, kti. ( Cgaure ? e ).

Iukrpn

mìqugfn

ks

equkm iuyn lnmçiumes

ieloge`

cåigmlk`tk fk pnsgigù` rkmetgvns. mns

mìqugfns

sk

efepte` e me cnrle fk mns fkpùsgtns quk mns in`tgk`k`, y su

supkrcgigk sgklprk tgk`fk n `gvkmnrsk pkrckitelk`tk.

Km

eaun, km lkriu-

rgn,

kti., sn`

mìqugfns

( c gaurn ? o ) .

Iukrpn

aesknsn

n

aes

ks

equkm

iuyns

lnmçiumes tgk`fk`

n

skperersk

uès

fk ntrns,

inln

km egrk, km nxìak`n k dgfrùak`n. Kxgstk` fns imesks 2 km Aes

nrfgèrgn

y vepnr ( Cgaurn ? k }.

Km aes

nrfgèrgn

kxgstk n mes tklpkretures y prksgn`ks nrfgèrgns.

Km vepnr ks km

prnfuitn fk me koummgigù` fk

u`

mìqugfn, inln

km vepnr

fk eaue,

km fk

lkriurgn, kti.

Cgaurn ?± n Yùmgfn

Cgaurn

?-

o Mìqugfn

Cgaurn ?-i Aesknsn



r


~

G L @ V @ L @ V ~

X_G@IGXGNY AK@K_EMKYFK LKIÅ@GIE

(_cc.

89 ) 4

GLE-XK_Ò

mn

lkiå`gin

sk

oesn

k` trks

prgìgpgns

quk

sn`2

5n X_G@IGXGN

FK

G@K_IGE ( 5

rn. mky fk

@kwtn`)

Xrnpgkfef quk

pnskk` mns iukrpns fk pkr-

le`kikr

k` km

kstefn fk

rkpnsn n

fk

lnvglgk`tn

deste quk mns sequk

fk

çm u`n

ieusn

kxtreõn.

[`n

pgkze

n

eiiksnrgn

fk

låqugè

k`

lnvglgk`tn

sk

fktgk`k,

em ieon fk igkrtn

tgklpn,

iue`fn kstå snlktgfn e mn eiigù`

fk

cukrzes rksgstk`tks n rnzelgk`tns.

[`n

onmn

fk

ogmmer,

em rnfer snork

erk`n

cg`n, u`

teomkrn

mgsn,

u`

sukmn kìkrefn n

lårlnm

pumgfn

tgk`k,

k` su

lnvglgk`tn,

rksumtefns luy fgckrk`tks. K` kstk insn, ks

mn

cukrzn fkm rnzelgk`tn

quk, nore`fn

fure`tk

km

lnvglgk`tn

fk

mn

onme, ve elnr-

tgauå`fnmn

deste

deikrme

ikser

pnr

inl-

pmktn.

?¸

?fe.

MKW

FK

@KQVN@

"

Iue`fn

sk

epmgin

u`n

cukrzn

( C ) snork

u`

iukrpn fk

lesn ( L ) sk

prnfuik

u`n

eikmkreigù` { e ) quk ks fgrkitelk`tk prn-

pnrignèm n mn cukrzn epmgiefe k g`vkrsn-

lk`tk prnpnrignèm n mn lesn

".

Letklåtgielk`tk

kstk

kùìgefn sk

kx-

prksn esì 2 [@GFEFKY

C

e - lktrn 5 skau`fn

?

n

,. -

C -

`kwtn`

L

L -

jgmnareln

YÌLONMNY

_kklpmeze`fn

2

-l 5 s

?

@

-@

2n2

s?

ja

-

ja

9n

X_G@IGXGN

EIIGÙ@

W

_KEIIGÙ@

( 9re.

mky fk

@kwtn` )

[` trnzn fk eikrn n uè lequgèrge quk

fksie`se`

snork

km sukmn sk

le`tgk`k`

k`

rkpnsn pnr

kxgstgr

uè cukrzn fk rkeiigù`

kxeitelk`tk

gauem em

pksn

pkrn k` sk`tgfn

in`trergn, mn

quk kstå

uogiefn

k`trk mes

supkrcgigks k`

in`teitn.

Km prgìgpgn ks gauemlk`tk igkrtn tretå`fn-

sk

fk

iukrpns k`

lnvglgk`tn.

Km

ieoemmn

quk tgrn fk u`

inidk

kxpkrglk`tn, pnr

pnrtk

fk çstk, u`n rksgstkìge gauem em

kscukrzn

quk dnik

km

e`glem

pnrn errns-

trermn.

Kstk

prgìgpgn cuk

fksiuogkrtn pnr @kwtn`

e cg`ks fkm

sgamn

TSGG, kùìgå`fnmn k` kstn

cnrln 2

"

Mn

cukrzn fk

eiigù` ks gauem n

mn cukrzn

fk rkeiigù`, pkrn k` sk`tgfn

in`trergn

".

KYC[K_RN E U[K KYVÅ@ YNLKVGFNY

MNY

Ù_AE@NY FK MEY LÅU[G@EY

Oebn

mn

eiigù`

fk

mns cukrzes n

quk

kstå`

snlktgfns mns

ùrae`ns

fk

mns

låqugès,

çstns sk emerae` n sk inlprglk`, sk fn-

ome`

n tukrik`.

Mns kscukrzns sn` sglpmks n inlpukstns.

Xnr mn le`krn fk

norer,

sk

fgvgfk`

k` 2

-Kscukrzns fk treiigù`

n kxtk`sgù`

-

Inlprksgù`

-

Inrtefure

- Cmkxgù`

-Vnrsgù`

Ygk`fn mns trks

prglkrns

sglpmks, lgk`tres

quk mns ntrns sn` inlpukstns

pnrquk

rksum-

te` fk inlogèign`ks in` mns

e`tkrgnrks.




" (

L.E@Bin

G Q L @ G L G K @ V ~

X_G@IGXGNY AK@K_EMKY FK

LKIÅ@GIE

GLE-XK_Ò L C . ~ E

89 ) 4

Kscukrzn

fk

treiigù`

Kxgstk treiigù` iue`fn mns cukrzes quk nore` snork u` iukrpn k` km sk`tgfn fk

su

mnàgtuf

tgk`fk` n kstgrermn ( Cgaurn 5 )

~ < 2 I ~

, , w--------({n)Iz± w

Vreiigù`

Cgaurn 5

Equì

km

prglkr

eutn dnik treiigù` snork

mn

iukrfn quk rklnmin em skau`fn.

Kscukrzn kmk inlprksgù`

Ks km prnfuigfn pnr mns cukrzes quk eitòe` pkrpk`fgiumerlk`tk n u` iukrpn, tk`fgk`fn

e rkfuigr iuemqugkr(\ fk

sus

lkfgfns ( Cgaure ? )

Cgaurn ?

Iue`fn

km

letkrgem pnskk sucgigk`tk indksgù` rksgstk

km

kscukrzn: pkrn,

sg

kstk kscukrzn vkìk

fgidn indksgù` snorkvgk`k km epmestelgk`tn, inln mn gmustre` mes cgaures ? n

y

? o.

Kscukrzn

fk

cmkxgù`

Kxgstk

cmkxgù`

iue`fn mes cukrzes nore` pkrpk`fgiumerlk`tk e me mnàgtuf fk me pgkze

y

me kìnrve` n fnome` ( Cgaure 9 ).

-

-

.:.^.- ----..



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EX[IEFNY 2 k

k.Å@GIN

552 L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

X_G@IGXGNY AK@K_EMKY FK

LKIÅ@GIE

r222-5

---------------' ' _KC.GG2VE

89

Bn

[`n

vgae

klpntrefn

pnr u`

kxtrkln k`

mn perkf sk fnomn pnr mn eiigù` fk su prnpgn pksn.

Mn

cmkxgù`

ks u` kscukrzn inlpukstn. [` oemiù` quk snstgk`k n u` igkrtn `òlkrn fk

pkrsn`es

sk

cmkxgn`n lås iue`tn leynr skn km

`òlkrn

fk kmmns.

Kscukrzn kmk inrtefure

Yk prnfuik

iue`fn

mns cukrzes

quk nore`

snork

u` iukrpn eitòe` k` km

lgsln pme`n

y

dnik` rksoemer u`n

pnrtk fkm

iukrpn snork mn ntrn ( Cgaurn 6 ).

Ygk`fn D y

D'

fns

iuidgmmes

y

eitue`fn

snork kmmns

mns cukrzes C y C' k`

sk`tgfn

in`trergn,

inrte` km iukrpn E ( Cgaurn 6

n ) .

Kstk kscukrzn

fktkrlg`n

u` rksoemelgk`tn peremkmn n u`n

skiigù` kckitue`fn

u` inrtk

( Cgaurn 6 o ).

Cgaurn

6

Kscukrzn

fk

tnrsgù`

Kxgstk tnrsgù` iue`fn mes cukrzes quk eitòe`

snork

u`n

pgkze

trnte` fk tnrikrmn em-

rkfkfnr fk su

kbk.

Mn

tnrsgù` ks

u`

kscukrzn inlpukstn. Yk

fgik quk u` iukrpn kstå

snlktgfn

n u`n

tnrsgù`

iue`fn

snork

çm eitòn

u`

pnr fk cukrzes2

C

y C'

( Cgaurn ;

).

Cgaure Y

Kbklpmns 2 Mns seieinridns, ornies, kbks fk tre`slgsgù` y

fkstnr`gmmefnrks.



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMùAgiNY EX[IEFNY 2

"' ~ K ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

X_NWKIIGN@KY

FK

^^^^ ^ u ^ K ^ ^ ~ ^ s ^ X ^ _ ^ • ^ ~ ^ ^ ` ^ i ^ n ^ s

^^^ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Luidns

kmklk`tns

fk

låqugès

n in`struiigù` kstå`

oesefns

k`

cnrles prgslåtgins,

kstn

ks k` inrn fk cnrln

rkiteàumer

( Cgaure 5 e y o ).

Cgaurn 5

Vnfes mns cgaures

in` mnfns

rkiteàumerks sn` prgsles, sg`

glpnrter

sus

prnpnrign`ks.

Mn prnykiigù` nrtnanèm fk fgidns iukrpns sk dnik fk mn sgaugk`tk le`krn 2

-Vrnzer

mn vgstn prgìgpem fk

eiukrfn

n mns

irgtkrgns

ye

lkìgnèfns ( Cgaure ?

).

Eprnx

588

98

-

Cgaurn 9

- Lgre`fn km nobktn fksfk

errgon sk

notgk`k

mn vgstn

supkrgnr, quk sk

fgoubn

fkoebn fk mn

prgìgpem

y

n me

lgsln

fgsteìge

fk mn

vgstn

metkrem

( Cgau-

rn 6 ).

-Vrnze`fn

mì`kes fk

prnykiigù`,

deige mn

fkrkidn, fgouber mn vgstn

metkrem

gzqugkrfn

n u`n fgsteìgn

eprnxglefn

em 98

% fkm eìdn

fk me vgste

crn`tem

(

Cgaurn

9 )

- Ks `kiksergn trnzer mns mì`kes fk

rkckrkìge.

Cgaurn 6



r


~ i ~ K ~

_ K C . ~ E

86 )K)

GLE-XK_Ò

X_NWKIIGN@KY

FK

I[K_XNY X_GYLÅVGINY

-

Lgre`fn

km

nobktn

fksfk

mn fkrkidn

deige

mn gzqugkrfn sk

notgk`k me

vgste

metkrem fkrkidn. Ks `kiksergn deikr `nter

quk equì

fkok

cgaurer

u`n

ergste

niumtn y

quk

kmmn fkok

skr

rkprksk`tefn

pnr uè

mì`ke skalk`tefn.

-Vnfes mes ergstes

fkok`

auerfer

mn

lgsln

fgsteìge in` rkspkitn

n

mn vgstn prgìgpem

( Cgaurn 5 ).

X_NWKIIGÙ@

FK

I[K_XNY

XG_ELGFEMKY

mes

pgrålgfks y mns in`ns tgk`k` vçrtgiks: mns pgrålgfks tgk`k` oesk

iuefrefe

n rkiteàumer,

( Cgaurn ? ) y. mns in`ns oesk igriumer ( Cgaurn 9 ).

Cgaurn ?

cgaurn 9

mns trnìns fk pgrålgfks y fk in`n tgk`k` u`n oesk leynr y ntrn lk`nr ( Cgaurn 6 ).

Cgaurn 6

Ygklprk sk fkok trnzer km kbk fk sglktrìe y me vgste prgìgpem skrå km pkrcgm iù`gin fk mn pgrålgfk.

&c c g

Zcb

( n ) (

o )

Cgaurn ;

Kbklpmn2

Yg me

pgrålgfk

ks fk oesk

iuefrefn ks

sucgigk`tk

rkprksk`te r fns vgstns 2

me

crn`tem

y

me supkrgnr

( Cgaure ; e y o ).



MGLE-XK_Ò

,

IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NmùAGINY

EX[IEFNY 2

X_NWKIIGN@KY

FK

I[K_XNY X_GYLÅÌNY

Yemvn quk

skn u`n

pgrålgfk

`n sglçtrgin ks `kiksergn

rkprksk`ter me

vgstn

metkrem

(Cgaurn 3

).

( ~ K

t Q L @ r m l ~

~ ~

86

)§

cgaurn 3

X_NWKIIGÙ@ FK I[K_XNY IGMÌ@F_GINY

Mns iukrpns igmì`frgins tgk`k` u` pkrcgm peremkmn y fns oesks igriumerks fkm lgsln fgålktrn

( Cgaurn

1

n y o ).

-

sn

(n m

'

,....--r--,{^

,/.

......

~ ± ±

o )

-

-

-

----

-

----

^^&^

&

Cgaurn

1

Km

trnzn

fk

mn

prnykiigù` nrtnanèm fkok ±deikrsk sgklprk n

pertgr fk

u` kbk

fk

sglktrìe.

I[K_XNY IGMÌ@F_GINY INLX[KYVNY

(n)

-

Eu`quk mn

vgstn

metkrem

perkzin

supkrcmun,

dny

quk fgoubermn

pnrn deikr

vkr

mn

pnsgigù`

inìç`trgin n

kxiç`trgin

fk mns

fgstg`tns fgålktrns( Cgaurn 4 n y o ).

~ ±

± - ± - 5 -

( o)



IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMùAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 ~

G L @ G K @ ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

YKA[_GFEF IN@ MEY

~ ~ D ^ K ^ E ^ ~

^ ^ K ^ @ ^ V ^ ^ Y ^ L ^ ~ ^ u ^ ^ ~ ^ s ^^^ ~ ~ n n ~

_KINLK@FEIGN@KY

Xnrn klpmker inrrkitelk`tk mes mmevks fkok tk-

`krsk k`

iuk`te mn sgaugk`tk

2

- Mn onie

fk mn

mmevk fkok

kìnber

n ebustersk

pkrckitelk`tk k` mns instefns

fk

mn tukrie n

tnr`gmmn: fk

mn

in`trergn,

sk

feõerå` mn

mmevk, mns

ergstes fk mn

tukrie n

mn ln`n

fkm

npkre-

r gn ( Cgaurn 5

).

- Em klpmker u`n

mmevk,

ùìe

fkok

eulk`tersk

mn

cukrze

epmgiefn

(

Eõefgk`fn

u` tuon

pnrn

eulk`ter

km ornzn fk pemeìe ) `g anmpker in`

u`

lertgmmn,

puks mns mmevks kstå` in`strugfns

pnrn rksgstgr km kscukrzn `nrlem

fk

mn ln`n, y sg

sk

mks epmgin u` kscukrzn kxeakrefn pukfk`

tnrikrsk n rnlpkrsk.

-

Em

epmgier km

kscukrzn

snork mn

mmevk dny

quk

deikrmn " tgre`fn " fkm

lnàn

y

`n klpube`-

fn, pnrquk sg km npkrergn klpubn pnrn ecmnber

u`n tukrie n

tnr`gmmn

y çstns

ikfk` råpgfelk`-

tk,

pukfk

mestgler mns ùfgmmns fk

mn

ln`n.

- Yg pnr mn cnrln fkm

treoebn

duogkre quk klpuber

mn mmevk,

dey

quk deikrmn in` mn pemln fk mn ln`n

y

sg`

rnfker

km

lnàn

fk mn mmevk { Cgaurn

?

).

YKA[_GF F

YG B[KAE IN@

ME LEU[G@E_GE

Cgaurn 5

Cgaurn ?



,

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 ' ~ K L @ r K @ G L K @ V ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

YKA[_GFEF IN@ MEY r2-225

~ ~ D ^ K ^ ~^ ^

^ @ ^ V ^ ^ Y ^ L ^ L ^ u ^ ~

^

^^^

~ ~ ~ ~

_KINLK@FEIGN@KY

-

Mes mmevks rkaumeomks, inln

sustgtutns

fk

mes

cgbes,

sùmn

pukfk`

usersk

niesgnèm-

lk`tk

pnrquk

rere

vkz

sk

e¡ustn` pkrcki-

telk`tk n

mn lkfgfn fk

mn tukrie.

Ygklprk

mks

qukferå

km

¡ukan

quk kxgstk

k`trk mn

irklemmkre

y

kr tnr`gmmn

sg`cì` fk

ebustk.

Xnr kstn

rnzù`

sn`

pkmgarnsns

pnrn

mns

tukries,

pnrquk

sg

sk

kìuk`tre` cukrtk-

lk`tk

eprktefns y mn

mmevk

sk

ksiurrk,

sk

feõe` mns ergstes

fk

mes tukries n tnr`g-

mmns, `n pufgk`fn

efnptersk

fkspuçs e me

mmevk

cgbe

inrrkspn`fgk`tk.

YKA[_GFEF

-

Xnr ntre

pertk, mns [nvks rkaumeomks ncrk-

ik` u`

ornzn fk pemeìe ò`gin pere

tnfn

me

anle fk

tukries

quk pukfk`

eprkter n

ecmnber

2 K` mns pkqukõns

lkfgfes

pukfk` mmkaer e pertgr cåigmlk`-

tk mn

tukrie n

tnr`gmmn.

K` mns

leynrks

su

cukrzn qukfe rkfuigfe y pnr

fkoebn

fk mn

quk pnskk me mmevk

cgbn

inrrkspn`fgk`tk.

- Xksk e kstns gìn`vk`gk`tks, mes mmevks

rkaumeomks

sn`

g`fgspk`seomks

pnrn

mmkver,

k` luy

pnin

kspeign, u`n

vergkfef

fk

mmevks quk niuperìe` luidn

muaer

sg skrìe`

cgbns.

DK__ELGK@VEY

FK V_EOEBN

¡E`tks

fk

g`giger km

treoebn, eskaòrksk

fk tk`kr e le`n

mes dkrrelgk`tes

`kikserges



K@A_EXEFN

K@A_EXEFN FK CEBE XME@E

;9



r

NXK_EIGÙ@

LKIÅ@GIN mK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

K@A_SSSELXE_

CEBE

XME@E

~~~LE~

Ks me npkrei5n` leùem quk in`sgstk k`

u`gr mns fns

kxtrklns

fk uè cebe pmeè

lkfge`tk arepes lktåmgies.

Km

kàrelpefn sk klpmke crkiuk`tklk`tk

k`

tre`slgsgn`ks pnr cebe

pmeè (Cgaure 5 .


5n Xesn- Inrtk mns fns kxtrklns fk me cebe

e

ksiuefre utgmgze`fn

u`

pkfe-

zn

fk

lefkre

inln

epnyn

( Cgau-

re ?) 2

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

5. E`tks fk inrter me cebe skmki-

ign`k

me

eprnpgef

e.

?.

[tgmgik uè

iuidgmme

dulkfkig-

fe k` eaue.

YKA[_GFEF

¡ I[GFEFN

IN@

KM CGMN FK

ME

I[IDGMME, X[KFK IN_VE_YK

?¸ Xesn- Inmnquk mn arepn

k` u`

kxtrkln,

fkbe`fn kspeign pere

km pese-

fnr

( Cgaure 9 } 2

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

5.

Ykmkiign`k me

arepe

e`tks fk

inmnierme.

?. Km inrtk

fk

me

arepe

fkok

skr

mgakrelk`tk lås inrtn quk km

eìdn fk me cebe.

9. Me

arepe

fkok

inmniersk

pere-

mkmelk`tk em kxtrkln

fk

me

cebe.

6.

Me arepe

y me inrrke fkok`

prksgnèrsk k` km

tnr`gmmn fk

oeìn (Cgaure 6 }.

/ Xes efn r

K@A_EXEFN

Cgaure 5

Cgaurn ?

Cgaure 9

Cgaure 6

K@A_EXE_ CEBE XME@E

Kàrepefn

K@A_EXEFN



r

MGLE-

XK_Ò

;. Km lertgmmefn fk mes pu`tes fk

me

arepe

fkok

deikrsk snork

uè oesk fure (Cgaure ; ).

YKA[_GFEF

¡I[GFEFN IN@ MEY

X[@VEY

FK

MEY

A_EXEY,

X[KFK

DK_G_YK

MEY

LE@NY

9¸

Xesn-

Inmnquk

me

arepe k` km ntrn

kx-

trkln,

fkbe`fn

u`

kspeign pere

km pesefnr 2

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

5 .

_kpgte mes

noskrveign`ks

5,

?,

9, 6

y

; fkm ?¸

pesn.

?. Mes

arepes

fk elons

kxtrklns

fkok` inrrkspn`fkrsk.

9.

[tgmgik

u`

pesefnr

auìe y

vkrg-

cgquk km emg`kelgk`tn

fk

mns

fns kxtrklns fk me cebe.

6¸

Xesn-

Inmnquk km pesefnr

efkiuefn k`

km klpemlk (

Cgaure

3 ) 2

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

5 E`tks fk

inmnier

km pesefnr

vkrgcgquk

quk

ske km

eprnpge-

fn.

?. Inrtk

km

pesefnr

k` uè

mnàg-

tuf rkqukrgfe.

9. Inrrgbe

pnsgomks

fkckitns prk-

sk`tefns

fure`tk km

prniksn.

LKIÅ@GIN Z G

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

Cgaure ;

Cgaure 3

K@A_EXE_ CEBE XME@E



VKI@NMNAÌE KYXKIÌCGIE 2

LKIÅ@GIN KG

rv5E@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

KLXEMLK FK CEBEY XME@EY

AKC.DVK

84

)4

----------------------------------------------

Xere

km

k`meik

fk

mes cebes

sk utgmgze mns klpemlks n u`gn`ks.

Ygk`fn me u`gù`

me pertk lås

fçogm fk me cebe

sk

rkqugkrk luide etkìgù` y iugfefn k` su kbkiuigù`.

K`trk mns tgpns fk

klpemlks fk cebes pmeès

tk`klns 2

- pnr

arepes fk

lktem

-

pnr pkaelk`tn

- pnr insture

- pnr rkleidks.

5 . KLXEMLK XN_

A_EXEY

FK LKVEM

K`

kstk klpemlk sk

utgmgze

arepes

fk eiukrfn

em

tgpn

fk

cebe.

Km

klpemlk

pnr

arepes pukfk deikrsk

2 leùem n e

låqugè.

?.

KLXEMLK

XN_

XKAELK@VN

Yk sgauk

km

sgaugk`tk prniksn

2

e) Inrtk

mns kxtrklns fk me cebe,

få`fnmk

cnrle fk ogskm

k`

uè

mnàgtuf

gauem

e

uè vkz y lkfge

km

eìdn fk me

cebe

(Cgaure

5e) .

o)

[`tk

km pkaelk`tn pere cebes, kxtk`fgk`fn uè iepe fkmaefe

e mn meran fk mes pertks e

pkaer.

k) Inmnquk u`

ogskm

snork ntrn y

prç`skmns k`trk fns teomes

(

Cgaure

5 o ) .

e

9. KLXEMLK

XN_

INYV[_E

Cgaure m

o 5

/

Yk utgmgze prgìgpemlk`tk k`

cebes

fk

deste

5N ik`tìlktrns

fk eìdn.

Efklås,

rksumte te`

cmkxgomk inln me cebe lgsle

y

prnfuik

rugfn

em

peser

pnr

kìgle fk

mes

pnmkes.

Km prniksn ks km

sgaugk`tk

2

e)

Inrtk

mns kxtrklns k` cnrle

fk ogskm.

o) Xkrcnrk

elons

kxtrklns

in`

u` seieoniefn

fkm fgålktrn fkskefn (

Cgaure

? e ) 2

Mns

eaubkrns

fkok`

ingìgfgr

k` elons

kxtrklns fk mes

cebes.



VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE 2

LKIÅ@GIN m g

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-XK_Ò

KLXEMLK FK CEBEY XME@EY ~ ~

~ ~ ~ 88

k)

Kckitòk

me

insture in` tgres

fk irufn,

tk`se`fn ogk` iefe p u ` t e f ~

(

Cgaure

? o ).

(e)

(

o)

Cgaure ?

6. KLXEMLK XN_ _KLEIDKY

Km prniksn e skaugr ks km

sgaugk`tk

2

e. Inrtk mns kxtrklns fk

me

cebe k` cnrle fk

ogskm.

o. Xkrcnrk

elons

kxtrklns in` u` seieoniefn

fkm

fgålktrn fkskefn.

i. Inmnquk mns rkleidks y

me ere`fkme.

f.

_kleidk

in`

u`

lertgm mn

fk

onme

(

Cgaure

9

).

n

n

±n

'

n

n

•n

...

n

n

5>

c>

t&t2f

a

Cgaure 9




LKIÅ@GIN IK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

KLXEMLK

FK

CEBEY XME@EY

-----------------------' DVK

ns)§

A_EXEY

Yn`

u`gn`ks quk sgrvk`

pere

klpemler

mns

kxtrklns

fk

mes

cebes.

Vgpns

fk

arepes

Mes

lås

inlu`ks sn` 2

e.Fk irklemmkre in` k`meik cmkxgomk pere cebes

pmeès. Mes dey k`

5? teleõns

fgckrk`tks

pere

skr einpmefes k` cebes

tre`spnrtefnres mgakres

( Cgaure 6 e ).

o.Fk oe`fn, in`

oerres

fk

skaurgfef,

quk le`tgk`k`

km

ouk` emg`kelgk`tn

fk mes

arepes

y prntkak` mns kxtrklns fk mes cebes. Mes dey k` 3 teleõns fgckrk`tks

(Cgaure

6 o ).

i.

Eìdes fk oe`fe, quk

sk

prntkak`

le`tk`gk`fn mns

aeìdns fk

mes

arepes

k`

emg`kelgk`tn pkrckitn.

Mes

dey k` 3

teleõns

fgckrk`tks (

Cgaure

6 k ) .

...

e)

( o

m

(k)

Cgaure 6

YKA[_GF F

`spkiigù`km s

ogk`

snmn

mes skaures



r


LKIÅ@GIN Z c LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-XK_Ò

CEBE XME@E

~ _ k ^ C . ^ D ^ V k

^^

â^)4

In`nigfes telogç`

inln oe`fns, ce¡es pmeès

n

ce¡es fk tre`slgsgù` kstå`

fkstgèfes

e

tre`slgtgr cukrzn

y

lnvglgk`tn,

ak`kremlk`tk

e

are`fks

fgsteìges.

Km letkrgem

in`

quk kstå`

in`strugfes

ks

luy

vergefn, tk`gç`fnsk fk kste le`kre

inrrkes

eprnpgefes

pere iefe usn, inln

mes sgaugk`tks

2

Cgaure 5

Cgaure ?

CEBEY FK IE[IDN

CEBEY FK I[K_N

Ak`kremlk`tk

sn`

fk

iukrn fk rks,

cmkxg-

omks, fk

cåigm

le`tk`glgk`tn y rksgstk`tks

em

iemnr y me dulkfef. _kò`k` mes

sgaugk`-

tks

iereitkrìstgies

2

-

Vgk`k`

me

vk`tebe fk

skr

rkperefes,

inr-

tefes y rk`nvefes.

-

Vreoebe` lem

sg

`n sk inmnie me iere fkm

pkmn

in`tre

mes

pnmkes, fksaestå`fnsk

luy

prn`tn ( Cgaure 5 ).

CEBEY FK EMANFÙ@

In`sgstk` k` verges tkmes n frgmks

fk

eman-

fù`

( 5 e 5 N

)k`trktkbgfns

y inlpeitefns

k` eikgtk fk mgèze.

Yn`

cmkxgomks, fureomks

y

fk

cåigm

le`tk`g-

lgk`tn (

Cgaure

? ).

Xrksk`te` me vk`tebe fk uè

pkrckite

u`gcnrlgfef k` km eìdn y km kspksnr.

Xukfk` snpnrter

iemnrks n

crìns,

sg`

evkrgersk.

Yn`

luy

fureomks y

sk efdgkrk` ogk`

e

mes

pnmkes.

Me rkinlk`feigù` ks

quk

ùìe fkok usersk arese n eikgtk k` kstk

tgpn

fk inrrkes pnrquk

sk

fkstruyk`

cåigmlk`tk.

CEBEY

FK

MN@E

Yk fgstgàuk`

fns

tgpns 2 Mes fk ie`tns rkfn`fkefns y mes fk

ie`tns

fnomefns. Mes

prglkres sn` lås fureomks,

sk

efdgkrk`

ogk`

e mes pnmkes, sn` cmkxgomks y rksgstk`tks.



r

VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE

2

rv5KIÅ@GIN

Ic

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

CEBE XME@E

MGLE-XK_Ò

AKC. DVK 87 ) 4

FGYXNYGIGÙ@

FK MEY

CEBEY

_ELEMKY

FK

MEY

CEBEY

Yk in`sgfkre` fns relemks 2

-_nln/ lntnr n in`fuitnr, quk sk lukvk

k`

km

sk`tgfn fk me pnmke

in`fuigfe.

- _nln/ in`fuigfn, quk ve fk me pnmke letrgz

e

me

in`fuigfe ( Cgaure 9

).

V_E@YLGYGN@KY XN_

CEBEY

Cgaure 9

Yk

in`sgfkre`

fns imesks 2 Mes quk

sk

auìe`

pnr

sì snmes y mes quk `kiksgte` km usn fk

pnmkes - auìes.

Mes

prglkres sn` 2

e. Cn¡ns eogkrtns, iuye

cebe ks teàkìgem

kxtkrgnrlk`tk e me

pnmke

y agre k` km

lgsln sk`tgfn. Kste cebe sk mmele " cebe sg`cg` "(Cgaure 6 e) .

o.

Ce¡es

iruzefes, iuyns fns relemks sk kìuk`tre` k`

u`

pu`tn,

(Cgaure

6 o ).

i. Ce¡es tnrigfes n sklgiruzefes, quk sk use` pere u`gr fns kbks

pkrpk`fgiume-

rks skaò`

me

pnsgigù` fk mes pnmkes ( Cgaure 6 k). Yk lukstre esì me

c ~ g m g f f

pere

u`gr

fns kbks

peremkmns

pnr

cebes.

{}

e

Cgaure 6

5

IN@FGIGÙ@ G@FGYXK@YEOMK

Xere quk me cebe cuìgn`k sk rkqugkrk quk mns pu`tns, k` quk

eoe`fnè

iefe uè fk mes

pnmkes, fkok`

kster k` km pme`n fk me ntre

pnmke.

Kste in`fgigù` sùmn

pukfk

setgsceikrsk

pnr

uè cebe quk leridk sgklprk k` km lgsln sk`tgfn.

K`

me cgaure

6

sk

vk` trks

prnykiign`ks

fk kste

fgspnsgigù` pere

km

iesn

fk fns kbks quk

sk

'ruze`

k` åàumn rkitn.




kKIÅ@GIN rK

LG]@VK@GLGK@VNB

MGLE-XK_Ò

IÅMI[MN FK ME MN@AGV[F FK MEY CEBEY

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l

n n ~

CÙ_L[ME EX_NTGLEFE XE_E KM IÅMI[MN

FK

ME MN@AGV[F

FK

MEY CEBEY

Km

prnikfglgk`tn

lås

pråitgin pere

fktkrlgèr

me

mnàgtuf fk me

cebe

ks peser uè

iukrfe n ig`te lçtrgie snork mes fns pnmkes y tnler inln mnàgtuf me quk lerquk me

ig`te, eulk`tefe k` uè

ie`tgfef

prufkìgem ( u` pnrik`tebk ksiesn ).

@n ks pnsgomk epmgier km prnikfglgk`tn e`tkrgnr in` crkiukìge, ye

quk

dey

quk

iemiumer

me

mnàgtuf

fk

me cebe oeså`fn`ns k` emaò` fgoubn n irnqugs fn`fk

eperkzie`

mns

klpmezelgk`tns fk mes pnmkes y

rkemgze`fn

u`ns iåmiumns.

CÙ_L[MEY

e) Xere cebes

eogkrtes

2

M

(E)

Fn`fk

2

M < mnàgtuf

fk

me cebe

F

< fgålktrn

fk

me

pnmke in`fuitnre

f ...

fgålktrn

fk me pnmke

in`fuigfe

k < fgsteìge k`trk kbks

fk me

pnmke

5t

< in`ste`tk

(

9,5653

)

Mns vemnrks

fk

F, f y I fkok` kxprksersk k` mes lgsles u`gfefks fk mnàgtuf,ks

fkigr

k` ik`tìlktrns, lktrns n pgks.

Mns vemnrks

quk sk notkàe`

pere

M ksterå`

kxprksefns

k`

mes lgsles u`gfefks k` quk kstå` mns fk F, f y I.

Me cùrlume E fe

vemnrks

kxeitns pere M iue`fn sk trete fk uè cebe

eogkrte

quk

in`kite

fns pnmkes

fkm lgsln fgålktrn. Yg me cnbe ks eogkrte y mes pnmkes tgk`k`

fgålktrns fgckrk`tks,sk notgk`k pere M vemnrks lk`nrks quk mns vkrfefkrns,pkrn,

quk sn` eflgsgomks k` km iesn quk I ske

rkmetgvelk`tk

are`fk y

me fgckrkìge

fk mns

fgålktrns `n

luy eiusefe, pnrquk k`tnìks km krrnr skrìe luy pkqukõn.

Iue`fn

sk fkske

demmer

me mnàgtuf fk uè

cebe

iruzefe `n

fkok klpmkersk

me

cùrlume E, pnrquk

km

vemnr

e notk`krsk

ks

in`sgfkreomklk`tk lk`nr

quk

km vkr-

fefkrn.




LKIÅ@GIN

2K

5]L@VK@GLGK@VN

IÅMI[MN

FK

ME MN@AGV[F

FK

MEY CEBEY

MGLE-XK_Ò

~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ C ~ n n ~

o) Xere cebes

iruzefes

2

M

<5t(F+f)

?

k

(F+f)?

?

+ + 6

k

(

O)

Xrnomkle 2

Me fgsteìge k`trk ik`trns fk pnmkes

fk

uè tre`slgsgù` ks

fk

9 l,

km fgålktrn fk me pnmke in`fuitnre ks fk N, 48 l y km fk me in`fui g-

fe fk 8,68 l ¾Uuç mnàgtuf fkok`

tk`kr me

inrrke eogkrte y me

iruzefi

Xme`tkn 2

F 8,48 l

f 8,68 l

k

9l

M T

Epmgie`fn

me

cùrlume "E " 2

5 . M < 5t ( F : f )

+

? k _kklpmeze`fn vemnrks 2

? M - 9 56 (

8

•

48

+

8

•

68

) + ? T 9

• 5 ?

9. M < 95 56 T n 3 + 3

6.

M < 5,47 + 3

;. M • 1,47 l

Xere me

inrrke iruzefe

"

O

"

2

( F + f ) (F+f)?

M<5t + ?k +

6

k

M< 9,56

t

,48

+

8,68

m +

?

T

9 ( 8,48

+ 8,68

)?

? 6 T 9

( 5,?8 )

?

M < 1,47

+

...2.......:..^^...2^

5?

M -

1,47

+

.5Eg^

5?

M < 1,47 + 8,5?

M

...

4,85

l



MGLE-XK_Ò

r



( Lea`gtufks Xrnpnrignèmks )

' ( LNIÅ@GIN mm2 LE@VK@GLGK@V8

~ K C DIVE 81 B4

'-------------------------------------------

LEA@GV[FKY

X_NXN_IGN@EMKY

Fkcg`gigù` fk vergeomk

y

in`ste`tk

[è ie`tgfef ks

vergeomk

iue`fn

pukfk

tnler fgvkrsns

vegnrks.

[è ie`tgfef ks

in`ste`tk

iue`fn

tgk`k

u` vemnr cgbn.

Kbklpmns 2

e. [`

fkstnr`gmmefnr

iukste Y/. m

8,88

y km prkign

fk

vergns fkstnr`gmmefnrks

skrå

2

Esì2

Km prkign fk ; fkstnr`gmmefnrks 2 X

Km prkign fk 5; fkstnr`gmmefnrks 2 X

58.

(;)

< Y / . ;8

58 .

(5;)

< Y/. 5;8

- Km prkign ks in`ste`tk, km

instn

fk me inlpre verìe

in`

km `òlkrn fk

fkstnr`

gefn rks.

o.

Me

mnàgtuf fk

uè igriu`ckrkìge

sk kìuk`tre in`

2

Fn`fk 2

2^,-^<--^- -^ -------- -<--^-<^22 ^

- ^^^ ^ ~ , ? ~ - 2

¡5

Mk < 5t • F ±

- ~ - < - - 2 2 . < - 2 2 . - 2 - . k 2 ^ 2 - ^ - - - - ~

5t

9,56

ù ? ? / 1

F

fgålktrn

e) Km fgålktrn l gf k 5N il Mk

o) Km fgålktrn l gf k

56"

Mk

( 9,

56) (

5n

m

( ??/1) (

56)

95,6 il

66"

- Me mnàgtuf fk me igriu`ckrkìge verìe in` me mnàgtuf fkm fgålktrn.

Fkcg`gigù` fk vergeomk

fkpk`fgk`tk

k

g`fkpk`fgk`tk

K`

mes

sgaugk`tks

gauemfefks

2

e)

X < 5N • x

o)

Mk

< 5t • F

@ntelns

fns

vergeomks

(

Nuk

tnle`

fgvkrsns

vemnrks).



MGLE-XK_Ò



( Lea`gtufks Xrnpnrignèmks )

Me vergeomk g`fkpk`fgk`tk ks equkmme quk sk kmgak

mgorklk`tk: k` mns kbklpmns sn` "x " y " F "

Mn vergeomk fkpk`fgk`tk rksumte fk me kmkiigù`

e`tkrgnr, k` mns

kbklpmns sn` " X " y " Mk "

LKIÅ@GIN ZK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

~ K C DIVE 81 ) 4

Kbklpmns 2

Z@

- 6 ±

e\

`

me

kxprksgù`

2

Vk`klns quk 2

6 ks

in`ste`tk

e

ks vergeomk g`fkpk`fgk`tk

@

ks vergeomk

fkpk`fgk`tk

IN@IKXVN FK C[@IGÙ@

e) Inln k` X < ;x

X

fkpk`fk fk

x,

fgrklns telogç`

quk

X

kstå k`

cuìgù`

fk F, y sk ksirgogrå 2

p < c

(T)

o)

Inln

k` Mk < 5t • F

Mk fkpk`fk fk F, fgrklns

telogç`

quk

Mk

kstå k`

cuìgù`

fk F, y

sk ksirgogrå

2

Mk

<

c (

F )

k) Inln k` k

<

S ± t

Km kspeign rkinrrgfn

kstå

k` cuìgù`

fk

me

vkmnigfef

fkm

lùvgm,

y sk ksirgogrå 2

k < c (S)

--,-

5

F



/ ~


LKIÅ@GIN IK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò


~ ~ ~ ~ ^ L ^ e ^ a ^ ` ~ g t ^ u ^ f ^ k ^ s ^ X ~ r n ^ p ^ n ^ r ^ i ^ g ^ n ^ ` ^ e ^ ~ ^ s ~ ) ~ ~ ~ ± ~ ~ a ~

FKCG@GIGN@

FK

C[@IGÙ@

"

Yk

fgik quk y ks cuìgù`

fk

x, y

sk

ksirgok 2

y

<

c (

x )

iue`fn

e

iefe

vemnr

fk me

vergeomk

" x ''

inrrkspn`fk u`n

y snmelk`tk

u`n fk

me

vergeomk y"

Kbklpmn

2 K` me sgaugk`tk kxprksgù` 2

y

;x

+

m

pere 2 x

y

y

y

pere 2 x

y

y

y

pere

2 x

y

y

y

m

; ( m m + 5

; + m 3

3

?

; ( ? m + 5

mn + 5

mm

55

9

; ( 9 m + m

5; + 5 53

53

LEA@GV[FKY X_NXN_IGN@EMKY

T

y

Ks

uè cuìgù`

@n

ks

uè cuìgù`

Fns lea`gtufks sn`

prnpnrignèmks

iue`fn

uè

kstå k` C[@IGÙ@ fk

me

ntre.

Kbklpmns 2

e) Km instn fk u` tkrrk`n y su

supkrcgigk.

o)

Me

fgsteìge

quk

rkinrrk

u`

lùvgm

y

km

tgklpn quk

klpmke

k`

rkinrrkrme

(Skmn-

igfef in`ste`tk).

k) Km semergn

y km

tgklpn fk

treoebn.

f) Me vkmnigfef fk uè

pnmke y

su fgålktrn

k)

Km

t gklpn

`kiksergn pere

tkrlgèr

uè

nore y

km `òlkrn fk treoebefnrks.

k

< c ( s

¡

f

Y

S

V

( t)

(

t)

(

f)

c (

` )



IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMùAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2

LKIÅ@GIN

G2G LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-XK_Ò


~ - - - - ^ L ^ e ^ a ^ ` ^ g ^ ~ ^ f ^ k ^ s ^ X ^ r n ^ X^ ^rk^g^n^`ê^m^k^s^0 ^^^ ~ ~ w ~

Mes lea`gtufks

prnpnrignèmks pukfk`

skr fgrkite n

g`vkrselk`tk prnpnrignèmks,

fk

eiukrfn

e mes emtkreign`ks fk mes

vergeomks fkpk`fgk`tks.

Esì 2

n} E c.EE WN_

supkrcgigk

fkm tkrrk`n,

LEWN_

instn.

o)

E

LEWN_

tgklpn

klpmkefn pnr

km lùvgm, LEWN_ me

fgsteìge rkinrrgfe.

k)

E

LEWN_

tgklpn

fk treoebn,

LEWN_ semergn

rkigogfn.

f) E

LEWN_

fgålktrn fk me pnmke, LK@N_ skrå su

vkmnigfef.

E

LK@N_ fgålktrn

fk me pnmke, LEWN_

vkmnigfef.

k) E LEWN_ `òlkrn fk treoebefnrks, LK@N_ km tgklpn klpmkefn pere

tkrlgèr me nore.

E

LK@N_

`òlkrn

fk treoebefnrks, LEWN_

km

tgklpn klpmkefn pere

tkrlgèr me

nore.

K` mns trks prglkrns

kbklpmns dey lea`gtufks

fg-

rkitelk`tk prnpnrignèmks, pnrquk em

eulk`ter me

vergeomk g`fkpk`fgk`tk

eulk`te telogç` me verge-

omk fkpk`fgk`tk:

fk

gauem le`kre,

em fgslgùgr me

vergeomk g`fkpk`fgk`tk fgslgùyk telogç` me ve-

rgeomk fkpk`fgk`tk.

K`

mns òmtglns

kbklpmns dey lea`gtufks

g`vkr-

sel.k`tk

prnpnrignèmks,pnrquk

em

eulk`ter

me

vergeomk g`fkpk`fgk`tk

fgslgùyk

me vergeomk

fk-

pk`fgk`tk: y em fgslgùgr

me

vergeomk

g`fkpk`fgk`tk

eulk`te me

vergeomk fkpk`fgk`tk.

Mes lea`gtufks fgrkitelk`tk prnpnrignèmks

sk

rkprksk`te`

esì 2

y <

c (T)

Mes lea`gtufks g`vkrselk`tk prnpnrignèmks

sk

rkprksk`te`

esì 2

y

< c (

5

x )

FG_KIVELK@VK

X_NXN_IGN@EMKY

eulk`te =222220eulk`te

fgslgùyk =222220 fgslgùyk

G@SK_YELK@VK

X_NXN_IGN@EMKY

eulk`te

=<0fgslgùyk

fgslgùyk=2220

eulk`te



r


LKIÅ@GIN

ZG

LE@mK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-XK_Ò

IÅMI[MN FK

VK@YGÙ@

KCKIVGSE W

E@ID[_E

FK

MEY CEBEY

XME@EY -'

~ K C G G I V E

84

)

A

VK@YGÙ@ KCKIVGSE FK

[@E

CEBE

Ks

me

fgckrkìge fk

tk`sgù` quk kxgstk

k`trk mes tk`sgn`ks V

5

y

tk`sgù`

V

?

fk uè

cebe

fk

tre`slgsgù`, k`trk

relem

in`fuitnr y km relem

in`fuigfn.

Kbklpmn 2

Yke U. {

Cgaure

5 ) uè

pnmke in`fuitnre

u`gfe

pnr

uè

cebe e me pnmke

in`fuigfe

c.

Xere

quk

me

cebe

`n petg`k

fkok

kster

tgre`tk,

y snlktkr e sus relemks supkrgnr

k g`ckrgnr e

tk`sgn`ks

quk sk mmelerå` V

?

y

V

5

, rkspkitgvelk`tk.

Cgaure 5

Kste`fn

perefes

mes

pnmkes

sk snlktk

me

cebe

e

igkrte

tk`sgù`,

k`tnìks

V

5

y V

?

skrå`

gauemks.

Yg

sk kide e`fer me

pnmke in`fuitnre

cM. k` km sk`tgfn fk me

cmkide,

eulk`te me

tk`sgù`

k` km relem g`ckrgnr n

in`fuitnr

fk me

cebe

y

fgslgùyk

k` km

supkrgnr

n

in`fuigfn, deste

quk

me fgckrkìge k`trk mes fns tk`sgn`ks ks mn sucgigk`tklk`tk are`fk

inln

pere deikr agrer me

pnmke in`fuigfe

c.

Me

vkmnigfef

( S ) mg`kem

fk

me cebe, k` lktrns pnr skau`fn, ks gauem e

me

vkmnigfef

pkrgcçrgie

fk

mes

pnmkes,

y mes tk`sgn`ks V

5

y V

?

quk sk kxprkse` k` jgmnarelns.

Me

fk

me cukrze V

5

V

?

pnr

me vkmnigfef S, n me fgsteìge quk k` u` skau`fn rkinrrk u` pu`tn

fk me

inrrke, ks fkigr, pntkìge

te`slgtgfe

< ( V

5

- V

?

) S jal, y, pukstn quk 5 ieoemmn

< 1; jal pnr skau`fn, me pntkìge

k

k`

ieoemmns

skrå 2

k

<

(VG

-

V

? )

S

1;

Fn`fk 2

k Xntkìge quk tre`slgtk me

cebe

(

IS)

V

5

Vk`sgù` fkm

relem

in`fuitnr ( ja )

V

?

Vk`sgù` fkm

relem in`fuigfn

( ja )

S <

Skmnigfef mg`kem fk

me cebe ( l / ska )

1;

<

Semnr

fkm ieoemmn fk cukrze ( jal / ska )

Kbklpmn

5

rn.

K` uè tre`slgsgù` pnr cebes me pnmke in`fuitnre tgk`k 5 l

fk

fgålktrn y fe 5?8 rpl.

Me tk`sgù` k` km relem in`fuitnr fk me cebe ks fk ?88 ja y k` Em in`fuigfn fk ;8 ja.

Yupn`gk`fn quk `n petgè

¾

Uuç

pntkìge tre`slgtk me

cebe

>

5?8 rpl <

5?8/38 ?rps

nmuigù` 2

mukan

S < 5 x 9,5653 x ? <

3,?4

l/s

eprnxglefelk`tk

Epmgie`fn me

cùrlume

e`tkrgnr, rksumte 2

k

<

(?nn -

;n

) x 3, ?e

1; 5?,3

k

v



"""'

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKt@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 LKIÅ@GIN t2G

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

IÅMI[MN

FK

VK@YGÙ@

KCKIVGSE

W

MGLE-XK_Ò

E@ID[_E FK

MEY CEBEY XME@EY .B

~ K C DIVE

84 ) 4

Kbklpmn ?fn.

[è pnmke in`fuitnre

tgk`k

1; il fk fgålktrn

y

fe 5

48

rpl. Me inrrke quk k`meze in`

me

pnmke

in`fuigfe

tre`slgtk uè

pntkìge

fk

k v .

Fktkrlì`ksk me tk`sgù`

kckitgve

fk

e

cebe.

Ynmuigù`

2 5

48

rpl < m 48/38 < 9 rps y

1; il < 8,1;: mukan, me vkmnigfef mg`kem fk me inrrke ks

S

<

9 x

8,1;

x 9,5653

<

1,81

l/s eprnxglefelk`tk

Epmgie`fn me cùrlume e`tkrgnr,

sk

tgk`k 2

E@ID[_E

FK

MEY CEBEY

1; k

S

Iue`fn sk

fkskk

in`kiter

me eìdure quk fkoe

tk`kr

uè

inrrke

fk iukrn skìgmme pere

tre`slgtgr uè pntkìge fefe, pnfrå klpmkersk

me rkame

sgaugk`tk2

_kame

Xere

demmer

me eìdure `kikserge

fk

uè inrrke, k`

ik`tìlktrns,

y tre`sl

ìtgr

uè

pntkìge fefe, lumtgpmìquksk km `òlkrn fk ieoemmns quk sk fkske tre`slgtgr pnr 1;

y

fgvìfesk

kstk prnfuitn k`trk km notk`gfn

fk

lumtgpmgier me vkmnigfef fk me inrrke, k`

lktrns

pnr

skau`fn,

pnr me

tk`sgù` kckitgve pkrlgsgomk.

Kbklpmn2

¾Uuç

eìdure fkokrå

tk`kr me inrrke pere pnfkr tre`slgtgr uè pntkìge fk 53

ieoemmns,

treoebe`fn me inrrke

e uè vkmnigfef fk 5 N

lktrns

pnr skau`fn

y

sgk`fn me

tk`sgù`

pkrlgsgomk fk 3,4

ja/il

fk

eìdn>

Ynmuigù`2 Epmgie`fn

me

rkame

fefe, sk

tgk`k

<

Xufgk`fn klpmkersk, skaò` mns

teleõns

inrrgk`tks,

uè

inrrke fk 51,; il n 5 4 il.



r

"

N@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 L K Å @ G N ~

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

IÅMI[MN FK

VK@YGÙ@

KCKIVGSE W

E@ID[_E FK MEY CEBEY XME@EY

?

~ K C G J 2 V E 84 )4

GLE-XK_Ò

Mn tk`sgù` V

5

fk

u`n inrrkn fkpk`fk fk trks ceitnrks 2

-

Mn

tk`sgù`

V

5

-

V

?

-

Km inkcgigk`tk fk rnzelgk`tn

k`trk

pnmkn

y

inrrkn

- Km nrin fk in`teitn fk mn inrrkn y mn pnmkn lk`nr

Dny

cùrlumes

quk pkrlgtk` iemiumer

V

5

k` cuìgù`

fk mns trks ceitnrks

igtefns, pkrn,

sn`

inlpmgiefns

y fgcìigmks fk le`kber. Xnr kstn

sk iemiumù

mn Veome 5, lk.fgn`tk me

iuem

`n

sùmn

sk fktkrlg`n cåigmlk`tk

me

eìdure

fk mn inrrkn k` cuìgù` fk me

pntkìge

quk de

fk tre`slgtgr,

sg`n

telogç`

me

pntkìgn quk pukfk

tre`slgtgr

uè

inrrke

fk eìdure

fefe.

Mn

prglkre

inmulè fe, k` arefns, km erin fk in`teitn fk me inrrke

y

me

pnmke lk`nr:

me skau`fe, km

vemnr

fk

fgidn erin

k` creiigù` fk igriu`ckrkìge: y me tkrikre, me tk`sgù`

kckitgve låxgle pkrlgsgomk

V

5 -

V

?

pere

inrrkes skìgmmes fk iukrn,

k`

jgmnarelns pnr

ik`tìlktrns fk eìdure.

Mns vemnrks fk me òmtgle inmulè sk de` notk`gfn tnle`fn 5? jgmnarelns inln vemnr

fk Vm y

8,?1

pere

km inkcgigk`tk fk rnzelgk`tn. Kxpkrglk`temlk`tk sk de vgstn quk kstk

vemnr

fkm

inkcgigk`tk

fk

rnzelgk`tn

inrrkspn`fk e inrrkes fk iukrn quk cuìgnè` in`

pnmkes fk cu`fgigù`.

VEOME 5

VK@YGÙ@ KCKIVGSE XK_LGYGOMK K@ MEY CEBEY

Erin

fk in`teitn

Vk`sgù` kckitgve

pkrlgsgomk k` ja

Arefns

Creiigù` fk

pnr il fk eìdn

igriu`ckrkìge

78,8

8,?;8 6,55

55?,;

8,95? 6,47

5?8,8

8,999

;,56

59;,8

8,91;

;,;7

5;8,8 8,651

3,86

5;1,;

8,694

3,?9

548

n lås

8,;88

3,48

Yg V

5

-

V

?

rkprksk`te me tk`sgù` kckitgvn pkrlgsgomk y V me lgsle tk`sgù`

pnr

ik`tìlktrn

fk eìdure fk me cebe,

vemnr

quk sk seie fk me teome, k`tnìks

V

5

-

V

?

<

V

e,

k`

fn`fk

E

ks

km eìdn

fk

me

cebn

k` ik`tìlktrns.




MGLE-XK_Ò

IEMI[MN FK VK@YGÙ@ KCKIVGSE W

E@ID[_E FK MEY CEBEY

XME@EY

k

vKIÅ@GIN

rK LE@mK@GLGK@VN)

~ K C DIVE

84 ) O

Xn`gk`fn

k`

vkz

fk V - V su vemnr V E k` me

cùrlume fk

me

pntkìge

quk

tre`slgtk

me

cebe,

sk

in`vgkrtk

k`

~

V

ES

1;

y

km

eìdn E,

mn

fe

me

cùrlume

2

1; k

VS

Fn`fk

2

E < Eìdn fk me cebe ( il )

I < Xntkìge quk tre`slgtk me cebe ( IS )

V Vk`sgù` kckitgve fk me inrrke ( ja }

S

<

Skmnigfef

mg`kem

fk me inrrke (

l/ska)

Kbklpmn2

( 5 )

(

?)

Fktkrlì`ksk

km eìdn fk cebe `kiksergn pere tre`slgtgr uè pntkìge fk ?8 I

S.

Km erin fk

in`teitn

fk me inrrke y me pnmke

lk`nr

ks fk 9 /4 fk me

igriu`ckrkìge fk

çste,

y me vkmnigfef

mg`kem fk

equkmme

ks

fk

6;8 l/ll.

Ynmuigù` 2

6;8

l/ll < 1,;

l/s

Me

teome 5 fe ;,;7 ja

inln

vemnr

fk

me tk`sgù` kckitgve V pnr ik`tìlktrn

fk

eìdure,

inrrkspn`fgk`tk e u` erin fk

in`teitn

n u` erin fk me igriu`ckrkìge fk me pnmke.

W

esì,

me eìdure

`kikserge

pere me inrrke skrå, skaò` me cùrlume ( ? ) 2

1; T ?U

E < 9;,4 il n,

pråitgielk`tk,

93

il

;,;7

T

1,;




LKIÅ@GIN 2G LE@VK@GLGK@VN

IÅMI[MN FK XNVK@IGE W

^^^

^ k ^ M ^ n ^ i ^ • ^ n ^ ^ n ^ n ^ k ^ M ^ ^ s ^ ~ ^ B ^ ^ s ^^^^ C ~ ~ ~

GLE-

XK_Ò

XNVK@IGE

K@ IEOEMMNY

Kste

kxprksgù`

sk

klpmke ak`kremlk`tk

pere fksgaèr km

treoebn

kbkiutefn pnr

skau`fn. Yg

u`

dnlork mkve`te ?;

jgmnarålktrn20

e u` lktrn

fk

emture, k` km

kspeign fk u` skau`fn, derå u` treoebn

fk

?; x 5 < ?; jgmnarålktrns

k` u` skau`fn

y sg mkve`te u`

pksn

fk ;8 jgmnarålktrns e

8,;8 lktrns k` u` skau`fn,

skaugrå

dei gk`fn

km

lgsln t reoe bn fk ?;

jgmnarålktrns

pnr

skau`fn.

Mukan,

sg

uè

inrrke

tgk`k uè

tk`sgù`

kckitgve fk ?; jgmnarelns

y treoebe

e

uè

vkmnigfef fk 9

lktrns pnr skau`fn, me

tk`sgù`

fk

?;

jgmnarelns eitue

k`tnìks

k` uè

fgsteìge fk 9

lktrns

pnr

skau`fn.

Me pntkìge tre`slgtgfe ks fk 9 x ?; < 1;

jgmnarålktrns pnr skau`fn, n ske u`

ieoemmn.

Yg me tk`sgù`

kckitgve

cukre fk ?48

jgmnarelns

y

me

vkmnigfef

fk me

iukrfe

fk

?8 lktrns pnr skau`fn, me pntkìge skrìe

?48 x

?8 +

1;

<

1 6,1

ieoemmns

Iåmiumn pere kìn`trer

me

pntkìge

tre`slgtgfe

pnr /es

cebes

Xere demmer

me

pntkìge quk pukfk tre`slgtgr

uè

cebe fk eìdn fefn, sk deik usn fk

me

cùrlume

2

Kbklpmn2

Ynmuigù` 2

[è cebe

tgk`k mN il

fk eìdn y

sk lukvk e

rezù` fk

3 l pnr

s. Km

erin

fk

in`teitn

k`trk

kmme y

me

pnmke

lk`nr

ks fk 548¸ ¾ Uuç

pntkìge

pnfrå tre`slgtgr >

Ykaò` me Veome

5,

V

<

3,48

Xnr te`tn 2

k

3,48 T 5Ý T 3

1;

;,66

k v



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 LKIÅ@GIN

IK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

IÅMI[MN

FK XNVK@IGE

W

MGLE-

XK_Ò

SKMNIGFEF

FK

MEY

CEBEY

^,

~ K C

DIVE

87 ) 4

].

Iue`fn

mes

pnmkes sn` gauemks, km erin

fk

in`teitn fk 548¸ y km vemnr

fk

V inrrkspn`-

fgk`tk

e kstk erin ks fk 3, 48. _kklpmeze`fn V pnr kstk vemnr k`

me cùrlume e``tkrgnr,

sk

tgk`k

2

k

3,48 E S

1;

Fkspkbe`fn E y mukan S 2

E

S

Kbklpmn 5 2

55

k

S

5 5 k

S

E S

5 5

( 5 )

( ?)

( 9)

Fns

pnmkes

gauemks

fk 5

l

fk fgålktrn

y

quk de` fk fer 548 rpl, tgk`k` quk

u`grsk

pnr uè

inrrke

iepez fk tre`slgtgr uè

pntkìge fk

68 k

v ¾Uuç

eìdure fkok fersk e me inrrke >

Ynmuigù`

2

Me vkmnigfef

m g`kem fk me inrrke

ks

fk2

S

548 T

5

T 9,5653

38

Epmgie`fn me

cùrlume ? rksumte 2

7,6?

l/s

S

< 55

T

68

7,6?

61 il eprnxglefelk`tk

Kbklpmn

?¸ 2

Fns

åronmks

de`

fk

k`mezersk

in` uè

cebe fk 5 N il

fk

eìdure y

iepez

fk

tre`slgtgr

u

è

pntkìge

fk 5; k

v.

Mns åronmks fe` 6?8

rpl

y mes pnmkes, quk edì sk ln`tk`, de`

fk skr

gauemks.

Fktkrlì`ksk

km

fgålktrn

fk

çstes.

Ynmuigù`2

Ykaò`

me

cùrlume

9,

S <

55

x

5;

<

53,; l/s

58

Inln kste vkmnigfef mg`kem

fk me

cebe

ks

gauem e

me

pkrgcçrgie

fk me pnmke lumtgpmgie-

fe pnr

mes

6?8 / 38 < 1

rkvnmuign`ks quk

fe pnr

skau`fn, me

mnàgtuf fk

me igriu`ckrkìge

fk me pnmke skrå fk

?,93 l y km fgålktrn

ousiefn

2

f <

?

'

93

<

8,1;

l, eprnxglefelk`tk.

9,5653




LKIÅ@GIN G2G

5]L@mK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-XK_Ò

IÅMI[MN FK

XNVK@IGE

W

SKMNIGFEF

FK MEY CEBEY

~ K C DIVE

87 )

4

CEBEY FNOMKY

_kame

Xere

demmer me pntkìge

k`

ieoemmns quk pukfk tre`slgtgr uè inrrke fnomk fk iukrpn,

l u m t g p m ì q u k s ~ me tk`sgù` kckitgve pkrlgsgomk pnr

km eìdn

fk me inrrke

k`

ik`tìlktrns

y

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9;

l

pnr skau`fn

eulk`tn

fk

tk`sgù`, fkogfn e me cukrzn ik`trìcuae, mmkae`fn e 1 n lås jgmnarelns

pnr

ik`tìlktrn

fk eìdn.

Km

relem

in`fuitnr

fk uè

cebe

kstå

snlktgfn

e uè tk`sgù` fk

?4 jgmnarelns

pnr

ik`tìlktrn fk eìdn.

Yg

me

vkmnigfef

mg`kem ks pkqukõe,

pnr

kbklpmn 2 6 lktrns pnr

skau`fn, ks

fkprkigeomk

km eulk`tn fk tk`sgù`

fkogfn

e me cukrze ik`trìcuan, puks sùmn

emie`ze

e 8,?

jgmnarelns

pnr

ik`tìlktrn fk eìdn. Oesterìe

uè

cebe

fk

?8 ik`tìlktrns

fk

eìdn pere

tre`slgtgr u`n

pntkìge fk

2

?4 T ?8 T

6

1;

<

98

I S

eprnxglefnlk`tk




LKIÅ@GIN

IK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

IÅMI[MN

FK

XNVK@IGE

W

~ v ^ K ^ M ^ n ^ i ^ G ^ F ^ E ^ n ^ n ^ K ^ M ^ E ^ s ^ C ^ E ^ B ^ E ^ s

^^^^ ~ n n B ~

Yupùàesk

quk

me cebe `n tgk`k pksn: k`tnìks `n fkserrnmme cukrze ik`trìcuae emauè

y

su

tk`sgù` tntem

skrå fk

?4

jgmnarelns

pnr ik`tìlktrn

fk

eìdn.

K`

kstes

in`fgign`ks

sg me

vkmnigfef mg`kem fk me inrrke

ks

fk ?1

lktrns

pnr

skau`fn,

tre`slgtgrå

uè

pntkìge

fk2

?4 T ?8 T ?1

1;

<

?n5,3 k v

Xkrn, in`sgfkre`fn km

pksn,

me

cukrze ik`trìcuae

prnfuik k` me

cebe uè tk`sgù` fk

1

jgmnarelns

pnr

ik`tìlktrn fk eìdn, y inln

me

tk`sgù` tntem `n fkok kxikfkr

mns ?4

jgmnarelns pnr ik`tìlktrn fk

eìdn, me

pntkìge quk

tre`slgtk

me

inrrke

skrå

me

inrrkspn`fgk`tk

e

uè tk`sgù` fk ?4

- 1 ?5

ja,

n ske

?5

T ?8 T ?1

1;

<

5;5,?IS

Xere quk

uè

cebe tre`slgte kste pntkìge,

lnvgç`fnsk

in` me

lgsle

vkmnigfef mg`kem,

deorå

quk

fermk u`

eìdn fk

2

?8 T ?4

----

?

-

5

---

< ?3,31 ù ?1 il

K`

me

pråitgie, kste

cebe ferìe

lk`ns rk`fglgk`tn

quk me

prglkre, puks eulk`te km

petgèlgk`tn

fkogfn em egrk quk

qukfe

k`trk kmme y me

pnmke.

Eu`quk me pntkìge tre`slgtgfe

pukfk eulk`tersk

få`fnmk e me inrrke leynr vkmnigfef

mg`kem, em m mkaer çste e igkrtn

mìlgtk,

me tk`sgù` prnfuigfe pnr me cukrze ik`trìcuae sk

deik

te` are`fk quk

`n

aeè èfe

eulk`te`fn me

vkmnigfef.

Xere uè tk`sgù`

nrfgèrge fk treoebn,

kste vkmnigfef

irìtgie fk

me inrrke

sk deik

inlò`lk`tk fk

?7l e

98l pnr

skau`fn ( 5

168

e 5

488 lktrns

pnr

lgùtn) pere

inrrkes fk iukrn fk me lkbnr iemgfef y

fk kxtrklns

pkaefns: pkrn, k` me pråitgie

nrfgèrge

rere

vkz

pese fk

?6

lktrns.



r


LKIÅ@GIN Km LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-XK_Ò

INLXMKt.BGK@VN

FK

MEY X_NWKIIGN@KY

~ K C D I V E

58 BO

X_NWKIIGÙ@ NOMGI[E

Ks

me

quk rkprksk`te

u`

sùmgfn

u

nobktn

iuemqugkre lnstre`fn

sus

trks

supkrcgigks

n

ieres

k` u` snmn fgoubn, in`

gìmgèigù`

e

me fkrkide

n gzqugkrfe.

Me

in`struiigù`

fk kste

prnykiigù` rkqugkrk

trks kbks

oåsgins,

e

seokr

2

e) u`

kbk dnrgzn`tem

o) u` kbk

vkrtgiem

k) u`

kbk

gìmgèfn vergeomk

KBK SK_VGIEM

Mns

kbks

dnrgzn`tem y

vkrtgiem

sn`

pkrpk`fgiumerks k`trk

sì.

SE_GEOMK

Å@A[MN FK

G@IMG@EIGÙ@

SE_GEOMK



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 LKIÅ@GIN mm2 LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

INLXMKLK@VN FK

MEY X_NWKIIGN@KY

8KC.DIVE

58 B4

Me iereitkrìstgie p rgìgpem

fk kste

prnykiigù` ks quk

me iere crn`tem sk prksk`te tem

inln

me vgste

nrtnanèm,

n ske k`

su vkrfefkre cnrle.

Me prnykiigù` nomgiue ks utgmgzefe

k` km

Fgoubn Lkiå`gin

inln u`

inlpmklk`tn

fk me

prnykiigù` nrtnanèm

y

in`

km cg` fk

eorkvger

me g`tkrprkteigù` fk mn rkprksk`tefn k` mes

vgstes

nrtnanèmks.

Kstå prnoefn quk iue`fn u` fgoubn k`

prnykiigù` nrtnanèm

mmkve su

prnykiigù` nomgiue, çste sg`tktgze su g`tkrprkteigù`, ednrre`fn

tgklpn

y kvgte`fn

krrer

me eorkvgeigù`

fk fktemmks

y

iereitkrìstgies

fk

in`struiigù`.

Me prnykiigù` nomgiue ks in`nigfe telogç` inln

pkrspkitgvn

peremkme



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY

2

LKIÅ@GIN 2c LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-XK_Ò

INLXMKLK@VN FK

MEY X_NWKIIGN@KY

8KC.DIVE 58 )4

IE_EIVK_ÌYVGIEY FK [@E X_NWKIIGÙ@ NOMGI[E

Me

prnykiigù`

nomgiue

kstå

rkagfe

pnr in`vk`ign`ks

y `nrles.

Mes

prg`igpemks

sn` 2

e}

Me

vgste crn`tem fkm sùmgfn kstå sgtuefe

k` u`

pme`n

vkrtgiem crn`tem

-

In`

rkspkitn em noskrvefnr

-Km

pme`n ( 5 )

ks u`

pme`n

vkrtgiem

crn`tem, crk`tk em noskrvefnr

- Km pme`n ( ? )

ks u`

pme`n dnrgzn`tem

-

Km

pme`n ( 9 )

ks u`

pme`n

vkrtgiem

metkrem

-

SC ks

me vgste

crn`tem

Xnr

te`tn, tnfes

mes pertks fk me pgkze

sgtuefe k`

km pme`n

vkrtgiem crn`tem sk

fgoube` k`

su vkrfefkre fglk`sgù`.



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 ' k'/Ki.]@GIN

m'

@ m K @ G L G K @ V ~

±inLXMKLK@VN

FK

MGLE-XK_Ò

,

^^^^^ Ê^s^X^_^n^v^kîî^•n^@^k^s^^^^^

~ 5 n ~

o )

Km

åàumn

fk

gìmgèigù` (e) sk

kmgak

fk

eiukrfn

in` mns fktemmks n pnsgign`ks

fkm

nobktn quk sk

qugkrk rkprksk`ter.

Mns

åàumns quk lås sk utgmgze` sn` fk 6;¸, 98¸ y 38¸.

Km

vemnr

fkm

åàumn ^fk gìmgèigù`

fkok cgaurer k` km

fgoubn

2

k) Mes

mì`kes

fk cuae sn` rkites nomgiues y

peremkmes

k`trk

sì quk pertk`

fk mes

ergstes

y

sk

treze`

skaò` km

vemnr

fkm

åàumn

fk

gìmgèigù`.

Mes fglk`sgn`ks uogiefes skaò` kstes mì`kes fk

cuae

sk

rkfuik` klpmke`fn uè

ksieme fk rkfuiigù`. Fgides fglk`sgn`ks sn` mes quk k` km fgoubn eperkik`

fkcnrlefes.

( -6;¸

r • 8,;

f) Mes ksiemes fk rkfuiigù` lås usefes sn`

me

8,;,

8,3

y 8,1,

in`

mes

quk

sk

rkprksk`te` supkrcgigks gìmgèfes einrtefes e me lgtef, e mns fns tkrigns y e mns

trks iuertns fk su mnàgtuf vkrfefkre.

Mes

rkfuiign`ks

sk

klpmke`

in`

km

nobktn

fk

fgslgùgr

me fgstnrsgù` fkm

fgoubn

k`

prnykiigù` nomgiue.



MGLE-XK_Ò


INLXMKLK@VN

FK

MEY

X_NWKIIGN@KY

LKIÅ@GIN mK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

AKC.DIVE

58 BA

K`

tnfe prnykiigù` nomgiue fkok cgaurer me ksieme fk rkfuiigù` utgmgzefe 2

e ) Yk klpgkze

fgoube`fn

me vgste crn`tem sg`

fkcnrleigù`.

o)

Yk treze`

mes, mì`kes fk

cuae,

skaò` km åàumn fk

gìmgèigù`

(Eàume

kmkagfn2

6;¸

).

k) Yk fktkrlgè me mnàgtuf rkfuigfe fk

me ergste fkm

iuon, snork

iefe mì`ke

fk cuae.

Me

ksieme

fk rkfuiigù`

e

klpmkersk

ks

me

8,1.

f) Yk u`k mns kxtrklns esì

fktkrlgèfns lkfge`tk

mì`kes

cgès. Velogç` fkok` trezersk mes ergstes niumtes.

k) Yk tkrlgè km fgoubn rkcnrze`fn

mes

mì`kes

fk

in`tnr`n

in` trezn

lås

aruksn

k g`fgie`fn mes

ergstes niumtes in` mì`kes skalk`tefes.

/

5

5

)---

r< 8,1



r


2

LKIÅ@GIN Kc 5]EE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-XK_Ò

X_KSK@IGÙ@ FK EIIGFK@VKY

~ ~ ~

~ ~ r u 55

~

AK@K_EMGFEFKY

Me prkvkìgù` fk eiigfk`tks in`stgtuyk u` iepìtumn

kskìgem

k` mns nobktgvns

fk

me Ykaurgfef k Dgagk`k

G`fustrgem, esì inln k` km

prniksn

fk me g`cnrleigù` y

efgkstrelgk`tn.

Iue`fn mns

in`fgign`ks

fk skaurgfef

sk

prkvç`,

km

treoebefnr

iulpmk lkbnr mns terkes y km rk`fglgk`tn ks

leynr.

Me

imevk

fk mn

prkvkìgù`

fk niigfk`tks

sk

cu`fn

k`

fktkitnr npnrtuèlk`tk

y

kmglgèr equkmmn quk

pukfn

rkprksk`ter u`

rgksan

k` mns muaerks

fk

treoebn,npmgin`fn

lkfgfns

fk

nrfk`

y

m glpgkze, le`kbn

fk

letkrgemks,

dkrrelgk`tes, prntkiigù` fk låqugès, usn

fk

kqugpns

fk prntkiigù` pkrsnèm, g`spkiign`ks, g`vkstgaeign`ks,

supkrvgsgn`ks y in`trnm.

X M G A _ N

[sk

uè ksiemkre skaure

r< - ~ ~ - - < - - -

5 e

lkte

fk u` ouk` sgstkle fk

M

rkvkìgù`

~

quk `n

niurre`

eii fk`tks

--<<<--<-.222<2-2 -±- -

- --

---- ---




2

LKIÅ@GIN m2c

~ V @ G L G @ V N

X_KSK@IGÙ@ FK

EIIGFK@VKY

MGLE-XK_Ò

~ K C D I V E 55 )4

N_FK@ W MGLXGKRE

Km nrfk` y iugfefn gìmuyk` `n sùmn me

m glpgkze

y km

errkamn nrfkèfn

fkm temmkr y kqugpns

sg`n

me

`nrle

2 " [` muaer pere iefe

inse

y iefe

inse

k` su muaer "

Km

nrfk`

y m glpgkze

fk uè

cåorgie sn`

luy glpnrte`tks

k` me prkvkìgù`

fk

eiigfk`tks,

puks pkrlgtk`

2

- [` kcgigk`tk cuìgnèlgk`tn

-

[è

lnrem

kmkvefe

k` mns

treoebefnrks

-

Oukès rkmeign`ks duleès

¾ Iuå`fn

sk

fgik quk

dey

nrfk` k` u` muaer >

" Iue`fn `n

dey

nobktns k` mns pesgmmns quk

nostruyk`

km pesn, mns letkrgemks kstå`

inrrkitelk`tk

emleikèfns

y

mes dkrrelgk`tes, quk `n

sk

use`,

inmniefes k`

kste`tks

y

aeìdns

".



MGLE-XK_Ò

r


LKIÅ@GIN

m2c

5]EE@VK@GLGK@VN

X_KSK@IGÙ@ FK

EIIGFK@VKY

~ K ~ 5 5 ~

¡ YKA[_GFEF

,,

Xkqukões

antes

ieuse` are`fks ieìfes



@?

N_FK@ FK KBKI[IGÙ@

85

Fksln`tk

me

cebe

pmeè y vkrgcgquk

su kstefn

8?

Inrtk me

cebe

89

Kàrepk me

cebe pmeè

86

Ln`tk

me cebe pmeè y inmnquk km pesefnr

8;

Xrukok

km

cuìgnèlgk`tn

83

Fksln`tk

me cebe

k`

58

S

8

81

Skrgcgquk km

kstefn fk

me cebe

84

Ln`tk me

cebe

k`

58

S

8

87

Vk`sgn`k

me

cebe

58

Xrukok km cuìgnèlgk`tn.

DK__EL mK@VEY

5

G@YV_[LK@VNY

n Bukans

fk

mmevks

fk

onie

n

Lertgmmn

fk onme

n Emgietk

n

Xgte

n

inrfkm

n

Vein

fk

lefkre

n Cebes pmeès y

k`

58

S

8

n±

Ksiuefre

fk tnpk

n _kame arefuefe

n

ig`te lçtrgie

n

Arepe

lktåmgie

7

Xesefnr pere arepe.

5-- -^^^.5^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^¡^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

85 85 Cebe Xmeè fk Mnè y Ieuidn

9/53

58

T ?

8

T 4

8

XRE.

IE@V.

FK@NLG@EIGÙ@

@N_LE

5

FGLK@YGN@KY

LEVK_GEM

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

FKYLN@VEBK W LN@VEBK FK CEBEY DV 89 LE@ _KC.



r

LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

NXK_EIGÙ@

FKYLN@VE_ W

LN@VE_

CEBEY

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ X ~ ~ @ ^ E ^ s ~ v ^ K ~ @ ^ ± ^ ± ^ v ^ ± ^ ± ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

A K ~ ~ N N L E ~

Ks me

npkreigù`

quk in`sgstk k` rktgrer k g`stemer cebes

pere ieloger

pnmkes,

emg`ker

pnmkes,

rkperer låqugès

n

ieloger

cebns.


IEYN 5 FKYLN@VE_

CEBEY XME@EY

5n Xesn-

G`spkiign`k

me

e`nrlemgfef

fk

me tre`slgsgù`.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

m .

Noskrvk km cuìgnèlgk`tn

fk

me

cebe

(

Cgaure

5 )

?. Fktkitk me

e`nrlemgfef fk

me

tre`slgsgù`, pnr lkfgn fk me

vgste n km teitn.

?¸

Xesn-

_ktgrk me

ce¡e

(

Cgaure ? )

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

m . _k tg rk

km

prntkitnr.

?.

Fgstk`sgn`k me cebe ecmnbe`fn

km tk`snr

fk

me

cebe.

9. _ktgrk me

cebe.

X_KIE[IGÙ@

¡ Fksin`kitk km cmugfn kmçitrgin

e`tks

fk

g`giger me npkreigù`

m.

Cgaurn ?

Cgaurn 5



r

LKIÅ@GIN FK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

NXK_EIGÙ@

FKYLN@VE_

W

LN@VE_

CEBEY

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ p ~ ~ @ ^ E ^ Y ~ W K ~ @ ^ • ^ • v ~ ± ± ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ B ~ ~ L E ~

9¸

Xesn-

_kperk

me

cebe fk

eiukrfn

e

me

`kiksgfef

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

5. Yg kstå evkrgefe, skpårkme.

?. Yg

kstå

fklesgefn aestefe,

iål-

ogkme

pnr ntre `ukve (Cgaure 9 ).

IEYN

FKYLN@VE_

CEBEY

K@"

S"

5

¸

Xesn- G`spkiign`k

me e`nrlemgfef fk

me tre`slgsgù`.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

5 .

Noskrvk me

cnrle

fk treoebn

fk mns

cebes.

?. Fktkitk me e`nrlemgfef vgsuem-

lk`tk pere in`steter mes in`fg-

ign`ks fk mes cebes

(Cgaure

6 ).

?¸

Xesn- _ktgrk me ce bn 2

e. Ecmnbk prkvgelk`tk km tk`snr

( Cgaure ; ).

o. _ktgrk me cebe.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

m . Iue`fn me tre`slgsgù`

ks

lòm-

tgpmk vkrgcgquk iefe

cebe.

?. Xnrn

rktgrer iefe

ce bn,

agrk

fk

me

pnmke

lk`nr n mn leynr.

Cgaurn 9

Cgaure 6

Cgaure ;



MGLE-

XK_Ò

NXK_EIGÙ@

FKYLN@VE_ W LN@VE_ CEBEY

XME@EY W K@

55

S

55

IEYN

555

LN@VE_

CEBEY

XME@EY

5n Xesn- Ln`tk mn cebn k` me pnmke 2

e. Skrgcgquk km ouk` cuìgnèlgk`-

tn fk

me tre`slgsgù`

(

Cgaure

3 ).

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

5. Me tk`sgù` epmgiefe e

me

cebe

fkok skr me efkiuefe.

?. Yg me cebe qukfe cmnbe, rkebustk

me tk`sgù`.

IEYN

GS

LN@VE_

CEBEY K@

" S "

5n Xesn-

Ln`tk me

cebe k` me pnmke 2

e. .E¡ u stk km tk`snr.

o. Skrgcgquk km ouk` cuìgnèlgk`-

tn fk

me

tre`slgsgù` ( Cgaure 1 )

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

5 .

Me

tk`sgù` epmgiefe e me cebe

fkok skr me efkiuefe.

?.

Yg

em

noskrver

km ln`tebk `nte

quk

me cebe qukfe

cmnbe,

rk-

ebus±tk me tk`sgù`


~ K C D 8 8 3 L E ~ 4

Cgaure 3

Cgaure 1



r



MGLE- XK_Ò

LN@VEBK

FK CEBEY XME@EY

W K@

55

S

55

(_KC.DVK 58

)4

Em

g`stemermes `n

sk fkok` ln`ter pnr

lkfgn fk pemeìes, pnrquk

esì sk vukmvk`

g`skrvgomks

n`tks

fk

deokr sgfn

usefes

(

Cgaure

5

}.

Km eìdn fk mn

cebn

fkok skr

;% ù

5N% lk`nr quk mn pnmke lås eànste e cg`

fk

prkvk`gr

quk rukfk

emrkfkfnr fk mns snpnrtks u ntrns

noståiumns.

Kvìtksk mes

tre`slgsgn`ks

vkrtgiemks, sgklprk quk skn

pnsgomk.

IN__KIVN

Cgaure 5

Em ln`ter kstk tgpn fk tre`slgsgù` tçàesk iugfefn k`

eskaurer

u` emg`kelgk`tU pkrckitn

fk mes pnmkes, puks sg

qukfe`

cukrn fk mì`ke mes cnbes sucrk` are` fksaestk.

Em inmnier mes cnbes k`

mn

pnmkes, fkok`

qukfer in` uè

tk`sgù` efkiuefe pere

eituer

fgrkitelk`tk snork mns Cebns ( Cgaure ? ) .

LNV_GR

XNMKE VK@YN_E

XNMKE VK@YN_E

Cgaure ?

L N ~ V B K FK CEBEY K@

55

S

55

Km

rk`fglgk`tn

y

in`skrveigù` fk uè cebn

k`

55

S "

fkpk`fk, prgìgpemlk`tk, fkm ln`tebk

y fk mns in`niglgk`tns

quk

em rkspkitn

sk

tkàe.

IN@FGIGN@KY FK [@ O[K@

LN@VEBK

5.

Em

ln`ter cebns k` " S " k` tre`slgsgn`ks,

eskaurk

su emg`kelgk`tn pkrckitn.

?.

Iugfk quk mns reùres

fk

mns pnmkns ingìgfe` kxeitelk`tk y kstç` ogk` mgses: mes

reùres

g`kxeitns

n suigns

niesgnè`

nsigmeign`ks k`

mn

cebe.




LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

LN@VEBK

FK CEBEY

XME@EY

MGLE-

XK_Ò

, ^^^^^^^

^ K ^ @ ^ ± ± ^ v ^ ± ± - - - - - - - - ~ A ~ l 5 n ~

9. Noskrve

sg

mns åàumns fk mes reùres

fk

mes

pnmkns

sn`

gauemks y kstå` fksprnvgstns

fk suigkfef: åàumns

fksgauemks

y

suigns

tgk`fk`

e

eulk`ter me tk`sgù`,

fe`fn

e

mes

ntres cebes

mn

epergkìge fk

kster

cmnbes.

6.

Inlprukok quk mes

cebes ske`

gaue-

mks iue`fn usk lås

fk uè.

;.

Vkàe

k` iuk`te quk fkok

peser

emaò`

tgklpn pere

quk

emieìk`

su

in`fgigù` pmk`n.

3. Ksteomkzie sg

kxgstk

mnàgtuf kxiksg-

ve,

puks uè pkqukõe fgckrkìge

niesgnè uè

inloefure

kxiksgvn

( Cgaure 9 ).

1. @n

usk pkaelk`tn emau`n

y

in`skrvk

me cebn mgork fk

eikgtk

n arese.

4. Oebn `gàuè igriu`steìge

cukrik

in` pemeìes

n

fkstnr`gmmefnrks

km

ln`tebk.

Ecmnbk

km

tk`snr.

G@YVEMK MEY CEBEY

E

LE@N

W FK LE@K_E U[K

ME

XE_VK

CMNBE U[KFK

K@IGLE

EYÌ

N U[K

ME XE_VK CMNBE

FK VNFEY MEY CEBEY

U[KFK

FKOEBN

@[@IE MEY G@YVEMK EYÌ

Cgaure 9





MGLE-

XK_Ò

Mns cebns k` " S " in`stgtuyk` u`

efkme`tn

k`

mn tre`slgsgù` fk cukrzn

y, ak`kremlk`tk,

kstå`

in`strugfes fk inrfn`ks fk

emanfù`

fk`trn

fk

u`

iukrpn

fk

ieuidn.

Kstns

cnbes

sk

fksmgze`

k` pnmkes

iuyn

mme`tn kstå cnrlefe

pnr reùres

k`

cnrle fk

"

S ".

Mns

cebns

k` "S" deik` pnsgomk me trn`sl gsgù`, pnr

lòmtgpmks inrrkns,

fk pntkìges deste

3888

DX,

sgk`fn

mes lås

inlpeites, oeretes

y

fk pksn

lås

m gvge`n quk sk pukfk` g`stemer

k`

iuemqugkr låqugè

(Cgaurn

5 ).

Cgaure

5

Xkrlgtk` me

rkfuiigù`

fkm

;8%

fkm fgålktrn fk

mes

pnmkes, fkm 98% em ;8% fk

eìdn

fk

es

p n m k n ~

y u` ?8% n lås

fk me fgsteìge k`trk

kbks.

K` tre`slgsgn`ks ùkvns, in` me lgsle iepeigfef

k`

DX,

km

instn fk u`n tre`slgsgù` pnr

inrrke k`

55

S "

ks inln u`

68% lk`nr quk

mes tre`slgsgn`ks pnr cebns

pme`ns.

X_G@IGXGN OÅYGIN

FK V_E@YLGYGÙ@ XN_ CEBEY K@

55

S

55

Km

prgìgpgn oåsgin

fk cuìgnèlgk`tn

fk

mes

cnbes

k`

"S"

ks

km

kckitn

fk igkrrk

quk

fkserrnmmn iue`fn me cebe sk esgk`te k` me aerae`te fk me pnmke. Me

skiigù`

supkrgnr kstå

oebn tk`s2ù` y me

skiigù`

g`tkrgnr pk`ktre pnr inlprksgù`,

deigk`fn

quk

mns mefns fk

me

cebn sk

inlok`.





MGLE- XK_Ò

CEBEY K@

55

S

55

( _KC.DVK 55

)§

Kste skii5n`

fk

inloefure

deik quk me

cebe

eaerrk

mes

perkfks

metkremks fk

me

aerae`te

fk

me pnmke, fkogfn

em

kscukrzn

metkrem, in` eiigù` luy perkigfe

e me

fk

u` kloreauk fk crgiigù`. Km eaerrk

quk

sk

prnfuik k` kste cnrle `n tkrlgè deste

quk me cebe

sk

k`furkik,

em

semgr fk me

pnmke. Xnr mn te`tn, mes

perkfks

mgses k` mes

aerae`tes

fk mes pnmkes ceigmgte` me mgokr-

tef

fk me cebe k

glpgfk`

km iemk`telgk`tn

y km fksaestk råpgfn

(Cgaure

? ).

[VGMGFEF

FK

ME

IN__KE

K@

" S "

I ~ F [

,NGGIGÙ@ G@GIGEM

GFEEGF M E V ~ E M

XNGGIG'Ù@

FG2

VEEG[BN

Cgaure ?

Yu epmgieigù` verìe fksfk

uè snme

Cebe pere creiigù` fk ieoemmn dUstn me tre`slgsgù` fk

cebes lòmtgpmks fk

ik`tkèrks

fk ieoemmns

fk

cukrze.

Me rezù` fkm

are`

eulk`tn fkm

usn

fk

kstes

cebes sk fkok

e

rezn`ks tçi`gies cu`felk`temks fk

prgìgpgns

vk`tebnsns,

oå-sgins k`

gàk`gkrìe

g`fustrgem,

y

fkm

ln`tebk

inrrkitn

fk

me

tre`slgsgù`,

fk me

in`struiigù`

kxpkrte

y emte

iemgfef fk

mes

cebes, igriu`steìges quk

km lkiå`gin

fk

le`tk`glgk`tn fkok

tk`kr

k` iuk`te pere in`skaugr

mes sgaugk`tks

vk`tebes 2

m.

Fgsteìges inrtns k`trk ik`trns fk k¡ks.

Me

f s ~ fk pntkìge fk

eaerrk quk

sk notgk`k in` cebes

k`

S,

k` me aerae`te

fk me

pnmke, ks tem quk pukfk` usersk are`fks rkmeign`ks

k`trk

pnmkes in`fuitnres y

in`fuigfes, eu` iue`fn sk rkfuzie km erin fk in`teitn k` me

pnmke

pkqukõe ( Cgaure

9

).

Cgaure 9




LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

CEBEY

K@

55

S

55

^^^

5

^)4

?.

Fgskõn kspkigem

Me

cebe

k`

55

S

55

kstå

fgskõefe pere inrrkr

mn sucgigk`tklk`tk

emte

k`

me

aerae`te

fk

me pnmke, fk

le`kre quk

sgklprk dey kspeign pere egrk k`trk km cn`fn

fk

me aerae`te

fk

me

pnmke:

me cebe `n

inrrk snork km cn`fn

fk

me aerae`te

fk me pnmke. Inse quk

`n suikfk in` mes cebes pmeès ( Cgaure 6 ) .

E Ykiigù` in` ieomks fk

eikrn

O Mes

reùres

sk

eork` pere fgsgper km

iemnr

I Mes

reùres

sk in`trek` pere u`

eaerrk

lås

perkbn

F Iukrpn fk ieuidn

K Iuogkrte fk

tkme cukrtk y

em

sksan

Cgaure

6

9.

Fktemmk fk in`struiigù`

fk

ce¡es k`

55

S

55

Yn` cebes pkrckitelk`tk elnmfefes, dkides in` reùres e prnpùsgtn. Yu in`srrui-

igù`

tgk`k k`

iuk`te

me

`kiksgfef fk rksgstkìge, cmkxgogmgfef,

kmestgigfef y fureign`

`kikserges

pere

quk prnpnrign`k` kcgigkìge

ak`krem k` km

cuìgnèlgk`tn.

Yu kmklk`tn fk treiigù`

in`sgstk

k` ùlkrnsns

ieons

fk iukrfe

kspkigemks,

leriefns k` mn cgaure ;, in` me

mktre

I, quk pkrlgtk` quk me cebe cuìgn`k in` cåigg

cmkxgogmgfef.

/

/

/

Cgaure

;

Mes

iukrfes sk snstgk`k` snork

ieuidn

emtelk`tk rksgstk`tk em

iemnr

cukrtk (znè

O y

F}

y e

me vkz kmåstgin, snstk`gç`fnmes

k` pnsgigù` kxeite lgk`tres me

ce¡e

cuìgn-

è.

[è

iuogkrte

fnomk

tkbgfe em

sksan,

znès E, iuork me cebe,

prntkagç`fnme

in`tre

km

fksaestk

y

me

g`trnfuiigù`

fk

letkrges kxtreões. Me cmkxgogmgfef sk eu-

lk`te

in`

km tkbgfn fk sksan.

Kstk

fgskõn rkfuik

em lì`gln km noståiumn

prgìgpem

fk me fureigù` fk

iuemqugkr

cebe

2

km emeraelgk`tn

kxiksgvn.

Deste deik

pnin, kstes

cnces sk

in`s-

truìe` prgìgpemlk`tk fk

t k b g f n ~ bnome-

fns,

mn quk `n sùmn

ieuseoe

u`n

(¡agfkz2

kxiksgve

in`sgfkreomk iemnr pn: 2n crgi-

igù` g`tkrè, g`cmuvk`fn k` me k ~ u ...

iigù`

fk

me cebe. ±

Ednre

de` fkseperkigfn kstes fksvk`te-

bes, puks sk

in`struyk` fk uè snme mì.-5kn

fk iukrfes glprkaèfes

k`

anle

y errn--

m mefes in`tgùelk`tk,

le`tk`gfes k`

pn-

sgigù` pnr inbg`ks fk

anle, B`< supkrgir

y

ntrn g`ckrgnr, in` rkvkstglgk`tn kxtkrì fk

emanfù`.

Km

in`bu`tn

ks vt..f .k5`gzefn,

oemn

prksgù`,

pere prnfuigr

uè

mnà¡tuf

y±ski-

igù`

tre`svkrsem, inln me

fk

me

c taure

ù.




LKIÅ@GIN FK

rL@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

CEBEY K@

55

S

55

^^^

5^)4

zn"e ~

rkugù" G

± ] ] Q ~ ~ ~ s k ~ s c g

- - ~ 5 ~ - - ~ ± ± 2 ± ± ± ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z ~ < < < ~ < in¡c,. s"''''•'

bk

Dtmmtrn

f u ~

iu rf

..

5...

± ± ~ ± ± ± ± ± ~ ~ ~ ~ ItBc• m m md r gn r

"' _kuumld`t• K.suren

Rn55n ft

Inr`pruB`

Cgaure 3

MÌ@KE FK I[K_FEY

In`sgstk

k`

iukrfes

fk emanfù`

g`kxtk`fgomks, fk

rksgstkìge kxikpignèm

y in`struiigù` tnrigfe.

Vgk`k` pnr nobktn

snpnrter me ierae

kbkrigfe snork

me

cebe

y

rksgstgr me emeraelgk`tn.

Me pnsgigù` fk mes

iukrfes

in`stgtuyk u`

ceitnr glpnrte`tk k` km fgskõn. Kstå`

sgtuefes

eprnxglefelk`tk km

kbk

`ku-

trn fk

me

ce¡n, k` km

quk

sn` k`tkrelk`tk

`kutrns mns kscukrzns fk inlprksgù`

y

fk

treiigù` ieusefns pnr me

cmkxgù`

fk me cn¡n

emrkfkfnr fk me pnmke.

K` km treoebn, kste pnsgigù` pkrlgtk quk

mes

iukrfes

fksklpkõk` su cuìgù`

k`

tnfes mes pnrign`ks rkites y

iurves fkm

treykitn fk

me

cn¡n e

cg` fk

quk

prnfuzie

iemnr pnr

&ckitn

fk

me

crgiigù`

g`tkrè.

GLX_KA@EIGÙ@ FK ME I[K_FE

Xere glpkfgr me crgiigù`

g`tkrè

mes iukr-

fes fkok` ^kster egsmefes uès

fk

ntres, mn

quk

sk deik klpntrå`fnmes

k` anle

pure.

Esì, tnf±n lnvglgk`tn fk mes iukrfes ks

elnrtgauefn

pnr me anle

y km iemnr

prn-

fuigfn pnr me cmkxgù` in`tgùe qukfe rk-

fuigfn em lì`gln.

INBG@KY FK

ANLE

Km

inbì`

g`ckrgnr eosnrok mns

kscukrzns

fk

inlprksgù` fure`tk me cmkxgù` fk me cebe

emrkfkfnr

fk

me pnmke.

Km

inbì` supkrgnr

eosnrok mns kscukrzns

fk

treiigù` fure`tk

me

cmkxgù` fk me cebe y

sk

prkpere

in`

km

arefn

fk kmestgigfef y fk

rksgstkìge kxgagfns

pere kstk

cg`.

_KSKYVGLGK@VN KTVK_@N

Km

rkvkstglgk`tn

fkok

kster

fntefn

fk

u`

vemnr crgiignè

kmkvefn,

inlogèfn

in`

me cmkxgogmgfef sucgigk`tk pere rksgstgr

km

kckitn fk

uè

cmkxgù` in`tgùe. Xnr

te`tn,

kstk rkvkstglgk`tn

sk

inlpn`k fk

uè

tkme

cmkxgomk

fk

emanfù`, inrtefe

em

sksan y

snlktgfe e u` prnikfglgk`tn

kspkigem,

in` uè

inlpnsgigù` fk

anle quk

prntk-

bk

kcgiezlk`tk

km g`tkrgnr fk

me cebe

in`tre

me dulkfef,

mns aesks,

me nxgfeigù`

y

ntres

g`cmukìges efvkrses.





MGLE- XK_Ò

VELEÕNY @N_LEMKY

[`n fk

mns

lòmtgpmks tgpns

fk

cebes k`"

S"

pukfk

efqugrgrsk k`

igìn

skiign`ks fgstg`tes

( Cgaure 1 ), iefe uè fk mes iuemks

sk

fksgaè in` uè mktre skrgk.

E O

k

F

K

59ll x Yll 51ll x 58,;ll ??ll x 59.;ll

9?ll

x 57ll 94ll x ?9ll

Cgaure 1

Mes cebns k` " S "

sk

ceorgie` in`cnrlk e mnàgtufks `nrlemks quk inrrks Bn`fk`± e

igriu`ckrkìges g`tkrgnrks.

YKIIGÙ@

V_EXKRNGFEM

Mes

cgaures 4 y 7 lukstre` me skiigù` fk me cebn k` S, quk ks fk cnrln

trepkzngfem

y

tgk`k

u` åàumn k` km vçrtgik fk 68¸. Kste cnrle

ks

me quk deik pnsgomk

uè

oukè

efdkrkìge k`trk

me

cebe y me

pnmke, npn`gç`fnsk

e tnfn

fksmgzelgk`tn

n petgèbk y

pkrlgtgk`fn u` erin fk pnmke rkfuigfn.

Me

cnrln trepkzngfem fk me cebe in`fuik em klpmkn fk pnmkes einlnfefes fk pkrcgm

gfç`tgin, kvgtå`fnsk me semgfe fk me inrrke.

Cgaure 4

Cgaure 7

CN_LE

IG_I[ME_

W YG@CÌ@

Km

dkidn fk skr

sg`cg`

kstes inrrkes in`fuik e me euskìge fk arepes n klpemlks

quk

in`stgtuyk` pu`tns fçogmks, y e me suprksgù` fk rugfns

y

vgoreign`ks.

KIN@NLÌE FKM

YGYVKLE

Ks tk ±sgstkle

kmglgè meraes fgste

ì ìns k`trk ik`trns

quk

sk `kiksgte ì e t 2 ~ pere

cebes

pmedes, mn

qu'k sga`gcgie kin`nlìe fk kspeign. Efklås,

me cebe

k`

"S

" ks te` kckitgve

k` su eiigù`

quk

me

pçrfgfe

fk

pntkìge fk

fksmgzelgk`tn

sk kmglgè: sk

notgk`k deste

74%

fk

kcgigkìge

sg` km

instn fk

iuogkrtns

y

prukoes fk eikgtk `kikserges

k`

tre`slgsgn`ks

pnr iefkès.



r

VKI@NMNA E

KYXKIÌCGIE 2

LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

CEBEY K@

55

S

55

(_KC.DVK

55

)4

IDNU[KY ELN_VGA[EFNY

Inln in`

me tre`slgsgù` pnr

cebes

k`

" S "

klpgkze

km lnvglgk`tn, iefe

cebe eiulu-

mefe k` mn aerae`te fk me pnmke fkserrn-

mme

u` kckitn elnrtgauefnr quk eosnrok

mns idnquks

pnr kscukrzn fkm erre`quk,

mes

seiufgfns

y snorkieraes

rkpk`tgès.

OEBN INYVN FK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

Yk mnare pnr skr in`strugfes pere skrvgign

gauemefn oebn tk`sgù`

fk ierae

inlpmkte,

fk

lnfn

quk, fkspuçs

fk

ln`tefes, rere

vkz

rkqugkrk` ebustk.

Kmglgè`

km tgklpn pkrfgfn fk

me lequgè-

rge iue`fn sk fktgk`k pere errkamn fk

cebes: y efklås,

`n rkqugkrk`

muorgieigù`

`g pkae`tks.

G@L[@GFEF EM

XNMSN W ME D[LKFEF

Yu in`struiigù` rksgstk me eiigù` fkstruitgve

fkm pnmvn y

me

dulkfef, pufgç`fnsk user

k`

cåorgies

fk iklk`tn,

lgès,

pme`tes

fk

trgtureigù`,

eskrrefkrns

y lequgèrges

quk

treoebe`

e

me g`tklpkrgk. Inln

tgk`k` fnomk

cnrrn, ncrkik`

prntkiigù` em fksaestk.

OEBN INYVN FK

_KX[KYVNY

_kqugkrk`

snmelk`tk rk`nveigù` fk cebes

y

`n

fk pnmkes, y inln sn` fk dgkrrn n

eikrn fure`

luidn.

Inlpårksk kstn in`

me

tre`slgsgù`

pnr iefkè, k` me quk ks

`kiksergn rkpn`kr

iefkès y

rukfes.

ELXMGN IELXN FK C[@IGN@ELGK@VN

Me cebe k` "S " cuìgnè k`

eloes

fgrki-

ign`ks, pufgk`fn

g`vkrtgrsk inln

km lntnr

fk g`fuiigù`, fkbe`fn iuemqugkr relem

pere km mefn cmnbn.

Me

mì`ke fk u`gù` fk ik`trns pukfk

skr

dnrgzn`tem, nomgiue n vkrtgiem.

Efklås,

in` rkinlk`feign`ks kspkiìcgies

sk

efep-

te` e treoebns in` iemnr kxiksgvn, eikgtk

n

susteìges quìlgies,

meraes fgsteìges

k`trk

ik`trns, are`fks

rkmeign`ks k`trk

vkmnigfef

n

rkqugsgtns

fk

emte

vkmnigfef.

MN@AGV[F KTEIVE OEBN VK@YGÙ@

FK

XMK@E IE_AE

Mns prnikfglgk`tns fk ceorgieigù` eskau-

re` me

mnàgtuf

prnpnrignèfe fk iefe

bukan fk cnbes k` " S " oebn tk`sgù` fk

treoebn in` ierae inlpmkte. Vnfes sk

ceorgie` g`fgvgfuemlk`tk

in` skiigù` tre`s-

vkrsem inrrkite y

mnàgtuf

kxeitn, mukan

sk

vumie`gze` n are` prksgù` y

in`

me tk`sgù`

inrrkitn pere eskaurer me mnàgtuf kxeitn

oebn ierae inlpmkte.





MGLE- XK_Ò

CEBEY K@

''

S

55

(

_KC.DVK 55 )4

NV_EY SK@VEBEY FK

MEY

CEBEY K@

" S "

Efklås

fk mes

ye kùlkrefes,

pukfk` in`sgfkrersk mes sgaugk`tks 2

5. Vk`sgù` fk ln`tebk luidn lk`nr quk me `kikserge pere mes cebes pmeès.

?.

@kiksgte`

lk`ns le`tk`glgk`tn.

9. Kscukrzns luy

fçogmks

snork mns kbks,

mn

quk fgslgùyk

in`sgfkreomklk`tk

km fksaestk

y me cetgae fk mns snpnrtks.

6.

Vre`slgsgù`

fk

tnfes

mes

pntkìges

sg` tk`kr

quk

verger

me

skiigù`

y

`òlkrn fk

mes

cebes.

;.

Fgslgùigù` fk

mes

fgsteìges k`trk kbks, e in`skiukìge fk su are` efdkrkìge, quk

pkrlgtk u` erin fk errnmmelgk`tn lås pkqukõn ( 5?8¸ lì`gln k` vkz fk

5;8¸

pere

mes inrrkes

pmeès).

In` kstes inrrkes pukfk

eflgtgrsk

uè fgsteìge lì`gle k`trk

kbks, gauem em fgålktrn fk me pnmke leynr, lgk`tres quk in` mes

inrrkes

pmeès kste

igcre ks fk ?,; vkiks km fgålktrn.

3.

Yuprksgù` fk mns tk`snrks.

1. Klpmkn

fk me

tre`slgsgù`

pnr cebes k` mes g`stemeign`ks k`

vnmefgzn.

4. _kmeigù` fk vkmnigfefks kmkvefns ( 5 em 59 ).

7. Kmkvefn

rk`fglgk`tn fk mes

tre`slgsgn`ks

(

74%),

lgk`tres

quk

in` mes cebes

pmeès

ks fk

18%

e 4;%.

Xnr òmtgln, k` tre`slgsgn`ks inlpereomks in` gauemks ieoemmns fk cukrzn, km instn fk

uè

ùkve tre`slgsgù` in` cebes k`

" S " ks ~ N lk`nr

quk km

fk

u`n tre`slgsgù` in`

cebes

pmeès.

Efklås fkm instn rkfuigfn

fk

mn

prnpge tre`slgsgù`,

lås ednrrns

sk rkemgze`

k`

emnbelgk`tns y iglgk`tns, letkrgeMks, prnfuiigù`,

tgklpn

y instns ak`kremks.



r


LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

CEBEY K@

55

S

55

( Vgpns y

usns

)

(_kC.DVK 5? BA

VELEÕNY FK CEBEY K@

" S "

XE_E EXMGIEIGN@KY G@F[YV_GEMKY.

K` Elçrgie, skaò` mes `nrles Y. E. K., dey igìn teleõns inrrgk`tks pere mes fgckrk`tks

epmgieign`ks g`fustrgemks,

pkrn luidns

ceorgie`tks

kurnpkns mns mglgte` e

iuetrn, inln

telogç` emau`ns ceorgie`tks

elkrgie`ns de`

g`trnfuigfn k` ±km

lkriefn

trks tgpns lås,

ksteomkigk`fn

k` tntem mes 4 u`gfefks fk me cgaure 5.

Mes `nrles YEK

fgstgàuk`

mns ; tgpns emufgfns in` mes mktres E, O, I, F y K.

Mes

`nrles kurnpkes fgstgàuk` sus 6 tgpns in` mes

mktres,

R, E, O y I.

e

Cgaure 5

Mns tgpns MV, EV y OV de`

sgfn

g`trnfuigfns òmtglelk`tk k` cebes fk`tefes, quk ceigmgte`

km fnomkz sg`

eckiter

me

in`struiigù`

fk me

cebe.

Yk fksgacmN, pnr kbklpmn, km teleõn E 59ll x 4ll. Me prglkre fglk`sgù` g`fgie km

eìdn

leynr

y me

skau`fe

km

arnsnr.

Me cgaure 5 lukstre mns fgckrk`tks teleõns in` sus inrrkspn`fgk`tks fglk`sgn`ks.



r


LKIÅ@GIN

FK

c]L@VK@GLGK@VN

CEBEY K@

55

S

55

MGLE-

XK_Ò

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( ^ V ^ g p ~ n ^ s ^ y ~ u ^ s ^ n ^ s ^ ) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

i ~ ~ D G V 5 ? ~

K`trk mns tgpns prgìgpemks fk

cebes

k` " S ,

sk

pukfk in`sgfkrer mns

sgaugk`tks

2

5 CEBEY

V_EXKIGEMKY

Yn` mes lås inlu`ks, y rkò`k` mes sgaugk`-

tks vk`tebes 2

e.

Lk`ns le`tk`glgk`tn.

o. Kscukrzns luy

fçogmks snork

mns kbks.

i. Klpmkn

fk

me tre`slgsgù` pnr cebes k`

mes g`stemeign`ks k` vnmefgzn.

f. Kmkvefn

rk`fglgk`tn

fk

mes

tre`slgsgn-

`ks ( 7 4% ), lgk`tres

quk in`

mes

cebes

pmeès

ks

fk 18% e

4;%.

k. K`

tre`slgsgn`ks

inlpereomks in` gaue-

mks ieoemmns

fk cukrze,

km

instn fk

uè

ùkve

tre`slgsgù` k` cebes k`" S "

ks

68%

lk`ns quk km

fk

uè tre`slgsgù`

pnr inrrkes

pmeès ( Cgaure ? ).

?.

CEBEY FK KYMEON@KY

Yk iereitkrgze` pnrquk

sk

ebuste` e iuem-

qugkr mnàgtuf, efeptå`fnsk e fgckrk`tks

tre`slgsgn`ks. Xrksk`te` mes sgaugk`tks

vk`tebes 2

e. Kvgte`

rksoemelgk`tn pnrquk

mns ksme-

on`ks prnpnrignè`

lkbnr

tk`sgù`, rå-

pgfe y

cåigm, cuìgnè`fn me låqugè

e låxgle

vkmnigfef.

o.

_kfuik km

instn fk g`stemeigù`

pnrquk

sk ln`te` råpgfelk`tk, prnfuigk`fn

ednrrn

fk

tgklpn.

i. Merae fureigù` fk me cebe pnr su

kìebk pkrckitn

k` mes

rnùres fk

mes

pnmkes: efklås sn` cmkxgomks.

f. Are` kin`nlìe pnrquk iue`fn mes

låqugÙs ikse` k` sus skrvgigns, kstes

cebes

pukfk`

efeptersk

e

ntres låqug-

ès

pnr su cåigm

ln`tebk (Cgaure 9 ).

Cgaure

?

Cebes trepk. : e k ~ 2

Cgaurn

9 Cnbes fk

ksmeon`ks



r

VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE 2

LKIÅ@GIN FK LE.@VK@GLGK@VN

CEBEY

K@

55

S

55

~ - - - - - - - ^ V ^ g p ^ n ^ s ^ v ^ u ^ s ^ n ^ s ^ 0 ^^^^^^^

~ l 5 ? ~

GLE- XK_Ò

9. CEBEY

FK@VEFEY

Kstk tgpn fk

cebe

in`stgtuyk u` efkme`tn k`

km reln fk mes cebes" S" . Ks lås inlpei-

te,

kin`ùlgie,

m gvgeè y

fk

cåigm

g`steme-

igù`

y su in`struiigù` g`tkrè, k` cnrle fk

fgk`tks,

pkrlgtk u`

eaerrk

prkigsn

in` me

pnmke, fe`fn u` glpumsn skaurn y sg pçrfgfe

fk

vkmnigfef

e me tre`slgsgù` ( Cgaure 6 ).

Cgaure ; Cebes

fk

mefns iùìevns

Cgaurn. 6 Cnbes

fk`tefns

6. CEBEY

FK

MEFNY IÙ@IESNY

Me iereitkrìstgie kspkigem fk kstes cebes ks

quk

km

`òimkn

kstå

inlpukstn fk tkme inr-

tefe

em sksan

pern

fermks

leynr

cmkxgogmg-

fef. Kstk `òimkn fk

tkme

iuogkrte fk ieu-

idn,

cukrtk y cmkxgomk,

in`skrve su cnrle

k`

me reùre

fk

me pnmke y `n

sk

epmeste

iue`fn sk tgre

cukrtklk`tk

in`tre me supkr-

cgigk

pmeè fk

me

pnmke (Cgaure

; ).

¡ YKA[_GF F




LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

IÅMI[MNY K@

ME

V_E@YLGYGÙ@

XN_ CEBEY

GLE-

XK_Ò

(

_KC.

"- ^DIVE

---------------------------------------------'

5? )4

EIIGN@ELGK@VN XN_ CEBE XME@E

Yk

klpmke kspkigemlk`tk

iue`fn

sk

tre`s-

lgtk kscukrzns y lnvglgk`tns e fgsteìges

are`fks.

K`trk me cebe y

me

pnmke sk ksteomkik u`

kscukrzn

fk crgiigù` quk, pnr u` mefn,

errestre me

pnmke

e me inrrke y,

pnr

ntrn,

ks me inrrke me quk errestre e me pnmke.

Xnr lkfgn fk pnmkes tk`snres y in` eyufe

fk u` rksnrtk n fk

u`

pksn (Cgaure

5

), sk

notgk`k

uè

tk`sgù`

u`gcnrlk.

Kspkigem-

lk`tk k`

are`fks

rkmeign`ks fk tre`slg-

sgù` qukfe

lkbnr eorezefe

me

pnmke

lk-

`nr. Crkiuk`tklk`tk

sk rkaume

me tk`sgù`

fk me inrrke ( Cgaure ? ).

EIIGN@ELGK@VN

IN@

CEBE

V_EXKIGEM N V_EXKRNGFEM

Km

tgpn fk

tre`slgsgù`

fk

me

cebe trepkzngfem

ks pertgiumerlk`tk efkiuefn

pere

inrtes

fgsteìges,

luy rkinlk`feomks pere

are`-

fks

vkmnigfefks.

[è oukè rkame ks deikr me fgsteìge fk

ik`trns eman leynr quk

km fgålktrn fk me

pnmke

leynr y

eman lk`nr quk me

sule fk

mns fgålktrns

fk

eloes

pnmkes.

Mns fgålktrns

fk mes

pnmkes

skrå` te`

are`fks inln

ske

pnsgomk,

sg`

kxikfkr

me

vkmnigfef fk ?;

l/s

pere me cebe. Km

åàumn

fk

me

aerae`te fk me pnmke grå fk

96¸

e

68¸,

skaò` mns

fgckrk`tks

fgålktrns

fk mes pnmkes:

esglgsln,

verìe km

åàumn

fk me inrrke.

Cgaure

Cgaure

?

F

Fgålktrn kxtkrgnr fk me pnmke

f Fgålktrn lkfgn fk me pnmke

Fl

F -

?I




2

LKIÅ@GIN

FK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-

XK_Ò

IÅMI[MNY

K@

ME V_E@YLGYGÙ@

XN_ CE.BEY

^ ~ - ~ - ~ E^^?^)

4

V_E@YLGYGÙ@ YGLXMK

E.

IN__KE EOGK_VE

K` me tre`slgsgù` fk

lnvglgk`tn,

me

pnmke

in`fuitnre,

me pnmke

in`fuigfe y

me

cebe

tgk`k`

me

lgsle

vkmnigfef

pkrgcçrgie.

Me

vkmnigfef

pkrgcçrgie fk me inrrke ks

gauem e me vkmnigfef

mg`kem fk

me

inrrke2

S

FKYGA@EIGN@KY 2

S Skmnigfef

mg`kem

fk

mn cebn

k` l/s

Fk

SX

5

Fk ( 5

Mukan2

n

Skmnigfef pkrgcçrgin fk mn

rukfn

in`fui-

tnre k`

l/s

Skmnigfef pkrgcçrgin fk mn

rukfn in`fuig-

fn

k` l/s

fgålktrn fk mn rukfn in`fuitnre k` ll

Fgålkt.r7 fk mn pnmkn in`fuigfn k` ll

@òlkrn

fk rkvnmuign`ks pnr lg`utn fk mn

rukfn in`fuitnre

@òlkrn

fk rkvnmuign`ks

pnr

lg`utn fk mn

rukfn in`fuigfe

_kmeigù` fk tre`slgsgù`

S X

?

sk tgk`k

2

SX 5

5r fm

`5

( 5)

38

SX?

:r f? `?

( ?)

38

) y ( ? )

sk

fkfuik quk 2

Vr fm

`5

5r

f? `?

38 38

fm `m

<

f?

`?

IN@SK_YGÙ@

FK CÙ_L[MEY

55

fm

@5

<

f?

5

fm

5

@m

5

f?

@?

@=' rkvnmuign`ks pnmke 5

@¸ rkvnmuign`ks pnmke ?

@?

<

<

<

<

55

?

- ±

f?

5

m

fm @5

5

?

f5

@5

fgålktrn pnmke ?

fgålktrn pnmke m

Mns

`òlkrns fk rkvnmuign`ks fk mes pnmkes kstå`

k`

rkmeigù`

g`vkrse

fk

sus

fgålktrns.




2

MGLE-

XK_Ò

IÅMI[MNY K@ ME V_E@YLGYGÙ@

XN_ CEBEY

_KMEIGÙ@

FK

V_E@YLGYGÙ@ (

g )

[è

tre`slgsgù`

pnr cebe

tgk`k

pnr nobktn,

`n sùmn tre`slgtgr lnvglgk`tns

y

cukrzes

sg`n quk

sk

utgmgze pere verger lnvglgk`-

tns. Kste

vergeigù`

fk

lnvglgk`tn, iue`fn

sk kxprkse in` vemnrks ùlçrgins, sk mme-

le

rkmeigù`

fk

tre`slgsgù`.

Me

rkmeigù` fk tre`slgsgù`

sk

fe

in`

mes

sgaugk`tks rezn`ks

2

n

Iue`fn me rukfe

in`fuitnre

agre e leynr

`òlkrn fk

rkvnmuign`ks quk

me rukfe in`-

fuigfe, me rkmeigù`

fk

tre`slgsgù` ks

g

0

5 (

Cgaure

9 )

Iue`fn

me rukfe

in`fuitnre

agre

n

lk`nr

`òlkrn

fk rkvnmuign`ks quk me rukfe in`-

fuigfe,

me

rkmeigù` fk tre`slgsgù` ks

Cgaurn

9

g=


m ^ ~ ~ ~ ^ E ^^ ?^)4

g = 5 (

Cgaure

6 )

Cgaure 6

Me

tre`slgsgù`,

te`tn

fk lumtgpmgieigù`

inln fk rkfuiigù`, ks pnsgomk sùmn fk`trn

fk igkrtns

mìlgtks

( K` km iesn fk mes

cebes

pmeès

deste

eprnxglefelk`tk 5

;

).

Ednre

ogk`,

sg sk

`kiksgte uè

tre`slgsgù`

quk pesk fk mns mìlgtks eflgsgomks, sk semk

fkm

pesn deigk`fn

uè

tre`slgsgù` fnomk

n trgpmk.

K` km iesn fk

eiignèlgk`tn

pnr cebes

trepkzngfemks, sk in`sgfkre em

fgålktrn

lkfgn

fk me pnmke

( Fl )

quk inrrkspn`fk

eprnx glefelk`tk em

fk

me

inrrke

trepkigem.

IN@SK_YGN@KY FK

CÙ_L[MEY

@m

@?

c--

5

5

< g . @,¡

-

KBB

<------±±}\--±-------±--±

5 g

<

22 5

¡<<<-



r


MGLE- XK_Ò

IÅMI[MNY

K@

ME V_E@YLGYGÙ@

XN_ CEBEY

].

O.

ME CEBE I_[REFE

IE_EIVK_ÌYVGIEY2

- Yk`tgfn fk

agrn

fk mn rukfe in`fuitnre

npukstn em

fk me rukfe in`fuigfe.

- Me rkmeigù` k`trk mns `òlkrns fk

rkvnmu-

ign`ks y

t-ns

fgålktr()s± ks 2

- _kmeigù` ±fk tre`slgsgù` ( g ) 2

XNMKEY IÙ@GIEY N IN@NY FK

V_E@YLGYGÙ@

Yn`

trnìns

fk in`ns,

fk

kbks peremkmns y

fgspukstns

k`

sk`tgfn

in`trergn.

Me

cebe,

augefe

pnr uè dnrqugmme

D, puk-

fk epnyersk k` pu`tns fgstg`tns fk kstns

in`ns

pkrn

fk le`kre quk 2

e.

Me± sule fk mns fgålktrns ( f m. +

f?)

sçe. 5auem e uè ie`tgfef in`ste`tk (

J)

y, pnr te`tn, in`ste`tk k` me mnàgtuf

fk

me cebe.

o.

Me rkmeigù`

quk

sk ksteomkik

k`trk mns

`òlkrns fk

rkvnmuign`ks

y mns

fgålk-

trns

fç

mns

in`ns

ks 2

i.

Mes

vkmnigfefks

eàumerks sn`

g`vkrselk`tk prnpnrignèmks

e mns fgå-

lktrns 2

Kstk lkie`gsln pkrlgtk lnfgcgier, e vn-

mu`tef,

me

rkmeigù` fk

vkmnigfefks.

D

?

LKIÅ@GIN

FK ±LE@VK@GLGK@VN

^ ~ ^ . ^ c ^ ~ E ^

5

^

?

^)4



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò


XN_ CEBEY

X_NOMKLEY

FK EXMGIEIGÙ@

m .

K` me tre`slgsgù` sglpmk, iemiumer km

fgålktrn

f

?

fk me

pnmke in`fuigfe y

me

rkmeigù` fk

tre`slgsgù`.

Fetns 2

?88 ll

5?88

rpl

688rpl

>

Iåmiumn kmk

f

?

n

n

@

5?88 rpl

?88

. 5?88

688

f

?

<

388 ll

Iåmiumn

fk " g "

g <

5?88

688

?.

K`

me tre`slgsgù` in` inrrke eogkrte,

5

k

n r

rk

e tgk`k 5 vk5

i

gf e f fk 1

l/ s.

Iemiumer

@

5

Fetns 2

f

5

948 ll

vp

1

l/s

Iåmiumn

fk @

5

5t

fm

@r

v

@m

38

@m

@m

38

fm

t

1

T 38

9,56 T 8,94

9;5 rpl

688 rpl

6?8

55579?




MGLE- XK_Ò


XN_ CEBEY

XNMKEY KYIEMN@EFEY

Igkrtns tnr`ns,

crkses n

temefrns sk treoebe` in`

vkmnigfefks

fgckrk`tks,

skaò` mes

kxgakìges fkm

treoebn.

Xere

in`skaugrmn sk ln`te, k` km åronm

in`fuitnr, uè pnmke

e

lòmtgpmk m melefe pnmke

ksiemnèfn n in`fuitnr.

K` km åronm in`fuigfn sk ln`te ntre pnmke gauem

pkrn

g`vkrtgfe

in` rkspkitn

e

me e`tkrgnr fk lnfn

quk km fgålktrn leynr

fk me pnmke

g`stemnfe

k`

u`n fk mns åronmks, inrrkspn`fe

em

fgålktrn lk`nr

fkm

ntrn.

Ks

in`fgigù`

prkigse

quk

me

t r e ` s l g ~ g ù `

k`trk

tnfns mns

perks fk pnmkes

quk

sk

inrrkspn`fe`,

pukfe

deikrsk in`

uè

lgsle

cnbe. Mukan 2

f

5

+

f

?

<ie`tgfef in`ste`tk

J (

5 )

Mmele`fn S

5

e

me

vkmnigfef eàumer

fk mn pnmke

5

y

SB > me vkmnigfef

eàumer

fk

me

pnmke

?, sk

tk`

rn

2

( ?)

Fkspkbe`fn f

?

fk ( 5 ), sk tgk`k

J - f

(

9)

_kklpmeze`fn ( 9 ) k` ( ? ),

rksumte quk

J

( 6)

J

v? f,

Cgèmlk`tk,

fkspkbe`fn f

5

fk me

kiueigù` e`tkrgnr

sk fkfuik

2

J

5

+

LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

Xnmke in`fuigfe

r

?



IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙUGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 LKIÅ@GIN FK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò


XN_ CEBEY

^^

F ~ ~

5? Bn

X_NOMKLEY FK EXMGIEIGÙ@

Yke 52 9 me rkmeigù` fk

vkmnigfefks e`au-

merks

quk sk

fkske notk`kr y me sule fk

mns fgålktrns

gauem

e

688ll.

Iemiumer mns

fgålktrns f

5

y f

?

pere me tre`slgsgù`.

Fetns 2

v5 5

-

v?

9

fm

+

f?

688ll

fm

>

f?

>

Iåmiumn fk f

5

Y

<

f

5

988 ll

Iåmiumn fk f

?

fm + f? 688

f? 688 - fm

f? 688 - 988

f

?

588 ll

<

688

5 +

..

9

<

Lntnr

688 T 9

6



MGLE-

XK_Ò


IÅMI[MNY K@

ME

V_E@YLGYGÙ@

XN_

CEBEY

V_E@YLGYGÙ@ FNOMK

@nteigù` 2

5 2 9 pnmkes in`fuitnres

? 2

6

pnmkns

in`fuigfns

f

5

2 f

?

fgålktrns fk mes pnmkes in`fuitnres

f

?

2 f

6

fgålktrns fk mes pnmkes in`fuigfes

@

5

2 @

9

`òlkrn fk rkvnmuign`ks

pnr lgùtn fk

mes pnmkes in`fuitnres

@

?

2

@

6


pnr lgùtn fk

mes

pnmkns in`fuigfes

ì

5

g

?

rkmeign`ks fk

tre`slgsgù` sglpmk

ga

rkmeigù` fk tre`slgsgù` fkm sgstkle

LKIÅ@GIN

FK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

^ ~ - ~ - ~ E ^?^)4

K`

me

tre`slgsgù` fnomk, mes

pnmkes

? y 9

kstå` iemefes

snork

km

lgsln åronm

y

tgk`k`, pnr

kmmn,

km

lgsln

`òlkrn

fk

rkvn-

muign`ks. Mukan, @? < @9

IN@SK_YGÙ@ FK

CÙ_L[MEY

Inln km

`òlkrn

fk

vukmtes fk fns

pnmkns

u`gfns

pnr

u`n

inrrke

kstå` k`

rezù`

g`vkrse fk sus fgålktrns, sk

tgk`k

2

Fk

mes

pngkes 5 y ?

Fk

mes

pnmkes 9 y

6

Lumtgpmgie`fn lgklorn n lgklorn

( 5 )

y (

? ) 2

Cgèmlk`tk 2

5

@,

f?

fE

5

-

( 6)

@-6

f,

f9

Mns fgålktrns

fk

mns pnmkns in`fuitnres

mmkve`

suoì`fgiks glperks

y mns

fk

mns

in`fuigfes, perks. Fk gauem le`kre, mns

gm

6m2

<

Wm @=

<

~ g

±- ±-

<

t

r±±

f?

<

5

~ -

=

<

\

@E

f,

f ,

f,

fg

@G

f.t\

?

. f6

- - - - - - - ± -

f,f2m

6

f?

@,

@6

f?

f,f.\

@,

± ~

@G

f, .

fB

@G

.

f6

@,

f,

f9

6

f?




LKIÅ@GIN

FK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-

XK_Ò

IÅMI[MNY

K@

ME V_E@YLGYGÙ@

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

k < ~ 5? ~

_KMEIGÙ@ FK V_E@YLGYGÙ@ ( ga )

Fk

me kiueigù`

(

6)

me rkmeigù` fk

tre`sl ¡.

sgù` pukfk fersk lkfge`tk

mes

sgaugk`tks

rezn`ks 2

K\\

f?

f. m

ga

fg

f9

Xnr

ntrn

mefn

f?

f6

b¡

y

fm

f9

Mukan, me

rkmeigù`

fk tre`slgsgù` sk

pukfk

fktkrlgèr

telogç` 2

V_E@YLGYGÙ@

INLX[KYVE

Iue`fn

k`

uè tre`slgsgù`

g`tkrvgk`k`

pnmkes,

me

cùrlume e

klpmkersk

skrå 2

@5 f? . f6

f3 ...

f`

@` f5 . fB .

fs

. f` -

5

K`tnìks,

me rkmeigù`

fk

tre`slgsgù` ( ga )

sk ksteomkikrå 2

ga

n

f3

...

f`

f` - 5

IN@SK_YGN@KY FK

CÙ_L[MEY

55

@5

5

ga

<

-

@6

@5

<

ga

. @, 5

^d,

5

@5

<

-

~ 2 \

r f ~ ~ f ~ ~ u

Kga

.f,\

~ ~ < f g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~

<

ga

. ~

r

:±<--¡,±-.2 5

r g ~ m

Z-<-FG




MGLE-

XK_Ò

X_NOMKLEY FKYE__NMMEFNY

FK

IÅMI[MNY

FK V_E@YLGYGÙ@ XN_ CEBEY

X_NOMKLEY FK EXMGIEIGÙ@

Xnrn km eiign`elgk`tn fk me pnmke ksiemn-

`efe, iemiuger @

5

, @

?

, @

9

, g

5

, g

?

k

ga

Fetns 2

??6 ll

488

ll

95;

ll

688

ll

?88 rpl

e. Iåmiumn fk @

5

?88

T

488

T

688

??6 T 95;

@

5

781 rpl

o. Iåmiumn

fk @

?

i.

f.

k.

c.

??6 .

781

488

@?

<

?;9

rpl

Iåmiumn

fk

@

9

Inln

@? @9

Mukan 5

@

9

?;9 rpl 5

Iåmiumn fk g

5

f? 488

5 9 ~ 1 5

m

<

-

<

fm

??6

Iåmiumn

fk

g

?

fE

688

55.

?

<

f9 95;

Iåmiumn

fk

ga

<

56:;5

a

d .

g?

9,; 5,?

<

T

-

?

LKIÅ@GIN

FK "rvgE@VK@GLGK@VN





MGLE- XK_Ò

X_NOMKLEY FKYE__NMMEFNY FK IÅMI[MNY

FK V_E@YLGYGÙ@ XN_ CEBEY

_KC

.B

DIVE

'------------------------------------------

MN@AGV[F FK CEBE

Yg`

tk`kr

k` iuk`te km

snmepk

(Vresmepk)

pere

me

u`gù` fk mns kxtrklns, `g mes

fkprksgn`ks

n

O

K

emeraelgk`tn fk inrrke sk iemiume fk me sgaugk`- 6 ~ 2 2 < -

tk le`kre 2

E. Ce¡e eogkrte in` fgålktrns gauemks

M

EO

+

KC

+

?I

M

`F

- +

?

fk

fn`fk

2

`F

?

M < F + ?I

+ ?I

O. Ce¡e

eogkrte in` fgålktrns fksgauemks

-

Iåmiumn

fkm

. 2

O

_ -

r

Yke` c9 <

k

-

Iåmiumn

fk

e,

y

e

?

e

5 5 48¸ + ?

e 5 5 48¸ - ? c9

-

Iåmiumn fk

EO KC

EO < k ns

.O

I

Mukan 5

<

EK

+

OC

+ ?EO

M <

+

+

?

kns

.O .

k

938'

938'

5

5t

M < 93ir

( F e 5 + f e ? ) + ? ins .O . I

CÙ_L[MEY X_ÅIVGIEY

K`

me pråit5ie, km

iåmiumn

fk me mn`agtuf

fk

me

cebn

sk

pukfk

deikr in`

mes sgaugk`tks cùrlumes 2

Z M

^<^ t^(^_ ^ ^^^^^^^ i^^

5t

( F

+

f

?

+ ? k +

F - f )

?

6I

k

59 BO



r

MGLE-

XK_Ò

IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMÙAGINY

EXMGIEFNY 2

X_NOMKLEY FKYE__NMMEFNY FK

IÅMI[MNY

FK

V_E@YLGYGÙ@ XN_ CEBEY

I. Ce¡e iruzefe

-

Iåmiumn

fkm = 9

_

+ r

Yk` c9 <

k

- Iåmiumn fkm e 5 y e ?

e

5 < 5

snn

+ ?

O

Im ?

<

5

48¸

+ ? .O

Mukan 2

em<

e.?

-

Iåmiumn

fk EO KC

EO < Ins c9 . k

Mukan 2

M <

EK + OC +

? EO

.

5t f Imm 5t f

Im?

M

<

+ +

?

ins

.O

.

k

9380 9380

M

5t Imm

+ ( n + f ) + ? kns 59 . k

938'

CÙ_L[ME X_ÅIVGIE

K`

mn

pråitgin, km

iåmiumn

fk mn

mn`agtuf

fk mn

inrrkn iruzefn sk pukfk deikr in` mn sg-

augk`tk cùrlume.

M

< (

F

+

f)

+

?I

+ (

F

+ f

)e

? E k

"

~ Å @ G N

L E @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

i ~ ~ E

59 )4



r


2


X_NOMKLEY

FKYE__NMMEFNY

FK

MGLE- XK_Ò

,

^ ^

^ ~ ^ ± ^ i ^ u ^ ~ ^ s ^ F ^ K ^ V ^ ~ ~ ~ ± ^ n ^ @ ^ ~ ^ _ ^ C ^ ~ ^ E Y ^^ ~ 5 e ) ~

K`

uè

tre`slgsgù` pnr cebe trepkzngfem, k` me

quk

fl

<

538

ll,

Fl

<

5888

ll

y

I

<

398 ll, rksumte M < 9935 ll. Yg `n sk

fgspn`k

lås

quk fk uè cebe `nrlemgzefe fk

M < 964; ll ¾ e

^quç

fgsteìge k`trk kbks

de

fk pesersk >

Fetns 2

Fl 5888

ll

fl 538 ll

k 398 ll

M 9935 ll

M

5

963;

ll

km

>

Iåmiumn

fk

I

5

fk

( F + f ) ( F + f )

?

M < 5t + ? I5 + ----

?

6

I5

9

.

4;

< ( 5888

+

538 ) ( 5888

+

538 )

?

"+

9,56

+

?

I5 +

964;

964;

?

9,56

T

;48

+

?

Im

+

18;388

6

I5

513688

< 54?5,? + ? I5 +

I5

? ic - 5339,4 i5

+

513688 n

?

k

5 - 495, 7

k

5 + 4 4?88

n

4 9 5, nµ ( 495, 7 )?

-

6.

44?88

?

495,7

µ

;4?,6

?

495,7 µ ;4?,6 5656,9

?

?

181,5;

ll



r



MGLE- XK_Ò

LÅU[G@EY

YGLXMKY

XEME@IEY)

(

_KC.

, ^

IVE

'---------------------------------------------'

56 )4

LÅU[G@EY YGLXMKY

Me

pemeìe, me pnmke, km pme`n gìmgèfn y km tnr`gmmn sn` lkfgns fk mns quk sk

vemk

km

dnlork

pere rkemgzer u` treoebn

in` ednrrn

fk kscukrzn. Kstns lkfgns rkigok` km

`nlork

fk

55

låqugès sglpmks

55

•

LÅU[G@EY

Yk

fk`nlgè

låqugè e u` in`bu`tn fk

lkie`gslns

eiignèfns

pnr

emauè cnrle

fk

k`kraìe, iuye

cgèmgfef

ks me fk tre`scnrler ksk tgpn fk k`kraìe, emgvger em dnlork n

rkklpmezermn k` treoebns inrpnremks fk are` kscukrzn, eulk`ter

su

rk`fglgk`tn y me

prkigsgù` fk sus

le`ns.

Mes låqugès sn` pkrckiignèfns fìe e fìe pnr me tçi`gie,

notk`gç`fnsk

inlpmgiefns k

gàk`gnsns lkie`gslns fk g`ùlkreomks

epmgieign`ks

g`fustrgemks

y

tki`nmùagies.

Yg`

kloeran, pnr inlpmgiefe quk ske uè låqugè `n ks sg`n me inlogèigù` fk uè n lås

" låqugès

sglpmks

".

Yg

noskrvelns uè låqugè,

sgklprk kìn`trerklns

pemeìes,

pnmkes, pme`ns gìmgèfns, tnr`gmmns, kti.,

k`

gàk`gnses inlogèign`ks.

LÅU[G@E Y G@ XM K

LÅeug@E INLX[KYVE

Dey =2mns

arupns

prgìgpemks fk låqugès 2

- Yglpmks,

y

- Inlpukstes.

Låqugès sglpmks

Yn` mes quk tre`slgtk` fgrkitelk`tk me cukrze ( Xemeìe, pnmke, tnr`n, iuõe y pme`n

gìm gèfn).

Låqugès inlpukstes

Yn`

equkmmes

iuye

tre`slgsgù`

sk kckitòe

fk

uè e ntre

låqugè,

e trevçs

fk vergns

ùrae`ns.

Mes

låqugès sn` fk fns ietkanrìes 2

-

Mes

quk

in`sulk` k`kraìe pnrn

prnfuigr

treoebn, lnvkr

ierans,

meorer

letkrgemks y

ceorgier prnfuitns g`fustrgemks.

- Mes quk sulg`gstre` mn k`kraìe `kiksgtefe

pnr

mes e`tkrgnrks.

Kstes òmtglns sk in`nik` in` km `nlork fk

55

lntnrks

55

, in` kxikpigù` fk mes

låqugès

fk

vepnr.



N@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2

LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-

XK_Ò

LÅU[G@EY

YGLXMKY

(XEME@IEY) -' F ~ ~ 56 ~

K` tnfe låqugè sglpmk quk

rkemgze

u` treoe-

bn

g`tkrvgk`k`, `kiksergelk`tk, fns kmklk`-

tns 2 Kscukrzn y rksgstkìge.

-

Kscukrzn

(

C) n cukrzn ks me

eiigù`

n cukr-

ze eitgve quk

rkem gze km

treoebn.

Glprnpgelk`tk

sk mk

fk`nlgè

pntkìgn.

-

_ksgstkìge

( U ) ks me cukrze

pesgve

quk sk

npn`k

em kscukrzn.

SK@VEBE LKIÅ@GIE

Ks

u` `òlkrn

eostreitn

quk

g`fgie

mes vkiks

quk

sk

lumtgpmgie

km kscukrzn

pnr

eiigù`

fk

uè låqugè sglpmk. Yk fk`nlgè telogç`

ceitnr fk lumtgpmgieigù` fk mn låqugè sgl-

pmk. _ksumte

fkm inigk`tk

fk me rksgstkìge

k`trk km kscukrzn 2

XEME@IE

K`

ak`krem, pemeìe

ks uè

oerre rìagfe

quk

pukfk

agrer emrkfkfnr fk u` kbk n fk

u`

pu`tn.

Kmklk`tns2

5.

Xu`tn fk

epnyn

Ks

km

kbk n

pu`tn

emrkfkfnr

fkm iuem

agre

me

pemeìe.

?.

Ornzn fk cukrzn

Ks

me mnàgtuf fk pemeìe inlprk`fgfe fksfk

km pu`tn

fk

epnyn deste km pu`tn

fn`fk

eitòe

me cukrzn.

OC

OU

^

..........^^^^^^^^

......

9. Ornzn fk rksgstkìge

'¡

Xu`tn

~ E

5

Ks

me

mnàgtuf

fk

pemeìe

k`trk km pu`tn fk

epnyn

y km pu`tn

fn`fk

eitòe

me

rksgstkìge. C

epnyn

U




LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

LÅU[G@EY

YGLXMKY

~ ~ - - - - - - ( ^ X ^ E ^ M ^ E ^ @ ^ i ^ E ^ s ^ 0

^^^^^

~ I ~ 5 6 ~

GLE- XK_Ò

SK@VEBE

LKIÅ@GIE

FK ME

XEME@IE

Kstå

fefe

pnr km

inigk`tk

fkm orezn fk cukrze

k`trk km orezn fk rksgstkìge.

S

l

Orezn fk cukrze

Orezn fk rksgstkìge

K` in`skiukìge, uè pemeìe

tk`frå leynr

vk`tebe lkiå`gie iue`tn leynr

ske km

orezn

fk

cukrze

y

lk`nr quk

km orezn fk rksgstkìge,

y

sg

km

orezn fk cukrze ks lk`nr quk km

orezn

fk

rksgstkìge

deorå pçrfgfe fk kscukrzn.

IMEYKY FK

XEME@IE

5

Fk

prglkr aç`krn

n

g`tkr-npnyn`tk

Ks

equkmme iuyn

pu`tn

fk epnyn sk kìuk`tre

k`trk me cukrze y me rksgstkìge.

K`

kstk

tgpn fk

pemeìe me

cukrze ks gauem

e me

rksgstkìge sg

km

pu`tn

fk epnyn kstå

k`

km

ik`trn. Yk kin`nlgze sg km orezn fk cukrze ks

leynr

quk

km orezn fk rksgstkìge:

k`

iesn

in`trergn, sk pgkrfk

cukrze.

?. Fk

skau`fn

aç`krn n ì`tkr-rksgstk`tk

Ks

equkmme

quk

tgk`k me rksgstkìge

epmgiefe

k`trk km pu`tn fk epnyn y me

cukrze.

K`

kstk

aç`krn

fk

pemeìe

km

orezn

fk cukrze

ks sgklprk leynr quk km orezn fk rksgstkìge:

mukan, ùìe

dey

pçrfgfe fk cukrze.

9. Fk

tkrikr

aç`krn n ì`tkr-pntk`tk

Ks

equkmme quk tgk`k me

cukrze

k`trk

km

pu`tn

fk

epnyn y

me

rksgstkìge.

K`

kstk

aç`krn

fk

pemeìe

km orezn fk cukrze

ks sgklprk lk`nr quk

km

orezn

fk rksgstkìge:

mukan, sgklprk dey

pçrfgfe

fk

cukrze.

6

9

?

5

~ w u l

M

/

~ u

B,

¡

B.

m

U

-²

U

U

6

9

?

C

--&.

¡,, ±%&>±<±'±± ± < 2 ¡ ± • ± < ± < ± - < ± x H 2 ± E % / ± ' ~ ± ± ± 2 - 2 - 2 } ± ± . ± D

.. .,.,.,., .....

,.. ,2,.2c:-±±±±±,2±2- ..2.5

S

C

+

m

U

,

t

C

Y




2

LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

LÅU[G@EY YGLXMKY

MGLE-

XK_Ò

~ - - - - - - - ^ X ^ E ^ M ^ E ^ @ ^ I ^ E ^ Y ^ ) ^^^^^^ ~ ~ 5 6 ~

IN@FGIGÙ@

FK

KU[GMGO_GN

FK

ME

XEME@IE

Cukrze x Orezn fk Cukrze _ksgstkìge x

Orezn

fk _ksgstkìge

Ygk`fn kstns prnfuitns lnlk`tns fk cukrzes, tk`klns 2

Lnlk`tn

fk kscukrzn < Lnlk`tn fk _ksgstkìge

Kstns

gauemfefks

sk

iulpmk`

k`

tnfns mns aç`krns fk

pemeìe

y

sk

klpmke`

k` mn

snmuigù`

fk sus

prnomkles.

X_NOMKLEY

5.

¾Uuç kscukrzn

sk `kiksgtn pnrn mkve`ter

u`

pksn

fk ?68

jp

lkfge`tk u`n

pemeìe

fk

prglkr

aç`krn, sg sus orezns

fk

cukrzn

y

rksgstkìge lgfk` 48il y ?8 il, rkspkitgve-

lk`tk >

¾

Iuåm ks su

Sk`tebe

lkiå`gin >

?68

jp

48 il. x ?68 jp x ?8

il

p < T

?68 jp

x ?8 il

T

<

U < ?68 jp

48 il

OX

48 il

_ks

p.

38 j¡b

S

48il

Or

?8 il

?8il

_ksp.

2 6

?.

¾Uuç

pksn sk pukfk mkve`ter lkfge`tk u`n

pemeìe fk

?U

aç`krn fk 5 ?8l fk mnàgutf,

in` u` kscukrzn fk

6; jp, sg

km

pksn sk

kìuk`trn n 98±il fkm pu`tn fk

epnyn

>

U

< T

6; jp x 5?8 il

C

< 6; jp

6; jp x

5?8 il

T

98

il

OU

<

98

il

OC

<

5,?8 l

_ksp

6

98 il

548jp

548 jp

C < T

YN il

3Ujp

C < 6; jp





MGLE- XK_Ò

V_EREFN

FK X_NWKIIGÙ@ NOMGI[E

k )

B ~ m m g 5 ; ~

Xnr

kbklpmn, fkskelns fgouber

u`

nobktn

fefes mes

trks

vgstes nrtnan`emks

2

- r--

c-

5

g

5

5

5

---

------

---

Xrglkr pesn - Vrnzer

mns trks

kbks

oåsgins

2



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 LKIÅ@GIN FK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

V_EREFN

FK X_NWKIIGÙ@

NOMGI[E

k

B

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ; ~

Ykau`n pesn - Fktkrlg`er mes lkfgfes

fkm

nobktn

snork

mns kbks

trezefns.

In`s-

trugr u`e iebe nomgiue 2

Vkrikr pesn -

Fgstrgougr mes lkfgfes pere

mes fgckrk`tks cnrles 2

Iuertn pesn - Vrezer, fklerier y notk`kr mes cnrles fk mns fgckrk`tks fktemmks 2

6;¸

r < 8,1




LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

V_EREFN FK X_NWKIIGÙ@ NOMGI[E k

B

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

; ~

SE_GEIGÙ@

FKM

Å@A[MN

FK

G@IMG@EIGÙ@

Åàumn

fk

gìmgèigù`

fk mes mì`kes fk

cuae pere fktemmks sgtuefns

kìgle

y

e me

gzqugkrfe.

Åàumn

fk

gìmgèigù` fk

mes mì`kes

fk

cuae

pere

fktemmks

sgtuefns fkoebn y e me

gzqugkrfe.

Åàumn fk gìmgèigù` fk mes mì`kes fk cuae

pere fktemmks sgtuefns kìgle y e me fkrk-

ide.

Åàumn

fk

gìmgèigù` fk

mes

mì`kes fk

cuae

pere fktemmks sgtuefns fkoebn y e me fkrk-

ide.



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY2 LKIÅ@GIN

FK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

I[GFEFNY K@ KM

LN@VEBK FK

CEBEY

I

.... ~ ~ E ^ ,3^)

K)

IN@FGIGN@KY FK [@

O[K@

LN@VEBK

5. Inlprnoer quk, k` mes tre`slgsgn`ks lòmtgpmks quk use` u`

bukan

fk cebes k` S, sus

mnàgtufks ske` kxeitelk`tk gauemks.

?. Inlprnoer

quk,

fkspuçs

fk

inmnier mes

cebes

k` mes pnmkes y e`tks

fk cuìgnèr,

`n

kstç` ielogefes. Fk mn in`trergn, km bukan fk cebes `n ksterå ogk`

prnpnrignèfn.

9.

Vk`kr

k` iuk`te

quk

u` bukan

fk

cebes pukfk kster pkrckitelk`tk prnpnrignèfn

oebn

in`fgign`ks

fk treoebn in` ierae

inlpmkte.

Yg`

kloeran,

sg`

me

tk`sgù`

låxgle fk

pmkè ierae, uè cebe pukfk verger mgakrelk`tk k` mnàgtuf in` rkmeigù` e ntre.

6. Vk`kr k` iuk`te quk

fkok peser

emaò`

tgklpn pere quk mes cebes emieìk` su

in`fgigù`

fk pmkè ierae y sk esgk`tk`

k` mes aerae`tes fk mes pnmkes.

;.

Ksteomkikr

sg

kxgstk

mnàgtuf

kxiksgve,

puks uè

fgckrkìge

pkqukõe k` su mnàg-

tuf

pukfk

niesgnèr u`

inlokn

prnù`-

igefn, quk g`fgie quk uè fk mes cebes

kstå fklesgefn merae ( Cgaure 5 )

_KINLK@FEIGN@KY

- Km pnmvn, mns eikgtks

y

mes areses k` mes

cebes

prnfuik`

pçrfgfe

fk cukrze pnr

fksmgzelgk`tn: y su eiulumeigù`, mes

fkstruyk.

- _kebustk me

tk`sgù`

fk mes cebes ùkves

fure`tk mes

64

dnres

g`gigemks

fk skrvg-

ign.

Cgaure



LN@VEBK

FKYLN@VEBK

@²

N_FK@

FK

KBKI[IGÙ@

DK__ELGK@VEY 5 G@YV_[LK@VNY

85

_ktgrk

mns

kmklk`tns

fk

subkigù` fk me pnmke n

Mmevk

fk fnomk onie

8? Yequk me

pnmke

eiignè`fn km

kxtreitnr

51-57 ll

y 5/?

x

;/4

pumaefes

89

Yequk

me

idevkte fkm

kbk

y

vkrgcgquk

km

kstefn

n

Kxtreitnr

fk

pnmkes

86

Mglpgk

km

idevktkrn

y krgcgquk quk `n

tkàe

n Lertgmmn ome`fn ( Xksefn )

eonmmefure k` su

s ~ p k r c g g k

g tkrè

n

Mmevk creìkse

8;

Ln`tk me pnmke y

inmnquk me idevkte

n _kmnb inlperefnr

k` ll

83

Cgbk

km prgsgn`krn

k`

km

in`bu`tn pnmke- kbk yidevkte

n

Iemgorefnr Skr`gkr k` ll

81 Xrukok km emg`kelgk`tn, inìk`trgfef y cuìgnèlgk`tn.

n

Ornide y

Qtpk.

XRE. IE@V.

FK@NLG@EIGÙ@

@N_LE 5FGLK@YGN@KY LEVK_GEM

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

FKYLN@VEBK W LN@VEBK FK XNMKEY

DV 86

LE@

_KC.

"'

C<<<<<<<<t r 5

VGKLXN 2 DNBE 2 5

5

5



r

NXK_EIGÙ@

FKYLN@VE_

XNMKEY

LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-

X K_Ò

'

In`sgstk k`

rktgrer pnmkes

pere

vkrgcgier

sg

rkqugkrk` rkpereigù`

n

rkklpmezn,

n pere

pkrlgtgr k eiiksn e ntrns lkie`gslns.


X_NIKYN 5 - FKYLN@VE_ XNMKE IN@ KTV_EIVN_

5n Xesn- _ktgrk km

kmklk`tn fk subkigù` fk

mn

pnmke

(Cgaure 5 ).

?¸

Xnsn- G`stemk km kxtreitnr snork mns

onr-

fks fk

mn

pnmkn (

Cgaurn

? ).

9¸ Xnsn-

Yequk

me

pnmkn

eiign`e`fn km

kxtreitnr.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Cgaure 5

Cgaure ?

Em utmgznr

kxtreitnrks fk tnr`gmmn,

ks

`kiksergn anmpkn"r suevk-

le`tkmn

ieokzn fkm tnr`gmmn fkm kxtreitnr in` u`.lertgmmn fk

orn`ik

n fk

pmåstgin.

Km cg`

ks ceigmgter

km fksln`tebk fk me

pnmke.



NXK_EIGÙ@ 2

FKYLN@VE_ XNMKEY

MGLE- XK_Ò

X_KIE[IGÙ@

¡

Em

utgmgzer u` kxtreitnr fk pnmkes,

tk`ae iugfefn k` `n feõer km

k¡k

6¸ Xesn- Yequk me idevkte fkm k¡k.

X_NIKYN -

FKYLN@VE_

XNMKE IN@

X_K@YE

5 Xesn- Ecmnbk y rktgrk km prgsgn`krn fk me pnmke.

?¸ Xesn- Inmnquk km

kbk

in` me pnmke snork

me

oesk fk

me

prk`se, g`tkrieme`fn mns

epnyns

quk cukrn` `kiksergns.

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

5.

Mns

iemzns

fkoebn

y ikrie fkm

ik`trn fk me pnmke

sgrvk`

pere

kvgter

quk sk rnlpe n

sk

fk-

cnrlk.

?. Me

pnmke

fkok qukfer

`gvkme-

fe

y

emg`kefe in` km kbk fk me

prk`se.

9. Kvgtk quk km kbk sk

kstrnpkk

iue`fn

sk

fksprk`fe fk

me

pnmke

9¸ Xesn- Yequk me pnmke eiign`e`fn me

prk`se.

6¸ Xesn-

Kxtregae

me idevkte.


8KC. DN 81 L ~ 4



r

MGLE-

XK_Ò

'

NXK_EIGÙ@

LN@VE_

XNMKEY

Ks

me eii5n` fk

g`stemer

me pnmke k`

su

rkspkitgvn

kbk,

in`bu`telk`tk in` su

idevkte

y prgsgn`krn. Yk kbkiute fkspuçs

fk rkvgser y

rkperer

sus pertks

(Cgaure

5 }.


Ieèm

k` • S •

Cgaure 5

X_NIKYN 5

-

LN@VE_ XNMKE IN@ ANMXKY

5

Xesn- Xrkperk km k¡k 2

e.

Mglpgk km

eaubkrn

y in`stetk

quk

`n

tkàe `gàuè eonmme-

fure

k` su supkrcgigk g`tkrè.

o. Mg l

pg

k k5

kbk,

es k a u rå `fns k

quk `n

tkàe

eonmmefures

k`

su kxtrkln

y

k` km rkstn fk

me

supkrcgigk.

X_KIE[IGÙ@

E`tks fk k¡kiuter km ln`te¡k fk

pnmkes,

vkrgcgquk quk mns n¡ustks

ske` inrrkitns.

?¸ Xesn- Inmnquk mn pnmkn k` km k¡k 2

e.

[tgm gik

u`

iesqugm mn pere

km

klpubk u`gcnrlk ( Cgaure ? }.

X_KIE[IGÙ@

Km idevktkrn fkm k¡k fkok qukfer

emg`kefn in` km idnvktkrn fk mn

pnmke.

Cgaure ?




r

NXK_EIGÙ@

LN@VE_ XNMKEY

LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

A K ~ D 4 L E 9 ~

9

¸ peYN- (N

5Nq [k 5 IdeSkte k k 5

IN`-

bu`tn

( Kbk,

pnmke

) 2

e. G`trnfuzie

me

idevkte

k` km

idevktkrn deste in`skaugr

k

ebustk efkiuefn ( Cgaure 5

±,

6¸

Xesn- Cgbk km

prgsgn`krn

k` km in`bu`tn

( Xnmke,

kbk

y

idevkte

). ±

e. [tgmgik me mmevk Emmk` efkiuefe.

o.

Ebustk

km

prgsgn`krn fe`fn

me

prksgù` efkiuefe ( Cgaure 6).

X_KIE[IGÙ@

Cgaure 9

Cgaure 6

¡

Eskaurksk

fkm ouk` ln`tebk

fk

me

idevkte y

me pnmke

X_NIKYN

55

- LN@VE_

XNMKE

IN@ X_K@YE

5

Xesn- Mglpgk me

pnmke

?¸

Xesn- Mglpgk km kbk

9¸

Xesn- G`stemk me idevkte

6¸

Xesn-

Inmnquk

km kbk k` km

eaubkrn

fk

me pnmke, deigk`fn

ing`igfgr

me

idevkte in`

km

idevktkrn.

;¸

Xesn-

G`trnfuigr

km

kbk eiign`efn

me

prk`se.

3¸

Xesn-

Ebustk

km

prgsgn`krn.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

me

pnmke `n

ve

g`skrtefe

e

prksgù` k`

km kbk,

sk pukfk g`stemer

få`fnmk anmpks suevks.



NXK_EIGÙ@ 2

LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

YEIE_ W INMNIE_ IDESKVEY

MGLE- XK_Ò

"'

8KC.Dn

ý L E ~ A

-------------------------------------------

Ks me

eiigù`

fk kxtrekr

y

inmnier mes idevktes

k`

sus emnbelgk`tns iue`fn sk deik`

fksln`tebks

fk

pnmkes

y kàreèbks, klpmke`fn

mes

dkrrelgk`tes efkiuefes.


X_NIKYN 5

- YEIE_

IDESKVE

FK

VEMÙ@

5

n

Xesn- Kxtregae me

idevkte

klpubå`fnme

deige ecukre in` eyufe fk u`

lertgmmn y

u` ourgm,

epnyefn k` km

temù` fk

me

idevkte (Cgaure

5

).

Cgaurn 5

X_NIKYN 55- INMNIE_ IDESKVE FK

VEMÙ@

5n Xesn-

Skrgcgquk

km

kstefn

fk me idevkte

y

km idevktkrn.

n.Inlprukok

km ebustk fk me

idevkte.

o, Ielogk me idevkte sg kstå k`

lem kstefn.

i.

_kperk

km idevktkrn

sg

ks `k-

iksergn.

?¸ Xesn- Emg`kk mes

reùres fkm idevktkrn

9¸ Xesn- G`trnfuzie me

idevkte

anmpkå`-

fnmn ( Cgaure

? ).

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

5 . Mns

idevktkrns fkok`

kster mgl-

pgns.

?.Iun`fn sk rkqugkre anmpker

uè idevkte, pere su esk`te-

lgk`tn,

dåaemn

in` u`

lertgmmn

pmåstgin n

u`

pu`zù` fk ornìk.

Cgaurn ?

(

]..



NXK_EIGÙ@

2

LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

YEIE_

W

INMNIE_ IDESKVEY

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ K ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

GLE- XK_Ò

X_NIKYN - YEIE_

IDESKVE

MGYE

5 Xesn-

Kxtregan mn

idevkte fksmgzå`fnme

.k` su reùre in` eyufe fk u`

ontefnr y u` lertgmmn

(Cgaure

9 ).

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Ykmkiign`k km ontefnr eprnpgefn

pere

`n feõer me

idevkte

n me

reùre.

X_NIKYN GS- INMNIE_ IDESKVE. MGYE

5¸ Xesn- Skrgcgquk km

kstefn fk

me idevkte

y km

idevktkrn.

?¸ Xesn- Emg`kk mes reùres

fkm

idevktkrn.

9¸

Xesn-

G`trnfuzie me

idevkte k`

su

ide-

vk

tkrn.

Cgaure 9

X_NIKYN

GS- YEIE_

IDESKVE

IG_I[ME_

5n Xesn-

Kxtregae me idevkte deigç`fnme

agrer k` su emnbelgk`tn in` eyu-

fe fk u` ontefnr y u` lertgmmn

( Cgaure 6 ).

X_NIKYN S -

INMNIE_ IDESKVE

IG_I[ME_

5 Xesn-

Skrgcgquk km

kstefn fk

mn

idevkte

y km

idnvktkrn.

?¸ Xesn-

G`trnfuzin mn

idevkte.

e.

Inmnquk

me

idevkte

k` km

ide-

vktkrn fkm

kbk, gìm g`å`fnme

mgakrelk`tk

deige

efkme`tk

(Cgaure

;

).

o. Emg`kk km kbk

in` su emnbelgk`-

tn,

nrgk`tå`fnmns pnr idevkte

y idevktkrn.

i.

G`trnfuzie

km kbk k` su emnbe-

lgk`tn.

Cgaure ;

Cgaure 6

Kxtrkln

lås

oebn



NXK_EIGÙ@

YEIE_ W INMNIE_ IDESKVE±Y

MGLE-

XK_Ò

]..

X_NIKYN

SG -

YEIE_ IDESKVE K@IEYV_EFE

5n Xesn- Kxtregae me idevkte, demå`fnme

deige cukre fk su k`iestrk,kl-

pmke`fn

u` emgietk fk inlog`e-

igù`

( Cgaure 3

).

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Yg me idevkte kstå luy ebustefe,

ecmùbkme anmpkå`fnme in`

u`

ler-

tgmmn pmåstgin n

u`

ontefnC fk ornõ-

ik.

)

,

Cgaure 3

"" (L2IÅ@GIN FK LG]@mc@GLGK@V8

~ K C D 8 8 7 ~ 4

~ Z

X_NIKYN

SGm-

INMNIE_

IDESKVE

K@IEYV_EFE

5 Xesn- Skrgcgquk km kstefn fk me

idevkte

y km idnvktkrn.

?¸

Xnsn- G`trnfuzin mn

idevkte

2

e.

Inmnquk

me

idevkte

k` km ide-

vktkrn fkm kbk.

o. Emg`kk km kbk in` su emnbelgk`-

tn,

nrgk`tå`fnmns pnr

idevkte

y idevktkrn.

i.

G`trnfuzie

km kbk k`

su emnbe-

lgk`tn.



'

.

= - ~ ± ± "

..

' 2, ' ±2

VKI@NMNAÌE. KYXKIÌC-GIE 2

LKIÅ@GIA LE@VK@GLGK@VN

..,. ', t:

'}.:

• 5 c • ' '^, 2 , , : .

±±.-

2

VKIDGIEY

K@ 'KM2LU@VEBK

M G ~ ~ X K _ ò 2 ~ ~ n ^ k ^ X ^ ~ ^ M

± ~ s^^

^^^^

~ A ~ ~

e B ~

K` km

ln`tebk

fk tre`slgsgn`ks pnr

pnmkes,

u`n

fk

mns pu`tns gr55pnrte`tks e tk`kr k`

iuk`te ks me fgst=>ìge k`trk

p n m ~ n s .

Cgaure Sgste. fk

pme`te

Cgaure ? Sgste

fk

kmkveigù`

FGYVE@IGE

K@V_K

XNMKEY

Me cgaure 5 lukstre

me

g`stemeigù` fk uè

turogè

fk kbk vkrtgiem,

eiignèfn

fgrkitelk`tk uè fgèln fnomk sg` tre`slgsgù` g`tkrlk-

fge, in` cebe e

lkfge

iruz y in` mes pnmkes fk 5

/4

fk rkmeigù`.

Me

cgaure

? lukstre me vgste fk .

e v e i g ù ` ~

_KMEIGÙ@ K@V_K

MÙ'Y FGÅLKV_NY FK MEY XNMKEY

Yk

rkinlgk`fe

quk

me

rkmeigù`

k`trk

mns

fgålktrns

fk

mes

pnmkes

`n

kxikfe

k` lås

fk 5;

vkiks,

snork tnfn

iue`fn me pnmke leynr ks

me in`fuitnre.

Yg

ks

`kiksergn deikr uè

g`stemeigù`

quk pesk kstk mìlgtk, mns kbks

fkok` kster fgsteìgefns,

fk

le`kre quk me inrrke

eoreik

k` me

pnmke lk`nr, pnr mn lk`ns, u` erin fk 5;8

¸.

Xere kvgter kstk gìn`vk`gk`tk,

sk

klpmke km sgstkle

rkprksk`tefn

k` mes cgaures e`tkrgnrks, k`

fn`fk

E ks me pnmke in`fuitnre, O

me

in`fuigfe y I uè

pnmke

tk`snre ln`tefe k` km snpnrtk

L@.

Yk

pufk

cgber

u` pksn k`

fgvkrsns

pu`tns fk kstk snpnrtk, fk ln`kre

quk

me pnmke

I

deae leynr

n

lk`nr

prksgù` snork

km

relem

in`fuigfn.



VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE

2

~ I Å @ G I N FK L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

VçI@GIEY K@ KM

LN@VEBK

FK

XNMKEY

~ J r K 59 BO

LN@VEBK

FK

XNMKEY K@ S

Emau`ns tgpns fk pnmkes

k`

S kstå` prnykitefns

pere

ln`tersk råpgfelk`tk,

pnr mn

quk vgk`k` erlefns y mgstns pere su g`stemeigù` k` km kbk.

Km prniksn pere

km

ln`tebk fk kstes pnmkes ks inln sgauk 2

-

Inmnquk

me pnmkn k` mn pnsgigù` fkskefn.

- Ebustk mns tnr`gmmns k` cnrln emtkr`efn.

- Eskaòrksk fkm ouk` ln`tebk ( Cgaurn 9 n y o ).

n

o

Cgaure 9

SK@VEBEY

FK KYVEY XNMKEY

- @n tgk`k` vgoreigù`.

- @n sk seiufk`.

- @n sk `kiksgtn anmpkermes k` km ln`tebk.

-

@n

tgk`k` tnr`gmmns fk cgbeigù` quk reyk` em kbk.





LN@VEBK

IN@ IDESKVEY

MGLE-

XK_Ò

^^^ 6^)4

Me cgbeigù` fk pgkzes

pnr

lkfgn

fk

idevktes

kxgak igkrtes

in`sgfkreign`ks

cu`felk`-

temks

2

5. Skrgcgier km

fgålktrn

fkm

kbk n åronm

y

km

fkm iuon fk me pnmke.

? . S k r c k e r

quk

5e

pns

k ù , fg l k`

sg

k-

`ks

y nrgk`teigù` fk mns idevktkrns

ske` mes inrrkites.

9. Mglpger ogk` mes supkrcgigks fkm kbk n år-

onm

y fkm

iuon fk

me pnmke.

Inlprnoer

quk km iuon pukfk niuper me pnsgigù`

inrrkite k` km kbk.

6. Inlprnoer mes lkfgfes

n

y

o

snork

km

kbk

n åronm,

y

k

y f snork

km

iuon

fk

me

pgkze.

;. Inlprnoer mns bukans

e

fk me idevkte

k` km emnbelgk`tn

fkm kbk.

Fgidn bukan

fkok skr,

eprnxglefelk`tk,

fk 8,85

ll (Cgaure 5).

Mukan,

sk

inmnie

km

kbk

fk

le`kre quk

km

emnbelgk`tn

fk me

idevkte qukfk

k`

me

pertk

supkrgnr.

Fkspuçs

fk rkfn`fker

mes

ergstes sk g`trn-

fuik me

idevkte,

anmpkå`fnme

in`

u` lezn

deste

inmnierme

k` su pnsgigù` efkiuefe

y

lgfgk`fn mes

fglk`sgn`ks e.

Kste fglk`-

sgù` fkok skr fk

8,? ll

e

8,9

ll lk`nr

quk

me fgsteìge

f.

Yg me fgsteìge

ks inrrkite, sk prnikfk e

ln`ter me rukfe

y,

k` iesn in`trergn, sk

vukmvk

e

seier

me

idevkte

y

sk

rktnie

km

idevktkrn n

me

idevkte (

Cgaure ?

).

K` mns ln`tebks in` idevkte Qnnfrucc,

prglkrn sk

ln`te me

pnmke k` km

kbk

sg`

m mkaer e su pnsgigù` fkcg`gtgve. K`tnìks sk

g`trnfuik me

idevkte,

prksgn`å`fnme

de-

ige

eoebn, fk lnfn quk tgk`fe

e

fksmgzer-

sk

k`

su

emnbelgk`tn

(Cgaure

9 ).

Cgaurn 5

Cgaurn ?

Cgaurn 9



r

VKI@NMNA{E KYXKIÌCGIE

2

LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-

XK_Ò

LN@VEBK IN@ IDESKVEY

r2-2-m

~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ A ~ l 5 6 ~

Mes idevktes fk`nlgèfes fk teiù` {Vemù`) fkok` k`trer sg` rnzer kxiksgvelk`tk mes

ieres metkremks fk mns ieèmks idevktkrns, puks fn`fk kbkrik` me prksgù`

ks

k` me oesk

fk mes reùres:

pe.re

mn

iuem, me idevkte

sk

in`stgtuyk

in` uè

gìmgèigù`

fkm u`n

pnr

igk`tn (

5 2

588±).

Xere km ln`tebk,

prglkrn

sk g`trnfuik k` km

kbk

km iuon fk me pnmke n

pgkze

y,

fkspuçs,

me idevkte

anmpkå`fnme in` u`

lezn.

Kstk

tgpn

fk idevkte `n fkok g`trnfuigrsk deste km kxtrkln fkm emnbelgk`tn, sg`n quk me

52588

k

f

Cgaure 6

LN@VEBK

IN@ VGXNY FK IDESKVEY LÅY INL[@KY K@ Y[Y _KYXKIVGSNY KBKY

N

Å_ONMKY

K`

me

cgaure

;,

pere km

ln`tebk

(E ) sk± ln`te

me pnmke

k` km kbk y fkspuçs sk g`trnfuik

me idevkte: pere km fksln`tebk ( O ) sk klpube me idevkte pnr km ntrn kxtrkln.

4

Cgaure ;

CGBEIGÙ@

FK

IDESKVEY

In` crkiukìge ks prkigsn

cgber

mes idevktes k` su emnbelgk`tn pere quk `n ecmnbk`.

Mns

sgstkles fk cgbeigù` e klpmkersk pukfk` skr 2

e. Xnr lkfgn

fk uè

pgkze c g befe

pnr

u` tnr`gmmn quk deik fk

tnpk.

o. Cgbe`fn me idevkte, em cn`fn fkm idevktkrn, pnr lkfgn fk u` tnr`gmmn

5

Cgaure

~

: ~ r

--+

6±bgc9cc±g2+

Cgaure 3

.¡



VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE

2

LN@VEBK

IN@ IDESKVEY

MGLE-

XK_Ò

].

Xere km fksln`tebk,

pukfk

utgmgzersk

km

sgaugk`tk

prnikfglgk`tn

2

5.

Yg sk trete fk

uè

idevkte fk

temù` 2

Yk

g`trnfuik uè

iuõe

k`trk

me

pgkze

y

km

temù`,

anmpke`fn

mukan

me iuõe k`

fgrkiigù`

fk

me cmkide (

Cgaure

1

).

?. Yg sk trete fk uè idevkte

pmeè

2

e) Yk anmpke

snork

me iere E fk me

idevkte,

iue`fn

ske

pnsgomk

(

Cgaure

4 ) .

o) Mes

pgkzes ln`tefes

in` kstk tgpn

fk

idevktes `n pukfk`

fksln`tersk sg`n

fkspmezersk, ske

tgre`fn, klpube`fn

n anmpke`fn. K` kstk

òmtgln

prnikfg-

lgk`tn mns anmpks sk

ferå`

snork tnfn

em

in`tnr`n fkm iuon.

Yg

sk klpube

n

tgre sg` rks u Gte

fn dey quk fer

u`

mgak-

rn

lertgmmezn quk, ak`kremlk`tk,

rksum-

te sucgigk`tk

pere

quk me pgkze

sk

fks-

pkauk in`

repgfkz (

Cgaure

7 ).

Cgaure 7

Cgaure 1

¡ - - - - - - - - -

Cgaure 4

LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

~ K C D V K

56 )4





XNMKEY

~ ~ ~ ~ l 5; ~

GLE-XK_Ò

Yn` rukfes fkstgèfes e tre`slgtgr km lnvglgk`tn fk

rnteigù`

e mns kbks pnr lkfgn fk

mes cebes.

Mes

prgìgpemks pnmkes

sn`

pmeès

y

eieèmefes,

fk

eiukrfn

e

me

cebe

n

ieomk

quk

glpumsk

su supkrcgigk.

IE_EIVK_ÌYVGIEY

Yn` in`strugfes fk

fgvkrsns letkrgemks,

inln: emulg`gn, lefkre, cgkrrn cu`fgfn,

eikrn n pmåstgin, sgk`fn cgbefes e mns kbks

pnr prksgù`, idevkte y prgsgn`krn fk skau-

rgfef ( Cgaure 5 ).

Mns

fgålktrns

fk mes pnmkes

sk

iemiume` fk

eiukrfn in` me rkmeigù`

fk

vkmnigfefks

fkskefes.

K`

uè

tre`slgsgù`

fk

fns pnmkes sk fkcg-

`k

inln

2

Xnmkn lntrgz,

e me quk

inlu`gie, tre`slgtk

n

ak`kre

km lnvglgk`tn.

Yk

mk in`nik

telogç` in` km

`nlork

fk

pnmkn

in`fuitn-

rn.

Xnmkn

in`fuigfn e

me

quk

rkigok

km lnvg-

lgk`tn.

Yk

mk in`nik telogç` in` km `nl-

ork fk

pnmke

rkikptnre.

Xnmke

in`fuitnre

Xnmke in`fuigfe

Cgaurn

5

Dey fgckrk`tks imesks fk pnmkes k` iue`tn e su in`struiigù`. K`trk mes prgìgpemks

kìn`trelns 2

-

Xnmkn

pertgfn, inlpukste pnr u`

erlezù`

fk cgkrrn

cu`fgfn

n

eikrn.

Fgvgfgfe k`

fns

lgtefks quk sk

u`k` pnr

lkfgn

fk tnr`gmmns

inmniefns

k` km g`tkrgnr

fk me pnmke (Cgaure ? ).

Cgaure

? - Xnmke

Xertgfe



VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE

2

LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

XNMKEY

~ ~ ~ ± ~ l 5 ; B ~

kìn`trelns 2

-

Xnmke k`tkre,

ak`kremlk`tk

fk cgkrrn

cu`fgfn n fk

emulg`gn

y fk rkaumer teleõn. @n sk in`struyk` luy

are`fks,

fkogfn

e

su

are` pksn, mn

quk

pnfrìe irker

fgcgiumtef k`

km ln`tebk (

Cgaure

9 ).

Cgaure 9 - Xnmke k`tkre

-Xnmke ksiemnèfe, utgmgzefe

prgìgpemlk`tk

k` lå-

qugès

dkrrelgk`tes y k`

lequgèrges

n

kqugpns

quk

rkqugkre` vergeigù` fk

vkmnigfefks ( Cgaure 6 ).

Cgaure 6 - Xnmke

ksiemnèfe

-Xnmke

k` "S " , iereitkrgzefe pnr tk`kr

uè

supkrcgigk

eieèmefe

y pnr km lkbnr eaerrk fk mes cebes. Xnskk

u`n, fns

n lås

ieèmks

pere emnber gauem ie`tgfef

fk cebes

(Cgaure

; ).




LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

XNMKEY XME@EY

~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ l 5 s ) ~

Yn` rukfes pmeès k` iuye supkrcgigk mmkve`

inrrkes

pmeès pere tre`slgtgr lnvglgk`tn

fk

rnteigù` fk u` kbk e ntrn.

@NLK@IMEV[_E

Mes pertks prgìgpemks fk

me pnmke pmeè

(

Cgaure

5) sn` 2

Km

iuon, n

ik`trn fk

ebustk em

fgålktrn

fkm

kbk, in`

km

quk sk

deik

snmgfergn

pnr

lkfgn fk uè idevkte mnàgtufgèm.

Me mme`te, quk ks

me

inrnè n supkrcgigk

kxtkrgnr

fkmaefe,

fk

skiigù`

iurve

y

sn-

ork

me

quk

sk

epnye

me

inrrke

k`

km

ik`trn,

y in`

rkonrfks

iue`fn me pnmke kstå snlk-

tgfe e vgoreign`ks. Yg ks luy eìde y

pmeè, sk fk`nlgè telonr.

XNMKE XME@E INLOEFE

Vkùrgielk`tk

me

inrrke `n tgk`k

`kiksg-

fef

fk skr augefe iue`fn u`k fns pnmkes

pmeès, iuyns

pme`ns

fgelktremks

ingìg-

f,k` kxeitelk`tk:

pkrn,

dey lås skaurg-

fef k`

iue`tn

e ksteogmgfef snork

me

pn-

mke sg çste

ks onlokefe

n inloefe.

Me

in`fgigù` prgìgpem

ks quk

me

pnmke

tkàe u` fgålktrn leynr em ik`trn: sgk`fn

me

cmkide fk

onlokn, eprnxglefelk`tk,

5 / 5;

fkm

eìdn

fk me mme`te (c gsure

? ).

Mns orezns,

quk sn` rkitns n iurvns ( In-

`nigfns

telogç` inln reyns), fk cnrle

pereoùmgie

y fk skiigù` kmìptgie pere quk

ncrkzie` lk`nr

rksgstkìge em kscukrzn y

em lnvglgk`tn fkm egrk.

o

K`

pnmkes pkqukões

sk

rkklpmeze` pnr

u`

fgsin

mme`n.

Cgaure

5

Cgaurn ?



r



MGLE-

XK_Ò

XNMKEY

XME@EY

~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ A ~ l 5 s ~

XNMKEY XME@EY KYIEMN@EFEY

Fk`nlgèfes

telogç`

fk iereinm,

sk

utgmg-

ze` k`

låqugès

fn`fk sk `kiksgte

fgspn`kr

fk

fgstg`tes vkmnigfefks. Esì,

pnr kbklpmn, sg

in`sgfkrelns quk L ks km kbk

fkm

lntnr

y

V

km fkm

treoebn,

me inrrke sk kìuk`tre k` me

pnmke quk agre e lås vkmnigfef. Yg sk fkske

notk`kr

lk`nr vkmnigfef,

sk in`skaugrå

de-

igk`fn

peser

me

inrrke e mns telonrks fk me

gzqugkrfe

( Cgaure 9 ) .

•

5

YKA[_GFEF

5

•

. - . g : ' . . . 5 22

2±2±

. . . -2. .

¡'Î[GFEFN,KYrELEe[g@Å

. NFGE

EM Ç ~ ~ [ G G Å @ N c

±.

Cgaurn 9

"Ksn 53 mum pt[Nfn pnr^ f`t2n55b[Lmn••• @n , . t2`,3 iulumn j fg}• q55• kstf

l6quÝ[B 2BA

mumoc6 mm•idn

B

Lmfg&muu

• •

km ¡DQGGGn"



r


LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

XNMKEY K@

55

S

55

~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ l

5 5 ) ~

Yn` rukfes eieèmefes, klpmkefes pere

mmkver

uè

inrrke

kspkigem k` " S", quk

ln`tefes

snork u` kbk sgrvk` pere tre`slgtgr lnvglgk`tn fk rnteigù`

fk uè

pnmke e

ntre.

@NLK@IMEV[_E

Mes pertks

prgìgpemks fk me pnmke

k`

" S " ( Cgaure 5 ) sn` 2

Km iuon n pertk ik`trem

fk

me pnmke, quk cnrle

emauès vkiks u` snmn iukrpn

in`

km rkstn fk

me

pnmke. Yk

einpme e u` kbk pnr km eaubkrn

ik`trem y sk

cgbe

in` uè idevkte y

prgsgn`krn.

Km

ieèm

n

aerae`te,

pukfk skr fk u`n,

fns,

trks n lås ieèmks,

fk

eiukrfn

em tgpn n

ierei-

tkrìstgie fk me pnmke.

Vgk`k uè

eokrture

eàumer

fk

sus mefns `nr-

lemgzefe,

quk

sgrvk pere km emnbelgk`tn fk

mes

inrrkes.

Mes fglk`sgn`ks `nrlemgzefes lås inlu`ks

fk inrrkes k` "S" sn` mes sgaugk`tks ( Cgaure ? ) 2

Cgaure ?

Km

pkrcgm fk mns ieèmks

fk me

pnmke k` " S "

g`cmuyk k` me kcgigkìge fk me tre`slgsgù` y

me

fureigù`

fk mes

cebes.

Me

teome

quk

sk

prksk`te

k`

me påagè

sgaugk`-

tk g`fgie mns vemnrks `nrlemgzefns pere mes

pnmkes k` "S "tem inln

sk

lukstre k` me

cgau-

re 9.

Cgaure 5

MENNG

Cgaure 9



r


LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-

XK_Ò

XNMKEY K@

55

S

55

, B

~ ~

51

XK_CGM

FGÅLKV_N KTVK_@N

E@A[MN

LKFGFEY K@ LGMÌLKV_NY

FK

ME

FK ME

FKM

IN__KE XNMKE

(ll)

IE@EM

V Y

w

y

z

D

J

E

1; e

518

Lås fk 518

7,;

5;

59

9 ?

59

;

:948

598 e

?68

9'68

O

Lås fk ?68

55,;

57

51

9 ?

51

3,;

94¸

?88 e 9;8

96¸

k

Lås fk 9;8

5;,?;

?;,;

?t;

6

9

??

7,;

94¸

988 e

6;8

96¸

F

Lås fk 6;8

94¸

??

93,;

9?"

3

6,;

?4 5?.;

64; e

398

96¸

K

?1,?;

66,;

94,;

4 3

99 53

Lås fk 398

94=>

IMEYKY

FK

XNMKEY K@

"S "

Xnr

su

in`struiigù`,

sk

in`nik` trks tgpns prgìgpemks fk pnmkes 2

XNmK.EY

K@ " S "

K G ~ V K _ G R E Y

Yn` mns lås

inlu`ks y

ak`kremlk`tk ks-

tå`

ceorgiefns pere

ln`tersk k` u` kbk fk

fktkrlgèfn

fgålktrn.

Xukfk` tk`kr

u`n

n

lå±s±

ieèmks

(

Cgaure

6

).

XNmKEY

FK

IEYU[gmmN G@VK_IELOGE-

OmKY

Yk fgstgàuk` fk

mes

e`tkrgnrks pnr kster

ceorgiefes fk

u` leàugtn quk pukfk

ielogersk fk eiukrfn em fgålktrn e `kik-

sgtersk.

Velogç` sk pukfk ieloger km te-

leõn fk mn pnmkn areiges n me g`fkpk`-

fkìge

fk sus pertks ( Cgaurn ; ).

XNMKEY E[VNLÅVGIEY

Mmelefns esì pnrquk pkrlgtk` km ebustk n

iuemqugkr

arnsnr

fk inrrkns:

in` kmmes

sk

pukfk

verger

mn

vkmnigfef fk 7%-

?4%

k`

eiignèlgk`tns fk 5

DX

e

988

DX.

Xukfk skr fk u`n n lås ieèmks ( Cgaurn 3 ).

Cgaure

6

Cgaure ;

Cgaure 3

T

;

3,?;

4,?;

.55

59




LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-

XK_Ò

Ù_AE@NY FK [@GÙ@

AKC.DVK

54 B4

Yn` kmklk`tns

fk

låqugès quk sk utgmgze` pere erler, ln`ter n

cgber

u`

kqugpn,

lkie`gsln n låqugè, n sglpmklk`tk

pere

u`gr fns pgkzes.

Mns

kmklk`tns u`gù` kstå`

imesgcgiefns

k` fns are`fks arupns 2

CGBEY

[@GN@KY

LNSGOMKY

[@GN@KY

CGBEY

YNMFEF[_E

_KLEIDK

CN_BE

{

VN_@GMMN

IDESKVE

XEYEFN_

Yn` me

snmfefure,

me cnr¡e y mns

rkleidks,

quk cnrle` pertk fk mes

in`struiign`ks

gm`fustrgemks: sg` kloeran, ferklns emauès rkckrkìges oåsgies.

YNMFEF[_E

Ks u` prniksn

fk u`gù`

fk pgkzes lktåmgies fk inlpns5i5n` sklkbe`tk, n

fgckrk`tk, oebn mns kckitns fkm iemnr y in`

efgigù`

n sg`

kmme fk

u` lktem fk

epnrteigù`.

K`trk mns

prgìgpemks

lçtnfns n prnikfglgk`tns fk snmfefure, kìn`trelns 2

-

Em erin

kmçitrgin

-

Nxgeiktgmç`gie

- Xnr rksgstkìge kmçitrgie

- Xrniksn

LGA

- Xrniksn VGA

- Xnr

erin sulkragfn

( Cgaures

5

y ? fk

eoebn

y 9 y

6

k` me

påagè

sgaugk`tk).

~ ^^/ ^^^ .....

, S , ±

( "g'I2]

Cgaurn ?

Ynmfefure

nxgeiktgmç`gingaurn 5

Ynmfefure

em

nrin



VKI@NMNAcE

KYXKIÌCGIE 2

LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

Ù_AE@NY

FK

[@GÙ@

MGLE-

XK_Ò

~ K C . ^DV^K^5ê^)4

Kmkitrnfn

in`sulgomk

Xgstnme

fk

snmfer.

CN_BE

Låqugè

fk

snmfer

" Vreoebn

Cgaure 9 -

r n i ~ s n

LGA

Ierrktk

fk

emelork

Cgaurn 6 - Ynmfefure pnr erin sulkragfn

Ks

u` prniksn fk u`gù`

fk

?

pgkzes quk

sk sukmfe` k`trk sì,

anmpkå`fnmes in` u` lertgmmn

snork u` yu`quk. Xrkvgelk`tk de` sgfn ±iemk`tefes, deste quk mmkae` e u` kstefn

pestnsn, lkfge`tk km iemnr

fk

uè creaue u dnr`n.

Kstk prniksn

pukfk kbkiutersk leù'emlk`tk

n

pnr

lkfgn

fk

lertg m mns lkiå`gins

(

Cgaures ; y 3 ).

Wuk fkm lertg`ktk

Cgaure ; -

Cnrbefn leùem

Cgaure 3 - Cnrbefn

lkiå`gin

_KLEIDKY

Yn` kmklk`tns lktåmgins quk sgrvk` pere u`gr fns n lås pgkzes pnr

lkfgn

fkm

rkleidefn leùem

n e låqugè,

kbkiutå`fnsk

k` crìn n k` iemgk`tk.



r


LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-

XK_Ò

IDESKVEY

A^K^C.^DV^K ^ ^7^)4

Yn`

pgkzes quk,

g`trnfuigfes k` km

kbk

n

åronm y

u`

kmklk`tn ln`tefn snork

çm, cgbe`

rìagfelk`tk k`trk sì kstns fns kmklk`tns, fk le`kre

quk

em agrer u`n

fk

kmmns errestre

em

ntrn

k`

su

agrn

y

sg`

fkspmezelgk`tn rkmetgvn.

IMEYKY

Ykaò` me cnrle fk treoebn, mes idevktes sk imesgcgie` k` fns arupns 2

- Fk

ebustk

- Fk errestrk

IDESKVEY FK EB[YVK

Yn`

mes

quk

cgbe`

km kbk y km kmklk`tn

ln`tefn snork çm pnr km

eulk`tn fk

me

prksgù` k`trkelons, g`trnfuigç`fnsk e

lnfn

fk

iuões.

Me

cgaure 5

lukstre

kstk

tgpn fk idevkte,

k` me quk me iere

quk

sk

ebuste snork km kbk

tgk`k

cnrle iùìeve,

in`

u` refgn gauem em

kbk.

Me g`trnfuiigù`

fk me idevkte

nomgae e

ebuster cukrtklk`tk mes supkrcgigks fkm kbk

y km eaubkrn,

mnarå`fnsk

km

errestrk pnr me

cukrze fk

rnzelgk`tn.

IDESKVEY

FK E__EYV_K

Cgaurn 5

Yk

utgmgze`

iue`fn

me tre`slgsgù`

fk me

leynr

pertk fkm kscukrzn fkm kbk y

km

kmklk`tn

ln`tefn,

n

vgikvkrse, sk

deik

etrevçs

fk

kmmes.

Kstn

sk

mnare g`trnfuigk`fn

uè

pertk

fk

me

idevkte k` uè

reùre

( Idevktkrn) preitgiefe k` km

kbk y, me

ntre pertk, k`

me

pgkze

quk sk

trete fk

cgber.

K`trk

mns tgpns fk idevktes fk errestrk tk`klns

2

IDESKVE XME@E

Yk ceorgie

fk eikrn kspkigem,

utgmgzå`fnsk pere

subkter rukfes fk`tefes, vnme`tks, kti.

Yu

uogieigù`

k` km

kbk

pukfk

skr k` km

kxtrkln

n k`

ntrn muaer,

cgbå`fnsk

n

eskaurå`fnsk, pnr

mn

ak`krem, pnr lkfgn fk

u`

prgsgn`krn

(

Cgaures

?

y

9 ).

Cgaure ? Cgaure 9



VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE 2


MGLE- XK_Ò

IDESKVEY

~ ~

A ~ l

5 7 ~

IDESKVE IÙ@GIE

Yk ceorgie fk eikrn kspkigem, sgk`fn

su supkrcgigk

mgakrelk`tk gìmgèfe. Yk

g`trnfuik`

lkfge`tk anmpks

fk

lertgmmn, utgmgzå`fnsk k`

km

ln`tebk fk lequgèrges

pksefes.

Mes dey

fkm tgpn sglpmk

y fkm tgpn temù` (Cgaures 6 y ; ).

Idevkte 5;r

} / / ~

Cgaure 6

IDESKVE _KFN@FE

Yk

utmgze iue`fn `n

sk

fkske u` e bustk eprk-

tefn

pere su

cåigm

ln`tebk.

Vgk`k

me fksvk`tebe fk

fkogmgter

em kbk

( Cgaure 3 ).

IDESKVE YKLGIG_I[ME_ ( Qnnfrucc)

Ks

luy

klpmkefe k` låqugès dkrrelgk`tes

pnr

skr fk in`struiigù` råpgfe

y

prkigse,

k`

inlpereigù` in` mes idevktes inlu`ks ( Cg-

aure 1 )

Cgaure ;

Cgaure 3

Cgaure 1



r

VKI@NMNAÌE KYXKIÌCGIE

VN_@GMMNY W V[K_IEY


MGLE- XK_Ò

" ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " ' AKC.

DVK

?8)4

Yn` pgkzes

lktåmgins

klpmkefes k` me u`5n` fk

ntrns

pgkzes.

Km tnr`gmmn

(Cgaurn 5 )

kstå

cnrlefn

pnr u` iukrpn

igmì`frgin

rnsiefn

y

u`n

ieokzn

k`

vergns

cnrles.

Mns

tukries

( Cgaurn ? ) sn` fk cnrln prgslåtgin

y

igmì`frgin,

in`

u`

eaubkrn

rnsiefn pnr

fn`fk

sk

g`trnfuik

km

tnr`g-

mmn. Mn ere`fkme ks

u`n

pgkze igmì`frgin,

fk pnin kspksnr,

in`

u` eaubkrn k` km ik`trn pnr fn`fk pnsn km iukrpn

fkm

tnr`gmmn (Cgaures 9,

6

y

; ).

Cgaurn 9

Cgaurn 6

Cgaurn ?

Cgaurn 5

ere`fkme mgsn

Cgaurn ;

Mns tnr`gmmns

y

tukries sgrvk` pnrn u`gr pgkzes (inln

k`

me cgaurn

3 )

n

pnrn u`gr pgkzes,

k` fn`fk u`n kstå eaubkrkefn y rnsiefn 2

Dklore

( Cgaurn 1 ) .

Cgaure 3

Cgaure 1

e:ubtrn

X5=t2t n

.in`

k tr±U

rnt:iefn

Mns

tukries sgrvk`

pnrn

fer ebustk

k`

mes u`gn`ks fk pgkzes:

k` emau`ns

insns, sgrvk`

pnrn

rkaumeigù`.

Mns ere`fkmes sgrvk` pnrn prntkakr me supkrcgigk fk mes pgkzes, kvgter fkcnrleign`ks

k`

mns supkrcgigks

fk

in`teitn

y

telogç`, fk eiukrfn in` su cnrln pnrn kvgter quk me

tukrie sk ecmnbk.



VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE

LKIÅ@GIN

FK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-

XK_Ò

VN_@GMMNY W V[K_IEY (.,

~ ~ ~ ~ B ~ ~ l ~ ~

VGXNY FK rn_@GMMNY

mes cgaures

fkm±4 em

54 prksk`te` mns

prg`igpemks

tgpns

fk

tnr`gmmns.

Yk

fe`

me

cnrle y mes

kspkigcgieign`çs prnpges pere me

in`struiigù`

fk

iefe

u`n 2

? f

IEOKRE DKTEAN@EM

IN@ V[K_IE

Cgaurn 4

IEOKRE _KFN@FE IEOKRE E SK MME@EFE

FK

_E@[_E FK _E@[_E

Cgaurn 55 Cgaurn 5?

B,1f

f

IEOKRE

I[EF_EFE

IN@ V[K_IE

Cgaurn 7

IEOKRE NSEMEFE, IN@

_E@[_E

Cgaurn 59

IEOKRE FK

MK@VKBE

Cgaurn

53

EOKRE

IGMÌ@F_GIE,

FK _E@[ _E

VGXN

EMMK@

Cgaurn 56

Cgaurn 5N

IEOKRE irMc@F_GIE

_KFN@FE

Cgaurn 5;

X_GYGN@K_NY

Cgaurn

51

Cgaurn 54



VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE

2

LKIÅ@GIN

FK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

VN_@GMMNY W V[K_IEY

AKC.

DVK ?8

) 4

VGXNY

FK

V[K_IEY

mes cgaures

fkm

57 em

?6 prksk`te`

mns prgìgpemks tgpns fk

tukries

2

85GBitBGVNBHB

kxeanèm

Cgaure 57

iuefrefe

dkxeanè

5

in`

reùres refgemks

Cgaure

?8

Cgaure ?5

VGXNY FK E_E@FKMEY

dkxeanèm

tgpn

"iestgm5n

55

Cgaure

??

fk

lergpnse

Cgaure

?9

igkae

Cgaure

?6

Mes

ere`fkmes

sk

imesgcgie`

ak`kremlk`tk

k` 2 Mgsns (Cgaures ?; em

?3),

fk

prksgù`

(Cgaures ?1 em ?4 ) y kstrkmmefns

(Cgaures

?7 em

9?

).

H

Cgaure ?;

Cgaure

?3

Cgaure

?1

Cgaure

?4

Cgaure 98

Cgaure 95

Cgaure

9?

Me

teome

fk me

påagè

sgaugk`tk prksk`te mes fglk`sgn`ks fk mns kmklk`tns fk u`gù` fk

pgkzes

k`

sus vemnrks lås inlu`ks.




LKIÅ@GIN FK L6@VK@GLGK@VN

VN_@GMMNY

S

V[K_IEY

MGLE- XK_Ò

^^^^ ^n^\Kb

5Q

®

VGQ

.®B

ùrlumes 2 D - 5,; f l- 8,4 f `- 8,66 f

i - K - 5 3

• - 8 .?6f

Qdgtwnrtd (

@nrlem

)

Lçtrgie ( @nrlem )

Vnr`gmmn

y tukrie

Ere`fkme Vnr`gmmn y

tukrie

55 Ere`fkme

f (8

kx5rkln

)

9/9?.

m/4

55

;/9?

55

9/53

55

m/6"

;/53.

'9/4 .

1/53"

5/?"

;/4

55

9/6

55

1/4"

m"

55/4"

5

m/6

55

5 9/4"

5 5/?"

5 ;/4"

m

9/6"

5 1:e±±

?"

? 5/6'

5

?

m /?"

? 9/6'

5

9"

K

k

e

o

F

d

c f (

8 kxtrkln ) K

k ^ e

2

Y ;,4 ?,R ?.;' 3 8.9 ?.;

gm

3

3.

7 ?, ; 9 4

n.

; 9. ; gm

4

7.

?

?.

4

9.

? 5

n n ; 6.

;

55

¡¡

m

2 :

2 3 22 gm

56 53.?

3 4 54 ? 4 ;

g

?

9

6

;

3

1

O

1 57.3 1 5N ?? ?. Y 5 gm

57 ?5 • 7 4

55

?6 9

9

5

5

5

9

, Y

?? ?;,6 7

59

?4

mN

?

1

95 • ? 5?

53

96 9 51

55

m5

9? 93 .7 56 57 68 6 ?8 5 5?

93

65

,3

53

?9

6;

6 ?9

65 61,554 ?3

;?

; ?3

63

;9.5 ?5

?7

;4

;

98

;8

;1.1 ?9 9? 3? ;

99

;; 39,; ?; 9; 34 3 93

56

53

54

?8

??

38 37.9 ?1 9Y 1; 3 68 ?6

5

3;

1; 98 6? 48 1 69 5 ?1

18 48,4 m? 6; 4; 1 63

1; 43,;

96

64

7? 4

48 7?,6

93 ;8

74 4

4; 74 68 ;6 58;

7

7; 558 6; 38 5?8 58

58; 5?5 64 3; 59; 55

55

N 5? 1

;8

34 m 6 Y 5?

67

;?

5

;4

3;

1?

14

98

99

93

97

6?

6;

64

6.; ;,? 5.; ? 4

8.9

9

3 3,7

?,;

9 4

8,;

6

4 7,? 9.; 6 )8

8,;

;

7 58,6 6 ; 5? n.4 3

m m 5?,1

;

3 ,;565 .;

1

m5

5?,1

; ;.,;

5 6 5 . ;

4

56

53,? 3 4 54 ? 7

51

57 ,3

3 4

54

? 5

n

51

57,3

1

58

??

?,; m m

57 ?5,7 1 mN ?6

?,;

5?

??

?;

•

6 7 5 9 ? 4 9

59

??

?;,6

mN 59 ?4 9 5;

? 1

95

.? 5? 53

96

9 m1

9?

93

• 7 5 6 57 68 6

57

9? 93,756 57568 6 ?5

93 65,3 53 ?9 56; 6 ?9

93

65,3

53 ?9

~ 6 ; 6 ?;

65

61 ,954 ?.3 ; ?4

63 ;9,5

?5

?7

s4

s

95

;8 ;1,1

?9 9? 3? ; 96

;; 39,; ?; 9; 34 3

91

38

37,9

?1

94

1;

3 68

3; 1;

98

6?

'48 1

69

18 48,4 9? 6; 4; 1 63

5

1; 43.2 96

64 7?

4 67

@nte 2 Mes fglk`sgn`ks k` lgmìlktrns sn` eprnxglefes.




LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-

XK_Ò

KTV_EIVN_KY

FK K@A_E@EBKY,

~

~ ~ ~ ~ X N ^ M ^ K ^ E ^ Y ~ W _ ^ N ~ F E ^ L ^ G ^ K ^ @ ^ V ^ n ^ s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ± ~ ~ l

?5

~

(@nlkìmeture

y

usn} ^, mr2 ^

Yn` dkrrelgk`tes quk

sk

use` pere kxtrekr pnmkes, kàreèbks, rnfelgk`tns y ntres

pgkzes quk kstç`

emnbefes

in` ebustks e prksgù`.

Kstå` in`strugfns fk eikrn

kspkigem

pere r k ~ g s t g r

are`fks kscukrzns.

K` mes cgaures 5 y ?

sk

lukstre` mes iereitkrìstgies prgìgpemks.

Cgaure 5

E Meran fk me ieokze

O Meran fkm tnr`gmmn fk cukrze

I

Fgålktrn

fkm

tnr`gmmn

fk cukrze

F

Vgpn y

aruksn fk me ieokze

K _eùre fk me ieokze

C _eùre fk me ieokze

A Meran fk mns tnr`gmmns fk

eaerrk

D Emieìk

låxgln fk mes petes

5 Eokrture låxgle fk tns petes

Yk imesgcgie` k` dgfråumgins ( Cgaure 9 ) y

lkiå`gins ( Cgaure 6, påagè

sgaugk`tk).

Cgaure ?

Xetes fk

~ ^ ^ : 2 . . . . ^ p u ` t e s

sglpmk

Cgaure 9



,

VKI@NMNAcE

KYXKIcCGIE 2


KTV_EIVN_KY FK

K@A_E@EBKY,

MGLE- XK_Ò

XNMKEY

W

_NFELGK@VNY

t2 )

' ------- @^n^l^k^`î^me^tû^re^yû^s^n^)^^^^

^^,.-B ~ K C

DVK ?5

Mns kxtreitnrks lkiå`gins

sk

fgvgfk` k` fns imesks 2

Fk tnr`gmmn ( Cgaures 5, ? y 6 ) y fk glpeitn ( Cgaure ; ).

5 ~ - - - - . . . X E V E Y FK

X[@VEY YGLXMK

Cgaurn

6

Cgaurn

;

Xnr su cnrle

fk

eaerrer

mes pgkzes sk fk`nlgè` fk fnomk y trgpmk eaerrk ( Cgaures 3

y

1) 2

Cgaurn 3

Cgaurn 1

Yk ceorgie`

k` vergns tgpns y teleõns fk

eiukrfn

e mes

`kiksgfefks fk

usn y e

uè

prksgù` kspkiìcgie fk treoebn.

Iue`fn sk treoebe

in` mns kxtreitnrks sk fkok tk`kr k` iuk`te

quk

su

kstefn

ak`krem

ske ùptgln.





MGLE-

XK_Ò

KTV_EIVN_KY

FK K@A_E@EBKY,

~ X N ~ M ^ K ^ E ^ s ^ v ^ _ ^ n ^ n ^ E ^ L ~ G K ^ @ ^ V ~ N Y

~ l

~ ~

"- (@nlkìmeture y usn) "' ~ ^

IN@YK_SEIGÙ@

Ykfkok` le`tk`kr

mglpgns,

in`

km

tnr`gmmn

fk

cukrze

muorgiefn

y

in` me

ieokze

k`

ouk`

kstefn. Inrrkagr

mes cuaes fk cmugfn

k` mns

kxtreitnrks dgfråumgins.

EIIKYN_GNY

Efnptefnr

fk rnsin

y lnidn y dklore ( Cgaure 4 )2

sgrvk inln kxtk`snr fkm tnr`gmmn fk cukrze

n

pern

mns

orezns

y sk

utgm gze iue`fn

sk

ve`

e

kxtrekr

rnfelgk`tns

n pnmkes.

Efnptefnr

dklore

fk rnsin

(

Cgaure

7 )2 Yk

use

inln kxtk`sgù`

fkm

tnr`gmmn fk

cukrze n

fk

mns

orezns

y sk

utgmgze

iue`fn sk

ve`

e

rklnvkr

oubks n kbks.

Efnptefnrks pnrn

auger km

tnr`gmmn fk cukrzn ( Cgau-

res 5

N

y

55

)2

Yk

use` pere

prntkakr

mns kbks y inln

supmklk`tn pere

ik`trer km

tnr`gmmn fk

cukrze.

Mns pmetns

sk

use` pere kxtrekr pnmkes,

kàreèbks y rnfelgk`tns y inln iemzes

k`

me prk`se

dgfråumgie.

Xetes fk

fnomk

pu`te (

Cgaure

5? ) 2

Kstes petes

tgk`k`

fnomk

pu`te, uè in`-

trerge

e

me ntre, fk

le`kre

quk

sk

pukfe`

utgmgzer pere seier g`tkrès n kxtkrès.

Cgaure 4'

Cgaure 7

Cgaure 5 N

Cgaure

55

Cgaure

5?



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

IÅMI[MN

FK

V_E@YLGYGN@KY I-2-]

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ F ^ K ~ X ^ N ~ M ^ K ^ E ^ Y ~ X ^ M ^ E ^ @ ^ E ^ Y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 \ ~

Mns `òlkrns fk rkvnmuign`ks quk, k` km lgsln t gklpn, kbkiute` fns

pnmkes,

kstå`

k`

rezù`

g`vkrse

fk

sus

rkspkitgvns fgålktrns

(Cgaure 5 ).

Yg sk rkprksk`te` pnr

F y

f mns

fgålktrns

fk

fns

pnmkes k`mezefes

pnr

uè

cebe, y

pnr @ y pnr ` km `òlkrn fk rkvnmuign`ks

k`

gauem

tgklpn,

pukfk

ksteomkikrsk me

sgaugk`tk gauemfef 2

F ±

@<

f ±

`

Fn`fk 2

@

Lntrgz

F < Fgålktrn fk

me

pnmke lntrgz n in`fuitnre

---

f < Fgålktrn fk

me pnmke

in`fuigfe n

rkikptnre

@ < _kvnmuign`ks

pnr

lgùtn fk

me pnmke lntrgz

` < _kvnmuign`ks

pnr

lgùtn fk me pnmke in`fuigfe

Fk

me

gauemfef, sk fkfuik` kstes cùrlumes 2

f ±`

F±@

F

<

f

<

@

`

@

f ± `

F±@

<

` <

F

f

Kbklpmns

fk epmgieigù`

2

`

In`fuigfe

5. [è pnmke lntrgz fk 688 lgmìlktrns fk fgålktrn, agre e uè vkmnigfef fk 48 rpl

y tre`slgtk lnvglgk`tn e ntre

pnmke

fk ?88 lgmìlktrns fk fgålktrn. Yk fkske iemiumer

me vkmnigfef

fk me

pnmke in`fuigfe.

Fetns 2

F

< 688 ll

@ <

48

rpl

f ?88 ll

` < >

Ynmuigù` 2

Epmgielns me cùrlume 2

_kklpmeze`fn vemnrks

2

`

`

F ± @

f

688

T

48

?88




IÅMI[MN FK V_E@YLGYGN@KY


MGLE- XK_Ò

FK XNMKEY XME@EY

(_KC. DIVE 51)4

_ksnmvgk`fn 2

` < 538 rpl

Fk kstk rksumtefn sk pukfk ksteomkikr me rkmeigù` fk

vkmnigfef

quk dey k`trk fns pnmkes,

n ske2

@

48

5

<--

( _kmeigù` fk

5

e

? )

` 538

?

KstÙ sga`gcgie quk,

lgk`tres me

p n m ~ e lntrgz agre 5

vukmte ( _kvnmuigù` ), me pnmke

in`fu-

igfe agrerå

? vukmtes ( _kvnmuçgn`ks

).

Fkm lgsln lnfn sk

pukfk

ksteomkikr me rkmeigù` fk mns

fgålktrns,

n ske ±

F

f

<

688

?88

?

( _kmeigù` fk ? e

5 )

In` kstes fns rkmeign`ks sk iulpmk km prgìgpgn fk tre`slgsgù` fk mns pncçns', .fA`fk sk

ksteomkik quk mes vkmnigfefks sn` g`vkrselk`tk prnpnrignèmks e mes

lkfgfes

fk sus

fgålktrns.

?.

K` uè tre`slgsgù`, me pnmke

lntrgz

fk ?48 lgmìlktrns fk fgålktrn agre e

73

rpl y

deik agrer e ntre pnmke e 36 rpl. Yk fkske iemiumer km fgålktrn fk kste pnmke.

_KMEIGÙ@

FK MNY

FGÅLKV_NY K@V_K

XNMKEY

Fkogfn em fksmgzelgk`tn

fk

me

cebe

y em

eulk`tn

quk

sucrk

pnr

me

kmestgigfef

km

relem

in`fuitnr, fkok fersk e me pnmke lntrgz u` eulk`tn fk fgålktrn fk u` 9% y, k` emau`ns

iesns,

deste

u`

5 N%,

n telogç`

sk eulk`te k`

u` ?

%km `òlkrn

fk rkvnmuign`ks

fk

me

pnmke in`fuigfe.

FGYVE@IGE

K@V_K KBKY FK

V_E@YLGYGÙ@,

YKAÒ@

KM FGÅLKV_N

FK MEY

XNMKEY

Me skpereigù`

k`trk

pnmkes,

in`fuitnre

y in`fuigfe,

skrå,

iue`fn

lk`ns,

gauem

e

fns

vkiks

km

fgålktrn

fk

me pnmke leynr.

V_E@YLGYGÙ@ XN_ IN@N FK XNMKEY N XNMKEY KYIEMN@EFEY

K`

kstk

iesn fk tre`slgsgù`

sk

verìe

km


fkspmeze`fn

me

cebe.

Esì,

in`

u`

in`n fk

iuetrn pnmkes sk

pukfk

fgspn`kr fk iuetrn fgckrk`tks `òlkrns fk

rkvnmuign`ks.

IÅMI[MN

FK

MEY XNMKEY KYIEMN@EFEY

Xere

km

iåmiumn

fk

mns fgålktrns

y

vkmnigfefks fk pnmkes ksiemnèfes sk utgmgze mes

lgsles cùrlumes fk me tre`slgsgù` s g l p m ~ n ske, e

pertgr

fk me

gauemfef

2

F ±@ < f±

`



r


FK

LE@mK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò


FK XNMKEY XME@EY

Kbklpmns

fk

epmgieigù` 2

(_KC. DIVE 51)4

5.

Iemiumer

mes

vkmnigfefks

fkm sgaugk`tk

in`n

fk pnmkes ( Cgaure ?) 2

Fetns2

8

5

<

588

ll

U

?

<5;8

ll

8

9

<?88

ll

8

6

<?;8 ll

f

5

<5;8

ll

f

?

< ?68 ll

f

9

<

?;8 ll

f

6

<

988

ll

Yg km relem in`fuitnr agre e 5 ;88 rpl,

sk

fkske

evkrgauer

iuåmks

skrù` mes

vkmnigfefks

pere

mes

iuetrn pnsgign`ks

fk

me cebe.

Ynmuigù` 2

Xns.j2gù` fk me

cebe

5

`.-

5. -

@± 8

6

fm

5

;88 T ?;8

5;8

? ;88

rpl

Xnsgigù` fk me

cebe

55

@±

8

9

f?

5

;88 T

?88

?68

5 ?;8 rpl

Xnsgigù` fk me

cebn

555

`9

<

@± F

?

f9

5 ;88 T 5;8

`9

<

?;8

`9

<

788

rpl

@

....

n

n

-u

`5

@

5;88

L

n

rpl

n

GS

555

55

n

n

n

n

L

-..22t

@

@

@

-u

L

-u

`?

....

`9

-u

`6

Cgaure ?



r



MGLE- XK_Ò


~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ F ^ K ^ X ^ N ^ M ^ K ^ E ~ Y ^ X ^ M ^ E ^ @ ^ E ^ Y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ K ~ D ~ 5 1 ~

Xnsgigù` fk me cebe GS

@±

8

5

È

<

f.6

5 ;88 T 588

È

<

988

È

<

;88

rpl

?.

K` u` iesn fk pnmkes sk tgk`k mns sgaugk`tks fetns 2

F <

??;

ll

8

5

<??8 ll

8

?

< 54; ll

8

9

< 5;8 ll

Xere @

<

548 rpl

f <5;8

ll

f

5

< 54; ll

f

?

<??8 ll

f

9

<

??;

ll

Yk fkske seokr¾ Iuåmks skrå` mes vkmnigfefks pere `, `

5

,

`

?

, y

`

9

>



r


2 LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-

XK_Ò

LÅU[G@EY YGLXMKY

XNMKE

m

(

~

~ ~ K ~ D r ` ~ ~

XNMKE

Ks uè rukfe

quk agre emrkfkfnr fk

kbk cgbe.fq e uè

idepe n erlefure. K`

su

pkrgckrge

tgk`k uè reùre n

aerae`te

pnr fn`fk pese uè

iukrfe

y k` k2±uyns kxtrklns

eitòe`

me cukrze

y

me rksgstkìge.

IMEYKY

Xnmke cgbe

Ks iue`fn

me erlefure sk demme subkte e u`

pu`tn:

pnr

te`tn,

me pnmke

`n tgk`k fkspmezelgk`tn sg`n

sùmn

u`

lnvglgk`tn fk rnteigù`.

Eèmgze`fn

uè

pnmke cgbn,

sk

mmkae

e me

inìmusgù`

quk

ks

uè pemeìe fk prglkr aç`krn, iuyns orezns fk cukrze y

rksgstkìge sn` gauemks pnr skr refgns fk uè

lgsle

igriu`ckrkìge.

Mukan, km

kqugmgorgn

fk uè pnmke

cgbe

kstå

fefn pnr

me sgaugk`tk

gauemfef 2

C

U

K` in`skiukìge, sg me cukrze ks gauem e me

rksgstkìge `n sk

tgk`k aeèìge `g

pçrfgfe

fk kscukrzn. Me ò`gie vk`tebe ks

me

fk

verger

km

sk`tgfn fk

me

cukrzn,

in`sgaugk`fn

leynr

inlnfgfef pern

km treoebn.

Xnmke

lùvgm

Ks

iue`fn

me rksgstkìge

sk demme

subkte e me

erlefure:

mukan,

me pnmke sk fkspmeze

bu`telk`tk

in` me ierae. [`

kxtrkln fk me iukrfe sk demme k` u` pu`tn cgbn, y k` km

ntrn

sk epmgie

me cukrze.

Eèmgze`fn

uè pnmke lùvgm,

sk

mmkae e me inìmusgù` fk

quk ks uè pemeìe fk skau`fn aç`krn, iuyn

orezn

fk

pntkìge ks km fgålktrn y km

orezn

fk rksgstkìge km

refgn

fk

me

pnmke.

Mukan, km

kqugmgorgn

kstå

fefn pnr

me

sgaugk`tk

gauemfef 2

C

?r

U

+

+

U

r r

•

•

U

U



r ~


LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

LÅU[G@EY YGLXMKY XNMKE)

~ ~

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~

~ K C D i r E

~ ~

K` in`skiukìge,

me cukrze rksumte fk me

lgtef

fk me rksgstkìge

U

C <-? -

Kstn

sga`gcgie quk

uè pnmke

lùvgm fupmgie

me cukrze n quk

tgk`k

uè vk`tebe

lkiå`gie

fnomk.

XNMGXEYVNY

Mmelefns

telogç`

eperkbns, sn`

inlogèign`ks

fk

pnmkes

cgbes

y lùvgmks in` km cg` fk notk`kr me leynr vk`tebe

lkiå`gie

pnsgomk.

Mes prgìgpemks imesks fk

eperkbns

sn` 2

e) Eperkbn

pntkìgem

o)

Eperkbn

ceitnrgem

k)

Eperkbn

fgckrkìgem

EXE_KBN XNVK@IGEM

K` kstk

tgpn fk

eperkbn

iefe pnmke tgk`k su prnpge iukrfe, in`

u`n fk sus kxtrklns subktn e u` pu`tn cgbn: km ntrn sk subkte e

me

erlefure

fk

uè pnmke lùvgm, kxikptn me

iukrfe

fk me òmtgle

pnmke k`

iuyn

kxtrkln sk epmgie me cukrze.

Me ierae

sk epmgie e

me erlefure fk me prglkre pnmke lùvgm.

Me prglkre

pnmke

lùvgm

rkfuik me

cukrze

pere kqugmgorer me

rksgstkìge e me lgtef: me skau`fe rkfuik kste lgtef e me iuerte

pertk:

me

tkrikre

rkfuik kste

iuerte pertk

e me

niteve

pertk.

Mukan, mes pnmkes lùvgmks fgvgfk`

suiksgvelk`tk

e me rksgstkìge

k`trk ?, 6, 4, 53, kti. Ykaò` km `òlkrn fk pnmkes lùvgmks (

`)

2

migmm

K` in`skiukìge, me vk`tebe lkiå`gie quk prnpnrignè kstk

eperkbn

ks 2

t

U




MGLE- XK_Ò

LÅU[G@EY

YGLXMKY XNMKE)

].

EXE_KBN

CEIVN_GEM

Kstå cnrlefn

pnr

fns arupns

fk

pnmkes, u`n cgbn y ntrn lùvgm,

subktns k`

fns

erlefures.

Me

iukrfe

pese

emtkrèfelk`tk pnr

mes

pnmkes cgbes

y

lùvgmks.

Km pksn kstå snstk`gfn pnr km tntem fk iukrfes quk k`meze` mes

pnmkes

cgbes y

lùvgmks,

ks

fkigr,

me rksgstkìge

qukfe

fgvgfgfe k`trk

km

`òlkrn fk

auer`ks n relemks k`trk

pnmkes, quk

ks gauem em

`òlkrn tntem fk pnmkes. K` in`skiukìge,

me cukrze pere

kqugmgorer

me

rksgstkìge k` u`

eperkbn

fk " ` " pnmkes

ks

2

U

`

Mukan, me vk`tebe lkiå`gie

ks

2

GB

Sl - `

EXE_KBN FGCK_K@IGEM

Inlò`lk`tk mmelefn

tkimk, in`ste fk fns pnmkes cgbes y uè

lùvgm,

Mes pnmkes cgbes sn` inìç`trgies fk fgckrk`tks fg3lktrns y sk

demme` sùmgfelk`tk u`gfes. Me iukrfe

sk

rkklpmeze pnr

uè

iefkè

sg`cì`.

Me cukrze

sk kbkrik

k` u` kxtrkln fk me pnmke cgbe fk leynr

fgålktrn

y k` km ntrn kxtrkln eitòe me lgtef

fk

me

rksgstkìge:

me

ntre lgtef eitòe snork

me pnmkn

cgbe lk`nr

nmmefn

fk me

cukrze,

fk

lnfn

quk kste lgtef

fk

me

ierae

sgrvk pern

eyufer

e

kckituer km

treoebn.

Me

vk`tebe

lkiå`gie k` kstns eperkbns `n

ks

in`ste`tk: kstå k`

rezù` g`vkrsn e

me

fgckrkìge fk mns refgns fk mes pnmkes cgbes, kstn

ks, e lk`nr fgckrkìge leynr vk`tebe

lkiå`gie ,y

vgikvkrse.

Mn

cùrlume pern dnmmer

mn cukrze

ks

me sgaugk`tk

2^


(_KC. DIVE

54

B

8

C U

?

U

?

C




MGLE- XK_Ò

LÅU[G@EY YGLXMKY XNMKE)

X_NOMKLEY

5.

Lkfge`tk

u`

eperkbn

pntk`igem fk 9 pnmkes lùvgmks

sk

mkve`te

u` pksn

fk

;38

jp

¾

Uuç

cukrze

sk

epmgie

>

`

9

Fetns 2

U

;38

jp

C T

U

;38

jp ;38

jp

18 jp

<

<

< <

` ?9

4

5 _kspukste 2 18 jp 5

?. Xnrn mkve`ter u`

pksn fk

?18 jp sk

klpmke

u`

pnmgpestn

fk 9 pnmkns lùvgmks

y

9 cgbes ¾ Uuç cukrze sk klpmke >

U

C < -

`

Fetns 2

?18

jp

< < 6; jp

3

U

`

<

?18

jp

3 jp

C T

_kspukstn 2

6;

jp

5

9. Mns refgns

fk mes fns pnmkes cgbes

fk u` pnmgpestn

fgck-

rk`igem lgfk`

3

y

6 pumaefes rkspkitgvelk`tk

¾

Uuç

cukrze

sk fkok

epmgier pere mkve`ter

u`

pksn

fk ;68

jp

>

C

U (_- r)

?_

<

Fetns 2 _

3 pumaefes

6 pumaefes

U

;68

jp

C

T

;68

T

(3 - 6) ;68

T

?

j

< < 78 p

?

T

3

5?

_kspukstn 2

78

jp 5

LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

^^^

^s)4




LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

X_NWKIIGÙ@ GYNLÇV_GIE

MGLE- XK_Ò

~ K C D I V E 57)4

'-----------------------------------------------

X_NWKIIGÙ@ GYNLKV_GIE

Ks ntre fk mes prnykiign`ks utgmgzefes k` km Fgoubn

Vçi`gin.

Kste prnykiigù` lukstre e

u`

sùmgfn

u

nobktn iuemqugkre

in`

sus trks

supkrcgigks oåsgies

lkfge`tk

u`

snmn

fgoubn,

quk rksumte in`

gìmgèign`ks e

me

fkrkide y e

me gzqugkrfe

{ E

elons mefns fkm kbk

prgìgpem) y

in`

uè gìmgèigù`

fk 98¸ snork uè mì`ke dnrgzn`tem (Cgaures

5, ? y 9 ).

Cgaure 5 Cgaure ?

Cgaure

9

Me

prnykiigù` gsnlçtrgie fe me gleak`

fkm sùmgfn luy ikrie fk me rkemgfef

y ks cåigm

fk

g`tkrprkter pnr qugk` `n tgk`k

in`niglgk`tns

kspkigemks k` fgoubn.

Yk klp^mke pere 2

-Kxpmgier

fgoubns

inlpmgiefns fk gàk`gkrìe e mes pkrsnès quk `n fgspn`k` fk

me

iepeigfef

n km

tgklpn `kiksergn pere

mkkr

mns

fgoubns

in`vkìgnèmks

(Sgstes nrtnanèmks).

-Eyufer

em prnykitgste e

snmuignèr

prnomkles

rkmeignèfns in`

km

kspeign.

-Efgkstrer ùkvn pkrsnèm k` km temmkr.

-Eagm gzer y eimerer km ln`tebk

fk

uè låqugè n me fgspnsgigù` fk pgkzes ùkves.

-tre`slgtgr

gfkes

fk

uè pkrsnè e

ntre,

n

fk

u`

temmkr

e ntrn.

-Inln

eyufe pere fkserrnmmer me iepeigfef fk vgsuemgzeigù`.

Me prnykiigù` gsnlçtrgie telogç` sk fk`nlgè

pkrspkitgvn

gsnlçtrgin y ks utgmgzefe k`

km Fgoubn Vçi`gin inln inlpmklk`tn

fk

me prnykiigù` nrtnanèm,

in`

km

nobktn

fk

.eorkvger

me

g`tkrprkteigù` fk

mes

vgstes

nrtnanèmks.

Km tçrlg`n gsnlçtrgin

sk

fkrgve fk fns

pemeores

2 /sn, quk sga`gcgie gauem, y

lktrù`,

lkfgfe:

ks

fkigr,

quk tgk`k fglk`sgn`ks

eàumerks

gauemks.



r


LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

X_NWKIIGÙ@

GYNLÇV_GIE

MGLE- XK_Ò

(_KC. DIVE 57

B4

KBKY

OÅYGINY FK [@E


Vnfe prnykiigù`

gsnlçtrgie

rkqugkrk 9 kbks oåsgins

pere

su

trezefn

2

-Fns

k¡ks gìmgèfns, u`n

e me fkrkide y

ntrn e me

gzqugkrfe,

cnrle`fn

åàumns

fk

98¸

in` me dnrgzn`tem, fkbe`fn em

ik`trn u` åàumn fk 5?8¸

(Cgaure

6 ).

- [` kbk vkrtgiem

quk

nrgagè fns

åàumns

fk 5?8¸ (Cgaure 6 ).

Cgaurn 6

Xere sglpmgcgier y nrfkèr lkbnr mes

pråitgies,

mns kbks sk treze` in`cnrlk sk g`fgie k`

me cgaure ;. Me mì`ke dnrgzn`tem fk rkckrkìge

kstå

fefe pnr

km onrfk

fkme rkame

" V

".

Kbk vkrtgiem

Cgaurn ;

Mì`ke

dnrgzn`tem

fk

rkckrkìge

Ynork km kbk vkrtgiem

sk skõeme

me emture:

y,

snork

mns

fns

kbks

gìmgèfns,

mes

fglk`sgn`ks

fk meran

y

eìdn,

rkspkitgvelk`tk,

fkm iukrpn

e

rkprksk`ter.

K`

uè

pkrspkitgve

gsnlçtrgie

sk rkprksk`te`, sg`

rkfuigr,

mes 9

fglk`sgn`ks

prgìgpemks

fk

u` iukrpn.





MGLE- XK_Ò


~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~

~ ~ D ~ 5 7 ) ~

INLXE_EIGÙ@

FK

Y[XK_CGIGKY

FK

[@ YÙMGFN

K@

X_NWKIIGÙ@

GYNLÇV_GIE W K@ X_NWKIIGÙ@ N_VNAN@EM

Mes

trks

supkrcgigks quk

sk noskrve` k`

me

prnykiigù` gsnlçtrgie (Cgaure 3) sn` mes

lgsles

quk

sk

vkrìe` k` mes vgstes nrtnanèmks 2 Crn`tem, metkrem y supkrgnr ( Cgaure 1 )

Yupkrcgigk

metkrem

E

.n .

5B...----B

O

Cgaurn 3

Cgaurn 1 Cgaurn 4

Me skmkiigù`

fk mes

ergstes E y O sk rkemgze k`

mes

vgstes nrtnanèmks, y me

in`struiigù` fk

mns

kbks

gsnlçtrgins

sk

gmustre k` me cgaure 4.

XEYNY X_G@IGXEMKY K@ ME IN@YV_[IIGÙ@ FK [@E

X_NWKIIGÙ@

GYNLÇV_GIE

K` me in`struiigù`

fk me prnykiigù` gsnlçtrgie fk

u`

sùmgfn, sk fkok` in`sgfkrer mns

trks

pesns sgaugk`tks

2

- Ik`trefn

fk me prnykiigù`

-

In`struiigù` fk

me

iebe gsnlçtrgie

-Vrezefn

fkm

sùmgfn

IK@V_EFN FK

[@E

X_NWKIIGÙ@

GYNLÇV_GIE

K`

km ik`trefn

fk uè prnykiigù` gsnlçtrgie

(Cgaure

7) sk rkinlgk`fe skaugr

km

sgaugk`tk

prnikfglgk`tn 2

e )

Demmer

km

ik`trn fkm

pepkm n kspeign

pnr fgouber

(

Xu`tn k ),

treze`fn

mes

fgeanèmks

(

Cgaure

5

N ).

o ) Fksfk

k

trnzer km

skalk`tn

k@ n

98¸ in`

rkspkitn n mn dnrgzn`tem, in`

u`n

lea`gtuf gauem

e me

lgtef fkm meran fkm

iukrpn n

pgkze.

k ) Fksfk km

kxtrkln @

trezer @p e 98¸,

in` uè

lea`gtuf gauem e me

lgtef

fkm eìdn fkm iukrpn n pgkze.



r


LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-

XK_Ò

f ) Fksfk km kxtrkln X

trezer

uè vkrtgiem, in` uè fglk`sgù` gauem e me

lgtef

fkm emtn fkm

iukrpn n pgkze, kìn`tre`fn km

pu`tn E.

5

<;8

ll

n <68 ll

d <68 ll

Cgaure 5 N

IN@YV_[IIGÙ@

FK

ME IEBE GYNLÇV_GIE

E

Vkrlgèfn km ik`trefn

fk

me prnykiigù`,

sk

prnikfk e me in`struiigù` fk me inbn

gsnlçtrgie

noskrve`fn km prnikfglgk`tn

sgaugk`tk

2

e)

Fksfk

km

pu`tn

E

sk

treze` mns

trks kbks

oåsgins fk me

inbn gsnlçtrgie

(Cgaure

55 ).

o)

Ynork

iefe u`n fk kstns kbks sk mmkve` mes lkfgfes

fkm

meran, eìdn y emture

fk me inbn gsnlçtrgie

(Cgaurn 5?

).

k

5

<

63 ll

n <94

ll

C 7

u rn

5 5 C 7

u rn

5?

d <9? ll

k ) Yk trnze peremkmes e

mns

trks kbks oåsgins, notk`gk`fn

fk

kste cnrle me inbn

gsnlçtrgie (

Cgaure

m 9 ).

Km

trnzefn

fk me lgsle fkok deikrsk in` mì`ke mmkè cgè y in`

måpgz

ome`fn

(

O

) n g`tkrlkfgn ( DO )



r

Ik@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 LKIÅ@GIN FK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

f ) Yk onrre tnfes mes mì`kes fk in`struiigù`, fkbe`fn sùmn km fgoubn fk me iebe

(

Cgaure 56 ).

Cgaure

59

Cgaure 56

V_EREFN

FK

[@E X_NWKIIGÙ@ GYNLÇV_GIE KLXMKE@FN ME

IEBE

GYNLÇV_ IE

Yk

trete fk

fgouber

mn prnykiigù` gsnlçtrgie fk

u`e pgkze

( Dnrqugmme ),

fefes

sus fns

vgstns

nrtnan`emks (

Cgaure

5; ) 2

m

5

5

~ ±

5

MN

-

r----

-

.,....

;

n

MN

5

,.......

- -

I]B

5

5

5

6

..^

..

93

Cgaure 5;




LKIÅ@GIN

FK LE@mK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò


- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~

~ ~ e 5 7 ~

Yk

sgauk km

prnikfglgk`tn

quk

sk g`fgie

2

e )

Yk

kckitòe

km

ik`trefn

fk me

pkrspkitgve.

o)

Yk

treze me iebe

gsnlçtrgie

fk me dnrqugmme in`

mes lkfgfes fkm

meran,

e`idn

y

emture

(

94

ll,

96 ll

y ;8 ll,

rkspkitgvelk`tk, cgaure 53

).

k ) Yk fgstrgouyk, k` me iebe gsnlçtrgie, mes lkfgfes fk mns fgvkrsns

fktemmks

fk

me dnrqugmme

(

Cgaure 51

).

f )

Yk

treze in` mì`kes cg`es km in`tnr`n y mns fktemmks fk me dnrqugmme ( Cgaure

54

).

Cgaurn 53 Cgaurn 51

k )

Yk

onrre mes mì`kes fk in`struiigù` klpmkefes, fkbe`fn mns kbks, y rkcnrze`fn mes

mì`kes fk in`tnr`n y mns fktemmks fk me pkrspkitgve ( Cgaure 57 )

Cgaure 54

Cgaurn

57



r


2 LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-

XK_Ò

[YN FK YKÕEMKY FK YKA[_GFEF

~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ l ~

[YN FK YKÕEMKY XE_E

KM

N_FK@ W I[GFEFN

Xere mnarer km nrfk` y iugfefn k` km temmkr n cåorgie sk fkok 2

- Xg`ter mns pesgmmns

Mes

skõemks fk

mns

mìlgtks fk

mns pesgmmns

fkok`

g`fgier

imerelk`tk km kspeign

quk de

qukfefn fkstgèfn

pere

km

trå`sgtn.

-

Lerier mns muaerks pere emleikèlgk`tn

Ksteomkikr prkvgelk`tk mns muaerks fk

emleikèlgk`tn y

usermns ò`gielk`tk

pere kstk cg`.

-

Lerier mes dkrrelgk`tes

Xg`tå`fnmes

fk

inmnrks

fgckrk`tks. Fk

kste le`kre

pnfrå`

skr

gfk`tgcgiefes.

- Gfk`tgcgier mns teidns fk

oesure

Xere g`fgier mns fgckrk`tks usns fk mns

fgstg`tns

rkigpgk`tks,

inln teidns fk

oesure pnr kbklpmn, pukfk` klpmkersk

fgstg`tns

inmnrks

n

fgckrk`tks

inl-

ogèign`ks fk inmnrks.

- [ser inmnrks imerns

XÌ@VKYK Km IN@VN_@N FK MNY

XEYGMMNY

W

FK

MEY RN@EY FK EMLEIK@ELGK@VN

XÌ@VKYK MNY VEIDNY

XE_E FKYXK_FGIGNY,

XEXKMKY

W

FKYKIDNY

•

Xere

deikr

lås

vgeomk

me

suigkfef,

km tgz`k, kti., fk mes

låqugès,

mns

inmnrks

imerns,

epmgiefns

e

meveons y

rktrktks, fe` lkbnr espkitn

y epergkìge.



@

?

N_FK@ FK KBKI[IGÙ@

DK__ELGK@VEY

5

G@YV_[LK@VNY

85

Fksln`tk

einpmelgk`tn

n Bukan fk mmevks fk onie

8? Skrgcgquk

supkrcgigks

fk in`teitn

n

Lertgmmn

fk

onme

89

Ln`tk

einp elgk`tn

n Lertgmmn fk anle

86 Xrukok cu`ign`elgk`tn.

n Fkstnr`gmmefnr

n @gvkm

n Iemgorefnr

Skr`gkr

n _kame

rìagfe

n _kmnb inlperefnr

n

Oesk lea`çtgie.

5 ' ±±±±

5 m

XRE. IE@V. FK@NLG@EIGÙ@

@N_LE

5FGLK@YGN@KY

LEVK_GEM

5

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

5- - - - - 2 - ' - - - -+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - -^ m^^

FKYLN@VEBK W LN@VEBK FK

E I ~ X M E L G ~ ~ ~ ~

DV NY LE@ _KC.



NXK_EIGÙ@2

LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VB

MGLE-XK_Ò

FKYLN@VE_

W LN@VE_

EINXMELGK@VN

Ks

me

eiigù` fk rktgrer

km

einpmelgk`tn

fkm sgstkle

in`

km cg`

fk

rkvgser, rkperer

y

rkklpmezer sus inlpn`k`tks

fkckitunsns. [`e vkz

kckituefes

kstes

npkreign`ks

sk

prnikfk

e

g`stemermn

k` km sgstkle.

X_NIKYN

FK

KBKI[IGÙ@

5- FKYLN@VE_ EINXMELGK@VN

5

n Xe$.8<-

M}lpìk km±.In`¡u`tn e`tks

fk

prn-

~ 'm fksln`tebk.

?¸ Xnsn- G`spkiign`k

y

rkin`nzie

mes evk-

rìos vgsuemlk`tk ( Cgaure 5 e).

9¸ Xesn-

F2kslN`tk

km einpmelgk`tn 2

e.

Lnrquk

mes

pertks e

fksln`-

ter.

o. Ecmnbk

mns

pkr`ns fkm

einpme-

lgk`tn.

i.

Yequk

mns

pkr`ns fkm

einpme-

lgk`tn.

f. Yequk

me idevkte in`

km emgietk

n

in`

km ontefnr (

Cgaure

5 o ) .

6¸

Xesn-

Skrgcgquk mes

supkrcgigks

fk

in`-

teitn 2

e.

Mglpgk mes supkrcgigks fk in`-

teitn.

o. [tgmgik km

iemgorefnr em

vkrgcg-

ier

( Cgaure ? ).

(e)

(

o)

Cgaure ?



NXK_EIGÙ@ 2

MGLE-XK_Ò

FKYLN@VE_

W LN@VE_

EINXMELGK@VN

'

-

LN@VE_

EINXMELGK@VN

5¸ Xnsn- G`stn/k mn idevkte

n. Inmnquk mn idevkte.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Vkàn iugfefn in` mn

pnsgigù`

fk mes

leries.

Inlprukok

me

pme`gtuf

fkm ln`-

tebk

k` km

kbk in`

km

rkmnb

inlperefnr (

Cgaure

9 ) .

?¸

Xesn- Ln`tk km

einpmelgk`tn

k` km kbk.

e. Ik`trk metkremlk`tk me fgste`-

ige inlprk`fgfe

k`trk mns kx-

trklns fk mns kbks.

o.

Inmnquk mns pkr`ns k` km ein-

pmelgk`tn

i. Ebustk mns pkr`ns k` cnrle

efkiuefe.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Skrgcgquk me pnsgigù` fk mes fns

idevktes (Cgaure 6

).

9¸

Xnsn-

Xrukok

km

cuìgnèlgk`tn fkm

einpmelgk`tn.

LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

Cgaurn 9

Cgaure 6



r

NXK_EIGÙ@2

MGLE-XK_Ò

IN@CKIIGN@E_ KLXEU[KVEF[_EY

].

Ks me

npkreigù` leùem rkemgzefe in`

seieoniefn, lertgmmn

y

tgbkre pere

notk-

`kr klpequktefures igriumerks fk målgè

( Cgaure 5

}.

X_NIKYN

FK

KBI[IGÙ@

5

n

Xesn-

Lgfn

y

trnik

in`vk`gk`tklk`tk

km in`tnr`n y mns eaubkrns ( Cgau-

re ? }.

?¸

Xesn-

Inrtk

km

onrfk

kxeitelk`tk

pnr

km trezn kxtkrgnr in`

uè

tgbkre

eprnpgefe ( Cgaure 9 }.

9¸ Xesn- Inrtk mns eaubkrns in` seieon-

iefn

epnyefn

snork u`

tns y

lefkre ( Cgaure

6

).

6¸

Xesn

Eieok

me klpequktefure,

qugtk

mes rkoeoes y tkrlg`k e lkfgfe.

±

...

)

-

5

5

Cgaure ?

Cgaure 9

Cgaure 6

LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

Cgaure 5



NXK_EIGÙ@

2


MGLE-XK_Ò

SK_GCGIE_ KBKY IGMÌ@F_GINY

~ K C

DN 5?LE8

4

In`sgstk k` fktkrlg`er vgsuemlk`tk y in` g`strulk`tns mns fksaestks y fkcnrleign`ks fk

mns kbks,

inlprnoe`fn

me kxgstk`ige fk pgiefures, reyefures,

cgsures,

fksemg`kelgk`tn,

in`gigfef, nvemgzeigù` y dnmaures.

Me npkreigù` tgk`k pnr nobktn prkigser sg mns kbks rkqugkrk` rkpereigù` n rkklpmezn.

X_NIKYN

FK KBI[IGÙ@

IEYN 5 - G@YXKIIGN@E_ SGY[EMLK@VK W EM VEIVN

5

n

Xesn-

Kxelg`k

km

kstefn

fkm

k¡k

y

fktkrlg`k sg

dey

cgsures, pgiefu-

res n fksaestks `nteomks.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Yg

me

vkrìe

8

fksaestk ks fkle-

sgefn

kvgfk`±tk e sglpmk

vgste, `n

ks

`kikserge

me. vkrgcgieigù`.

IEYN -

SK_GCGIE_

ME EMG@KEIGÙ@

X_NIKYN

5 Skrgcgier

me

emg`keigù` in` lårlnm

5n Xesn- Inmnquk km kbk snork km lårlnm,

tk`gk`fn iugfefn

quk

elons

kstç` inlpmktelk`tk mglpgns.

?¸

Xesn- Dean

rnfer

km

k¡k

y noskrvk

sg sk

fksmgze u`gcnrlklk`tk

snork

km

lårlnm ( Cgaure 5 ) .

Cgaure



NXK_EIGÙ@

SK_GCGIE_ KBKY IGMÌ@F_GINY

LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-XK_Ò

X_NIKYN Skrgcgier

me

emg`keigù`

in`

rkame

fk

prkigsgù`

5¸ Xesn-Inmnquk mn rkamn mnàgtufgèm-

lk`tk snork

km kbk y noskrvk

km

in`teitn

k`trk

elons (Cgaure

?).

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Km

emg`kelgk`tn

sk eprkige iue`-

fn me rkame tnie km

kbk

sg` fkber

muz k`

tnfe su mnàgtuf.

?¸ Xesn-

_kpgtn mn vkrgcgieigù`,

k` vergns

pnstitn`ks mnàgtufgèmks,

deigk`fn rnter me

pgkze.

Cgaure ?

X_NIKYN

555

Skrgcgier me emg`keigù`

in`

arelgm

n

g`fgiefnr fk iuefre`tk

5n Xesn- Xnsgign`k

km kbk pere

me vkrgcgie-

igù` 2

e. Inmnquk mns prgsles k` " S "

snork u` lårlnm.

o.

Inmnquk

mns kxtrklns fkm kbk

snork mns prgsles.

?¸

Xesn-

G`stemk

km

arn

lgm

in` me pu`te

tnie`fn me

supkrcgigk k`

me pertk

lkfge fkm kbk (Cgaure

9 ).

9¸

Xesn- Agrk km kbk

mk`telk`tk

y noskrvk

km in`teitn

k`trk me pu`te

fkm

arelgm

y km kbk.

Cgaure 9



NXK_EIGÙ@


MGLE-

XK_Ò

SK_GCGIE_ KBKY

IGMÌ@F_GINY r2 ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ K C D 8 5 ? L E ~ ~

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

5.

Km

emg`kelgk`tn

sk

eprkige iue`fn

me

pu`te

fkm

arelgm

tnie in`ste`tklk`tk me

supkrcgigk

fkm kbk.

?. Xere

seokr

km

arefn

fk fksemg`keigù`, usk u` g`-

fgiefnr

fk

iuefre`tk

epmgie`fn km

lgsln

prnik-

fglgk`tn fkm arelgm.

9. In`sumtk mes g`struiign`ks

fkm

ceorgie`tk pere

seokr

sg

mns kbks eflgtk` tnmkreìge.

IEYN

555

-

SK_GCGIE_

KM FKYAEYVK

X_NIKYN 5 Skrgcgier fksaestk iù`gin

5

n

Xesn-

Lgfn in` u` lgirùlktrn

n

iemg-

ork in` `n`gn

km fgålktrn

fkm kbk

k` u`

kxtrkln

(

Cgaure

6

).

?¸

Xesn-

Kckitòk mns ntrns lkfgfns in`sk-

iutgvns

e

mn

meran fkm

kbk.

9¸ Xesn-

Skrgcgquk

sg

dny in`gigfef

inl-

pere`fn

mes lkfgfes

tnlefes

in`

me nrgagèm.

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

Cgaure 6

Me lkfgfe nrgagèm sk notgk`k fk mes g`struiign`ks fkm

ce-

orgie`tk

n

fk

mes

pertks

quk

`n

kstå` subktes e

rnzelgk`tn.



NXK_EIGÙ@

2


MGLE-XK_Ò

SK_GCGIE_

KBKY

IGM @F_GINY

~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D 5 ? L E ~ ~

X_NIKYN 55 Skrgcgier fksaestk nvemefn

5n Xesn- Lgfe in` u` lgirùlktrn n ir: : :

ork in` `n`gn km f g å l k t ~ i 2 2 ~ : 2 2 :

kbk.

?¸ Xesn- Kckitòk verges lkfgfes emrkfk-

fnr fkm k¡k

y k` u r 2 ~ l g s l n pme`n

( Cgaure ; ). ±

9¸ Xesn-

Inlperk mes lkfgfes tnlefes

k` km k¡k .

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Km kbk kstå

igmì`frgin i u e ` ~ n

mes lkfgfes sn` gauemks.

5

Å /

1 '- /

/ y

/

'

Cgaure ;



...

VKI@NMNArE

KYXKIrCGIE2

(rvt2IÅ@GIN m2c LE@VK@GLGK@V8

MGLE-

XK_Ò

LN@VEBK

FK KBKY Z.

B

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

??

K` mns

kbks

snpnrtefns

pnr inbg`ktks fk

crgiigù` n

inbg`ktks fk

rnfelgk`tns

fk

onmes n fk

rnfgmmns,

km

pu`tn fk

pertgfe

fkm ln`tebk

ks

sgklprk

me

pnsgigù` fk

mns kbks.

Km

`òlkrn fk

pnsgogmgfefks ks luy are`fk. Fure`tk km ln`tebk dey quk prnikfkr e lkfgign`ks fk

in`trnm n e me inlprnoeigù` inrrkspn`fgk`tk.

K`

mns ln`tebks sgaugk`tks sk rkprksk`te`, ksquklåtgielk`tk, u`e

skrgk fk

kbklpmns quk

sk

rkcgkrk` e 2

- Kbks

in` eiiksnrgns

- Kbks

y sus

snpnrtks

Em

rkemgzer

me inlprnoeigù`

fk mns kbks

y sus

eiiksnrgns, ks prkigsn

utgmgzer

letkrgem

efkiuefn

(

Cgaures

5 e em c ) .

k

f

k

c

Cgaure 5

Fure`tk

me

inlprnoeigù`

fk

mns

kbks

g`fgiefnrks fk iuefre`tk,

ks

prkigsn

rkinrfer,

k`trk

ntrns ceitnrks,

quk

`n pukfk utgmgzersk iuemqugkr iuefre`tk y k` iuemqugkr pnsgigù`, ye quk

dey

quk tk`kr k` iuk`te km pksn prnpgn fkm inlperefnr ( Cgaures ?

e,

o y k ) .

Cgaure ?



r

VKI@NMNArE

KYXKIrCGIE2

(L2IÅ@GIN IK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN)

MGLE- XK_Ò

LN@VEBK

FK KBKY

(, ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ` ??± ~

_KXE_EIGÙ@ FK MNY Å_ONMKY XE_E YK_ YNXN_VEFNY

Mns åronmks

lntnrks

pukfk` skr snpnrtefns k` fns n lås pu`tns. Mes supkrcgigks fk ebustk

fk mns snpnrtks

sk vkrgcgie` k` iue`tn e

lkfgfes fk ebustk,

e fgsirkpeìges

fk me cnrle

igriumer

y

e

me

pnsgigù` inexgem (Cgaures 9

e,

o, k

y

f ).

Eiig•••"'g•etn

r..- crnmmtnm

e

Çgm±-

t t

k

o

Cgaure 9 -Yupkrcgigks cuìgnèmks k` åronmks lntnrks

YNXN_VKY FK Å_ONMKY

K@ ME IEBE FK K@A_E@EBKY

Iue`fn

sk trete fk

snpnrter

åronmks k` me iebe fk kàreèbks, pukfk` prksk`tersk

fgstg`tns prnomkles fk ebustk

skaò` me pnsgigù` fk mns åronmks.

Mns fkckitns

fk inexgemgfef

pukfk`

prksk`tersk

pnr kster fkspmezefns k`trk sì, peremk-

melk`tk, mns kbks

fk

mns eaubkrns n

pnr

cnrler

sus

kbks u` åàumn k`trk

sì

( Cgaures 6 e

y

o

).

n

o

Cgaure

6- Fkckitns fk inexgemgfef 2e) x

<

Fkckitn fk pnsgigù` fkogfn e kbks

fksvgefns k`trk sì peremkmelk`tk.

o) y

<

Fkckitn

fk pnsgigù`

fkogfn

e kbks

fksvgefns

k`trk

sì eàumerlk`tk.

X_NIKFGLGK@VNY XE_E

SK_GCGIE_

ME INETGEMGFEF ( Cgaure ;)

Cgaure

;

Iesqugmmn vkr gc gie- Lgirùlktrn fk ksckre

igù`

fksmgzeomk

snork

e p m ~ n f n

emrkfkfnr

mns åronmks. fk åronm

vkrgcgiefnr.

_kame fk pkmn, snork @gvkmks fk ouroube

mns

åronmks

vkrgcgiefn-

snork mns

åronmks

vkrg-

rks. cgiefnrks.




LN@VEBK

FK KBKY

' kG'IÅ@GIN

ZG

LE@VK@GLGK@V

8

MGLE- XK_Ò

.0 ~ K C DVK ??

) 4

' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~

Vnfn ln`tebk fk pgkzes fk låqugès

sk rkemgze k` mes

supkrcgigks

pmeès n

iurves,

fk

mes pgkzes

quk sk einpmerå`

k`trk

sì.

Me iemgfef fk lkie`gzeigù`

fk

mes supkrcgigks fk einpmelgk`tn

sk

rgak pnr

me

cuìgù`

fk

me

pgkze.

Xere

cg`ks fk glpnrteìge skiu`ferge rksumte

sucgigk`tk, ak`kremlk`tk, u`

treoebn

skìgmmn: lgk`tres

quk

mes supkrcgigks

fk ebustk, auìe, fk

fgk`tks

fk

rukfes

fk`tefes n

rnfefures

kxgak`,

crkiuk`tklk`tk,

u` treoebn

cg`n.

Xere km ln`tebk sk prkpere`, prkvgelk`tk, mes pgkzes tkrlgèfes y

sk vkrgcgie`

mes

kxgakìges k` iue`tn e lkfgfe, cnrle y kxeitgtuf

fk

pnsgigù`, esì inln

su iemgfef

supkrcgigem (Cgaures 3e e 3o )2

Yupkrcgigks

Igmì`frgies Iù`gies

~ ' ~ ~ ( ® )

~ t ` ~ ~

N}

Kscçrgies

Fk`tefes

Dkmgingfemks _nfefure y ekrnfg`ålgie

®

o

Xgkze

Cgbq

Wuxtepnsgigù` Kìebk

Cgaure 3

Km treoebn fk ln`tebk

k`

sì

kstå

ì`tglelk`tk

rkmeignèfn

in`

km

lnfn

k` quk

de`

fk

einpmersk

mes

pgkzes

quk

sk

ln`te`.

Esì,

pnr

kbklpmn 2

- Mes pgkzes ksterå` k` rkpnsn, uè

rkspkitn fk

me ntre, uè vkz ln`tefes: ks

fkigr,

ksterå` cgrlklk`tk u`gfes k`trk

sì

n

cukrtklk`tk kìebefes.

- Mes

supkrcgigks fk u`gù` fk

mes

pgkzes

sk

ln`te`,

einpmå`fnmes

k`trk sì

n kìebå`-

fnmes.

Km kìebk

sk

iereitkrgze pnrquk mes

pgkzes

sk ln`te` y ebuste`

su

supkrcgigk kxtkrgnr

in`

me g`tkrgnr fk me in`trepgkze. Ykaò` ske

me

cnrle

fk

me supkrcgigk fk

ebustk,

sk deome

fk ebustk pme`n, igmì`frgin n iù`gin.

Mes pgkzes

ln`tefes

sn`

lùvgmks,

uè

rkspkitn fk me ntre,

skaò` ske me imevk

fkm

lnvglgk`tn

quk

sk

fkskk.

Esì tk`frå` mes supkrcgigks

fk ebustk

uè

cnrle

u ntre.



r


LN@VEBK FK KBKY

MGLE- XK_Ò

(LKIÅ@GIN mg

@ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

AKC. DVK ?? )

O

Mes pgkzes

quk `n sk lnvkrå`, uè rkspkitn

e

ntre, tgk`k`

k`

ak`krem quk

gr

cukrtklk`tk

u`gfes

k`trk

sì, ske

lkfge`tk etnr`gmmelgk`tn,

rkleidefn,

snmfefn, pkaelk`tn

n

kìebk.

Ykaò` me lgsgù` quk

sk

iulpme, sk fgstgàuk`

k` uè pgkze 2

e.

Yupkrcgigks fk u`gù`,

k` mes

quk

uès

pgkzes

sk

u`k`

e

ntres

k` km

ln`tebk

(

Cgaure

me ) .

o. Yupkrcgigks fk esk`telgk`tn,

k` mes quk uès pgkzes sk

inmnie` snork ntres

k` km

ln`tebk

(Cgaure

1 o ).

i.

Yupkrcgigks fk pertgigù` n fk ¡u`te,

k` mes

quk

me lgtef fk uè pgkze sk u`k e me ntre,

k`

km

ln`tebk, pere vnmvkr

e

in`strugr uè pgkze (Cgaure 1i

).

n

Iebe

fk prntkiigù`

y

oeìefe

o

Ynpnrtk y ierrn

y oeìefe

Cgaure 1

k

Ierieze fk u`

snpnrtk

y tepe

K`

me

u`gù`

fk

pgkzes lkfge`tk supkrcgigks fk u`gù`, km einpmelgk`tn n ln`tebk sk

m glgte

ak`kremlk`tk e

me

cgbeigù`. K`

ntrns iesns, ks `kiksergn

quk

sk

iulpme` in`fgign`ks

kspkigemks, temks inln

2

e. [`gù`

kxeite k` iue`tn e

pnsgigù`

k` km

ln`tebk

n k` km esk`telgk`tn fk

pgkzes

(Xnr

kbklpmn

k` km

ln`tebk fk

u` ieokzem

snork uè

oeìefe ).

o. [`gù` skaure fk mes pgkzes quk tre`slgtk` kscukrzns (Xnr kbklpmn k` km

etnr`gmmelgk`tn

fk

uè

ogkme

y me

tepe ).

i. [`gù`

y einpmelgk`tn

fk pgkzes

fk, lnfn

ksteìn

( Xnr

kbklpmn

k`

uè

onloe

fk

kàreèbks pere

emtes prksgn`ks

y tklpkretures ).



MGLE- XK_Ò

~ Å @ G N cm2 LE@VK@GLGK@V8

~ ~ ~ l ~ ~


EINXMELGK@VN IN@

Ù_AE@NY

FK [@GÙ@

CGBEIGÙ@ IN@

VN_@GMMNY

Inln

kmklk`tn fk u`gù`,

km

tnr`gmmn

ks

km lås

klpmkefn pere u`gr

n

cgber

fns

n lås

pgkzes, quk fkspuçs pukfk` skperersk

sg` feõersk.

Ks

km kmklk`tn gfkem pere u`gr pgkzes quk de` fk ln`tersk y fksln`tersk

in`

crkiuk`ige,

ye

quk

kste npkreigù` pukfk

kckituersk

sg` quk

mes pgkzes sucrå`

feõn

emau`n.

C[K_REY U[K EIVÒE@ YNO_K MNY

VN_@GMMNY

Yg

`ns

rkckrglns

e mes cukrzes, pnfklns fgstg`augr

quk

km tnr`gmmn kstå snlktgfn e 2

e. [` kscukrzn fk

treiigù` in`ste`tk (

Cgaure

5 )

o. [` kscukrzn `n in`ste`tk ( Cgaure ? )

i. [` kscukrzn fk inlprksgù` ( Cgaure 9 )

f. [` kscukrzn

in`bu`tn

fk

treiigù` y igzemmelgk`tn (

Cgaure

6 )

k. [` kscukrzn

fk

cmkxgù` y

fk igzemmefure

( Cgaure ; )

K`

ak`krem,

pukfk eflgtgrsk

me

sgaugk`tk

rkame2

Yg km

tnr`gmmn

y

me

tukrie

kstå`

`nrlemgzefns y ceorgiefns

in`

km

lgsln

letkrgem, km rnsiefn pukfk

rksgstgr

km ks-

cukrzn fk igzemmefure.

Cgaure ?

Cgaure 5



VKI@NMNAGE KYXKIGCGIE 2 (LkIÅ@GIN mm'

LE@5K@GLGK@V8

MGLE-

XK_Ò

EINXMELGK@VN

IN@

Ù_AE@NY

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ F ^ K ^ [ ~ @ G Ù ~ @ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D G V ~ ~

Cgaure

9

Cgaure

6

Cgaure

;

VÇI@GIEY FK CGBEIGÙ@ FK MEY

XGKREY

IN@ VN_@GMMNY

Me

cgbeigù`

fk

mes pgkzes pukfk deikrsk pnr

mns

sgaugk`tks lçtnfns

2

e. Xese`fn

km tnr`gmmn pnr eaubkrns

quk

sk

inrrkspn`fk` k` mns pu`tns e u`gr y

eprkte`fn mes pgkzes

k`trk

km tnr`gmmn y

me tukrie (

Cgaure

3 ) .

Cgaure

1

i.

In` mns m melefns kspårreans, k` mns

quk u`n

fk

mns

kxtrklns

sk k`rnsie e u`

eaubkrn rnsiefn

fk

uè fk

mes pgkzes:

me ntre

pgkze

sk eprgsgnè

k`trk me prg-

lkre y uè tukrie rnsiefe k` km ntrn

kxtrkln

(Cgaure

4

).

VN"@GMMN

Cgaure

3

o. Deigk`fn quk

km eaubkrn

fk uè

fk mes

pgkzes

kstç rnsiefn y

sgrve

fk

tukrie

em

tnr`gmmn, cgbe`fn me ntre

pgkze

k`trk

me

ieokze

fkm tnr`gmmn

y

me

pgkze quk tgk`k

km

eaubkrn rnsiefn

(Cgaure

1

).

' [

Em

.....^..........,^..,^^VEM.ENGG'N

"NGIEFN

Cgaurn

4



MGLE- XK_Ò

(""IÅ@GIN m2c LE@VK@GLGK@V8

~ ~ ± A ~ l

~


EINXMELGK@VN IN@ Ù_AE@NY

FK [@GÙ@

f. Luides

vkiks,

em

etnr`gmmer

uè tukrie

n

tnr`gmmn ks

cåigm kìn`trersk in` quk

me

rnsie

fk

me tukrie

n tnr`gmmn

`n

gàrkse n

k`tre cnrzefe.

K` kstns ie sns,

pnrn

ceigmgter me k`trefe

fk

me tukrie

k` km

tnr`gmmn,

n

vgikvkrse,

sk rkinlgk`fe fer

lkfge vukmte deige etrås pere quk

esgk`tk

ogk` k` km tnr`gmmn

y

mes k`trefes fk mns

dgmns fk mes rnsies kìebk` inrrkitelk`-

tk (

Cgaure 7 ).

Xukfk

niurrgr

quk me tukrie `n

sk

etnr`g-

mmk pnrquk

me

k`trefe

fk

me

rnsie

kstå

k`

lemes in`fgign`ks. K` kstk iesn

sk

qugte

mes

rkoeoes

in` uè

mgle,

iugfe`fn

`n

kstrnpker

n fkcnrler mns

dgmns fk me

rnsie. Yg ks pnsgomk, sk rkpere me rnsie

peså`fnmk leidns n

tkrrebes.

Cgaurn 7

k. In` uè

tukrie

eutncrkè`tk y

lkfge`tk u`n reùre

preitgiefe k`

me

tukrie.

Km ebustk

in`sgstk

k` quk, in` mes

fns ieres

bu`tes, pukfk` eprktersk e le`n deste

me

prglkre

pertk fkm inrtk. Fkspuçs, deigk`fn usn fk uè mmevk

sk

g`trnfuik deste su

pnsgigù` cgèm, k`

me

quk qukfe kbkrigk`fn prksgù`

pnr

C9, C? y C5,

pukstn

quk mes

fns

lgtefks inrtefes

fk

me

tukrie

tgk`fk` e

bu`tersk

(

Cgaure

5 N ) .

?

Cgaure 5 N

K`

mes

cgaures fkm 5 5 em

?8

sk lukstre`

ntrns tgpns fk

cgbeigù`

fk

tnr`gmmns 2

Cgaurn

5?

9

/ /Cgaure 59

/

/

ccc m B

Cgaure

56



MGLE- XK_Ò

Cgaure

5;

Cgaure 54


EINXMELGK@VN

IN@ Ù_AE@NY

FK [@GÙ@

Cgaure

53

Cgaure 57

YKA[_GF F

kBKIÅ@GIN

IK

LE@5K@GLGK@V

8

AKC. DVK ?9 BO

Cgau're 51

Cgaurn ?8



r

~ i @ G I N G2K L @ V K @ G L ~

KI@NMNAÌE KYXKIÌCGIE 2

MGLE-

XK_Ò

EINXMELGK@VNY

AKC. DVK ?6 ) 4

FKCG@GIGÙ@

Yn`

ùrae`ns

n

u`gn`ks

quk sgrvk` pere u`gr fns

åronmks

n kbks

fk

te`sl

gsgù` in`

me

cgèmgfef fk prnmnàer me mnàgtuf fk çstns y tre`slgtgr lnvglgk`tn.

Yk

fk`nlgè` telogç` einpmks

y sk

utgmgze` te`tn pere inlu`gier

km lnvglgk`tn

k`trk

fns

åronmks inln pere u`gr n einpmer

mes

pertks fk u`

åronm

fk

tre`slgsgù`,

quk kstå`

inmniefns skaò` u` lgsln

kbk, fk le`kre quk sk pukfk in`sgfkrer uè

pertk inln

prnmnàeigù` fk me ntre.

Velogç`

sgrvk` pere tre`slgtgr

km

lnvglgk`tn k`trk fns

kbks k`

mì`ke

rkite,

in`

fgrkiigù`

peremkme

n gìmgèfe, n k` pme`ns

fgckrk`tks

(

Cgaures

5 y ? ) .

Cgaurn 5 Cgaurn ?

IMEYKY FK

EINXMELGK@VNY

K`trk mes prgìgpemks

kìn`trelns

trks

arupns

2

-

_ìagfns

- Cmkxgomks

- Bu`tes u`gvkrsemks

EINXMELGK@VNY _ÌAGFNY

Yk

use`

pere u`gr

kbks

quk

kstå`

emg`kefns

y

`n

tgk`k`

kscukrzns fk

tnrsgù`

luy

are`fks.

K`trk mns einpmelgk`tns rìagfns lås inlu`ks kìn`trelns 2

Einpmelgk`tns cg¡n

Kstk einpmk

in`sgstk

k`

fns lkfgns

leàugtns

quk sk inmnie`

snork

mns

kxtrklns

fkm åronm n

kbk

e u`gr. Ak`kremlk`tk sn` fk cu`fgigù` n

fk

eikrn.

Inmniefns snork mns kxtrklns

fkm

åronm e u`gr,

mns

leàugtns

sk

subkte`

pnr

lkfgn

fk

e`g-

m mns (

Cgaure

9 ).

Cgaurn 9



VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE

2

LKIÅ@GIN

m 2 LE@VK@GLGKt-GVN

EINXMELGK@VNY

MGLE-

XK_Ò

M ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

AKC. DVK ?6

B

4

Vgpn lnrfezes

Kstk

einpmelgk`tn,

m melefn

telogç`

fk

leàugtn

pertgfn,

in`sgstk k`

fns lgtefks

mnàgtufgèmks

subktes k`trk sì pnr lkfgn

fk pkr`ns in` tukries, fgstrgougfns

k`

gauem

`òlkrn

e

iefe mefn.

K` kstk einpmelgk`tn sk klpmke` idevktes

(iuões)

pere tre`slgtgr km

lnvglgk`tn fk

rnteigù`

(Cgaure

6 ).

Vgpn

orgfe

Kstk

einpmelgk`tn

in`sgstk

k`

fns

fgsins

n

pmeies

gauemks

quk sk

ln`te`,±

iefe

u`n, k` mns rkspkitgvns

kxtrklns

fk mns

kbks,

cgbå`fnmns

pnr lkfgn fk idevktes.

Mukan,

sk u`k` eloes pmeies pnr lkfgn

fk pkr`ns

y

tukries

(

Cgaure

; ).

Vgpn fk`tefns

Yk utgmgze`

iue`fn

sk

fkske einpmer fns

åronmks

n kbks

quk pkrle`kzie`

e

vnmu`-

tef,

einpmefns n fkseinpmefns.

Xukfk`

in`strugrsk fk

le`kre quk glpn-

sgogmgtk` km

tre`slgtgr

me

cukrze

k` uè

snme

fgrkiigù` (Cgaure 3 ).

Cgaure 6

Cgaure ;

Cgaure 3



VKI@NMNAcE KYXKIcCGIE 2

EINXMELGK@VNY

MGLE-

XK_Ò

EINXMELGK@VNY CMKTGOMKY

K`trk ns

einpmelgk`tns

cmkxgomks

lås in-

lu`ks

kìn`trelns

2

Vgpn pkr`ns

Ks

km lås utgmgzefn y cåigm

fk g`stemer

k` mes

låqugès fn`fk dey pnin pkmgarn fk

fksmgzelgk`tn kxiksgvn fk mns kbks.

K` kstk einpmelgk`tn mns pkr`ns kstå`

cnrrefns

in`

leàugtn fk

ieuidn,

quk

eitòe

inln elnrtgauefnr fk mns

idnquks

k`trk fns

kbks.

Me c mkxgogmgfef

sk

in`sgauk pnr

lkfgn

fk

mns

eaubkrns

emtkrèfns k` mes orgfes,

fk

teleõn

sucgigk`tk

pere fer em pkr`n u`

fktkrlgèfn bukan, y tre`slgtgk`fn me

cukrze lntrgz e trevçs fk mns leàugtns fk

ieuidn

( Cgaure 1 ).

Vgpn rk`nmf

Kstk einpmelgk`tn kstå inlpukstn pnr u`

fgsin fk anle vumie`gzefn y rkcnrzefn

in`

pnmkes

fk eikrn.

K`

kstk

tgpn sk

pukfk tnmkrer pkqukõns

fksmgzelgk`tns, ske` exgemks n eàumerks.

Kstå

in`strugfn

pere

eosnrokr

idnquks y

vgoreign`ks ( Cgaure 4 ).

Vgpn iruikte

Kstk einpmelgk`tn tre`slgtk km lnlk`tn

fk

tnrsgù` fgrkitelk`tk,

lkfge`tk

uè

iruikte

fk anle rksgstk`tk em

eikgtk,

uog-

iefe k`trk fns lkfgns iukrpns.

Kstå

fgskõefn pere

tre`slgtgr pkqukões

pntkìges e emtes vkmnigfefks, pkrlgtgk`-

fn pkqukõns

fkspmezelgk`tns

exgemks y

eàumerks

(Cgaure 7 ).

(

""IÅ@GIN G2G LE@GK@GLGK@V8

AKC. DVK

?6 ) 4

Cgaure 1

Cgaure 4

Cgaure 7



VKI@NMNA(E

KYXKI(CGIE2

(cvKIÅ@GIN G2G

LE@VK@GLGK@V8

MGLE- XK_Ò

EINXMELGK@VNY

~ ~ B ~ ~ l

~ ~

B[@VEY [@GSK_YEMKY

K`trk mns

tgpns prgìgpemks fk

bu`tes u`gvkr-

semks kìn`trelns2

Bu`te ierfå`gie

Kste bu`te ks

gfkem

pere

tre`slgtgr

lnvg-

lgk`tn k`trk kbks quk `n sgklprk kstå`

k`

mì`ke rkite.

Km åàumn

lås

inlò` quk cnrle`

mns fns

kbks

ks

fk 59;¸ ( Cgaurn 5N

).

Vgpn iruikte

In`stn

fk fns

lgtefks

k` cnrle

fk

dnr-

qugmme,

u`gfes

k` iruz pnr lkfgn fk pkr-

`ns ( Cgaure 55 ).

Xnr

kckitn

fkm usn sk

aeste cåigmlk`tk k`

su ertgiumeigù`,

prnfuigç`fnsk anmpks

k`

me bu`te

fkogfn e su cåigm fksaestk

y

e me

pnie

sk`sgogmgfef pere

su muorgieigù`.

Fm'm_mLI5EM

Kstk tgpn

fk

bu`te

sk rkklpmeze pnr

uè

u`gmetkrem fk fgsin (Bu`te skie ). K` kste

bu`te

mes

dnrqugmmes

kstå`

u`gfns pnr

lk-

fgn fk pkr`ns.

Bu`te dnlnig`çtgie

Kstå

cnrlefe

pnr fns bu`tes fk

ierfù`

einpmefes.

Yk utgmgze

k`

mns vkdìiumns fk treiigù`

fkme`tkre, puks rksumte

`kiksergn

pere

quk

me tre`slgsgù`

`n

sk

kckitòk pnr seiu-

fgfes

(

Cgaure

5? ).

Cgaure 5N

Cgaure 55

G[LVE nn•Mm L N G G ) I G G I V G ~

]

]

Cgaure 5?




2

k

KIÅ@GIN mK LE@VK@GLGK@V

8

~ K C D V K ?s BO

'-------------------------------------------

Å_ONMKY W KBKY

MGLE-

XK_Ò

Å_ONMKY FK

V_E@YLGYGÙ@

Yn`

oerres igmì`frgies quk

sk klpmke`

pere tre`slgtgr lnvglgk`tn fk agrn, fk

u`

kmklk`tn

e ntrn y

quk

tgk`k` km lgsln kbk

aknlçtrgin fk

agrn.

Mns åronmks,

efklås

fk kster snlktgfns em

kscukrzn fk cmkxgù` n inrtk, fkogfn em pksn

fk mns kmklk`tns

u`gfns

e kmmns y e mes

cukrzes quk

eitòe` snork

çstns, kstå` sn-

lktgfns

em

kscukrzn fk

tnrsgù`

`kiksergn

pere tre`slgtgr km

agrn

fk uè e ntre pgk-

zes.

K` me cgaure 5e y o sn` mns åronmks quk

tre`slgtk`

me

pntkìge fkm lntnr e me lå-

qugè.

Cgaure 5

K` me cgaure ? km

åronm

( 5 ) tgk`k u`gfn rìagfelk`tk e u`n fk sus kxtrklns me pnmke (

?)

quk,

em

agrer, mk inlu`gie

su

lnvglgk`tn.

K`

km ntrn kxtrkln

dey

uè

rukfe fk`tefe ( 9 ),

telogç` u`gfe rìagfelk`tk em åronm, quk rkigok km

lnvglgk`tn

fk agrn fk me pnmke e

trevçs fkm åronm.

Cgaure ?



,

VKI@NMNA(E

KYXKI(CGIE 2 (GGKI.Å@GIN mK

LE@VK@G'EGK@V8

MGLE- XK_Ò

Å_ONMKY W

KBKY

~ ~ ~ ± ~ ~ l

~ ~

KBKY FK

V_E@YLGYGÙ@

Yn`

oerres igmì`frgies

quk

sgrvk`

fk

sns-

tç` n snpnrtk e

pgkzes agretnrges.

K`

me cgaure 9 km kbk ( 5 ) kstå cgbefn e u`

snpnrtk ( ? ) quk sgrvk

pere

snstk`kr me

rukfe n pnmke ( 9 ) quk

agre

snork çm.

Ak`kremlk`tk

kstå`

in`strugfns fk eikrn

fk

oukè

iemgfef, fk

skiigù`

igriumer,

leigzns

n dukins,

melgèfns

n cnrbefns.

Xnr

mn

ak`krem

sk

deik u` tretelgk`tn

fk

iklk`teigù` in` km

nobktn

fk fermks lås

furkze k` su supkrcgigk.

Cgaurn 9

Mns kbks

`n tre`slgtk`

cukrze y

snmelk`tk kstå` snlktgfns e kscukrzns

fk cmkxgù` y

inrtk,

skaò` ske

su ln`tebk, inln in`skiukìge

fkm pksn

y fk

mes

cukrzes quk eitòe` snork

mes

pgkzes

quk snstgk`k`.

K` ak`krem, pere fgckrkìger

u` kbk fk

u` åronm

oeste in`sgfkrer km

treoebn

quk

rkemgze`.

Yg ò`gielk`tk sgrvk` fk snstç`

y epnyn

e pgkzes quk agre`, sn` k¡ks:

sg pnr

km

in`trergn,

tre`slgtk`

u` kscukrzn n lnvglgk`tn fk

agrn,

sn` åronmks.

IMEYKY

K`trk mns

prgìgpemks

kbks fk tre`slgsgù` kìn`trelns2

- Cmkides

- Dusns ( Dusgmmns )

Cmkides

Yn` kbks subktns e u`

kscukrzn

fk tnrsgù` n e kscukrzns

inlogèfns

fk

tnrsgù` y cmkxgù`,

fkstgèfns e me tre`slgsgù` fkm

lnvglgk`tn fk

rnteigù` e fgsteìges inrtes. Yn`

fk

fgålktrn fkmaefn

( Xnr

kbklpmn

mns kbks

fk

mes

onloes

ik`trìcuaes

).

Dusns ( Dusgmmns }

Yn` kbks inrtns quk eiignè` fgvkrses

pgkzes,

pnr mn te`tn tgk`k` are` prkigsgù` k`

su

lnvglgk`tn,

inln

mns

igaýkõemks,

km

kbk fk

mkves, mns kbks fk tnr`ns, kti.

KYC[K_RNY E

U[K

KYVÅ@ YNLKVGFNY MNY

KBKY

In`sgfkre`fn em kscukrzn inln

me

cukrze g`tkrgnr

quk

sk fkserrnmme

k` mns iukrpns

pere

npn`kr

rksgstkìge e me

ierae

fk

nore

k` km kxtkrgnr fk kmmns, sk noskrve quk k` mns kbks

sk fkserrnmme` vergns kscukrzns, skaò` mes ieraes kxtkrgnrks

arecgiefes

k` me påagè

sgaugk`tk

2



"'

K@EVG

VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE

2

.., (LKIÅ@GIN Ic LE@VK@GLGK@V8

MGLE- XK_Ò

Å_ONMKY W

KBKY

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ A ~ l ~ ~

Kscukrzn fk

cgkxgù`

Ks

me rksgstkìge quk

npn`k

u`

kbk

em skr

snlktgfn e

uè

iurveture pnr

kckitn

fk

uè ierae n

pksn

quk eitòe snork çm. Yk

fklukstre fk

me sgaugk`tk le`kre

2

Lgk`tres

`n

kxgste uè ierae kxtkrgnr

quk

nork

snork

km

kbk,

çstk pkrle`kikrå

rkitn

(Cgaure 6 ).

Yg e u` kbk n vgae fk lk`nr fgålktrn mk

inmnielns

k` km

ik`trn

uè ierae n

pksn,

sk cmkxerå n kìnrverå

fkogfn

e

quk

km

kbk

`n

pukfk fkserrnmmer

km

kscukrzn

`kikse-

rgn pere npn`krsk e me

cmkxgù`

(Cgaure

;

).

Epmgie`fn me lgsle

ierae n

pksn, pkrn

e

ntrn kbk fk leynr fgålktrn, çstk snpnrte-

rå ogk`

me

ierae sg`

kìnrversk, mn quk

g`fgie quk km kscukrzn quk fkserrnmme kstk

kbk ks sucgigk`tk pere

npn`krsk

e me ei-

igù` fk me

ierae

(Cgaure

3

).

Kscukrzn fk tnrsgù`

Ks

km

kscukrzn

quk fkserrnmme u` kbk pere

npn`krsk e me

cukrzn

quk trete fk

tnrikrmn

snork su

prnpgn

kbk.

[` kbk kstå subktn, k` u` kxtrkln

pnr

u`

snpnrtk y, k` km ntrn, mgork, kstå

prnvgstn

fk uè le`gbe cgbefe pnr u` tnr`gmmn (Cgaure 1).

Em

fermk

vukmte e me le`gbe

k`

fgrkiigù`

e

mes cmkides, epmgie`fn

fns

cukrzes"

X "

gauemks, km kbk

sk tnrikrå

fkogfn e quk

u` kxtrkln

kstå su

bktn

em snpnrtk quk mk

glpgfk

agrer

m gorklk`tk.

Kstn

g`fgie

quk

km

kbk

ks

fçogm

y

`n pukfk fkserrnmmer

km

kscukrzn `kiksergn

pere

npn`krsk

cB

me

cukrze fk tnrsgù` ( Cg4"'"22 2

:.

BZ

Cgaure 6

Cgaure

;

Z . 5 Z FK. G[WNG

Cgaure 3

Cgaure 1

Cgaure

4




kvKIÅ@GIN km2

LE@GFBGLGK@V

8

Å_ONMKY

W

KBKY

MGLE- XK_Ò

~ K C DVK ?; )

4

KYC[K_RNY INLOG@EFNY

FK CMKTGÙ@

W

VN_YGÙ@

Iue`fn,

sglumtålkelk`tk,

snlktklns

e u`

kbk

e

kscukrzns fk

cmkxgù`

y

tnrsgù`,

sk

cmkxerå y

tnrikrå

sg ks fçogm pnrquk kstå

nomgaefn

e

fkserrnmmer fns

kscukrzns, u`n pere

vk`ikr e

me

cukrze fk

cmkxgù`

y ntrn

me fk

tnrsgù`.

Xnr mn

te`tn,

ks `kiksergn quk tnfn

kbk

n vgae snlktgfn e kstes ieraes sk

in`struye

mn

sucgigk`tklk`tk rksgstk`tk

inln pere

snpntermes

( Cgaure 7 ).

YKA[_GF F

Cgaure 7

prntçbemns ±

[sk

emzefn

k

skaurgfef

----



MGLE- XK_Ò

VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE

2

KLXEU[KVEF[_EY

'

(LKIÅ@GIN m g LE@VK@GLGKG'gc8

AKC.DVK

?3 BO

'----------------------------------------------

IN@IKXVN AK@K_EM

Klpequktefure

ks

me

susteìge

n

letkrgem

cgornsn

in`

km

quk

sk

prkpere

u`

skmmn

n

u`gù`

e cg` fk kvgter n rkstrgàgr cuaes k`trk mes perkfks fk u` rkigpgk`tk.

MEY KLXEU[KVEF[_EY

X[KFK@

YK_ FK FNY CN_LEY

m.Klpequktefure fk målgè

Ks me

quk sk use

k`trk

mes

pksteões fk

mns

tuons k`selomefns,

k` me iumete

fk mns

eutnlùvgmks, onloes fk

eaue,

kti. ( Cgaure 5 e

y

o )

?.

Klpequktefure pere våsteans

Cgaure 5

Ks

me quk

sk

pn`k emrkfkfnr

fkm

våstean fk me iebe n prk`se-kstnpe pere deikrme

glpkrlkeomk em vepnr n

em

mìqugfn. Xnr

kbklpmn,

km våstean

fk

u`n vùmvumn

inlò` fk

u`

inõn ks cgbn. K` ntrns

iesns,

sg` kloeran, km våstean sk

lukvk

pere etrås

y efkme`tk

(

rkiìprnielk`tk)

n

agre

inln

mn deik

uè

onloe ik`trìcuae

( Cgaurn ? ).

( o m

Cgaurn ?

LEVK_GEY X_GLEY

Xere

me in`struiigù` fk

mes

fgvkrses

klpequktefures

kxgstk`tks

k`

me

g`fustrge

sk

klpmke`

mns sgaugk`tks letkrgemks2 Mg`n, yutk, esokstn, ieuidn, emanfù`, letkrges sg`tçtgies y

lktemks inln km pmnln, inork n emulg`gn.

X_NXGKFEFKY FK MEY

LEVK_GEY

X_GLEY

Mg`n

Mes klpequktefures

fk

kstk

letkrgem

sn` eprnpgefes

snmelk`tk

pere eaun.

Yk muorgie`

in` lkzimes fk eikgtks

lg`kremks

n vkaktemks, perecgès n areses y

sk

pukfk` arecgter

g`tkrgnr y kxtkrgnrlk`tk.

Yu

vk`tebe

leynr ks quk km m g`n

tgk`k

uè

cgore

merae, cukrtk y

fure.

Wutk

Yn`

luy

sklkbe`tks

e

mes

klpequktefures

fk

mg`n.

Km

meran

fktkrlgè

su

iemgfef

y

sk

klpmke`,

prgìgpemlk`tk,

pere eaue

crìe

n

pere

prksgn`ks

oebes

n lkfgeès.



r

VKI@NMNAÌE KYXKIÌCGIE 2 (rvKIÅ@GIN m2m

~ @ G L G

MGLE- XK_Ò

KLXEU[KVEF[_EY

(:,

~ ~

~ ~ l w

~

Esokstn

Yk use km

esokstn

fn`fk

sk

kìuk`tre`

tklpkretures

e m t ~ s .

Mes cgores

fk kstk le-

tkrgem sn`

iesg glpnsgomk fk

quklersk:

pnr

ksn,

sk `kiksgte km esokstn

iue`fn sk

le`kbe

låqugès fk vepnr e

emte prksgù`

y

tklpkretures

luy emtes.

Velogç`

sk kl-

pmke`

k` vergns prnfuitns

quìlgins

y

ae -

sks iemgk`tks.

Ieuidn

Yk

efepte luy ogk`

pere

eaue crìe

n

iemgk`tk

y

snpnrte

uè

ie`tgfef mglgtefe

fk iemnr. Km ieuidn tgk`k

oukès

iuemgfe-

fks fk kmestgigfef y

inlprksgogmgfef,

inl-

ogèfn in`

emanfù` pere

pkrlgtk

deikr

crk`tk e

cmugfns quk

sn` fgcìigmks fk klpe-

ier ogk` ikrrefns.

Emanfù`

Efklås fk usersk pere rkcnrzer

ntres

klpequktefures, km emanfù` pukfk user-

sk

snmn.

Mes

cgo(es

fk

emanfù`

sn`

luy

suevks y pnr mn te`tn reye` lk`ns

mns

kbks.

Vgk`k oukè rksgstkìge em eaue

crìn

n

iemgk`tk, emindnmks y ntres snmuign`ks eiun-

ses fgmugfes. _ksgstk` tklpkretures låxg-

les fk

5

88¸(.

Yg`tçtgins

Xere me in`struiigù` fk kstes

klpequktefures sk klpmke `kncrk`n inl-

ogèfn

in`

ntres

letkrges prgles ( eman-

fù`

y

esokstn

).

Yk

use

luidn

in`tre

prnfuitns quìlgins

e

ieuse fk sus iuemg-

fefks

sgàumerks

quk mn

deik`

iesg

glpkr-

lkeomks.

VGXN FK

IN@YV_[IIGÙ@

Me

èturemkze

fkm

cmugfn

n

aes

klpeiefn

fktkrlgè

me skmkiigù`

fk

letkrge

prgle

usefe

k`

me

ceor giei gù` fk

uè

klpequktefure, y

me epmgieigù`

n km tgpn

fk

kqugpn fktkrlgè me cnrle fk in`strui-

igù`.

Dey iuetrn tgpns

fk

in`struiigù`

2

Vnrsgnèfn, trk`zefn, tkbgfn y lnmfkefn.

5. Vnrsgn`nfn, sn`

usefes

pere mes prk`-

se-kstnpes pkqukões,

kspkigemlk`tk

k` mns våsteans fk mes våmvumes quk

cuìgnè`

e vepnr.

?. Vrk`zefn, kstes klpequktefures tgk-

`k`

luides

vk`tebes fkcg`gfes

snork

mns ntrns

tgpns,

sn` lås ome`fes y

lk`ns eoresgves, sus dgmns sn`

muorgie-

fns

y

cuìgnè`

k`

luy oukès in`fg-

ign`ks

k` mns åigfns, eikgtkres iemgk`-

tks, aesnmgè, mkbìe, emiemg`ns, prnfui-

tns

quìlgins

y k` equkmmes sgtueign`ks

fk

vepnr

e

prksgù`

oebe.

9. Vk¡gfn, sk rkinlgk`fe pere quk cuìgn-

`k` in` vepnr e emte prksgù`,

aesks,

egrk n l ~ r g l g f n n pnr fn`fk

qugkre

quk

kxgste

iemnr n

prksgù`.

6. Lnmfkefn, ks

u`

lçtnfn fk ceorgie-

igù` fk klpequktefures

k`

målgès

cnrlefn pnr

verges

letkrges

prgles,

kspkigemlk`tk

km

ieuidn, `kncrk`n

y

emanfù`. Yk klpgke k` me g`fustrge eu-

tnlntrgz.



VKI@NMNArE

KYXKIr_IE 2

"'

(

I N mK

LE@VK@GLGK@V8

MGLE- XK_Ò

YEIEONIEFNY

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l v ~

YEIEONIEFNY

Yn`

fk

eikrn

kspkigem

y

klpmkefns pnrn deikr eaubkrns

k`

letkrgemks omn`fns

(

Cgaures

5 y ?

).

Yk

imesgcgie` k` 2

5. Yeieoniefns fk prksgù`,pere deikr eaubkrns pkqukõns fk ? e

6

ll.

?. Yeieoniefns

fk

anmpk, pere

deikr

eaubkrns

fk

lås fk

6

ll.

Cgaurn

5 -

Yeieoniefns fk prksgù`

[YNY

W KLXMKNY

Yeieoniefns fk prksgù`

Cgaure ? - Yeieoniefns fk anmpk

Km letkrgem pnr eaubkrker sk inmnie k`trk km

tuon inrte`tk y

me

oesk,

g`trnfuigk`fn

k`trk

km letkrgem quk

sk de

fk

eaubkrker y me oesk

fk

me dkrrelgk`te u` trnzn fk cgore pere kvgter

feõer km cgmn fkm

tuon

inrte`tk. Km letkrgem pnr eaubkrker

y

me cgore sk subkte`

in`

mn le`n

gzqugkrfn, in` me fkrkide sk

prksgnè`

mns

leàns fk

me dkrrelgk`te (

Cgaure

9 ) .

Cgaure

9 -

[sn fkm seieoniefns fk prksgù`

Yeieoniefns fk anmpk

Mn

pmeìdn fkm letkrgem

fn`fk

sk derå

km

eaubkrn

sk inmnin

snork

uè emlndefgmme fk

pmnln

n

omnquk

fk lefkre.

Km

seieoniefns

sk

ik`tre

k` me

lerie

fn`fk

sk

de kckituefn

km

eaubkrn

y,

subktå`fnmn

in`

me le`n gzqugkrfe, sk

anmpke

cgrlklk`tk

in` u`

lezn

fk

lefkre.

Cgaure 9 - [sn fkm seieoniefns fk anmpk



VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE 2

MGLE-

XK_Ò

].

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

FK

MNY

YEIEONIEFNY

YEIEONIEFNY

Kstes dkrrelgk`tes fk inrtk fkok` kster

sgklprk pkrckitelk`tk

ecgmefes

y

sg`

rkoeoes. Em ecgmermes k` me pgkfre kslkrgm

sk prniurerå `n iemk`termks

fklesgefn

pere

kvgter

quk

sk

fkstgklpmk`

y pgkrfe`

su furkze ( Cgaure 6e y o ).

Km ecgmefn cg`em n esgk`tn fkm cgmn sk kbkiute

k` u`e

pgkfre fk

esk`ter,

utgmgze`fn

eikg-

tk n

eaun

( Cgaurn 6 k ).

(

vg2IÅ@GIN rK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN)

~ K C

DVK ?1 )

4

( n )

Ecgmefn

crn`tem

( o )

Ecgmefn

metkrem ( k )

Eieoefn

y esgk`tn fkm

cgmn

Cgaurn 6



VKI@NMNArE KYXKIrCGIE 2 ('-"AÅmgIN mK L E @ m t @ G L G K @ V ~

LGI_ÙLKV_N

IN@ @N@GN

MGLE- XK_Ò

~ M ^ K ^ I ^ V ^ u ^ ~ ^ s ^ K ^ @ ^ L ^ G M ^ c ^ L ^ K ^ V ^ _ ^ n ^ s^^^ ~ ~ ~ ~

Km lgirùlktrn in` `n`gn pkrlgtk te mkiture fk lkfgfes in` eprnxgleigù` lås prkigse

quk

me

fkm lgirùlktrn `nrlem ( Cgaure 5 )

Ksiemn fkm `n`gn

3,11; ll

;¸ trnzn •

8,88;

@n`gn

?1¸ fgvgsgù` •

8,?1

ll

3 +

8.;8 • 3.;8

Cgaurn 5

LGI_ÙLKV_N IN@ EX_NTGLEIGÙ@ FK 8,885 ll

Kstk lgirùlktrn

pnskk u` vkr`gkr in` 5N fgvgsgn`ks

areoefes

k` km igmg`frn, iuye

mnàgtuf inrrkspn`fk

e 7 fgvgsgn`ks fk me ksieme ik`tksglem

areoefe k`

km telonr.

K`tnìks, iefe fgvgsgù` fkm `n`gn ks N, 5 lk`nr quk iefe uè fk mes fgvgsgn`ks fk me

ksieme ik`tksglem. Me prglkre fgvgsgù` fkm vkr`gkr, e pertgr fk N trezns fk ingìgfkìge,

kqugvemk e 8,885 ll: me skau`fe e 8,88?ll: me tkrikre, e

8,889ll:

y esì, suiksgve-

lk`tk.

MKIV[_E

K` me

cgaure

5

sk

mkk k` me ksieme k` lgmìlktrns 3,;8ll, k` me ksieme ik`tksglem 8,?1ll

y

k`

me ksieme fkm vkr`gkr 8,88;ll.

Me mkiture ks2 3,;8ll + 8,?1ll + 8,88;ll ... 3,11;ll.

Ntrns kbklpmns ( Cgaures ?, 9 y 6 )



VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE 2

( -G2AÅ@GIN mm2

LE@VK@GLGK@VN)

MGLE- XK_Ò

LGI_ÙLKV_N

IN@ @N@GN

MKIV[_EY K@ LGM LKV_NY

KKC.

DVK

?4 )

4

Ksiemn fkm

`n`gn u

n

k

n

z

Ksiemn lgmglçtrgin

mkiture

54,888 ll

8,878 ll

8,883 ll

54,873

BN

?;

?8

5;

n

Ksiemn fkm `n`gn

6Y

Cgaure ?

Ksiemn l

mglçtrgin

mkiture

59,888

ll

8,688

ll

8,887 ll

59,687

Ksiemn fkm `n`gn

`

mN

?Y

?8

GY

58

Ksiemn lgmlçtrgin

n

mkiture ?8,;88

ll 6Y

Cgaure 9

N,

55

N

ll

'8

8,884

ll

?8,354

mnN

BY

Cgaure 6

K` km lgirùlktrn in` `n`gn me eprnxgleigù` fk mn mkiture fk lkfgfn

sk

iemiume use`fn

me cùrlume 2 n -

k

@.l.l

n < Eprnxgleigù` fk me mkiture, fefe pnr me lk`nr fgvgsgù` in`tk`gfe k` me

ksieme fkm `n`gn.

@

<

Fgvgsgn`ks fk mn u`gfef

k`

mn ksieme peremkmn.

k < mn lk`nr

u`gfef

fk mn ksiemn lg glçtrgin.

`

5

-

@òlkrn

fk

fgvgsgn`ks fk mn ksiemn ik`tksglem.

`

?

< @òlkrn fk

fgvgsgn`ks fk me ksieme fkm `n`gn.

Kbklpmn2 Vk`klns 2

k - 5

ll

k

n -

@

< ?

fgvgsgn`ks

@.l.l

`

5

•

;8 fgvgsgn`ks

n -

?. ;8. 5

n

`

?

•

5N fgvgsgn`ks

n

<

8,885

ll

mn

eprnxgleigù` fk mkiture

ks

fk 8,885 ll.



MGLE-

XK_Ò

r

..., KKIÅ@GIN

FK

Q m c c g @ G L G @ V ~

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ K ~ ~ B ~


2


_KAME

FK V_KY

FKCG@GIGÙ@

Ks uè npkreigù` k` me quk sk in`nik` verges lea`gtufks fgrkite k g`vkrselk`tk

prnpnrignèmks y k`

me

sk

trete fk demmer uè fksin`nigfe.

IMEYKY

e. _kame fk trks sglpmk

Yk ff,iue`fn

g`tkrvgk`k` fns lea`gtufks

y

iuetrn tçrlg`ns, fn`fk trks fk kmmns sn`

in`nigfns

y

u`n fksin`nigfn.

Kbklpmns2

5. Yg

k`

9 dnres

sk

de dkidn 5; pgkzes, ¾ iuå`tes

sk

derå k` 3 dnres

>

Xme`tkn2

9

d

3 d

5;p

T

?. Yg e

38

jl/d u` eutnlùvgm de

rkinrrgfn

uè fgsteìge k` 9 dnres, ¾iuå`tn

fklnrerå n

78 jl/d >

38

jl/d-

9

d

78 jl/d- x

K` km prglkr kbklpmn, mes lea`gtufks sn` fgrkitelk`tk

prnpnrignèmks

y sk

mmelerå

_kame fk trks sglpmk fgrkite.

K` km skau`fn kbklpmn, mes lea`gtufks sn` g`vkrselk`tk prnpnrignèmks

y

sk mmelerå

_kame fk trks sglpmk g`vkrse.

o. _kame trks inlpukste

Yk

fn iue`fn

g`tkrvgk`k` lås fk fns lea`gtufks

y

fk tnfns mns tçrlg`ns sùmn

sk

fksin`nik u`n.

Kbklpmn2

Yg u`n iuefrgmme fk ; norkrns, treoebe`fn 4 dnres

fgergns,

de `kiksgtefn 5? fìes

pere

escemter

?88l

fk u`n evk`gfn, ¾iuå`tns norkrns skrå` `kiksergns

pere

tkrlgèr km escemtn

fk equkmme

evk`gfe quk tgk`k

388

l, treoebe`fn 5

N

dnres

fgergns

fure`tk 7 fìes >

Xme`tkn2

;

no

4

d/f

-

5?

f

?88l



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMÙAGINY

EXMGIEFNY 2 ( -DÅ@GIN FK t Q c c g @ G L G ~

MGLE- XK_Ò

_ERN@KY WX_NXN_IGN@KY

r22-m

^^^^^^ ^ _ ^ K ^ A ^ ~ ^ n ^ K ^ l ^ k ^^^^^ ~ ~ ~ ~

Cnrles fk rksnmvkr me rkame fk trks sglpmk

e.

Yk

ksirgok` mns fetns k` nrfk`, tk`gk`fn

k`

iuk`te

quk

mns fk uè lgsle

lea`gtuf

sk kìuk`trk`

k`

me lgsle inmulè.

o. Yk

rkin`nik sg

mes lea`gtufks sn`

fgrkite

n g`vkrselk`tk

prnpnrignèmks.

i. Yk cnrle me

prnpnrigù`

2

- K` me cnrle pme`tkefe,

sg

sk trnte fk uè rkame fk trks sglpmk FG_KIVE.

- G`vgrtgk`fn km nrfk` fk mes

ie`tgfefks

fk uè fk mes

lea`gtufks

sg` emtkrer

me

ntre

lea`gtuf, sg

cukre uè rkame fk trks sglpmk G@SK_YE.

Xrnomkles rksukmtns

e. å

Iuå`tns lktrns

fk emelork sk

de

vk`fgfn sg

me

aeèìge

de sgfn

fk Y/. 946,

seogk`fn quk

k`

iefe

lktrn

sk aeè

Y/.

9,?8 >

5l

T

Y/.

9,?8

Y/. 946

E

lås aeèìge, lås

lktrns fk

emelork

( FG_KIVE)

Me prnpnrigù` ks 2

T -

9,?8

T 946

946

T

5

9,?8

- 9468

~

9?

o.

[`

arupn

fk

treoebefnrks

de

klpmkefn

5; fìes k`

tkrlgèr

uè nore,

treoebe`fn

4

dnres

fgerges. Yg

duogkre

treoebefn ?

dnres lk`ns em

fìe, å k` iòe`tns

fìes

deorìe`

tkrlgèfn me nore

>

5; f

4

d/f

3

d/f

E

lk`ns

dnres

fgerges,

lås fìes klpmkefns ( G@SK_YE )

me

prnpnrigù` sk ksirgok

g`vgrtgk`fn

mes

ie`tgfefks

fk me skau`fn

lea`gtuf

2

T

<

5; 3

x < 4

5;

T

4

3

<

<5 ?8 fìes

5



MGLE- XK_Ò

r

KKIÅ@GIN

m m '

L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

~ ~ C ~ ~ B ~


2


_KAME FK

V_KY)

.

Cnrle pråitgie fk rksnmvkr uè rkamn fk trks inlpukste

e.

Yk ksirgok mns fetns k`

nrfk`.

Mukan sk

ksinak

inln

lea`gtuf

fk inlpereigù`

equkmme quk

mmkve me

gìùa`gte.

o. Kste lea`gtuf sk inlpere in` iefe

uè

fk mes

ntres

lea`gtufks

(supn`gk`fn

quk

mes

fklås

`n

verìe` )

i. E mes lea`gtufks quk ske` fgrkitelk`tk prnpnrignèmks in`

me

gìùa`gte, sk mks

pn`k

fkoebn

u` sga`n +

y kìgle

u` sga`n

- .

f. E

mes lea`gtufks quk

ske`

g`vkrselk`tk

prnpnrignèmks in` me

gìùa`gte, sk

mks pn`k

fkoebn u` sga`n-

y

kìgle

u` sga`n +.

k. Km

vemnr fk me gìùa`gte

55

T

55

skrå gauem em vemnr in`nigfn

fk su

lgsle kspkigk ( em

iuem

sgklprk sk mk pn`k+) lumtgpmgiefn pnr tnfes mes

ie`tgfefks

quk mmkve` km

sga`n

+, fgvgfgk`fn kstk prnfuitn k`trk km prnfuitn fk

mes

ie`tgfefks quk mmkve`

km

sga`n-.

Kbklpmn2

;

dnlorks, treoebe`fn 3 dnres fgerges,

de`

dkidn 38 lktrns fk uè nore k` 3 fìes.

å Iuå`tns fìes `kiksgterå` 9 dnlorks,

treoebe`fn

4 dnres

fgerges,

pere deikr

48

lktrns

fk

me lgsle nore >

+

;d-- -

9 d

T

+

3 d/f

38 l

4 d/f

48 l

+

; T 3 T 48 T 3

9

T

4

T

38

x 5N fìes.

+

3

fìes

T



IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMÙAGINY

EXMGIEFNY 2 ~ K Å @ G N mm2 L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE- XK_Ò

LÅU[G@EY YGLXMKY

( Xme`n gìmgèfn)

-'

(_KC.Gt2VE

??

) Ý

XME@N

G@IMG@EFN

Ks

tnfe

supkrcgigk quk

cnrle in` me dnrg-

zn`tem

u` åàumn eaufn.

Vkùrgielk`tk sk rkprksk`te lkfge`tk u`

trgåàumn rkitåàumn in`

sus

kmklk`tns2

Me

dgpntkùse

rkprksk`te me mnàgtuf fkm pme-

`n

( t) y mns ietktns me

emture

( d) y me oesk

( o )

fkm

lgsln.

Km pksn fk u` iukrpn

inmniefn

snork u`

pme`n

gìmgèfn ( Cgaures 5 e

y

o ) sk

fksinlpn`k

k` fns cukrzes2

5.

[è

cukrze ( C

5

)

peremkme

em pme`n quk

deik

iekr

km

iukrpn, km quk sk fkok

kqugmgorer in`

uè cukrze

gauem

y in`-

trerge

( C

).

?. [ e cukrze ( C

?

)

pkrpk`fgiumer

em

pme`n,

quk

pnr rkeiigù`

fkm lgsln

sk

eùme. Mukan, `n g`tkrvgk`k k` km treoe-

bn

quk

sk

rkemgze

snork km iukrpn.

IN@FGIGÙ@

FK

KU[GMGO_GN FKM XME@N

G@IMG@EFN

Eèmgze`fn

mns kmklk`tns fkm pme`n

gìmg-

èfn y me

fksinlpnsgigù` fk

me rksgstk`-

ige n pksn ( U), sk ksteomkik me sgaugk`tk

prnpnrigù`2

C d

U ..c

Fk fn`fk2

C <

U

.

C U sk` e.

(e)

( o)

U

Cgaure 5 - Xme`n gìmgèfn

d

o



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 ~ G I N FK L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE-

XK_Ò

LÅU[G@EY

YGLXMKY

~ ~ - - - - - - - ~ ^

n ^ g n n ^ m ^ g ~ ~ ^ 0 ^^^^^

. K ~ ~

~ ~

SK@VEBE

LKIÅ@GIE FKM XME@N G@IMG@E-

FN

Yg me

mnàgtuf

fkm

pme`n

l fk km fnomk fk mn

emture, km kscukrzn ks me lgtef fk mn rksgstk`-

ige:

sg me mnàgtuf ks km trgpmk fk me emture, km

kscukrzn

ks

me tkrikre pertk fk me rksgstkìge,

kti. Mukan, me vk`tebe lkiå`gie

ks

fgrkite-

lk`tk

prnpnrignèm

e me mnàgtuf fkm pme`n k

g`vkrselk`tk prnpnrignèm e me emture.

Sl 5

d

X_NOMKLEY

5.

Lkfge`tk

u` pme`n gìmgèfn fk ?8 l fk

mnàgtuf

sk

suok u` pksn fk

?68

jp e uè

emture fk 6

l.

eUuç cukrze

sk

klpmkn >

C <

U

~

..k

C •

?68

jp

x 6 l

<

64

jp

?8l

5 _ksp. 64

jp

?. Yk fgspn`k fk uè cukrze fk

1;

jp pere

kmkver u` pksn fk 6;8 jp n u`n emture fk

; l. eUuç mnàgtuf fkokrå tk`kr km

pme`n

gìmgèfn e klpmkersk

y

iuåm ks su vk`tebe

lkiå`gin >

C

U

d

5

5 ^

U. d

C

5 •

6;8

jp x

;

l ^

98

l

1;

jp

Sl

-

g

d

_ksp.

98l

98l

Sl

< < 3

;l

_ksp.

3

~ - - : : B

...

22±±±

..,.., 22222222±± d

)]'.2

.........

..

~ ± ±

± ± ~ ...

..2222222222222

?38Jp

';8jp




~ G N FK L @ m K @ G L ~

V_EREFN FK

[@E

X_NWKIIGÙ@

MGLE - XK_Ò

GYNLÇm_GIE

~ K C

DIVE ?9 )

O

V_EREFN

FK [@E

X_NWKIIGÙ@

GYNLÇV_GIE KLXMKE@FN

ME IEBE

GYNLÇV_GIE

Kbklpmn2 Fefes

mes trks vgstes

nrtnan`emks, deikr

me

prnykiigù`

fkm

nobktn2

----------------

m---mc---mt

Xrglkr Xnsn-

Vrezer

mns trks kbks gsnlçtrgins 2




8KIÅ@GIN FK LE@GK@GLgnn8

V_EREFN FK [@E X_NWKIIgÙ@

GYNLÇV_GIE

~ K C DIVE

?9

) O

GLE- XK_Ò

Ykau`fn pesn-

Fktkrlgèr

mes prgìgpemks,lkfgfes fkm nobktn

snork

mns kbks trezefns.

In`strugr uè

IEBE

GYNLKV_GIE2

Vkrikr pesn - Fgstrgougr mes lkfgfes

pere

mes fgckrk`tks cnrles2

Iuertn pesn- Vrezer, fklerier y

notk`kr

mes cnrles fk mns

fgckrk`tks fktemmks2




kKIÅ@GIN FK L E @ m K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE- XK_Ò

V_EREFN FK [@E X_NWKIIgÙ@

GYNLÇV_GIE

~ K C cg2VE

?9

) 4

E_INY GYNLÇV_GINY

K`

me

cgaure efbu`te

sk

lukstre`

fns

vgstes

fk u`

nobktn

in`

ksqugès

rkfn`fkefes.

_ < _efgn rkem

r?

leynr quk km

refgn rkem

Fgålktrn

5

Mes

ksqugès

rkfn`fkefes sk

pukfk`

fgouber

k` prnykiigù` gsnlçtrgie. Xere

kmmn ks `kiksergn tnler refgns rkemks ( _ ) n

vkrfefkrns fk me igriu`ckrkìge, e pertgr

fkm

vçrt gik snork mes fns rkites

gsnlçtrgies, y

sk treze` pkrpk`fgiumerks

fksfk kstns fns pu`tns.

Yu

g`tkrskiigù`

ks km

ik`trn fkm erin

gsnlçtrgin.

- ± @ùtksk quk mns nrins fk inlpås `n sn`

fk refgn gauem

k` elons

kxtrklns

fk me

cgaure n gauemks em

refgn

rkem ( _ )

lk`nr quk km

refgn rkem



r


LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

V_EREFN

FK [@E X_NWKIIGÙ@

~ ~ - - - - - - ~ - L ^ ~ ^ l ^ ~ ^ E - - - - - - ~ ~ K ~ ~ ~

XNYGIGN@KY

FK

E_INY GYNLÇV_GINY





MGLE-

XK_Ò

_KINLK@FEIGN@KY XE_E

[@E O[K@E B[@VE

~ K C DIVE ?6 ) 4

Vnrigfn

Vkbgfn snork

tkbgfn

_KINLK@FEIGN@KY

XE_E

MNA_E_

KM YK_SGIGN LÅTGLN

FK

ME

B[@VE

Vrk`zefn

`nrlem

5n. _kitgcgquk mns supkrcgigks inrrnìfns y tnsins. Xnàn mns orgfes mn lås peremkmes

pnsgomk. _kitgcgquk

km

emg`kelgk`tn

pere

quk me

Zu`te

sk inlprgle

u`gcnrlklk`tk.

?¸. Ksinbe

me

bu`te eprnpgefe

skaò` mes

in`fgign`ks kxgstk`tks,

prniure`fn

user

km

tgpn

efkiuefn. [sk

uè bu`te fk iemgfef.

9¸. [sk uè

bu`te

mn lås fkmaefe: pkrn, iue`fn

me

supkrcgIgk fk me orgfe ske

tnsie

y `n

sk

pukfe

rkitgcgier,

usk uè

bu`te

lås

arukse

y

suevk.

6¸. Iue`fn mes orgfes kstå`

luy

skperefes usk

uè ere`fkme

lktåmgie in` uè

bu`te

e

iefe mefn. Iue`fn

kxgste

emtes prksgn`ks,

kstn

ks

lås

skaurn quk

user

uè

bu`te

arukse.

;¸. Inrtk mns eaubkrns fk mns tnr`gmmns mgakrelk`tk lås are`fks quk km fgålktrn fk mns

tnr`gmmns, pere quk me

bu`te `n sk

eonlok emrkfkfnr fk kstns k glpgfe u` ouk` skmmn.

3¸. Lgfe me bu`te, fk mn

in`trergn

mes supkrcgigks fk me iere fk

me

orgfe kxpukstes sk

pukfk` inrrnkr y

tk`frå` quk rkitgcgiersk

k` km

cuturn.

1¸.

Deae

km fgålktrn

g`tkrgnr fk mn bu`tn

mgakrelk`tk leynr

quk

km fgålktrn g`tkrgnr

fk

mn

tuokrìe.

Kstn

rkfuik

mn prksgù` dgfrnståtgin

em

lì`gln y

`n

nostruyk `g

rkterfn

km

cmugfn.

4¸.

Arecgtk u`n

n elons mefns

fk mn bu`tn

sg sk eork me

u`gù` fk vkz

k` iue`fn. Lkzimk

km arecgtn k` eaun ùìe

in` eikgtk,

yn

quk

çstk etein km ieuidn fk me bu`tn.

7n.

Eprgktk

mes tukries

k`

nrfk` pnrn mnarer uè fgstrgouigù` u`gcnrlk fk me

prksgù` fk

mns

tnr`gmmns.

58> _kfuzie sus

kxgstkìges

kste`ferfgze`fn

mn

lås

pnsgomk mns

letkrgemks y

sus

kspksnrks.



FKYLN@VEBK

Iesqugmmn

@?

N_FK@

FK

KBKI[IGÙ@


85

Xrkperk km

muaer

fkm ln`tebk

n

Mmevk fk inrnè

8?

Kmglg`k mes

rkoeoes y

ergstes vgves k` km eaubkrn

y

km kbk

n

Are`ktk

89

Muorgquk

mes

supkrcgigks fk in`teitn fk elons

kmklk`tns n

Lertgmmn

fk

inork

86

Ln`tk

km

oubk

pnr prksgù`

y

vkrgcgquk km

cuìgnèlgk`tn

n Mmevk fk onie

8; Fksln`tk km inbg`ktk y

vkrgcgquk

km fksaestk

n

Ornide

83 Xrkperk

y

inmnquk mns iesqugmmns fkm inbg`ktk

n Vnrquclktrn

81

Inmnquk

me tepe

supkrgnr

y

subktk in` tnr`gmmns

fk

subkigù`

n

Eikgtkre

84

Inlprukok km

cuìgnèlgk`tn. n

Areskre.

XRE.

IE@V. FK@NLG@EIGÙ@

@N_LE

5

FGLK@YGN@KY

LEVK_GEM NOYK_SEIGN@KY

FKYLN@VEBK W LN@VEBK FK INBG@KVKY

DV

83 LE@ _KC.



NXK_EIGÙ@2

FKYLN@VE_ INBG@KVK

Ks mn

npkreigù`

quk pkrlgtk rktg rer km inbg`ktk fkm

kbk pnrn in`trnmer y rkperer kstn u`gfef, quk

ks

pnrtk

prg`igpem

fkm sgstkle fk tre`slgsgù` ( Cg-

aurn 5

).

X_NIKYN

FK

KBKI[IGÙ@

5 Xnsn-

Skrgcgquk fksaestks 2

G`spkiign`k vgsuemlk`tk mns pnrtks

fkm inbg`ktk

e`tks

fk prnikfkr em

fksln`tebk ( Cgaurn ? ).

?¸ Xnsn-

Lerquk

mn pnsgigù` inrrkitn in` km

arn`ktk

( Cgaurn 9 ).

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Km lnriefn sk

dnik

pnrn kvgter

km

ielogn fk

pgkzes.

9¸ Xesn-

Fksln`tk km in¡g`ktk 2

e. Ecmnbk mns tnr`gmmns fk

cgbeigù`

y

såqukmns.

o.

_ktgrk me

tnpn

supkrgnr.

i. Ykperk km inbg`ktk fkm kbk ( Cgau-

re

6

).

' ~ FK

LE@VK@LK@V8

~ K C D N 9 L E ~ 4

Cgaure 5

Cgaure ?

Cgaurn 9



r

NXK_EI 5Ù@ 2 (LKIÅ@GIN FK L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

LN@VE_ INBG@KVK (:)

r2-22']

~ c c ~ 5 6 L E ~ ~

In`sgstk k` ln`ter

km

inbg`ktk

k` km

sgtgn in-

rrkspn`fgk`tk fk fn`fk

cuk rklnvgfn, fkspuçs

quk

sk

de` rkperefn sus pnrtks.

Kstn

pkrlgtgrå

u` ouk` cuìgnèlgk`tn fk mn

tre`slgsgù`.

X_NIKYN

FK

KBKI[IGÙ@

5

n Xnsn- Xrkperk km in¡g`ktk 2

mglpgk mns supkrcgigks in` u`n

ornide

{ Cgaurn

5

).

?¸ Xnsn- Inmnquk mns iesqugmmns fkm in¡g`ktk.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Skrgcgquk, prkvgelk`tk, mns esgk`-

tns fk mns iesqug mmns k` mns tnpns su-

pkrgnr k g`ckrgnr ( Cgaure ? ).

X_KIE[IGÙ@

Vkàn iugfefn quk mns iesqugmmns

inrrkspn`fe` n mn pnrtk supkrgnr k

g`ckrgnr.

9¸ Xnsn-

Inmnquk mn tnpn supkrgnr 2

Xnàn mn tnpn supkrgnr,

tk`gk`fn

iugfefn

quk

ingìgfe` mes lerins.

6¸ Xnsn- Inmnquk mns tnr`gmmns fk cgbeigù`

[`n mns fns tnpns

fkm inbg`ktk

y

ebustk

efkiuefelk`tk elons

tnr-

`gmmns.

Cgaurn 5

Cgaure ?



NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Vkàn iugfefn quk mes supkrcgigks kxtkrgnrks k g`tkrgnrks fk elons iesqugmmns kstç`

k` in`teitn in` sus inrrkspn`fgk`tks supkrcgigks.

6¸

Xesn- Inlprukok

km

ouk` cuìgnèlgk`tn.

Dean agrer km k¡k e le`n

y

fkspuçs n inrrgk`tk.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Km kbk

fkok

agrer

mgorklk`tk. K`

iesn

in`trergn, rkaumk me prksgù`

fk

mes

tepes,

in` tnr`gmmns

fk

cgbeigù`.

muorgquk,

efkiuefelk`tk,

e`tks

fk deikr

cuìgnèr n inrrgk`tk.



Z

NXK_EIGÙ@ 2 \ ~ ~ ~ l ~

LN@VE_ OQKY r222']

~ ~ K ± n n u u 9 ~

i. Inmnquk

snork

km oubk u` inmkk pme`n, mgsn y mglpgn

f.

Inmnquk mn pgkze snork km puk`tk n lksn

fk

mn prk`sn.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Yg

ks `kiksergn utgmgik u`n oesk

pme`n

pnrn epnyer mn pgkze.

k.

Inlgk`ik n fer prksgù` y vkrgcgquk sg km ougk k`trn emg`kefn.

c.

Inlpmktk me npkreigù`, g`trnfuigk`fn km ou¡k inlpmktelk`tk.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

5. Yg `n

ks

pnsgomk kbkiutnr mn npkreigù` k` u`n prk`sn,

sk

pukfk

utgmgzer u` ln`tebk inln lukstrn mn cgaurn

6.

Cgaurn 6

?. Yg `n pukfk

deikrsk

pnr `g`au`n fk mns prnikfglgk`tns e`tks skõemn

fns,

rkiurrn em

einpmelgk`tn

pnr lkfgn

fk anmpks fk

lertgmmn,

prntkagk`fn km oubk in` u` pkfezn fk

lnfkre.



NXK_EIGÙ@ 2 " (Q2IÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

B

LN@VE_

O[BKY

r2-22]

~ ~ ~ ~ K ~ ~ 5 ; L ~ ~

In`sgstk

k` g`trnfuigr u` kmklk`tn g`tkrlkfgergn

(

oubk

) k`trk

u`

kbk y

u` iukrpn

fk sustk`teigù`

( Cgaurn 5

). Kstns

kmklk`tns sn` fk oebn

inkcgigk`tk

fk

c r g i i g ç ~

y,

iue`fn

sk fksaeste`,

sn` cnigmlk`tk sustgtugomks sg` gùtgmgzer km

lkie`gsln

prgìgpem, pkrlgtgk`fn

esì uè

rkpereigù`

lås kin`ùlgin.

Yn` ak`kremlk`tk

inmniefns

e prksgù`

k`

kbks

n eaubkrns fk emnbelgk`tn. Yk utgmgzn crkiuk`-

tklk`tk k` in`bu`tns fk låqugès.

X_NIKYN

FK

KBKI[IGÙ@

5¸ Xnsn- Mglpgk

mes

pgkzes.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Cgaure 5

K`

iesn fk pgkzes

kàrnsefes,

sk meve`

in`

snmvk`tks ( Snrsnm,

jkrnsk`k, aesngm ) y u`

pgìkm.

?¸

Xnsn-

Kmglg`k

mes

rkoeoes

y

ergstes vgves

k`

km eaubkrn y km kbk.

9¸ Xnsn- Muorgquk mes supkrcgigks fk in`tei-

tn fk

elons

.

.6¸ Xnsn-

Ln`tk 2

n.

Kìnbk

mn

pu`te

fkm

oubk

k` mn pgkze (

Cgaurn

? ).

k

o. Inmnquk km

oubk

k`

ksiuefre in`

me iere fk

rkckrkìge

( c gaurn 9 ) .

iere ft

rkckrkìge



r

VKI@NMNA(E KYXKI(_IE 2 " ~ G N FK L @ m K @ G L G K @ V ~

INBG@KVKY FK C_GIIGÙ@ W FKYIE@YNY

~ ~ ~ ~ l

~ B ~

GLE- XK_Ò

mns

inbg`ktks fk crgiigù`

sn`

pgkzes

fk

cnrln igmì`frgin

n in`5ie, dkidns

fk

lktem

e`tgcrgiigù` n fk

letkrgemks pmåstgins, quk

sgrvk`

fk

snpnrtks

lkiå`gins

pere

epnyn

fk

kbks agretnrgns. Kses pgkzes

ak`kremlk`tk

sn`

ln`tefes k`

snpnrtks pere cgbeigù`, dkidns

k` me leynrìe fk

mns

iesns fk cgkrrn cu`fgfn, mmelå`fnsk fksie`sns ( Cgaure 5 ).

nau¡krn fkm k¡k

Cgaurn

5

Mns inbg`ktks

sgrvk` pern

fgslg`ugr

km

rnzelgk`tn

y fksaestk fkm

kbk.

Yk

iereitkrgze` pnr

mns lktemks y

letkrgemks fk

quk kstå` dkidns, få`fnmks mns prnpgkfefks

lkiå`gins

`kikserges.

Mns

inbg`ktks sn` imesgcgiefns

k`

2

e. Inbg`ktk fk crgiigù` refgem, pere kscukrzns refgemks ( Cgaurn ? )

o.

In¡g`ktk fk crgiigù` exgem, pnrn kscukrzns exgemks (

Cgaurn

9 )

i. Inbg`ktk iù`gin, pnrn kscukrzns k` fns sk`tgfns ( Cgaurn E ).

Cgaurn ?

5

Cgaurn 9

Cgaurn

6



VKI@NMNA{E KYXKI{_IE 2 ~ r E @ G I N FK

L E @ G K @ G L K @ V ~

MGLE-

XK_Ò

~ G @ K V K Y FK C_GIIGÙ@ W FKYIE@YNY

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ B ~

mns

inbg`ktks fk crgiigù`

refgem

pukfk`

tk`kr

vergns

cnrles.

mns

lås inlu`ks kstå`

dkidns pnr u`

iukrpn

igmì`frgin eaubkrkefn, prnvgstn fk u` nrgcgign pnrn pk`ktreigù`

fk muorgie`tks. Yn` utgmgzefns pern pkqukõns ierans, k` muaerks y pgkzes fk cåigm

le`tk`glgk`tn ( Cgaure ;

).

Cgaurn ;

K` emau`ns iesns kstns inbg`ktks sn`

igmì`frgins

k`

me pertk g`tkrgnr y iù`gins k` me pertk

kxtkrgnr, in` mns kxtrklns rnsiefns

y

trks reùres mnàgtufgèmks ( Cgaue 3) quk pkrlgtk`

su ebustk.

5

5

5

Cgaurn 3



VKI@NMNA E KYXKI _IE 2

"' ~ i @ t k N

FK

L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

INBG@KVKY FK C_GIIGÙ@ W FKYIE@YNY

AKC.DVK ?7 )4

GLE- XK_Ò

Mns

inbg`ktks

fk

crgiigù`

sn` usefns

pere

snpnrter km

kecukrzn

fk u` kbk k`

pnsgigù`

vkrtgiem ( Cgaure 1 )

Cgaurn 1

Mns inbg`ktks in`tkns sn` usefns pere

snpnrter u` kbk quk kbkrik kscukrzns re-

fgemks

y

exgemks:

kstns tgpns

fk

inbg`ktks,

iesg sgklprk,

fkpk`fk` fk

u` fgspnsgtgvn

fk

cgbeigù`

y,

pnr ksn, sn` pnin klpmke-

fns

( Cgaure 4 ).

Cgaurn 4

Mns fksie`sns sgrvk` pere me cgbeigù` fk mns inbg`ktks y kstå` cu`fgfns ak`kremlk`tk k`

fns pnrtks

2

Me

oesk

y

tepe

(

Cgaure

7 )

y k`

emau`ns

iesns k` u`

snmn omnquk

(

Cgaure

5 N ), prksk`tefns k` luy vergefes cnrles2

Cgaurn 7

Cgaurn 5N



VKI@NMNA{E

KYXKIcCGIE

2

~ G N FK G G @ V K @ G L ~

LEVK_GEMKY

XE_E

~ G @ K V K Y

(_KC.DVK 9n BA

GLE-

XK_Ò

Yk

in`nik`

fgckrk`tks letkrgemks

pere

inbg`ktks

fk crgiigù`,

pkrn,

mns lås

usefns k`

me

g`fustrge sn` 2 E`tgcrgiigù` Oeoogt, ornìk cnscnrnsn,

lea`nmge,

ornìk

arecgtefn.

4E44 V

Km

lktem omeìn OEOOGV

ks

prnoeomklk`tk km

lås usefn. Kstå

inlpukstn

fk

78

pertks fk

ksteõn,

;

fk

e`tgln`gn

y uè

fk inork

( Cgaure 5 ).

Yu

usn

ks

rkinlk`feomk

pere prksgn`ks fk

ierae `n leynrks fk

3;

ja/il

?

•

Yk

use k` lntnrks fk

eutnlùvgmks,

fk treitn-

rks,

turogès

e vepnr, kti.

Yk

cu`fk e

63;

arefns ik`tìarefns.

_N@IK

Ks

km

lktem

fk usn

ak`krem pere inbg`ktks

snlktgfns

e treoebns

pksefns.

Km

ornìk

ks

uè emkeigù` fk

inork

ksteõn

dkide

in`

fgckrk`tks

emkeign`ks

quk rkigok` `plorks

kspkiìcgins inln 2 Ornìk cnscnrnsn, ornìk

arecgtefn, kti. ( Cgaure ? ).

Mns ornìks pere inbg`ktks ak`kremlk`tk in`-

tgk`k`

fk

; e 5; %

fk

ksteõn, n ?; % fk

pmnln

y

km rkstn

inork

(

Cgaure

9 ).

Mns inbg`ktks fk ornìk fkok` tk`kr u` kspk-

snr lì`gln fk 5 e

5,?; ll pnr iefe

ik`tìlktrn fk

fgålktrn fkm kbk

y su mnàgtuf

fkokrå skr, pnr mn lk`ns, km

fnomk

fkm

fgålk-

trn

fkm

kbk.

Cgaure 5 -Inbg`ktk rkmmkèfn in` Oeoogt

Cgaure ? - Oerre

fk ornìk

Cgaure 9 - Oubk n

inbg`ktk fk

ornìk




2

~ Å @ G N FK L E D G K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE- XK_Ò

MMESKY

XNMGAN@EMKY

~ K C D V K 95 )4

Xnrn

kckituer

km ln`tebk fk mns

idulnikrns, prglkrn dny

quk

mglpger

lgùignselk`tk

km esgk`tn fk mns inbg`ktks, mns eaubkrns fk

muorgieigù`,

mns reùres y km kbk.

E

in`tgùeigù`,

sk

inmnin mn

idulnikrn y sk

eprgkte`

mns crk`ns fk subkigù` in` mmevks

pnmganèmks,

sglumtå`kelk`tk, y mukan sk

epmgie

u`n tk`sgù` rkinlk`fefn fk eiukrfn

em fgålktrn

fkm

pkr`n

in` u` g`strulk`tn

mmelefn

tnrquìlktrn.

Cgaurn 5 - Ln`tebk

MMESKY XNMGAN@EMKY N

FK IN_N@E

Yn` ceorgiefes k` eikrn, irnln n

veèfgn

y sn`

efnpteomks

n

tnfes

mns tukries y

pkr`ns. Kstk

tgpn

fk mmevks pkrlgtk deikr km låxgln kscukrzn quk rkqugkrk` mes tukries

n pkr`ns. Yu

fgspnsgigù`

pukfk skr rkite n

einfefe

{ Cgaure ?

y

9 ).

Cgaurn ?

Cgaurn 9



,

VKI@NMNArE KYXKIr_IE 2

₭-2iE@GIN FK

L @ G F c g L G K @ V ~

MGLE- XK_Ò

MMESKY XNMGAN@EMKY

~ ~ K l ~ B ~

[YNY W

KLXMKNY

Kstns

mmevks

pkrlgtk` mn rkpertgigù` fk mns cukrzes

k` tnfns

mns

ergstes

fk mns tukries, kvgte`fn

esì quk sk feõk` ( Cgaurn 6 ).

Cgaurn 6

mns inrns

lòmtgpmks fk kstns mmevks pkrlgtk`

usermns k` kspeigns rkfuigfns (

Cgaurn

;

).

Xnr su cnrln einfefn, kstns mmevks cni gm

-

tn` agrer mns tukries n

pkr`ns

quk sk

demme`

k`

kspeigns rkfuigfns

n k`

emnbe-

lgk`tns

pnin prncu`fns (

Cgaurn

3 )

Cgaurn

;

Cgaurn 3



,.

VKI@NMNAcE KYXKI(_IE 2 "' ~ i E @ G I N FK L E @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

VN_U[ LKV_N

MGLE-

XK_Ò

~ ~ ~ ~ l

~ B ~

K` me

leynrìe fk

mes mmevks

nrfgèrges

km lnàn ks

fk mnàgtuf prnpnrignèfe em teleõn

fk me

onie.

Me

tk`sgù` quk

sk kbkrik in`

kstes mmevks k` tukries n pkr`ns

`n pukfk

skr

kxeite fkogfn

e

quk `n

tnfns mns

npkrergns,

pnr

su

in`stgtuigù` cìsgie,

fkserrnmme`

me

lgsle cukrze `g fktkrlgè` kxeitelk`tk km låxgln eprgktk fk mes tukries n pkr`ns,

inrrgk`fn km rgksan fk quk, k` me leynrìe

fk

mns iesns, mes mmevks sk

feõk`

n mes tukries

n pkr`ns sk rnlpe`.

VN_U[ÌLKV_N IN@ G@FGIEFN_ FK VK@YGÙ@ A_EF[EFE

Me tk`sgù` kbkrigfe, te`tn

e

me fkrkide

inln

e me gzqugkrfe,

sk

fktkrlgè k` km

iuefre`tk

in` me eaube fkm

g`fgiefnr

( Cgaurn 5 ).

K`

km

einpmelgk`tn

sk g`trnfuik, e prk-

sgù`, km

iuon mmevk inrrkspn`fgk`tk

em

teleõn fk me tukrie n pkr`n.

VN_U[ÌLKV_N FK

VK@YGÙ@

MGLGVEFE

Xeme`'n

m k ~ t g o ] ~

= ~

M `, ~ a : ~

Cgaure

5 -

Vnrquìlktrn fk tk`sgù` arefuefe

Agre`fn

km

leàn

e

me

fkrkide n

gzqugkrfe

y deigk`fn ingìgfgr mes leries fk mes

ksiemes arefuefes

fkm

leàn

y

me pemeìe, sk fktkrlgè

mn

tk`sgù` quk sk

fkskn

epmgier.

Km g`fgiefnr fk

mìlgtk

fk tk`sgù` klgtk

u`

sn`gfn y, em

lgsln tgklpn,

agre g`fgie`fn

km

lnlk`tn

fk

tk`sgù` quk sk

de arefuefn

in`

me

mmevk.

Me mmevk pukfk utgmgzersk pere kbkrikr

tk`sgù` e me

fkrkide

k

gzqugkrfe,

lnvgk`fn

deige

u`n y

ntrn mefn

me

peme`qugte

fkm trg`quktk. Km ontù` fkm kxtrkln fkm

leàn kvgte

quk çstk

fç

vukmtes ( Cgaure ? )

Cgaure ? - Vnrquìlktrn fk tk`sgù` mglgtefe




~ I Å @ G I N

FK L @ G K @ G L K @ V ~

MGLE-

XK_Ò

LGI_ÙLKV_N G@VK_GN_

AKC. DVK 99

) A

Xere

lkfgigù` fk pertks g`tkrès

sk

klpmke` fns tgpns fk

lgirùlktrns

2

Km

lgirùlktrn

g`tkr`n

fk

trks in`teitns ( lgirn ) y km lgirùlktrn g`tkr`n tuoumer.

LGI_N

Ks u`

lgirùlktrn fk

emte

prkigsgù`,

fkstg-

èfn kximusgvelk`tk

e me mkiture fk mns

lkfgfns fk supkrcgigks

g`tkr`ns { Eaubk-

rns ).

Xrksk`tn iereitkrìstgies kspkigemks fk are`

rnoustkz y ks

ceorgiefn fk eikrn g`nxgfe-

omk.

Mn

cgaurn 5

gmustrn

mes

pertks

prgìgpe-

mks

fkm glgirn

2

Iukrpt

C[@IGN@ELGK@VN

Arnfueigùct igriumnr fkm

meLokm

VeLonr

Cgaurn 5 - Lgirùlktrn mlgirn y

sus

pnrtks

In`

km

euxgmgn

fk mes

cgaures

5

(Espkitn

kxtkr`n fk

u`

glgirn),

?

{Sgstn ksquklåtgin fk

efepteigù`

em lkfgr u`

eaubkrn)

y 9 (Ksqukle

sglpmgcgiefn

fkm g`strulk`tn y

su lkfgigù`

k` km

eaubkrn),

km cuìgnèlgk`tn ks cåigmlk`tk

inlprk`sgomk2

Yk oesn

k`

mn

rnteigù`

fk

u`

tnr`gmmn

lgirnlçtrgin fk emtn prkigsgù` u`gfn, k` u` kxtrkln, em telonr arefuefn y,

k` km ntrn, n u` in`n rnsiefn. E mns instefns fk kstk in`n rnsiefn, rgaurnselk`tk

k`selomefns k` auìes prntkitnres

y

cnrle`fn åàumns fk

5?8¸,

kstå` fgspukstns mns trks

in`teitns n

pempefnrks.

Cgaurn ? - Lgfgk`fn u`

eaubkrn

Cgaurn 9

-Aråcgin

sglpmgcgiefn

fk lkfgigù`

Km lgirùlktrn g`tkr`n

glgirn

sk

prksk`tn k`

bukans in` iepeigfef

fk

lkfgigù` fk

3

ll

n

988

ll, in`

eprnxgleigù` fk

lkfgfes quk verìe`

fk

8,885 ll y 8,88;

ll n

8,85

ll,

lnriefes

k` km

iukrpn.



VKI@NMNA(E

KYXKI(CGIE 2

..,

~ G I N

FK LE@VK@5Ll8

MGLE-

XK_Ò

LGI_NLKV_N G@VK_GN_ r22-]

~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~

VEOME

FK

IEXEIGFEF

FKM

LGI_ÙLKV_N

IEXEIGFEF

MKIV[_E

X_NC[@FGFEF

E@GMMNY FK

s/

prnmnàefnr rkckrk`fe

(ll)

(ll)

(ll) (ll)

3

-

5?

8,885

;8

4

-

58

- - - - - - -

55

-

?8

8,88;

1;

56

- 51

--±-

?8

-

68

8,88; 1;

?;

-

9;

c - - - - - -- -

68 -

588

8,88; 1;

;8 - 18- 78

588 - ?88

8,858 588

5?;

-

51;

?88

- ??; 8,858

588

5

??; - ?;8

8,858 588

5

--

?;8

- ?1; 8,858

588

?1;

- 988

8,858 588

Xnrn

etk`fkr

mes anles fk

iepeigfef,

mns

glgirns sk prksk`te` k` bukans fk

?, 9, 6

y

3 g`strulk`tns, mns quk, n

pertgr

fk

?88

ll

deste

988 ll,

tgk`k` u` g`strulk`tn

pnrn

infn anle.

Mn cgaurn 6

lukstrn u` bukan fk mlgirn quk

etgk`fk

n

u`n

aeln fk 55 ll n

?8

ll.

5

5

MN@AGV[F FK

prnmnàefnr

(ll)

588

5;8

5;8

5;8

5;8

5;8

5;8

5;8

5;8

IEXEIGFEF FK

iefe g`strulk`tn

(ll)

9

9

;

58

?;

?;

?;

?;

?;

Cgaure

6

-Bukan

fk g`strulk`tns mlgirn

Mns

e`gmmns

fk

rkckrkìge sn`

petrn`ks

utgmgzefns

pere in`trnmer me prkigsgù`

fk

mns

g`strulk`tns.

Km

prnmnàefnr ks

utgmgzefn pere

eulk`ter me

mnàgtuf

fkm

iukrpn fkm

g`strulk`tn,

pkrlgtgk`fn

esì

lkfgr

eaubkrns

prncu`fns.

E`tks

fk

user

km glgirn fkok

skr

in`trnmefn y,

u`n

vkz

usefn,

fkok mglpgersk in`

okìgè, muorginrsk

in`

veskmgè

y auerfersk

k` km kstuidk, k` muaer eprnpgefn.

MKIV[_E

FK

[@ GLGI_N

IN@

EX_NTGLEIGÙ@

FK 8,88;

ll

5kr. K¡klpmn 2



MGLE- XK_Ò

Mkiture gìgem

Ksieme k`

ll

Ksieme fk

8,; ll

Ksieme fkm telonr

Mkiture tntem 2

?fn. K¡klpmn 2

VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌ_IE

2


?8,888

ll

9,888

ll

8,;88 ll

8,888 ll

?9,;88

ll

mlgirn in` iepeigfef fk lkfgfe

fk

98 e 9; ll (

Cgaure

3 ) 2

mkiture gìgem

Ksieme k` ll

Ksieme fk

8,; ll

Ksieme fkm telonr

Mkiture

tntem

2

98,888

ll

9,888 ll

8,;88

ll

N, 58; ll

99,38; ll

LGI_ÙLKV_N V[O[ME_

~ i @ G I N FK

L @ g t @ G L G K @ V ~

AKC.

DVK 99 ) 4

;^2-2-

cgaurn ;

Cgaurn 3

Mns

lgirùlktrns tuoumerks

sn`

klpmkefns

pere

lkfgr fgålktrns g`tkr`ns fksfk 98

ll

k` efkme`tk. Fkogfn em usn k`

are`

ksiemn,

pnr

mn vkrsetgmgfef

fkm

glgirn, kstk

tgpn

fk

lgirùlktrn tgk`k su epmgieigù` mglgtefn, etk`fgk`fn iesg snmelk`tk e iesns

kspkigemks.

Mns

cgaures 1 y 4 lukstre` ? tgpns 2

Lgirù'r`ktrn 5voumer

Cgaurn

1 -

Lgirùlktrn tuoumer pnrn

lkfgfns

fk

98 n

988 ll

Cgaurn 4 - Lgirùlktrn tuoumer fk nrin pnrn

lkfgfns leynrks fk

988

ll

IN@YV_[IIGÙ@ FKM LGI_ÙLKV_N XE_E

G@VK_GN_KY

[` lkie`gsln sglgmer e mns

kxtkrgnrks sk klpmke

pere lkfgr

g`tkrgnrks y,

e fgckrkìge

fk

equkmmns quk ierkik` fk ln`tebk, mmkve` u` emnbelgk`tn pern pnfkr inmnier

prnmnàeign`ks n

vergmmes

iemgorefes quk sk

cgbe`

pnr

lkfgn

fk u` pkqukõn

le`frgm.

Kstns

vergmmes sk

fkspmeze`

mnàgtufgèmlk`tk em eiignèrsk

km

telonr fkm `n`gn

n

Skr`gkr,

sgk`fn su ntre pu`tn

fk cnrln sklgkscçrgin.

Km telonr lùvgm

tkrlg`n pnr

su ntrn kxtrkln,

telogç` k`

uè

pu`tn

rkfn`fkefe, n

cg`

fk efnptersk

g`tkrgnrlk`tk

e mes supkrcgigks iurvns.



r

VKI@NMNA(E

KYXKI(EIE

2 .., ~ Å @ G N FK L @ G K @ ~

MGLE-

XK_Ò

LGI_ÙLKV_N

G@VK_GN_ r2-22']

~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ - l e ~

Mes vergmmes fk kxtk`sgù`

iuork`

reàns fk 488 ll ù 9 ?

",

skaò`

su nrgak` y deste

5 888 ll fk tgpn tuoumer (Cgaures 7 ).

n 6

..

5\

t' 5

.6 - - t ± ~ 2 B - - - - - - -

Im

B U ~ . t - - - - ~ E ~ G ~ B g t - - - - - - -

8 .. ¡¡¡¡¡.¡. . .ggg.GB..^^^

n

•t

.

-...55555555553.6..

.^.B

..

Cgaurn 7 - Lgirùlktrn pnrn g`tkrgnrks, in` vergmmes g`tkrielogeomks

pnrn

elpmger

km

ielpn fk eiigù`

EXMGIEIGÙ@ W LE@KBN

FK

MNY

LGI_ÙLKV_NY

G@VK_GN_KY

Xnrn kbkiuter

me

lkfgigù` fk

u`

fgålktrn sk inmnie

me

vergmme skmkiignèfe, fk eiukrfn

e

me lea`gtuf fk me lkfgigù`

quk sk qugkrk kckituer in` km

lgirùlktrn,iugfe`fn fk

quk

kstç` mglpgns mns esgk`tns

fk

sus tnpks,

le`tk`gk`fn

km g`strulk`tn skaò` mn fgrkiigù`

fk u` fgålktrn, inln lukstre me cgaure 5N, y in`

u` kxtrkln epnyefn

k` me pgkze.

Aìrksk km telonr

fkm

Skr`gkr deste

quk

km ntrn

kxtrkln fk

mn vergmme dean in`teite

mgakrelk`tk

in` me

pgkze

y

eskaòrksk

quk

km iemgork pukfe fkspmezersk

suevklk`tk

k`

fgstg`tes fgrkiign`ks, deigç`fnmn

nsigmer

pere

ksteomkikr

km vkrfefkrn fgålktrn fk mn

pgkze.

Ebòstksk

fkcg`gtgvelk`tk km eperetn

k`

ksn lkfgfn

y

mukan prniçfnsk n su mkiture, inln

k` km lgirùlktrn

inlò`

(

Kxtkrgnr

).

Earçauksk e me mkiture

me mnàgtuf

fk me vergmme.



r

VKI@NMNAcE KYXKIGCGIE 2


MGLE- XK_Ò

LGI_ÙLKV_N

G@VK_GN_ IN@

EO_ERN

FK LKFGIGÙ@

Ks

pnsgomk efnpter

em

lgirùlktrn

g`tkrgnr

u`

per

fk

orezns

fkm

t gpn

fk

mns

iemgorefnrks, in`sgaugç`fnsk fgspn`kr

fk

u`

iemgorefnr fk leynr

prkigsgù`,

vemk

fkigr fk

8,85

ll k` vkz fk N, 5 ll, inln

k` km

insn

inlò`.

Em lkfgr g`tkrgnrks in`

kstk

tgpn fk

lgirùlktrn fkoklns

suler, n

mn lea`g-

tuf

lkfgfn,

mns kspksnrks

fk

mns pu`tns

quk sn`

fk

; ll, n skn k` tntem 5N

ll

( Cgaurn

55

).

" ~ i @ G I N FK

L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

AKC.DVK 99 )4

Em klpmkermn dny

quk prnikfkr in` kspk-

igem

iugfefn,

pnrquk fkogfn

em kckitn fk

mn peme`ie prnfuigfn

pnr mns orezns fk

lkfgigù`,

bu`tn

in`

km tnr`gmmn, pukfk`

rksumter

cukrzes

quk `n sùmn fk` muaer n

lkfgign`ks

krrù`kns

sg`n

n u`

fktkrgnrn

fkm tnr`gmmn lgirnlçtrgin.

Cgaure

55-

Lgirùlktrn pere lkfgr g`tkrgnrks



MGLE- XK_Ò

IN@NIGLGK@VNY



(

Ve`tn pnr

igk`tn )

~ i @ G I N

FK L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

(_KC. DIVE 98 B4

VE@VN XN_ IGK@VN

GFKE FK VE@VN XN_ IGK@VN

[`

in`niglgk`tn

ergtlçtgin

fk

in`ste`tk klpmkn k` me vgfe fgerge ks km te`tn pnr igk`tn

y km

pnrik`tebk.

Km

te`tn pnr igk`tn sk klpmke k` mns `kanigns, mns fkpnrtks, km

anogkr`n

y k` iesg tnfes

mes eitgvgfefks

fk

me

vgfe

lnfkrè.

Ks

glpnrte`tk tk`kr

in`niglgk`tns

snork km

te`tn

pnr igk`tn y

seokr

iùln epmgiermns.

[` VE@VN XN_ IGK@VN ks uè creiigù` iuyn

fk`nlgèfnr

ks 5NN. me

creiigù` 5;

/ 588

sk

pukfk

ksirgogr

inln 5; pnr igk`tn n 5;%.

Km

sga`n%

sga`gcgie

pnr igk`tn.

Kbklpmns

2

?;

588

7

588

1;

588

8,?; ?;%

8,87

7%

8,1;

1;%

Em rkckrgr`ns em igk`tn pnr igk`tn fk eman, ,

`ns rkckrglns e

su

tntemgfef

Vnfn `òlkrn e/o pukfk skr kxprksefn inln

u`

pnrik`tebk, dnmme`fn u` `òlkrn

tem

quk

2

n

-<

o

k

<

k .

k%

588

588

Igkrtns `òlkrns eperkik` in` tn`tn

crkiukìge

k` mn vgfe fgergn quk ks in`vk`gk`tk

rkin`nikrmns k` su

cnrle

fk pnr

igk`tn,

esì inln

k` su cnrln

creiignèrgn y fkiglem.



,


~ G N FK

GL@GK@GLG@VN)

MGLE-XK_Ò


( Ve`tn

pnr igk`tn

)

(_KC. DIVE 98B4

me

sgaugk`tk teome fk " NIVESNY " in`tgk`k

u`

in`bu`tn fk ksns `òlkrns 2

C_EIIGÙ@

INL[@

5

4

?

4

9

4

6

4

;

4

3

4

1

4

4

4

, 5

n -

6

, 5

n -

?

, 9

n

6

IN@IKXVN

FK

XN_IK@VEBK

FKIGLEM

N,

5?;

8,?;

8,91;

8,;

8,3?;

8,1;

8,41;

XN_

IGK@VN

?;

91 -

5

%

?

;8

3? -

5

%

?

1;

41- %

?

588

Ks km rksumtefn quk sk notgk`k fk tnler u` te`tn pnr igk`tn e u`e fktkrlg`efe

ie`tgfef.

Kbklpmn2

Yg km 5; %fk

48

ks 5?,

5 ? ks km pnrik`tebk.

E me npkreigù` quk in`sgstk k` dnmmer km tn`tn pnr igk`tn fk u`n ie`tgfef telogç` sk mk

in`nik inln XN_IK@VEBK.



MGLE- XK_Ò

~ Å @ G N

FK L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

~ ~ ~ ~ D r ` 9 8 ~



(

Ve`tn

pnr igk`tn )

Kmklk`tns fkm Xnrik`tebk 2

e) Xnrik`tebk (

X )

o) Ve`tn

pnr

igk`tn n { % )

k) Oesk n `òlkrn ( 4 )

Kbklpmns

5.

Km 5?%

fk

Y/. 388

%

O

?.

Km

9,;%

fk

Y/.

988

%

O

ksY/ .1?

p

ks

Y/. 58,;

p

Xrnomkles quk sk prksk`te` k` km pnrik`tebk

e)

Demmer

km

pnrik`tebk,

in`nigk`fn km

te`tn

pnr igk`tn y me oesk.

o) Demmer km te`tn pnr igk`tn, in`nigk`fn km pnrik`tebk y me oesk.

k)

Demmer

me

oesk,

in`nigk`fn km te`tn pnr igk`tn y km pnrik`tebk.

Iuemqugkre

fk

kstns prnomkles sk rksukmvk

lkfge`tk

u`e. sk`igmme rkame fk trks sglpmk

fgrkite. Xere tem kckitn, sk fkok tk`kr prksk`tk km sgaugk`tk ksqukle 2

p

Xrnomkles

fk

pnrik`tebk

n) Dnmmer km 98% fk

;/.

;.68

;68- -

588%

%

±-±-

...

-----

--±----5

88%

T --------±------- -----± 98%

;68 T

98

T

< < Y/.

53?

588



MGLE-

XK_Ò

]..



( Ve`tn

pnr

igk`tn )

Velogç` sk pukfk rksnmvkr

km

prnomkle inln creiigù` fk creiigù` 2

Demmer

km

98

fk

Y/.

;68

588

98

;68

Y/.

53?

<

588

Inln fkiglem 2

Demmer

km

8,98'

fk

Y/.

;68

8,98 T

Y/.

;68

<

o) Demmer

km

?; % fk Y/. 5 3?8

Y/. 5 3?8 ............................................................. 588 %

T

............................................................. ?;%

5 3?8 T

?;

Y/. 68;<

<

588

Inln creiigù` 2

?;

5 3?8

Y/.

68;

NN

T

<

Inln fkiglem 2

8,?;

T

5 3?8

<

Y/ .

.68;

Xrnomkles k` te`tn pnr igk`tn

e)

e

Uuç te`tn pnr igk`tn fk Y/.

488 ks Y/.

?68

Y/.

488

.............................................................. 588%

Y/.

?68

.............................................................

T

?68 T 588

488

< <

98

~ i @ G I N FK LE@VK@GLGK@V8

(_kC.DIVE enBO

5

Y/.

53?5

5 Y/.68;5

T < 98% 5

o) K` ; eõns, mn pnomeigù` fk u`n inlu`gfef de irkigfn fk

?8

;88 e

?3

888.

eIuåm

cuk km pnr

igk`tn

fkm g`irklk`tn

>

5 )

? )

?3

888

?8

;88

; ;88

?8 ;88

<

; ;88

588%

............................................................... T

T <

; ;88

T

588

?8 ;88

<



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 ~ Å @ G N FK t . Q l @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE- XK_Ò

_ERN@KY W

X_NXN_IGN@KY

~ - - - - - - ^ V ^ e ^ ` ^ t ^ n ^ p ^ n ^ r ^ i ^ m ^ k ^ ` ^ ~ ^ 0

^^^^^^

~ ~ ~ ` ~ ~

Xrnomkles

fk

oesk

e) Emcrkfn

Nrtkae peaù

Y/. 76,;8 pnr u`n pkqukõe dkrrelgk`te. Yg pnr fgide inlpre

mk

dgigkrn` km

5N

% fk fksiuk`tn

e

Iuåm krn

km

prkign

fk

mgste

>

T ±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±± ±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±

76,;8

T

76,;8

76,;8

T

588

T

<

78

<

T

<

58;

588%

78%

588

78

76;8

78

_kspukste 2

5

Y/.

58;,88

o)

[` treoebefnr

fk

me g`fustrgn notgk`k u` pulk`tn k` su semergn

fk

Y/ 5;8 pnr skleè,

km

quk rkprksk`tn u` eulk`tn fkm 5N% å Iuåm ks su ùkvn semergn >

T .............................................................. 588%

Y/. 5;8

....... .................... ... ............................ 5

N%

Yu

ùkvn semergn skrå 2

T

<

5;U T 5UU

58

<

5

;88

Y/. 5

;88 +

Y/. 5;8 < Y/. 5 3;8

_kspukstn 2 5 Y/. 5 3;85



MGLE-XK_Ò

IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMÙAGINY

EXMGIEFNY

2

LÅU[G@EY YGLXMKY

(

Km

tnlgmmn y

me

iuõe )

r u w ~ @ @ K @ V

.5 (_KC. DIVE ?3

BO

KM

VN_@GMMN

Kstn

låqugè

sglpmk kstù cnrlefn pnr u`n skrgk fk p m ` n ~

gìmgèfns qvk k`vukmvk`

n

u` igmg`frn.

mns

mnàgtufks

fk mns

pme`ns

gìmgèfns

cnrle`

emrkfkfnr

fkm

igmg`frn

u`n kspgrem,

fk`nlgèfn

inlò`lk`tk

rnsie,

u`

in`bu`tn,

pkr`n. Mn fgsteìgn

quk dny k`trk fns vukmtns in`skiutgvns $k fk`nlg`n pnsn n

emture fk Bn dçmgik ( d )

Km

tnr`gmmn iuk`tn in`

u`n pgkze

inlpmklk`terge mmelefn

tukrie,

quk

ks

u`

igmg`frn

dukin

iuyn perkf g`tkrgnr

tgk`k u`n reùre

gauemlk`tk

k`

kspgrem,

k` me quksk

nrgk`tn

mn rnsin

fkm

tnr`gmmn

iue`fn mn

deiklns

agrer.

Km

tnr`gm]n

.2u km cu`felk`tn fkm pùmlkr, g`strulk`tn

pnrn

lkfgign`ks fk prkigsgù`. Yk klpmkn, telogç`, inln lkfgn fk

tre`slgsgù`

fk nvglgk`tn: pkrn, su usn lås

ak`kremgzefn

ks

inln g`strulk`tn fk

cgbeigù`

pnr mn are` vk`tebe lkiå`gin quk

ncrkik.

IN@FGIGÙ@

FK KU[GMGO_GN FKm VN_@GMMN

K` km

tnr`gmmn

sk

iulpmk

mn prnpnsgigù`

fkm

pme`n

gìmgèfn,

tk`gk`fn

k` iuk`tn quk,

pnrn

deikr

agrer

km

tnr`gmmn, ak`kremlk`tk

sk

klpmkn u`n pemeìe

subktn nm

igmg`frn,

k` iuyn

kxtrkln eitòn

mn

cukrzn sgaugk`fn uè igriu`ckrkìge.

C d

¡

^^

-

52 U

.g

q

C

Xesn

fk me

rnsin

---

Igriu`ckrkìge fksirgtn

pnr

mn cvkrzn

C d

2 2 2 2

U ?

5t

r



MGLE-XK_Ò


LÅU[G@EY YGLXMKY

(

Km tnlgm mn y me iuõe

)

SK@VEBE

LKIÅ@GIE

FKM

VN_@GMMN

Km tnr`gmmn ks me låqugè sglpmk quk leynr vk`tebe lkin`tin

ncrkik. Kstå

fefn

pnr

mn

rkmeigù` fk

mn

igriu`ckrkìge fksirgtn pnr

mn cukrzn k`trk km pnsn fk mn rnsin.

? 5t

r

S--- -

"'

d

[` pkr`n

fk

u`n pumaefe fk fgålktrn inlò`lk`tk tgk`k u` pnsn

fk

5

4

".

Yg

mn

dniklns

agrer

lkfge`tk u`n mmevk fk 5?

pumaefes

fk mnàgtuf, mn vk`tebe lkiå`gin skrå 2

Sl

• `

X_NOMKLEY

5 ) ¾

Uuç cukrzn kbkrik` mns lnrfUzns fk u`n prk`sn

sg km pnsn fkm tnr`gmmn lgfk 3 ll, em

epmgier

u`n

cukrzn fk

?;

jp em kxtrkln fkm ornzn fk pemeìe fk

?6

il

fk mnàgtuf

> .

C

U

d

? 5t

r

U -

C ± ? x r

d

U • ?; jp

T

?

T

9,56

T

?68l l •

3 ?48

jp

3 ll

_kspukstn 2 3 ?48 jp

? )

Lkfge`tk

u`

aetn

lkiå`gin

sk

mkve`te

u`

pksn fk

147 jp

¾Uuç

cukrzn

sk

fkok epmgier em kxtrkln fk

me pemeìe fk

?;

il sg km pnsn fkm tnr`gmmn ks fk 1

ll>

C

d

-< - - -

U

? 5t r

C

<

147

jp x 1 ll

? x 9 , 5 6 x ? ; 8 l l -

9

,Yjp

"'

~ i @ G I N

FK L E @ G K @ L K @ V ~

(_KC.DIVE ?3)4



MGLE-

XK_Ò

].


LEU[G@EY YGLXMKY

( Km

tnlgmmn y

me iuõe )

ME

I[ÕE

Ks

tnfn g`strulk`tn pu`ze`tk

n inrte`tk. [` imevn, u`

pu`zù`,

u`

igìkm,

u`

ksinpmn

n uè

iuidgmme

sn`

kbklpmns fk iuões.

Yk

rkprksk`te, tkùrgielk`tk, pnr

u`

trgåàumn

gsùsikmks k` km quk mns mnfns gauemks sk

fk`nlgè`

inrns

y

km tkrikr

mnfn, ieokzn

fk

iuõn. Km

vçrtgik npukstn e me

ieokze

sk fk`nlg`n cgmn.

Yk

klpmke, ak`kremlk`tk,

pere pertgr letkrges

sùmgfes

n meorermes in`

erre`quk

fk vgrute.

Me cukrze sk

epmgie

pkrpk`fgiumerlk`tk e mes ieokzes

fk

me

iuõe

y

me rksgstkìge

sk

kìuk`tre

k` km

iukrpn

quk sk inrte y eitòn pkrpk`fgiumerlk`tk n mns ieres fk

me iuõe.

IN@FGIGÙ@ FK KU[GMGO_GN FK

ME

I[ÕE

Mn

iuõn

pukfk in`sgfkrersk inln fns

pme`ns

gìmgèfns

y

u`gfns

pnr sus

oesks. Ykaò` kstn,

sk

pme`tke me

sgaugk`tk prnpnrigù` 2

C

U

ieokze

iere

SK@VEBE LKIÅ@GIE FK ME I[ÕE

Kstn k` cuìgù` fkm

cgmn fk me

iuõn, ks

fkigr fk

me

rkmeigù`

k`trk me

mnàgtuf

fk

sus

ierns y km eìdn fk me

ieokze. Yg`

kloeran,

k` me pråitgie, me crgiigù`

fksklpkõe u` glpnrte`tk pepkm

quk

eckitn

sk`sgomklk`tk km

rksumtefn.

" ~ i @ G I N FK

L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

(_KC.DIVE

?3)4

C



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 " ~ G N FK

L E @ V K @ t 5 5 K @ V ~

MGLE- XK_Ò

@NIGN@KY FK M[O_GIEIGÙ@ (. B

, ^^^^^

^ M ^ [ ^ ^ _ ^ G I ^ ~^

s ~ ~ D r u ~ ~

FKCG@GIGÙ@

FK

M[O_GIEIGÙ@

me

muorgieigù` in`sgstk

k`

g`trnfuigr uè

susteìge,

ye

ske

sùmgfe

n

mìqugfe,

tem

inln

eikgtk, arese

n

arecgtn,

k`trk fns

supkrcgigks snlktgfes

e

rnzelgk`tn, in`

km

nobktn

fk

fgslgùgr me crgiigù`

y

fksaestk fk

pgkzes lktåmgies

( Cgaures 5 y ? ).

Cgaure 5- Muorgieigù`

pnr

arese

Cgaure ? - Muorgieigù`

pnr

eikgtk

In`sgfkreign`ks snork muorgieigù`

me inrrkite muorgieigù`

fk mes

låqugès eskaure

su ouk` cuìgnèlgk`tn,

prnmnàe me

vgfe òtgm fk

mes

pgkzes kxpukstes

e

crgiigù`

y

rkfuik

km in`suln

fk k`kraìe.

Xnr

muorgieigù` inrrkite

sk

k`tgk`fk me epmgieigù` fkm muorgie`tk

efkiuefn,k` km muaer quk

inrrkspn`fe,

n

g`tkrvemns

y k` ie`tgfefks

inrrkites.

Xere

notk`kr mn

e`tkrgnr dey

quk trezer u`

XME@

FK

M[O_GIEIGÙ@ iuyn

çxgtn

fkpk`fkrå fk uè skmkiigù` kslkrefe

fk

muorgie`tks, oesefe

k` u`

kstufgn lgùignsn fk fgskões, letkrgemks y

in`fgign`ks

fk treoebn

fk

mes låqugès.

Eu`

esì

mn muorgieigù` pukfk

skr

kcgiez. Ks `kiksergn fgspn`kr fk u` lçtnfn

fk in`trnm, rkagstrer

e`tkikfk`tks, rkfuigr pnsgogm gfefks fk krrnr, skaugr u`

sgstkle eituemgzefn quk pkrlgte

notk`kr

u`

kmkvefn

ceitnr fk utgm gzeigù`

fk

me lequgèrge

y,

pnr mn

tn`tn,

kmkver mns `gvkmks fk prnfuiigù`.




-...

~ G I N FK L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

@NIGN@KY FK

M[O_GIEIGÙ@

MGLE-XK_Ò

~ v ^ M ^ u ^ e ^ _ ^ • ^ i ^ E ^ @ ^ ` ^ s^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ~ A ~ D l ? ~ ₭ 5 9

NOBKVN FK

ME

M[O_GIEIGÙ@

K` tnfn låqugè km

muorgie`tk

iulpmk trks inlktgfns fgckrk`tks

quk

sn` 2

n) Le`tk`kr skperefns mes supkrcgigks quk

kstç` k` lnvglgk`tn y kvgter km in`teitn

fgrkitn fk lktem in` lktem.

Yg fns supkrcgigks skins kstå` k`

in`teitn

y

dny uè cukrzn

k`trk

kmmns,

sk nrgagè u`n crgiigù` iue`fn sk fksmgzn

u`n

supkrcgigk

snork

mn ntrn.

Mn

cukrzn

fk crgiigù` quk sk npn`k

em

lnvglgk`tn

ks fgrkitelk`tk

prnpnrignèm

n mn cukrzn

quk le`tgk`k u`gfns mns supkrcgigks k`

in`teitn y n

mn

ieran

snpnrtefn. Kstn

cukrzn

fk crgiigù` sk

in`vgkrtk

k` inmnr

y prnfuik km

fksaestk fk mns pgkzes.

Em

g`tkriemer

u`n

pkmìiume

fk

eikgtk

k`trk

mns

supkrcgigks

fgslgùyk km

vemnr

fkm

inkcgigk`tk fk crgiigù` y,

pnr

mn

tn`tn,

fk mn

cukrzn

fk

crgiigù`.

o)

Ykmmer

n

deikr ksteìn

k`

mns igmg`frns

fkm

lntnr.

E pkser fk quk mns e`gmmns fkm

çlonmn

kbkrik`

u`n in`sgfkreomk

prksgù` snork mns perkfks

fk mns

ig m g`frns n ielgsktes y quk

mes

supkrcgigks

(

e`gmmns,

igmg`frns ) kstå`

c gèlk`tk eieoefes y

ebustefes,

niurrgrå`

cuaes n ksiepk

fk

aesks, e

lk`ns

quk

sk

prnvkn fk u` lkfgn quk

kckitòk uè eiigù`

skmmn`tk

efkiuefn,

pere mn

iuem

sk

rkqugkrk

fk u`

cmugfn

vgsinsn k`trk mns ieres fk mns

e`gmmns

y

igmg`frns, y k`trk mns e`gmmns reùres fk

mns çlonmns.

k ) Kxtrekr km inmnr fk equkmmes pgkzes

quk

`n

pukfk` skr

rkcrgakrefns

fgrki-

telk`tk

Xnr kbklpmn fkm cn`fn fk

mns

pgstn`ks

fkm lntnr fk inloustgù` n inl-

prk`snrns

tgpn

emtkrètgvn.

IN@FGIGN@KY FK [@ M[O_GIE@VK

Fkok rku`gr

mns

sgaugk`tks

in`fgign`ks 2

- @n in`tk`kr

åigfns

quk etequk` mns

supkrcgigks quk

muorgie.

- Kstnr

mgork

fk iukrpns kxtreõns.

-

@n verger fklesgefn

su in`sgstkìge n

vgsinsgfef

in` mn

tklpkreture.

- @n in`tk`kr susteìges

rksg`nsns.

EFGVGSNY

Yn`

inlpukstns quìlgins quk earkaefns

em

eikgtk

lg`krem purn mk inlu`gie`

igkrtns

iereitkrìstgins

efgignèmks

quk

lkbnre` `nteomklk`tk su pnfkr

muorgie`tk.



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 ~ I Å @ G I N FK

L E @ K @ G L G K @ V ~

@NIGN@KY FK

M[O_GIEIGÙ@

, ^^^^^ ^ M ^ u ^ e ^ ^ ~ ^ ~ ^^s^^^^^ ~ A ~ ~ ` ~ B K 5 9

GLE- XK_Ò

M[O_GIE@VKY

LG@K_EMKY W M[O_GIE@VKY SE_GNY

Mns eikgtks muorgie`tks lg`kremks prnikfk` k` su leynrìe fk mn fkstgmeigù` fk pktrùmkns

orutns n

irufns,

inln esì sk mks fk`nlg`n pnr skr

kxtreìfns

fk mns

prncu`fgfefks

fk

mn

Vgkrre, eu`quk telogç` sk

in`sgauk eikgtk lg`krem

pnr

mn fkstgmeigù` skin fk mga`gtns y

kxqugsgtns.

Mns muorgie`tks lg`kremks

sk

pukfk` prksk`ter k`

kstefn

sùmgfn, inln km

lnmgofk`n,

arecgtn, temin, veskmgès, ikrns lg`kremks y u` sg`cì` fk lktemks ( snork tnfn

emiemg`ns

)

quk,

sepn`gcgiefns

y

kspksefns in` eikgtk, cnrle` mns

arnsns in`sgstk`tks n k` kstefn

mìqugfn, inln mns eikgtks y muorgie`tks `nrlemks.

Fk`trn

fk

mn

imesgcgieigù`

fk muorgie`tks vergns gìmugrklns mns muorgie`tks `n lg`kremks

quk,

pnr

skr

pnin klpmkefns pnr

mn g`fustrgn y nutntrniigù`,

`n

skrå` kstufgefns k` kste

u`gfef

in` fktemmk, mglgtå`fn`ns e su kùlkreigù`. K`trk kstns pukfk

ksteomkikrsk

uè

imesgcgieigù`

skaò`

nrgak`

, fgstgàugç`fnsk 2

~ ~ ~ u

~ ~ ¾ ~

IB-

Vnfns kmmns pukfk` skr sùmgfns n mìqugfns.

Mns muorgie`tks e`glemks sn` kxtreìfns fk me meè, duksns y tkbgfn efgpnsn fk mns

e`glemks tkrrkstrks

y

lerg`ns.

K`

km sgaugk`tk

iuefrn

sg`ùptgin

sk rkmeignè`

emau`ns fk

mns lås

in`nigfns

prnfuitns

fk prnikfkìge e`glem.

~ u j t k e 6 Ò 6

6LG@6 cu

Yùmgfns

Mìqugfns

Arese

fk

meè

mn`nmg`n

Arese

fk

ieoemmn

Le`tkie fk ikrfn

Kspkrle

fk oemmkè

Eikgtk fk

pgk

fk ouky

Gf. fk cnin

Gf. fk pgk

fk ier`krn

Gf. fk

ieoemmn

Gf.

fk

duksns



r


" ~ Å @ G N FK LE@GK@GLGK@VN)

(_KC. DIVE ?1)

855

GLE-XK_Ò

@NIGN@KY

FK

M[O_GIEIGÙ@

W

M[O_GIE@VKY

mns

muorgie`tks

vkaktemks,

inln

su `nlork

g`fgin,

sn`

kxtreìfns

fk mns

pme`tns

y

crutns. Kstns

muorgie`tks, prkvge rkcgèigù`,

de` sgfn n sn` utgmgzefns pere km

kàresk fk

låqugès.

Inlperefns

in` mns eikgtks lg`kremks,

qukfe`

k` are`

fksvk`tebe

k` mn quk

rkspkite

em pnfkr muorgie`tk.

Emau`ns

fk mns

muorgie`tks

vkaktemks lås

in`nigfns

sn` 2

Yùmgfns

¡

ikgtk fk

mk`tgsin

Eikgtk

fk

inin

Ikre

vkaktem

mìqugfns

Eikgtk

fk

nmgvn

Gf.

fk

snye

Gf.

fk

leìz

Gf.

fk emlk`fre

Gf. fk emanfù`

_ksg`n

mns mmelefns eikgtks skie`tks sn` mns quk prksk`te` u`

ì`fgik

fk ynfn supkrgnr e 5

88

y

`n

sn`

rkinlk`feomks pere

km kàrnsk fk

lequgèrges.

mes

lkzimes

fk eikgtks

fk

nrgak`

e`glem,

lg`krem y

vkaktem,

k`

prnpnrign`ks

efkiuefes,

sk

in`nik` oebn

km

`nlork

fk muorgie`tks lgxtns n inlpukstns

y telogç` inln

muorgie`tks Inlpnu`f. Iue`fn me lkzime fk kstns eikgtks ks

inlpmktelk`tk

`kutrn, mn

quk sk mnare eùme`fn sus åigfns lkfge`tk mn

efgigù`

prkigsn fk

u` emiemg`n

(iem n temin ),

sn` luy

eprkigefns pnr

sus

iuemgfefks

kxikmk`tks

pern muorgieigù`

fk låqugès

k` mn

g`fustrge

k` ak`krem.

IMEYKY

FK

XKV_ÙMKNY

Km pktrùmkn

kstå

cnrlefn pnr dgfrnierourns,

n skn inlpukstns

fk

dgfrùak`n y ieron`n

k` su leynr

pnrtk,

y

nxìak`n, `gtrùak`n

y ezucrk

k`

lk`nr ie`tgfef.

Yg`

kloeran,

su

inlpnsgigù`

quìlgie `n ks sgklprk gauem, `g luidìsgln lk`ns,

pufgç`fnsk ecgrler

quk

kxgstk` iesg te`tes imesks

inln

ielpns

pktrnmìckrns.



MGLE- XK_Ò


@NIGN@KY FK M[O_GIEIGÙ@

W

M[O_GIE@VKY

X_NXGKFEFKY FK MNY

M[O_GIE@VKY

~ i @ G I N FK

L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

(_KC.

DIVE

?1 ~ 5 ~

Dny

u`n kxtk`sn aeln fk eikgtks

muorgie`tks tn` fgstg`tns

k`trk

sì quk, pnrn

emau`ns

iesns, u`n n u`ns tgpns sn`

efkiuefns,

lgk`tres quk tnfns mns rkste`tks sn` inlpmktelk`tk

gèflgsgomks.

Xnrn pnfkr fktkrlgèr quç muorgie`tks fkok` utgmgzersk k` u`

fktkrlgèfn insn

y

iulpme` setgsceitnrgelk`tk, ks glprksig`fgomk

in`nikr

sus iereitkrìstgins y

prnpgkfefks,

mes

quk

prnikfk` prgìgpemlk`tk fk su inlpnsgigù` y fkm prniksn fk

kmeonreigù`

quk de`

sucrgfn.

Kstes iereitkrìstgies y prnpgkfefks sn` fktkrlgèfes pnr uès in`ste`tks, sgk`fn mns

prgìgpemks

2

e ) Sgsinsgfef

o ) Ì`fgik fk vgsinsgfef

k ) Ykmmefn { [`tunsgfef y eosnrigù` )

f } Fk`sgfef

k ) Xu`tn

fk

cmugfkz y fk inàkmeigù`

c )

Xu`tn fk g`cmeleigù`

a ) Xu`tn

fk

inloustgù`

d ) Snmetgogmgfef

g )

Inmnreigù`

g)

Eigfkz

j )

Xnrik`tebk

k` ik`gzes

SGYINYGFEF

Ks me in`sgstkìge n crntelgk`tn g`tkr`n fk u` mìqugfn.

Iuemqugkr

mìqugfn

(k`

ùkstrn

iesn,

eikgtk muorgcgie`tk) kstå inlpukstn pnr

lumtgtuf

fk

lnmçiumes k`trkmezefes

y

u`gfes

k`trk

sì

quk

npn`k` uè

rksgstkìge em

fkspmezelgk`tn

fk

mes

pgkzes fntefes fk lnvglgk`tn y k` in`teitn in` km mìqugfn. Iue`tn leynr

skn

me

vgsinsgfef, me

rksgstkìge

ks lås kmkvefn

y

snpnrtn prksgn`ks in`sgfkreomks.



,


~ G N FK

L @ m t @ G L G K @ V ~

IDKC. DIVE ?1

BK 5 ~

GLE-

XK_Ò

@NIGN@KY

FK

M[O_GIEIGÙ@

W M[O_GIE@VKY

me vgsinsgfef fkpk`fk cu`felk`temlk`tk

fk me èturemkze n oesk fkm muorgie`tk

( @nctç`gin, pnrncì`gin, lgxtn, kti. ), fk me

tklpkreture

y

me prksgù`.

me tklpkreture y mn prksgù` g`cmuyk` fk tem

lnfn k` mn vgsinsgfef fk u` eikgtk

muorgie`tk quk pukfk ecgrlersk quk me

tntemgfef fk kmmns sk

cmugfgcgie`

e`tk u`

etequk

tçrlgin

y sk kspkse` n

snmgfgcgie`

e`tk u`

eulk`tn

fk mn prksgù` n u`

fksik`sn

fk mn

tklpkreture.

mn vergeigù` fk mn vgsinsgfef e`tk

u`

lgsln etequk

tçrlgin fkpk`fk fk mn

oesk

fkm

irufn

fkm

quk

sk de pertgfn pern mn

kxtreiigù` fkm eikgtk, esì inln fkm prniksn

fk fkstgmeigù` y rkcg`n quk sk de skaugfn

in` km lgsln. me utgmgzeigù`

fk

kstk eikgtk

qukferå fktkrl `nfe k`trk mns mìlgtks

låxgln

y

lì`gln

fk mn tklpkreture.

mns irufns quk lk`ns verìe`

in` me

tklpkreture sn` mns pnrncì`gins, y mns quk

lås

eiuse`

kstns

ielogns

sn`

mns

èctç`gins. Kstns òmtglns lkfge`tk

rkcgèfns in` snmvk`tks sk esklkbe` luidn

e mns perncì`gins, pkrn,

`n

mmkae` e

gauemermns.

Xukfk

in`sgfkrersk

me vgsinsgfef

etk`fgk`fn

ò`gielk`tk em

lnvglgk`tn

n

ogk`

e mes cukrzes

quk

mn

prnfuik`, fksga-

`å`fnsk k`tnìks

in`

mns

`nlorks fk

vgsinsgfef

eosnmutn

ig`klåtgie

y

fk

vgsinsgfef eosnmutn fg`ùl gin.

mn vgsinsgfef eosnmutn fg`ålgin

ks me

cukrzn `kiksergn,

pnr u`gfef

fk

supkrcgigk, pnrn

in`skaugr

y

le`tk`kr

u`n

fgckrkìgn

fk vkmnigfef gauem

n mn

u`gfef

( 5

il/sk.)

k`trk

fns supkrcgigks

peremkmns

fk 5 il

?

fk oesk y quk fgste` k`trk sì me

u`gfef

fk fgsteìgn

( 5 il ) (Cgaurn 9 ).

K`

km sgstkle I.

A. Y.

mn

u`gfef

ks mn 2

fg`n / ska / il

?

- Xngsk.

K` mn pråitgin

sk

utgmgze

km ik`tgpngsk, quk

kqugvemk

e uè ik`tçsgln fk

pngsk

y e me

vgsinsgfef fkm eaun n ?8¸ k, skaò` me

`nrle IY@

3;3?53.

mn vgsinsgfef

eosnmutn ig`klåtgie ks km

inigk`tk

fk

me vgsinsgfef eosnmute

fg`ålgie

pnr me lesn

kspkiìcgin

( fk`-

sgfef ) e

me

lgsln tklpkreture.

Cgaure 9 - [`gfef fk vgsinsgfef eosnmute



IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 .., ~ G N FK L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE- XK_Ò


y

M[O_GIE@VKY B i_KC.

DIVE

?1B

k

me

u`gfef

I.

A. Y. ks km

stnjk.

Me

vgsinsgfef fkm eaue e ?8¸ I cgbefn

pnr EYVL ks gauem e m .8894 ik`tgstnjks

( IYJ ).

me vgsinsgfef fkm eaue e

?8¸

k cgbefn

pnr

EYVL

ks gauem n

5,8894

ikìnsì-

lktrns, quk

kskìgemlk`tk

in`ste` fk

u` rkigpgk`tk prnvgstn fk u` tuogtn in`

u` nrgcgign

iemgorefn fk

semgfn.

Yk inmnie k` km rkigpgk`tk uè

ie`tgfef

fktkrlgèfe

fk

eikgtk, n uè tklpkre-

ture cgbefe prkvgelk`tk, y sk lgfk km

tgklpn quk

terfe k`

veigersk

inlpmktelk`tk

e trevçs fkm lkìgnèfn

nrgcgign.

_kmeignèlns e in`tgùeigù` mes

u`gfefks k` quk mns vgsinsìlktrns lås

inrrgk`tklk`tk klpmkefns

k`

mns

fgstg`tns peìsks g`fgie` me vgsinsgfef 2

Ì@FGIK

FK

SGYINYGFEF

Km ì`fgik fk vgsinsgfef ( m. S. ) ks km vemnr

quk

g`fgie me vergeigù` fk me vgsinsgfef

fk u` eikgtk crk`tk e

me

eiigù` fk me

tklpkreture: sk eprkige

mn

vergeigù` fk

mn

vgsinsgfef em fgslgùgr me tklpkreture

deste -

?8¸

C

fk trks imesks fk eikgtks

fk

8,8;

y 5

fk

m.

S.

quk e

?58¸

C

tk`ìe` me

lgsln vgsinsgfef.

Xere dnmmer km

ì`fgik

fk vgsinsgfef sk

inlpern me

vergeigù` fk

vgsinsgfef quk

de sucrgfn u` eikgtk e fns tklpkretures

fgstg`tes

y cgbes,

iesg

sgklprk 588¸ C

( 9 4 ¸I) y ? 5 8 ¸C ( 7 7 ¸I) .

Yk de ksteomkigfn uè ksieme in`vkìgnèm

( Fke` y Fevgs) quk ve

fk

N e

588

y k`

me quk N rkprksk`te e mns eikgtks fk leynr

vergeigù` y 588 e mns lås ksteomks, eu`quk

ye k` me g`fustrge quìlgie e pertgr fk

prnfuitns fkrgvefns fkm pktrùmkn ( Xktrn-

quìlgin

),

sk de` mnarefn ì`fgiks fk

vgsinsgfef `kaetgvns ( Lk`nrks fk N ) y

telogç` supkrgnrks n 588, k` iuyn iesn sk

in`sgfkre` n mns eikgtks inln g`nckiteomks

pnr me tklpkreture.

mns ì`fgiks

kmkvefns fk

vgsinsgfef

( supkrgnrks e 4; )tgk`k`

`nteomk

g`cmukìge k` muorgieigù` fkm iårtkr fk

lntnrks

fk

kxpmns g3`

y

fk inloustgù`

g`tkrè, pkrlgtgk`fn

u`

erre`quk

lås

cåigm, k` kspkigem e oebes tklpkretures

elogk`temks.

Fk

tnfn mn kxpukstn sk fkfuik quk,

iue`fn

mes tklpkretures e quk pukfk

kstnr subktn u` muorgie`tk fure`tk su

skrvgign nsigmk` k` elpmgns lårak`ks, km

eikgtk fkok

pnskkr

u` kmkvefn

ì`fgik

fk vgsinsgfef.

Me sgaugk`tk rkmeigù` pukfk skrvgr fk

auìe

pern

km

ksteomkiglgk`tn

fkm ì`fgik

fk

vgsinsgfef fk u`

eikgtk,

skaò` mn

prnikfkìge fk me oesk 2

Eikgtks fk irufns `nctç`gins ...................................................... Yupkrgnr n

;8

Eikgtks fk irufns èctç`gins rkcgèfns in` snmvk`tks ...... .

78

Eikgtks fk irufns pnrncì`gins .................................................... Fk 18 n 588

Eikgtks fk irufns pnrncì`gins trntefns

in`

snmvk`tks

.......

Ì`fgiks pnsgtgvns



IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 C

552 L @ c K @ G L ~

MGLE-XK_Ò

@NIGN@KY

FK

M[O_GIEIGÙ@

~ - - - - - W ^ M ^ [ ^ O ^ _ ^ G ^ I ^ L ^ ~ ^ s^^^^^^ ~ ~ ~ D r ` ? ~ ~

[@V[NYGFEF

Yk k`tgk`fk

pnr

u`tunsgfef mn efdkrkìge fkm eikgtk n mns supkcgigks lktåmgins n muorgier,

fkogfn, k` are` lkfgfn, n mns lnmçiumes pnmerks quk in`tgk`k, mns iuemks pnr rnzù`

fk

su

kstruiturn

sk cgbe`

cukrtklk`tk n fgidns supkrcgigks.

Fn me ingìgfkìge quk equkmmns kmklk`tns fk inlpnsgigù` quìlgie

y

in`cgaureigù`

lnmkiumer efkiuefe pere fer are` u`tunsgfef n u` muorgie`tk, k` mn leynrìe fk mns

insns sn` fk on¡ìsgle rksgstkìge n me nxgfeigù`, pnr

mn

quk sk kmglg`n fure`tk km prniksn

fk rkcg`n

g`fustrgem. Xnr skr me u`tunsgfef fkm muorgie`tk uè

prnpgkfef

sgklprk fk

g`tkrçs, fk iere em fksaestk y rk`fglgk`tn, y km rkcg`n uè kxgakìge

g`kmufgomk, sk

deik

g`fgspk`seomk

vnmvkrmk

n

fer

em eikgtk

muorgie`tk

rkcgèfn km pnfkr fk

u`tunsgfef pkrfgfn

k gìmusn,

sg ks

prkigsn,

eulk`termk

km

quk pnskìe e`tks fkm rkcg`n.

Kstn

sk mnare

lkfge`tk mn efgigù` fk inlpukstns ksinagfns quk

g`cmuyk`

cevnreomklk`tk

k` fgidn iereitkrìstgin, sg` pkrbufgier n `gàu`n fk mns ntres quk km muorgie`tk fkok

rku`gr.

me

u`tunsgfef ks uè prnpgkfef fk eiigù` cìsgie, me quk , eu`quk sgklprk ks fk g`tkrçs,

tgk`k su låxgln kxpn`k`tk k` me muorgieigù` fk lntnrks fk vkdìiumns y fk inbg`ktks

snlktgfns n crkiuk`tks perns.

K` km insn fk u` lntnr y skaò` npg`gù` u`å`glk fk tçi`gins k gàk`gkrns, lås fk u`

3?

%

fk mns fksaestks

prnfuigfns

sk nrgagè` fure`tk km erre`quk. mns prgìgpemks ieuses fk

quk kstn niurre sn` fns 2

; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ p ~ ~ ~ ~

_uan9g fk

me

6

L------+---------+------+

supkrcgigk k` - - - - - - - - t ~ - - n - - - t - - - - t - - - - 6

G'GQirnpumaeftu

~ - - 6 ;

9 ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - ~ - - ~ - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~

n

5

n

5

n

6

5?

53

?8 ?6

?4 9?

5 5 5

g0

•

58

5;

?;

rpl

5 5

5

5

? 9

6

3

Sergeigù`

fkm inigk`tk fk rnzelgk`tn k` u` lntnr fure`tk

mns

prglkrns erreìefes.

93

2l•



MGLE- XK_Ò


@NIGN@KY FK

M[O_GIEIGÙ@

W M[O_GIE@VKY

"

~ Å @ G N FK

L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

(_KC. DIVE ?1BK 5 ~

e)

Iue`fn

k`

tgklpn crìn

sk

g`tk`tn pn`kr

k`

leridn, pkqukões

antes

fk

inloustgomk

irufn

sk fksmgze` pnr mns

perkfks

fkm igmg`frn, errnstre`fn me rkfuigfe ie`tgfef fk

eikgtk quk

dny

k` kmmns

y

pnse`fn em

iårtkr

in` mns arevks in`skiukìges quk kmmn

rkpnrtn,

tn`tn

k` mn lesn fk eikgtk inln k` mns perkfks, in` mn quk

mns

prglkres

inrrkrns

sk

kckitòe` sg`

muorgieigù`.

6 t - - - + - - - t - - - + - - - + - - - + - - + - - + - - - - m m - - - - - g

~

~

~

I,..)

tg2

4

tgMme

Sergeigù`

fkm inigk`tk

fk rnzelgk`tn fkspuçs

fk igìn.

o) Em perersk km

lntnr

tres u` rufn treoebn, km eikgtk iemgk`tk c mugfgc giefn

tgk`fk

e

ksiurrgrsk deste km

iårtkr,

qukfe`fn

luy

pnin n èfe k`

mes perkfks fkm

igmg`frn y ,

snork

tnfn,

k`

mes pertks

emtns,

sgk`fn g`sucgigk`tk

pnrn

quk,

k`

me prùxgle

pukstn

k`

leridn

y fure`tk km mepsn tre`siurrgfn

deste quk

mn onloe sulg`gstrk eikgtk in` me

eou`feìge y

prksgù` `kikserges, prntkbn mns ùrae`ns vgtemks fkm lntnr.

Kstns

fns fkckitns quk eieoelns fk

skõemer

y

quk sn` ieusn

fk te`tes

rkpereign`ks,

sg ogk` `n pukfk` eùmersk pnr inlpmktn,

sk

fgslgùyk` in` km klpmkn

fk

eikgtks fk

are` u`tunsgfef

y

efgtgvns. K`

mn quk rkspkite

em iesn ( e ), kstns eikgtks kckitòe` u`

ouk` skmmefn y dkrlktgsln y ncrkik` u`n are` rksgstkìge n skr fkspmezefns,

glpgfgk`fn,

k`

are`

pnrtk, km pnsn fkm eikgtk em iårtkr y km mevefn fk mes perkfks,

ieuses fk mns pkrbugigns pnstkrgnrks 2

e

?;

~

~

?8

e

kr222

5;

58

e

M¡2

e

8;

u

n

]----

Eikgt Bg`

-

t tfgtgvns

]

'

i k ~ t k in`

Mn.=Bgtgvns

"=

t--.

n

6

4

5?

53 ?8

?6 ?4

XGKY XN_

Lm@mgVN

5

5

5

5

5

n

gn

5;

gù ?>=

rp`

9?




₭-<IÅ@GIN FK L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

AkC.DIVE ?5 )(n`9

GLE- XK_Ò


W M[O_GIE@VKY

K`

iue`tn

em

insn

( o ),

sg

km

eikgtk

pn-

skk

ouk`n nmkeag`nsgfef qukferå

efdkrgfn n mns

pnrns

fk mns supkrcgigks,

kvgte`fn km in`teitn lktem- lktem

fure`-

tk km pkrgnfn fkm tgklpn g`gigem.

Iue`fn

sk

trntn

fk

inbg`ktks snlktgfns

n crkiuk`tks pnrns fkok in`sgfkrersk

quk,

sg u` åronm

quk

agrn k` su inbg`ktk

treoebe `nrlemlk`tk k` rçaglk` fk

muorgieigù` dgfrnfg`ålgie, fure`tk km

erre`quk dny

u`

orkvìsgln

pkrgnfn

fk

tgklpn k` km

quk

km

kbk sk

epnyn k` km

inbg`ktk.

K`

tnmks in`fgign`ks, mn pkmìiume

muorgie`tk

fkok

ncrkikr u`n are`

rksgstkìge n skr

rkidezefn

pnr

mn are`

prksgù` n mn

quk

ks snlktgfn, lgsgù`

quk

ks kìnlk`fefn k` are` pnrtk n

mns

lnmçiumes

fk

kmkvefn pnmergfef (Se-

mnr

u`tunsn )

mn

u`tunsgfef ks, bu`telk`tk in` me

vgsinsgfef,

mn

prnpgkfef

quk

lås

fgrkitelk`tk

kxprksn

km vemnr

muorgie`tk

fk

u` eikgtk lg`krem.

K` me

cgaure

6 sk

noskrve mns

arefns

fk vgsinsgfef.

K`

km

meonretnrgn

sk

kckitòe

su

inlprnoeigù`

lkfge`tk

km nfdkrns-

inpgn fk Ypkrry

- Inllk` 2

Snme`tk

cgèlk`tk

pumglk`tefn snork km quk

sk

fkpnsgtn u`n

ie`tgfef

fktkrlgèfn fk

eikgtk e u`n tklpkreture

cg

bnfn

prkvgelk`tk.

Yk

dnik agrer

km lkie`gsln n are`

vkmnigfef ( 5; 888 rpl )

fure`tk

u`

tgklpn

fktkrlgèfn,

k` km

quk sk

le`tgk`k

km

eikgtk

n

me lgsle

tklpkreture g`gigem. Xnrtk fk kstk eikgtk

ks fkspkfgfn pnr ik`trgcuaeigù`,

qukfe`fn

efdkrgfn u`n pkqukõe

ie`tgfef, mn quk

sk

lgfk

fkspuçs

fk

rkinakrme iugfefnselk`tk. mn

pçrfgfe

fk eikgtk fktkrlg`n mn

nmkeag`nsgfef

n

u`tunsgfef

fkm

lgsln.

mes lk`nrks

pçrfgfes,

n skn me leynr

efdkrkìge, mn

de` fefn

mns eikgtks

prnikfk`tks

fk

irufns `nctç`gins,

sgaugk`fn

n in`tgùeigù` mns lgxtns y

perncì`gins : sg` nmvgfer quk km rkcg`n

bukae u` pepkm

prglnrfgem k` kste

prnpgkfef.

Cgaure 6

±Me snigkfef fk

Gàk`gkrns Eutnlntrgiks fk K K [ [ (Y

E

K) dn ksteomkigfn

u`

sgstkle pnrn

imesgcgier mns eikgtks pern lntnrks, kàrn`n¡ks y tre`slgsgn`ks

oesefn

ò`gielk`tk

k`

me

vgsinsgfef.

Mns

`òlkrns Y

E

K pukfk` skr vgstns,

k` me

pråitgin, kstelpefns

k` mn

leynrìe



r


"

~ i @ G I N

FK L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

(_KC. DIVE 9 ? )

4

GLE-

XK_Ò

@NIGN@KY

FK

M[O_GIEIGÙ@

W M[O_GIE@VKY

VGXNY

FK

EIKGVKY

m[O_GIE@VKY

Infn inlpeõìe ceorgie`tk fk eikgtks, fk igkrtn glpnrteìge tk`frå,

k`

su mì`ke u`n are`

vergkfef

fk eikgtks. Igterklns mns lås glpnrte`tks 2

Eikgtks

pnrn

åronmks

Eikgtks pnrn kàreèbks

Eikgtks

pnrn

inbg`ktks k` ak`krem

Eikgtks pnrn lntnrks kmçitrgins

Eikgtks pnrn igmg`frns fk vepnr

Eikgtks pnrn turogès

Eikgtks pnrn inlprksnres fk

egrk

Eikgtks pnrn inlprksnres fk rkcrgakreigù`

Eikgtks dgfråumgins

Eikgtks pnrn inrtk

Eikgtks eutnlntrgiks

Infn u`n fk mns `nlorefns tgk`k su iereitkrìstgin quk mns dnik efkiuefns pern me epmgieigù`

k` quk skrå` usefns. Kstufgerklns mns fk leynr glpnrteìge.

EIKGVKY XE_E E_ONMKY

_kigok` kstk `nlork

pnr

su usn k`

åronmks agretnrgns

y k` temefrns

vkrtgiemks

quk

tgk`k`

emtn

vkmnigfef

y pnin

ieran

inln iereitkrìstgie. Mn vgsinsgfef

ks lås

mgakre quk mn

fk

mns eikgtks

fk eutnlùvgmks

YEK 5

N. mn

vgsinsgfef ks mn kspkigcgieigù`

lås

glpnrte`tk pnrn

kstk

tgpn

fk eikgtk.

EIKGVKY XE_E K@A_E@EBKY

Fgcgkrk`

k`

inmnr

fkm eikgtk pnrn

åronmks,

pkrn, fkoklns

rkinrfer

quk km

inmnr `n ks

g`fgieigù` fk mn iuemgfef fk u` eikgtk.

Kstns eikgtks sn` usuemlk`tk fk arefn

lås pksefn fkogfn

n

mn eiigù` fk

crntelgk`tn fk mns fgk`tks fk mns kàreèbks

y n mns kmkvefns prksgn`ks quk snpnrte`.

Me vgsinsgfef fkm eikgtk pnrn

kàreèbks

nsigme usuemlk`tk k`trk 5;¸ y ?5 8¸ C.

Kstk eikgtk

fkok

skr n`tgkspuln`tk y

e`tgnxgfe`tk

, tk`kr efgtgvns fk kxtrkle

prksgù` y skr

e`tginrrnsgvn

.

EIKGVKY XE_E

INLX_KYN_EY FK

EG_K

Kstns eikgtks fkok`

muorgier

k`

in`fgign`ks luy fgcìigmks. In`cnrlk e çstns

km eikgtk k`tre k` in`teitn in` km

egrk

oebn

kmkvefes tklpkretures

y

emtes prksgn`ks

quk

tgk`fk`

e ieuser me

nxgfeigù` fkm

eikgtk.

Mns

pu`tns

fk fksprk`fglgk`tn fk

aesks y

fk

g`cmeleigù`

in`

aere`tìe

fk

skaurgfef

kstå

emrkfkfnr

fk

688¸

y

638¸

C {

?68, 662)

k

y ?91,14¸

k )

rkspkitgvelk`tk,

pnrn

sgstkles

quk mmkaerå` deste

5;8

mgorns

pnr

pumaefe

iuefrefe fk prksgù`.

Mn

vgsinsgfef

fk mns eikgtks

pnrn

inlprksnr fk

egrk

verìe` k`trk 988 y ;88

skau`fns n 5nnn C ( 91,4¸ I ) . Kstns

eikg-

tks fkok` tk`kr

oebn

rksgfun fk ieroù`.

EIKGVKY

XE_E

INBG@KVKY ( _NFEBKY )

K` ak`krem sn` usuemlk`tk

fk

iemgfef

skiu`fergn, yn

quk

mn

leynrìe

fk mes

vkiks sk

utgmgze`

k` sgstkles fk "

u`n

pnsefe ", ks

fkigr

quk

pnse`

n trevçs

fkm

inbg`ktk uè vkz y

`n

sk

rkiupkre`.

Kstns

eikgtks `n

sk

rkinlgk`fe`

pere utgmgzermns

k` sgstkles igriume`tks,

ye

quk

`n

pukfk`

snpnrter me

igriumeigù`

y usns kxtk`sns.




MGLE- XK_Ò

@NIGN@KY

FK M[O_GIEIGÙ@

^MûêÊ^GiÊ^@^`^s ~ ~ ~ ~ ` v ~

Iue`fn sk trntk fk inbg`ktks quk fkok` treoeber in` km lgsln eikgtk pnr luidn tgklpn, tgk`k

quk kmkagrsk

u`

eikgtk fk leynr

iemgfef pere

quk pukfn fksklpkõer

sus

cuìgn`ks.

YKMKIIGÙ@ FK mNY EIKGVKY

Vnfns mns eikgtks

fkok`

skmkiignèrsk skaò` km rkqukrglgk`tn fk treoebn, tk`gk`fn

k`

iuk`te

? ceitnrks 2 Yu vgsinsgfef, quk me fktkrlgè k` arefns me Y E K ( Ynigkfef fk Gàk`gkrns

Eutnlntrgiks ): y

su

iemgfef, quk ks

in`trnmefn

pnr mn E

X 5 Elkrgie`

Xktrnmkul m`stgtutk ).

K` mns k`vesks vgk`k` areoefns tnfns mes kspkigcgieign`ks quk `ns skrvgrå`

fk

rkckrkìge pnrn

skmkiignèr inrrkitelk`tk mns eikgtks. Ygklprk dny quk in`sumtnr mns

ietåmnans

fk ceorgie`tks

tn`tn

fk

muorgie`tks

inln

fk lequgèrges y lntnrks.

GFK@VGCGI IGÙ@ VÌXGI

FK

[@ M V

FK

IKGVK

ImEYGCGIEIGÙ@ E X 5

Kstk eikgtk, skaò`

su

ceorgie`tk,

ks

efkiuefn

pere tnfns

mns

skrvgigns

k` lntnrks

n aesnmgè y

lnfkrefelk`tk

k` lntnrks

FGKYKM

[`n

lerin

efgignèm

quk sga`gcgie

"

Dknvy

Futy ",

n skn,

eikgtk

fktkrak`tk, `n

g`fgin me ie`tgfef

fk

fktkrak`tk.

Kstn

kstå kxpmgiefn lås imerelk`tk

k`

mn fksgaèigù`

pere

skrvgigns

fk

me E X m.

A_EFN

FK SGYINYGFEF Y E K

K` kstk iesn g`fgin

quk sk tgk`k u`

eikgtk

lumtgarefn:

kstn ks,

quk km eikgtk

tgk`k

iereitkrìstgins

fk

vgsinsgfef y

tklpkreture

quk

pkrlgtk`

em ceorgie`tk

rkinlk`fermn

pnrn vergns

arefns

Y E K,

quk iuork`

vì;insgfefks

e

nn

C y ?5 nn C

fk tklpkreture.

Emauès

vkiks

sk




X_NWKIIGÙ@ N_VNAN@EM

MGLE- XK_Ò

"

~ Å @ G N FK LE@VK@GLGK@V8

(_KC.DIVE

?4)4

X_NWKIIGÙ@ N_VNAN@Em

Ks

mn quk

sgrvk

pnrn

rkprksk`ter mn cnrln kxeitn

fk u`

nobktn.

Kstn

rkprksk`teigù`

sk dnik snork pme`ns pkrpk`fgiumerks k`trk sì

y n

mns prnykiign`ks sk

mks fk`nlg`n

vgstns.

Xnrn notk`kr mns vgstns

dny

quk

trnzer

pkrpk`fgiumerks

fksfk

mns ergstes

fkm nobktn

deige

mns

pme`ns fk prnykiigù` (

Cgaurn

m ).

Cgaurn

5 -

Mn prnykiigù` nrtnan`em ks in`sgfkrefn

inln

mn oesk

cu`felk`tem

fkm

Fgoubn

Vçi`gin. Yg` km fnlg`gn

fk

kmme

`n pukfk deokr u` ouk` eprk`fgzebk fkm fgoubn.



r


LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò


~ ~ ~ A ~ ~ ` ? ~ ~

KMKLK@VNY

U[K G@VK_SGK@K@

K@

ME

X_NWKIIGÙ@

N_VNAN@EM

-Km noskrvefnr, n ske me pkrsnè

quk

kbkiuterå km fgoubn.

- Km

nobktn,

n ske mn quk

sk

ve e

fgouber.

- Mes

mì`kes

fk

prnykiigù`

peremkmns, sn` mns

rnyns

vgsuemks

quk,

em

mmkaer

e u`

pme`n

iuemqugkre,

fkbe` u`n skrgk fk pu`tns quk, u`gfns, `ns

fe`

me prnyki-

igù`

fkm

nobktn

( Sgste ).

-Km pme`n

fk

prnykiigù`,

ks me

supkrcgigk pmeè gleagèrgn deige

fn`fk ve`

tnfes

mes

mì`kes

fk prnykiigù`

y k`

fn`fk qukfe` fktkrlgèfes

mes

cnrles

fkm

nobktn.

K`

me

pråitgin, km

pme`n

fk

prnykiigù` sk

rkklpmeze pnr uè

dnbe fk pepkm

fk

fgoubn

n

iertumgè.

FKVK_LG@EIGÙ@ FK

X_NWKIIGN@KY N

SGYVEY

Ak`kremlk`tk ks `kiksergn

tk`kr trks vgstns

fkm nobktn

pnrn

fktkrl g`nr su cnrln y

fglk`sgn`ks kxeitns

.

Kstes vgstns sn` 2

- Mn

vgste

crn`tem (

Cgaurn

? )

-

Mn vgstn supkrgnr

(

Cgaurn

9 )

-

mn

vgstn metkrem ( Cgaurn

6 )



,

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY

EX[IEFNY 2 ~ Å @ G N FK

LE@5K@LK@V8

MGLE-XK_Ò


t222']

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ @ l ~ B ~

Cgaurn 9 -

Notk`igù` fk

mn vgstn

supkrgnr



MGLE-

XK_Ò


2


...

~ Å @ G N FK L @ G K @ G L G K @ V ~

AKC.DIVE

?4)4

Cgaurn 6 - Notk`igù` fk mn vgstn metkrem gzqugkrfn



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMÙAGINY

EXMGIEFNY 2 " ~ Å @ G N FK L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE- XK_Ò


~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D l ? ~ ~

N_FK@ELGK@VN

FKm

FGO[BN

FK

mEY

V_KY

SGYVEY X_G@IGXEMKY

Km

agrn

quk

sk

fkok

deikr pern

nrfkèr

mes trks vgstes

prgìgpemks

sk rkemgze tem

inln

sk

g`fgie k` me

cgaure

;.

Sgste crn`tem

Sgste metkrem gzqugkrfe

K----5

Sgste

supkrgnr

Cgaurn

;

- Notkìgù` fk mns trks vgstns prgìgpemks





X_NVKIIGÙ@

FK LEU[G@E_GEY

MGLE- XK_Ò

(_KC. DIVE

? 7 )4

¾

Xnr

quç

sk prntkak` mes låqugès

>

Km

prnpùsgtn fk prntkakr mns låqugès

ks

km fk prkvk`gr mksgn`ks quk pukfk`

niurrgr

pnr 2

5 - In`teitn fgrkitn in` mns pnrtks lùvgmks.

? - Vrnon¡n k` prniksn ( _koeoes prnfuigfns

pnr

u`n låqugè- dkrrelgk`te, " ze-

petkn " fk u`n sgkrrn igriumer, prnykiigù` fk pertìiumes n pgkzes rntns, kti.

).

9 - Cnmmn lkiå`gin n kmçitrgin.

6 - Cnmmn dule`n ( Iurgnsgfef, fgstreiigù`, cetgan, tklkrgfef ).

¾ Uuç pertks

fk

me lequgèrge

fkok`

prntkakrsk >

Fkok` prntkakrsk 2

-Vre`slgsgn`ks

y

- Xu`tn fk npkreigù`

Yk

k`tgk`fk pnr tre`slgsgù` km in`bu`tn fk pnrtks

k`

lnvglgk`tn quk mmkve`

pntkìgn fksfk

km

lntnr deste me låqugè.

Km pu`tn fk npkreigù`

ks

km muaer n znè k` quk km letkrgem tnln cnrln,

sk

inrtn,

pumglk`tn n meorn pnr lkfgn fk mn låqugè.

Lkfge`tk quç fgspnsgtgvns sk kmglgè` mns rgksans, tn`tn fk mn tre`slgsgù` inln fkm

pu`tn

fk npkreigù`.

Lkfge`tk mns A[E_FEY ( Cgaurn 5

.).

5

?




MGLE-

XK_Ò

X_NVKIIGÙ@ FK

LEU[G@E_GEY

AKC. DIVE ?7)

4

VGXNY

FK

A[E_FEY

Fk eiukrfn e mes iereitkrìstgies fk mes låqugès, mes auerfes pukfk` skr fk

fgckrk`tks

tgpns. K`trk mes lås inlu`ks tk`klns 2

5 -

Auerfes

fk

oerrkre cgbe.

? - Auerfes

eutnlåtgies

( Fgspnsgtgvns oesiume`tks

y fk

" kspnses "

).

9 -

Inlpukrtes

lkiå`gies.

6 - Fgsyu`tnrks ( Xere rnfgmmns, leùemks,

nbn

kmçitrgin).

;

-

Auerfes

fk

inmnieigù`

n

pnsgigù`.

_KU[GYGVNY FK MEY A[E_FEY

Mes auerfes fkok` skr fgskõefes, in`strugfes y usefes fk tem le`krn quk 2

5 - Yke` cukrtks y

cgrlklk`tk

g`stemefes.

? -

Yke` rksgstk`tks em

cukan

y me

inrrnsgù`.

9 -Ceigmgtk` me muorgieigù` n ebustk fk me låqugè.

6 - @n

in`stgtuye` u` rgksan

k` sì

( Mgork fk estgmmes, onrfks åspkrns

y ecgmefns).

; - Yke` cåigmks

fk

fksln`ter

y erler

pnstkrgnrlk`tk, fkspuçs

fk

uè

rkpereigù`.

3 - Xrkvkàe`

tnfn

eiiksn e me

znè

fk

pkmgarn

fure`tk mes npkreign`ks.

1- Yke` mn sucgigk`tklk`tk cukrtks pnrn kvgter me prnykiigù` fk

pgkzes

quk sk

rnlpe`.

4

-@n

niesgn`k` lnmkstges em

npkrefnr

(Sgsgù` y le`gnornogmgfef ).

7 -

@n

g`tkrcgkre` g``kiksergelk`tk

k`

me

prnfuiigù`.

¡gauemlk`tk pkmgarnsns

kìgçrrkmn

I[GFK

pretçbeme

YKA[_GFEF



r

MGLE- XK_Ò


X_NVKIIGÙ@ FK

LEU[G@E_GEY

"'

~ Å @ G N FK LE@GFGGLGK@V8

(_KC. DIVE

?7)4

X_ÅIVGIEY

YKA[_EY

5 - @gàuè

pkrsnè

fkokrå qugter

n ebuster

emauè auerfe

sg`

pkrlgsn fkm

supkr-

vgsnr, semvn km iesn quk me pkrsnè g`tkrksefe kstç kspkiìcgielk`tk prkperefe y

km ebustk fk me

låqugè ske

pertk fk

su treoebn `nrlem.

? - @gàuè låqugè

fkok skr pukste

k`

leride, e lk`ns quk mes

auerfes

sk demmk`

k`

su muaer y k`

oukès in`fgign`ks.

9 - Ygklprk

quk

sk

qugtk` mns rksauerfns pere deikr rkpereign`ks n le`tk`glgk`tn,

fkok

fksin`kitersk me

inrrgk`tk em kqugpn y pn`kr

skaurn

em g`tkrruptnr prg`-

igpem.

6 -

@n fkok pkrlgtgrsk

em pkrsnèm

treoeber k`

km

kqugpn lkiå`gin,

n ikrin

fk

çm,

iue`fn

use

inroete, rnpe

sukmte, e`gmmns u ntrns nobktns sglgmerks.

` n

t reoe m& s g` ••

X E N V K I I G N @ A

`n

Glprnv gsk



MGLE-XK_Ò


X_NVKIIGÙ@ FK LEU[G@E_GEY

"

~ Å @ G N

FK

L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

(_KC.DIVE ?7)4

M E Y

X _ N V K I I G N @ K Y

Le`t k`ae

M E Y

X_NVGKII

@[@IE V_EOEBK

IND

_NXE Y[KMVE

ÒYKmÅ EB[YVEFE

Em

I[K_XN

g EFGÙY IN_GEVE

g

EFGÙY IEOKRE

g E N G Ù Y ± ± ±

p



FKYLN@VEBK

LN@VEBK

@

?

N_FK@

FK KBKI[IGÙ@

85

Fksln`tk

km rnfelgk`tn in`

kxtreitnr

8?

Mglpgk

km

rnfelgk`tn

meve`fn in`

pktrùmkn

omeìn

89

Skrgcgquk

km kstefn fkm rnfelgk`tn

86 Ln`tk km

rnfelgk`tn

pnr

prksgù` dgfråumgie

n pnr

pkriusgù`

8; Inlprukok km cuìgnèlgk`tn

y

su

muorgieigù`.

XRE. IE@V.

FK@NLG@EIGÙ@

@N_LE 5FGLK@YGN@KY


n Kxtreitnr

fk

rnfelgk`tns

n

Bukan

fk

mmevks

fk onie

n

Lertgmmn

fk onme

n Lertgmmn

ome`fn

5pksefn

n Eikgtkre

n Arese

n Xktrùmkn omeìn

n

jkrnsk`k.

LEVK_GEM

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

FKYLN@VEBK W LN@VEBK

FK

_NFELGK@VNY

DV

81 LE@

_KC.



N XK_ E

I 5

Ù@

2

-.

k

.CÅLIN

mK - Q 6 5 K @ L K @ V ~

MGLE- XK_Ò

FKYLN@VE_ W LN@VE_

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ^ N ^ F ^ E ^ L ~ G K ^ @ ^ V ~ N Y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 L ~ ~

Ks

rklnvkr

n

inmnier

rnfelgk`tns

k`

kbks,

inbns

fk inbg`ktks fk rnfelgk`tns y ntrns, n cg`

fk

deikr mglpgkze y

muorgieigù`

n

sustgtuigù`, aere`tgze`fn km ouk` cuìgnèlgk`tn

fk

mns

låqugès

y

kqugpns

k` ak`krem.

X_NIKYN FK

KBKI[IGÙ@

X_NIKYN

5 -

FKYLN@VE_

_NFELGK@VNY

5

n

Xnsn

_ktgrk km

rnfelgk`tn

{

Cgaures

5,

? y

9 ) 2

Cgaure 5

n.

K` mn

prk`sn ( Cgaures

5

y

?

),

epnye`fn km e`gmmn g`tkr`n k`

inmkks,

iue`fn

sk

trntn fk

fks-

ln`tebk fk kbk:

o. [se`fn u` sninrrnfelgk`tns

(

Cgaurn

9

),

prgìgpemlk`tk

k`

km insn fk

pgkzes

quk

`n

puk-

fk`

skr mmkvefns e me prk`sn.

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

5. K` insn fk rnfelgk`tns ln`tn-

fns k` kbk, km

kscukrzn

fkok skr

dkidn k` km e`gmmn g`tkr`n.

?. K` insn fk rnfelgk`tns ln`tn-

fns

k` inbn n ievgfef, km ks

cukrzn

fkok

skr

dkidn

k` km

e`gmmn

kxtkr`n.

Cgaure

?

Cgaure 9



r

NXK_E

I 5Ù@ 2 " (

LÅ@GIN

mK LE@GK@LK@VN)

MGLE-XK_Ò

FKYLN@VE_ W LN@VE_ r22-25

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ` ^ n ~ n - ~ ~ • - k ^ @ ^ V ^ n ^ s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ c c g L ~ ~

?¸

Xesn-

Mevk km rnfelgk`tn

z

n. Fkbk km rnfelgk`tn k` km

mìqugfn

fure`tk emaò` tgklpn y rktgrk me suigkfef in`

ornide.

o. G`trnfuzin, k` skaugfe

k`

snmvk`tk l3s mglpgn,

oemn`ik3`fnmn

y

agr3`fnmn.

i.

m glpgk

u`n vkz lùs in` snmvk`tk

mglpgn.

f. Ykquk km

rnfelgk`tn

in`

egrk

n fçbkmn ksiurrgr snork u` peõn fk dgmn.

9¸

Xesn- Muorgquk

km

rnfelgk`tn, lù`tkmn

fk

`ukvn n

auùrfkmn

sg cukre km insn,

prntkagç`-

fnmn ogk` i n ` ~ r n iukrpns kxtreõns.

X_NIKYN

55

- LN@VE_ _NFELGK@VNY

5¸ Xesn- Mglpgk mns pgkzes

y

km rnfelgk`tn in` u`

peõn

fk dgmn.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Vretå`fnsk fk rnfelgk`tns quk `n ksteoe` auerfefns fkogfelk`tk prntkagfns,

n quk,

pnr

km

tgklpn ye

tgk`k`

su

muorgie`tk rkskin, mùvkmns

prglkrn

in` snmvk`tk

eprnpgefn.

?¸

Xesn Ln`tk km rnfelgk`tn ( Cgaures

E

n 1 ) 2

Cgaurn

6 ±

Xrk`se

fk

irklemmkre

Cgaurn ;

-

Ln`tebk

k`

mn prk`sn

use`fn u` tuon pnrn cnrzer k` km

e`gmmn g`tkr`n ( Ln`tebk k` kbk )



MGLE-XK_Ò

NXK_E I 5Ù@ 2 k

.Kng@in

K LE@mt@LK@VN)

FKYLN@VE_

W

LN@VE_

^^^^^^

^ n ^ n ^ ~ ^ • ^ k ^ ^ V ^ n ^ s

^^^^^

~ K ~ n n 3 L 9 ~

Cgaurn 3 - K` mn lnrse, in` eyufn,

fk

tuon, inmkk y

lertgmmn.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Cgaurn 1- K` mn lnrse in` eyufn fkm igmg`frn

tnr`kefn, cnrze`fn km e`gmmn kx-

tkr`n ( ln`tebk k` inbn )

m .

K` iesn fk rnfelgk`tns fk fnomk pgstn, muorgier mn pgstn fk me iern g`tkrè.

?. K` mn pnsgomk, user prk`sn.

9. Ks

glpnrte`tk in`sgfkrer

quk mn pk`ktreigù` fkm

rnfelgk`tn

k`

me

pgkze, pnr

idnquk n inlprksgù`, fkok skr u`gcnrlk. Esì, km rnfelgk`tn qukferå pkrcki-

telk`tk esk`tefn k` su emnbelgk`tn.

9¸ Xesn- Muorgquk 2

e.

In` arese

eprnpgefn,

kxk`tn fk

pnmvn

u ntrns iukrpns kxtreõns,

y

in` mn

le`n mglpge:

o. In` eikgtk,

iue`fn duogkre

inbn

y

rktç` pern

kvgter

km ksiurrglgk`tn

fkm

muorgie`tk

( Cgaurn 4

).

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

5.

Iue`fn

mns rnfelgk`tns sn` ln`

tnfn k`

pertks

fk

låqugès y

auerfefns fure`tk emaò` tgklpn,

kspkre`fn km

ln`tebk cgèm,

sk

fkok prntkakrmns fkspuçs fk mu-

orgiefns

in`

pepkm kspkigem

n

peõn

fk dgmn.

?. K` insn fk ln`tebk fk rnfelgk`-

tns

omg`fefns

k` uè

fk

mns ie

rns, sk fkok deikr

muorgieigù`

cgèm e`tks fkm ln`tebk.

Cgaurn

4



,.

MGLE-XK_Ò

NXK_EIGÙ@2

YEIE_ W INMNIE_ YKA[_NY

( E`gmmns fk skaurgfef )

klDrn M[QlB&OVNB

~ K C

DN

1 L ~ 4

Kste

npkreigù`

in`sgstk

k`

kxtrekr n

inmnier

mns nrns fk skaurgfef quk mglgte` km

lnvglgk`tn fk u`n pgkze, pnrn pkrlgtgr km fkserlefn n eskaurer mn pnsgigù` fk mn pgkze

k` u`

in`bu`tn lkiå`gin.

X_NIKYN

FK

KBKI[IGÙ@

IEYN 5 •

YEIE_

YKA[_NY

X_NIKYN

5

•

YEIE_

YKA[_N

G@VK_GN_ IN@

N_GCGIGN

5

¸

Xnsn-

Kxtregae km skaurn 2

n. Inmnquk mn pg`zn k` mns nrgcg-

igns fkm skaurn.

o. Igkrrk

km skaurn y sùqukmn (

Cg-

aurn 5 .

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

[tgmgik

mn pg`zn pnrn ikrrer skau-

rns.

X_KIE[IGÙ@

cgaurn

5

Mns e`gmmns semte` in` Ceigmgfef: elnrggaýk su semtn vgnmk`tn

pere kvgter niigfk`tks. Klpmkk mk`tks fk skaurgfef.

X_NIKYN

55-

YEIE_ YKA[_N KTVK_GN_ IN@ N_GCGIGN

5¸ Xnsn- Kxtregae km skaurn 2

n.

Inmnquk

mn

pg`zn

k` mns

nrgcg-

igns fkm skaurn.

o.

Eorn

km skaurn y sùqukmn ( Cgau-

rn ? ).

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

[tgmgik

me

pg`ze pnrn eorgr

skaurns.

Cgaurn ?



MGLE-XK_Ò

NXK_EIGÙ@2

YEIE_ W INMNIE_ YKA[_NY

(

E`gmmns fk

skaurgfef )

X_NIKYN

555 • YEIE_

YKA[_N

G@VK_GN_

FK

X[K_VE

5

n

Xnsn-

Kxtregan km

skaurn

2

n.

Yubktk u` kxtrkln fkm skaurn.

o. Mkve`tk km

ntrn

kxtrkln in` u`

fkstnr`gmmefnr y pnmn`quçkmn

igriumerlk`tk

pnrn kxtrekrmn

( Cgaurn 9 }.

Cgaurn 9

X_NIKYN GS ± YEIE_ YKA[_N KTVK_GN_

FK X[@VE

5n Xnsn-

Eorn

km

skaurn

in` u`n pg`zn.

?¸ Xnsn- Yequk km skaurn fk su reùre

y

fksmìikmn pnr

km

kbk

deste kxtre-

krmn

( Cgaurn 6 ) .

IEYN

55

- INMNIE_

YKA[_NY

Cgaurn

6

~ DQG5kmmtt75VN)

K K c D 8 5 1 ~ 4

X_NIKYN 5- INMNIE_ YKA[_N G@VK_GN_ IN@ N_GCGIGN

5n Xnsn- Igkrrk km skaurn in` eyufe fk mn

pg`zn eprnpgefe.

?¸

Xnsn- Inmnquk km skaurn

k`

su nmn:nlgk`tn y rktgrk

mn pg`zn.

9¸ Xnsn- Skrgcgquk mn pnsgigù` fkm skaurn

y

sg

kìnbn

inrrkitelk`tk k` su

emnbelgk`tn.

X_NIKYN 555 - INMNIE_

YKA[_N

KTVK_GN_ IN@ N_GCGIGN

5n Xnsn± Eorn

km

skaurn in`

eyufn

fk mn pg`ze eprnpgefn.

?¸

Xnsn- Inmnquk km skaurn k`

su emnbelgk`tn

y

r ~ g r mn

pg`zn.

9¸ Xnsn-

Skrgcgquk mn pnsgigù`

y kìnbk fkm skaurn.



NXK_EIGÙ@2

"'

t . K G D N N ~ t ~ )

MGLE-

XK_Ò

YEIE_ W INMNIE_

YKA[_NY

- - - - - - ~ - ~ ~ - ~ - ± - ~ - - ~ - ^ u ^ r g ^ f ^ ~ ^ ) ^^^^^

K ~ ~ 1 ~ ~

X_NIKYN

- INMNIE_

YKA[_N G@VK_GN_

FK

X[@VE

5

¸

Xnsn-

Inlprgle km skaurn

y lçtnmn k` km nrgcgign.

?¸

Xnsn-

Fksmgik km skaurn deste su reùre.

9¸ Xnsn- Skrgcgquk me pnsgigù` y kìnbk fkm skaurn.

X_NIKYN

GS-

INMNIE_

YKA[_N KTVK_GN_ FK X[@VE

mn Xnsn- Eore km skaurn y lù`tkmn snork km kbk.

?¸

Xnsn- Fksmìikmn snork km k¡k deste su reùre.

9¸ Xnsn- Skrgcgquk me pnsgigù` y kìebk fkm skaurn.

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

Kvgtk reyer km kbk em fksmgzer km skaurn.

X_KIE[IGÙ@

KLXMKK AECEY N LÅYIE_E X_NVKIVN_E EM

V_EOEBE_

IN@

YKA[_NY.

SNIEO[ME_GN

VKI@GIN

YKA[_N -Ern fk skaurgfef,

e`gmmn

fk

skaurgfef.

MK@VKY -Aecns, e`tgperres.



NXK_EIGÙ@2

EMG@KE_ KMKLK@VNY FK

V_E@YLGYGÙ@

"'

( GO.Å'GIN

55

L@cmK@LK@VN)

~ K C D 8 5 4 ~ 4

GLE-XK_Ò

Ks

g`stemer

kmklk`tns

fk

tre`slgsgù`, inln pnmkes,

kbks,

inbg`ktks

y

kàreèbks,

in`

sus

rkspkitgvns kbks, k` u` emg`kelgk`tn fktkrlgèfn.

Yk

epmgie k`

onloes,

tre`slgsgn`ks in` inrrkns n kàreèbks, in`bu`tns fk låqugès y

ntrns, in` mn cgèmgfef fk kvgter kxiksn fk rnzelgk`tns, fksaestks y tklpkretures quk

mmkauk` n gùtgmgzer pgkzes n låqugès.


5 Xnsn-

Ecmn¡k

sucgigk`tklk`tk

mns tnr`g-

mmns inln

pnrn

pkrlgtgr km

m gork

fkspmezelgk`tn fk

mns in`bu`-

tns.

?¸

Xesn- Skrgcgquk sg elons

pnmkes

kstå`

k`

ksiuefrn in` km lgsln

pme`n

( Cgaurn 5) y inrrgbn, sg ks `kik-

sergn,

use`fn iuões

y

inmkks oebn

me oesk

fkm

lntnr

n fk mns snpnr-

tks fkm kbk.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

mns tre`slgsgn`ks in` k¡ks dn±

rgzn`

tnmks pukfk`

skr pnsgign±

èfes

in` use`fn u` `gvkm.

9¸ Xesn-

Emg`kk

mns

pnmkes

in` rkame ( Cgau-

re

? )

y eprgktk mns tnr`gm mns fk

c g beigù`

fk mns

in`bu`tns.

Cgaurn 5

m

± ~

Cgaurn ?



MGLE-

XK_Ò

NXK_EIGÙ@2

Z( QLK@LNNN

B

EMG@KE_ KMKLK@VNY

FK V_E@YLGYGÙ@

K K C D 8 5 4 ~ 4

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

5.

Iue`fn

mns pnmkns tgk`k`

are`fks

fg3lktrns y kst3` luy

epertefes

uè

fk

ntrn, sk pukfk sustgtugr me

rkamn pnr u`

inrfkm tk`sn y errglefn e me iern

fk

u`n

fk

mns

pnmkns

( Cgaurn 9 ).

?. Iue`fn

mn

tre`slgsgù` kstå

k` u`

pme`n vkrtgiem, km emg`kelgk`tn

sk

dnik

utgmgze`fn mn pmnlefn.

55 - EMG@KE_ KBKY

Cgaurn 9

5¸ Xnsn-

Inmnquk

elons kmklk`tns k`

pnsgigù`

(Cgaurn

6)

y dean u` emg`kelgk`tn g`gigem2

Cgaurn 6

?¸ Xnsn- @gvkmk

y

eprgktk

mns tur`gmmns fk cg¡nigù` fk u` kmklk`tn,

fk prkckrkìge

km quk

kstuvgkre lås

emtn.

9¸ Xnsn- @gvkmk

km ntrn

kmklk`tn use`fn iuõns y inmkks, sg ks

`kiksergn, fk lnfn

quk mns

ik`trns qukfk`

ingìgfk`tks

y emg`kefns.



MGLE- XK_Ò

NXK_EIGÙ@2

b] Z O Q ~ G K @ L K @ V N B

EMG@KE_ KMKLK@VNY

FK

V_E@YLGYGÙ@

~

r22B

_KC.DN

54LE@

.6¸

Xnsn±

Eprgktk

mns tnr`gmmns fk cgbeigù` y vkrgcgquk sg km emg`kelgk`tn

`]0

sk emtkrù.

;¸ Xnsn- [`n mns

einpmks

prnvgsnrgnlk`tk y vkrgcgquk, in` me le`n,

mt.1B2)

kbks fk mns

kmklk`tns E in`tg`òe` agre`fn mgorks.

3¸ Xnsn- Inrrgbe: sg

ks

`kiksergn, rktgre`fn n g`trnfuigk`fn `ukvns iemiks

y

u`e fkcg`gtg-

velk`tk.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Km

emg`kelgk`tn

fk kbks peremkmns ( Cgaure ;

)

sk deik

cgbe`fn

prglkrn u`n

fN

su pnsgigù`

fk treoebn

y, emg`ke`fn

km ntrn in`

pme`tgmmn

{ Cgaurn 3 ) n g`fj.-n-

fnr fk iuefre`tk

( Cgaurn

1 )

Kstn

fkok

skr usefn pern in`bu`tns fk luidn prkigsgù`.

~ E

~

Cgaure 3

Cgaurn ;

Cgaurn 1



MGLE-XK_Ò

~ i - m t ~

~ ~ ~ . l

~ ~

VKI@NMNAcE

KYXKIc_IE 2

G@V_NF[IIGÙ@ EM LN@VEBK±W

FKYLN@VEBK FK _NFELGK@VNY

Inln

mns rnfelgk`tns sn`

ùrae`ns

fk prkigsgù`,

mns iukrpns rnfe`tks y e`gmmns iklk`tefns pnskk`

u`n

kxeitgtuf y iemgfef fk

supkrcgigk kmkvefns

(Cgaure 5 }. Kstns in`fgign`ks sn` `kiksergns pnrn

quk km

rnfelgk`tn

pukfe rksgstgr cukrtks ieraes,

fure`tk u`n meran vgfe, sg` pkrturoeign`ks.

Cgaurn 5

Xnr su are` prkigsgù`, mns rnfeltk`.ns sn` luy sk`sgomks et tretelgk`tn

gèfkiuefn.

Km

fktkrgnrn k`

km

inlg`n

fk

rnfefure

pukfk fgslgùgr, in`sgfkreomklk`tk, mn vgfe prkvgstn

fk

u`

rnfelgk`tn.

Vk`gk`fn k` in`sgfkreigù` mns lòmtgpmks epmgieign`ks, fnlns sùmn uès fgrkitrgiks

cu`felk`temks. Xnrn insns kspkigemks sk rkinlgk`fe in`sumtnr leùemks fk mns ceorgie`-

tks fk rnfelgk`tns.

_KINLK@FEIGN@KY X_KSGEY EM LN@VEBK W

FKYLN@VEBK

FK

_NFELGK@VNY

E`tks fk klpkzer km ln`tebk, km lkiå`gin fkok inlprnoer sg

mn

fk`nlgèigù` eorkvgn-

fe, kstelpefn k` me k`vnmture, inrrkspn`fk n mns g`fgieign`ks fkm fgoubn y fk mn 5gstn fk

fkspgkik.

Km

in`niglgk`tn fk mn fk`nlgèigù` fk mns rnfelgk`tns y

su fksinlpnsgigù`

fkok skr celgmger em lkiå`gin.

K`

mns `nrles FG@ y

k`

mes mgstns mns rnfelgk`tns

`nrlemgzefns

sk g`fgie` pnr

su

fk`nlgèigù` eorkvgefn, mn quk sk inlpn`k fk u`n skrgk fk `òlkrns n mktres y `òlkrns.

Km

prglkr

arupn

fk kstn skrgk iereitkrgzn

km

tgpn fk rnfel¡k`tn,

mn

skrgk

fk fgålktrn

y,

igriu`steìgemlk`tk, mn skrgk fk eìdure. Km skau`fn Urupn inrnitkrgz2n km

ì`fgik

fkm

eaubkrn quk, lumtgpmgiefn pnr ;, fn.kV fgålktrn fkm

eaubkrn

k` lgmìlktrns, fk`trn fkm

mìlgtk fk ?8 ll deste 648 ll (

cgaurn

? ).

Iue`fn

mns in`fgign`ks fk skrvgign rkqugkrk`

u`

rnfelgk`tn fk in`struiigù` kspki gem, sk

eõefk

n

mn

fk`nlgèigù`

eorkvgefn

fkm

rnfelgk`tn

`nrlem u`ns ì`fgiks supmklk`tergns.

CEA

9?981

E

Cgaurn ? • _nfelgk`tn

fk

iemgfef y sus rkckrkìges tnlefns fk

LE_IE FK CÅO_GIE

YK_GK

FK _NFELGK@VNY

( _nfelgk`tns e rnfgmmns iù`gins}

FGÅLKV_N FKM

EA[BK_N

G@VK_GN_

( 81 x

; • 9;

ll )

NFGCtIEFE IN@YV_[IItÙ@

m@VK_@E



VKI@NMNA(E KYXKirCBIE 2 " k._ÕcIN m t .Q65K@tgg@VN)

G@V_NF[IIGÙ@ EM LN@VEBK W

~ F ^ K ^ Y ^ L ^ N ^ @ ^ V ^ E ^ B ^ K ^ F ^ K ^ _ ^ N ^ F ^ E ^ ~ ^ ~ G ^ K ^ @ ^ V ^ n ^ s ^

~ ~ l ~ ~

X_NA_ELE

FK

V_EOEBN

E`tks fkm

ln`tebk

y k ~ l n ` t n b k dny quk deikr

prkperetgvns

pnrn u`

fkserrnmmn

fkm

trnoncn

sg`

k`tnrpkiglgk`tns.

K`

oesk

n u`

fgoubn, sk fn

iuk`te fk me in`struiigù` y

fkm

iursn e skaugr k` km

ln`tebk

fk mes

fgvkrses

pgkzes. Efklås,

sk

rkinlgk`fe k ~ t n o m k i k r

e`tks fkm ln`tn k

prnpgn,

u` pme` fk mns prniksns

perigemks

fkm

treon bn

quk

cgbn, pnr kbklpmn,

mns tklpkretures fkm

iemk`telgk`tn,

mns kscukrzns pnrn km iemefn y

fksln`tebk

fk mns rnfelgk`tns y mn

in`tmfnf `kiksergn

fk

arnsn

muorgie`tk.

K`

tnfns

mns insns

fk

ln`tebk y fksln`tebk fk rnfelgk`tns, fn`fk sk fkoe klpmker

lçtnfns

kspkigemks,

fgckrk`tks

n mns `nrlemks,

sk

ceigmgterå em lki3`gin elpmgns

g`struiign`ks fk

ln`tebk

quk in`tkàe`

mns fktemmks,

klpkze`fn pnr

mns

lkfgns fk

tre`spnrtk, fgspnsgtgvns fk ln`tebk y

fksln`tebk, g`strulk`tns fk

lkfgig3`, fgspnsgtg-

vns fk

iemk`telgk`tn

y deste me ie`tgfef y iemgfef fkm muorgie`tk.

V_EVELGK@VN FK MNY

_NFELGK@VNY

E@VKY FKM

LN@VEBK

Mns

rnfelgk`tns

ùkvns kst3`,

fk`trn fk

su k`vnmture,

iuogkrtns pnr

uè inpn

fk eikgtk

e`tginrrnsgvn. @n ks rkinlk`feomk `g `kiksergn qugter kstk

eikgtk

k` km

ln`tebk, pnrquk

fure`tk

km

cuìgnèlgk`tn

sk

lkzimn

in`

km

muorgie`tk

y

aere`tgzn

u`n

muorgieigù`

sucgigk`tç, fksfk

km

pkrgnfn fk

erre`quk deste

qu7

cuìgn`k mn muorginig3` in`tgùn.

V_E@YCN_LEIGN@KY K@ MNY _NFELGK@VNY

mns

rnfelgk`tns

`n

fkok`

rkigogr tre`scnrleign`ks pnstkrgnrks, inln nrgcgigns pnrn

in`fuitns fk muorgie`tk, reùres,

rkitgcgiefns

y fkl3s lnfgcgieign`ks, pnrquk sk

pukfk

prnfuigr tk`sgn`ks

k`

mns

e`gmmns y

mn fkstruiig3`

prkleturn fkm rnfelgk`tn.

MGLXGKRE

F[_E@VK

Km

LN@VEBK

mns

rnfelgk`tns

fkok`

prntkakrsk

in`tre mn suigkfef

y

mn dulkfef,

pnrquk dnstn

mes

pertìiumes

lås

pkqukõns quk

k`tre` k` km

rnfelgk`tn nrgagè` u`

fktkrgnrn

k`

mns

inlg`ns fk rnfefure: pnr

kste

rez3`,

km

oeìn fk ln`tebk fkok

kstnr skin

y kxk`tn

fk

pnmvn y låqugès

rkitgcgiefnres.

Km usn fkm egrk inlprglgfn ks gèfkiuefn.



r

VKI@NMNAcE

KYXKIcEIE 2

k

.t2kE@in K

Q@VK@LK@GN)

MGLE-XK_Ò


~ ~ F ^ K ^ Y ^ L ^ N ^ @ ^ V ^ E ^ B ^ K ^ F ^ K ^ _ ^ N ^ F ^ E ^ L ^ G ^ K ^ @ ^ V ^ n ^ s

^^

~ ~ l

~ ~

Velogç` fkok`

kstnr

mglpgns

km kbk, mn

inbn

y fklås pgkzes: esì

inln

kxk`tns fk

erk`n

fk

lnmfker

mes pgkzes fk

cu`fgigù`:

y mes supkrcgigks g`tkrgnrks fk

me iebe,

fkspuçs fk

me

mglpgkze, prnvgstes fk u`n inpn fk pg`ture fk prntkiigù` quk glpgfe km pnsgomk

fksprk`fglgk`tn fk pertìiumes fure`tk km cuìgnèlgk`tn.

K` mns esgk`tns fk mns rnqelgk`tns, snork km kbk y k`

mn

inbn, sk

fkok

qugter iugfefnsn-

lk`tk mns

prntkiign`ks

q'`tgnxgfe`tks y mq.s rkstns

fk pg`ture

( Cgaurn 9 ).

K` mns pgkzes tnr`kefes

dey

quk qugter mes ergstes y suevgzer mns ie`tns vgvns.

Arnsn prntkitnre

Xepkm glpkrlkeomk

Cgaure 9 - Xrntkiign`ks fk mns rnfelgk`tns

XGKREY

EFWEIK@VKY

E`tks

fkm

ln`tebk sk

fkok inlprnoer mn

kxeitgtuf fk fglk`sgn`ks k` tnfns mns pgkzes

quk cnrle` km in`bu`tn fkm snpnrtk

(Iebe

fk rnfelgk`tns ).

mns tnmkreìges

fkm

esgk`tn,

fgckrk`tks n mns

g`fgiefns, inbes `n rkfn`fes,

kbks r.n

rkfn`fns n supkrcgigks `n pkrpk`fgiumerks, in`fuik` n u`n fkstruiigù` prkleturn.

EB[YVKY

Xnrn km cuìgnèlgk`tn

inrrkitn

fk u`

rnfelgk`tn

ks

g`fgspk`seomk

km

iulpmglgk`tn

fkm

ebustk pern infe e`gmmn g`fgiefn k` km pme`n fk in`struiigù`.

Xnr prgìgpgn, elons

e`gmmns

fkm rnfelgk`tn fkok`

epnyersk

kcgiezlk`tk in`tre me

supkrcgigk

fkm

esgk`tn

y,

pnr in`sgaugk`tk, tk`kr u` ebustk inrrkitn.

Mns ebustks cukrtks in`fuik` n u` k`seìdelgk`tn fkm e`gmmn g`tkrgnr n n u` kstrkidelgk`tn

fkm kxtkrgnr, kstn ks, n u`n fgslgùigù` fkm b ukan

refgem.

Xnr tn`tn, km bukan refgem fkok kstnr

rkmeignèfn in` mns ebustks.



MGLE-XK_Ò

r

kIÅ@IN mg

.Qm5G@GLGK@V

8

~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ B ~



FKYLN@VEBK FK _NFELGK@VNY

IN@V_NM

FKM

EYGK@VN FKM _NFELGK@VN

n ) EYGK@VNY IGMÌ@F_GINY

Efklås

fkm lgirùlktrn

kxtkrgnr

k g`strulk`tn fk lkfgigù` fk kbks, iuyn fksvge-

igù` rksgfuem

sk

fkok in`trnmer in`ste`tklk`tk, sk utgmgzn km lgirùlktrn pnrn g`tkrgnrks

k` mn lkfgigù`

fk

eaubkrns.

K` prglkr muaer dny quk in`trnmer mns fgålktrns

fkm

kbk y

fk

mn inbn. Fkspuçs, sk

fkok`

rkvgsnr elons

esgk`tns in`

rkmeigù` e

me

in`gigfef y nvemgznigù`. Xnr mn

quk sk

fkok

lkfgr

km fgùlutrn

k`

fns

skiign`ks

fgckrk`tks y k` iuetrn pnsgign`ks iefn

vkz

(Cgaures

6 y ; ).

Cgaurn

6

o )

EYGK@VNY

IÙ@GINY

Xnrn mnarer u` esgk`tn inrrkitn fkm

e`gmmn

g`tkrgnr snork

km

kbk, ks

`kiksergn

quk

km

in`k0 fkm

luõù`

n

fkm

kbk ingìgfe`

kxeite-

lk`tk'

in` km in`n fkm eaubkrn

fkm

e`gmmn

g`tkrgnr. Km

in`n

fk mns e`gmmns fk rnfelgk`tn

kstå `nrlemgzefn ( 5 2 5? ). Xere mn lkfgigù`

fk

esgk`tns

iù`gins

sk

utgmgze,

ak`kremlk`tk,

iemgorks

iù`gins fk

e`gmmn

(

Cgaurn

3

).

me

ingìgfkìge

fkm in`n fkm kbk

in`

km in`n

fkm

iemgork

sk in`trnme pnr

me

dukmmn ( lerin } y mn

gìmgèigù`

fkm

in`n fkm

kbk

sk inrrgak deste

quk km iemgork sk esgk`tk u`gcnrlklk`tk k`

tnfn su eìdure.

Cgaurn ;

Cgaure 3



r

VKI@NMNAÌE KYXKIcEIE 2 "' kLÅ'mgIN mK tL@GK@GLmK@VN)

MGLE-XK_Ò

G@V_NF[IIGÙ@

EM LN@VEBK

W

^^^

^ K ^ Y ^ L ^ N ^ @ ^ V ^ ^ B ^ K ^ F ^ K ^ _ ^ N ^ F ^ ~ ^ G ^ K ^ @ ^ V ^ n ^ s

~ ~

~ ~

Km IEmK@VELGK@VN

Xern km ln`tebk

pnr

fgmeteigù`

sk

iemgk`te` mns

rnfelgk`tns

n mns

e`gmmns, ak`kremlk`tk

k`

oeõn

fk eikgtk, eskaure`fn esì

u`

iemk`telgk`tn

u`gcnrlk y uè tklpkreture

in`ste`tk

fk

48¸ k e 5nnn k (Låxgln

5?8¸

k ), `kiksergn pnrn tem cg`. K` km

cn`fn

fkm

rkigpgk`tk

sk inmnie uè

rkbgmme n tkme pere

quk

km rnfelgk`tn

`n sk

iemgk`tk

fksgauemlk`-

tk

k`

in`teitn in`

km cn`fn

y

pern kvgter

quk

mns

Glpurkzes fkm eikgtk,

fkpnsgtefes k`

km

cn`fn,

sk g`trnfuzie` k` km rnfelgk`tn ( Cgaurn 1 ).

Mns

nrns

y

rnfelgk`tns

k`tkrns sk pukfk`

inmaer k` km oeõn fk eikgtk. Fkspuçs fkm

iemk`telgk`tn

dny

quk m glpger

iugfefnsn-

lk`tk

mns supkrcgigks fkm rnfelgk`tn

pnrn

suprglgr

km eikgtk efdkrgfn ( Cgaurn 4 ).

Cgaure 1

Vnl

ogç` snork

u` dnr`n kmçitrgin pkqukõn

n k` u`

erlergn

fk

iemk`telgk`tn,

sk

pukfk` iemk`ter mns rnfelgk`tns. K` km

dnr`n

kmçitrgin

sk fkok

ieloger

vergns

vkiks mn

pnsgigù`

fkm rnfelgk`tn pere

quk

efqugkre

uè tklpkreture u`gcnrlk.

K` tnfns kstns prnikfglgk`tns ks

g`fgspk`-

seomk u` in`trnm

fk

mn

tklpkreture pnrn

kvgter

uè

fgslgùigù`

fkm

tklpmk pnr kcki-

tns fkm rkinigfn.

Cgaure 4

K`

iesn

fk

rnfelgk`tns vnmulg`nsns, sk

pukfk

k`crger

lkfge`tk `gkvk

ieroù`gie:

pkrn,

pere kvgter

quk

km letkrgem sk

deae

cråagm, me tklpkreture

`n

fkok onber fk

48¸ i.

mns rnfelgk`tns in` pmeies fk

prntkiigù`

semk` fk mes cåorgies kàrnsefns.

@n

fk-

ok` skr iemk`tefns pnrquk

sk

fgsgpn mn

arese, fnsgcgiefe kxeitelk`tk pnr km ce-

orgie`tk,

y pukfk`

fktkrgnrersk mes pmeies

fk

prntkiigù`.



VKI@NMNA(E KYXKI(EIE 2 k

nQDin

G G nQ6VK@LK@VN)

MGLE-XK_Ò

_NFELGK@VNY

FK ONMEY W _NFGMMNY

~ ~ ~ ~ K ± l

~ ~

Yn` snpnrtks

lkiå`gins ln`tefns

k` mns

kbks, quk in`sgstk` k` fns

e`gmmns

( nrns )

dkidns

fk

eikrn,

skperefns

pnr

dgmkrns

fk

ksckres ( onmns ) n

fk rnfgmmns igmì`frgins

n

iù`gins,

iklk`tefns y tklpmefns.

Kstns ksckres n

rnfgmmns,

mmelefns kmklk`-

tns rnfn`tks, sk le`tgk`k` kqugfgste`tks

pnr lkfgn fkm pnrteksckrns

(

beume

) n

pnrtnrt0f

gmmns pnrn quk `n

rnik` k`trk sì.

Yn` dkidns fk

eikrn,

lktemks

mgakrns y

deste fk pmåstgin.

Km e`gmmn kxtkrgnr sk

cg bn k` mn pgkze n k`

mn inbn fk inbg`ktk: y km

e`gmmn

g`tkrgnr

(

`òimkn

) ks ln`tefn fgrkitelk`tk em kbk

(

Cgaurn

5 ).

Cgaurn 5

Mes cgaures ?, 9 y 6 lukstre`

mn

skiigù` fk mns rnfelgk`tns ln`tefns k` mns kbks 2

Cgaure ? Cgaure 9 Cgaurn

6




"'

~ N Z5 LE@ K@LK@VN)

MGLE-XK_Ò

_NFELGK@VNY FK ONMEY W

_NFGMMNY r2-22'm

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -

~ ~ l ~ - ~

Iue`fn,

k` insns kspkigemks,

ks `kiksergn

ln`ter km

rnfelgk`tn

k` u`

kbk

sg`

mn

prkpereigù` prkvgn fk rkoebks ( tnpks ) n fk rnsins,

sk

efnptn em kbk

u`

leàugtn ( onig`n )

iù`gin

kmåstgin

y

rnsiefn

(

Cgaurn

;n ), quk

prnfuik

km ebustk fkm e`gmmn

g`tkr`n

( cgaurn

;o

) pnr lkfgn fk u`n tukrie fk cgbeigù` ( Cgaurn ;i ) y fk u`n ere`fkme fk skaurgfef

( Cgaurn ;f ) .

LE@A[GVN IÙ@GIN

n

- - - - ~ V m 2 / V L - e ` - a u . . . B g t n k ` m k ~

~ r n ` f k m n

_eùre

fk

me

mkàýkte quk sk

kìebe

k` me

reùre fk me tukrie

(n)

( o)

Cgaurn ;

Yk utmgzn` mns rnfelgk`tns, prgìgpemlk`tk,

pnrn fgslgùgr km rnzelgk`tn y km fksaestk

eulk`te`fn km

rk`fglgk`tn fkm

treoebn.

Mns

rnfelgk`tns

kstå`

kspkiìcgielk`tk

fk

eiukrfn in` mn lnrin fkm ceorgie`tk, km

`òlkrn fkm

rnfelgk`tn,

mns

lkfgfes fkm

kbk, km fgålktrn

g`tkr`n

( f ), km fgålktrn

kxtkr`n

( F ) y km eìdn ( M )

(Cgaurn

3

).

tukrie

(k)

(

f)

Cgaurn 3

Mns rnfelgk`tns

fkok`

tk`kr me

inpn,

km `òimkn

y

mns ksckres n

rnfgmmns rkitgcgiefns.

Iefe tgpn

fk

rnfelgk`tn

prksk`te iereitkrìstgies kspkigemks,

fk eiukrfn in`

mns

cgèmgfefks

fk su epmgieigù`

y kmklk`tns in`stgtuyk`tks.

Fk Onmes

_nfelgk`tns

Fk _nfgmmns

_ìagfn

(Cg bn)

In`teitn

eàumer

{

Fk 5 dgmkrn

Fk

?

dgmkrns

{

Fk 5 dgmkrn

Fk ? dgmkrns

Eutnrrkaumeomk ( E rùtume )

Exgem fk sglpmk kckitn

Exgem fk fnomk kckitn

Z

_ìagfn

(

Cgbn

)

Eutnrrkaumeomk

( E

rùtume

)

Iù`gin

Exgem



VKI@NMNAÌE KYXKI{_IE

2

( -KL IN K GL@BK@GLc@V8

MGLE-XK_Ò

_NFELGK@VNY

FK

ONMEY W

_NFGMMNY

AKC. JVK 9; )

4

_NFELGK@VNY

FK

ONMEY

Vgk`k`

me

iereitkrìstgie prgìgpem fk ceorgiersk pnrn skr snlktgfns e are`fks vkmnigfe-

fks, in` me leynr skaurgfef: puks km pkqukõn in`teitn fk sus ksckres ( onmes ) in` mes

pgstes fk

mns

e`gmmns g`tkrgnr

y

kxtkrgnr

rkfuik`,

kcgiezlk`tk, me crgiigù`

k`trk

sus

supkrcgigks

fk

in`teitn.

K`trk mns

tgpns prgìgpemks fk

rnfelgk`tns fk onmes, kìn`trelns mns sgaugk`tks 2

_NFELGK@VN _ÌAGFN FK [@E

DGMK_E

Vgk`k pgstes prncur:fis¡ sg` ieèm pern mn

k`trefe fk mes ksckres ( onmes ) . Xnskk

are`

iepeigfef

fk

ieran,

telogç`

k`

sk`tgfn exgem: pnr ksn, ks efkiuefn pnrn

rkigogr

ieraes

k`

tnfes fgrkiign`ks,

eu`

in` vkmnigfefks luy kmkvefns ( Cgaurn 1 ).

_NFELGK@VN

FK

IN@VEIVN E@A[ME_

FK [@E DgmK_E

Vgk`k mes pgstes

meorefes, fk le`kre

quk

me

mì`ke fk in`teitn, k`trk mns ksckres y mns

pgstns cnrlk in` km kbk u` åàumn eaufn.

Kstk

tgpn fk rnfelgk`tn

ks

g`fgiefn

pnrn

snpnrter

ieran

exgem rkmetgvelk`tk are`-

fk (

Cgaure

4 ).

_NFELGK@VN

FK

IN@VEIVN E@A[-

ME_ FK

FNY DgmK_EY

Vgk`k mes pgstns

kbkiutefns,

fk cnrln quk

mes mì`kes fk fgrkiigù` fkm in`teitn fk mes

ksckres kstç`, in` rkspkitn n mns pu`tns

fkm kbk, rkmetgvelk`tk

fgsteìgefes mn u`n

fk

mn

ntre.

Ynlktgfn e ierans

exgemks,

rkfuik mns

cmkxgn`ks

fkm

kbk n mìlgtks luy bustns.

Xrkigselk`tk

pnr

ksn, km usn fk kstk tgpn

fk rnfelgk`tn kstå g`fgiefn pnrn insns

kspkigemks

(

Cgaurn

7 )

Cgaure 1

II*VEIVN

IEgtgE

ETGEm.

-------

Cgaure 4

Cgaure 7

ETGEM

-



r

" ~

DQgmkmLK@VNB

KI@NMNA(E KYXKI(EIE 2

_NFELGK@VNY FK ONMEY

W

_NFGMMNY

MGLE-XK_Ò

~ D V K

9; B4

'------------------------------------------

_NFELGK@VN

E[VN__KA[MEOMK

( E rùtume )

Ks

u` rnfelgk`tnqukpkrlgtkkmemg`kelgk`tn

fkm kbk.

Km

e`gmmn

g`tkrgnr prksk`te fns

ieèmks

y me

supkrcgigk

g`tkrè fkm

e`gmmn kxtkrgnr kstå

rkfn`fkefn. Fkogfn n kstn, mns ksckres y

km e`gmmn g`tkrgnr pukfk`

fkspmezersk

fkm

ik`trn, verge`fn eutnlåtgielk`tk

mt.

t2-n-

ykitnrge

fk

rnteigù` k` km e`gmmn kxtkrgnr,

fk lnfn quk

pukfn

inlpk`ser iuemqugkr

fkspmnlgk`tn

k`trk km

kbk

y km

ik`trn

fk mn

iebe

fkm inbg`ktk

(

Cgaure

5 N ) .

_I)NELGK@VN

ETGEM

FK YGLXMK

KCKIVN

In`ste

fk uè

dgmkre

fk ksckres

intniefes

k`trk fns e`gmmns: u`n cgbn, epnyefn em kbk:

y km

ntrn,

em snpnrtk.

Kstk tgpn fk rnfelgk`tn, mmelefn telogç`

fk

klpubk,

rksgstk snmelk`tk

ieraes

exgemks k` u` snmn sk`tgfn ( Cgaure 55 )

_NFELGK@VN ETGEM

FK

FNOMK

KCKIVN

Kstå

prnvgstn fk

fns

dgmkres fk

ksckres,

uè pere

iefe

fgrkiigù` fk ierae: y fk

trks e`gmmn2s,

fk

mns iuemks

km fkm

ik`trn

ks

agretnrgn.

Kstk

rnfi:lgk`tn

kstå fkstgèfn n rkigogr

ierans exgemks k` elons sk`tgfns (Cgaure

5?

).

----

--

IE@EMKY

Y[X _,.IGK

. . . ~ . . . ^ ^ [FN@FK2EFE

Cgaurn 5N

mk••••

t

ETGE.¡,

Cgaurn

55

Cgaurn 5?



VKI@NMNA(E KYXKI(_IE 2 .., kI N

K LXLK@LK@VN)

MGLE-XK_Ò

_NFELGK@VNY FK ONMEY W _NFGMMNY r2-25

~ ~ ± ~ . l

~ B ~

_NFELGK@VNY

FK

_NFGMMNY

Vgk`k`

mn iereitkrìstgin prgìgpem

fk

ceorgiersk pnrn

skr snlktgfns n

ierans refgemks

pksefns.

Fkogfn

em

fgskõn

fk

sus

rnfgmmns

snpnrte` ierans

fk

are` tn`kmebk, fk

edì

quk

sk

fkstg`k`

n skr

ln`tefns k` låqugès melgèfnres, trgturefnres y

ntrns

lequgèrges

pksefns.

K`trk mns

tgpns

prgìgpemks

fk

rnfelgk`tns fk

rnfgmmns,

kìn`trelns mns sgaugk`tks 2

_NFELGK@VN _ÌAGFN FK [@E DGMKjE

mns rnfgmmns

fk

kstk

r n ~ n l k ` t n

kstå`

auge-

fns pnr ieèmks k` u`n

fk

gns

e`gmmns.

Kstn

cnrln

pkrlgtk

em

rnfelgk`tn

u`

fkspmezn-

lgk`tn exgem, fk`trn

fk igkrtns

mìlgtks,

k`trk

km

kbk

y

mn inpn

fk inbg`ktks.

Yk

klpmkn pnrn ierans refgemks

rkmetgvn-

lk`tk

are`fks

y in` kmkvefn

rnteigù`.

Yg km

rnfelgk`tn

tgk`k ieèmks auìes k` mns

fns

e`gmmns, pukfk

agrer km

kbk

k` sk`tgfn

exgem,

iue`fn ske` g`sga`gcgie`tks mns ier-

ans

exgemks

(

Cgaurn

59 ).

_NFELGK@VN E[VN__KA[MEYMK

( E rùtumn )

Esì

inln

km

nutnrrkaumnomk

fk ksckres,

kstk

rnfelgk`tn

sk

klpmkn iue`fn

ks `k-

iksergn u`n inlpk`seigù`

fk pkqukõns

gìmgèign`ks

fkm

kbk.

Vgk`k mn iereitkrìstgin

fk snpnrter

are`-

fks ierans

refgemks, eu`

n emtns

vkmnigfe-

fks (

Cgaure

56

)

_NFELGK@VN ETGEM

K` rnfelgk`tns

fk

kstk tgpn, mns

rnfgmmns

kstå` fgspukstns k` pnsgigù` nomgiun, auge-

fns pnr u` rksemtk fk mn pgstn lùvgm fkm

e`gmmn supkrgnr y agre`fn k`

in`teitn

in`

mn

supkrcgigk rkfn`fkefn

fk mn pgstn

cgbn.

Kstk

rkfn`fknlgk`tn pkrlgtk

km

emg`kn-

lgk`tn n utklåtgin inrrkitn y pukfk sn-

pnrter

ierans kmkvefns, exgemks y refgemks

(

Cgaurn

5;

).

Cgaurn 59

Cgaurn

56

IE@EM

k[GE

5

E_tE

t

_EFGEM

Y[XK_CGIGK

_KFN@FKEFE

m iEEtE

tETGEM

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g

n2<MMN

.....^

IE_kE

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Cgaurn 5;



,

"' ( GKÌDIN G[QmgK@LK@VN)

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'-------------------------------------------'

_NFELGK@VN

IÙ@GIN

mns

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kstå`

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nomgiuelk`tk, pnr

mn quk sn` kspkigemlk`-

tk eprnpgefns

pnrn rkigogr, em

lgsln tgkl-

pn,

ierans

refgemks

y ierans

exgemks k`

u`

snmn

sk`tgfn.

Kstk rnfelgk`tn ks fksln`teomk.

Km

e`gmmn

g`tkrgnr,

in`

mns rnfgmmns, y km

e`gmmn

kxtkrgnr

sk

ln`te` skpnrefilt)`tk ( Cgaurn

53 ).

_NFELGK@VN

FK

EA[BEY

Vem in.ln mns ntrns

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ò`n

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in`

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igemlk`tk

fn`fk km

kspeign

refgem ks mglg-

tefn

(

Cgaure

51 ).

Kxgstk`

rnfelgk`tns fk eaubes in`

km

e`g-

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y

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n sg`

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me leynr

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k`

km

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tgk`k` u`n

re`ure pnrn

u`

e`gmmn fk k`inbk.

Ierae

exgem

----....

b

Ierae

t refgem

Cgaurn 53

Cgaurn 51

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g`tkrgnr



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584

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n

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r

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n

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m

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n

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n 63

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n 63

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n ;1

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n

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)

mns vemnrks

inrrkspn`fk` e

mes

iemmfefX.s ; Ù

1

.,.

sn` in`s5fkrefnk

inln vemnrks låxglns

pere me

nvemgzeigù`

y

in`gi,fef.



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n

VKI@NMNA(E

KYXKI(EIE 2

.., k.KLGIN K LE@5K@LK@VN)

VEOMEY FK

FK@NLG@EIGÙ@, YK_GKY W

VNMK_E@IGEY XE_E KBKY W _ N F E L G K @ V N Y ~

(_KC.DVK

93

BO

VEOME

GS ±

VNMK_E@IGEY XE_E _NFELGK@VNY _EFGEMKY

FK ONMEY W FK _NFGMMNY XE_E

KBKY

XE_E

KBKY

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b; j;

l;

u3

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M(,.,,.

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Mc,.•tt

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[ t ~ ~ g t k

MÌlgtk Mclgtk

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f

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trfkrtnr

suptrtnr

t`ctrtnr

~ k ` n r •`ctr•nr

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3

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k n r ~ I J

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luy

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m.

YN

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pukfk

ln`ti`k

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sk

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iemgk`te

.,

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555

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t g t

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XE_E EMNBELGK@VNY

(IEBEY)

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tk

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t g . . . U5rn

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n

e.s.n

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lås knr`kt5mts

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r

VKI@NMNAcE

KYXKIcEIE 2 "

k.KÕgIN 82 L@l'DLK@GN)

MGLE-XK_Ò

X_K@YEY LE@[EMKY

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ - l ~ L ~ ) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ l u ~

Me

prk`sn lnùnm

ks

uè låqugè fk in`struiigù` sglpmk y cukrtk,

utgmgzefe

k` mns

temmkrks lki3`gins pnrn ln`ter y fksln`ter, fk

sus

emnbelgk`tns, in¡g`ktks, rnfelgk`tns

y ntrns tgpns quk `kiksgte` fk

kìebk

n eBustk e prksgù` (Cgaures 5y ? ). Kstå in`stgtugfe

fk

u` iukrpn fk dgkrrn

n eikrn cu`fgfn

y

fk u`

tnr`gmmn

ik`trem n irklemmkre

eiignèfn

pnr u`n pemeìe quk pkrlgtk km lnvglgk`tn vkrtgiem.

Cgaure 5 Cgaure ?

Vgpns fk prk`ses

Mns

prk`ses leùemks pukfk` skr in` tukrie y tnr`gmmn (

Cgaute

? )

n fk irklemmkre y

kàreèbk

( Cgaurn

5 ).

Iereitkrìstgies

Yk

iereitkrgze` pnr km tgpn fk cuìgnèlgk`tn

y mn ieran

låxgle quk kbkrik` fk eiukrfn in` km fgålktrn fkm tnr`gmmn

n

lùfumn

fkm

kàreèbk.

In`fgign`ks fk usn

Fkok` skr muorgiefes pkrgùfgielk`tk y utgmgzefns fk le`krn

quk su kscukrzn sk

epmgquk k`

km ik`trn fkm tnr`gmmn ik`trem n

irklemmkre.

In`skrveigù`

Kvgter idnquks

y

`n snlktkrmes n kscukrzns iue`fn `n kstå`

k`

usn.



MGLE-

XK_Ò

YK_GKY

r

~ n mK '-QGVK@LK@G[)

N@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMÙAGINY

EXMGIEFNY 2

X_NA_KYGN@KY E_GVLÇVGIEY

(_KC. DIVE 98)

4

Kbklpmns2

)

?,

6,

3,

4,

5

n .............................. .

?}

?;,?85;,58,;

..........................

9 ) 5565 535

365

?

;3

.........................

6)

45,?1,7 ,9

................................

Noskrvklns k` km prglkr kbklpmn quk iefe tçrlg`n, fkspuçs

fkm prglkrn, ks

gauem

em e`tkrgnr

lås

?.

K` km

skau`fn,

vklns

quk iefe

tçrlg`n, fkspuçs

fkm prglkrn,

ks

gauem em e`tkrgnr

lk`ns

;.

K` me tkrikrn suiksgù`,

iefe

tçrlg`n, fkspuçs

fkm

prglkrn, ks

gauem em e`tkrgnr lumtgpmgiefn pnr

6.

K` mn òmtgln suiksgù`, iefe tçrlg`n, fkspuçs fkm prglkrn, ks

gauem em e`tkrgnr

fgvgfgfn k`trk

9.

@n sgklprk

mns skrgks sk cnrle`

pnr

mn

suln, rkstn,

lumtgpmgieigù`

n

fgvgsgù`

in`

u`

`òlkrn, sg`n

quk nokfkik

e

prg`igpgns

fgvkrsns.

Skelns

emau`ns

kbklpmns 2

5) 3 ,6 ,4 ,3 ,58 ,4 ,5? ,58 .............. .

?)

9,

?, 3,

;,

5?,

555

?6,

?9

............

..

9)

e,

5,

o,

?,

k,

9, f, 6

.....................

.

6) ?,

9,

6, 3,

1, 4,

54, 57,

?8 ...........

.

Kstns òmtglns sk

utgmgze`

luidn k`

prukoes

sgintçi`gins,

quk

de` emie`zefn are` euak

k` mns òmtglns tgklpns.

X_NA_KYGN@KY

Yn` skrgks

quk sk

iereitkrgze`

pnr

kstnr

rkagfns pnr

prg`igpgns fk

sule, rkste,

lumtgpmgieigù`

n fgvgsgù`.



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY

2


kcÅGGNN [Qm LtK@rnB

(_KC. DIVE 98)4

X_NA_KYGN@KY

E_GVLÇVGIEY

@nteigù`

Ks

tnfe

skrgk k` me quk iefe tçrlg`n sk-notgk`k

sule`fn emakornginlk`tk

em

tçrlg`n e`tkrgnr

u`n ie`tgfef in`ste`tk

mmelefn

rezù`.

- Km sga`` fk me

prnarksgù`

ergtlçtgie ks + quk sk mkk

"inln"

± K`trk tçrlg`n

y

tçrlg`n

sk

inmnie

u` pu`tn ( . } ,

quk

sk

mkk • ks n •

K¡klpmns2

e ) + 5. ;.

7. 59

...........................

.

e iefe tçrlg`n

sk

mk sule E

o ) +

;8. 68. 98. ?8 .....................

e iefe tçrlg`n sk mk sule -

5N

IÅMI[MN FK ME _ERÙ@

Xere iemiumer mn rnzù`

sk

rkstn nmakorngielk`tk

n u` tçrlg`n iuemqugkre km

e`tkrgnr

e) + ;.4 .55 .56 .51

....................

.

rnzù` 2 55

- ( 4 ) •

55

- 4 • 9.

o )

+

98.

?;. ?8. 5;

rnzù`

2 ?;

- ( 98 ) •

?; - 98

• ±

;

k) +

-? . -3 . -58. -56 ................... .

rezù` 2 - 3 ± ( - ? } • • 3

+

? • ± E.

f ) + ± 3. - 9. N. 9. 3 ...................... .

rnzù` 2' - 9 - ( 3 ) • - 9

+

3 •

9.



IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMÙAGINY

EXMGIEFNY 2

~ ~ Z ~

X_NA_KYGN@KY _ G V L ~ V G I Y

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

X_NA_KYGN@KY

E_GVLÇ55IEY I_KIGK@VKY

W

FKI_KIGK@VKY

K¡klpmns2

K¡klpmns

[`e prnarksgù` ergtlçtgie ks irkigk`tk

iue`fn

su

rezù` ks u` `òlkrn pnsgtgvn

n )

+

3. 7. 5?

............... ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

rezù`

2 7 - ( 3 ) • 7 - 3 • 9

o) + -5.6.

-7. -6.

5 .................... .

rezù` 2 • 7 • ( • 5.6 ) • - 7 +

5.6

• ;

[`e prnarksgù` ergtlçtgie ks

fkirkigk`tk

iue`fn

su

rnzù`

ks u`

`òlkrn `kaetgvn

e )

+ ?3.

53. 3.

-E ........................

rnzù` 2 53 - ( ?3 ) • 53 -

?3

• ± 5N

o)

+

-5.-?,;.-6.-;,;

................ .

rnzù` 2 - ?,; - ( - 5 ) < ± ?,; + 5 << - 5,;

I.ÅMI[MN FKM ÒMVGLN VÇ_LG@N

KB

òmtgln

tçrlg`n ( u ) fk u`n prnarksgù`

ergtlçtgin ks gauem em prglkrn { n), lås

km prnfuitn fk me rnzù` ( r )

pnr

km

`,ò-

lkrn

fk tçrlg`ns (

` )

lk`ns

u`n

u<n+(`-m)r

Xrnomkles± rksukmtns 2

5 )

De55er

km nitevn tçrlg`n fk me sgaugk`tk prnarksgù` ergtlçtgin 2

Ynmuigù` 2

+ 1 2 5?. 2 51 ......... ......... .

n <

1

r

<

5?

- 1

<

;

` < 4

u<n+(`-m)r

u<1+(4-m);

u < 1 + 9;



MGLE-

XK_Ò


k-CÅ'GNN

mK

L @ G K @ L ~


(_KC.DIVE 98)4

? ) Dnmmer

km

58¸ tçrlg`n

fk

mn prnarksgù` ergtlçtgin 2

+ m.

9. ; .................. .

Ynmuigù` 2

n

<

5

u<n+(`-5)r

r

<

9 - 5

<

? u < + ( 58-5 } ?

`

<

58

u <

+

(7)

?

u

<

>

u < + 54

_kspukstn 2

5u

< 57

m

9 ) Dnmmer km òmtgln tçrlg`n fk u`n prnarksgù` ergtlçtgin fk 63

tçrlg`ns,

sg km

prglkrn ks 588

y

mn rnzù` -

9.

Ynmuigù` 2

n <588

r < -

9

` < 63

u < >

u<

n + { ` - 5 ) r

u <588 + {63- 5 ) (- 9)

u< 588 +

(6;) ( -9)

u < 588 - 59;

_kspukstn 2 5u <- 9; 5

6) Dnmmer km 54¸ tçrlg`n fk me prnarksgù` ergtlçtgie 2

Ynmuigù` 2

+ 6. -

3 ........... ........ .

e

<

6

r < -

3-

{6) < -3-

6

<- 5N

` < 58

u < >

;) Demmer

km

5;¸ tçrlg`n

fk

2

Ynmuigù` 2

+

?

9

e

<

55

5?

55 ? 9 5

r< - - -<-<-

5? 9 5? .6

` < 5;

u <

>

u<e+(`-m)r

u<

6

+ (54-5 )(-58)

u < 6 + ( 5 1 ) ( - 5 8 )

u < 6 - 518

_kspukstn

2

5

u < -

533

5

u<e+(`-5)r

? 5

u<

9

+(5;-5) - ¡

? 5

[<-+(56)-

9

6

u

<5^+^}^

9 6 ,-----,




i . K I ~ @ k n

G G

Q@GK@LK@VN)

MGLE- XK_Ò

X_NA_KYGN@KY

E_GVLÇVGIEY

(:

)

~ c c D I ~

98

IÅMI[MN

FK

"

n ", "

`

" y "

r

"

In`nigk`fn mn cùrlume cu`felk`tem pere demmer km

òmtgln tçrlg`n,

ks

pnsgomk fkspkber mns ntrns kmk-

lk`tns.

Esì2

5

n<

u - (`-m)r

- - ± -u-e-+r

5

`

<

r

u -

e

` -

5

Xrnomkles rksukmtns

5)

Iemiumer km `òlkrn fk tçrlg`ns fk mn prnarksgù` ergtlçtgie

+ 4. 55. ...................

66

Ynmuigù` 2

e

<

4

r

<

55

- 4

<

9

`

<

66

u

<

>

u-

e+

r

`

<

r

66-

4 + 9

`

<

` <

97

9

9

_kspukste 2 b

`

< 595

?) Km prglkr tçrlg`n fk u`e prnarksgù` ergtlçtgie ks -

?

9

y km

1¸ tçrlg`n

9

Demmer me rnzù` 2

6

Ynmuigù` 2

?

e

<

9

9

u

<

6

`

<

1

r

<

>

r <

u - n

` -

5

-

( - ~ )

r <^ ^ ^^,^^^^^.^

1 - 5

5

r

< -

5

3

?

<

.....,..^..^5 .^^^

5? T 3



M G L E - XK_Ò

r


.. k.lg@in

G2K LE@GK@LK@VN)

X_NA_KYGN@KY E_GVLçVGIEY

(_KC. DIVE 98B4

9 )

¾

Iuåm

ks

km fçigln tçrlg`n fk u`n prnarksgù` ergtlçtgin,

iuyn prglkr tçrlg`n ks ; y mn rnzù` ±

1

>

Ynmuigù` 2

+ ; ........... ......... .. .

n < ;

`

<

58

r

<

-1

u < >

u<e+(`-5)r

u < ; + ( 5n- 5 )

(-

1)

u < ;

+

(7)

( -1 )

u

<

; -

39

_kspukste

2 5u < - ;4 5

6) ¾ Iuåm ks km

prglkr

tçrlg`n fk u`n prnarksgù` ergtlçtgin sg

km òmtgln tçrlg`n

ks

3;,

km

`òlkrn fk tçrlg`ns ks 53 y mn

rnzù` ks 6>

Ynmuigù` 2

+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53

u <

3;

`

<

53

r <

6

e <

>

e <

u-(`-m)r

e

<

3;

- (

53 - 5 )

6

n <

3;-

(

5;)

6

e < 3; - 38

_kspukstn 2

5

n

< ; 5

;

) ¾

Iuå`tns lòmtgpmns

fk 3 dey k`trk ?1

y

94; > Km prglkr

lòmtgpmn fk

3,

leynr quk

?1, ks 98

y km òmtgln lòtgpmn fk

3,

lk`nr quk

94;, ks 946 2

Ynmuigù` 2

+ 6. - 3 ................... .

e <

98

u< 946

r < 3

` < >

u - n + r

` <- - - -

r

946-

98 +

3

` <-----

3

938

`

<-

3

` < 38



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMÙAGINY

EXMGIEFNY 2

"' ~ rK GL@GK@LK@VN)

MGLE- XK_Ò

X_NA_KYGN@KY E_GVLçVGIEY

~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ ~

LKFGNY E_GVLÇVGINY

Esì2

Yk

fk`nlgè` lkfgns ergtlçtgins n mns

tçrlg`ns

inlprk`fgfns k`trk km prglkr y òmtgln tçrlg`ns

fk

u`n

prnarksgù` ergtlçtgin.

'+ 9. 1. 55. 5;. 57. ? 9. ?1./

Lkfgns

ergtlçtgins

Mns tçrlg`ns 1, 55, 5;, 57 y ?9 sn` mns lkfgns ergtlçtgins

k`trk 9 y ?1.

G@VK_XNMEIGÙ@

G`tkrpnmer

lkfgns ergtlçtgins ks fktkrlgèr mns

tçrlg`ns fk u`n prnarksgù` quk sk kìuk`tre`

k`trk fns tçrlg`ns

fefns.

Xnrn

pnfkr

fktkrlgèr mns tçrlg`ns

ks `kiksergn, prglkrn, iem-

iumer mn rnzù`,

pnr

mn quk epmgielns 2

r -

Xrnomkles rksukmtns

u - n

` -

5 ) G`tkrpnmer ; lkfgns ergtlçtgins k`trk 4 y - 582

+ 4 .................. -

5

n

Ynmuigù` 2

n

<

4

u < - 58

`

<

;+?<1

r <

u - n

` - 5

-58 - (4 )

-58 -4

-54r

<

1-

5

< - 3 - < -3-

Yule`fn mn rnzù` n infn tçrlg`n, notk`klns2

4 + ( 9 ) < ;

; + ( -9) < ?

? + ( -9 ) < 5

-5

+ (

-9

)

<<

-6

-6 + ( -9 ) < 1



IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMÙAGINY

EXMGIEFNY 2 kLÅ@IN G G

L@GK@LK@VN)

MGLE- XK_Ò

X_NA_KYGN@KY _ G V L ~ V G I Y

i22 m

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ e

e n ~

Y[LE

FK

[@E X_NA_KYGÙ@

E_GVLÇVGIE

Xnrn iemiumer mn suln fk mns tçrlg`ns fk u`e prnarksgù` ergtlçtgie epmgielns 2

Xrnomkles rksukmtns

(e+u)`

?

5 )

Dnmmer me suln fk mns

5N

tçrlg`ns fk u`e prnarksgù`

ergtlçtgin, iuyn prglkr tçrlg`n ks 9 y km òmtgln ?5

Ynmuigù` 2

n

<

u

<

`

<

Y <

9

?5

58

>

Y< (e+u)`

?

Y <

(9

+ ?5) 5N

?

Y < (

?6)

5N

?

_kspukste

2

5Y

<

5?85

? )

Dnmmer

me sule fk mns

59

prglkrns tçrlg`ns fk 2

+ 6?,;. 65

................ ... .

Ynmuigù` 2

Iemiumelns km òmtgln tçrlg`n 2

n • 6?,;

` •

59

r < 65± 6?,; < 5 ;

u

<

>

u <

u•e+(`±5)r

u •

6?,;

+ (

59

. 5 ) (

±5

,;

)

u

<

6?,;

+ ( 5? ) (

±5 ,Y )

u < 6?,; . 54

u <

?6,;

Epmgielns ednre mn cùrlume

fk

me sule 2

Y< (n+u)`

?

Y

< (

6?,;

+

?6,; } 5 9

?



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY


_NRELGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

( Ieuses, kckitns, ceitnrks y

inkcgigk`tk

fk rnzelgk`tn)

IN@IKXVN

Ygklprk quk mn

supkrcgigk fk

u`

iukrpn

sk

fksmgzn snork

mn

fk ntrn, sk irkn u`n cukrzn

quk sk npn`k n kstk

fksmgzelgk`tn

y tgk`fk n

crkèrmn ( Cgaurn 5 ). Kstn cukrzn sk fk`nlg`n

rnzelgk`tn.

Mn cukrzn fk rnzelgk`tn telogç` sk prksk`tn

iue`fn

`n dny

lnvglgk`tn:

esì, pukfk `n skr

sucgigk`tk u`n cukrzn pnrn fksmgzer snork km

pgsn

n u`

iukrpn,

pnr

ieusn

fkm

rnzelgk`tn

quk vkìk n mn cukrzn epmgiefn, le`tk`gç`fnsk

km

iukrpn

k` rkpnsn.

IMEYKY

FK _NRELGK@VN

Dny

? cnrles fk

rnzelgk`tn

2

n ) _nzelgk`tn kståtgin 2

Ks km fk mns iukrpns k` rkpnsn. Xnrn

fksmgzer

u` iukrpn snork u`n

supkrcgigk

ks `kiksergn,

prglkrn,

vkìkr

kstk

rnzelgk`tn

(Cgaurn

? ).

o ) _nzelgk`tn ig`çtgin 2

Ks

km fk mns

iukrpns

k` lnvglgk`tn. Vgk`fk n

crkèr km lnvglgk`tn ( Cgaurn 9 ).

Km

rnzn lgk`tn kståtgin ks leynr quk km

rnzelgk`tn

ig`çtgin,

n skn quk pnrn

g`giger

km

lnvglgk`tn

fk u`

iukrpn,

ks `kiksergn

epmgier

leynr cukrzn quk pnrn le`tk`kr km iukrpn k`

lnvglgk`tn.

IE[YEY FKM _NRELGK@VN

Mns

supkrcgigks fk

mns

iukrpns, pnr

luy

pumglk`tefns

quk sk

kìuktrk`, prksk`te`

lgirnsiùpgins

ruansgfefks

y

areùmeign`ks

(

Cgaurn 6 ).

Iue`fn sk pn`k`

fns supkrcgigks k`

in`teitn,

sus

pnrtks

" semgk`tks " y

sus

"

fkprksgn`ks

"

kxpkrglk`te`

igkrtn

einpmelgk`tn,

mn

quk

k

cÅ@rn OQmgK@Lk6VN)

(_KC.DIVE 95)4

Cgaurk 5

Cgaurn 9

Cgaurn 6



IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMÙAGINY

EXMGIEFNY

2

k

IE@in G mn.QmgK@LNNN

B

_NRELGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

(

Ieuses,

kckitns, ceitnrks y

( B

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - i - ~ ~ c t ~ i ^ m ~ ~ t ^ k ^ f ~ k - ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ m k ^ ` ^ t ^ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ `

Ykaò` km ninon±fn

fk.

mns supkrcgigks, km

tgpn

fk letkrgem

y

mn prksgù` k`trk kmmns, kstk einpmelgk`tn pukfk skr fk leynr

prncu`fgfef

y `òlkrn,

fe`fn

muaer n u` " k`selomk "iesg

pkrckitn, mn quk

prnfuik u`n

are`

rksgstkìge em

fksmgzelgk`tn fk mns supkrcgi gks ( Cgaurn ; n y o ).

Mn cukrzn fk

rnzelgk`tn ks

mn rkqukrgfn pnrn vkìkr kstn

g`cg`gfef fk lgirnsiùpgins noståiumns, snorkpeså`fnmns

n

rnlpgç`fnmns.

KCKIVNY FKM _NRELGK@VN

K`

km cuìgnèlgk`tn fk u`n låqugè, km rnzelgk`tn

in`sulk pnrtk fk mn k`kraìe quk sk

pgkrfk

k` cnrln fk

inmnr. In`sgaugk`tklk`tk, fgslgùyk

km

rk`fglgk`tn y,

bu`tn in` km fksaestk quk

niesgnè`

mns pgkzes, kmkvn km

instn fkm cuìgn`nl gk`tn. K` kstk insn, rnzn lgk`tn ks

u`

kmklk`tn pkrbufgigem ( Cgaurn 3 ). ±

Yk

,rkfuik in`sgfkreomklk`tk km rnzelgk`tn lkfge`tk km

klpmkn fk

muorgie`tks,

rnfgmmns y inbg`ktks fk letkrgemks

kspkigemks.

5

rnzelgk`tn dnik quk mns imevns y tnr`gmmns pkrle`kzie`

cgbns. Mn tre`slgsgù`

fk

lnvglgk`tns pnr lkfgn fk cnbes n

kloreauks ks

pnsgomk

areiges

em

rnzelgk`tn ( Cgaurn

1

).

K` mns mme`tns quk glpumse` u` inrrn, k` mns zepetns fk mns

crk`ns y eu` k` km

ielgèr,

km rnzelgk`tn ks `kiksergn. K`

kstns iesns, km

rnzelgk`tn

ks

u`

kmklk`tn òtgm,

pnr

mn quk

sk

ousie notk`kr km

låxgln

vemnr lkfge`tk km klpmkn fk

letkrgemks

efkiuefns

( Cgaurn 4 ).

Cgaure ;

Cgaure 3

Cgaure

1

Cgaure 4



MGLE-

XK_Ò

IN@NIGLGK@VNY


_NRELGK@VN

( Ieuses, kckitns, ceitnrks

y

inkcgigk`tk fk rnzelgk`tn )

CEIVN_KY

U[K

FKVK_LG@E@

KM

_NRELGK@VN

m.

Yg snork

u`n supkrcgigk dnrgzn`tem sk fksmgzn u`

pksn,

sk rkqugkrk u`n fktkrlgèfn cukrzn: sg

sk

fupmgin km pksn, mn

cukrzn

sk fupmgin:

sg

sk

55.

trgpmgie km pksn, mn

cukrzn

sk trgpmgin, kti. ( CG-

aures 7 y 58 ).

Mukan, km

rnzelgk`tn

ks fgrkitelk`tk prnpnr-

ignèm e me cukrze `nrlem, quk ks

pkrpk`fgiumer

e mes

supkrcgigks k` in`teitn.

Yg snork u`n supkrcgigk dnrgzn`tem sk fksmgze`

iukrpns fk

gauem

pksn, pkrn fk susteìges

fgckrk`tks, pnrn infe u`n fk kmmns sk

rkqugkrk

u`n

fktkrlgèfn

cukrze fgckrk`tk

fk mes fklås.

Kstn sga`gcgie quk km

rnzelgk`tn fkpk`fk fk

me

èturemkze fk mes susteìges k` in`teitn.

Yk noskrve telogç`

quk,

iue`fn mns

iukrpns

k` in`teitn sn` fk u`n lgsln susteìgn, km

rnzelgk`tn

ks leynr

quk

iue`fn sk

trnte

fk

susteìges

fgckrk`tks(

Cgaures

55

y

5?

).

555. Mns supkrcgigks åspkrns y pnrnsns

kxpkrglk`te`

leynr

rnzelgk`tn

quk

mes mgsns y pumglk`tefns ( Cgaures 59 y 56 ):

mukan, ks ceitnr glpnrte`tk k` km

rnzelgk`tn

km eieoefn fk mes

supkrcgigks.

Yk

fkok tk`kr k`

iuk`tn, efklås, sg

mns

supkrcgigks

kstå`

skins n muorgiefns.

Cgaurn 59

Cgaurn

56

' k

LÕGIN

OQGGK@LK@VN)

I_KC.

DIVE

95)

4

Cgaurn 7

Cgaurn

5N

Cgaurn

5?



MGLE- XK_Ò

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EX[IEFNY 2

..,

( r.t2r.E@in

mK

t.Q`g@LK@gmm)

_NRELGK@VN

~ - - - ^ i ^ e ^ u ^ • ^ • ^ , ^ k ^ ~

^

^ . ^ , ^ ~ ^ ± ^ t ^ n ^ @ ^ • ^ W ~ - - ~ ± ~ ~ ~ B . ~

inkcgigk`tk fk rnzelgk`tn ) ..,

m2

^

i22B

GS.

Yg

snork uè supkrcgigk dnrgzn`tem

sk

fksmgze` iukrpns fk uè lgsle susteìge

y fk gauem pksn, pkrn in` fgckrk`tks

årkes fk supkrcgigk

k`

in`teitn,

km

rnzelgk`tn

( Cgaure 5; )

ks

gauem

pere

tnfns kmmns, ks

fkigr

quk mn leynr. n

lk`nr supkrcgigk k` in`teitn n eckitn em

rnzelgk`tn. ±

K` rksulk`, pnfklns kxprkser 2

Cgaure

5;

m.

Km rnzelgk`tn ks fgrkitelk`tk prnpnrignèm e me cukrze

`nrlem, quk

ks

pkrpk`fgiumer e mes supkrcgigks

k`

in`teitn.

?. Km rnzelgk`tn fkpk`fk fk me èturemkze fk mes suste`-

iges

k`

in`teitn.

9.

Km

rnzelgk`tn

fkpk`fk fkm

eieoefn

fk mes supkrcgigks

y fk su kstefn ( Ykin n muorgiefn ).

6. Km

rnzelgk`tn

ks

g`fkpk`fgk`tk fkm årke fk mes supkr-

cgigks k` in`teitn.

Mes

ieuses fkm rnzelgk`tn prksk`te` eò` luides G`tkrrnae`tks y

su kstufgn ncrkik u` ielpn G`tkrkse`tk fk m`vkstmaeim3`.

Mns

ceitnrks equì in`sgfkrefns y mes kiueign`ks quk fk kmmns sk

pme`tke`

`n sn` rgaurnselk`tk kxeitns, pnr

mn

quk `n tgk`k`

ietkanrìe fk " mky cìsgin ". Esì, km rnzelgk`tn verìn eman in` me

vkmnigfef,

pkrn, pern

sglpmgcgier

supn`frklns quk ks

g`fkpk`fgk`tk

fk kmmn. Velogç` fkiglns quk km rnzelgk`tn ks

g`fkpk`fgk`tk

fkm 3rkn fk in`teitn: sg` kloeran,

k` rkemgfef

fns supkrcgigks cìsgiees sùmn sk tnie` k` u` `òlkrn rkmetgvelk`tk

pkqukõn fk pnrtks semgk`tks. mn vkrfefkrn supkrcgigk fk in`teitn

fgcgkrk luidn fkm årke tntem.



IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMÙAGINY

EXMGIEFNY

2

( JrgDrn G[Qcmg'@LK@VNB

_NRELGK@VN

( Ieuses, kckitns, ceitnrks y

inkcgigk`tk fk rnzelgk`tn )

INKCGIGK@VK

FK

_NRELGK@VN (

B.5.)

(eKC. DIVE 95)

4

Yk

mmeln inkcgigk`tk fk rnzelgk`tn ( 5..5. ) n mn rkmeigù` k`trk mn cukrzn fk rnzelgk`tn ( _ )

y

mn cukrzn `nrlem ( @ ) k`trk mns supkrcgigks ( Cgaure 53 ).

Ks

u` `òlkrn in`ste tk eostreitn, in`ste`tk

pnrn

iefe pnr fk iukrpns fefns, quk

sk

iemiume

lkfge`tk k`seyns y sk fn k` teomes. @

B.

_

Bm

--

@

Cgaurn 53

KYVÅVGIN

IG@ÇVGIN

LEVK_GEMKY

YKIN

M[O_GIEFN

YKIN

M[O_GIEFN

Eikrn

snork

eikrn

n, 5; n, 58

N, 58 8,8;

Eikrn

snork

cu`fgigù`

8,?8

N,

5N

n,

53

8,8;

Eikrn

snork ornìk

n,

57

N,

5;

N,

54

±n,n;

Cu`fgigù`

snork

cu`fgigù` 8,53 N, 58

N, 5; 8,8;

Cu`fgigù`

snork

ornìk 8,?5

n, 5n

N,

53

8,8;

Ierke fk iukrn

snork

cu`fgigù`

8,;-8,3

------

8,?4

------

Inrrkn fk iukrn

snork

lnfkrn 8,.61

------

8,?1 -------

~ j r n

snork

rredeiMn

------

8,6-8,?

8,53-8,86

Cnrrn

fk crk`n

snork

mnlonr

---- -----

8,9-8,;

@Ku`3mgi22n

snork

escemtn

----

----

8:?- 8,3

-----

Kstns inkcgigk`tks, esì inln mns ceitnrks in`sgfkrefns pere

km

rnzelgk`tn, sn` våmgfns

pnrn prksgn`ks y vkmnigfefks lnfkrefes.

Xesefns igkrtns mìlgtks, mn prksgù`

y

mn

vkmnigfef

emtkre` kstns inkcgigk`tks, pufgk`fn

mmkaer em eae.rrntnlgk`tn fk mns iukrpns rnzn`tks

y

eu` em

fktkrgnrn

fk mns supkrcgigks.

Me prksgù` y vkmnigfef kxiksgvns prnfuik` fksprk`fglgk`tns fk pertìiumes y kàk`fre`

iemnr

quk pukfk` cusgnèr

y

snmfer mns iukrpns.



IN@NIGLGK@VNY

VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 k.t2rÅ@IN mK

Lng@5K@L7Grtm)

MGLE- XK_Ò

YGYVKLE

FK X_NWKIIGÙ@ GYN

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D ~ ~ ~

YGYVKLE

FK

X_NWKIIGÙ@ GYN

K`

kstk sgstkle, me gleak` n cnrle fkm nobktn rksumte

prnykitefe k`

pnsgigù`

n-

pukste in` rkspkitn e me uogieigù` fkm noskrvefnr, mn quk

qugkrk

fkigr quk,

iue`fn lgrelns km nobktn fk crk`tk, " me prnykiigù` n vgste rksumte prnykitefe

deige etrås

".

- 5 r. Xu`tn fk noskrveigù`

Km noskrvefnr kstå lgre`fn fgrkitelk`tk em crk`tk fkm nobktn y tgk`k inln rk-

sumtefn mn prnykiigù` fk mn " vgstn crn`tem "( Cgaurn 5 ) 2

Cgaurn 5

Noskrvefnr

Sgste crn`tem



IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 ( t.«Å@II rK LE@VkgLK@VN

B

YGYVKLE FK

X_NWKIIGÙ@ GYN r2-:2')

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

-

?fn.

Xu`tn

fk

noskrveigù`

Km

noskrvefnr

kst3 lgre`fn fgrkitelk`tk fksfk mn

pnrtk fk

errgon y tgk`k inln

rksumtefn mn prnykiigù` fk mn " vgstn supkrgnr

".

Kstn vgstn sk uogin snork±te vgstn

crn`tem ( Cgaurn ? ) 2

Cgaurn ?

5 5

Sgste supkrgnr



±MGLE- XK_Ò

r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 " k.«.ÅDNN Z G Q@[email protected]@V

8

YGYVKLE FK

X_NWKIIGÙ@

GYN

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~

~ ~ D r ` ~ B ~

-

9kr. Xu`tn

fk

noskrveigù`

Km

noskrvefnr

kstå

lgre`fn fgrkitelk`tk

fksfk km

mnfn

gzqugkrfn y

notgk`k mn

" vgstn metkrem gzqugkrfn " ( Cgaurn

9 ) 2

Fgidn vgstn sk

fgoubn

em mnfn

fkrkidn fk mn

vgstn crn`tem.

_kiuçrfksk quk, k` km sgstkle GYN

fk prnykiigù`,

"

km nobktn

qukfn

k`trk km

n o s ~ r v e f n r y km

pme`n

fk prnykiigù` ".

f

Sgste

m ~ t t ~ r e m

gzqugerfk

Cgaurn 9



MGLE- XK_Ò


EXMGIEFNY 2

YGYVKLE

FK X_NWKIIGÙ@ 5 Y N

' ( OQ`KtL@ N)

(_KC.

DIVE 9?)

4

XNYGIGÙ@

@N_LEM

FK

MEY

YKGY

SGYVEY

N_VNAN@EMKY K@

KM

YGYVKLE 5 Y N

~ - - - ¡

5 5

8

k§

Zo

~

5

®

IF

®

H

. 5

5

®

m .

Sgstn crn`tem

6.

Sgstn g`ckrgnr

?.

Sgstn supkrgnr

;.

Sgstn metkrem

fkrkidn

9.

Sgstn

metkrem

gzqugkrfe

3.

Sgste pnstkrgnr



,

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 "' k.KIÕtIN mK LE@mg'@LKDGN)

MGLE- XK_Ò

IN@V_NM FK

C[@IGN@ELGK@VN

r2-22]

FK _NFELGK@VNY (_KC:

DiVE

99)

Mns

rnfelgk`tns ln`tefns k` låqugès, k`

mes quk uè perefe eierrke skrgns

in`skiukìges, fkok` rkvgsersk rkaumerlk`tk.

K`

epmgieign`ks fk rnfelgk`tns

lk`ns

irìtgies, iuyes

in`fgign`ks

fk cuìgnèlgk`tn

`n

ske` kspkigemlk`tk skvkrns, pukfk`

fkbersk sg` lås etkìgù` quk me

muorgieigù`.

Kste skiigù` trnte fk me

vgagmeìge rutgèrgn fk

mns rnfelgk`tns y kstå

suofgvgfgfn k` iuetrn

epnrtefns

2

- Ksiuider

-Vnier

-Noskrver

- Muorgier

Epùyksk

km

kxtrkln

fk u`

pnmn,

u`

fkstnr`gmmefnr u nobktn sg l mnr snork km

emnbelgk`tn fkm rnfelgk`tn mn lås prùxgln n

çstk. Eprgquk km

nìfn

em ntrn kxtrkln y ksiuidk.

Yg

tnfn kstå k` nrfk`, fkokrå nìrsk ò`gielk`tk

u` suevk

zulogfn.

[` rnfelgk`tn feõefn

klgtk u` rugfn

kmkvefn,

n lkùfn grrkaumer y

snrfn

( Cgaurn

5 )

Inlpruçoksk mn

tklpkreture

fk mn

fgspnsgigù` lkfge`tk

u`

tkrlùlktrn,

pnr

kbklpmn

u` tkrlùlktrn

fgagtem

YJC

1?7551

n, k` luidns insns,

pn`gk`fn

mnln`n snork

km

emnbelgk`tn

(Cgaurn ? ). Yg mn tklpkreture

perkik e`nrlemlk`tk emtn n verìn sòogtn-

lk`tk,

ks

sga`n fk emau`n e`nlemìe

k`

km

cuìgnèlgk`tn

fkm rnfelgk`tn.

Km

lntgvn

pukfk

skr cemtn fk

muorgie`tk,

kxiksn fk

muorgie`tk, glpurkzes, snorkieran, rnfe-

lgk`tn feõefn, g`sucgigk`tk bukan g`tkr`n,

niuõnlgk`tn, are` rnzelgk`tn

k` mns

notureign`ks n iemk`telgk`tn prnikfk`tk fkm

kxtkrgnr.

Vçàesk

k`

iuk`tn quk

k`

me

rkmuorginigù` sk prnfuik, e lkùfn, uè

kmkveigù` fk mn tklpkreture quk pukfk furer

KYI[IDE_

Cgaure 5- Xrukoe eufgtgve

VNIE_

Cgaure ? - Xrukon tåitgm



IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EX[IENNY 2

~ m r.wl@LK@rn)

MGLE-

XK_Ò

IN@V_NM

FK C[@IGN@ELGK@VN t222'm

~ F ^ K ^ E ^ N ^ F ^ ~ ^^K^@^V^n^s^-^^^^^ ~ ~ D l ~ ~

Sgagmk quk `n sk ksiepk km muorgie`tk n trevçs

fk

notureign`ks

fkckitunsns n tepn`ks lnm

eprktefns( cgaurn

9 ).

K`

ak`krem, mns gl-

purkzes in`cgkrk` em muorgie`tk

u`

inmnr nsiurn

e`nrlem.

_kvgsk telogç` mns fgspnsgtgvns

fk

noturnigo` prùxglns n mns rnfelgk`tns: fkok`

le`tk`krsk k` tem kstefn quk, pnr kbklpmn,

mns mìqugfns iemgk`tks n inrrnsgvns `n pukfe`

pk`ktrer deste mns rnfelgk`tns. Inlprukok

km cuìgnèlgk`tn fk mn muorgieigù` eutnlåtgin

k`

insn

fk deokrmn.

_kmuorgquk

mns

rnfelgk`tns

skaò` mns

g`struiign`ks

fk muorgieigù`

fkm

ceorgie`tk

fk

mn

låqugè. mglpgk

ogk` mns kàresefnrks

e`tks fk g`ykitnr arnsn ùkvn.

Yg

km snpnrtk

ierkik fk kàresefnrks, mn

rkmuorginigù`

`kiksergn

fkok rkemgzersk

fure`tk u`n

perefn

pme`kefn

fk mn låqugè.

Ks

prkigsn fksln`ter

mn pnrtk supkrgnr n mn tnpn metkrem,

qugter

mn

arnsn vgkbn y rkklpmezermn pnr ùkvn, gìmusn

tretå`fnsk fk snpnrtks in` kàresefnrks, fk

vkz

k`

iue`fn

fkok qugtersk mn

arnsn vgkbn

e`tks fk g`trnfuigr arnsn ùkvn ( Cgaurn 6 ).

Inlprukok

km

`gvkm

fk

eikgtk y quk km eaubkrn

fk egrk fkm tuon fk `gvkm fk eikgtk kstç eogkrtn.

Eõåfesk eikgtk k` insn `kiksergn. Xnrn km

ielogn fk eikgtk

sk

veiìn çstk,

y

km in`bu`tn fkm

rnfelgk`tn sk k`bueae in` eikgtk ùkvn y

mglpgn fk me lgsln imesk quk km vgkbn, mmkè`fn

n in`tgùeigù` in` eikgtk ùkvn. K`

km

insn fk

muorgieigù` pnr oeõn fk eikgtk, ks sucgigk`tk

ieloger km eikgtk u`n vkz em eõn

k` km

supukstn

quk

mn

tklpkreture fk treoebn `n snorkpesk mns

+

;8¸

I y

quk

km eikgtk `n sk k`suigk. Km ielogn

fk eikgtk fkok kckituersk in` leynr crkiukìge

k` insn

fk

tklpkretures lås emtns 2 Deste +

5

88¸ k, trglkstremlk`tk: +

5

?8¸ k,

NOYK_SE_

Cgaure 9- Xrukoe vgsuem

ksiepk

fkm muorgie`tk

M[O_GIE_

Cgaure 6

-

muorgie`fn in` aresn

INLX_NOE_ @GSKM

Cgaure ;

-

Muorgie`fn in`

eikgtk



Fksln`tebk

Ln`tebk

@

?

N_FK@

FK KBKI[IGÙ@ DK__ELGK@VEY

5

G@YV_[LK@VNY

85

Fksln`tk

kàreèbk in` kxtreitnr

n Kxtreitnr fk

pnmkes-

kàreèbks

8?

Fksln`tk kàreèbk

in` prk`se

n

Lertgmmn

fkinork

89

Ln`tk kàreèbk

in` prk`se

n Mmevk

Em

mk`

86 Skrgcgquk kàreèbk in` rkmnb inlperefnr. n Xrk`se

dgfråumgie

n _kmnb inlperefnr

n

Eikgtkre

n Arese,

ornide

ywgpk.

XRE. IE@V.

FK@NLG@EIGÙ@

@N_LE

5

FGLK@YGN@KY

LEVK_GEM

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

r - . .

FKYLN@VEBK W LN@VEBK FK K@A_E@EBKY DV

84

LE@ _KC.

~ C < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < ~ V 5 K L ^ X ^ N ^ 2 ¡ D 8 B E 2 ~ 5 ~ / ~ 5 ~



MGLE- XK_Ò

r

NXK_EIGÙ@

FKYLN@VE_ W LN@VE_

K@A_E@EBK

"'

(

I Å @ G I N

ZG

@ G K @ G L G K @ V ~

"

~ K C D 8 5 7 L E 8 4

---------------------------------------------'

In`sgstk k` rktgrer kàreèbks

y

pnmkes pere

vkrgcgier

sg rkqugkrk` rkperei5n` n

rkklpmezn,

n

pere pkrlgtgr

km

eiiksn

e

ntrns lkie`gslns.

Me

npkreigù`

inlprk`fk

telogç` km ln`tebk fk me pgkze.


IEYN 5-

FKYLN@VE_

K@A_E@EBKY

Xrniksn 5

-

Fksln`ter kàreè¡ks in` kxtreitnr

5

Xesn-

_ktgrk km kmklk`tn fk subkigù` fkm

kàreè¡k.

?¸ Xesn-

G`stemk km kxtreitnr ( Cgaure

5 )

snork mns

onrfks fkm

kàreèbk n

cgbå`fnmn

e mns

eaubkrns fk

kx-

treiigù`.

X_KIE[IGÙ@

Kk` kbks iù`gins, fkbk g`stemefn

km kmklk`tn fk subkigù` pere kvg-

ter km fkspmezelgk`tn vgnmk`tn fkm

kàreèbk.

9¸ Xesn- Yequk km kàreèbk n me pnmke

eiignè`fn km kxtreitnr.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Em utgmgzer

kxtreitnrks fk tnr`gmmn ks

`kiksergn anmpker, suevklk`tk, me

ieokze

fkm

tnr`gmmn

in` u` lertgmmn

fk ornìk n fk pmåstgin e cg`

fk

ceigmgter km fksln`tebk

fkm kàre-

èbk.

6¸

Xesn-

Yequk

mn

idevkte fkm kbk.

Cgaurn

5

Xrniksn

-

Fksln`ter kàreè¡ks in` prk`se

5

Xesn-

_ktgrk km kmklk`tn

fk

subkigù`

fkm

kàreèbk.



r

MGLE-

XK_Ò

NXK_EIGÙ@

FKYLN@VE_

W LN@VE_

K@A_E@EBK

?¸ Xesn- Inmnquk km

k¡k

in`

km

kàreè¡k

snork

me

oesk fk

mn

prk`sn

(

Cgaure

? ),

g`tkrieme`fn

mns epnyns quk

cukre`

`kiksergns.

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

5. Mns

pmetns

n iemzns

fkoebn

y

ikrie

fkm ik`trn fkm

kàreèbk

sgrvk`

pere

kvgter quk sk rnlpe

n

fkcnrlk.

?. Km

kàreèbk

fkok qukfer

`gvk-

mefn

y

emg`kefn in`

km

kbk

fk

me

prk`se.

9. Kvgtk

quk

km kbk

sk

anmpkk

iue`-

fn

sk

fksprk`fe fkm kàreèbk.

9¸ Xesn- Yequk

km

kàrn`n¡k eiignè`fn

me prk`se.

6¸ Xesn-

Yequk

mn

idevkte.

Cgaure ?

IEYN

55

LN@VE_ K@A_E@EBKY

5¸

Xesn- Mglpgk km kàrn`n¡k.

?¸ Xesn-

Mglpgk km k¡k.

9¸ Xesn-

G`stemk mn

idevkte.

6 n Xesn- Inmnquk

km k¡k

k`

km

nau

¡krn fkm

kàrn`n¡k deigk`fn ingìgfgr me

idevktein`kmidevktkrn( Cgaure 9 ).

;¸

Xesn- Inmnquk km kàrn`n¡k fk le`kre

quk km ik`trn ingìgfe in` km kbk fk

me prk`se.

3¸

Xesn-

G`skrtk km k¡k

eiignè`fn me

prk`se.

1¸

Xesn-

G`stemk

km kmklk`tn fk

su¡kigù`.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Yg km kàreèbk

`n

ve g`skrtefn e

prksgù` k` km kbk,

sk

pukfk g`stemer

få`fnmk

anmpks

suevks.

(

Å @ G N

mm '

L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

8KC. DN

57 LE@)4

Cgaure 9



NXK_EIGÙ@

SK_GCGIE_ K@A_E@EBKY W XNMKEY

MGLE- XK_Ò

' kvKIÅ@GIN

G2K

LE@VK@GLGK@V

8

AKC. DN ?8 LE8

4

In`sgstk k`

fktkrlgèr vgsuemlk`tk

y

in` g`strulk`tns

mns

fksaestks

n

fkcnrleign`ks

k`

mns

kàreèbks

y

pnmkes,

inlprnoe`fn

me

kxgstkìge

fk

pgiefures,

reyefures,

cgsures,

fksemg`kelgk`tn

u dnmaures e cg` fk prkigser sg rkqugkrk` rkpereigù` n

rkklpmezn.


IEYN 5- SK_GCGIE_ K@A_E@EBKY

Xrniksn

5-

Skrgcgier kàreèbks use`fn målgès iemgorefnres

5n Xesn-

Kxelg`k km kstefn fkm kàreèbk

y fktkrlg`k sg

dey pgiefures,

rntures, reyefures n

fksaestks

`nteomks.

?¸

Xesn- Skrgcgquk km bukan peråsgtn fk mns

pgõn`ks 2

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Xere lkfgr km bukan peråsgtn, mns

kàreèbks fkok`

g`stemersk k`

sus kbks.

e.

Agrk

u`n

fk mns

kàreèbks

des-

te quk sk tnquk` mns cmeìns fk

mns fgk`tks.

o. Lgfe in` målgè iemgorefnre km

dukman n muz k`trk mns fgk`tks

( Cgaure 5 ).

Xrniksn 55 - Skrgcgier kàreèbks use`fn pmnln fk lkfgigù`

5

n

Xesn- Kxelg`k km kstefn fkm kàreèbk.

?¸

Xesn- Skrgcgquk km bukan peråsgtn fk mns

pgõn`ks 2

e. G`stemk km pmnln k`trk mns cmeìns

fk

mns fgk`tks ( Cgaure ? ).

o.Agrk

mns

kàreèbks pere

eprgsgnèr

km pmnln.

Cgaure 5

Cgaure ?



r

"'

~ Å @ G N mK

~ G L G @ V ~

XK_EIGÙ@

MGLE- XK_Ò

SK_GCGIE_ K@A_E@EBKY

W XNMKEY i

±

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ K ~ D 8 ? 8 L E ~

i.

Yequk

km pmnln

y

iemìorkmn

in`

u`

lgirùlktrn

pere

kxtkrgnrks.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Km

rksumtefn

fk me lkfgigù` skrå

km dukman n muz

kxgstk`tk k`trk

mns

kàreèbks.

Xrniksn - Skrgcgier kàreèbks m Ye`fn u` rkmnb inlperefnr

5

n

Xesn-

Kxelg`k km kstefn fkm kàreè¡k.

?¸ Xesn-

Skrgcgquk km ¡ukan peråsgtn 2

e.

G`stemk

km rkmnb inlperefnr

(

Cgaure

9

).

o. Agrk u`n fk

mns

kàreèbks

deste

quk

sk tnquk`

mns

cme`-

ins

fk

mns fgk`tks.

i. Inmnquk me kspgae fk in`tei-

tn

fkm

rkmnb

tnpe`fn

in`

u`n

fk mns fgk`tks fkm kàreèbk.

f. Lukve

km

kàreèbk y noskr-

vk

me mkiture

k`

me

ksieme

fkm

rkmnb.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Xere seokr

sg km bukan

k`trk fgk`tks

ks inrrkitn, inlperk me mkiture

in`

mes kspkigcgieign`ks fkm ceorgie`-

tk.

9n

Xesn-

Skrgcgquk km emg`kelgk`tn fkm

kàreè¡k.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Xere vkrgcgier

km emg`ke`gk`tn, km

kàreèbk fkok

kster

g`stemefn k`

su

kbk.

e. G`stemk

km rkmnb inlperefnr.

Cgaure 9



,

NXK_EIGÙ@2

MGLE- XK_Ò

SK_GCGIE_

K@A_E@EBKY W XNMKEY

"'

( BKIÅ@GIN GG L@G t@LK@VN)

~ K C

DF

?8

L ~

4

o. Inmnquk me

kspgae

fk in`teitn

fkm

inlperefnr tnpe`fn

in`

km onrfk fkm kàreèbk (Cgaure 6 .

i.

Agrk

km

kàreèbk y

noskrvk me

mkiture fkm

inlperefnr.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

[è

mkiture

fgsperkbe g`fgie

quk

km

kàreèbk

kstå

fksemg`kefn

n km

kbk fnomefn.

IEYN -

SK_GCGIE_ XNMKEY

5¸ Xesn- Skrgcgquk km kstefn ak`krem

fk

mn

pnmkn sgaugk`fn km

5

n

pesn fkm

prniksn

5 fk me

vkrgcgieigù`

fk

kàreèbks.

?¸ Xnsn- Skrgcgquk km emeokn

fk

mn pnmkn

sgaugk`fn

km

9¸ pesn fkm prniksn

555

fk

me

vkrgcgieigù`

fk kàreè-

bks.

Cgaurn 6



MGLE-

XK_Ò

"' k

.GKIÅ@GIN mK

LE@GK@@GK@V

8

~ ~ ~ A ~ l ~

~

VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE

2

LN@VEBK FK _[KFEY FK@VEFEY

B[KAN

K@V_K

MNY

CME@INY

FK MNY FGK@VKY

Km bukan

k`trk mns fgk`tks

sk

fkcg`k

inln

me tnmkreìge

quk

fkok

kxgstgr

k`trk mes

supkrcgigks

fk mns

fgk`tks quk

kàreè`.

Km

bukan k`trk me ieokze y km cn`fn fk mns fgk`tks fk mes rukfes quk kàreè` fkok ncrkikr

uè tre`slgsgù`

dnmaefe y sg` rugfn.

Yg

dey luidn ebustk

sk prnfuik rkiemk`telgk`tn

y

fksaestk k` me ieokze fkm fgk`tk: y

sg

dey luidn

bukan sk

prnfuik rugfn y mns

fgk`tks

treoebe` lem ( Cgaure 5 ).

Cgaure 5

LN@VEBK

FK

_[KFEY FK@VEFEY

K` km ln`tebk fk mes rukfes

fk`tefes

sk

fkok in`sgfkrer

mns cmeìns fk mns

fgk`tks.

Xere

fgstgàugrmns,

sk

de ksteomkigfn2

e.

Yg me rukfe

fk`tefe

mmkve lerie,

me iere snork me quk eperkik çste sk in`sgfkre inln

me

iere crn`tem.

o.

Yg sk noskrve

kste iere, mns cmeìns sgtuefns e su

fkrkide

sn` mns cmeìns fkrkidns y,

mns fk me gzqugkrfe, mns cmeìns gzqugkrfns ( Cgaure ? ).

i. Mns

cmeìns

E y O in`stgtuyk` cmeìns n ieres eitgvns.

f. mns

cmeìns I

y

F

in`stgtuyk` cmeìns n ieres mgorks.

Me

skpereigù` k`trk mns

cmeìns

mgorks I y F sk

mmele

bukan k`trk mns fgk`tks ( Cgaure ? ).

Cmeìn

Cgaure ?



r

VKI@NMNArE

KYXKIrCGIE 2 "'

(tvt2IÅ@GIN

Z5'

LE@VK@GLGK@VN)

MGLE- XK_Ò

LN@VEBK FK

_[KFEY

FK@VEFEY (2,

~

~ ~ ~ ~ l

9 4 ~

IN@V_NM

FK MEY

Y[XK_CGIGKY

FK

IN@VEIVN

FK MNY FGK@VKY

Xere

fktkrlgèr

sg mns

fgk`tks fk

u`

per fk rukfes quk kàreè` sk

kstå`

fksaeste`fn

pnr lem

ln`tebk,

sk

prnikfk

esì2

e.

Mglpgk

mns

fgk`tks

fkm

pgõù`

y

fk

me inrnè in`

aesnmgè

u ntre

susteìge.

o. _kiuore mns fgk`tks fkm pgõn` in`fuitnr in` uè pkmìiume fk ezum fk Xrusge u

ntrn

inmnre`tk.

i. Agrk

me inrnè,

pnr

lkfgn fkm pgõn`, k` elons sk`tgfns fk rnteigù`.

f. Noskrvk mes

leries

fkm

inmnre`tk

snork me inrnè pere vkrgcgier sg me inmnreigù` fk

me inrnè ks

inrrkite.

XK_CGMKY EIVGSNY FK MEY

_[KFEY

FK@VEFEY, FK@NLG@EIGÙ@ W IE[YEY

XK_CGM

EIVGSN

FK@NLG@EIGÙ@

Xkrcg 5eitgvn `nrle 5fk uè

rukfe fk`tefe igmì`frgie

in`

fgk`tks rkitns.

Mns

fgk`tks tgk`k` semgfe

k` eìdure

Xkrcgm eitgvn `nrlem fk uè

rukfe fk`tefe

igmì`frgie

in`

fgk`tks rkitns.

Mns fgk`tks tgk`k` " gauem

kspksnr "k`

tnfe

su eìdu-

re.

Xkrcgm eitgvn k` me pu`te 2

Xkrcgm eitgvn

mglgtefn

prg`-

igpemlk`tk

e me pu`te fk

mns fgk`tks.

_ukfe

fk`te-

fn igmì`frgie in` fgk`tks

rkitns.

Xkrcgm eitgvn k` me ieokze 2

Xkrcgm eitgvn

mglgtefn

prg`-

igpemlk`tk e me pertk su-

pkrgnr

fkm

fgk`tk k`

el-

ons

sk`tgfns.

_ukfe fk`tefe

igmì`frgie

in` fgk`tks rkitns.

IE[YE, IN__KIIGÙ@

Cnrle fkm fgk`tk2 oukè.

Bukan k`trk fgk`tks2

ouk`n

Mì`ke k`trk ik`trns2 ouk-

è.

Mns ik`trns

fkm

kbk y eaubk-

rn ingìgfk`

Cnrle

fkm fgk`tk2

oukè.

Bukan k`trk fgk`tks2 ouk-

`n.

Mì`ke k`trk ik`trns2 ouk-

è.

Mns ik`trns fkm kbk y

eau-

bkrn

ingìgfk`.

elesge n pkqukõn

g• ±5

k ì rk u

5

n^s

- t - r - - - r

prglgtgvns ,2222t2r. , " . ""-

- ~ + - - ~ -

5 '-+------''

Deikr kstn y/n kstn

ntrn

Fklesgefn are`fk

Iìriu mns 5• •5

p r g l g t g v n s ~

- c - ~ ~ -

±--¡-'

, ~

Deikr

kstn

y/n

kstn

ntrn



MGLE- XK_Ò

XK_CGM

EIVGSN


(

LKiE@GIN mK LE@VK@GLGK@V8

LN@VEBK FK

_[KFEY

FK@VEFEY

AKC. DVK 94 ) 4

FK@NLG@EIGÙ@

Xkrcgm eitgvn emtkr`n 2

m glgtefn

k` elons sk`tg-

fns e mns åàumns fk mns

fgk`tks.

_ukfe fk`tefn igmì`frgie

in`

fgk`tks

rkitns.

Xkrcgm eitgvn k` me ieokze2

Mglgtefn

prgìgpemlk`tk

k` elons

sk`tgfns

e me

pertk supkrgnr fk mns fgk`-

tks.

_ukfes fk`tefes

iù`gies

in`

fgk`tks rkitns.

Xkrcgm eitgvn u`gmetkrem 2

m glgtefn

k` elons sk`tg-

fns e mns åàumns

fk

mns

fgk`tks fk u` mefn.

_ukfns fk`tefns iù`gies

in` fgk`tks rkitns.

Xkrcgm

eitgvn nrlem

fk

uè

rukfe fk`tefe dkmgingfem.

Xkrcgm eitgvn k`

me

ieokze2

m glgtefn

prgìgpemlk`tk

k` elons sk`tgfns e me

pnrtk supkrgnr

fk

mns fgk`tks.

_ukfn

dkmgingfem.

me

fgsteìgn

k`trk

ik`trns

fk me rukfe dkmgingfem y km

tnr`gmmn sg`cì` snorkpese

km

vemnr `nrlem.

Xkrcgm eitgvn ogmetkrem 2

m glgtefn prgìgpemlk`tk

k`

elons

sk`tgfns e mns

åàumns fk mns fgk`tks fk

u` mefn.

_ukfe

dkmgingfnm.

mns

kbks fkm tnr`gmmn sg`cì`

y fk mn

rukfe

dkmgingfem

tgk`k` åàumn gìnrrkitn.

IE[YE, IN__KIIGÙ@

_ukfe

fk`tefe fklesgefn

e me gzqugkrfe

Kbk

ogk`

inmniefn

5

Kbk

lem

inmniefn

Cnrln

fkm fgk`tk2

ouk`n.

Bukan k`trk fgk`tks2 gauem.

mì`ke

k`trk

ik`trns2 oukè.

Xnsgigù` fk mns mì `kns k`trk

ik`trns,

uè rkspkitn n mn

ntre2

oukè.



r

[email protected]ÌE KYXKIÌCGIE

2

~ i @ g i e mm'

LE@GK@GLGK@V8

LN@VEBK FK

_[KFEY FK@VEFEY

MGLE-

XK_Ò

~ K C

DVK 94

)

A

KM

B[KAN

K@V_K

MNY FGK@VKY

Kxelgè`fn

km

bukan

quk pukfe kxgstgr

k`trk

u` kbk y

su

eaubkrn

inrrkspn`fgk`tk, pnfk-

lns fgstgàugr trks tgpns

prgìgpemks

fk ebustk2

e.

o.

i.

Ebustk

in`

bukan pnsgtgvn

2

Ks

km ebustk

lùvgm

(

Cgaure

9 ).

Ebustk

in` bukan quk

pukfk

skr pnsg-

tgvn n

`kaetgvn

2

Ks

km ebustk

fksmgze`tk

( Cgaure

6

).

Ebustk in`

bukan

`kaetgvn

2

Ks

km ebustk cgbn (

Cgaure

; ) .

O

-

.

Cgaure 9

K9

. ~ . ±

- - - -

.

Cgaure 6

-

-

O

.,

... .-.±

" '

Cgaure ;

Km

ebustk

fk mns kbks

k`

mns eaubkrns sk de cgbefn fk eiukrfn

in`

u` sgstkle fk ebustk.

Mes rukfes fk`tefes

sgklprk

fkok` lnvkrsk uè in` rkspkitn e ntre, kste

ks

me rezù`

pnr me

quk

km bukan k`trk

fgk`tks fkok

skr sgklprk pnsgtgvn. Iue`fn

fns

rukfes

fk`tefes kàreè`

sg`

bukan,

ks

pnsgomk fermks

km

bukan rkqukrgfn

k`trk

fgk`tks fk

me

cnrle sgaugk`tk2

- Eulk`tefn

me

skpereigù` k`trk ik`trns.

-

Fnte`fn

uè fk mes rukfes fk

u`

fk`tefn fk kspksnr rkfuigfn.

- _kfuigk`fn k` mes fns

rukfes

km kspksnr fkm fk`tefn, k` me lgtef fkm

bukan rkqukrgfn

k`trk fgk`tks

(

Cgaure

3 ).

Iue`tn leynr ske

me

mì`ke k`trk ik`trns

leynr skrå km bukan k`trk f5k`tks.

Yg sk rkfuik km kspksnr fk mns fgk`tks fk

uè fk mes rukfes eulk`te km bukan k`trk

fgk`tks

Cgaure 3

Yg

sk rkfuik km

kspksnr

fk mns fgk`tks fk

mes fns

rukfes

eulk`te km bukan k`trk

f5k`tks.

Me sgaugk`tk teome `ns fe km bukan

quk

fkok kxgstgr, k`trk km pgõù` y me inrnè, k` km

sgstkle

lnfumer

(L) .

Xere2

L<

?,

L -

6,

L - 3,

L - 4,

L

±58,

L <5?,

bukan fk N, 5 ll e N, 5; ll

bukan fk N, 5; " e

N,

? N "

bukan fk 8,?8 " e

8,98

"

bukan fk

8,98

" e 8,9;

bukan

fk

8,9;

" e

8,68

"

bukan fk

8,68

" e 8,6; "



VKI@NMNAÌE KYXKIÌCGIE 2 IL2iLGIN mK

LE@GK@G'G55K@VNB

MGLE- XK_Ò

_[KFEY

FK@VEFEY Z, ~

~ ~ ` 97 ±

Yn`

ùrae`ns

lkielins

quk

prksk`te` uès semgk`tks

fk`nlgèfes fgk`tks

y iuye

prgìgpem

cuìgù`

ks

me

fk

tre`slgtgr

u`

lnvglgk`tn

rntetgvn u`gcnrlk.

K@A_E@EBK

Ks

u` sgstkle inlpukstn pnr fns rukfes

fk`tefes

quk

rkmeignè`

fns kbks,

fk

le`kre quk km lnvglgk`tn fk u`n fk kmmns

(

kbk

in`fuitnr n

lntrgz)

sk tre`slgtk em

ntrn

( kbk

in`fuigfn

n rkikptnr )

Me rukfe leynr fk u`

per

sk mmele

inrnè

y

me lk`nr pgõù` (

Cgaure 5 ).

K`

km

kàreèbk, iefe

fgk`tk fk uè ruk-

fe kìebe

k` me reùre fk me ntre, y

rkiìprnielk`tk.

Fure`tk me tre`slgsgù`

fkm lnvglgk`tn sgklprk

dey, pnr

mn lk-

`ns, u` fgk`tk fk me rukfe in`fuitnre

klpube`fn

e ntrn fk me

in`fuigfe.

IE_EIVK_ÌYVGIEY

Iefe

uè fk

mes

rukfes quk

n ` s t g t ~ 2 ~ y k `

km

kàreèbk tgk`k u` iukrpn, iesg sgklprk

igmì`frgin

n

iù`gin,

skaò`

me pnsgigù` fk

sus kbks.

Me

pnrtk pkrgcçrgie

fkm iukrpn, fn`fk sk

temme`

mns fgk`tks,

sk

mmele

mme`te. K`

me

pertk ik`trem

dey

u`

eaubkrn

fn`fk kìe-

be

km kbk, `nrlemlk`tk

in`

idevktkrn y

idevktes ( Cgaures ? ).

In`

km cg`

fk

emgvger

mes

rukfes

are`fks

sk

mks deik u`

veigefn

metkrem,

qukfe`fn

uè inrnè

k` km ik`trn

mmelefe iuon,

quk

ve

u`gfn

e me

mme`te

e trevçs fk uè

perkf

lås fkmaefe in` orezns n reyns.

©

Cgaure 5

Cgaure ?

Xgõù`




" (

v'KIÅ@GIN

mm' LE@VK@GLGK@V8

MGLE- XK_Ò

_[KFEY

FK@VEFEY (., ~

~ ~ 97

@NLK@IMEV[_E

FK MEY _[KFEY

FK@VEFEY

mes

rukfes fk`tefes

tgk`k`

emau`ns

kmklk`tns

iereitkrìstgins

inlu`ks

y

ntrns

pertgiu-

merks, iuyn in`niglgk`tn pkrlgtk su iåmiumn y in`struiigù`.

E in`tgùeigù` sk

fksteie` emauès fk

kses iereitkrìstgies

inlu`ks

lås glpnrte`tks.

Igriu`ckrkìge y fgålktrn prglgtgvns

Yn` mns vemnrks tkùrgins. Inrrkspn`fk` e fns igmg`frns sg`

fgk`tks

quk,

treoebe`fn

pnr

crgiigù`, ksteomkikrìe` k`trk mns kbks uè

rkmeigù`

fk

tre`slgsgù`

gauem e

me quk

ksteomkik` mes

rkspkitgves

rukfes fk`tefes. Mes igriu`ckrkìges prglgtgves sn` teàk`-

tks.

Igriu`ckrkìge

y

fgålktrn kxtkrgnr

Yn` mns vemnrks

quk inrrkspn`fk`

e me skiigù` fkm igmg`frn quk

gìmuyk

e mns fgk`tks.

In`

erins fk igriu`ckrkìge

sk

mglgte` mns fgk`tks kxtkrgnrlk`tk.

Igriu`ckrkìge y fgålktrn g`tkrgnr

Inrrkspn`fk` kstns vemnrks e

me

skiigù` fkm

igmg`frn

quk rksumterìe sg

qugtårelns

mns

fgk`tks.

Ks me quk pese

pnr km

cn`fn

fk mes

reùres

n ve`ns ( Cgaure 9 ).

-w--

Fgk`tk

Fg3lkmrn

prglgtgvn

Cgaure 9

Igriu`ckrkìge

prglgtgve

Ks me

semgk`tk

ak`krefe

k` me

supkrcgigk

fk

me rukfe fk`tefe.

Xukfk skr fk fgvkrses

cnrles, pkrn pnrn mes ceorgieign`ks lkiå`gies sk in`struyk` sùmn fk cnrles y

vemnrks

`nrlemgzefns (

Cgaure

6 ).

Ieokze

E }

Ks me fgsteìge inlprk`fgfe k`trk mes igriu`ckrkìges prglgtgve y kxtkrgnr.

Xgk

( O }

Ks me fgsteìge inlprk`fgfe k`trk mes igriu`ckrkìges prglgtgve k g`tkrgnr.



VKI@NMNAcE KYXKIc_IE 2 ('-"IÅ@GIN

mK

L/G@GK@GLGK@VN)

MGLE- XK_Ò

_[KFEY FK@VEFEY r2 B 2-25

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~

GKC.DVK

97

Emture

tntem fkm fgk`tk {

I )

Ks

gauem

e

me

prncu`fgfef

fk me

reùre:

n

ogk`,

e

me fgsteìge k`trk

mes

igriu`ckrkìges

kxtkrgnr

k g`tkrgnr.

Kspksnr

fkm

fgk`tk (

F )

Ks

me

lkfgfe

tnlefe

snork

me igriu`ckrkìge

prglgtgve.

Xesn {K)

Ks me

mnàgtuf

fkm

erin fk

igriu`ckrkìge

prglgtgve inlprk`fgfn

k`trk fns fgk`tks

in`skiutgvns. Xere u`

kàreèbk

ks

in`fgigù`

`kikserge quk eloes rukfes tkàe` km

lgsln pesn.

Se`n

n

dukin

{

C)

Ks me reùre

inlprk`fgfe

k`trk fns fgk`tks in`skiutgvns. Yu kspksnr igriu`ckrkìgem ks

tkùrgielk`tk gauem em

fkm

fgk`tk, n ske, e me mnàgtuf fkm erin

quk

eoerie

me igriu`ck-

rkìge prglgtgve.

@òlkrn

Ks me

ie`tgfef

fk fgk`tks quk tgk`k me rukfe. Yu vemnr ks sgklprk u`

`òlkrn

k`tkrn.

Cmeìn fkm fgk`tk

Cgaure 6

Lùfumn

Ks u` `òlkrn kxeitn quk,

lumtgpmgiefn

pnr

5t,

fe km vemnr fkm pesn fk me rukfe

fk`tefe.

Oesefn

k` kstk

`òlkrn,

sk

fglk`sgnè tnfn

km

kàreèbk.

Xere km

crksefnr

ks

u`

fetn

quk sk

fe,

k`trk

ntrns,

fk

me

rukfe

y quk km

prnykitgste

iemiume k` cuìgù` fk

me pntkìge

quk

fkok

tre`slgtgr km

kàreèbk.

In` km

lùfumn sk gfk`tgcgie

me dkrrelgk`te

pere

temmer km

kàreèbk y,

k` iesns fk

rkpereign`ks, sk

fkokrå

fkfuigr use`fn cùrlumes quk sk kstufge` k`

iefe tgpn

fk

kàreèbk.

IN@YV_[IIGÙ@

Sergns ceitnrks, k`trk mns

quk

sk demme` me pntkìge e

tre`slgtgr

y me prkigsgù` fk kse

tre`slgsgù`,

fktkrlgè`

km letkrgem y km

prnikfglgk`tn in`

quk sk

fkok` in`strugr

mes

rukfes fk kàreèbk.



VKI@NMNAÌE KYXKIÌCGIE 2 (L2IÅ@GIN mK

LE@VK@GLGK@V8

MGLE- XK_Ò

_[KFEY

FK@VEFEY Z.

~

' ---------------------..: DVK 97 ~

LEVK_GEMKY

Xere kàreèbks

fk

emte vkmnigfef y

pntkìge

sk klpmke eikrns

em

ieron`n, eikrns

emkefns

in` irnln,

`ìqukm y lnmgofk`n, y

cu`fgign`ks in`

efgtgvns.

Xere kàreèbks fk

låqugès

inrrgk`tks sk use dgkrrn cu`fgfn args y

in`

efgtgvns.

Xere lkie`gslns kxpukstns e me nxgfeigù`

sk

klpmke ornìk y ntrns lktemks

g`nxgfe-

omks.

Xere

kàreèbks quk tre`slgtk` pnie pntkìge n quk

fkok`

skr sgmkìgnsns

sk

use

emulg`gn,

metù`,

tkmes prk`sefes y sg`tçtgins.

X_NIKFGLGK@VNY

- Cu`fgfns k`

lnmfks

fk tgkrre n lktåmgins.

- Kstelpefns n sg`tktgzefns k` lnmfks.

- Vrnqukmefns.

-

Crksefns pnr

rkprnfuiigù`

fkm pkrcgm

fk me

crkse.

- Ak`krefns pnr lnvglgk`tn igriumer n rkitgmì`kn emtkrèfn fk me dkrrelgk`te.

-

_kitgcgiefns.



r

' kKIÅ@GIN mm' LE@BK@GLGK@c

8

KI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE

2

MGLE- XK_Ò

-' ~ K C DVK 97 B4

~

_[KFEY

FK@VEFEY

Me imesgcgieigù`

fk mes rukfes fk`tefes kstå

fgrgagfe

e mns kàreèbks. Ykaò` me

fgspnsgigù`

fk

sus

kbks

sk

fgvgfk`

k` trks

arupns2

5. Kàreèbks igmì`frgins.

?.

Kàreèbks iù`gins.

9.

Kàreèbks fk tnr`gmmn sg`cì`

y

rukfe

dkmgingfem.

5.

K@A_E@EBKY IGMÌ@F_GINY

Yn` mns lås sglpmks y inrrgk`tks. Yk utgmgze`, prgìgpemlk`tk,

pere vkmnigfefks

lkfges.

K`trk mns tgpns prgìgpemks

fk

kstk arupn kìn`trelns 2

e.

Fk fgk`tks rkitns

Yn` mns lås klpmkefns, pkrn e are`fks vkmnigfefks prnfuik` rugfn

(Cgaure

;n).

o.

Fk fgk`tks gìmgèfns

Xrnfuik` lk`ns rugfn quk mns e`tkrgnrks, pnrquk km kàre`k sk prnfuik fk

u`

lnfn

peumetg`n

(

Cgaure ;o

) .

i.

Fk fgk`tks dkmgingfemks

Yk utgmgze`

pere kmkvefes

vkmnigfefks, pkrn tgk`k` me fksvk`tebe fk

prnfuigr

cukrze

exgem

(

Cgaure ;i

).

f.

Fk fgk`tks in`vkrak`tks

Yk klpmke`

pere

are`fks pntkìges. Km klpubk

exgem

qukfe inlprksefn k`

kstns

kàreèbks (Cgaure ;f

).

Cgaure ;

?.

K@A_E@EBKY

IÙ@GINY

Yk iereitkrgze` pnrquk mns kbks sk iruze`. K`trk mns tgpns prgìgpemks fk kstk arupn kìn`trelns2

e. Fk fgk`tks rkitns

Kstns kàreèbks kckitòe` me tre`slgsgù` fkm lnvglgk`tn fk kbks quk sk inrte`,

ak`kremlk`tk, k` åàumn rkitn. Yk utgmgze` pere

vkmnigfefks

lkfgeès, pkrn,

prnfuik` rugfn ( Cgaure

3e

)

o.

Fk

fgk`tks k` kspgrem

Yk utgmgze`

pere

kmkvefes vkmnigfefks y kvgter km rugfn ( Cgaure

3o

).

i.

Fk fgk`tks k` kspgrem gìmgèfn

Yn`

perkigfns

e mns

fk

fgk`tks

k`

kspgrem

in`

me

lnfgcgieigù`

k`

me

gìmgèigù`

fkm fgk`tk.

Yk utgmgze`

k` kbks quk sk iruze` k`

åàumn

rkitn y sn` klpmkefns

k` km puk`tk

treskrn

fkm

eutnlùvgm

(

Cgaure 3i

).



VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE

2

IL2IÅ@GIN ~ ~ G L G K @ V

MGLE- XK_Ò

_[KFEY FK@VEFEY ~ B

. ^ ^ ~ ~ K C D V K

97

o

Cgaurn 3

9.

K@A_E@EBKY

FK

VN_@GMMN YG@CÌ@ W

_[KFE

DKMGINGFEM

K` kstns kàreèbks mns kbks

sk

iruze`.

Km

kàreèbk in`ste

fk

u` tnr`gmmn sg`cì`

y

uè rukfe

dkmgingfem, eprnpgefns pere

rkemgzer

are`fks rkmeign`ks fk tre`sl g-

sgù`.

Vgk`k

u` cuìgnèlgk`tn sgmkìgnsn y

niu-

pe

pnin sgtgn. Me rukfe

dkmgingfem

ks

sgkl-

prk errestrefe pnr km tnr`gmmn sg`cì` ( Cgau-

re 1

).

I_KLEMMK_EY

Kstk

lkie`gsln sk oese

k` km

dkidn

fk

quk

u`

tnr`gmmn

in`

su tukrie tre`scnrle km lnvglgk`-

tn

fk

rnteigù` k`

rkitgmì`kn.

K` km iesn fk me irklemmkre quk kàreè

in`

u` pgõù`, çstk

deik

mes vkiks

fk u`

tnr`gmmn, y

me

irklemmkre mes

fk me

tukrie

quk sk fkspmeze

e mn

meran fk

çm.

Yk

fgstgàuk` fns

tgpns

prgìgpemks

2

e. Irklemmkre fk fk`tefn rkitn, quk

sk

pukfk

in`sgfkre

inln

uè rukfe igmì`frgie fk

fgålktrn g`cg`gtn.

Ak`kremlk`tk ks fk ski-

igù` rkiteàumer, iuyns fgk`tks sn` rkitns.

Vgk`k luide

epmgieigù`

k`

låqugès

dk-

rrelgk`tes (

Cgaure

Yn ).

o. Irklemmkre fk fk`tefn dkmgingfem, sk utgmg-

ze

prgìgpemlk`tk

k`

mes låqugès dkrre-

lgk`tes quk

tre`slgtk` luide cukrze

in`

lnvglgk`tn mk`tn,

inln

k` km iesn fk mes

prk`ses

dgfråumgies (

Cgaures

Oo

).

n)

_ukfn

dkmgingfnm

o) Vnr`gmmn sg`cì`

Cgaurn 1

Cgaurn 4

e



,.

MGLE- XK_Ò

VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE

2

_KMNB INLXE_EFN_

K@

LGM LKV_NY

Km rkmnb

inlperefnr

ks u` g`strulk`tn fk

prkigsgù`

y

fk are` sk`sgogmgfef.

Ks

utgmgzefn

te`tn k` me

vkrgcgieigù` fk

lkfgfes, supkrcg-

igks pmeès, inìk`trgigfef y peremkmgsln

inln k` mkitures fgrkites.

Me sk`sgogmgfef fk me mkiture pukfk skr fk

8,8 m ll ù 8,88 m

ll

( Cgaure m

).

K` me

cgaure

efbu`te sk noskrve u` rkmnb in`

eprnxgleigù` fk 8,85 ll.

C[@IGN@ELGK@VN

Km cuìgnèlgk`tn fkm rkmnb inlperefnr

kstå

oesefn

k` km lnvglgk`tn fk me

kspgae

fk

in`teitn,

km quk

ks elpmgefn

5

88

ù m 888

vkiks

pnr

g`tkrlkfgn fk kàreèbks emnbefns

k` km iukrpn

fkm rkmnb

(

Cgaure

? ).

Me ksieme sk kxtgk`fk k` tnfn km pkrìlktrn fkm

fgem

y

kstå

fgvgfgfe

k` 588 n 5888 pnrtks

gauemks. [è

vukmte inlpmkte fk me

eaube

inrrkspn`fk

e

u` fkspmezelgk`tn

fk 5

ll fk

me kspgan fk in`teitn. Esì, iefe fgvgsgù` fk me

ksieme rkprksk`te uè ik`tçsgle n lgmçsgle

fk

lgmìlktrn, skaò` km

`òlkrn fk

fgvgsgn`ks

fk me ksieme.

Km

mglon ks agretnrgn pere pkrlgtgr sgklprk

km

ebustk fk

me

eau¡e in`

km

ikrn fk me ksieme.

Mns rkmnbks inlperefnrks

sn` in`strugfns in`

vergns

fgålktrns fk fgemks, skaò`

me iepeig-

fef fk lkfgigù`

y

prkigsgù` fk me mkiture

kxgagfn.

"'

k

'AÅ@IN

m g LE@GFmgLGK@V

8

(_KC.DVK

68 )4

Cgaure

5

Cgaure

?



VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌCGIE

2

'

i ~ Å @ G N ZK

LE@GK@GLGK@V

8

MGLE-

XK_Ò

_KMNB INLXE_EFN_

K@

LGM LKV_NY

AKC. DVK 68

) 4

Me

teome

sgaugk`tk g`fgie, k` ll, km fgålktrn fkm fgem, me prkigsgù` fk me mkiture

y

me

iepeigfef

fk lkfgigù`

fk

mns

rkmnbks

inlperefnrks

2

Fgålktrn

fkm

fgem

Xrkigsgù`

fk

me

mkiture

Iepeigfef

fk lkfgigù`

(ll)

(ll)

(ll)

98

8,85

9,;

66

8,85

9,;

;4

8,85

58

;4

8,885 5

Mns

rkmnbks

inlperefnrks,

pere

usn, sk inmnie` k` snpnrtks efkiuefns, temks inln2

Ynpnrtk u`gvkrsem (

Cgaure

9 ),

lårlnm

in` inmulè y ntrns

pere

cg`ks kspkigemks.

MKIV[_E

Fkspuçs fk

inmniefn

k` u`

snpnrtk,

sk ebuste km pempefnr e me supkrcgigk

pnr vkrgcgier

( Cgaure 9 ) 2

Cgaure 9

Km

pempefnr,

em deikr

in`teitn in`

me

supkrcgigk,

sucrk u` fkspmezelgk`tn, km

quk

ks

rkagstrefn

k` km fgem

pnr

lkfgn fk me

eaube.

Xnr

g`tkrlkfgn

fkm

mglon

sk deik

ingìgfgr

km ikrn fk me ksiemn in` me pnsgigù` fk me

eau¡e.

Me

vkrgcgieigù`

fk me supkrcgigk sk notgk`k fkspmezå`fnsk km snpnrtk in` km g`fgiefnr

fkm

iuefre`tk,

fk le`kre quk km

pempefnr

rkinrre mns fgvkrsns pu`tns fk me supkrcgigk.

Fure`tk kstk

prnikfglgk`tn

sk

noskrve`

mes vergeign`ks fk me supkrcgigk

lgre`fn

mes

vergeign`ks

fk

me

eaube.

Kstes

vergeign`ks pukfk`

skr e

me

fkrkide

fkm ikrn, g`fgie`fn

uè

kmkveigù`,

n e

me

gzqugkrfe

fkm ikrn,

g`fgie`fn

uè

fkprksgù`.



VKI@NMNArE

KYXKIrCGIE2

"

r . t 2 ~ G I N

mg LE@VK@GLGK@V8

MGLE- XK_Ò

_KMNB

INLXE_EFN_

~ - - - - - - K ^ @ ^ L ^ G ^ M ^ L ^ K ^ V ^ _ ^ n ^ s^^^^^^

~ l ~ ~

EXMGIEIGN@KY

5

?

Skrgcgieigù`

fkm

peremkmgsln fk

mes ieres pmeès. Me

pgkze

y km

snpnrtk

in` km

rkmnb

sn`

epnyefns

k` u` lårlnm fk prkigsgù`. Noskrver

cgaure

9

fk

me påagè

e`tkrgnr.

?

?

Skrgcgieigù`

fkm

peremkmgsln fk me oesk fk me prk`se

k`

me ikpgmmefnre n k` me

crksefnre. Me

cgaure

6 lukstre km iesn

fk

me

ikpgmmefnre.

Cgaure

6

9

?

Skrgcgieigù` me kxik`trgigfef

fk mn

pgkze

ln`tefe k` km

pmetn fkm

tnr`n. Me

cgaure

;

fe

u` kbklpmn fk me vkrgcgieigù` kxtkrè. Me cgaure 3 lukstre u` iesn fk me

vkrgcgieigù`

g`tkrè.

Cgaure ;

Cgaure 3



VKI@NMNAÌE

KYXKIÌ_IE

2 "

k

BKIÅ@GIN

mK LE@VK@GLGK@V

8

KMNB INLXE_EFN_

MGLE-

XK_Ò

~ K ^ @ ^ L ^ G ^ M ^ g ^ L ^ K ^ V ^ _ ^ n ^ s ~ l ~ ~ ~

in`trepu`tn

ierrn supkrgnr

fkm

tnr`n

inrrn tre`svkrsem

Cgaure 1

6

?

Skrgcgieigù` fkm emg`kelgk`tn fk mes pu`tes fk u` tnr`n (Cgaure 1 ). Me

pgkze

inmniefe

k`trk

pu`tes

ks

u` kbk rgaurnselk`tk

igmì`frgin

in` me supkrcgigk

y mns ik`trns rkitgcgie-

fns. Mns in`teitns fk me

kspgae

in` kstk kbk, fure`tk km lnvglgk`tn fkm ierrn supkrgnr,

derå` fksvger me

eaube

sg

mes pu`tes

`n

kstuvgkre`

emg`kefes

k` km

kbk fkm tnr`n.



,

...,

~ Å @ G N

ZG

L.3@mt@GLGK@VN)

KI@NMNArE KYXKIrCGIE

2

MGLE- XK_Ò

LGI_ÙLKV_N

MKIV[_EY K@ X[MAEFEY

~ K C D V K 65

)4

55

LGI_ÙLKV_N IN@ EX_NTGLEIGÙ@ FK 8,885"

Km

lgirùlktrn

k`

8,885 ",in`cnrlk

pnfklns vkr

k`

me cgaure 5,

ks

sklkbe`tk em

fk

8,85

ll2

Cgbiefnr (e`gmmn 5

@girùùtrn N 55 5"

5

fk 5 /5 888"

Cgaurn 5

Me fgckrkìge

k`trk mns fns tgpns kstå

k`

mns sgaugk`tks pu`tns2

5.

Km

tnr`gmmn lgirnlçtrgin ( Cgaure 5 ) fkm lgirùlktrn fk

8,885"

ks fk 68 dgmns pnr

pumaefe:

km

fkm lgirùlktrn fk 8,85 ll, ks fk 8,; ll fk pesn.

?. K` me arefueigù` fkm

igmg`frn,

km lgirùlktrn fk

8,885"

prksk`te iefe

pumaefe

fgvgfgfe k`

68

pertks fk

8,8?;"

iefe uè: km lgirùlktrn fk 8,85 ll prksk`te

fgvgsgn`ks k` lgmìlktrns y lkfgns lgmìlktrns.

9.

K`

me

arefueigù`

fkm telonr,

km

lgirùlktrn fk

8,885"

tgk`k ?; fgvgsgn`ks, inrrkspn`-

fgk`fn

iefe

uè e

8,885 ":

km lgirùlktrn fk

8,85 ll

tgk`k

k`

km telonr

;8

fgvgsgn`ks, inrrkspn`fgk`fn iefe uè e 8,85

ll.

MKIV[_EY

mkiture2 8,193"

8,188 +

8,8?;

+

8,855 -

8,193"

Cgaurn ?

58

mkiture2

8,;4?"

8,;88

+

8,81;

+

8,881

-

8,;4?"

Cgaurn 6

mkiture2 N,

5 9 4"

N, 588

+ 8,8?; + 8,859

<N,

594"

Cgaurn 9

mkiture2

8,137"

8,188

+

8,8;8

+

8,857

<

8,137"

Cgaurn

;



r

VKI@UMNA(E

KYXKI(CGIE 2 "' (L'IÅ@GIN

mm2 LE@VK@GLGK@VN)

LGI_ÙLKV_N

MGLE-

XK_Ò

~ M ^ K ^ I ^ V ^ u ^ ~ ^ s ^ K ^ @ ^ X ^ [ ^ M ^ A ^ E ^ F ^ E ^ s ^^^

~ ~ l

~ ~

K

Me cùrlume Y • @ ` sk epmgie pere

km iåmiumn

fk eprnxgleigù` fk

lkfgfe,

te`tn k`

mns lgirùlktrns sglpmks k` lgmìlktrns inln k` mns lgirùlktrns sglpmks k`

pumaefes.

Kbklpmns2

Km lgirùlktrn sglpmk fk 8,885

55

g`fgie pere2

K - 5

5

@ • 68 trezns

`

< ?;

trezns

Ynmuigù`2

Y < ^K^

@

`

Y

Y

Y

68x

?;

5

5888

8,885

55

Me

eprnxgleigù`

ks, pnr mn te`tn, fk 8,885

55

•



VKI@NMNA(E

KYXKI(_IE 2 " (XGKIÅ@GIN

mK LE@GK@GLGK@V8

MGLE- XK_Ò

LGI_ÙLKV_N FK X_NC[@FGFEF

~ - - - - - - - ^ K ^ ` ^ l ^ g ^ m g ^ l ^ k ^ t ^ r n ^ s ^ 0 ^^^^^^ l ~ ~

Ks u` g`strulk`tn

fk prkigsgù`

quk sgrvk

pere lkfgr prncu`fgfefks fk eaubkrns, reùres,

kti,

in`

eprnxgleigù`

fk 8,85

ll, y tgk`k cnrle fk" V " ( Cgaure 5 ).

Vnpk

fk

prncu`fgfef

VELEÕN FK OEYK W IEXEIGFEF

Cgaurn 5

K` lkfgfes

lçtrgies, sk

ceorgie`

k` teleõns iuyn oesk ks fk 1;, 588, 5?; y 5;8 ll:

iefn u`n

in` iepeigfef

fk

N e 1; ll,

fk

N e 5;8

ll

y

fk

N n ??; ll. Km fgålktrn

fk mn

vergmme

pukfk

skr fk

9,?

ll ù

6

ll.

K`

lkfgfns

gàmkses, sk

ceorgie`

telogç` k` teleõns in` oesk fk 9",

6",

;" y

3": iefe

u`n

in`

iepeigfef

fk

N e 9", fk N e 3" y fk N e 7".

EIEOEFN

FK

ME

OEYK,

IGMG@F_N,

VELON_

W

SE_GMMEY

- Me oesk ks k`furkigfe, rkitgcgiefe y pumgfe.

- Km igmg`frn y km

telonr

tgk`k`

u`

eieoefn irnlnsetgèfn, letk y

e`tginrrnsgvn.

-Mes vergmmes

sn`

rkfn`fes

y

pme`ns,

k`furkigfns,

rkitgcgiefns

y

pumgfns.

_KINLK@FEIGN@KY

EM LKFG_

X_NC[@FGFEFKY

- Yk vkrgcgin km lgirùlktrn n u`n

lkfgfn g`ckrgnr.

-

Yk

epnyn me oesk fkm g`strulk`tn cukrtklk`tk in`tre me supkrcgigk fk rkckrkìge fk me

pgkze ( Cgaure ? )

- Yk

agre

km

telonr

deste quk km kxtrkln fk mn vergmme

dean in`teitn mgakrelk`tk

in` km

cn`fn

fk me reùre

n

eaubkrn

quk

sk

kstå

vkrgcgie`fn.

-Mukan, rktgrk km g`strulk`tn fk mn pgkze quk kstå

lgfgk`fn

y prnikfn e me mkiture, inln

k` km

lgirùlktrn kxtkrgnr.



r

VKI@NMNA E KYXKIcCGIE 2

" ~ 5 G2K

L @ V K @ G L G ~

MGLE-

XK_Ò

LGI_ÙLKV_N

FK

X_NC[@FGFEF

( K@

LGMÌLKV_NY

)

AkC.

l 6?

) 4

Cgaure ?

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

Xere lkfgr prncu`fgfefks

leynrks

e ?;

ll sk

klpmke` mes "vergmmes

iemgorefes ".

Kstes

vergmmes

sn` g`tkrielogeomks y

verìe`

k` mnàgtuf fk ?;

ll

k` ?; ll, k` km

sgstkle

lçtrgin.

K` km sgstkle

gàmçs me

mnàgtuf fk

fgides vergmmes verìe fk 5" k` 5".

Em

kckituer

lkfgign`ks, iuye

mkiture ske

supkrgnr e me iepeigfef

fkm lgirùlktrn,

sk

rkinlgk`fe in`sgfkrer

pere

km

iåmiumn

me

mnàgtuf

fk me vergmme

iemgorefe.

Kbklpmn2

Xere lkfgr uè prncu`fgfef fk 9;

ll sk

fkok utgmgzer

me vergmme

fk

;8

ll fk

mnàg-

tuf. E me mkiture quk rkagstre km lgirùlktrn

fkok earkaårskmk me mnàgtuf

fk

?; ll.

- Mkiture rkagstrefe

-Mnàgtuf

-

Notk`gç`fnsk

2 5 N ll +

2?;

ll

2

9;

ll



r


" kKrE@tIN ZK L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE- XK_Ò

V_K@ FK

K@A_E@EBKY

W IÅMI[MNY

8KC.GG2VE 96

)

O

FKCG@GIGÙ@

Ks

u` in`bu`tn

fk rukfes

fk`tefes iuye inlogèigù` tre`slgtk

km

lnvglgk`tn

fk

agrn fk

u`

kbk e ntrn,

fk

eiukrfn e igkrte rkmeigù` fk vkmnigfef

prkvgste.

IMEYGCGIEIGÙ@

Dey fgvkrsns tgpns fk trk`ks fk kàreèbks, tnmks

inln2

- Fk kbks cgbns

- Fkspmeznomks

- Onsiumn`tks

-

Xme`ktergns

Yn` klpmkefns k` mns lkie`gslns fk ielogn fk vkmnigfefks, ielogn fk

eveìks,

g`vkrsgù` fk leride,.kti.

Yùmn trnterklns fk mns trk`ks fk kàreèbks cgbns, pnr skr mns ò`gins quk sk

iemiume` pere

ielogersk n lnfgcgiersk e`tks fk kbkiuter

u`

fktkrlgèfn treoebn.

IN@YV_[IIGÙ@ FK [@ V_K@ FK K@A_E@EBKY

Mes låqugès dkrrelgk`tes

quk

use` kstk lk-

ie`gsln, trek` mns kmklk`tns pere erlermn y

ln`termn

fk fgckrk`tks le`kres.

Mes

pnrtks prgìgpemks

(Cgaurn

5 ) fk u` trk` fk

kàreèbks

sn`2

- Km snpnrtk fk kàreèbks ( Y )

- Km kbk g`tkrlkfgn ( K )

-Mns

rukfns fk`tefns2

In`fuitnre (E)

g`tkrlkfge ( O ) y in`fuigfn ( I )

YNXN_VK

FK K@A_E@EBKY

Ks

u`n pmein

fk

dgkrrn cu`fgfn (Cgaure ?) in`

fgvkrsns reùres (n) , quk

pkrlgtk`

km einpmk

fk mns kbks g`tkrlkfgns. Mmkvn u`

eaubkrn

( o )

quk sgrvk fk auìe pern su uogieigù` y inln

pgvntk

pern ceigmgter km ebustk fkm trk` fk

kàreèbks.

Mns

snpnrtks

fk kàreèbks

pukfk`

tk`kr cnr-

les vergefes,

fkpk`fgk`fn

fk me låqugè y

km muaer k`

quk

sk uogie`.

Y

Cgaure 5

( o )

( n )

Cgaurn ?




V_K@ FK K@A_E@EBKY

W

IÅMI[MNY

MGLE-

XK_Ò

kI Å @ G I N c @ G K @ G L G K @ V ~

~ ~ C ~ ~ B ~

KBKY

G@VK_LKFGNY ( Cgaures 9e

y

o )

Yn` kbks quk sk uogie` k` km

snpnrtk

fk kàreèbks

pere

ln`ter mes rukfes

fk`tefes

quk

inlpmkte`

km

trk` fk kàreèbks.

K` kstns kbks

sk fgstgàuk`

mes sgaugk`tks pertks2

- Xertk

igmì`frgie

( M

,

k` me quk ve` uogiefns mns kàreè-

bks.

Yu

meran eflgtk

u`

låxgln fk ? kàreèbks.

- Kspgae rnsiefe ( _ ,

quk pkrlgtk

me

cgbeigù`

fkm kbk

e me mgre (

snpnrtk

) .

Eaubkrn rnsiefn ( V }, quk emnbe km

tnr`gmmn

quk

glpgfk

me semgfe fk

mns

kàreèbks.

Dey

kbks

quk, k`

muaer

fkm

eaubkrn

rnsiefn, mmkve`

uè

reùre igriumer ( A )

quk

emnbe

u` e`gmmn fk

skaurgfef

( Cgaure

9o

).

K`trk km kbk y km

eaubkrn

ik`trem fk mes rukfes fk`tefes

sk ln`te

u`

oubk

( C )

in` idevktkrn

( Cgaure

6 ), quk

pkrlgtk

e

me rukfe

in`fuigfe

tre`slgtgr

km

lnvglgk`tn

fk agrn e me

rukfe

in`fuitnre fkm lgsln kbk.

_[KFEY FK@VEFEY

mes låqugès k` mes quk sk epmgie mns trk`ks fk

kàreèbks fk kbks cgbns trek`

u`n

n lås bukans fk

rukfes

fk`tefes (Cgaure

; ), in` fgckrk`tk

`òlkrn

fk

fgk`tks, quk

pnsgogmgte`

uè

elpmge

aele

fk inlogè-

ign`ks. Ykaò` me pnsgigù` rkmetgve quk, k` km trk`

fk

kàreèbk,

tkàe` mes rukfes fk`tefes, skrå me cu`-

igù`

quk

iulpme iefe uè fk kmmes y km

`nlork quk

rkigoe`.

Kstes cuìgn`ks sn` trks 2

_ukfe in`fuitnre ( 5 y 9 , rkigok km lnvglgk`tn fk

u`

kbk y mn

tre`slgtk

e uè rukfe.

_ukfe in`fuigfe ( ? y 6 , rkigok km

lnvglgk`tn

fk uè

rukfe

y mn tre`slgtk e

u` kbk.

_ukfe g`tkrlkfge ( 5 , rkigok km lnvglgk`tn fk uè

rukfe y mn tre`slgtk e

ntre rukfe. Velogç`

sk mk

in`nik inln

rukfe peråsgte, pnr `n

emtkrer

me rkme-

igù` fk

tre`slgsgù`

k` km trk`

fk

kàreèbks.

IÅMI[MN

FK

[@ V_K@ FK K@A_E@EBKY ( _kmeigù` fk tre`slgsgù` )

e

o

Cgaure 9

Cgaure 6

Cgaure ;

Inln km prnpùsgtn fk u` trk` fk

kàreèbks

ks

tre`slgtgr

km lnvglgk`tn

fk agrn fk u` kbk

e

ntrn,

fk

eiukrfn

e

igkrte rkmeigù`:

sk

pukfk fktkrlgèr lkfge`tk

km

iåmiumn

skìgmmn

iuåmks

fkok`

skr

mns kàreèbks

quk

derå` pnsgomk me tre`slgsgù`

fkm lnvglgk`tn,

k` mes in`fgign`ks prkvgstes,




EXMGIEFNY 2 .., (

tBKIÅ@GIN

mK

LE@VK@GLGK@V8

MGLE-

XK_Ò

V_K@

FK

K@A_E@EBKY

W

IÅMI[MNY

c i

B

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n i ~

6 ~

@E RO

@O

RE

k` me quk ( Cgaure 3 )

@E

< Skmnigfef fk rnteigù`

fkm kbk " E "

@O

<

Skmnigfef fk

rnteigù` fkm kbk " O "

RO

• @òlkrn

fk

fgk`tks fkm kàreèbk quk

fkok gr

k` km kbk " O "

RE

< @òlkrn fk fgk`tks fkm kàreèbk quk

fkok

gr k` km kbk

55

E

55

Kbklpmn2

Cgaurn 3

[` kbk" E " agre e

9;8

rpl y

sk

fkske tre`slgtgr su lnvglgk`tn e ntrn kbk

55

O " ,fk

le`kre

quk

me

vkmnigfef

fk kstk kbk ske fk

588

rpl. ¾Uuç

kàreèbks

fkok`

niupersk

pere in`skaugr kste rkmeigù` y

iùln

fkok` uogiersk k` mns kbks >

Fkserrnmmn2

Epmgie`fn me cùrlume

@E

RE

@O

RO

sk

tgk`k

9;8

RO

588

RE

fgvgfgk`fn k`trk ;8

9;8

1

588

-

?

Inln

km prnpùsgtn ks

fktkrlgèr km

`òlkrn fk fgk`tks

fk

mns

kàreèbks,

k` me creiigù`

1/?

sk

lumtgpmgie

iefe

tçrlg`n

pnr u`

lgsln `òlkrn pere notk`kr u` qukorefn,

iuyn

`òlkrefnr

y

fk`nlgèfnr ingìgfe`

in` km `òlkrn fk fgk`tks fk

u` per fk

rukfes

fk`tefes, in`tk`gfes

k` km

bukan

fk

kàreèbks

fk me låqugè2

9;8 18

588 ?8

Mn quk

sk

g`tkrprkte

( Cgaure 1 ) fk me le`kre sgaugk`tk 2

^

`<588.

Cgaure 1

e. Km

ùlkrefnr RO

<

18 inrrkspn`fk e uè rukfe

fk`tefe

fk

18

fgk`tks me quk fkok

uogiersk k` km kbk

55

O ".

o. Km fk`nlgèfnr RE

< ?8 inrrkspn`fk e uè rukfe fk`tefe

fk

?8 fgk`tks me

quk

fkok uogiersk k`

km kbk " E

55

•

Fk kste le`kre

sk

iulpmk in` me

rkmeigù` fk

tre`slgsgù`

@E

RO

@O

RE

9;8 18




( QKIE@GIN mK LE@VK@GLGK@V8

V_K@ FK K@A_E@EBKY W IÅMI[MNY

MGLE-

XK_Ò

~ K C DIVE 96

)

K)

Kstk kbklpmn pkrlgtk seier emauès inìmusgn`ks fk tgpn

ak`krem2

5 Ykaò` ske me

rkmeigù`

fk vkmnigfef ~ ~ k`trk km kbk quk tre`slgtk km

lnvglgk`tn

(kbk in`fuitnr) y

km kbk quk rkigok km lnvglgk`tn (kbk in`^fuffn ), s ~ r å me rkmeigù`

quk

dey k`trk km `òlkrn fk fgk`tks

fk me

rukfe

in`fuitnre

y- km 'fk Gf

in`fuigfe

RE

-.

RO

?¸

Yg pnr iuemqugkr

lntgvn sk

tgk`k u ~

g`tkriemer

( Cgaure

4 )

uè rukfe fk`tefe (

5 )

k`trk uè rukfe in`fuitnre (

RE) y

ntre in`fuigfe ( RO.}, me rkmeigù` fk tre`slgsgù`

@E < 5ª- `n sk emtkre.

@O RE

Xnr ksn, me rukfe g`tkrlkfBù sk fk`nlgè telogç` peråsgte.

Kbk^±

^^

In`fuitnr ±

Kbk^^

m ` t k r ~ k f g n

-/RE

^^^ r

Kb t t^^^^

In`fuigfn

Cgaurn 4

RO

9¸ Epmgie`fn me cùrlume fk

rkmeigù`

fk tre`slgsgù` ~ ~

iuemqugkr

tgpn

fk

trk` fk

kàreèbks.

VGXNY FK V_K@KY

FK K@A_E@EBKY

RO - . .

< RE , sk pukfk fktkB.rngèr

mns trk`ks

fk kàreèbks

sk

fgckrkìge`

k`trk

sì

pnr me ie`tgfef

fk

rukfes

in`fuitnres

y rukfes

in`fuigfes

quk mmkve`. Kstn ie`tgfef fk rukfes kståfktkrlgèfe prgìgpemlk`-

tk

pnr

fns ceitnrks2

- Xnr

/e rkmeigù` fk te`slgsgù`, quk pukfk skr lås sgl.pmk n

i n l p m ~ b

quk ntres skaò`

ske` mes iereitkrìstgies

fk

mns kbks, dusgmmns y tnr`gmmns quk sk

qugkrk`

vgìumer

lkfge`tk

u` trk` fk kàreèbks.

- Xnr me

aele

fk rukfes

fk`tefes,

fk fgckrk`tk `òlkrn fk fgk`tks± quk tkàe km bukan

fk rukfes

fk

me

låqugè.

RE

Fk eiukrfn e kstes fns

in`fgign`ks,

me

rezù`

zs pukfk fks.inlpn`kr k`

vergns

ceitnrks, inln2

y telogç`

RE R5 R9

Rs

RO - R? . R6 . R3

mn quk, sg` emtkrer me

rkmeigù`

fk tre`slgsgù`,

nrgagè

mns fgstg`tns tgpns fk

kàreèbks2




"'

k2iE@GIN

K LE@VK@GLGK@V

8

MGLE- XK_Ò

V_K@

FK K@A_E@EBKY W

IÅMI[MNY

~ K C ~ E 96 )3

5

V_K@

FK K@A_E@EBKY

YGLXMK

@E RO

@O

< RE

Yk iereitkrgze

(Cgaure 7)

pnr

mmkver

uè rukfe

in`fuitnre (

RE)

y ntre in`fuigfe ( RO ). Km

kbklpmn fkserrnmmefn

e`tkrgnrlk`tk inrrks-

pn`fk

e u` trk` fk kàreèbks sglpmk.

K` kstk trk` sk pukfk g`tkriemer u`n n fns

kàreèbks

g`tkrlkfgns ( 5), skaò` in`vkàe,

ske

pnrquk

mns kàreèbks in`fuitnr y in`fu-

igfn

qukfe` luy skperefns, n pnrquk sk

fkske

quk

km

kbk

in`fuigfn agrk

k` u` fktkr-

lgèfn

sk`tgfn ( Cgaure 5N

).

Kstn ks våmgfn pere iuemqugkr trk` fk kàreèbks.

?. V_K@ FK ±K@A_E@EBKY INLX[KYVN FK

I[EV_N _[KFEY

Kstk trk`

fk kàreèbks

( Cgaure

55

)

sk

iereitkrgze

pnr

mmkver fns kàreèbks ( R? y

mE

) y fns

in`fuigfns

( R5 y

RB

).

Kbklpmn2

Yk `kiksgte quk u` kbk O fk ? vukmtes em lgsln

tgklpn

quk

u`

kbk

E

fe

3,9 vukmtes. Iemiumer

u` trk` fk kàreèbks quk deae pnsgomk kste

rkmeigù`

y

fer

me

uogieigù`

e

iefe

rukfe.

Fkserrnmmn2

@E

RO

Epmgie`fn

me cùrlume @O <

RE

y rkklpmezefn

3,9

?

RO

RE

Cgaure 7

Cgaure 5N

INGGF[IVN.

Cgaure 55

Em

lumtgpmgier

ùlkrefnr y

fk`nlgèfnr

pnr

5N,

sk notgk`k me sgaugk`tk prnpnrigù` 2

3

?

< sg `n

dey

rukfe fk`tefe fk 39 fgk`tks, me rezù` pukfk in`vkrtgrsk k`

1 x 7 y

lumtgpmgie`fn

iefe tçrlg`n pnr 5N 2 18 x 78

?

T

58 ?8

T

588




('-m'iE@GIN 2K LE@VK@GLK@V8

V_K@ FK

K@A_E@EBKY W

IÅMI[MNY

MGLE-

XK_Ò

~ K c

DIVE

96

)

4

In` mn quk

sk

iulpmk me

rkmeigù`

fk tre`slgsgù` 2

9.

V_K@

FK K@A_E@EBKY

INLX[KYVN FK

YKGY _[KFEY

@E R5

@O - R?

Kstk trk` fk

kàreèbks

( Cgaure

5?

) sk

iereitkrgze

pnr

mmkver

trks rukfes

in`fuitnres

( R?,

R6 y R3

)

y

trks

in`fuigfes

(

R5,

Rm

y

Rs

).

Kbklpmn2

Cgaure

5?

Yk `kiksgte in`kiter fns kbks, fk le`kre quk lgk`tres km kbk in`fuitnr fe

;

vukmtes km

in`fuigfn fç 45. Fktkrlgèr

u` trk` fk

kàreèbks

quk prnpnrign`k kste rkmeigù` y

fer

me uogieigù`

quk ske

`kikserge.

Fkserrnmmn2

Yk

epmgie

me

cùrlume2

@E

@O

RO

RE

_kklpmeze`fn mns tçrlg`ns pnr mns vemnrks y prnikfgk`fn, skaò` mes rkames fk rezn`ks

y

prnpnrign`ks, sk notgk`k suiksgvelk`tk.

45 7

T

7

45 78 T

78

< ;

T

5

5

< ;8

T

58

45

<

78

T 6; T

?

?; T ?8 T 5

y cgèmlk`tk2

4 5 78

T

6; nB 38

<

?;

T ?8 T 98

In` mn quk sk

iulpmk me

rkmeigù`

fk tre`slgsgù`2

@E R5

@O ..

R?

FGYXNYGIGÙ@ FK [@ V_K@ FK K@A_E@EBKY

R9

Rs

R6

.

R3

Xere erler u` trk` fk

kàreèbks

y

fgstrgougr

mes rukfes fk`tefes, sk

fkok

tk`kr prksk`tk

mns sgaugk`tks espkitns2

m . Gfk`tgcgier iuåm ks km kbk n ` f ~ t n r fkm lnvglgk`tn y, pnr mn te`tn, iuåm skrå km

in`fuigfn.

?.

K`

cuìgù` fkm kbk in`fuitnr, fktkrlgèr iuåmks sn` mes rukfes in`fuitnres y iuåmks

mes

in`fuigfes.



~

YK@EVG


' k

vKiE@GIN

rc LE@VK@GLGK@V

8

MGLE- XK_Ò

V_K@

FK K@A_E@EBKY

W

IÅMI[MNY

~ K C

DIVE 96

) 3

9. Mes rukfes in`fuitnres pukfk`

uogiersk

k` iuemqugkr pns5i5n`, sgklprk quk

le`tkàe`

su

in`fgigù` fk in`fuitnres (Skr fkcg`gigù`).

Mn

lgsln

ks

våmgfn

pere

mes

in`fuigfes.

6.

Mes

rukfes g`tkrlkfges `n lnfgcgie`

me

rkmeigù` fk tre`slgsgù`, pkrn

sì lnfgcgie` km

sk`tgfn fk

agrn cgèm.

;. Km sk`tgfn fk

agrn fkm

kbk

in`fuigfn

skrå gauem em sk`tgfn fk

agrn

fkm kbk in`fuitnr,

sg

km

`òlkrn fk kbks fkm

trk`

fk kàreèbks

ks glper. Ykrå

in`trergn, sg

km

tntem

fk kbks

ks u` `òlkrn per.

EXMGIEIGN@KY

FKM

V_K@

FK

K@A_E@EBKY

Inln ks u` lkie`gsln oåsgin pere mnarer iuemqugkr

rkmeigù` fk tre`slgsgù`

sk utgmgze

in` sule

crkiukìge

k` mes låqugès dkrrelgk`tes, tnr`n

y

crksefnre.

K` km

tnr`n,

prgìgpemlk`tk, pere rnsier.

K` me crksefnre pere deikr pnsgomk me fgvgsgù` fgckrkìgem, pere deikr fgvgsgn`ks

mg`kemks,

crksefns fk

treykitnrge

igriumer,

dkmgingfem

y kspgrem. Mns

iåmiumns

pere me epmgieigù` fkm

trk` fk kàreèbks, k` iefe u`n

fk

ksns iesns, sn` tretefns inln tkles g`fkpk`fgk`tks.




IÅMI[MNY

FK SKMNIGFEFKY

MGLE- XK_Ò

k

KIÅ@GIN m2c LE@GK@GLGK@V

8

~ K C DIVE 9; B

4

Me

notkìgù` fk

mes

vkmnigfefks

y km `òlkrn

fk

fgk`tks

fk mes

rukfes fk`tefes kstå

nrgk`tefe

pnr

km

prgìgpgn

fk quk

"mes

vkmnigfefks

kstå` k`

rezù`

g`vkrse em `òlkrn

fk

fgk`tks

".

K`

mns iåmiumns

sk

prksk`te` mns

sgaugk`tks

iesns2

X_GLK_ IEYN -

V_K@

YGLXMK FK K@A_E@EBKY

K` kstk iesn (Cgaure 5 ) sk trnte fk iemiumer mes vkmnigfefks y fgk`tks fk u` per fk rukfes

fk`tefes,

fn`fk 2

R

< @òlkrn fk

fgk`tks

fk me

rukfe in`fuitnre

z

<

@òlkrn

fk

fgk`tks

fk me

rukfe

in`fuigfe

@ < rpl fk me

rukfe

in`fuitnre

`

<

rpl fk me

rukfe in`fuigfe

@

`

Xere

mns

iåmiumns, sk

pertk fk

me

rkmeigù`2

m zx@<zx`

IN@F[IVN_E IN@F[IGFE

Fk

fn`fk

sk fkfuik mes

sgaugk`tks

gìùa`gtes2

e.

z <

z x `

@

o.

z x `

- z -

Kbklpmn2

i. z

f.

`

Cgaure

5

z T @

`

z T

@

z

Me

rukfe

fk u` kàreèbk fk

5?8

fgk`tks

tre`slgtk lnvglgk`tn

e u` pgõù`

fk 68

fgk`tks,

quk

agre

e ?5 N

rkvnmuign`ks pnr lgùtn.

Yk

fkske iemiumer

me vkmnigfef

fk me rukfe

in`fuitnre.

Fetns

R <

5?8

fgk`tks

@ < >

Ynmuigù`

z <

68 fgk`tks

`

< ?5 N

rpl

Epmgie`fn me cùrlume

( o ) y

rkklpmeze`fn vemnrks,

tk`klns2

_kspukste

@

< 68 T

?58

5?8

18rpl




k

GKIÅ@GIN e2 LE@VK@GLGK@V

8

MGLE-

XK_Ò

IÅMI[MNY

FK

SKMNIGFEFKY I B

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ n i 9;

Kbklpmn2

K` u`B tre`slgsgù`

sglpmk,

me rukfe in`fuitnre fk 45

fgk`tks agre

e ?53 rkvnmuign`ks pnr

lgùtn,

tre`slgtgk`fn rnteigù` e u`

pgõù` iuye

vkmnigfef ks fk

584

rpl.

Yk fkske

iemiumer

km `òlkrn fk fgk`tks fkm pgõù`.

YKA[@FN

IEYN- V_K@ INLX[KYVN

FK K@A_E@EBKY

K` kstk

iesn

( Cgaure ? ), sk trete fk iemiumer mes vkmnigfefks y fgk`tks fk u` trk`

inlpukstn fk

kàreèbks.

Xere mns iåmiumns,

sk

pertk fk me rkmeigù`2

rpl In`fuitnre

rpl In`fuigfe

Xrnfuitn fkm `òlkrn fk fgk`tks ( In`fuigfes )

Xrnfuitn fkm `òlkrn fk fgk`tks ( In`fuitnres )

Fk fn`fk 2

@ <

rpl

fk me rukfe in`fuitnre

` < rpl fk me

rukfe in`fuigfe

R < `òlkrn

fk fgk`tks

fk

mes

rukfes in`fuitnres

z < `òlkrn fk fgk`tks fk mes rukfes

in`fuigfes

Cùrlume2

@ R?

T

R6

T

R3

..•

`

R5

x

R9

x

Rs

...

Kgklpmn2

Cgaure ?

Yk qugkrk

seokr me

vkmnigfef

fkm p.gõù` in`fuigfn (

R3 ),

in`nigk`fn me

fgspnsgigù`

fkm

trk` inlpukstn (

Cgaure 9 ) y

mns sgaugk`tks

fetns

2

@ < ?88rpl

` < x

Ynmuigù`2

48 fgk`tks

68

38

fgk`tks Rs

5?8 fgk`tks

78 "

?8 "

Epmgie`fn

me

cùrlume @

`

R?

x

R6

x R3

. . .

y rkklpmeze`fn vemnrks tk`klns2

R5 x R9 x Rs .. .

Yglpmgcgie`fn

_ksnmvgk`fn

?88

68 T

78

T ?8

--

`

48

T 38 T 5?8

?88

--

`

`

5

4

5388

rpl

@

Cgaurn 9

`



r


_NRELGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

( _nzelgk`tn k` supkrcgigks muorgiefes )

"kvKIÅ@GIN Ic LElt@GLGK@V

8

-'

8KC. DIVE

93 )

4

-----------------------------------------------

_NRELGK@VN

K@ Y[XK_CGIGKY M[O_GIEFEY

Km

rnzelgk`tn

quk

sk prksk`te k` mes pgkzes

lùvgmks fk mes

låqugès fgslgùyk in`sgfkre-

omklk`tk,

eu`quk

`n sk mmkauk

e

eùmer,

lk-

fge`tk

km

klpmkn fk muorgie`tks.

K

5

muorgie`tk sk g`tkrpn`k k`trk

mes

supkrcgigks

fksmgze`tks, fk lnfn quk mns

lktemks

fkbe`

fk

kster k` in`teitn fg

rkitn,

sgtuå`fnsk

k`trk

kmmns uè fkmaefe iepe n pkmìiume

snork

me quk

sk

fksmgze` mes supkrcgigks.

Kstn

ks

mn quk rkemlk`tk suikfk k` mes låqug-

ès

k`

mes

quk

sk

de

iemiumefn

mes

prksgn`ks,

mns

ebustks

y kmkagfn km muorgie`tk efkiuefn.

INBG@KVKY FK C_GIIGÙ@

Yn` pgkzes quk

sgrvk`

fk epnyn e mns kbks y

åronmks,

fk

lnfn

quk

mks

pkrlgtk`

agrer

in`

u` rnzelgk`tn luy

suevk. Yu

cnrle

ks

ak`kremlk`tk me fk

u`

leàugtn pertgfn

mnàgtufgèmlk`tk: sk in`struyk`

fk

lktem

lås

ome`fn quk

km

fk

mns

åronmks

( ornìk n

metù`

)

y

tgk`k`,

e vkiks, u`

rkvkstglgk`tn fk lktem

e`tgcrgiigù`.

Lktemks pnrn in¡g`ktks

mns pkrckiignèlgk`tns

k`

mes

emkeign`ks

pere

inbg`ktks

`n

sk de`

m glgtefn

e

ùkvns

ielogns

k` me inlpnsgigù`, sg`n

quk

gìmuyk` prnpgk-

fefks

cìsgies

lkbnrefes,

fkogfn

e

rkcgèlgk`-

tns y

prnikselgk`tns

k`

me

in`struiigù`.

Mns lktemks pere inbg`ktks sk

inlpn`k` in-

lò`lk`tk fk emkeign`ks fk inork,

pmnln,

ksteõn, e`tgln`gn

y

zgì,

y sn`

in`nigfns

in`

mes fk`nlgèign`ks fk lktem e`tgcrgiigù`, lktem

omeìn, metù`, ornìk cnscnrnsn

y

ntrns

`nl-

orks

inlkrigemks, fksteiå`fnsk pnr

sus

kx-

ikpignèmks prnpgkfefks km Oeoogtt.




2

_NRELGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

( _nzelgk`tn

k`

supkrcgigks muorgiefes )

_NRELGK@VN XN_ _NFEF[_E

Yk

prnfuik

rnzelgk`tn

pnr rnfefure,

iue`fn

uè

rukfe,

ksckre

n

igmg`frn, rukfe snork uè

supkrcgigk.

Kstk rnzelgk`tn ks fgckrk`tk em rnzelgk`tn pnr

fksmgzelgk`tn

y su vemnr

ks

in`sgfkreomklk`tk

lk`nr.

Yk

nrgagè pnr me fkcnrleigù` quk

kxpkrglk`te` me

ksckre n

igmg`frn y

me

supkrcg-

igk snork me quk

rukfe`: km

vemnr fkm

rnzelgk`tn

ks

me

cukrze

`kikserge pere

vkìkr kste

fkcnr-

leigù` y deikr

quk

km iukrpn

rukfk.

Mukan,

kste cukrze skrå

lk`nr

iue`tn lås rìagfns

ske` mns

iukrpns

y

lk`nr

me

fkcnrleigù`

quk

kxpkrglk`tk`.

INKCGIGK@VK FK _NFEF[_E

Efklås fk me

rgagfkz

fk mns

letkrgemks,

k` km

rnzelgk`tn pnr rnfefure ks ceitnr glpnrte`tk

km

refgn

fk me ksckre n igmg`frn, em quk .km

rnzelgk`tn ks

g`vkrselk`tk

prnpnrignèm.

c.m

Inkcgigk`tk

_

Cukrze fk rnzelgk`tn

5 ~ < ~ 5

_efgn k` il

@

Cukrze `nrlem

Mukan, me cukrze fk rnzelgk`tn rksumte2

_

@

" kkIÅ@GIN 552

LE@GFGGL5Kl8

8KC. DIVE

93

) 4

C




kKIÅ@GIN

ZK

LE@VK@GLGK@V

8

_NRELGK@VN

MGLE-

XK_Ò

( _nzelgk`tn

k`

supkrcgigks

muorgiefes

)

-'

~ K C DIVE 93

) 4

----------------------------------------------

INBG@KVKY FK

ONMEY W FK

_NFGMMNY

Mmelefns telogç` rnfn¡ks n rnfelgk`tns, sn`

fgspnsgtgvns lkfge`tk mns

iuemks

km rnzelgk`tn

fk cr giigù` sk ieloge e

rnzelgk`tn pnr

rnfefure.

In`sgstk` k` uè skrgk fk onmes quk

agre`

mgorklk`tk

k` mns emvçnmns fk uè

inrnè

n

ieèstgmme,

fgspukste

k`trk

fns

e`gmmns

y in`

u` pkrcgm kscçrgin, snork mns quk rukfe` kstes

ksckres.

Iue`fn km rnfelgk`tn snpnrte kscukrzns luy

are`fks,

sk

rkklpmeze`

mes

onmes

pnr rnfgmmns,

iuyn in`teitn

ks

m g`kem y, in`sgaugk`tklk`tk,

luidn

leynr

quk

km

in`teitn

pu`tuem

fk

mes

onmes, rkfuigç`fnsk k` kste cnrle me prksgù`

snork

mes pgstes fk

rnfelgk`tn.

Km

klpmkn

fk

rnfelgk`tns

prksk`te lòmtgpmks

vk`tebes: esì, km ebustk y emg`kelgk`tn fk mns

kbks

ks eutnlåtgin, km iemk`telgk`tn ks

preit gielk`tk ùmn

y km

inkcgigk`tk fk

rnzelgk`tn ks lì`gln, tnfn mn iuem sk le`g-

cgkste k` u`

leynr rk`fglgk`tn

fk mes låqug-

ès. Ks, sg` fufe, km

leynr

fk mns g`vk`tns

pere inloetgr km rnzelgk`tn y

su klpmkn

sk

fe

k` l

mgn`ks fk

låqugès

fk

tnfn

aç`krn.

Yk

in`struyk` k` fgvkrsns tgpns y teleõns skaò`

mes `kiksgfefks.

EIK_N

XE_E

ONMEY

Fefn km

g`tk`sn

treoebn e

quk ak`kremlk`tk

kstå` snlktgfns mns rnfelgk`tns, mns eikrns

klpmkefns k` su in`struiigù` tgk`k` iuemgfe-

fks kspkigemìsgles y sn`

snlktgfns

e u`

tetelgk`tn

tçrlgin luy

pertgiumer. Lòmtgpmks

k`seyns

g`fgiern`

quk mns eikrns lås efkiue-

fns

pere

kstk

cg`.

Yn` mns

quk

tgk`k`

km

sgaugk`-

tk pnrik`tebk fk emkeigù` 2

@?

k

Yg

p

L`

5 5, 5? 8,85; 8,851 N, 57

? 8,7; 8,856 8,854

8,8?;

..... . , n ± ± ± 0 ~ ~.. .. .........

......

: m - ~ . ~ 5 - ~ - - ± t : 2 ± : : m .

Y

Ir

w

8,857

8,?;

-

%

8,857

5,?;

8,?;

%



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY2 " ( GKIÅ@GIN 552 LE@VK@GLGK@V8

_NRELGK@VN

MGLE- XK_Ò

^^

^ _ ^ ~ ^ u ^ l ^ ~ - - ~ - ~ - - ~ - ~ - - ~ - ~ - - ~ - o ^ ` ^ ~

^

^s^0 ^

C ~ B ~

INKCGIGK@VK FK

_NRELGK@VN XN_

_NFEF[_E

K`

mns in¡g`ktks

fk

rnfelgk`tn ks

fk

8,888; e

8,885

Em gauem quk

k`

mns

inkcgigk`tks pnr

fksmgzelgk`tn,

mns vemnrks

pere

km

inkcgigk`tk

pnr

rnfefure sn` våmgfns fk`trn fk mìlgtks

lnfkrefns

fk prksgù`

y

vkmnigfef.

Me

ierae

pkrlgtgfe pere

mns

rnfelgk`tns

fk-

pk`fk fk mns fgålktrns fk sus pgstes, fkm

fgålktrn fk mns rnfgmmns n onmes, fk me mnàg-

tuf fk mns rnfgmmns, `òlkrn fk onmes n rnfgmmns

y

vkmnigfef

fk

treoebn.

Kstes kspkigcgieign-

`ks

sk

fe` k`

teomes

kmeonrefes pnr mns

ceorgie`tks.

_NRELGK@VN K@ MNY

CM[GFNY

K` km sk`n fk mns mìqugfns y aesks k` lnvì-

lgk`tn

sk

prnfuik`

rnzelgk`tns

k`trk

sus

lnmçiumes, mn quk

sk

le`gcgkste k` me rksgstk`-

ige e cmugr

quk

sk noskrve k` uè lese mìqug-

fe. Kste rksgstkìge em fkspmezelgk`tn quk

prksk`te` mns cmugfns

sk

fk`nlgè vgsinsgfef.

Xnfklns gleagèr

e u`

mìqugfn

cnrlefn pnr

uè skrgk fk iepes

dnrgzn`temks,

mes quk, em

cmugr km

mìqugfn, sk

fksmgze` uès

snork ntres

in` vkmnigfefks vergefes

fksfk me

supkrcgigk

em

g`tkrgnr

fk me inrrgk`tk fkm cmugfn.

Km

lnvglgk`tn fk uè iepe, lkrikf e me

vgsinsgfef, errestre

e me

sgaugk`tk:

esì, mes

iepes lnmkiumerks k` lnvglgk`tn tgk`fk e

errestrer mes iepes

in`tgaues,

em

lgsln

tgkl-

pn

quk çstes mks npn`k` uè rksgstkìge quk

mes crkè.

Iefe

cmugfn tgk`k u` inkcgigk`tk fk

vgsinsgfef

quk fkpk`fk

fkm arefn k` quk sk

kbkrik`

kstes eiign`ks k` su sk`n. Km inkcgigk`tk fk

vgsinsgfef fk u`

mìqugfn

fgslgùyk em eulk`-

ter me tklpkreture fkm lgsln: k` mns aesks,

pnr

km in`trergn, eulk`te

in`

me tklpkreture.



MGLE-

XK_Ò

.., (QKIÅ@GIN e2

LE@mt@GLGK@V8

~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ K ~ B ~


_NRELGK@VN

( _nzelgk`tn k` supkrcgigks muorgiefes )

INKCGIGK@VK

FK

SGYINYGFEF ( ` )

K`

km sgstkle

i.

a. s. me u`gfef fkm inkcgigk`tk

fk

vgsinsgfef

sk

fk`nlgè pngsk 2

5

ngsk < 5 fgè x 5il

p 5

il

?

• 5il

5

ska

5 fgè x ska 5il

?

Yg` kloeran, sk tgk`k`

lkfgfes

in`vkìgnè-

mks fktkrlgèfes pnr km tgklpn quk terfe k`

veigersk uè

ie`tgfef fk mìqugfn,

fk u`

fkpù-

sgtn fk fglk`sgn`ks cgbes,

lkfge`tk

u` tuon

fktkrlgèfn.

Yk

fktkrlgè

telogç` pnr km tgklpn quk

terfe

k`

mmkaer

uè ksckre em cn`fn fk u`

rkigpgk`tk

in` km

mìqugfn

n fktkrlgèfe emture, n ogk`,

pnr

me

vkmnigfef

fk

antkn fk u` mìqugfn.

K` mns eikgtks muorgie`tks sk einstulore user

km

`òlkrn

YEK, ksiemn ksteomkigfe k` Kstefns

[`gfns

pnr

me

Ynigkfef fk

Gàk`gkrns

k`

Eutnlntnrks.

Me

vgsinsgfef

ks

glpnrte`tk,

efklås fk

me

muorgieigù`,

k`

mn

ceorgieigù`

fk pg`tures,

oer`giks, pmåstgins, tkxtgmks, kti.



r


... kvg2IÅ@GIN mm2 LE@VK@GLGK@V

8

MGLE- XK_Ò

EINVEFN, IN@IKXVN W _KAMEY

8KC. DIVE 91 )

O

.

EINVEFN

IN@IKXVN

FK

EINVEFN

Km

eintefn

n fglk`sgnèfn k` mns fgoubns

ks me

tçi`gie

pnr me iuem

sk

vemnre` mnàg-

tufks y cnrles fk mns sùmgfns u nobktns

fksirgtns pnr mes prnykiign`ks.

Km vemnr

fk

mes

vgstes

nrtnanèmks pere

me

in`struiigù`

fkm

nobktn (

pgkze

) k` km

temmkr, fkpk`fk fk me imergfef y

kxeitgtuf

fkm

eintefn.

Km eintefn fk mns

fgoubns

ks u`

ceitnr

glpnrte`tk k` Fgoubn Vçi`gin, puks ks

`kiksergn noskrver in`ste`tklk`tk

mes `nr-

les quk rgak`, pnrquk prkigselk`tk k`

m

-

-c..-----------

kste cesk qukfe inlprnlktgfe

me

rkspn`se-

ogmgfef

fkm fgoube`tk.

Km fgoube`tk,

e`tks fk

rkemgzer

u`

eintefn,

fkok gleagèr n supn`kr quk çm ks me

pkrsnè quk

ve

e kbkiuter n in`strugr

mn

quk

rkprksk`te

k` km

fgoubn

n fgskõn. Velogç`

fkok

sgtuersk

k` km pme`n fk

me pkrsnè quk

ve

e erler n ln`ter km

lkie`gsln

n

fgspn-

sgtgvns

quk

tgk`k

rkprksk`tefns.

5

5

5 5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

-

"

.

b

,

rK

- - - r - ) -

5

5

5



r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 '

kKIÅ@GIN

Mc L E @ G K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE- XK_Ò

EINVEFN,

IN@IKXVN

W _KAMEY

~ K C DIVE

91 )

4

_KAMEY

FK

EINVEFN

Kxgstk` rkames pere einter inrrkitelk`tk,

kvgte`fn

esì me in`cusgù` y me

pçrfgfe

fk

tgklpn.

- Me

imergfef y

me

mùagie

sn` mns irgtkrgns oåsgins

pere km eintefn:

esì sk

aere`tgze

u`

ouk` treoebn k` km temmkr.

- Mes lkfgfes

g`fgiefes

k` km

fgoubn `n

fkok`

fer

muaer e

fufes,

krrnrks `g fkckitns

k` km

eieoefn

fk uè pgkze.

- Mes

lkfgfes

fk u` fgoubn sk kxprkserå` fk tem le`kre quk km npkrergn, k` su mkiture,

`n tkàe quk deikr `gàò` iåmiumn pere fkfuigrmes.

Fkok` kvgtersk

mes

intes g``kikserges, k`tk`fgç`fnsk

pnr

temks

mes

quk

`n

sn`

g`fgspk`seomks

pere

me

in`struiigù` fk

me

pgkze, `g pere `gàuè

ntre

npkreigù`

pnstkrgnr fk inlprnoeigù` ( Cgaure 5 y ? ).

m 5

5

5

-

..

5

5

5

5

5

5

• •

5

- ' - ----

r ~

-

r

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

E

5

5

5

••

5

,

5

-

...

5

-

-

..

.

Cgaure 5

Cgaure ?



r


(

QKIÅ@GIN Ic

LE@VK@GLGK@V8

MGLE- XK_Ò

EINVEFN, IN@IKXVN W _KAMEY

8KC. DIVE 91 B4

- Mn

einteigù` fkok

epmgiersk e mì`kes mmkès, kvgte`fn deikrmn n mì`kes

skalk`tefns.

- Mns

mì`kes

fk

intn sk inmnie` fk le`krn quk `n

sk

iruik` in` mì`kes

euxgmgerks u

ntres

mì`kes

fk intn: sk

kvgte

inmnie`fn mes mnàgtufks pkqukõns, k`

me

pnrtk g`tkrgnr,

y

mes

mnàgtufks are`fks, k` me pertk kxtkrgnr ( Cgaure 9 )..

- -

-

--- ~

Cgaure

9

- Mns lkfgfns fk mns eaubkrns n igriu`ckrk.ìges

sk

inmnie` k` mns vgstes k` quk eperkik`

inln tnmks

y

`n k` mes quk kstå` rkprksk`tefes in`

mì`kes

skalk`tefns ( Cgaure

6

).

-

Cgaure

6




2

...

kKIÅ@GIN rK LE@VK@GLGK@V

8

N_FK@ W MGLXGKRE K@ ME XME@VE

MGLE-

XK_Ò

8KC.

DIVE

94 ) 4

N_FK@ W MGLXGKRE K@ ME XME@VE

Kmklk`tns

inìnlgte`tks fk

me

skaurgfef sn` km nrfk` y m glpgkze. @n fkok`

skperersk.

[è pme`te suige

y

fksnrfkèfe in` letkrgemks, fkskidns

n dkrrelgk`tes pnr fn`fk

qugkre, irke

rgksans g``kiksergns

quk

fgrkitelk`tk in`trgouyk` e

prkfgspn`kr me niurrk`-

ige

fk eiigfk`tks. [è le`kre

kcgiez

fk rkfuigr

me

pnsgogm gfef fk

eiigfk`tks,

pnr

kste

ieuse,

ks kckitue`fn

g`spkiign`ks pkrgùfgies

y kxgagk`fn

quk tnfns mns

fkpertelk`tns

y

skiign`ks fk treoebn sk

le`tkàe`

mglpgns

y

nrfkèfns.

LEU[G@E_GEY W KU[GXNY

5. ¾ Yk le`tgk`k` m glpgns y k` oukès in`fgign`ks >

?.

¾ Kstå`

mns rksauerfns

y fgspnsgtgvns

fk skaurgfef

k`

su muaer y

k`

oukès

in`fgign`ks

fk cuìgnèlgk`tn

>

9. ¾ Dey kspeign efkiuefn emrkfkfnr

fk

iefe

u`gfef

pere

pkrlgtgr

su cuìgnèlgk`tn

in` skaurgfef >

6.

¾ Mglpge

km

sgtgn

y emrkfkfnrks

fk su

treoebn km npkrefnr

em

tkrlgèr su tur`n >

;. ¾ Kstå` mns auerferrnpkrns y erlergns

mgorks

fk letkrgemks g``kiksergns pnr fk`trn y

pnr cukrn >

3.

¾ Yk

auerfe`

mns trepns fk

eikgtk

y

ntrns fkspkrfgigns fk

inloustgomk k` rkigpgk`tks

fk lktem in` tepe

dkrlçtgie

>

DK__ELGK@VEY

5.

¾ Yk

tgk`k mes

dkrrelgk`tes

eprnpgefes

y sk emleikè`

mgstes

pere su usn

>

?. ¾

Yk

le`tgk`k` mglpgns

y

nrfkèfns mns iuertns fk

dkrrelgk`tes y

erin`ks >

9.

¾Yk

in`skrve`

mes

dkrrelgk`tes leùemks k` aevktes, iebes fk dkrrelgk`tes n k`

kste`tks fksgaèfns pere

tem cg`

>



@mm N_FK@

FK

KBKI[IGÙ@


85 Fksln`tk me iefkè n

Emgietk u`gvkrsem

8? Mevk

me iefkè

n

Ontefnr

igmc`frgin

89

Skrgcgquk me cmkxgù`

y

km

bukan mnàgtufgèm

n Lertgmmn fk onme

86 Skrgcgquk

y5

n

ielogk

ksmeon`ks n

Lertgmmn

ome`fn (pksefn)

8; Ln`tk me iefkè n

Ornide

83 Xrukok

km cuìgnèlgk`tn fk me iefkè. n

Jkrnsk`k

n Eikgtkre

n

Arese.

XRE. IE@V. FK@NLG@EIGÙ@

@N_LE 5FGLK@YGN@KY

LEVK_GEM

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

FKYLN@VEBK W LN@VEBK

FK

IEFK@EY

DV

87 LE@ _KC.



r

N XK_ E I 5

Ù@

2 "'

~ Å @ G N FK t.L@VK@GLGK@V8

MGLE-

XK_Ò

FKYLN@VE_

W

LN@VE_ IEFK@EY

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L E ~ ~

In`sgstk

k`

fksln`ter fgckrk`tks tgpns fk iefkès in`

km

cg` fk mglpgermns y rkvgsermns

pnrn

in`steter sg sk fkok` rkperer, ieloge`fn sus ksmeon`ks y pesefnrks n rkklpmezå`fnmns sg

ks

km iesn. Mn npkreigù` sk inlpmktn in`

km

ln`tebk fk mns iefkès.


IEYN 5- FKYLN@VE_ IEFK@EY

X_NIKYN 5- FKYLN@VE_ IEFK@E XME@E

5

¸

Xesn- Fgstk`sgn`k me iefkè ( Cgaure 5).

?¸ Xesn- _ktgrk me

iefkè.

9¸ Xnsn- Mevk me iefkè 2

e. Yulkrbe me

iefkè k`

jkrn-

sk`k deste quk

sk eome`fk

mn

suigkfef y mìlpgkme in` uè

ornide y

egrk

e prksgù`.

o. K`buåaukme

y

epmìqukmk egrk

e

prksgù`.

6¸ Xesn- Skrgcgquk km ¡ukan mnàgtufgèm 2

e.

Cgbk me

iefkè

fk

u`

kxtrkln

snork uè supkrcgigk pmeè ( Cg-

aure

? ).

o. Lgfe km bukan

mnàgtufgèm

inl-

pere`fn

km meran eituem fk mns

pesns

in`

km

nrgagèm.

Me

fgck-

rkìge

fk

me mnàgtuf

fktkrlg-

è

sg kstå k` in`fgign`ks fk

usn.

;¸ X n s n ~ Skrgcgquk me cmkxgù`.

e. Ynstkàe

mn

iefkè fk ie`tn

(Cgaurn 9 ).

o. Noskrvk me

iurveture.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Cgaurn 5

Cgaurn ?

Cgaurn 9

Kste vkrgcgieigù` sk deik k` mes iefkès sgmkìgnsns. Kstå k` ouk`

kstefn

iue`fn



NXK_EIGÙ@ ( QcIÅ@GIN rK

GL@5K@GLGK@V8

MGLE- XK_Ò

FKYLN@VE_ W LN@VE_ IEFK@EY

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L E ~ ~

3¸

Xesn-

Skrgcgquk

mns

ksmeon`ks 2

e. Skrgcgquk pgiefures.

o. Skrgcgquk rntures.

i.

Skrgcgquk fnomefures.

1¸ Xnsn- Ielogk ksmeon`ks 2

n. Fnomk me

iefkè

k` km ksmeoù`

quk

sk

ve n

ieloger

o. Fksmgik km ksmeoù` metkremlk`tk

deste seiermn ( Cgaure 6 ).

Anmpçkmn

suevklk`tk

in` u`

lertgm mn

deste

rktgrermn.

k

Ln`tk km

ksmeoù`, g`ståme`fnmn

k` mn reùre fkm ntrn ksmeoù` y

fksmìikmn deste su pnsgigù` fk

treoebn.

Cgaurn 6

X_NIKYN

-

FKYLN@VE_

IEFK@E

FK

_NFGMMNY

5

n

Xesn- Yequk mns idevktes fkm pesefnr lekstrn.

?¸

Xesn-

_ktgrk km pesefnr (

Cgaurn

;

).

9¸

Xesn-

_ktgrk

me

iefkè.

6

n

Xesn-

Mevk me

iefkè.

;¸ Xnsn- Skrgcgquk

me

iefkè.

3¸

Xesn-

Skrgcgquk mns ksmeon`ks.

Cgaure ;



MGLE-

XK_Ò

r

NXK_EIGÙ@

FKYLN@VE_ W LN@VE_ IEFK@EY

..

k-t2IÅ@GIN

FK

L @ G F G L G K @ V ~

KKC. DN ?5 L ~ 4

'-------------------------------------------

1¸

Xesn-

Ielogk ksmeon`ks 2

e.

Kxtregae km kmklk`tn fk skaurgfef

(

Cgaure

? ).

o. Yequk km pesefnr y km

ksmeoù`.

i. Ln`tk km ùkvn ksmeoù`.

f. G`stemk km pesefnr.

k. Inmnquk km kmklk`tn fk skaurgfef.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

K` emauès iefkès mns ksmeon`ks ve`

rkleidefns.

4¸ Xesn-

Muorgquk mns iefkès 2

e.

G`trnfuzie me

iefkè

k` eikgtk

iemgk`tk deste glprkaèr

tnfes

sus

pertks

( Cgaure 3 ).

o. Yequk me iefkè y

fçbkme

ksiu-

rrgr.

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

5. Kstk pesn sk kckitòe

ò`gielk`tk

k` mes iefkès

fk rnfgmmns.

?.

Mes

iefkès pmeès `n

sk

muorgie`.

Cgaure 3

X_NIKYN 555- FKYLN@VE_ IEFK@E YGMK@IGNYE

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Kste

iefkè

sk

fksln`te

seie`fn

mns

pgõn`ks

( Cgaure 1 ).

5

n

Xesn- _ktgrk mns skaurns fk mns pgõn`ks.

?¸ Xesn- Kxtregan mns

pgõn`ks

k` cnrln

prnarksgvn y emtkrèfn pere kvgter

tk`sgnèr me

iefkè.

9¸ Xesn-

_ktgrk mn iefkè y mùvkmn.

6¸ Xesn- Skrgcgquk mn iefkè.

NOYK_SEIGÙ@

Kstk

tgpn fk iefkè

`n

sk

pukfk rkperer.

Yg

kstå k` lemes in`fgign`ks,

fksçidkme.

Cgaure 1



,

NXK_EI 5Ù@ 2 "' (

L'IÅ@IN

tK L N N @ G L G @ V ~

MGLE- XK_Ò

FKYLN@VE_ W LN@VE_ IEFK@EY ~

~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ? 5 L E ~ ~

IE$8

-

LN@VE_ IEFK@EY

X_NIKYN 5 - LN@VE_ IEFK@E

XME@E

5¸ Xnsn-

Mglpgk mns

kàreèbks,

tk`snrks

y

iefkès.

?¸ Xnsn-

Inmnquk me iefkè.

9¸ Xnsn- Vk`sgn`k me iefkè.

NOYK_SEIGN@KY

5. E`tks

fk

ln`ter me

iefkè ks

in`vk`gk`tk

vkrgcgier

km

kstefn fk mns kàreèbks.

?. Em

ln`ter me

iefkè pme`n, noskrvk su

pnsgigù`

fk

cuìgnèlgk`tn.

X_NIKYN

- LN@VE_ IEFK@E

FK

_NFGMMNY

5

¸

Xnsn-

Mglpgk mns kàreèbks

y

mn iefkè.

?¸ Xesn- Inmnquk me

iefkè.

9¸

Xesn-

Inmnquk km pesefnr.

6¸ Xesn- Inmnquk mns idevktes fkm pesefnr lekstrn.

X_NIKYN 555-

LN@VE_ IEFK@E YGMK@IGNYE

5

¸

Xesn-

Mevk iefkè

y

pgõn`ks.

?¸ Xnsn-

Inmnquk

me

iefkè snork

mns pgõn`ks.

9¸

Xesn- Nrgk`tk

mn pnsgigù` fk mns pgõn`ks in` rkckrkìge n sus kbks.

6¸

Xnsn-

Inmnquk mns pgõn`ks k` cnrln prnarksgvn

y

emtkrèfe.

;¸

Xnsn- Inmnquk

mns skaurns fk mns pgõn`ks.



VKI@NMNArE KYXKIrCGIE 2

(t.t2IÅ@IN FK L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE-

XK_Ò

V_E@YLGYGÙ@ XN_ IEFK@EY

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l

U ~

Km

usn

fk

mes iefkès,

mglgtefn

iesg kximusgvelk`tk e mes ogigimktes y eutnlùvgmks,

sk

de

kxtk`fgfn

te`tn k` mns òmtglns eõns quk, dny k` fìe, sn` fk usn

lu`fgem pere

tre`slgtgr

pntkìges, fksfk mns lås pkqukõns, pere prnpnrignèr km eveìk eutnlåtgin k` mes

låqugès dkrrelgk`tes, deste pntkìges fk lås fk ;88 ieoemmns.

In`

iefkès fk oukè

in`struiigù` pukfk emie`zersk

vkmnigfefks in`sgfkreomks. Yk

use` in` ouk`ns rksumtefns pern tre`slgtgr pntkìgn, fksfk mns lntnrks n mns kbks fk

tre`slgsgù` prgìgpemks, y fk çstns n mns in`trelerides y låqugès dkrrelgk`tes

fgvkrsns, tnmks inln tnr`ns, crksefnres, mglefnres, pu`zn`nfnres, kti. ( Cgaurn 5

).

Cgaurn 5 - [tgmgzeigù` fk me tre`slgsgù`

pnr

iefkès.



VKI@NMNAcE KYXKIcCGIE 2 .., (L2IÅ@IN FK LcccgK@GLnn8

V_E@YLGYGÙ@ XN_

IEFK@EY

MGLE-

XK_Ò

~ ~ ~ ~ § l U ~

Fkogfn em

pkrckiignèlgk`tn

emie`zefn k` km

fgskõn

y

ceorgieigù`

fk

mes

iefkès

e

rnfgmmn,

sk de` dkidn

efkiuefes

pere tre`slgtgr

me

cukrze lntrgz fk lntnrks kmçitrgins fk emte

vkmnigfef.

Mns

pesns

fk

iefkès klpmkefns kstå` inl-

prk`fgfns k`trk 4 ll ( 8,95;" ) y 6". Me

kxpkrgkìge de fklnstrefn quk dey uè vkmn-

igfef

fkm pgõù` inrrkspn`fgk`tk

e iefe pesn

fk

iefkè quk `n

in`vgk`k snorkpeser,

y quk

mns pesns lås pkqukõns sn` mns lås

eprnpgefns pere

cuìgnèr

e

emtes

vkmn-

igfefks.

Xnr

mn

te`tn, me tre`slgsgù`

fk

are`fks kscukrzns, e emtes vkmnigfefks

fkm

pgõù`, rkqugkrk

km usn fk

iefkès

lòmtgpmks.

Xere kstk cg`, sk klpmke`

iefkès

sgl-

pmks, fnomks, trgpmks n iuåfrupmks, skaò`

me cukrze quk

sk qugkre

tre`slgtgr ( Cgau-

re ?

).

Cgaure

? - Vgpns

fk iefkès.

mns

pgõn`ks y mes rukfes pere mes tre`slgsgn-

`ks kstå` meorefns k`

in`bu`tn

e cg` fk quk

me

supkrcgigk fk

mns fgk`tks kstç k` mì`ke,

y

inln

lkfgn eskaurer quk iefe inrrke fk iefkè

tre`slgte me pertk fk ierae quk mk inrrkspn`-

fk.

Yk

fkok iugfer,

fure`tk

km

ln`tebk,

quk

mes

iefkès g`fgvgfuemks,

quk cnrle`

me

iefk-

è

lòmtgpmk,

ske` kxeitelk`tk fkm lgsln mer-

an.

me rkmeigù` fk tre`slgsgù` n me rkmeigù` k`trk

mes vkmnigfefks fk mns kbks in`fuitnr y in`fu-

igfn, sk rkstrgàk `nrlemlk`tk e u`

låxgln

fk 3

e

5 pere

u`

eiignèlgk`tn fk ktepe

ò`gie.

Inlperetgvelk`tk in` ntres cnrles fk

tre`slgsgù`, sk

pukfk in`sgfkrer

quk me

iefkè

rksumte lås eprnpgefe

pere

fgs-

teìges lkfgeès k`trk ik`trns fk kbks

sg` kloeran, sk pukfk klpmker telogçr

k`

fgsteìges

te`

rkfuigfes

quk mes ruk-

fes fk`tefes epkès tkàe` muz k`trk sì

(

Km

inle`fn fk kbk fk mkves ks u

kbklpmn).

Me

fgsteìge låxgle

k`trk mns kbks puk-

fk skr 98 vkiks km

pesn fk

me iefkè.

Yg`

kloeran,

me pråitgie `nrlem ks kmk-

agr uè fgsteìge, k`trk ik`trns, gauem ,B

?6 vkiks km pesn fk me iefkè.



VKI@NMNAÌE KYXKIcCGIE 2

"'

(QKIÅ@GIN FK

LG0@VK@GLGK@V8

MGLE-

XK_Ò

IEFK@EY FK

V_E@YLGYGÙ@,

~ I ^ M ^ E ^ Y ^ G ^ C ^ G I ^ E ^ I ^ G ^ ù ^ @ ^ v ^ i ^ E ^ _ ^ E ^ i ^ V ^ K ^ _ ^ r ^ s ^ V ^ G i ^ E ^ s ^ l «

~

IMEYGCGIEIGÙ@

Mes

iefkès

fk tre`slgsgù` sk

imesgcgie`

k` 2

m . IEFK@EY XE_E KMKSEIGÙ@

Yn` mes quk sk

utgmgze`, prgìgpemlk`tk,

k` km

mkve`telgk`tn

fk

ieraes.

K`trk mes

iefkès fk kstk tgpn, kìn`trelns mes

nrfgèrges

y mes

rkcnrzefes.

- Nrfgèrges 2 Yn` mes cnrlefes pnr

ksmeon`ks luy

rksgstk`tks, k`

cnrle

fk eranmmes fk gauem

teleõn. Yk ceorg-

ie`

fk

dgkrrn cnrbefn y su u`gù` sk

deik

pnr

cnrbe

n

snmfefure

( Cgau-

re 5 ) .

- _kcnrzefes 2 Yn` mes

cnrlefes

pnr

ksmeon`ks n lemmes rkcnrzefes in`

u`

trevkseõn fgspukstn

e mn meran fkm kbk

lk`nr fk iefe e`gmmn. Km rkcukrzn

pukfk

skr fk skiigù`

igriumer

n iue-

frefe

(

Cgaure

? ).

?. IEFK@EY

V_E@YXN_VEFN_EY

Cgaure 5

Xukfk` skr fk ksmeon`ks fksln`teomks y fk ksmeon`ks

ikrrefns.

Cgaure ?

-Ksmeon`ks fksln`teomks 2Vnfns mns ksmeon`ks sn`

gfç`tgins

y

cåigmlk`tk

fksln`-

teomks. Yn` eptns pere

treoebns

e me

g`tklpkrgk

y rksgstk`tks e me inrrnsgù`. Yk

ceorgie`

fk

cu`fgigù` lemkeomk

(

Cgaure

9 ).

-Ksmeon`ks ikrrefns 2 Yk

utgmgze`

inln iefkès fk prnpumsgù`, k` rkklpmezn fk

mes

iefkès

fksln`teomks: kspkigemlk`tk,

iue`fn

sk rkqugkrk

are`

kscukrzn n

`n in`vgk`k

tk`kr mes reùres em fksiuogkrtn

pnr

me

in`tgùe prkskìge fk

letk-

rgemks eoresgvns ( Cgaure 6 ) .

Cgaure 9

Cgaure 6

9. IEFK@EY FK V_E@YLGYGÙ@ FK LNSGLGK@VNY

Yn` mes

quk, inln

mes inrrkes,

sk

klpmke` k`

me

tre`slgsgù`

fk lnvglgk`tns

k`

låqugès

k g`stemeign`ks g`fustrgemks. K`trk mns

iefkès fk

kstk tgpn, kìn`tre-



VKI@NMNA(E KYXKI(CGIE

2

( vt2rÅ@GIN FK L / 0 5 B m t @ G L G K @ V ~

MGLE- XK_Ò

IEFK@EY FK V_E@YLGYGÙ@,

IMEYGCGIEIGÙ@

W

IE_EIVK_cYVGIEY

~ K C .

DVK

66 B

4

m melefes

telogç`

iefkès

fk rnfgmmns,

pnrquk km

sgstkle

fk prnpumsgù`

sk kckitòe

lkfge`tk iefkès

y

sk

utgmgze, prgìgpemlk`tk, k`

pnmkes

agretnrges,

lkie`gslns

fk

etequk fk

mes låqugès, kxievefnres fk

ze`bes y

tre`slgsgn`ks

k` ak`krem,

quk

kste`fn

e vergeomk fgsteìge k`trk sì.

Dny

vergns

tgpns fk iefkès, k`trk mns quk

kìn`trelns mns fk mnfns in`vkrak`tks y

km ks-

tå`fer.

Km prglkr tgpn

kstå

cnrlefn pnr

u`n skrgk fk ks-

meon`ks in`vkrak`tks gfç`tgins.KG kxtrkln e`-

anstn

fk infn

u`n fk kmmns sk g`trnfuik k` km

kxtrkln

eìdn

fkm sgaugk`tk.

Mns

pmeies metkrn-

mks kstå` u`gfns pnr lkfgn fk u` leàugtn

dukin

k`

km kxtrkln eànstn.

Mns ksmeon`ks pukfk` u`grsk deste

emie`zer

iuemqugkr mnàgtuf.

Mns

ksmeon`ks kxtrklns

sk

u`k`

pnrn ikrrer

me iefkè ( Cgaure ; ).

Mns fkm tgpn kstå`fer tgk`k` fns tgpns fk ksmeon-

`ks, y mns pmeies metkremks

sn`

peremkmns. Mns

ksmeon`ks eìdns kstå`

u`

gfns

pnr

pesefnrks

y

rklnvgomks, quk le`tgk`k` mns pmeies bu`tes

k`

infe kxtrkln: mns eànstns sk u`k` pnr lkfgn fk

leàugtns quk kstå` fk`trn fk mns rnfgmmns.

Mns pesefnrks pukfk` rkklpmezersk

pnr

ntrns

rkleidefns, kxikptn

k`

u`n n lås quk sk fkbe`

pnrn eorgr

mn iefkè (in`fefn) ( Cgaurn

3

).

_r2INLK@FEIGN@KY

EMG@KELGK@VN

2l

:IB2

I7

( )

Cgaure ;

Cgaure 3

Ks glpnrte`tk,

in`

iuemqugkr tgpn

fk

iefkè

quk sk utgmgik, quk mes rukfes fk`tefes kstç`

ogk` emg`kefes k`trk sì, pnrquk sg `n mn kstå` tgk`k` me tk`fkìge e suogrsk e mns instefns

fk

mes rukfes y e semgrsk

fk

kmmes.

Kxgstk` fns tgpns

fk cemte

fk

emg`keigù`

2

-

Iue`fn

mns kbks

`n

sn`

peremkmns.

-Iue`fn

mns

pme`ns

ik`tremks fk mes rukfes `n ingìgfk`.

Yg

mns kbks `n sn`

peremkmns,

km

åàumn

quk cnrle` k`trk

sì

ks

mn

quk iuk`te,

iuemqugkre

quk skn me fgsteìge quk mns skperk. Kste in`fgigù` sk le`gcgkste

pnr

me cnrleigù` fk



VKI@NMNAcE KYXKIcCGIE 2

k

GGF]@GIN mm2 LE@tK@GLGK@VNB

MGLE-

XK_Ò

IEFK@EY

FK

V_E@YLGYGÙ@,

IMEYGCGIEIGÙ@ W IE_EIVK_ YVGIEY

&C.

l 66 )§)

Mn cgaurn 1 gmustrn rukfns fk`tefns fksemg`kefns. Kstn

in`fgigù`

pukfk prnvk`gr fk uè

lnmn g`stemeigù`, fk

quk mn rukfe fk`tefn

sk

lukve n

mn meran

fkm kbk n

fk

quk km kbk

tkàn

bukan

mnàgtufgèm.

Yk pukfk inlprnoer pnr lkfgn fk uè rkamn n fk uè iukrfn kstgrefe n mn

meran

fk u`

instefn

fk mes rukfns fk`tefes. Me

in`fgigù`

ks quk fkok` kster kxeitelk`tk emg`kefes.

Fksvgefù`

5 5

MEY

Cgaurn 1

FKYAEYVK

Mes iefkès fk rnfgmmns sk emerae` iue`-

fn

sk

aeste`. In` crkiukìge kste evkrìe

deik quk me iefkè anmpkk in`tre me iu-

ogkrtn.

Km anmpktkn

ks uè skõem fk emerle

quk

efvgkrtk quk

sk

fkok ebuster mn iefk-

è, rkin`strugrme n ielogerme,

sg

cukre

pnsgomk,

Fk

`n rkpererme

k`

su

lnlk tn npnrtu`n,

mn

iefkè

klpkzerå n snmtersk,

ks fkigr,

n

pkrlgtgr

quk

emau`n

fk

mns rukfns fk`te-

fes

agrk

fk`trn fk kmme, mn quk

feõerå

me

iefkè y

me

rukfe fk`tefe, glpgfgk`fn

uè tre`slgsgù` skaure fk pntkìge.

_KXE_EIGÙ@ W _KKLXMERN

Mes iefkès fk rnfgmmns sk pukfk`

einrter,

qugte`fn u` ksmeoù`,

sg

sn` fkm tgpn in`-

vkrak`tk.

K`

mns iefkès kstå`fer

sk fkok

qugter u`

per fk kmmns.

Yg

in` kstn sk einrte luidn,

sk pukfk sustgtugr pnr u` per

fk

me iefkè

kstå`fer.

[`n iefkè

emeraefe

pukfk deokr tkr-

lgèfn su vgfe òtgm.

Mn

rkmeigù` k`trk

su

mnàgtuf y su

emeraelgk`tn ks

luy glpnr-

te`tk 2

Yg ks

luy

merae,

in` ksmeon`ks

inrtns, u`

pkqukõn

fksaestk k` iefe

pesefnr y k`

iefn

oubk pukfk` suler mn

sucgigk`tk pere quk ske `kiksergn qugter u`

per

fk ksmeon`ks. Xkrn, ksk emeranlgk`tn

k` uè iefkè inrte, kspkigemlk`tk sg sus

ksmeon`ks sn` merans, fklnstrerå quk me

iefkè sk eieoù.



r


" ~ N

mm2 LE@mg@LK@VNB

MGLE- XK_Ò

IEFK@EY

FK

V_E@YLGYGÙ@,

IMEYGCGIEIGÙ@

W IE_EIVK_ YVGIEY

~ D V K 66

)§)

Iefe ksmeoù`

sk

emerae

u`

pnin

in`cnrlk

me

iefkè

sk

emerae,

fk le`kre

quk

su

pesn `n

inrrkspn`fk kxeitelk`tk em fk mn

rukfe

fk`tefe.

Eu` iue`fn

sk

mk

deye

fefn

me tk`sgù`

inrrkite

e uè

iefkè

luy

aestefe, qugtå`fnmk

ksmeon`ks, aes-

terù

me

rukfe

fk`tefe.

mns

fgk`tks fk mes rukfes fk`tefes sk±

aeste` k`

mns pu`tns k` quk deik` in`tei-

tn in` me

iefkè, pnrquk iue`fn

çste

sk

aeste

mns fgk`tks sucrk` u`

ielogn fkcg`g-

fn fk cnrle

y `n sk

ebusterå`

e uè

iefkè

ùkve.

YKA[_GFEF

Inln rksumtefn, uè iefkè ùkve g`ste-

mefe

k`

rukfes

fk`tefes

vgkbns

pukfk

tk`kr uè

vgfe gauem

e me

lgtef

fk

me

nrgagèm. Ks, pnr

te`tn, uè

oukè

rkin-

lk`feigù`

ieloger mes rukfes fk`tefes

iue`fn

sk ielogk

me

iefkè,

tk`gk`fn

k`

iuk`tn me

in`fgigù`

k` quk sk kìuk`trk`,

km instn fk mns ùkves, km treoebn, km tgkl-

pn

`kiksergn pern

ielogermes

y

km vemnr fk

me låqugè.

±IN@ MNY

FGK@VKY FK

ME LÅU[G@E



r

VKI@NMNArE

KYXKIrCGIE

2 "' ( vcIÅ@IN tK L @ l @ L G @ V ~

MGLE- XK_Ò

IEFK@EY

~ ~ ~ K ~ l ~ ~

Yn`

kmklk`tns in`strugfns fk eikrn

furn y k` fgckrk`tks

tgpns

y teleõns,

quk sk

utgmgze` pere tre`slgtgr km lnvglgk`tn y me

cukrze

fk u` kàreèbk e ntrn. In`ste` fk

vergns

" ksmeon`ks "

quk kàreè`

in` mns

fgk`tks fk

mns pgõn`ks, tre`slgtgk`fn esì

km

lnvglgk`tn

agretnrgn.

SK@VEBEY

-

@n petgè`.

- Yn` sucgigk`tklk`tk cmkxgomks y inlpeites.

-

Le`tgk`k`

me

rkmeigù` fk vkmnigfefks.

-_ksgstk` km

iemnr.

-

Ynpnrte`

ieraes

leynrks quk mes inrrkes.

VGXNY

Iefkè pme`n

Kstå

cnrlefe pnr

uè skrgk

fk

ksmeon`ks

eogkrtns n ikrrefns quk pukfk` skperersk.

Yk

klpmke

k` tre`slgsgn`ks quk

treoebe`

e

pnie vkmnigfef.

Yk in`struyk

k` dgkrrn lemkeomk

y eikrn

kstelpefn

( Cgaure 5 ) .

Iefkè fk pesefnrks

Cgaure 5

Yk in`struyk k` dgkrrn

lemkeomk

y su cnrle y

~ n ` t e b k

sk

kxpn`k`

k` me cgaure ?.

(()ik G r - - ~

Cgaure ?



VKI@NMNAcE

KYXKIcCGIE

2

(

GKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN)

IEFK@EY

MGLE- XK_Ò

~ K C

DVK 6; )

4

Iefkè fk rnfgmmns

In`ste fk

ksmeon`ks,

pesefnrks

y iesqugmmns

n rnfgmmns cmnte`tks ( Cgaure 9

).

Yk utgmgze

pertgiumerlk`tk pnrn

treoeber

in` are`fks

ieraes

e

vkmnigfefks

oebes

n lkfgns,

k`trk

kbks pnin

n luy

skperefns. @n fkok

kstnr

kxpukstn em pnmvn.

Iefkè sgmkìgnsn

In`ste fk

uè skrgk fk pmequgtes

fk

ksmeoù`

tkrlgèfes

k` cnrle

fk

fgk`tks

y

u`gfe pnr

lkfgn fk pesefnrks.

Kstn iefkè tgk`k. luy pnin vgoreigù` y puk-

fk`

treoeber

n

emtes vkmnigfefks.

Yk

utgmgze

k`

sgstkles

fk

fgstrgouigù`

fk

lntn-

rks.

IEXEIGFEF FK MEY IEFK@EY

Xmeie metkrem

Inbu`tn fk ksmeon`ks

Cgaurn 9 -Iefkè fk rnfgmmns

Km pesn fk

mns

iefkès

mn

fktkrlg`n

infe

ceorgie`tk fk eiukrfn

e

mn

vkmnigfef y

pntkìgn

tre`slgsgomk.

me sgaugk`tk teome

sùmn

sk igte

inln

kbklpmn,

yn

quk fkok` in`sumtersk mes

fk

mns

ceorgie`tks pnrn

iefkè.

Vnomn pnrn

iefkès

fk rnfgmmns Fgeln`f

fk

ksmeon`ks

skìgmmns k dgmkrns lòmtgpmks.

XEYN

FK ME

IEFK@E

55

6"

9/4"

5

?"

;/4"

9/6"

5"

5

55

6"

5 5 ?"

5 9/6"

?"

XNVK@IGE

SKMNIGFEF

D

_XL

?; 4

888

5?8

6 ;88

??8

9 918

91;

? 688

648

5

488

7;8

5 538

5 668 488

5 ?88

3;8

5 ;68

61;

?

988

.688




"'

k

2Å@GIN

5B2 mnQNNGGLK@VN)

MGLE- XK_Ò

_[KFEY FK@VEFEY XE_E IEFK@EY

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l

~ ~

Yn` kmklk`tns inlpn`k`tks fk u` sgstkle

fk

tre`slgsgù`

fk cukrze

y lnvglgk`tn. E

me rukfe pkqukõe, inlò`lk`tk sk mk fk-

`nlgè pgõù`: y e

mn

rukfn are`fk,

intnmg`n.

K` mns treslgsgn`ks pnr iefkès sk kl-

pmke` rukfns fk`tefes, iuyes pkrgckrges

kstå` cnrlefns pnr u` fk`tefn kspkigem

VGXNY

FK

_[KFEY FK@VEFEY

XE_E

IEFK@EY

Ykaò` me in`struiigù` fk mes rukfes pnfk-

lns igter mns sgaugk`tks tgpns 2

Fk u`

iuon

Ks me quk, ak`kremlk`tk, sk utgmgzn pere

tre`slgtgr

ieraes

lkfgeès. Kstå cgbe em

kbk

pnr

lkfgn fk idevktes n prgsgn`krns

fk subkigù` ( Cgaure 5 ).

Fk fns iuons

Yk

utgmgze

pere

tre`slgtgr ieraes lkfgeès

y pksefes. Fefe me lkfgfe fkm iuon,

pkrlgtk u` lkbnr

eaerrk

k` km kbk glpum-

sefn ( Cgaure

? ) .

Fk

fgsin

(Yg`

iuon).

me

in`struiigù` fk kste rukfe

pkrlgtk userme snmelk`tk pere tre`slgtgr

ieraes mgakres n

deikr

mes vkiks fk rukfes

tk`snres n auìes ( Cgaure 9 ).

Fk reyns

Yk

utmgze k` me tre`slgsgù` fk ieraes pkse-

fes.

Yk ceorgie`

fk dgkrrn inmefn

y,

ak`krem-

lk`tk, sn`

fk

uè snme

pgkze

fefn

su

pksn

y teleõn. Yn` rkinlk`fefes pere tre`s-

lgsgn`ks e

oebe vkmnigfef

( Cgaure 6

).

k` km quk mns ksmeon`ks kìebe`, pkrlgtgk`-

fn

su

utgmgzeigù`

k`

mes tre`slgsgn`ks iue`-

fn me fgsteìgn k`trk kbks ks

fklesgefn

inrtn pnrn user inrrkns n, fklesgefn are`-

fks, pnrn user kàreèbks, y fn`fk sk

rkqugkrk u`n tre`slgsgù` in`ste`tk fk pn-

tkìge.

Cgaure 5

Cgaure ?

Cgaure 9



VKI@NMNA(E KYXKI(_IE

2 ..., kLÅ@GIN

FK L l K @ G L G ~

_[KFEY FK@VEFEY XE_E IEFK@EY

MGLE-

XK_Ò

~ ~ ~ ~ l e ~

@NLK@IMEV[_E

FK ME

_[KFE

FK@VEFE XE_E IEFK@EY

mes pertks prgìgpemks fk uè rukfe pere

iefkès sn` mes sgaugk`tks (

cgaure

; ) 2

Fg < Fgålktrn g`tkrgnr

Fp < Fgålktrn prglgt gvn

Fk< Fgålktrn kxtkrgnr

X <

Xesn

fk fgk`tk

R < @òlkrn fk fgk`tks

N

< Fgålktrn fkm rnfgmmn

e <

Åàumn fkm pesn

Cgaurn ;

Xere km iåmiumn fk in`struiigù` fk kste rukfe tk`gk`fn in-

ln

fetns mes pertks e`tkrgnrks, sk pukfk

utgmgzer

mes sgaugk`-

tks

cùrlumes 2

Fk

- Fp + F

Fp •

^.....::X^

Yk` e

Fg - Fp - F

548¸

e

R

IÅMI[MN FK IN@YV_[IIGÙ@

FK

[@E

_[KFE

FK@VEFE

Xere me in`struiigù` fk uè rukfe fk`tefe pere iefkès fkok tnlersk

k`

iuk`te mns

fetns e`tkrgnrlk`tk lkìgnèfns. Esì pnr kbklpmn 2

•

Yg

fkskelns in`strugr uè rukfe fk

98

fgk`tks, quk fkokrå

treoeber

in` uè iefkè

fk 9/4" (

7,; ll)

fk pesn, iuyn

rnfgmmn

(

F)

lgfk 5 6" (

3,9 ll)

fk

fgålktrn¾

Iuåm

skrå

su

Fp,

Fk

y Fg

>

FEVNY

Fp - >

Fk

""

>

Fg

< >

F - 5 /6" (3 ,9 }

p -

9 /4" (7 ,; )

z -

98

_KYX[KYVE

YNM[IGÙ@

Yk`

nn <

Y (

548¸)

Y

(548)

k` -z- <

k`

98

Yk` 3¸

<

N,

586;

Fp

< - - p - <

7

'

;

<

78 75

ll

Yk` e N, 586; '

Fk -Fp+F-78,75 +3,9<71,?5 ll

Fg

<

Fp

- N

<

78,75 - 3,9

<

46,35

ll

Fp

<

78,75

ll

F k-

71,?5

ll



MGLE- XK_Ò

.., (G.KI'ÅLIN

mK

LX@mg@LK@VN)

~ ~ ~ l

u ~

r

VKI@NMNA{E KYXKIcCGIE 2

_[KFEY

FK@VEFEY XE_E IEFK@EY

LE@VK@GLGK@VN FK

MEY IEFK@EY

W _[KFEY FK@VEFEY

- Xere km ouk`

rk`fglgk`tn

fk mns iefkès y rukfes

fk`tefes

ks glpnrte`tk

fktkrlgèr

u`

le`tk`glgk`tn

efkiuefn.

Km

cg` ks kvgter iesns fk fksaestk y ntrns

feõns

quk

pukfk` skr ieusefns

pnr

me lnme emg`keigù` n lnm

einpmelgk`tn.

-Fkok in`sgfkrersk k`

gauem

glpnrteìge me

muorgieigù`

pere

in`trerrkster

me

crgiigù`

k`trk

iefkè y

rukfe.

-

In`sgfkrer

mn sgaugk`tk 2

n Kxelgèr pkrgùfgielk`tk me emg`keigù` fk mes rukfes.

8

Kxelgèr

pkrgùfgielk`tk

me tk`sgù` fk

me iefkè.

[è

tk`sgù`

kxeakrefe n cmnbn vergerå km rk`fg-

lgk`tn.

n

muorgier

pkrgùfgielk`tk,

fk

eiukrfn

e me

cuìgù`

quk fksklpkõe y e me

ierae

fk

treoebn quk

tgk`k2

Xnr

oeõn

n

antkn

fk

eikgtk

n kàresk

leùem.

n Fksln`ter me tre`slgsgù` pkrgùfgielk`tk

pere

kcki-

tuer uè

mglpgkze

ak`krem

y

muorgieigù`.

n Em

ln`tersk, ùkvelk`tk,

prniurer

quk me

iefkè

treoebk

k` km lgsln sk`tgfn y pnr km lgsln mefn.



MGLE- XK_Ò

.. kLÅLIN FK

LGG@mK@GLGK@V

8

~ ~ ~ l u ~

VKI@NMNA E

KYXKI CGIE 2

V_E@YLGYGÙ@ XN_ IEOMKY

Iue`fn ks luy are`fk me pntkìge e tre`slgtgrsk, sk

klpmke`

crkiuk`tklk`tk iukrfes n

ieomks

k`

muaer fk

in-

rrkns, pnrquk ncrkik` mns vk`tebes fk skr mgakrns y oeretns,

cuìgnè`

suevklk`tk y sn` cåigmks fk rkperer.

Mns

ieomks

sn`± iukrfes

trk`zefes fk

fgckrk`tks

fgålktrns,

quk sgrvk` pere tre`slgtgr are`fks pntkìges in` kbks

fgckrk`tks k`trk sì. Kstå` in`strugfns, ak`kremlk`tk, fk

iåõeln, emanfù` n lktem

(Emelork

fk eikrn).

Me utgmgzeigù` fk mns ieomks ks vergefe, inln k` mns

esik`snrks,

ln`teieraes,

aròes,

pkrcnrefnres,

tre`spnrtks,

cu`giumerks, puk`tks inmae`tks, kti. ( Cgaurn 5 ).

Cgaure

5

IE_EIVK_ÌYVGIEY FK MNY

IEOMKY

Km

ieomk fk

tre`slgsgù` in`sgstk,

pnr mn ak`krem,

k`

igkrtn

`òlkrn

fk

inrfn`ks, leùceiturefns fk

iåõeln

n emanfù`.

Iue`fn mns fgsteìges k`trk kbks sn` leynrks fk ?8 ù 98

lktrns,

ks

in`vk`gk`tk

utgmgzer

km

in`strugfn fk ieomks

lktåmgins.



r

VKI@NMNA(E KYXKI(_IE 2 ( OÅ@IN mmK

Lcg@mK@LK@VN

B

V_E@YLGYGÙ@ XN_ IEOMKY

MGLE .... XK_Ò

~ ~ ~ l u ~

K`

mn fk`nlgèigù` fk

u`

ieomk sk fkok tk`kr k` iuk`tn mes sgaugk`tks kspkigcgieign`ks 2

- Mnàgtuf ( lktrns )

- Fgålktrn ( lgmìlktrns )

- @òlkrn fk inrfn`ks

- @òlkrn fk nmelorks

k`

iefn inrfù` y skiigù` fkm emelork

- V k`znfn fkm ieomk

-Vgpn

fk nmln

-Iemgfef fk

eikrn y fksgaèigù` fkm rkiuorglgk`tn

FGÅLKV_N

Yk

kspkigcgin

k`

km pkfgfn y

sk

fktkrlg`n

lgfgk`fn km fgålktrn fkm iìriumn quk igriu`sirgok

n mns nmelorks: ks fkigr, mn låxgln nokrture

quk

sk

pukfk lkfgr

k`

mn skiigù` fk u` ieomk,

lkfge`tk u` iemgorefnr pgk fk _ky ( Cgaurn ? ).

@ÒLK_N

FK IN_FN@KY W EMELO_KY

Iefe tgpn fk in`struiigù` fk ieomk sk fk`nlg-

`n pnr km òlkrn fk nmelorks quk inlpn`k`

u`

inrfù`, y

km

`òlkrn fk inrfn`ks quk cnrle`

kg

ieomk. Esì, u` ieomk cnrlefn pnr 3 inrfn`ks fk

1 nmelorks, sk mmeln ieomk fk 3 x 1: km fk 3

inrfn`ks fk 57 nmelorks, ieomk fk

3

x 57, kti.

( Cgaurn 9

).

V_K@REFN FKM IEOMK

Cgaurn ?

Cgaurn 9

Yk oesn k` mn fgrkiigù` k` quk sk inmnie` mns nmelorks k` infn inrfù` y mns inrfn`ks k`

km ieomk, fgrkiign`ks quk inrrkspn`fk` n mns fk mns dçmgiks.

Infn u`n fk mns tgpns tgk`k epmgieign`ks pertgiumerks, pkrn, km trk`zefn

lås

usefn

ks

km

rkaumer

y, fk`trn fk çstk,

km

trk`zefn

n

me fkrkide

(

Cgaure

6

E

y

O ) •

E

O

Cgaurn

6



VKI@NMNA(E

KYXKI(EIE2 "' (QKIÅ@IN

mm2

LE@VK@GLGK@V8

V_E@YLGYGÙ@ XN_

IEOMKY

~ ~ ~ ~ l

u ~

GLE-

XK_Ò

VGXN

FK EMLE

Ks

`nrlem km usn fkm emle fk cgore k` me leynr

pertk fk mns tgpns fk ieomk.

Km

emle fkm ieomk,

ske me cgore fk inork, inrfù` n emelork g`fk-

pk`fgk`tk, cnrle km inrezù` fkm ieomk.

Ynork çm sk inmnie` mns inrfn`ks, in`trgouyk`-

fn e me cmkxgogmgfef fkm ieomk ( Cgaure ; ).

IEMGFEF

FK

EIK_N

Mes vergefes epmgieign`ks fk mns ieomks fk

nmelorks y mes fgckrk`tks in`fgign`ks

k`

quk

sk

use` rkqugkrk` ieomks quk rkòè` in`fgign`ks

cu`felk`temks fk rksgstkìge, tkèigfef, eptg-

tuf pere snpnrter me eoresgù`, km epmestelgk`tn

y me efepteigù` e me cmkxgù`.

Yk

ceorgie` ieomks

fk2

eikrn fk oukè iemgfef,

emelork aemve`gzefn y eikrn rksgstk`tk e me

inrrnsgù`.

Velogç`

sk

use

km

ornìk k` ieomks fk emel-

ork iue`fn me rksgstkìge e me inrrnsgù` ks lås

glpnrte`tk quk me tkèigfef ( Cgaurn

3 )

)

•••

.

2•

.. ±±±22 ......

..

.. ....

..•

..

.

•• • •

•••

•

•

• ••

• ••••

.±.±22 ...

]•222

••••••••••

...

Cgaurn ;

••••

•••

Cgaurù 3

•

•



,.

VKI@NMNAcE KYXKI(CGIE 2 k2Å@IN 552 G.Qg K@GLGK@V8

MGLE-

XK_Ò

LGI_ÙLKV_N

IN@ @N@GN

~ M ^ K ^ I ^ V ^ [ ^ L ^^@^X^[^MÂÊ^FÊ^s ^^^ ~ ~ ~ ~

LGI_ÙLKV_N IN@ EX_NTGLEIGÙ@ FK 8,8885

Km `n`g.n,

areoefn

k` kb igmg`frn, tgk`-k 5N fgvgsgn`ks gauemks. Iefe

fgvgsgù`

fk ce ksieme

fkm telonr inrrkspn`fk n 8,885

"y

e infn fgvgsgù` fkm `n`gn, e`tkrgnr n me ingìgfk`-

ige,± mk inrrkspn`fr N, 885" k` mn lkfgfn.

MKIV[_E

@gi,.letr•

.-. e,enn, .

5 IkctctDgkt

Cgaure 5

K` mns cgaures quk sgauk` kstå`, k` u` pme`n, mes trks

arefueign`ks fk mn cgaure 5, k` uè pnsgigù` quk ceigmgtn me

kxpmgieigù` fk me mkiture ( Cgaure ? ).

K`

me

arefueigù` fkm igmg`frn (

trezn

; } .................................................

K`

me arefueigù` fkm igmg`frn ( 9 x 8,8?;" }

.....................................

.

K` me arefueigù` fkm telonr ( k`trk trezns 57 y ?8 ) ...............

K` km vkr`gkr ( ingìgfkìge in` trezn ;

)

............................................. .

Mn mkiture inlpmkte skrå 2

8.;

"

8,81;"

8,857"

8,888;"

8,;76;

"

58 n

..n

K

---s

K

Kbklpmns

fk

mkiture fk u`

lgirùlktrn

in` me u`gfef ( 5" } fgvgfgfe k`

68

per-

tks gauemks

y

me ksieme fkm telonr k`

?; pertks gauemks.

Mkiture 2

9;

Mkiture 2

Cgaure ? - Arefueigù`

fkm

igmg`frn

8,488

+ 8,856 + 8,8889 -

98

....

^^

2 < < < ~ 2 ? ;

8,4569"

8,6;8 + 8,85; + 8,8881 -

•

8,63;1"

Cgaure 9

"nt--5-.--

..---+-

.^^^

?8

58

Cgaure

6

Ug

n-n

k

•N

?8±a

2:)

-u

5s k

=-'

?8

5;

58



VKI@NMNA E

KYXKI CGIE 2

kL.Å@GIN

FK

L @ l @ L K @ V ~

V_E@YLGYGÙ@ XN_ IEFK@EY

MGLE- XK_Ò

~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ ~ l - ~ ) ~

Kbklpmns fk mkiture fk u` lgirùlktrn in` mn

u`gfef

(

5"

)

fgvgfgfn

k`

?8 pnrtks gauemks

y

mn ksintn

fkc telonr k` ;8 pnrtks gauemks

( Cgaures ; y

3

).

mkiture cgaurn ;

mY

n

sn

68

8,1;8 + 8,865 + 8,887

8,1757"

~ . G . . . B . . - m . . . W . . . . . . M G - 9;

98

Mkiture cgaurn 3

5,588

+

8,8?1

+

8,8886

<

5,5?16"

Cgaure ;

Yk

epmgie,

pern km iåmiumn fk

eprnxgleigù`

fk lkfgfe fkm lgirùlktrn

k` pumaefes

in`

`n`gn, mn lgsln cùrlume fkm lgirùlktrn

k`

lgmìlktrns in` vkr`gkr 2

k

Y------

@ ±

Xnr kbklpmn, pnrn

u`

lgirùlktrn

8,8885"

in` `n`gn, tk`frklns 2

FEVNY

YNM[IGÙ@

k - 5"

@ •

68

trnzns

k

Y -

@ ±

`m

. `?

Y •

5

68 T ?; T 58

5

• ?; trnzns

Y -

. 5

58,888

?

- 5

N

trnzns

Y -

8,8885 "

Mn eprnxgleigù`

fkm lgirùl.ktrn

ks

fk

8,8885"

sn

6Y

68

9Y

98

?;

?8

Cgaure

3



MGLE-XK_Ò

KBKLXMN


"

~ r j m i n FK L n ] @ m L ~

IÅMI[MN FK MN@AGV[F FK

IEFK@EY

(_KC.

DIVE

97)

4

Iue`fn

sk `kiksgtn

iemiumer

mn mnàgtuf kxei-

tn

fk

u`n iefkè quk

k`mnzn fns kàreèbks,

iuyns kbks kstå` sgtuefns

n u`n

fgsteìgn

in`nig-

fe, sk epmgin me sgaugk`tk

cùrlume 2

5t

M

±

?

( F +

f )

+ ?I + (

8

- f )?

6I

M •

mnàgtuf

fk mn iefkè

F • Fgålktrn fkm kàreèbk lntrgz

f • Fgålktrn fkm

kàreèbk le`fefn

I • Fgsteìgn k`trk ik`trns fk kbks

Iemiumer

mn mnàgtuf fk u`n iefkè

pnrn k`mnzer

? kàreèbks

iuyns fgålktrns sn` fk 53 y 4 ik`tìlktrns rkspkitgvelk`tk y mn

fgsteìge k`trk kbks ks fk 68 ik`tìlktrns.

Fkserrnmmn

M

<

9,5?6 ( 53 + 4 ) + ? T 68 + (53 - 4 )?

6

T

68

36

m

<

5 ;1 ( ?6 ) + 48 + 538

m

<

91,34

+

48

+

8,6

M < 554,84 il

ks mn mnàgtuf fk mn iefkè.



MGLE-XK_Ò

r


X_NA_KYGN@KY AKNLÇV_GIEY

-..

i ~ N FK

' -Qgmt@GLK@VN)

(_KC.DIVE 68

)4

X_NA_KYGÙ@ AKNLÇV_GIE

Ks tnfn skrgk k` mn quk

infn

tçrlg`n

sk

notgk`k

lumtgpmgie`fn

em tçrlg`n e`tkrgnr pnr u`n ie`tgfef in`ste`tk mmelefn rezù`.

@nteigù`2

Km

sga`n fk mn prnarksgù` aknlçtrgin

+ +

K`trk tçrlg`n y tçrlg`n sk inmnin fns pu`tns 2

Kbklpmns2

5

++

9 2 3 2 5? 2 ?6

............................... .

n infe tçrlg`n sk mk lumtgpmgie pnr ?

? )

++

?;3 2

36

2 53 2

6 .......................... .

e infe tçrlg`n sk mk lumtgpmgin pnr

^5^

6

Iåmiumn kmk

me rezù`

K` tnfn prnarksgù` ergtlçtgin me rnzù`

sk

iemiumn

fgvgfgk`fn

u` tçrlg`n iuemqugkre k`trk km e`tkrgnr.

Kbklpmns2

5 )

+ + ; 2 5n 2 ?8 2 68 2

48

................... .

rnzù`2

(

58) + (; )

<

?

? )

+ + 5

84

2

93

2 5? 2 6 ........................... .

rnzù` 2 ( 6 ) + ( 5 ? ) <

Kmklk`tns

kmk uè prnarksgù` aknlçtrgie

K` tnfn prnarksgù` aknlçtrgin kìn`trelns iuetrn kmklk`tns.

Esì,

k`

mn prnarksgù` aknlçtrgin sgaugk`tk 2

+ + ? 2 4 2

9?

2 5?4 2 ;5?

Vk`klns2

Xrglkr tçrlg`n

( n )

ks

?

Òmtgln tçrlg`n

( u )

ks

;5?

@òlkrn fk tçrlg`ns ( ` )

ks

;

_nzù`

( q )

ks

6

( • ) Xere kstk iåmiumn

ks

in`vk`gk`tk ksinakr mns `òlkrns' lås

skìgmmns.



MGLE-XK_Ò


EXMGIEFNY2

(G.KÅ@gin

FK L3.@GFGLGK@V8

X_NA_KYGN@KY AKNLÇV_GIEY (. B

~ ~ D i ` 68

X_NA_KYGN@KY

AKNLÇV_GIEY

I_KIGK@VKY

W

FKI_KIGK@VKY

[`n prnarksgù` aknlçtrgie ks irkigk`tk iue`fn

su

prglkr

tçrlg`n ks pnsgtgvn y me rezù`

ks

pnsgtgvn y leynr quk

-

Kbklpmns 2

5 )

++ ; 2 5

n 2 ?8 2 68

2

48 .................... .

rezù` 2 ( ?8 ) 2 (

5

N )

<

?

? )

++ ? 2 3 2 54 2 ;6 .............................. .

rezù` 2 ( 3 ) 2 ( ? ) < 9

[è prnpnrigù` aknlçtrgie

ks

fkirkigk`tk

sg su

prglkr

tçrlg`n

ks

pnsgtgvn y me rezù`

ks

pnsgtgve y lk`nr quk

5.

Kbklpmns2

5 )

? )

+ + 5

84

2 93 2 5? .................................... .

rezù` 2 ( 9 3 ) 2 ( 584 ) < -

5

-

. 9

++ 36 2 53 2 6 ....................................... .

rezù` 2 ( 6 ) 2 (

5

3 )

< -

5

-

6

Yg me rezù` ks `kaetgve mns tçrlg`ns fk me prnarksgù` rksumte`,

emtkrètgvelk`tk, pnsgtgvns y `kaetgvns.

Esì, me prnarksgù` aknlçtrgie 2

+ + 5 25 2 ; 2 ±?; 2 5?; ..................

..

`n

ks

irkigk`tk `g fkirkigk`tk, puks me rezù`

ks ±;.

IÅMI[MN

FKM ÒMVGLN

VÇ_LG@N

Km òmtgln tçrlg`n fk uè prnarksgù` aknlçtrgie

ks

gauem

em

prnfuitn fkm prglkr

tçrlg`n

pnr

me rezù`

kmkvefe e u`

kxpn`k`tk, gauem em `òlkrn fk tçrlg`ns lk`ns u`n.

u < e . q `±m



MGLE-XK_Ò


LKIÅ@GIN

FK ~ V @ G L G @ V N


~ ~ - - - - - - X r n ^ o ^ m k ^ l ^ e ^ s ^ _ ^ k ^ s ^ u ^ k ^ m ^ ~ ^ s ^ 0

^^^^^

A ~ ~ e ~ ~

5 ) Demmer km 4¸ tçrlg`n fk me sgaugk`tk prnarksgù`

aknlçtrgie

Fetns 2

++

3 2

5?

2

?6

......................

.

e < 3

q <

(5? ) 2 (3 )<?

` < 4

u

<

>

Ynmuigù` 2

u < e . q `-5

u < (3 ) ( ? )

4

-

5

u<(3)(?)

1

u < (3) ( 5?4 )

_kspukste

2

5

u

<

1 34

5

? )

Demmer

km

funfçigln

tçrlg`n fk me

prnarksgù` aknlçtrgie

Fetns 2

++72925. .......................... .

e <

7

q <

(9) 2 ( 7 ) < t

`

<

5?

Ynmuigù` 2

u < e . q `-5

u

<

7 (B) 5?-5

9 5

[ < 7 T (-)

55

9

_kspukste2 mu <

9 )

Demmer

km sçtgln tçrlg`n fk

? 5 9

5t++

92-?

2e±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±

Fetns 2

Ynmuigù` 2

u

< e.

q

`-5

` <

1

u

<

>

_kspukste

2 u < ~ 5

6 )

Demmer km `nvk`n tçrlg`n fk

++ x9

2 xs 2

x1

....................... .

Fetns 2

Ynmuigù` 2

e

<

x9

u

< e

. q `-5

q

<

(

xs

) 2 (

x9

)

<x?

u

<

x9

( x? )

7-5

`

<

7

u

<x9

(

x?)

4

u

<

> u

< x9

(

x53)

_kspukste 2

u

<

T




LKIÅ@GIN

FK LE@VK@GLGK@VNg

MGLE-XK_Ò

X_NA_KYGN@KY

AKNLÇV_GIEY

~ ~ ~ ~ N I [ 6 ~ ~

IÅMI[MN

FK "

e

",

" `

55

y

55

q

55

In`nigk`fn me cùrlume cu`felk`tem

pere

demmer km òmtgln tçrlg`n, ks pnsgomk

fkspkber mns ntrns kmklk`tns.

Fk me cùrlume 2

u < e . q `-5

Fkspkbelns

55

e

55

k me lgsle cùrlume cu`felk`tem fkspkbelns 2

u

q _±5

2<

e

Kxtreyk`fn me

reìz

" ` - 5

55

k` elons tçrlg`ns 2

5 q < 5

Xern iemiumer

55

`

55

epmgielns mnaergtlns k` me cùrlume cu`felk`tem 2

_ksulgk`fn 2

mea u

( ` - 5) mna q

` - 5

`

mna e

+ (

` - 5 ) mna q

mna u -

mna

n

mna u - mna e

mna q

mna u - mna e

- ~ 2 - - - . . . 2 ^ ^ ^ + 5

mna q

Vçrlg`n

Cùrlume

u

e

<

q `±m

q

<

~

mna u

-

mna e

`

<

mna q

+ 5



MGLE-XK_Ò

r


LKIÅ@GIN FK ~ V K @ G L G K @ V U

X_NA_KYGN@KY AKNLÇV_GIEY (. B .-25

--------------------B

K C D ~ E 6 ~ ~

Xrnomkles rksukmtns

5 )

Demmer km

prglkr

.tçrlg`n fk u`e prnarksgù`

aknlçtrgie

fk 3

tçrlg`ns, k` me quk km òmtgln tçrlg`n ks 71? y me

rezù`

ks 9.

Fetns 2

Ynmuigù` 2

71?

u

u

<

e

<--

q `-5

q

<

9

71?

e

<93-5

`

<

3

71?

71?

e

<

>

e

< - y < ?69

_kspukste

2

5

e

<

65

?)

Demmer me

rezù`

fk u`e

prnarksgù`

aknlçtrgie fk

1

tçrlg`ns, iuyn

prglkr

tçrlg`n

ks

5?4 y km òmtgln ?.

Fetns 2

Ynmuigù` 2

e

<

5?4

n < ± ~

u <

?

`

<

1

q

<

>

_kspukste 25 q < 5 ?5

9) ¾Iuå`tns

tçrlg`ns tgk`k me

prnarksgù`

aknlçtrgie iuye rezù`

ks

9,

km

prglkr

tçrlg`n

; y

km

òmtgln

5

?5;

>

Fetns 2

e

<

;

u <5 ?5;

q

<

9

`

< >

Ynmuigù` 2

` < mna u - mna e +

5

mna q

mna 5 ?5 ; - mna ;

5

`

<

mna 9

+

` <

9

5

846;4

- N

37471 +

5

8,6115?

` <

?,94;35

+

5

8,6115?

`

<

;

+ 5



MGLE-XK_Ò


EXMGIEFNY2

(L'IÅ@GIN

FK L ] @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~


~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ` 6 8 ~

LKFGNY AKNLÇV_GINY

Yk fk`nlgè lkfgns aknlçtrgins e mns tçrlg`ns

inlprk`fgfns k`trk km prglkr

y

òmtgln tçrlg`ns

fk uè

prnarksgù`

aknlçtrgie.

Esì2

++ ?

E

2 4 2

53 2 9? 2

36

lkfgns

aknlçtrgins

5?4

Mns tçrlg`ns 6, 4,

53,

9?

y

36 sn` mns lkfgns

aknlçtrgins

k`trk ?

y

5?4.

G`tkrpnmeigù`

G`tkrpnmer lkfgns

aknlçtrgins ks

fktkrlgèr mns

tçrlg`ns fk uè prnarksgù` quk sk kìuk`trk

k`trk fns tçrlg`ns fefns.

Xere pnfkr fktkrlgèr mns tçrlg`ns

ks

`kiksergn, prglkrn,

iemiumer

me rezù` ( q )2

Xrnomkle rksukmtn 2

G`tkrpnmer

trks lkfgns aknlçtrgins k`trk ?

y 5

3?

++ ? ............................ 53?

Fetns

e

<

?

u .. 53?

Ynmuigù`

q

<`{c

q < ; ~ ~ ?

q -

S4t

_kspukste 2 5 q < 95

Lumtgpmgie`fn

pnr me rezù`

iefe

tçrlg`n, notk`frklns

? ( 9)

<

3

3 ( 9 ) <54

54 ( 9 ) -;6

Kstns sn` mns tçrlg`ns quk tk`klns quk

g`tkrpnmer



MGLE-XK_Ò

r

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 ~ N FK L Q G @ G L G @ V ~

X_NA_KYGN@KY

AKNLÇV_GIEY

~ ) r2-25

' " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' . ) m_KC. DIVE 68

Y[LE

FK

[@E X_NA_KYGÙ@ AKNLÇV_GIE

Xere iemiumer me sule fk mns tçrlg`ns fk uè prnarksgù` aknlçtrgie,

epmgielns 2 ±

5 Y <

u2

^-

5

Xrnomkles rksukmtns

m )

Demmer

me sule

fk

mns sgktk tçrlg`ns fk

me

prnarksgù`

aknlçtrgie 2 ++ 4 2 5 3 2 9?

.........................

.

Fetns2

e

<

4

`

< 1

q

<

53/4

<

?

u < 4 ( ? )

1

'

5

<

;5

?

Y

<

>

Ynmuigù` 2

uq - e

Y < ^^^^:,.^^

q -

5

Y <;5?x? -4

? - 5

Y

<

5

8?6-

4

5

_kspukste 2 ] Y

< 5 N53

5

?} [è pkrsnè ednrre 6/; fk mn quk ednrrù km eõn

e`tkrgnr.

Yg km

qug`tn eõn

ednrrù Y/. 5N?68

¾Iuå`tn

ednrrù

k` mns igìn eõns

>

Fetns2

` < ;

u

<

58 ?.68

q <

6/;

u 5n?68

e<--<-- -

q`±m ( 6/;

)"

e

<

?; 888

Ynmuigù` 2

uq - e

Y<-- -

q -

5

Y

<

5n ?68 T 6/; - ?;

888

6/; - 5

Y

<

e

57 ? - ?;

nnn

-

5/;

Y < ( - 53

484

}( -

; }

_kspukstn

25

Y

<

46 868

snmksm





MGLE-XK_Ò

V_EOEBN

~ ~ ~ ^ [ ^ @ ^ G F ~ E ^ F ^ K ^ Y ^ F ^ K ~ V ^ _ ^ E ^ O ^ E ^ B ^ N ~ W ^ K ^ @ ^ K ^ _ ^ A ~ ~ ~ ) ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

IN@IKXVN

[è cukrze sùmn

tgk`k

kckitn

òtgm iue`fn

mnare

fkspmezer ±u`

iukrpn

e mn

meran fk

u`

treykitn:

sk

fgik k`tnìks quk kckitòe u` treoebn.

mukan,

sn` fns mns kmklk`tns quk g`tkrvgk`k`

k` me `nigù` fk treoebn 2 me cukrze ( C ) y km

fkspmezelgk`tn

fkm pu`tn fk e pg gieigù` ( f )

(

Cgaure

5 ).

CN_LEY

FK

FKYXMERELGK@VN

Km

fkspmezelgk`tn pukfk skr fk

fns

le`kres 2

Cgaure 5

5

Ygaugk`fn

me fgrkiigù` fk me cukrze ( Cgau-

re ? )

w < T f

C

±

gaure

? C

?.

Cnrle`fn

u` åàumn in` me fgrkiigù` fk me

cukrze ( Cgaure 9 )

Q < • f . ins

5 B

[@GFEFKY

FK

V_EOEBN

K_AGN

Ks

me

u`gfef

fkm sgstkle ias y kqugvemk em

treoebn

rkemgzefn

pnr uè

fgè

fk

cukrze quk

fkspmeze su pu`tn fk epmgieigù`

5 il

fk

fgsteìge snork su mì`ke

fk

eiigù`. Kste u`gfef ks

sulelk`tk pkqukõe y `n tgk`k

epmgieigù` pråitgie

k` me

tçi`gie. Kqugvemk eprnxglefelk`tk e

mkve`ter

5 la fk pksn

e 5 il

fk emture.

BN[MK

Cgaure 9

Ks me u`gfef fkm sgstkle LJpY y kqugvemk em treoebn rkemgzefn

pnr u` `kwtn` fk cukrze quk fkspmeze su pu`tn

fk

epmgieigù`

5 l

fk

fgsteìge snork

su

mì`ke fk eiigù`.

Kqugvemk

eprnxglefelk`tk e mkve`ter 588 a fk pksn e uè emture fk

5

l.

K` me pråitgie

su klpmkn ks

luy mglgtefn.

JGMNXN@FÌLKV_N

Ks

me u`gfef fkm sgstkle tçi`gin y kqugvemk e fkigr

jgmnarålktrn.

Ks

km treoebn rkemgzefn pnr

u`

jp

fk cukrze quk

fkspmeze

su

pu`tn

fk

epmgieigù`

5 l fk

fgsteìge snork

su

mì`ke

fk eiigù`, n treoebn

quk

sk rkemgze pere mkve`ter 5

ja

fk pksn e 5 l fk emture. Kste u`gfef ks me lås usuem k` me



MGLE-XK_Ò


V_EOEBN

( [@GFEF.2Y FK

V_EOEBN

W K@K_AÌE ) (_KC. DIVE 6 5 )

4

XGK - MGO_E

Ks

me u`gfef

fkm sgstkle gàmçs

y

kqugvemk

em treoebn rkemgzefn

pnr

uè mgore fk

cukrze quk fkspmeze su pu`tn

fk

epmgieigù`

5

pgk

fk

fgsteìge

snork

su

mc`ke fk

eiigù`.

@nte2

n

Km

kragn

y.km bnumk sn` u`gfefks

quk sk

use`

snmelk`tk pere

iesns

2fk g`vkstgaeigù`{ Skr teome 5 fk kqugvemkìges ).

VEOME

1

KU[GSEMK@IGEY FK [@GFEFKY FK

V_EOEBN

( Semnrks eprnxglefns )

[`gfefks

Jpl

Bnumk Kragn

Xgk - Mgore

Jpl 5

7,4

7,4

T

58

1

1,?53

Bnumk

N, 58? 5

581

8,1?53

Kragn

5

,8?

T 5

8±

4

58±1

5

1?53 T

5 8±

55

Xgk-mgore N, 594 5,9;3 5,9;3

T

58

1

5




LKIÅ@GIN

FK

c'v5E@mK@GLGK@VN¡

MGLE-XK_Ò

V_EOEBN

( [@GFEFKY FK V_EOEBN W K@K_AÌE )

3KC.DIVE

65)4

Xrnomkles2

5 ) Iemiumer k` bnumks

y

jpl km

treoebn

fk uè cukrze fk 68 jp, iuyn

pu`tn

fk epmgieigù`

sk

fkspmeze

4 l k` me fgrkiigù` fk me cukrze.

G Q < C x f b

m w < C x f b

Fetns ¡ Nljp

<

68 x 7,4 @

<

97? B

Q

<

97? @

x

4

l

<

9 5

93

B

Q < 68

jp

x 4

l

< 9?8

jpl

? ) ¾ E quç

emture

sk deorå

mkve`tefn u` pksn

fk

?8 jp

sg

km

treoebn rkemgzefn

cuk

fk

?68

jpl

>

G Q < C x f b

Fetes 2 ± C < ?8

jp

• ] f < T

f < ?gn jpl

w

f -

C

<

?68

jpl ^

5?

l

?8

jp -

9 )

Yk

beme u` iukrpn

lkfge`tk

uè cukrze fk ;8

jp,

iuye fgrkiigù` cnrle u` åàumn fk

98¸ in` me treykitnrge fkm iukrpn. Iemiumer km treoebn rkemgzefn iue`fn km iukrpn sk

fkspmeze

5; l fk fgsteìge ( Ins 98¸ <

8,4335 ).

w

<

T

Fetns C

<

;8

jp

f

<

5;l

Ins

8 < 8,4335

5 Q

<

C . f . Ins8

Q < ;8

jp

x

5;l

x 8,4335 <

367,;1; jpl



r


2

V_EOEBN

MGLE-XK_Ò

( [@GFEFKY FK V_EOEBN W K@K_AÌE )

FKCG@GIGÙ@

Ks me iepeigfef fk rkemgzer u`

treoebn.

[` rksnrtk

inlprglgfn

n kstgrefn trete

fk

rkiupkrer

su

cnrle

prglgtgve:

uè lese fk eaue rkprksefe e

igkrte emture tgk`fk,

pnr arevkfef,

e onber fk kstk

`gvkm.

Lgk`tres

km rksnrtk n km

mìqugfn

`n

tkàe`

mgokrtef pere

kckituer sus

lnvglgk`tns, le`tgk`k`

metk`tk

su iepeigfef pere rkemgzer

u`

treoebn.

E kstn

sk fk`nlgè k`kraìe pntkìgem.

Em

snmtersk km rksnrtk n

eorgr

mes inlpukrtes fk me

rkprkse,

km

lnvglgk`tn ak`krefn

tre`scnrle

kste

iepeigfef fk

treoebn

k` uè cukrze

fg`ålgie,

mmelefe

k`kraìe ig`çtgie,

iepez fk rkemgzer u`

treoebn, pnr kbklpmn2 me`zer u`

iukrpn

k` km prglkr

iesn

(

pnr

fgstk`sgù` fkm rksnrtk ) n

pn`kr

k`

lnvglgk`tn

uè rukfe

dgfråumgie

(

pnr ieìfe fkm

eaue

) k` km skau`fn.

Fkfuiglns, k`tnìks,

quk

me k`kraìe

quk

pnskk` mns

iukrpns

sk

rkprksk`te fk fns le`kres 2 Xntkìgem

y

ig`çtgie.

K@K_AÌE

XNVK@IGEM ( KJ)

Ks k`kraìe gèitgve, k` kstefn metk`tk y quk, k`

fktkrlgèfes

in`fgign`ks, pukfk le`gckstersk

rkemgze`fn

u`

treoebn.

Dey fgvkrses

cnrles fk k`kraìe pntkìgem 2 me k`kraìe

pntkìgem quìlgie

quk pnskk` mns

inloustgomks,

me

pùmvnre

y mns

kxpmnsgvns.

me k`kraìe pntkìgem

kmåstgie

quk pnskk u`

rksnrtk

inlprglgfn n.

kstgrefn, u`

lukmmk

k`rnmmefn,

u` aes

inlprglgfn,

kti.

(LKrÅ@GIN

FK

L @ V K @ G L G K @ V ~

(_KC.

DIVE 65 ) 4.



r

"

N@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@5K@GLGK@VN

V_EO.EBN

(

[@GFEFKY

FK V_EOEBN W K@K_AÌE ) .

.-

(_KC. DIVE

65)

4

GLE-XK_Ò

]..

K@K_AÌE

XNVK@IGEM A_ESGVEVN_GE

Mmelefe telogç`

fk pnsgigù`

,

ks

me k`kraìe quk

tgk`k` mns iukrpns k`

rkpnsn,

sgtuefns e igkrtn emture,

in` rkspkitn e u` pme`n fk rkckrkìge

kmkagfn

erogtrergelk`tk. [`

iukrpn

k` kste sgtueigù`

pukfk,

pnr

eiigù` fk

me

arevkfef,

iekr

sg sk mk fkbe mgork y

rkemgzer

u`

treoebn.

Km

vemnr

fk

me k`kraìe pntkìgem

arevgtetnrge quk tgk`k

u` iukrpn ks km treoebn quk sk dgzn snork çm

pere

kmkvermn e kse emture, n ske, km pksn fkm iukrpn pnr me

emture.

Mukan, u` iukrpn

tk`frå

leynr k`kraìe pntkìgem,

iue`tn leynr ske me emture k` quk sk kìuk`trk y

iue`tn leynr ske su

pksn.

K@K_AÌE IG@ÇVGIE (

KI

)

Ks me k`kraìe quk tgk`k

u`

iukrpn fkogfn e su lnvglgk`tn.

Iue`fn

sk fkbn iekr u` iukrpn, kstk ve pkrfgk`fn emture

y,

pnr

in`sgaugk`tk, k`kraìe pntkìgem, pkrn me emture

pkrfgfe

sk

tre`scnrle k` vkmnigfef y km iukrpn efqugkrk

k`kraìe

ig`çtgie.

Iue`fn

idnie in` km pgsn `n tgk`k emture emauè y, k`

in`skiukìge,

telpnin

tk`frå k`kraìe pntkìgem

arevgtetnrge,

pkrn,

k` kstk

pu`tn

tgk`k su låxgle

vkmnigfef

y pnr te`tn su låxgle k`kraìe ig`çtgie. Me

k`kraìe pntkìgem

sk

tre`scnrle k` k`kraìe ig`çtgie.

Ki

?



r

N@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 LKIÅ@GIN FK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

V_EOEBN

MGLE-XK_Ò

( [@GFEFKY FK V_EOEBN W K@K_AÌE ) (_KC.

DIVE 65

B4

Mukan, skaò` me cùrlume,

pnfklns fkfuigr

2

Me k`kraìe ig`çtgie

ks

fgrkitelk`tk prnpnrignèm e me

lese fkm

iukrpn:

kstn ks, sg

fupmgielns me

lese sk

fupmgie me k`kraìe, sg

trgpmgielns

me lese

sk

trgpmgie me

k`kraìe ig`çtgie, kti.

Me

k`kraìe ig`çtgie

ks fgrkitelk`tk prnpnrignèm em

iuefrefn

fk me

vkmnigfef:

kstn ks, sg fupmgielns me

v k m n i g ~ f

me k`kraìe

sk

iuefrupmgie,

sg

trgpmgielns me

vkmnigfef me

k`kraìe

sk deik 7 vkiks leynr, kti.

MKW FK

ME

IN@YK_SEIGÙ@ FK ME

K@K_AÌE

Ks.tk

prgìgpgn cuk

kùìgefn pnr

Bnumk y Leykr, y

kxprkse

2

" Me k`kraìe `n

sk

irke `g sk fkstruyk, sùmn sk tre`scnrln "

5

/¡



,

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY 2 LKIÅ@GIN FK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-XK_Ò

EINVEFN ~

~

~ ~ ~ ~ - ^ K ^ M ^ K ^ L ^ K ^ @ ^ V ~ N ^ Y ^ F ^ K ^ ^ M ^ E ^ I ^ N ^ V ^ E ~ F ^ N ^ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ K C . D e E ~

IN@YGFK_EIGN@KY

FKM

EINVEFN

K` km eintefn

fk fgoubns sk

tk`frå k` iuk`te mns

espkitns

sgaugk`tks 2 Cuìgù`,

lkie`gzefn y

vkrgcgieigù`

fk me

pgkze.

KMKLK@VNY FKM EINVEFN

Xere

km

eintefn sk klpmke`

mns sgaugk`tks

kmklk`tns ( Cgaure 5 ) 2

-Mì`kes euxgmgerks

n fk rkckrkìge

- Mì `kn fk

inte

-Inte

- Cmkides fk inte

MÌ@KEY E[TGMGE_KY N

FK

_KCK_K@IGE

Yn`

mes

quk

fkmglgte`

mes

fgsteìges

k`trk

fns

pu`tns

n

pertks. @nrlemlk`tk

sn` fns

y

sk

treze`

klpmke`fn

mì`kes cgès mmkès, quk tgk`k` u` kspksnr fk 5/9 e 5 /

6 fkm kspksnr fk me mì`ke

fk

in`tnr`n (

Cgaure

? ).

Efklås

fkokrå`

in`sgfkrersk mes sgaugk`tks `nrles 2

-Mes

mì`kes

euxgmgerks fkok`

tnier me

mì`ke

fk

in`tnr`n ( Cgaure

?,

pu`tns

e) .

-Mes fns mì`kes

euxgmgerks

sn` peremkmes k`trk

sì

y pkrpk`fgiumerks e me ergste e

fglk`sgnèr

(

Cgaure ?, pu`tns

o ).

-Mes

mì`kes euxgmgerks fkokrå`

snorkpeser, fk

? e 9 ll, mes cmkides

fk

inte ( Cgaure ?,

pu`tn

k ).

Kspksnr 9

Cgaurn 5

Cgaure ?




2

MGLE-XK_Ò

EINVEFN

KMKLK@VNYFKMEINVEFN)

IN@[email protected]

EINVEFN

-

Yg

ks `kiksergn, mes mì`kes

euxgmgerks

pukfk`

trezersk cnrle`fn

u`

åàumn fk

38¸

in` me

mì`ke fk inte

( Cgaures

9

y 6 ), sgklprk y

iue`fn

sk notkàe leynr

imergfef

k`

km

fglk`sgnèfn.

- Mes mì`kes quk skõeme` kbks

pukfk`

skrvgr fk

mì`kes euxgmgerks y

trezersk

cukre

fk

me

ergste

fkm

iukrpn, k`

cnrle

fk mì`ke

cgè

mmkè

(

Cgaure

; ).

-

Iue`fn pnr rezn`ks kspkigemks

sk

deye

trezefn in`tnr`ns in` mì`kes

luy

arukses,

mes

mì`kes euxgmgerks pertgrå` sgklprk fkm

mefn kxtkr`n fk

fgides

mì`kes ( Cgaure 3 )

MÌ@KE FK INVE

Ks

me mì`ke quk g`fgie me fgsteìge k`trk fns

pu`tns n pertks k` uè vgste n fgoubn. Yu

kspksnr ks fk 5/9 e 5/6

in`

rkspkitn e me

mì`ke

fk in`tnr`n. Yk treze klpmke`fn uè

mì`ke cgè, mmkè

y sg`

g`tkrrupigù` (Cgaures

1

y 4

).

@nrlemlk`tk

me mì`ke fk inte

tkrlgè k`

fns

cmkides y

`n

fkok

iruzersk in` ntrn.

Ntres iereitkrìstgies fk

uè mì`ke

fk inte

sn`2

)

Fkok

skr peremkme em

mefn

quk sk

ve e fglk`sgnèr (Cgaure

1,

pu`tn

e).

? ) Me fgsteìge

fk

me prglkre mì`ke

fk

inte e me

ergste

n onrfk fkm iukrpn

skrå

fk

4 ll (Cgaure 4,

pu`tn

o).

Mes mì`kes fk inte peremkmes tk`-

frå` k`trk sì, uè fgsteìge fk ;l

l ( Cgaure 4, pu`tn k ). • .

n

Cgaure 1 L

LKIÅ@GIN FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

(_KC. DIVE

6?)O

Cgaure 9

Cgaure

6

Cgaure ;

Cgaure 3

-

C

aure 4




EXMGIEFNY

2 "

(LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@V8

MGLE-XK_Ò

EINVEFN

KMKLK@VNY FKM EINVEFN)

@NVEY2

n )

K` fgste`iges rkfuigfns, mes

mì`kes

fk inte

sk treze`

pnr

cukrn n

mes

mì`kes

euxgmgerks fk

intn ( Cgaure 7 ).

o) K` iesn fk

cemte

fk kspeign,

mes mì`kes

fk inte

pukfk`

skr

mglgtefes

pnr

pu`tns ( Cgaure

5N. Intes

2

e,

o, k,

f,

k y

c ).

k ) Mes

mì`kes fk inte fk

mns refgns ( Cgaure

55 )

tgk`k`

u`e snme

cmkide. Velogç`

mes

mì`kes

fk inte

einrtefes

fk

mns

fgålktrns

( Cgaurn 5? ) tgk`k` u`n snme cmkide.

@nte 2 8 sga`gcgin fgålktrn

f )

Mns mì`kes fk intn

pukfk` einrtersk

iue`fn

sk

tretn

fk pgkzes sglçtrgies

are`fks

n fk luides intes fk

fgålktrn

( Cgaure 59

).

k

@nrlemlk`tk mes mì`kes fk

intn

fkok` inmniersk

.k`trk fns mì`kes euxgmgerks y cukre fkm fgoubn. Yg`

kloeran,

ks pkrlgtgfn fgspn`krmes k`trk fns mì`kes

fk in`tnr`n

( Cgaures

56

y

5;

), sgklprk

quk

2

- Mn inte ske

pkrckitelk`tk

vgsgomk

- Mn inte skn fgcìigm fk einter cukre fkm fgoubn

-

Yk ierkzie

fk

kspeign pern

km

eintefn

-

Yk

kvgtk km

iruik fk

mì`kes

fk

intn.

(_KC.

DIVE 6 ? )

4

( e )

( o )

Cgaure 7

38

e o

k

f k c

¡- -

-

'- -

.^^ .^^

- ' - - - - - - - - - -

-

Cgaure 5N

Cgaure

55

Cgaure 5?

Cgaure 59

t

38

Cgaure 56

Cgaure 5;




LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-XK_Ò

EINVEFN BI2m

~ ~ ~ ~ - ^ K ^ M ^ K ^ L ^ K ^ @ ^ V ^ N ^ Y ~ F ^ K ^ M ^ E ~ I ^ N ^ V ^ E ^ F ^ N ~ ) ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ D i r E ~ ~

c ) Me mì`ke fk inte

55

inrrgfe

55

(

sg` g`tkrrupigù` ) me

rkinlk`fefe pnr mes `nrles GYN- K ( Cgaure

53

).

a B

Me mì`ke

fk inte

pere

.åàumns ks u` erin.

Yu

ik`trn

( pu`tn

fk

epnyn fkm inlpås B kstå k` km vçrtgik fkm

åàumn

(

Cgaures 51

y

54 B.

CMKIDEY

FK INVE

Yn` cnrlefes

pnr

u`

trgåàumn

gsùsikmks emeraefn y

k``karkigfn. Yu mnàgtuf ks

; vkiks km kspksnr

fk

me

mì`ke fk

in`tnr`n ( Cgaure 57 ). Km vemnr fkm åàumn

fk

mes

cmkides

ks

fk 5;¸, eprnxglefelk`tk. Mes

ieokzes

fk mes cmkides deik` in`teitn ( tnie` B in` mes mì`kes

euxgmgerks

fk inte ( Cgaure ?8, pu`tn e B.

K`

iesns

fk kspeigns rkfuigfns

sk

pukfk

user pu`tns,

k` vkz

fk

cmkides, pere mglgter iefe inte

(Cgaure

?5 ).

INVE

Ks me kxprksgù` ùlkìe fkm vemnr fk uè lkfgfe

g`fgiefe

k` km

fgoubn.

Yk pn`k snork me mì`ke fk inte, e

5

ll

ù 5

; ll

fk

skpereigù` y mn

lås

ik`trefe pnsgomk

( Cgaure

??

).

Me emture

fk mes intes k` mns

fgoubns

(

pme`ns

fk

ceorgieigù`

) `n fkok skr

g`ckrgnr

e 9 ll, fk

lnfn

quk

sk

pukfe` mkkr sg` fgcgiumtef e uè fgsteìge fk 5

lktrn, eprnxglefelk`tk.

Mes `ntes,

inln ksckre, inte

lì`gle,

kti.,

sk fgoube`

-eman lk`nrks, pkrn, `n

g`ckrgnrks e ? ll.

Vnfes mes intes tk`frå` me lgsle emture k`

u`

lgsln

fgoubn.

±5

Cgaure 53

Cgaure

51 Cgaure 54

Cgaure 57

Cgaure ?8

,^^^^

-

-

M....

M.... M....

Cgaure

?5

68

Cgaure

??



,

IN@NIGLGK@VNY VKI@NMÙAGINY EXMGIEFNY2

LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-XK_Ò

EINVEFN ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ - ^ K ^ M ^ K ^ L ^ K ^ @ ^ V ^ N ^ Y ~ F ^ K ^ M ^ E ^ I ^ N ^ V ^ E ^ F ^ N ~ ) ~ ~ ~ ~

~ K C . D i r E

~

Mes

intes

quk

fkok` skr vkrgcgiefes pnr km

fgk`tk

sk

skõemerå`

kìuefrå`fnmes

fk`trn

fe u` lerin

nvemefn

( Cgaurn ?9 ). Km trnzn

fkm

lerin

skrå in` mì`ke cgè

mmkè.

Mes

intns

quk `n sn` `kikserges pere km

lkie`gzefn,

pkrn sì pere km in`trnm, ve`

kìkrrefes

k`trk perç`tksgs ( Cgaure

?6

).

K` mes

pgkzes

rkprksk`tefes g`tkrrulpgfes n

inrtefes,

me inte skrå me inrrkspn`fgk`tk e

me

vkrfefkre fglk`sgù` fk me

pgkze

inlpmkte

( Cgaure ?; ) .

Yg cemte

kspeign

pere

einter, me inte

sk pn`k

snork me

prnmnàeigù` fk

me mì`ke

fk

inte,

prkckrk`tklk`tk nmmefn fkrkidn (Cgaure ?3 ).

Mes

intes

`n fkok` skr g`tkrrulpgfes pnr

mì`kes

(kbks)

y `n fkokrå`

pn`krsk snork

ergstes

n

pu`tns fk g`tkrskiigù` fk mì`kes

(

Cgaure

?1 ).

Mes

intes pukfk` fgspn`krsk

k`

cnrle

emtkrèfe in` rkspkitn e su kbk fk sglktrìe

(Cgaures ?4 y ?7

). Kstn sk epmgie k`

fgoubns

fk pgkzes

in`

verges lkfgfes

inìç`trgies.

&

¡^

H)

^¡

Cgaure ?9

m.

(54)

5

?

.5

Cgaure

?6

?;8

Cgaure ?;

K

5<-

m

gaure

?3

5

5

898

Cgaure ?1

5

5

r - -

~

"'()

.. -

&

n

-

--

r--..-

=T)

&

@

&

~ M

Cgaure ?4



r


FK LE@VK@GLGK@VN

MGLE-XK_Ò

EINVEFN

KMKLK@VNY

FKM

EINVEFN)

~ K c D I V E

6?)4

Mns intns fk fglk`sgn`ks kxtkrgn rks k g`tkrgnrks

fk

u`n

pgkze

pukfk` earupersk,

fk

lnfn

quk mes kxtkrgnrks

qukfk`

n me gzqugkrfn, y

mes g`tkrgnrks nme

fkrkidn

(

Cgaurn

98 ) Vnl-

ogç`

sk

pukfk fgspn`kr mns

kxtkrgnrks

deige

errgon y

mes g`tkrgnrks

deige eoebn.

Iue`fn

sk einte`, sglumtå`kelk`tk,

lkfgfns

perigemks

y

tntemks, mes perigemks sk

inmnie-

rå` k`trk km fgoubn y mns lkfgfns tntemks (

Cg-

aurn

95

).

Xukstn k` pns5i5n` km fgoubn ( km pme`n k`

pnsgigù` `nrlem

fk

usn),

y

sgaugk`fn km

nrfk`

fk kbkiuigù` fk mn pgkze,

mes

intns

fkok`

skr

mkagomks

fksfk eoebn y fksfk me fkrkidn

(

Cgaures 9?, 99 y 96 ).

Cgaure

9?

-

Cgaure

98

...

-

..

5

,

Cgaure

95

Cgaure

99



,


LKIÅ@GIN

FK

LE@VK@GLGK@VN

X_KSK@IGÙ@ FK IEÌFEY

MGLE-XK_Ò

AK@K_EMGFEFKY

Me ieìfe fk mns treoebefnrks

ks

uè

fk

mes

prglkres ieuses fk mns

eiigfk`tks

fk treoebn.

Kstns

rgksans

glpmgie` uè eiigù`

pnsgtgve k`

u` prnarele

fk

prkvkìgù`,

irke`

inìgk`-

ige

y `kiksgfef k` km treoebefnr fk prkster

etkìgù`

e mns rgksans quk prnfuik` mes ieìfes.

Me

glpnrteìge fk

in`nikr

mns eak`tks, ieuses

y cuk`tks

rkmeignèfns

in` mes ieìfes `ns

pkrlgtk` tnler eiign`ks fk prkvkìgù`.

Mes g`vkstgaeign`ks y kstefìstgies fkluks-

tre`

quk

u` are` pnrik`tebk

fk eiigfk`tks

fk

teoebn

sk prnfuik` pnr

mes

ieìfes.

mes gmustreign`ks

fkm mefn

fkrkidn

`ns fe`

uè gfke fk mns fgvkrsns eiigfk`tks fkogfn e

ieìfes.

Mns

g`cnrlks snork eiigfk`tks g`fgie` quk

dey verges

ieuses

k`

mes

ieìfes quk,

k`

su

leynr

pertk, sn` cåigmks fk fksiuorgr 2

- _ksoemn`ks

-Vrnpgkzns y trespgçs

-Xçrfgfe

fk

kqugmgorgn n snstç`

- Cem te fk epnyn

_ksoemù`

Vrnpgkzn

89001490 Mantenimiento Mecánico i

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Transcript of 89001490 Mantenimiento Mecánico i