Yusuke Murakami - Tendencias Políticas Actuales en Los Países Andinos.

7/21/2019 Yusuke Murakami - Tendencias Políticas Actuales en Los Países Andinos.

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\O@LO@BKGR XCAÎ\KBGR GB\_GAOR

O@ ACR XGÎROR G@LK@CR

\ O @LO @ BK G R X CA Î \ K BG R G B\ _G

A O R O @

A C R X GÎ R O R G@LK @ C R

BKGR Lksbusskc` Xgpor @c.?

[usueo Nurgegnk(olktcr)

[ u s u e o N u r g e g n k ( o l k t c r )

Bo`tor icr a`tofrgtol Grog Rtulkos, Eyctc _`kvorsktyEyctc, Jgpò` 488=



BKGR Lksbusskc` Xgpor @c. ?

© BO@\OT ICT K@\OFTG\OL GTOG R\_LKOR, E[C\C _@KYOTRK\[ [csmklg-Mc`ngbmk, Rgeyc-eu, Eyctc-smk, Eyctc, 989-=?87, Jgpò` \OA: +=7-6?-6?2-;982 IG]: +=7-6?-6?2-;984

O-ngka: bkgsjknuHbkgs.eyctc-u.gb.jp mttp://www.bkgs.eyctc-u.gb.jp Ngrzc, 488=

Ags cpk`kcòs oxprosglgs o` ostg pudakbgbkò` `c roproso`tg` òbosgrkgno`to oa pu`tc lo vkstg loa Bo`tor icr

K`tofrgtol Grog Rtulkos, Eyctc _`kvorskty.

Xrcmkdklg ag roprclubbkò` tctga c pgrbkga, pcr bugaqukor nolkc, sk` ag gutcrkzgbkò` oxpaîbktg y osbrktg lo ag crfg`kzgbkò .

Ostg pudakbgbkò` puolo sor bktglg skonpro y bug`lc so bcacquo oa rospobtkvc brëlktc.

Ag proso`to cdrg oxprosg ag cpk`kò` lo acs gutcros, `c òbosgrkgno`to ag loa olktcr.

Ictc lo ag bgrçtuag (acs rospc`sgdaos lo ag nosg lo vctgbkò` Utros lo lorobmg^ mgbo` oa osbrutk`kc lo vctcs, nko`trgsacs porscòrcs Uroproso`tg`tos^ lo ag gfrupgbkò` pcaîtkbg Ubugtrc lo kzqukorlg^ cdsorvg` oa bc`toc. Bgaagc, Xorú,4887): [usueo Nurgegnk.



Xròacfc ?

[usueo Nurgegnk

7. Brksks lo aofktknklgl y onorfo`bkg lo `uovcs rofîno`os o` acs G`los 6

Glrkç` Dc`kaag

4. Oa fcdkor`c lo Ovc Ncrgaos: bgndkc pcaîtkbc y trg`skbkò` ostgtga o` Dcakvkg 47

Ior`g`lc Ngycrfg

2. Xcaîtkbg porug`g lospuës lo Iujkncrk: irgfno`tgbkò` pcaîtkbg y pcbg k`stktubkc`gakzgbkò` <7

[usueo Nurgegnk

Bc`to`klc



Ag rofkò` g`lk`g skfuo sko`lc oa icbc lo gto`bkò` o` Gnërkbg Agtk`g. O` ag rofkò` so

o`buo`trg` tros pgîsos (Dcakvkg, Obuglcr y Yoòzuoag) lc`lo oa fcdkor`c ostç o` ng`cs lo

“sofú` ag tornk`cacfîg bc`cbklg loa pcaktòacfc noxkbg`c Jcrfo F. Bgstg÷olg“ ag kzqukor-

lg ‑oqukvcbglg„5 y sus fostkcòs y bcnpcrtgnko`tcs pcaîtkbcs `c lojg` lo sor lo k`torës

c procbupgbkò` pgrg ctrcs pgîsos. Nko`trgs Mufc Bmçvoz lo Yoòzuoag onpkozg g porlor

suprongbîg k`tor`g y pcpuagrklgl lospuës lo ag lorrctg o` oa roiorë`lun bc`stktubkc`ga

loa g÷c pgsglc, Ovc Ncrgaos lo Dcakvkg y Tgigoa Bcrrog lo Obuglcr skfuo` su bgnk`c: ag

gsgndaog bc`stktuyo`to y roicrng bc`stktubkc`ga pgrg oa bgndkc iu`lgno`tga loa Ostglc y sus

iu`bkcòs. Osto g÷c acs lcs pgîsos lodo` pgsgr pcr ag otgpg buank`g`to y brubkga loa prcbosc

lo ag roicrng bc`stktubkc`ga, vgao lobkr, oa roiorë`lun pgrg gprcdgr c `c oa ùovc toxtc lo

ag Bc`stktubkò` Xcaîtkbg. Xcr ctrg pgrto, o` ag prknorg song`g lo ngrzc loa 488=, Bcacndkg

k`vglkò oa torrktcrkc obugtcrkg`c pgrg gtgbgr oa ‑roiufkc„ loa frupc fuorrkaaorc IGTB (Iuorzgs

Grnglgs Tovcaubkc`grkgs lo Bcacndkg) o` oa pgîs vobk`c, y bc` osto k`bklo`to dkagtorga so

oaovò ag to`skò` o`tro acs lcs pgîsos. Ag sktugbkò` so pusc nçs to`sg, pcrquo Bmçvoz tgndkë`

so ncstrò gfroskvc bc`trg su pgr bcacndkg`c, scaklgrkzç`lcso bc` Obuglcr.

Bcnc pgrto loa prcfrgng lo ostulkc bc`ju`tc tktuaglc ‑Lk`çnkbg loa bgndkc scbkga

o` acs pgîsos g`lk`cs„ (4886-488=), oa Bo`tor icr K`tofrgtol Grog Rtulkos (BKGR), Eyctc

_`kvorskty, crfg`kzò oa 49 lo oòrc loa 488= oa tgaaor: ‑\o`lo`bkgs pcaîtkbgs gbtugaos o`

acs pgîsos g`lk`cs„. Ostg pudakbgbkò` roúò ags pcò`bkgs proso`tglgs o` lkbmc tgaaor. Ags

nksngs iuorc` rovksglgs pcr bglg gutcr auofc lo robkdkr ags cpk`kcòs y bcno`tgrkcs lo acs

pgrtkbkpg`tos loa ovo`tc.

Glrkç` Dc`kaag g`gakzg oa pg`crgng pcaîtkbc gbtuga lo ag rofkò` g`lk`g scdro ag dgso

loa grfuno`tc lo pcpuaksnc y so÷gag tros bgrgbtoros prk`bkpgaos lo ag pcaîtkbg o` acs pgîsos

g`lk`cs: nobg`ksncs `c k`stktubkc`gakzglcs lo pgrtkbkpgbkò`, rotòrkbg pcpuakstg y bgulkaacs

quo porsc`gakzg` ag fostkò` fudor`gno`tga. Oìcbg`lc ag pcaîtkbg lo Ovc Ncrgaos, Ior`g`lc

Ngycrfg lotgaag oa osbo grkc bc`kbtkvc o` ag Dcakvkg bc`tonpcrçòg, quo mg sklc bgusglc pcr

u`g sktugbkò` lo ‑fcdkor`c lkvklklc„, lodklc ga bc`trca cpcsktcr loa Ro`glc5 u`g ‑lkvkskò`

vortkbga lo pcloros„, pcr ag proso`bkg lo vgrkgs gutcrklglos pcaîtkbgs rofkc`gaos o` pcsturgs

bc`trgrkgs ga fcdkor`c5 y ag rogakzgbkò` lo u`g Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to o` bc`lkbkcòs lo

pcagrkzgbkò` pcaîtkbg y bc`kbtcs k torrofkc`gaos buycs rosuatglcs sc` buostkc`glcs pcr vgrkcs

sobtcros scbkgaos. Xcr úatknc, [usueo Nurgegnk oxgnk`g ag pcaîtkbg porug`g o` ag otgpg pcs-

iujkncrkstg o k`lkbg ag porsksto`bkg lo ag irgfno`tgbkò` pcaîtkbg y pcbg k`stktubkc`gakzgbkò`,

lcs bgrgbtorîstkbgs iu`lgno`tgaos lo ag mkstcrkg pcaîtkbg loa Xorú.

Ag rogakzgbkò` loa tgaaor iuo pcskdao frgbkgs ga Frg`t-k`-Gkl icr Rbko`tkb Tosogrbm (G) lo

Jgpg` Rcbkoty icr Xrcnctkc` ci Rbko`bo, tktuaglc ‑Facdgakzgbkò` y bc`strubbkò` lo fcdor`g-

dkaklgl o` acs pgîsos o` losgrrcaac: ostulkc bcnpgrglc lo acs pgîsos g`lk`cs„ g bgrfc lo nk

porsc`g. Gfrglozbc tgndkë` ga lkrobtcr Ecjk \g`geg, g nks bcaofgs y porsc`ga glnk`kstrgtkvc

loa BKGR pcr su bcagdcrgbkò` y gyulg obko`to g`tos, lurg`to y lospuës loa tgaaor. Ospobkga -

Xròacfc



no`to oxprosc nk robc`cbknko`tc g Eg`gec @ksmk. Ga nksnc tkonpc, lcy frgbkgs g Rkavg`g

Akzgrdo pcr ag bcrrobbkò` lo ostkac y g Ngrkc Xcpubmo pcr ag lkgfrgngbkò`.

Oa tgaaor y ostg pudakbgbkò` sc` prclubtcs tgndkë` loa prcfrgng lo k`vostkfgbkc`os loa

BKGR tktuaglc: ‑Ag lk`çnkbg loa bgndkc scbkga o` acs pgîsos g`lk`cs„.

Ags cpk`kc`os y pcskbkc os oxprosglgs o` bglg grtîbuac bcrrospc`lo` oxbauskvgno to g su

gutcr5 ags o`tklglos lo `g`bkgbkò` y pudakbgbkò` `c so rospc`sgdkakzg` pcr su bc`to`klc.

[usueo Nurgegnk

Xròacfc



“6“

BTKRKR LO AOFK\KNKLGL [ ONOTFO@BKG LO @_OYCR TOFÎNO@OR O@ ACR G@LOR

7. \urduao`bkg pcaîtkbg y losk`stktubkc`gakzgbkò`

_`c lo acs tongs scdro acs quo kòvktgdaono`to

so lodo rooxkc`gr o` ag rofkò` g`lk`g os scdro

ag `gturgaozg lo acs rofînoòs pcaîtkbcs quo gmîoxksto`. _` oaono`tc g bc`sklorgr os ag ovcaubkò`y lo`sklgl lo ag k`stktubkc`gaklgl5 os lobkr, ag bgpg-

bklgl quo ags scbkolglos g`lk`gs tkoò` lo prcbosgroa bc`kbtc y ags long`lgs lo sus pcdagbkcòs o``crngs foòrgano`to gpakbgdaos y aofîtkngs.

Oa prcbosc pcaîtkbc lo ag rofkò` mg sklc ospobkga-no`to turduao`tc g ac agrfc lo ag úatkng lëbglg oòsto so`tklc. Rk so glnkto bcnc u` pu`tc lo bcrtogrdktrgrkc oa glvo`knko`tc loa prosklo`to Bmçvoz ga pclor o` Yoòzuoag, o tc`bos so cdsorvgrç quo tclgag rofkò` o` lkstk`tcs ncno`tcs foòrg rofînoòs pcaîtkbcs quo `gbo` lo u` prcbosc lo bc`tkùg orc-

skò` lo sus k`stktubkcòs, o` lc`lo prcdgdaono`toacs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs y su bcagpsc sc` ag ovklo`bkgnçs kaustrgtkvg lo u` io`òno`c quo os foòrga yquo giobtg g ctrgs k`stktubkcòs bcnc oa skstong lo justkbkg, oa pgragno`tc y ags o`tklglos quo so o`-

bgrfg` loa crlo` y ag loio`sg. Ostc mg sklc bcnúò` tclcs acs bgscs. O` tclg ag rofkò` g`lk`g acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs, quo gbcnpg÷grc` acs prcboscs

lo roloncbrgtkzgbkò` o` Obuglcr, Xorú y Dcakvkg,y quo scstuvkorc` rofînoòs bkvkaos o` nolkc loag cag lo lkbtglurgs nkaktgros agtk`cgnorkbg`gs o`Yoòzuoag y Bcacndkg, mg` losgpgrobklc c so mg`rolubklc g oxproskcòs nî`kngs.

O` Dcakvkg, ag Bc`stktubkò` lo acs g÷cs cbmo`tg pornktkò u`g icrng lo pgbtc bc`scbkotga quo roquo-

rîg gbuorlcs lo bcfcdkor`c bc`struklcs o` oa pgr -agno`tc quo pornktîg ag oaobbkò` lo u` prosklo`to.Oso nobg`ksnc iu`bkc`ò scdro ag dgso lo tros cbugtrc pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs ngycrktgrkcs, porc so lo-

torkcrg bc` oa tkonpc pcrquo tornk`g aovg`tç`lcsoscdro u` bc`ju`tc lo roagbkcòs prodo`lgaos quolos`gturgakzg` ag kngfo` lo loncbrgbkg y vuoavoòxbauyo`to ga rëfkno` pcaîtkbc.

Acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs porug`cs `c rosksto` ag

brksks foòrglg pcr ag vkcao`bkg lo acs g÷cs cbmo`tgy `cvo`tg y oa glvo`knko`tc lo Iujkncrk. Ròac oaGXTG scdrovkvo bcnc oxproskò` loa pcpuaksncquo ro`gbo bcnc sgaklg g ag sktugbkò` pcaîtkbg oòa pgîs y o` acs g`los.

O` Bcacndkg oa dkpgrtklksnc k`kbkglc o` 7;?= pgrg sgakr lo ag lkbtglurg lo Tcjgs Xk`kaag, so vorodgsglc pcr ag oaobbkò` lo u` bg`lklgtc lksklo`toakdorga quo fg`g lcs vobos ags oaobbkcòs bc` iuor -zgs quo fkrg` garololcr lo su porsc`g.

O` Obuglcr `k`fu`g iuorzg pcaîtkbg loslo 7;6;mgstg oa 4889 mg fg`glc nçs lo u`g voz u`g oaob -

bkò` prosklo`bkga. Oa trkuìc oaobtcrga loa prosklo`toBcrrog, ag lkscaubkò` o` acs mobmcs loa bc`frosc yag vkbtcrkg lo u`g o`tklgl quo fkrg garololcr lo sufurg pgrg ags oaobbkcòs lo gsgndaog bc`stktuyo`to(4886), vuoavo krroaovg`tos ags iuorzgs pgrtklgrkgs. Oabgsc lo Yoòzuoag os subko`tono`to bc`cbklc. OaXgbtc lo Xu`tc jc quo foòrgdg u` rëfkno` dkpgr -tklkstg so rcnpo o` oa sofu`lc fcdkor`c lo BgracsG`lrës Xëroz y ag oaobbkò` lo Bmçvoz gbgdg bc` oso

gbuorlc. Acs pgrtklcs voòzcag`cs sc` roonpagzglcs pcr iuorzgs quo sc` toòr oso ostgtus bunpao` agsiu`bkcòs lo ngquk`grkgs oaobtcrgaos.

_`g sofu`lg bgrgbtorîstkbg lo ag rofkò` os agirgfkaklgl lo ags `crngs quo rofuag` ag icrng logbbosc y lkstrkdubkò` loa pclor, o` ctrgs pgagdrgs,loa ostglc lo lorobmc. O` Xorú oa Bc`frosc iuolksuoatc o` acs `cvo`tg, so akdrò u`g fuorrg subkgbc` oa ngycr únorc lo nuortos o` Gnërkbg Agtk`gy so bc`struyò u` rëfkno` gutcrktgrkc sk` bc`trcaos`k oqukakdrkcs lo ags ctrgs iu`bkcòs loa Ostglc.

BTKRKR LO AOFK\KNKLGL [ ONOTFO@BKGLO @_OYCR TOFÎNO@OR O@ ACR G@LOR

Glrkç` Dc`kaag *

∖ Lkrobtcr lo ag Igbuatgl Agtk`cgnorkbg`g lo Bko`bkgs Rcbkgaos (IAGBRC) Rolo Obuglcr.

BGXÎ\_AC 7



Glrkç` Dc`kaag

“=“

O` Obuglcr so prclujorc` tros fcapos lo ostg-

lc o` no`cs lo lkoz g÷cs, so lkscavkò tros vobosg ag Bcrto Ruprong lo Justkbkg y so lobagrò o`robosc ga pgragno`tc. O` Bcacndkg u`g gsgndaogbc`stktuyo`to lksuoavo oa Bc`frosc, y o` Dcakvkg

so gskstkò g u` fcapo lo ostglc y vgrkcs k`to`tcsbc` rocrfg`kzgbkcòs ngskvgs lo acs ctrcs pclorosg ac agrfc lo ag úatkng lëbglg.

Ags bc`lkbkcòs nksngs lo oxksto`bkg lo agloncbrgbkg akdorga sc` probgrkgs o` ag rofkò`g`lk`g. Yoòzuoag y Xorú mg` sklc buostkc`glgso` ag aofktknklgl oaobtcrga pcr vgrkcs gbtcros,gu`quo acs ostç`lgros lo gndcs pgîsos pgrobo`sor suiuobko`tos pgrg ag ngycrîg lo cdsorvglcros.Bc`trcaos nutucs lo ags iu`bkcòs loa ostglc sc`kòxksto`to`tos o` Yoòzuoag y Obuglcr lc`lo oaojobutkvc tkoò u`g gdrunglcrg proso`bkg o` tclgsags k`stg`bkgs, prcdaongs lo vkfo`bkg lo u` `úbaocnî`knc lo lorobmcs mung`cs skfuo` sko`lc por -sksto`tos o` Bcacndkg y Xorú.

Ga osbo`grkc k`stktubkc`ga mgy quo g÷glkr u`ngpg scbkga bgrgbtorkzglc tclgvîg pcr ag pcdrozg,ag oxbauskò`, ag kòquklgl y oa rgbksnc o` tclgsags scbkolglos.

4. Kòstgdkaklgl pcaîtkbg o` ag rofkò` g`lk`g

Loslo nolkglcs lo acs g÷cs @cvo`tg tclcs acsostglcs loa nu`lc g`lk`c mg` vkvklc o` brksks pcaîtkbg porngò`to lo`klg pcr u`g aofktknklgl probgrkg, prclubtc loa gsolkc quo loslo oa aglc loag roproso`tgbkò` mg` suirklc sus k`stktubkcòs.

Rk dko` ags bkrbu`stg`bkgs pcaîtkbgs lo ag ro- fkò` tkoò` u`g oxpakbgbkò` mkstòrkbg, tgndkë` osbkortc quo ags bgpgbklglos lo k`bauskò` loa ostglc suirkorc` nubmc lurg`to acs k`to`tcs akdorgaos lo roicrng o` acs g÷cs Cbmo`tg y @cvo`tg.

Ags roicrngs akdorgaos rolujorc` ags bcnpoto`- bkgs loa ostglc y lovgstgrc` sus pcskdkaklglos lomgbor pcaîtkbgs scbkgaos, sk` quo so bc`struyorgloslo ag scbkolgl bkvka `glg quo pulkorg roon-

pagzgrags.Yoòzuoag, buyc Xrclubtc K`tor`c Drutc lo-

po`lo lo ags oxpcrtgbkcòs potrcaorgs, `c suirkòostgs nclkbgbkcòs, nko`trgs quo o` Bcacndkg `cso prclujorc`, puos ags bcnpoto`bkgs lo pcaîtkbgscbkga so ng`tuvkorc` y gnpakgrc` sc` ag Bc`stk-

tubkò` lo 7;;4. Oa knpgbtc iuo nçs iuorto o` ostoso`tklc o` Obuglcr, Dcakvkg y Xorú.

Oa oxporkno`tc lo akdorgakzgbkò` so prcluboo` tclg Gnërkbg Agtk`g y sus rosuatglcs sc` no-

lkcbros. @c so gabg`zgrc` notgs knpcrtg`tos `k

skqukorg o` brobknko`tc obc`ònkbc, nko`trgs quoacs î`lkbos lo kòquklgl so ng`tuvkorc` ostgdaosc brobkorc` o` ag ngycrîg lo pgîsos. O` ag rofkò`g`lk`g ags roicrngs so knpaono`tgrc` g nolkgs, sogto`tò bc`trg ag prcpkolgl púdakbg y so lodkaktgrcàgs k`stktubkcòs. O` tërnk`cs foòrgaos ag brkskslo ag pcaîtkbg dko` puolo gtrkdukrso g u` prcboscloiobtkvc lo k`bauskò` o` ag facdgakzgbkò`.7

_`g lo ags ngycros bc`sobuo`bkgs lo ag orcskò`loa Ostglc iuo ag lodkaklgl o` ag bgpgbklgl loroproso`tgr k`torosos lo ag scbkolgl, y tuvc pcr acno`cs tros bgrgbtorîstkbgs: Xrknorc, ag ngycr pgrtolo ag fo`to `c pgrtkbkpò o` acs prcboscs lo tcnglo lobkskò` ostrgtëfkbcs `gbkc`gaos, y tgnpcbc o`gquoaacs quo so rooro` g acs gsu`tcs pgrtkbuagroslo sus bcnu`klglos. Rofu`lc, `c so prclujorc`nobg`ksncs obko`tos `k aofîtkncs lo ro`lkbkò`lo buo`tgs. Acs `kvoaos lo knpu`klgl, tg`tc oàg scbkolgl bkvka, bug`tc o` oa ojorbkbkc loa pclor pcaîtkbc sc` oxtronglgno`to gatcs, y `gano`to,u`g pgrto knpcrtg`to lo ags scbkolglos bgrobo lo

ag bgaklgl lo bkulglg`îg.Ag irgfkaklgl lo ags k`stktubkcòs y ag probg-

rkolgl lo su aofktknklgl prclujorc` osbo`grkcslo bako`toaksnc y prodo`lgaksnc, quo rofuag` oak`torbgndkc lo sorvkbkcs y lo roburscs pcr aogatg-

los. Ostg prçbtkbg gtrgvkosg ga bc`ju`tc loa skstong pcaîtkbc porc os bcnú`, glonçs o` ags roagbkcòs prkvglgs lo bgrçbtor scbkga. Ag bc`sobuo`bkg iuoag foòrgbkò` lo u`g porsksto`to so`sgbkò` lokaofktknklgl quo pornktkò oa glvo`knko`tc lo acsbgulkaacs pcpuakstgs lo prk`bkpkcs loa Rkfac ]]K.

Xrobksgno`to, ag motorcfoòklgl lo ags scbko-

lglos, ga ostgr brò`kbgno`to sudroproso`tglg o` sugrquktobturg, prkvkaofkg oa surfknko`tc lo bgulkaacs`gbkc`gaos, acbgaos y rofkc`gaos, g pgrtkr lo buyg bg-

pgbklgl lo bc`vcbgtcrkg so crfg`kzg ags lk`çnkbgs pcaîtkbgs y acs nobg ksncs lo pgrtkbkpgbkò . Acs pgrtklcs so bc`vkrtkorc`, o`tc`bos, o` ngquk grkgsoaobtcrgaos y `c o` ag dksgfrg lo bcnu`kbgbkò` loags long`lgs lo ag scbkolgl pcaîtkbg y oa k`struno`tcigbkaktglcr lo gquoaags o` ag scbkolgl pcaîtkbg.

7. Oa tërnk`c facdgakzgbkò` loiobtkvg mg sklc usglc pgrg Bcacndkg pcr Jug` Fgdrkoa \cegtakg` porc puolo gpakbgrso gabc`ju`tc lo ag rofkò`.



“;“


\clgs ags scbkolglos g`lk`gs tkoò` ospo-

bkbklglos `ctgdaos o` tërnk`cs obc`ònkbcs,ët`kbcs, buaturgaos y pcaîtkbcs. Rk` ondgrfc, tgn-

dkë` tkoò` nubmgs lk`çnkbgs, portoòbko`tos gtclgs osgs lkno`skcòs o` bcnú`. Ag turduao`bkg

pcaîtkbg y oa lotorkcrc obc`ònkbc, sc` osbo`g-rkcs bcnpgrtklcs g prk`bkpkcs loa skfac ]]K pcrtclgs osgs scbkolglos. Gu`quo acs k`lkbglcrosbug`tktgtkvcs sc` lkstk`tcs4.

\clgs ags scbkolglos g`lk`gs mg` oìro`-

tglc prcdaongs pcaîtkbcs quo `c tornk`g` loroscavorso. Oaags surfo` o` bc`toxtcs lo osbgsozostrubturga o` scbkolglos lëdkano`to k`stktubkc-

`gakzglgs, o` gafu`cs bgscs bc` fcdkor`cs quo`c bc`trcag` oa bc`ju`tc loa ospgbkc `gbkc`ga ygsolkglgs pcr proskcòs obc`ònkbgs loa norbglck`tor`gbkc`ga quo cdakfg` g roicrngr oa Ostglcy roostrubturgr ag obc`cnîg.2

2. Xcpuaksnc: k`suibko`to porc kòvktgdao o`

oa lodgto

Ag aktorgturg pcaîtkbg agtk`cgnorkbg`g mg foò-

rglc, pgrg losbrkdkr sktugbkcòs lo losk`stktu-

bkc`gakzgbkò` quo `c so rosuoavo` o` sgaklgsgutcrktgrkgs, u`g kngfo` quo sk` sor probksg, `c

os subko`to porc gyulg g lkioro`bkgr rofînoòsgutcrktgrkcs lo aòfkbgs k`bauskvgs o` bc`toxtcs loorcskò` k`stktubkc`ga: pcpuaksnc. Rk` ondgrfc oatërnk`c tkoò longskglgs gbopbkcòs y tgndkë`mg sklc klocacfkzglc pgrg où`bkgr ncloacs lofcdkor`c lkioro`tos ga pgrglkfng akdorga.

Bc` ostgs provo`bkcòs, lo tclcs nclcs,y pcr loiguat ag onorfo`bkg lo rofînoòs quo prcbosg` oa bcìakbtc scdro u`g aofktknklglrospgalglg pcr prçbtkbgs lo k`bauskò` iuorg loags k`stktubkcòs, pcaîtkbgs fudor`gno`tgaos mo-

torclcxgs, u` lksbursc quo aovg`tg aòfkbgs lok`torpoagbkò` ga puodac, pcr iuorg lo ags crfg`k-zgbkcòs lo ag scbkolgl bkvka y sk` nolkgbkcòs pgrtklgrkgs, so mg aagnglc pcpuaksnc, porc susoù`bkgbkcòs sc` tg`tgs, acs uscs quo so ao mglglc ga tërnk`c tg` lkstk`tcs, y acs bgscs g acs

quo so rooro tg` lkvorscs, quo `c puolo usgrsosk glvortkrso su knprobkskò`.

Oa tërnk`c, sk` ondgrfc os kòvktgdao, c sòac pcrquo icrng pgrto loa kngfk`grkc nolkçtkbcquo bc`struyo oa roagtc lo acs prcboscs pcaîtk-

bcs agtk`cgnorkbg`cs, sk`c pcrquo ag aktorgturggbglënkbg os gdu`lg`tîskng. Nçs gaaç loa gl-

jotkvc, ac quo os bcnú` pgrg ag rofkò` g`lk`g,os ag orcskò` k`stktubkc`ga: tgndkë` ag guso`bkglo pgrtklcs sgavc o` oa bgsc porug`c. O` tclcsacs pgîsos oxksto u` joio pcaîtkbc c bgulkaac quoaklorg y bcmoskc`g oa prcyobtc pcaîtkbc. Os oa bgsclo _rkdo o` Bcacndkg, Fgrbîg o` Xorú, Bcrrogo` Obuglcr, Bmçvoz o` Yoòzuoag y Ncrgaoso` Dcakvkg.

O` vgrkcs lo ostcs ostglcs ctrc oaono`tc lo

bcmoskò` os u` lksbursc quo k`torpoag knçfoòs`gbkc`gakstgs, pcr ojonpac o` Yoòzuoag su ro-

tòrkbg bcìrc`tgbkc`ga bc` acs Ostglcs _`klcs,o` Dcakvkg ag kngfo` lo puodacs crkfk`grkcs, yo` Obuglcr gpoagbkcòs g knçfoòs mkstòrkbgs.Lo bkortg icrng _rkdo scstkoò u` `gbkc`gaksncquo ac bc`scaklg k`tor`gno`to o` ag roagbkò` bc`sus vobk`cs tgndkë`.

Ag k`torpoagbkò` ga puodac so prclubo foò-

rg`lc u`g rotòrkbg lo bcìrc`tgbkò` ga pgsglc

k`nolkgtc. Ag cakfgrquîg o` Yoòzuoag c Xorú,oa rëfkno` lo pgrtklcs o` Dcakvkg, Obuglcr yBcacndkg, o` tclc bgsc skf`kbg`lc ag rupturgbc` gafu`cs oaono`tcs lo kaofktknklgl foòrglcsbcnc pagtgicrng pgrg oa ag`zgnko`tc loa ùovc prcyobtc.

Oa pcpuaksnc o` Agtk`cgnërkbg `gbkò gscbkg-

lc g u` prcyobtc mkstòrkbc, oa lo ag bcìcrngbkò`loa ncloac lo Ostglc @gbkc`ga scdro ag kngfo`loa puodac, garololcr lo acs g÷cs Bugro`tg. Gk`kbkcs loa skfac pgsglc so lotorkcrg oa ncloac

prkngrkc gfrîbcag agtk`cgnorkbg`c, dgsglc o` ox-

pcrtgbkcòs lo irutgs, borogaos c gzúbgr, gsî bcncag icrng lo Ostglc gscbkglg ga nksnc: oa OstglcAkdorga ‒ Cakfçrqukbc, quo so bgrgbtorkzgdg pcrag bc`bo`trgbkò` loa pclor o` ëaktos scbkgaosgrkstcbrçtkbgs torrgto`ko`tos y oxpcrtglcrgs. Oa

4. Dçskbgno`to o` ac quo so rooro g Xrclubtc K`tor`c Drutc o k`torbgndkc obc`ònkbc . Yor K`lkbglcros No`sugaos lo ag

Bcnu`klgl G`lk`g, Robrotgrîg Foòrga 4887.2. G prcpòsktc lo ags prçbtkbgs pcaîtkbgs o` ag rofkò` g`lk`g puolo bc`suatgrso Moao`g Fc`zçaoz y Mokliua Rbmnklt ols. ,

7;;6, Loncbrgbkg pgrg u`g ùovg scbkolgl (Ncloac pgrg grngr), Bgrgbgs: @uovg Rcbkolgl.

Lkotor @cmao` y Ngrkc Ior`ç`loz ols, 7;;= Oa Xrosklo`bkgaksnc ro`cvglc, Bgrgbgs: @uovg Rcbkolgl. Ioakpo Durdg`c lo Agrg ol. 7;;= Oa ig`tgsng loa pcpuaksnc. Gprcxkngbkò` g u` tong (skonpro) gbtuga, Bgrgbgs: IAG-

BRC-Obuglcr-@uovg Rcbkolgl



Glrkç` Dc`kaag

“78“

Ostglc bgrobîg lo gutc`cnîg iro`to g ostcs fru-

pcs, su pclor org nuy aknktglc, y ag scbkolgllo gquoaag ëpcbg org rurga gu`quo mgdîg bo`trcsurdg`cs nolkg`cs o` tclc oa bc`tkò`to.

Oa ncloac ostgtga pro pcpuakstg igvcrobîg ag

bc`bo`trgbkò` loa pclor o` oa rolubklc frupc quoso gscbkgdg ga nksnc. Xgtrkgrbgs y ignkakgs acbg-

aos bc`bo`trgdg` oa pclor obc`ònkbc y pcaîtkbclo ags rofkcòs. Rk` ondgrfc, ag nksng aòfkbg logbunuagbkò` knpaîbktg ga ncloac akdorga cakfçr -qukbc losgtò oa brobknko`tc lo bo`trcs urdg`cs ygbunuagbkcòs pcdagbkc`gaos, ospobkgano`to o` acs puortcs, òbosgrkgs pgrg ag oxpcrtgbkò`, bc` oa bc`-

skfuko`to losgrrcaac lo k`lustrkgs lo sorvkbkcs.O` acs g÷cs Yok`to y \rok`tg loa skfac ]]

gpgrobo` ùovcs frupcs scbkgaos oxbauklcs lo ag pgrtkbkpgbkò` pcaîtkbg y bc` bgpgbklglos crfg`kzgtk-vgs brobko`tos: trgdgjglcros k`lustrkgaos, grtosg`cs,ngostrcs prcioskc`gaos akdorgaos. Oa losgrrcaac loncvknko`tcs bcnu`kstgs, scbkgakstgs y g`grqukstgslo k`toaobtugaos y trgdgjglcros bcnc ag ICTG(Iolorgbkò` Cdrorg Tovcaubkc`grkg Grfo`tk`g),kaustrg` oa bc`kbtc proso`to o` ags scbkolglos gk`kbkcs lo skfac. Ag ‑buostkò` scbkga„ gpgrobo oòsbo`g, y ags long`lgs lo gnpakgbkò` loa skstong pcaîtkbc o k`stktubkc`ga ostç` g ag crlo` loa lîg.

Onorfo` acs pgrtklcs lo kzqukorlg ngrxkstg yscbkgaksncs `gbkc`gaos, quo so sung` g acs akdo-

rgaos, bc`sorvglcros y rglkbgaos agkbcs lo `gaosloa skfac ]K].

Oa bgrçbtor borrglc loa Ostglc cakfçrqukbc kn-

pcskdkaktgdg ag k`bauskò` lo ostcs ùovcs sobtcros.Oa pgksgjo nksnc so trg`sicrng bc` lk`çnkbgsgboaorglîskngs lo brobknko`tc urdg`c. Bc` ag Xrk-norg Fuorrg Nu`lkga onpkozg ag losgrtkbuagbkò` loags obc`cnîgs agtk`cgnorkbg`gs iro`to ga norbglcnu`lkga. Ag brksks g rgîz loa cbtudro òfrc lo Vgaa

Rtroot y su knpgbtc lovgstglcr scdro acs norbglcslo oxpcrtgbkò` prclubo oa bc`toxtc mkstòrkbc o`quo onorfo` acs prknorcs ncvknko`tcs pcpuakstgsagtk`cgnorkbg`cs: ag bgîlg lo u` rëfkno` lo gbu-

nuagbkò` prclujc ag dúsquolg lo uovcs ncloacs,tg`tc o` ag obc`cnîg bcnc o` ag pcaîtkbg, quo k`-

bcrpcrgrc` sobtcros pcpuagros urdg`cs o` oa Ostglc

y o` ag prclubbkò` lo klo`tklgl `gbkc`ga.Osto io`òno`c so gscbkg g ag onorfo`bkg lo ‑ags

ngsgs„ bcnc gbtcros pcaîtkbcs y supusc tgndkëàg bc`strubbkò` lo aklorgzfcs porsc`gakstgs scdro

ag kngfo` loa g`tgfc`ksnc puodac-cakfgrquîg, acquo so oxprosgrîg o` acs ncloacs lo Fotuakc Ygrfgs(7;28-7;<?)< y Jug` Lcnk`fc Xorò` (7;<9-7;69),o` Drgska y Grfo`tk`g rospobtkvgno`to, c o` ags prcbagngs lo Fgktç` (7;<=) o Bcacndkg, oa gprks-

nc lo Mgyg lo ag \crro o` Xorú y oa lksbursc loYoagsbc Kdgrrg (7;29-7;68) o` Obuglcr.

Gsî, lurg`to acs \rok`tg y Bugro`tg onorfo oa Ostglc @gbkc`ga ‒ Xcpuagr , quo k`to`tg ag k`bcr - pcrgbkò` o k`bauskò` lo ags ‑ngsgs„ o` oa prcbosc pcaîtkbc, nolkg`to nobg`ksncs vortkbgaos, bcàklorgzfcs y lksburscs bgrfglcs lo sîndcacs quogaulo` ga puodac y g ag `gbkò`, gsî bcnc bc` ag pgrtkbkpgbkò` gdkortg y oxproskvg lo ag fo`to bcnúò` ags bgaaos, gpcyg`lc oa prcbosc.

Oa Ostglc Xcpuakstg kngfk`g ag `gbkò` to`ko`-

lc ac ‑pcpuagr„ bcnc ojo. _` trîpclo pcaîtkbc sobc`struyo o`tro acs onprosgrkcs ‑`gbkc`gaos„, acstrgdgjglcros crfg`kzglcs y oa Ostglc, quo onpujg pcaîtkbgs lo brobknko`tc pgrg oa norbglc `gbkc`ga,o` bc`trgpcskbkò` g ag crko`tgbkò` oxpcrtglcrg loancloac akdorga cakfçrqukbc. Ëstg iuo ag tonprg`g pronc`kbkò` loa ncloac BOXGA lo acs g÷cs Bk`-

buo`tg y Roso`tg. Osto prcbosc tkoò sus roioro`tosnçs bagrcs o` ags pcaîtkbgs lo Açzgrc Bçrlo`gsquo `gbkc`gakzg oa potròaoc o` Nëxkbc, Ygrfgs o`

Drgska y Xorò` o` Grfo`tk`g quo nc`tg` prcyobtcsfkfg`tosbcs lo k`lustrkgakzgbkò`.

<. Xcpuaksnc y bgulkaacs bcnc osbo`cfrgiîg y bc`lubtg

_`g frg` pgrto lo ag aktorgturg scdro oa pcpuaksncoìgtkzg acs gspobtcs roiorklcs ga ‑ospobtçbuac„, gacs nobg`ksncs lo bcnu`kbgbkò` pcaîtkbg, g ags‑poricrng`bos„ gscbkglgs g acs nksncs.

Rk mgy gafú` oaono`tc lksbor`kdao lo bc`tkùk-

lgl o`tro oa pcpuaksnc baçskbc, bcnc gquoa loaobugtcrkg`c Yoagsbc Kdgrrg c loa Xorug`c Mgyglo ag \crros, y acs òcpcpuaksncs lo acs g÷cs @c-

vo`tg y loa skfac ]]K, bcnc acs lo Auag c MufcBmçvoz, sorîg` ags lkno`skcòs skndòakbgs quo acslcs prcboscs gaulo` y ncvkakzg`. Oa bgrçbtor loags scbkolglos agtk`cgnorkbg`gs so mg roproso`tglcbcnc ag kngfo` lo ‑ropúdakbgs sk` bkulglg`cs„,ngrbglgs, pcr oa rgbksnc y oa losprobkc oaktgrkc, pcr ag oxbauskò` y pcr u`g loncbrgbkg rolubklg ganorc rktuga oaobtcrga. Ostcs oaono`tcs lo ag kngfo`

<. Ags iobmgs lg` buo`tg lo ag gbtkvklgl pcaîtkbg lo oscs aîloros.



“77“


loa pclor `c mg` vgrkglc sustg`bkgano`to o` acsúatkncs Roto`tg g÷cs o` ags porbopbkcòs5 pcr oaac,oa rotc ga stgdaksmno`t, trgzg oa puo`to o`tro acsvkojcs y ùovcs bgulkaacs.

Oa lksbursc pcpuakstg bcnc prçbtkbg gtrgvkosg

oa ospobtçbuac lo ag pcaîtkbg: ag bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga,ag longfcfkg lo ag ciortg. \clcs acs bg`lklgtcso` gafú` ncno`tc sc` pcpuakstgs: òcakdorgaos yscbkgalonòbrgtgs. Loslo ag vkskò` loa lksbursc,o` bgndkc `c tclcs sc` pcpuakstgs, puolo` sor lokzqukorlg c lo lorobmg, pcr ojonpac. Oa pcpuaks-

nc prcpcrbkc`grîg u` subolçòc lo pgrtkbkpgbkò` pcaîtkbg, nolkglg pcr acs rktugaos lo ag bgaao5 agso`sgbkò` lo pclor scbkga, pcr ag kngfo` lo bcnu-

`klgl: Ag Yoòzuoag Dcakvgrkg`g lo Bmçvoz, c oa‑Xorú, pgîs bc` iuturc„ lo Iujkncrk, ag Grfo`tk`g pcto`bkg lo Noò`. Osto tkpc lo pgrtkbkpgbkò`tornk`g bc`trgstg`lc ag klog lo ‑loncbrgbkg„ bcàg rogaklgl lo kòquklgl, ovklo`bkg y buostkc`g,gu`quo `c òbosgrkgno`to roicrng, ag oxbauskò`lo scbkolglos rgbkstgs, bagskstgs y jorçrqukbgs.

Ag kngfo` bcnu`ktgrkg quo oa pcpuaksnc foòrgnubmgs vobos so gsko`tg scdro klogs g`tgfò`kbgsquo aofktkng` ovo`tugano`to bc`to`klcs gutcrk-tgrkcs. Knçfoòs bcnc ag aubmg o`tro ‑puodac„ y‑cakfgrquîg„, o`tro ‑`csctrcs„ y ‑acs ctrcs„, o`

u` bc`toxtc lo loncbrgbkg kòbko`to, iortkakzgòa torro`c pgrg ag bcìrc`tgbkò`. Oa bgrçbtor loaaklorgzfc quo lkrkfo ag ncvkakzgbkò` pcpuakstg, osk`lkvklugakzglc, oxtronglgno`to bc`bo`trglcr, y puolo k`bausc gaulkr g knçfoòs roakfkcsgs, bcsgquo puolo vorso bc` bagrklgl o` oa noskg`ksnc loXorò` y Ovktg, o` Noòn y Bcrrog, o` Iujkncrk,_rkdo c Bmçvoz.

Ag ospobtgbuagrklgl lrgnçtkbg loa pcpuaksncbcdrg u` ùovc `kvoa, g rgîz lo ag crko`tgbkò`nolkçtkbg lo ags scbkolglos gbtugaos. Acs k`stru-

no`tcs lo bcnu`kbgbkò` foòrg` u` osbo`grkc poricrngtkvc lc`lo so lospakofg` ùovcs fëòrcsbcnu`kbgbkc`gaos y lo roagbkò` o`tro oa aîlor bcàgs ‑ngsgs„. Noòn mgdaò o` púdakbc? (bc` bc-

dorturg toaovkskvg) 444 vobos lurg`to 7;;4, y 4;=cbgskcòs lurg`to 7;;2, g ac quo so sung` susvkgjos ga oxtrg`jorc, tgndkë` budkortcs oxto`skvg-

no`to pcr acs nolkcs.Oa aklorgzfc tgndkë` rogakzg ags ig`tgsîgs lo

gsbo`sc scbkga y acs suo÷cs scbkgaos lo acs frupcsbc`vcbglcs pcr oa lksbursc: oa aîlor bg`tg bc` oa

frupc lo rcbe lo nclg o` acs Roso`tg (Dubgrgn), juofg iútdca y so bgsg bc` u`g ox Nkss _`kvorsc(Noòn) c os oa ‑bmk`c„ quo acfrg gsbo`lor ga pk`çbuac loa pclor (Iujkncrk). Osto aîlor mgdag où` ao`fugjo nîstkbc, gaulko`lc g ag pgtrkg o`bgr`glg

o` oa puodac ga quo rolknkrç._`g bgrgbtorîstkbg knpcrtg`to loa pcpuaksnc

bc`tonpcrç oc os ag proonkò`bkg loa ‑ncvknko -

tc„ scdro ags ostrubturgs icrngaos (pgrtklc c sk`lk-bgtcs) quo ao prostg` susto`tc. Bc` oaac so ovklo`bkggú` nçs oa bgrçbtor k`lkvkluga loa aklorgzfc, yg quooa pgrtklc o` foòrga skrvo bcnc norc lkspcsktkvcoaobtcrga quo so sudcrlk`g pao`gno`to ga bgulkaac,quko` g su voz loò acs aînktos y prcboscs loancvknko`tc pcpuakstg.

@c os pcskdao kngfk`gr oa pcpuaksnc agtk`c-

gnorkbg`c sk` po`sgr o` ags lk`çnkbgs quo ao lgòxksto`bkg: ngquk`grkgs oaobtcrgaos, quo iu`bkc`g`scdro ag dgso loa k`torbgndkc lo aogatglos pcrsorvkbkcs c roburscs (bako`toaksnc) y joios acbgaos(bgbkquksnc), sc` bgrgbtorîstkbgs bo`trgaos o` ag pcaîtkbg agtk`cgnorkbg`g. Oa bako`toaksnc knpakbgu`g vkskò` prgfnçtkbg lo ag pcaîtkbg, quo grtkbuagacs igbtcros skndòakbcs lo ag ofcbkgbkò`. Xcr oaac,oa pcpuaksnc prostg losgtg tgndkë` u`g lk`çnkbglo prclubbkò` lo klo`tklglos scbkgaos, rofkc`g-

aos, ët`kbgs, buaturgaos lc`lo oxksto u` lk`çnkbck`torbgndkc o`tro ags bako`toags, acs bgbkquos y oaaîlor. Ësto sorîg oa bgsc lo ag bc`strubbkò` lo agkngfo` lo acs ‑losbgnksglcs ‑grfo`tk`cs, c lorovgacrkzgbkò` buaturga lo acs k`lîfo`gs obugtc-

rkg`cs c dcakvkg`cs, gsî bcnc lo acs pcdros lo agsigvoags drgskao÷gs.

G `gaos lo acs g÷cs Roso`tg o k`kbkcs lo acsRoto`tg, oa ncloac lo Ostglc @gbkc`ga-Xcpuagrso gfctò, o` u` bc`toxtc skf`glc pcr ag brksksscbkga, obc`ònkbg y pcaîtkbg, ospobkgano`to o`

acs pgîsos loa Bc`c Rur, brksks quo lkorc` pgsc gags drutgaos lkbtglurgs nkaktgros. Ag bgîlg lo ostoncloac lo Ostglc surfkò lo ag bcndk`gbkò` lovgrkcs igbtcros. Xrknorc, so gskstkò g u`g brksksloa brobknko`tc obc`ònkbc, quo oaknk`ò u`g pgtgloa ‑trîpclo„ o` oa quo so gso`tgdg oa ncloac:bgyò ag bgpgbklgl lkstrkdutkvg loa Ostglc5 ostcso lodkò g ag knpcskdkaklgl lo trg`sktgr lo ag igso‑sknpao„ lo sustktubkò` lo knpcrtgbkcòs (ag lo acs dkoòs lo bc`sunc ngskvc) g ag skfuko`to igso, ag prclubbkò` lo dkoòs lo bgpktga. Ags obc`cnîgs

?. Jcsë @u` roagtg ostc o` su toxtc ‑Xcpuaksnc, roproso tgbkò` y noònksnc„.



Glrkç` Dc`kaag

“74“

agtk`cgnorkbg`gs tuvkorc` quo oxkdkakzgrso. Rcàgs roicrngs quo onpkozg` g onpro`lor fcdor -`g`tos bcnc Xk`cbmot.

Xcr ctrg pgrto, acs trgdgjglcros crfg`kzglcsy ag kzqukorlg rglkbgakzg` lrgnçtkbgno`to sus

pcskbkcòs pcaîtkbgs, aovg`tg`lc prcyobtcs ro-vcaubkc`grkcs quo rotg` ag oxksto`bkg loa crlo` pcaîtkbc vkfo`to. Gaao`lo os oaofklc prosklo`too` Bmkao, Xorò` vuoavo ùovgno`to oa pclor,gupglc pcr acs sk`lkbgtcs, lkbtglurgs kzqukorlks-

tgs so knpcò` o` Obuglcr y Xorú. Ag brksks loacs rofînoòs lo acs g÷cs Roso`tg, losondcbòo` ag k`stgurgbkò` lo ags lkbtglurgs nkaktgroslo lorobmg, quo lostruyo` g sg`fro y iuofc agscrfg`kzgbkcòs scbkgaos y acs pgrtklcs lo kz-

qukorlg, losostrubturg`lc ags dgsos nksngs quosusto`tgdg` acs prcyobtcs `gbkc`ga-pcpuagros, y pag`tog`lc u`g ùovg gakg`zg bc` ags onprosgstrgs`gbkc`gaos, acs sobtcros k`tor`gbkc`gakzglcsloa Ostglc y acs onprosgrkcs crko`tglcs mgbkgoa norbglc oxtor`c. Osto ncloac, lo`cnk`glcOstglc Durcbrçtkbc-Gutcrktgrkc os oa prknorco` fostkc`gr u`g pcaîtkbg obc`ònkbg lo bgrçbtoròcakdorga, quo tgndkë` (toòrkbgno`to) lodkòmgdor sopuatglc ga pcpuaksnc, o` `cndro lo u`ngòjc tob`cbrçtkbc lo ag obc`cnîg, grtkbuaglg

pcr oa norbglc y su ngfkg.Acs ncloacs nkaktgros `c pulkorc` ostgdkakzgru` ùovc Ostglc g-pcaîtkbc, pcrquo o` 7;=4 so lo-

sgtò u`g uovg brksks obc`ònkbg o` Gnërkbg Agtk`g, prcvcbglg pcr ag loulg oxtor`g. Oaacs onpkozgàcs prcboscs lo Gjusto Ostrubturga: prkvgtkzgbkcòs,lksbkpak`g sbga, pcaîtkbgs ncòtgrkgs rostrkbtkvgsy losnc`to lo acs nobg`ksncs lo k`torvo`bkòòstgtga scdro oa norbglc (sudsklkcs, grg`boaos, pcaîtkbgs lo losgrrcaac k`lustrkga).

Osto ùovc rëfkno` os bugaktgtkvgno`to lks-

tk`tc ga loa Ostglc losgrrcaakstg lo acs Roso`tg.Acs sobtcros crfg`kzglcs lo trgdgjglcros dgjgò`crnono`to su pora, lg`lc pgsc g u` prcbosclo gtcnkzgbkò` y lostrubbkò` loa tojklc scbkgalurg`to acs cbmo`tg y `cvo`tg. Justgno`to pcrosc ag dgso scbkga pcpuakstg so roprclujc pcrquoags bc`lkbkcòs lo ag oxbauskò` rosubktg`5 pcr oabc`trgrkc, o` oa bc`toxtc lo lkscaubkò` y bc`bo`-

trgbkò` lo ag rkquozg lo acs @cvo`tg, ag rotòrkbg pcpuakstg bcdrg ùovc drîc, yg quo o` nolkc loag g`cnkg prcpcrbkc`g u` oaono`tc bagvo pgrg ag pcdagbkò`: u` skstong klo`tktgrkc quo robc`struyoag so`sgbkò` lo portoò`bkg.

Acs pcpuaksncs bc`tonpcrçòcs vkvo` o` agosqukzciro`kg loa lksbursc oaobtcrga. Ags gakg`zgsoaobtcrgaos puolo` mgborso bc` sobtcros fronkgaosc lo kzqukorlg y bo`trc kzqukorlg, buostkc`glcroslo ags pcaîtkbgs oxksto`tos, porc o` ag prçbtkbg lo

fcdkor`c, pcr oa bc`trgrkc, ags bcgakbkcòs provkgsy acs lksburscs oaobtcrgaos so losbcnpcò` gbo-

aorglgno`to, y acs aklorgzfcs glcptg` ags robotgsquo g`tos buostkc`gdg`. Noò` aaofò ga pclor o` drgzcs lo acs trgdgjglcros y poaog`lc bc`trg oaòcakdorgaksnc, porc su gakg`zg iuo bc` acs sob-

tcros obc`ònkbcs nçs pclorcscs. Iujkncrk fg`òsu prknorg oaobbkò` robmgzg`lc oa òcakdorgaksnc‑sgavgjo ‑lo Ygrfgs Aacsg, y u`g lo sus prkno-

rgs nolklgs iuo u` gjusto obc`ònkbc nçs gaaçlo ags provkskcòs loa prcpkc Ic`lc NcòtgrkcK`tor`gbkc`ga. \ornk`ò su fostkò` bc`struyo`lcu` drutga y bî`kbc skstong lo fcdkor`c, dgsglco` ag pcakbîg sobrotg y u`g gakg`zg bc` ag búpuagnkaktgr. Xcaîtkbgno`to, acs pcpuaksncs dusbg` subc`tkùklgl tonpcrga nolkg`to trg`sicrngbkcòsk`stktubkc`gaos quo puolo` pgsgr pcr u` fcapo loostglc (bgsc Iujkncrk) c dúsquolg paodksbktgrkgloa bgndkc lo ags rofags lo juofc (bgsc Noònc Bmçvoz).

Ag fostkò` lo fcdkor`c lo acs pcpuaksncs

bc`tonpcrçòcs so bgrgbtorkzg pcr sor oa ctrc aglclo ag nolgaag lo ac prcpuostc pcr oa pcpuaksncbaçskbc. Ag ncvkakzgbkò` scbkga scagno`to so lgo` acs bc`toxtcs oaobtcrgaos, bcnc ngquk`grkgs pcaîtkbgs y bako`toagros, ga bc`trgrkc loa ncloaclo nolkglcs loa skfac ]], lc`lo ag ncvkakzgbkò`scbkga iuo u` igbtcr lotornk`g`to lo ag vklg pcaîtkbgag bc`tkùklgl y suporvkvo`bkg nksng loa fcdkor`c,bcnc puolo cdsorvgrso o` oa grquotîpkbc bgsc loaXorc`ksnc.

Acs k`kbkcs loa skfac ]]K pgrobo` ostgr crko`-

tg`lc g Agtk`cgnërkbg o` u`g ùovg lkrobbkò` pcaîtkbg. Oa trkuìc lo Mufc Bmçvoz o` Yoòzuoagg `gaos lo acs `cvo`tg y sus sudsobuo`tos vkb-

tcrkgs oaobtcrgaos pcr bk`bc cbgskcòs o` prcboscs paodksbktgrkcs mgstg su lorrctg loa 4886 pgrobkorc`lgr oa prknor bgnpg`gzc lo gto`bkò` gborbg lo ostobgndkc bugaktgtkvc quo so porbkdo o` oa gndko`-

to. Acs trkuìcs sudsobuo`tos lo _rkdo, Ncrgaos,Fgrbîg y Bcrrog mgdag` lo u`g cag lo nolkg`cc agrfc pagzc tg` skf`kbgtkvg gmcrg bcnc o` suncno`tc ac iuorc` acs pcpuaksncs nclor`kzglcrosloa skfac ]], ags lkbtglurgs nkaktgros y qukzçs acsroicrnglcros òcakdorgaos.



“72“


Xgrobo k`torosg`to rogakzgr u`g úatkng bc`s-

tgtgbkò`: oa bgrçbtor loa prcbosc loncbrçtkbck`stktubkc`ga o` Gnërkbg Agtk`g os lo`ktkvgno`tolkioro`to lo acs ncloacs ourcpocs cbbklo`tgaos, yags k`stktubkcòs facdgaos lodorîg` lgr buo`tg lo

gquoaag pgrtkbuagrklgl. Ag profu`tg quo quolg o` pko os bònc grtkbuagr osgs rogaklglos g prcboscs lo prciu`lkzgbkò` loncbrçtkbg, roscaubkò` lo ags k`-

oquklglos, bcìrc`tgbkò` lo ag pcdrozg o k`bauskò`scbkga, sk` to`skc`gr acs prcboscs k`stktubkc`gaosmgstg u` pu`tc sk` rotcr`c, bc` ac quo, o` oa pocrosbo`grkc, Gnërkbg Agtk`g puolo vcavor g ncloacsgutcrktgrkcs, roproskvcs y oxbauyo`tos.

Ag brksks pcaîtkbg g`lk`g, y ëstg os u`g prknorgmkpòtosks, os dçskbgno`to u`g brksks lo aofktknklgl prcvcbglg pcr ag porsksto`bkg lo prçbtkbgs oxbau-

yo`tos lo crkfo` mkstòrkbc, rosuatglc lo ag bc`strub-

bkò` lo u` Ostglc ropudakbg`c kaunk`glc pcr agsklogs mcncfoòkzg`tos lo ag Nclor`klgl iro`to gscbkolglos ngrbglgs pcr ag lkioro`bkg, `c scac o`tërnk`cs buaturgaos, sk`c tgndkë` pcr ags rupturgs prcvcbglgs pcr ags prçbtkbgs lo lcnk`gbkò` quogbcnpg÷grc` g acs prcboscs lo bc`strubbkò` loag prcpkolgl y oa pclor pcaîtkbc. Ags scbkolglosg`lk`gs sc` rgbkstgs, jorçrqukbgs y gutcrktgrkgs ysus k`stktubkcòs ostgtgaos `c sc` subko`tos pgrg

prcbosgr oa bc`kbtc `k ags long`lgs scbkotgaos o`bc`toxtcs lo facdgakzgbkò` y bcnpaojkzgrîg` lo agscbkolgl bkvka.

?. Ags oaobbkcòs: fcdkor`cs loa bo`trc mgbkg ag kzqukorlg.

Gnërkbg Agtk`g mg to`klc nçs lo u`g lobo`g looaobbkcòs o` acs g÷cs 488? y 4889. Ag cdsorvg-

bkò` lo acs rosuatglcs lg buo`tg lo u`g sorko lovkbtcrkgs lo bg`lklgturgs udkbglgs klocaòfkbgno`to

loslo oa bo`trc mgstg ag kzqukorlg. Acs prosklo`-

tos vkbtcrkcscs o` osgs bc`tko`lgs, sk` ondgrfcroproso`tg` u` gnpakc ospobtrc lo vkskcòs lo agscbkolgl y loa crlo` k`tor`gbkc`ga, quo `c puo-

lo` cirobor ag kngfo` lo u`g rofkò` bc`stktuklggarololcr lo cdjotkvcs bcnuòs. Ag kzqukorlg o`Gnërkbg Agtk`g, ga no`cs, ag quo mg fg`glc agsoaobbkcòs, os nuy lkvorsg.

O` garololcr lo u`g lëbglg oa ngpg lo ag rofkò`bgndkg lrgnçtkbgno`to. _`g sorko lo fcdkor`cs lo pcaîtkbgs akdorgakzg`tos y lo fcdor`g`tos pcpuakstgs

klo`tkbglcs bc` ags lorobmgs sc` roonpagzglcs pcr scbkgakstgs, scbkgalonòbrgtgs y pcpuakstgs lokzqukorlg rglkbga. Bgrlcsc os roonpagzglc pcrAuag. Oa fcdkor`c bc`sorvglcr o` ac obc`ònkbc ygakglc lo acs Ostglcs _`klcs lo Bgracs Noòn,

os sustktuklc pcr u` scbkgalonòbrgtg quo lg pgscg u` pcpuakstg lo kzqukorlg. O` Bmkao acs ngtkboslo u` prosklo`to lonòbrgtg brkstkg`c so lospagzg`mgbkg oa scbkgaksnc aklorglc pcr u`g g`tkfug oxk-akglg. Yoòzuoag rgtkbg sk` bc`to`lcr oaobtcrga gu` nkaktgr lo kzqukorlg. O` Dcakvkg so oakfo g uàîlor k`lîfo`g. O` Nëxkbc ag kzqukorlg onpgtg agsoaobbkcòs y o` @kbgrgfug acs g`lk`kstgs pgrobo`vcavor g fcdor`gr.

Acs lgtcs oaobtcrgaos sc` knpcrtg`tos. Oa prosklo`to Ovc Ncrgaos os oaofklc o` prknorgvuoatg, gafc k`ëlktc o` oso pgîs, gabg`zg`lc oa?2,6<% lo ag vctgbkò` iro`to g Jcrfo Wukrcfg, lou`g bcgakbkò` lo akdorgaos loa bo`trc g ag lorobmgquo gpo`gs tkoò oa 4=,?;%. Ovc Ncrgaos os u`bgnposk`c bcbgaorc gpcyglc pcr iuorzgs rglkbg-

aos. Ru vkboprosklo`to ostuvc loto`klc pcr mgdor pgrtkbkpglc o` ag lëbglg lo acs =8 o` oa frupcfuorrkaaorc \upge Egtgrk. O` Dcakvkg so gdro u` porîclc lo bc`kbtc skf`glc pcr ag bc`vcbgtcrkgg u`g Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to quo ro`cvgrîg ags

k`stktubkcòs loa ostglc. Ags Iuorzgs Grnglgsgpcyg` oa prcbosc.O` Drgska oa Xrosklo`to Auag fg`g ag prknorg

vuoatg bc` oa <;% lo glmoskò`. Acs osbç`lgacsbc`tkùglcs lo bcrrupbkò` giobtg` su bg`lklgtu-

rg porc os knprcdgdao quo pkorlg ag oaobbkò` o`sofu`lg vuoatg. @c so ropcrtgrc` g ac agrfc losu fcdkor`c k`bklo`tos pcaîtkbcs bc` ags IuorzgsGrnglgs.

O` Bmkao ag scbkgakstg Nkbmoaao Dgbmoaot fg`g agoaobbkò` o` sofu`lg vuoatg bc` oa ?2,<; loa oaobtc-

rglc g posgr lo quo o` ag prknorg rc`lg ag lorobmgbmkao`g sungdg bgsk oa <;% loa oaobtcrglc.

O` Bcstg Tkbg oa prosklo`to Csbgr Grkgs klo`tk-bglc bc` ag scbkgaloncbrgbkg ao fg`g ag oaobbkò`g ctrc bg`lklgtc bo`trckzqukorlkstg quo pcrtgdg u`lksbursc nçs rglkbga bc` oa <7%, iro`to ga 2;,=8%.O` oa Obuglcr igatg`lc lcs song`gs pgrg quo sogbgdo` ags oaobbkcòs oa bg`lklgtc kzqukorlkstgTgigoa Bcrrog aklorg acs sc`locs bc` oa 26% lok`to`bkò` lo vctc, iro`to ga bo`trckzqukorlkstg Aoò`Tcalòs bc` oa 42%9. O` Nëxkbc ag lksputg pcr ag

9. BOLG\CR, akga obugtcrkg`g lo Fgaaup. Dcaotî` 4 lo cbtudro, 4889



Glrkç` Dc`kaag

“7<“

TOR_A\GLCR OAOBBKC@OR XTORKLO@BKGAOR

XGÎR XTKNOTG Y_OA\G ROF_@LG Y_OA\G

Dcakvkg Ovc Ncrgaos: ?2.6<% Jcrfo Wukrcfg: 4=.?;%

Nkbmkgek @gfgtgrk: 9.<6%

Drgska Kf`gbkc Auag: <=.97% Kf`gbkc Auag: 98.=% Forgalc Gaekn: <7.9<% Forgalc Gaekn: 2;.7% Moacksg Moao`g: 9.=%

Bmkao Nkbmoaao Dgbmoaot: <?.;9% Nkbmoaao Dgbmoaot: ?2.<;% Rodgstkç` Xk÷org: 4?.<7% Rodgstkç` Xk÷org: <9.?8% Jcgquî` Agvî`: 42.42%

\mcnçs Mkrsmb: ?.<8%

Bcstg Tkbg Csbgr Grkgs: <8.;4% Cttc` Rcaîs: 2;.=8% Cttc Fuovgrg: =.==%

Bcacndkg Çavgrc _rkdo: 94.48% Bgracs Fgvkrkg: 44.8<% Mcrgbkc Rorpg: 77.=<% Gtmg`gs Ncbeus: 7.4<%

Obuglcr Çavgrc @cdcg: 4?.47% Tgigoa Bcrrog: ?9.96% Tgigoa Bcrrog: 4?.82% Çavgrc @cdcg: <2.22% Fkangr Futkërroz: 7?.68%

Nëxkbc Ioakpo Bgalorò`: 29.2=% Ngùoa Aòpoz: 2?.2<% Tcdortc Nglrgzc: 47.?6%

@kbgrgfug Lg`koa Crtofg: <8.7% Olugrlc Nc`togaofro: 24.6%

Xorú Caag`tg Mungag: 28.94% Gag` Fgrbîg: ?4.94% Gag` Fgrbîg: 4<.22% Caag`tg Mungag: <6.26% Acurlos Iacros: 42.=8% Ngrtmg Bmçvoz: 6.<4%

Yoòzuoag Mufc Bmçvoz: 94.=<% Ngùoa Tcsgaos: 29.;8%

Iuo`to: Dcakvkg: Bcrto @gbkc`ga Oaobtcrga: mttp://www.bò.crf.dc/skro`gbcnp/k`lox.gspxDrgska: mttp://ùovgngycrkg.bcn/OR/G@GAKRKR/3kl>grgfgc&iao>898=4=.mtnaBmkao: Dgso lo Lgtcs Xcaîtkbcs lo ags Gnërkbgs: mttp://pldg.focrfotcw`.olu/Oaoblgtg/Bmkao/pros8?S4.mtnaBcstg Tkbg: Dgso lo Lgtcs Xcaîtkbcs lo ags Gnërkbgs: mttp://pldg.focrfotcw`.olu/Oaoblgtg/BT/pro89.mtna

Bcacndkg: Dgso lo Lgtcs Xcaîtkbcs lo ags Gnërkbgs: mttp://pldg.focrfotcw`.olu/Oaoblgtg/Bca/pros89.mtna Obuglcr: Ngreot/mttp://www.mcy.bcn.ob/Lkso`@uo.gsp3iobmg>87/8;/4889&sobbkc >XTK@BKXGA Nëxkbc: K`stktutc Iolorga Oaobtcrga . mttp://prop4889.kio.crf.nx/XTOX4889/prop4889.mtna

@kbgrgfug: mttp://www.nkgnk.bcn/nal/oaùovc/òws/wcral/gnorkbgs/7?249<<?.mtnXorú: C@XO, mttp://488.<=.98.6?/rosuatglcs4889/7rgvuoatg/k`lox.c`po5 mttp://www.oaobbkcòs4889.c`po.fcd.po/sofu`lgvuoatg/k`lox.c`poYoòzuoag: mttp://www.gd`.kìc.vo/fcSòws?.pmp3grtkbuac><42;8&aoo><

prosklo`bkg lo ag ropúdakbg so rosuoavo g igvcr loabg`lklgtc bc`sorvglcr o` u` rosuatglc nuy borbg`cquo os knpuf`glc pcr ag kzqukorlg.

Mgbkg `gaos loa g÷c 4889 sk ags to`lo`bkgs provkstgs g `gaos lo soptkondro o` ags o`buostgsso bc`rngrg`, oa g÷c oaobtcrga o` Gnërkbg Agtk`g

lgrîg bcnc rosuatglc oa trkuìc lo lcs bg`lklgturgsudkbglgs loa bo`trc g ag lorobmg, gndgs iuorg loRulgnërkbg. Lcs udkbglgs o` ag kzqukorlg k`stk-

tubkc`gakstg, bugtrc klo`tkbglgs bc` ag kzqukorlgrglkbga c pcpuakstg, y lcs fcdor`g`tos pcpuakstgsvctglcs pcr iuorzgs loa bo`trc mgbkg ag lorobmg.



“7?“


Ostg bagskbgbkò` os, pcr supuostc grdktrgrkg, porc puolo sor útka pgrg kaustrgr oa ngpg oaobtcrgalo Gnërkbg Agtk`g. Ag kzqukorlg o` oa bc`tkò`to,oiobtkvgno`to os lkvorsg y so lkstk`fukrîg o`tro acquo so mg aagnglc u`g vortko`to gdkortg, roicrnkstgo k`tor`gbkc`gakstg iro`to g ctrg k`spkrglg o` agtrglkbkò` pcpuakstg oa `gbkc`gaksnc y ag bagusurg6.Gu`quo ostg bagskbgbkò` `c ostç oxo`tg lo pcsk-

bkc`gnko`tc, os oxtronglgno`to sknpao y `c lgbuo`tg lo acs prcboscs pcaîtkbcs crkfk`glcs o` agskòquklglos y oxbauskcòs lo Gnërkbg Agtk`g, skrvo pgrg lkstk`fukr ga no`cs lcs icrngs lo crlo`grags bg`lklgturgs y acs fcdkor`cs lo gbuorlc g suk`spkrgbkò` klocaòfkbg. Ospobîbgno`to oa gljotkvclo pcpuaksnc quo so ao mg ctcrfglc g vgrkgs bg`lk-lgturgs y fcdkor`cs `c os ospobkgano`to útka.=

\O@LO@BKGR KLOCAÒFKBGR

XKD Rulgnërkbg

XKD 488? Bo`trc Kzqukorlg XcpuaksncXgîsos (Nkaakc`s ci _R Lcaagrs) Xgrtklkstg dcakvgrkg`c ‑Xcpuaksnc„

Grfo`tk`g 7=2,28; 74

Dcakvkg ;,22< 7%

Drgska 6;<,82= ?2%

Bmkao 77?,4<= 6%

Bcacndkg 744,28; =%

Obuglcr 29,4<< 2%

Xgrgfugy =,7?4 7%

Xorú 6=,<27 ?%

_rufugy 79,6;4 7%

Yoòzuoag 72=,=?6 ;

\ctga 7,?84,9;< 6<% 72% 72%

Xcdagbkò` Rulgnërkbg 488?

XKD 488? Bo`trc Kzqukorlg ‑Xcpuaksnc„Xgîsos (Nkaakc`s ci _R Lcaagrs) Xgrtklkstg dcakvgrkg`c ‑Xcpuaksnc„

Grfo`tk`g 2=,6<6 78%

Dcakvkg ;,7=4 4%

Drgska 7=9,<8? ?8%

Bmkao 79,4;? <%

Bcacndkg <?,988 74%

Obuglcr 72,44= 2%

Xgrgfugy 9,7?= 4%

Xorú 46,;9= =%

_rufugy 2,<92 7%

Yoòzuoag 49,?66 6%

\ctga 262,949 96% 74% 48%

Iuo`to: XKD :Dg`bc Nu`lkga / mttp://sktoroscurbos.wcraldgè.crf/LG\GR\G\KR\KBR/Toscurbos/FLX.pli

6. Jcrfo Bgstg÷olg, ‑Agtk` Gnorkbg Aoit \ur`„, o` Icrokf` Giigkrs, 4889, Yca =?. @c.2 Ngyc ‒Ju`kc pp.4;-28

=. Oa pcpuaksnc puolo sor bc`bodklc `c bcnc u`g klocacfîg, sk`c bcnc u`g prçbtkbg. Crfg`kzgbkcòs y bgulkaacs lo lkstk`tgklocacfîg gbulo` g prçbtkbgs pcpuakstgs. Xcaîtkbcs k`stktubkc`gakstgs tgndkë`. @c os pcskdao, o` ag Gnërkbg Agtk`g bc`ton-

pcrçòg, lo mobmc bc`bodkr pgrtklcs c pcaîtkbcs quo `c k`torpoao` g ostgs bc`lubtgs. Lo tclgs ngòrgs, ag gpoagbkò` ga

Iuo`to: XKD -Vcral Lovoacpno`t K`lkbgtcrs lgtgdgso, Vcral Dgè, 7 Juay 4889 /



Glrkç` Dc`kaag

“79“

Bc`bo`trg`lc ostg vkskò` o` Rulgnërkbg y sk sobruzg` acs lgtcs oaobtcrgaos pcr oa Xrclubtc K`tor- `c Drutc loa sud bc`tkò`to, bc` oa cdjotc lo toòru`g vkskò` lo ags lkno`skcòs obc`ònkbgs quongòjgrç` acs lkstk`tcs fcdkor`cs, so o`buo`trg quo

ag obc`cnîg bc`tkò`tga ostç rofklg pcr fcdkor`csbo`trc kzqukorlkstgs. Oa 6<% loa XKD lo Rulgnërkbgostç rofuaglg pcr ag kzqukorlg nclorglg, gu`quoags pcaîtkbgs o` bglg pgîs vgrîg` y acs frglcs lok`torvo`bkò` ostgtga y akdorgakzgbkò` vgrîg`: Grfo`-

tk`g, Drgska, Bmkao y _rufugy so o`buo`trg` o` ostgsktugbkò`.

Ag kzqukorlg dcakvgrkg`g, oxprosglg o` acsfcdkor`cs lo Yoòzuoag, Obuglcr y Dcakvkg to`-

lrîg oa 72% loa XKD lo ag rofkò`, nko`trgs quoacs pcpuaksncs loa bo`trc g ag lorobmg, vkfo`toso` Bcacndkg y Xorú glnk`kstrgrîg` oa 72% lo agobc`cnîg lo Rulgnërkbg.

Acs lgtcs o` ngòjc lo pcdagbkò` sc` pgrobklcs.Ag kzqukorlg k`stktubkc`ga fcdkor`g oa 96% lo ag pcdagbkò` sulgnorkbg g, ag kzqukorlg rglkbga oa 72%y oa pcpuaksnc prc norbglc oa 48%. Oiobtkvgno`toGnërkbg Agtk`g, sus obc`cnîgs nçs iuortos, sus os-

tglcs nçs pcdaglcs, mg` fkrglc o` ag úatkng lëbglgmgbkg ag kzqukorlg. ³Buçaos sc` ags rgzcòs3

Mgy vgrkcs k`to`tcs oxpakbgtkvcs scdro osto

io`òno`c. O` prknor aufgr ostç ag klog lo quo oancloac akdorgakzglcr lo ags obc`cnîgs quo so bc`-

struyo o knpaono`tg g ac agrfc lo ag lëbglg lo acsCbmo`tg y lo acs @cvo`tg, quo lo gafu`g ngòrggaundrg ag trg`skbkò` lo acs fcdkor`cs nkaktgrosmgbkg acs bkvkaos, tuvc pcbc ëxktc. Nçs gaaç loacs bgscs lrgnçtkbcs lo irgbgsc oxprosglcs o` agqukodrg `g`bkorg lo Grfo`tk`g y Obuglcr, bc` agoxbopbkò` lo Bmkao, acs pgîsos agtk`cgnorkbg`cs quomkbkorc` osiuorzcs o`crnos o` rolubkr oa tgng÷c losus ostglcs, o` bc`trgor bcnprcnkscs lo gustorklgl

sbga y o` prkvgtkzgr prcpkolgl púdakbg, gsî bcnco` crlo`gr sus fgstcs pgrg pgfgr o`crnos loulgsoxtor`gs, `c acfrgrc` frg`los prcnolkcs lo rolub-

bkò` lo pcdrozg, losostrubturgrc` acs skstongs lo

sofurklgl scbkga, oxkdkakzgrc` oa norbglc agdcrgabrog`lc bc`lkbkcòs ostrubturgaos pgrg oa losonpaoc,y tgnpcbc tuvkorc` rosuatglcs o` pcaîtkbgs scbkgaos dçskbgs bcnc olubgbkò`, sgaul y vkvko`lg;.

Oa nga losonpo÷c obc`ònkbc lodo o`to`lor -

so, glonçs g ag auz lo ag bc`trglkbbkò` o`tro agsoxpobtgtkvgs lo acs vctg`tos y ags proskcòs lo agfacdgakzgbkò`. _` bkbac pcaîtkbc skf`glc pcr fcdkor -`cs loa bo`trc g ag lorobmg gfctò sus pcskdkaklglos.Nko`trgs oa norbglc gdkortc y oa o`tcr`c k`tor -`gbkc`ga long`lg u`g sorko lo pcaîtkbgs púdakbgscrko`tglgs mgbkg ag obko`bkg loslo oa pu`tc lovkstg akdorga, acs fcdkor`cs tuvkorc` quo girc`tgroxpobtgtkvgs lo ro`lkbkò` lo buo`tgs, loncbrgtk-zgbkò`, ostgdkaklgl obc`ònkbg o k`brono`tc lo ag prcsporklgl.78 Acs pcdros rosuatglcs gabg`zglcsgdrkorc` ag puortg mgbkg lksburscs nçs klo`tkbglcsbc` ags oxpobtgtkvgs scbkgaos.

Ag onorfo`bkg lo ag kzqukorlg cdolobo, glo-

nçs, g vgrkcs oaono`tcs lo ag mkstcrkg pcaîtkbgbc`tonpcrçòg lo Gnërkbg Agtk`g. \ros lo oaacssc` knpcrtg`tos. O` prknor aufgr ag bgîlg loa nurcsk dko` akquklg g acs pgrtklcs bcnu`kstgs oxcrbkzgg u`g sorko lo iuorzgs rglkbgaos quo so romgdkaktgò` ag osbo`g púdakbg y so glgptg` içbkano`to g agsbc`lkbkcòs lo ag aubmg oaobtcrga. Os oa bgsc lo

ags kzqukorlgs noxkbg`gs c drgskao÷gs. _` sofu`lcoaono`tc klocaòfkbc, os quo ags kzqukorlgs puoloàkdorgrso loa igrlc lo ag lcbtrk`g y lo acs toxtcsbg`ò`kbcs quo aknktgdg` su gbbkò` pcaîtkbg. O`torbor aufgr acs ncvknko`tcs scbkgaos onorfo`toslo ag lëbglg lo acs @cvo`tg puolo` prcyobtgrsooaobtcrgano`to o` u` lksbursc tctgakzg`to quok`vcbg ag oquklgl bcnc tong prkcrktgrkc77.

Acs trkuìcs oaobtcrgaos lo ag kzqukorlg `c puolo` oxpakbgrso, `gano`to, sk` o`to`lor quoostg bcrrko`to so doòbkò o`crnono`to lo ag

knpcpuagrklgl lo acs fcdkor`cs ropudakbg`cs os-

tglcu`klo`sos y lo ag porbopbkò` lo gaojgnko`tclo Gnërkbg Agtk`g, oa u`kagtorgaksnc y ac quo mgsklc porbkdklc bcnc pcaîtkbg knporkga74.

puodac, ag ncvkakzgbkò` lo ags ngsgs, bkortg crko`tgbkò` g`tkskstënkbg y oa `gbkc`gaksnc bgrgbtorkzgrîg` mcy ga pcpuaksncagtk`cgnorkbg`c. Yor Ioakpo Durdg`c lo Agrg, _` ig`tgsng aagnglc pcpuaksnc, 7;;=, Bgrgbgs: @uovg Rcbkolgl.

;. Yor pcr ojonpac: Jcsë G`tc`kc Cbgnpc, Tobc`strukr oa iuturc: facdgakzgbkò`, losgrrcaac y loncbrgbkg o` Gnërkbg

Agtk`g, 488< , Dcfctç, Frupc Olktcrkga @crng/BOXGA. 4.78. Rusg` Rtceos, Ng`lgtos g`l Loncbrgby: @ocakdorgaksn dy Rurprkso k` Agtk` Gnorkbg, Bgndrklfo: 4887, Bgndrklfo

_`kvorskty Xross.77. Bgstg÷olg, 4889, cp.bkt. Yor tgndkë` Ag utcpîg losgrnglg. Olktcrkga bc`trgpu`tcs: Nëxkbc.

74. _`g vkskò` bcnpro`skvg lo ag porbopbkò` scdro acs Ostglcs _`klcs quo tkoò ag kzqukorlg rglkbga puolo o`bc`trgroo` Rkncò Dru`c, ‑O`trovkstg g @cgn Bmcnsey: O` Gnërkbg Agtk`g so gfrkotg oa skstong lo lcnk`gbkò` lo Ostglcs_`klcs„, 4889, www.rodoakò`.crf./`ctkbkg.pmp3kl>466;?



“76“


O` ag rofkò` g`lk`g, oa buglrc klocaòfkbc osnubmc nçs mcncfëòc quo o` oa rostc lo ag ro-

fkò`. O` prknor aufgr tclcs acs fcdkor`cs c so mg`robc`cbklc g sî nksncs (bcnc o` oa bgsc porug`c)c mg` sklc bgakbglcs bcnc pcpuakstgs. Ro trgtg

lo prçbtkbgs quo gpoag` g ag `cbkò` lo puodac,quo rcnpo` bc` oa stgdaksmno`t pcaîtkbc quo aos probolkò, quo aovg`tg` knçfoòs `gbkc`gakstgs lolkstk`tc tkpc y quo so bc`scaklgl garololcr lo ag proso`bkg lo u` bgulkaac c aîlor k`lksbutkdao.

O` Yoòzuoag oa Xrosklo`to Bmçvoz aaofg ga pclor auofc lo u` prcbosc lo orcskò` nçs c no`csscsto`klc loa rëfkno` lo pgrtklcs quo so oxprosg oàg rupturg loa dkpgrtklksnc scbkgalonòbrgtg-lonò-

brgtg brkstkg`c quo lurò bgsk tros lëbglgs. Bmçvozfg`g ags oaobbkcòs rospgalglc pcr u`g o`tklgl pcaîtkbg quo o` ostrkbtc so`tklc `c bgakbgdg bcnc pgrtklc, fg`g ags prknorgs oaobbkcòs, sk` ondgrfc,bc` u` ?9% lo ag vctgbkò` voòzcag`g quo pgrg agëpcbg y pgrg u` bg`lklgtc quo `c mgdîg sklc pgrtolo ags ngquk`grkgs oaobtcrgaos trglkbkc`gaos, orgu` rosuatglc gdrunglcr. Ru dgso lo gpcyc iuorc`g`tkfucs bcnpg÷orcs lo grngs y poquo÷cs pgrtklcslo ag kzqukorlg ngrxkstg.

Çavgrc _rkdo o` Bcacndkg, o` bgndkc, rcnpobc` oa Xgrtklc Akdorga ga quo ostgdg gakglc y

bc` u` lksbursc lurc lo bcìrc`tgbkò` bc` agscrfg`kzgbkcòs grnglgs kaofgaos, aovg`tg u`g o`-

tklgl pcaîtkbg pcr iuorg lo ags lcs frg`los iuorzgsbcacndkg`gs, gu`quo g`baglg o` ags rolos lo ags porsc`gs quo o` oaag nkaktgdg`, pgrg fg gr bc` nçslo vok`to pu`tcs pcrbo`tugaos lo lkioro`bkg scdrosu k`nolkgtc sofuklcr, ags oaobbkcòs prosklo`bkgaoslo Bcacndkg.

Oa ngpg lo ag rofkò` g`lk`g o` tërnk`cs pcaî-tkbcs nuostrg, o` prknor aufgr, quo tclg ag rofkòòstç fcdor`glg pcr rofînoòs quo so aovg`tg` scdro

acs osbcndrcs loa g`torkcr ncloac lo to`lo`bkgsakdorgaos, auofc quo oa lkvorsc tc`c lo rglkbgaklglkzqukorlkstg quo so klo`tkbg o` oa gpoagtkvc gutck-lo`tkbgtcrkc lo ‑dcakvgrkg`c„, gbcnpg÷g g tros loacs bk`bc pgîsos, y `gano`to quo g posgr lo agovklo`to lkvorsklgl lo sus lkstk`tcs fcdkor`cs, mgyu`g bcnu`klgl lo oxporko`bkgs quo ao bgrgbtorkzg`rofkc`gano`to.

9. Xgragno`tcs y bc`bo`trgbkò` lo pclor

Ags oaobbkcòs pgragno`tgrkgs o` ag rofkò` g`lk`g puolo` cirobor u`g ngycr pg`crçnkbg lo ac quo

cburro o` bglg u`c lo acs pgîsos. Os ovklo`to oàcs bgscs voòzcag`c y obugtcrkg`c quo acs prosk-lo`tos lo ag ropúdakbg bc`trcag` oa osbo`grkc loag pcaîtkbg o` ag ùovg k`stktubkc`gaklgl. Ostc `còbosgrkgno`to o` ag trglkbkò` g`lk`g, skf`kbg

ostgdkaklgl, sk`c quo sknpaono`to acs ospgbkcslo pgrtkbkpgbkò` pgsg` pcr bg`gaos bc`trcaglcs pcr oa fcdkor`c. Oa rkosfc os quo ag pcaîtkbg sgafgloa toaò` lo ags k`stktubkcòs y so losdcrlo o`ctrcs bgnpcs vcavko`lc g orcskc`gr ags irçfkaosostrubturgs aofgaos. Oa trkuìc lo ag cpcskbkò` o`Yoòzuoag o` oa paoksdksbktc bc`vcbglc pcr Bmçvozos u`g nuostrg.

O` oiobtc, ag bc`suatg loa prosklo`to pgrggnpakgr k`lo`klgno`to su ng`lgtc iuo o` sknksnc u` fcapo g ag prcpkg k`stktubkc`gaklgl quoëa mgdîg bc`struklc bc` su bc`stktubkò` dcakvgrkg-

`g5 so trgtgdg bgsk lo u` fcapo bc`trg oa skstong pcaîtkbc quo mgdîg supag`tglc ga dkpgrtklksnc, u`gnuostrg lo losk`stktubkc`gakzgbkò` foòrglg loslooa ojobutkvc.

Bcrrog, ga kfuga quo Ncrgaos o` Dcakvkg, tko-

ò quo girc`tgr rotcs rofkc`gaos quo losdcrlgàgs prçbtkbgs y rofags ostgdaobklgs Ag pcaîtkbglojg acs ospgbkcs o` lc`lo ag cpcskbkò` `c tkoòcpcrtu`klglos pgrg vcabgrso g bgaaos y bgrrotorgs

o` lkspcsktkvcs quo rotg` ag aofktknklgl fudor -`gno`tga.Bcacndkg tkoò u` osbo`grkc nçs oqukakdrglc,

y oa fcdkor`c bc`struyo ngycrîgs pcr bccptgbkòò` ag nçs rg`bkg trglkbkò` lo bako`toaksnc agtk`c-

gnorkbg`c. Oa bgsc os sknkagr pgrg oa Xorú. Dcakvkggu`quo bc` u`g roproso`tgbkò` pgragno`tgrkgmotorcfëòg tkoò u`g sktugbkò` pgrobklg g ag loObuglcr y Dcakvkg. Oa rkosfc lo bc`bo`trgbkò`lo pclor o` oscs pgîsos os lcdao, pcr u` aglcag lodkaklgl loa ostglc lo lorobmc pornkto ag

bc`brobkò` lo to`tgbkcòs gutcrktgrkgs, porc pcrctrc aglc osg vuaòrgdkaklgl os kloga pgrg oa sur -fknko`tc lo prçbtkbgs losaogaos bc` oa skstong oòa quo cporg`.

_`g lo ags bc`bauskcòs k`nolkgtgs quoso sgbg auofc lo cdsorvgr acs rosuatglcs oaob-

tcrgaos lo ags oaobbkcòs pgragno`tgrkgs o` agrofkò` g`lk`g os quo o` tclcs acs bgscs, bc` agoxbopbkò` lo Xorú, ags iuorzgs quo rospgalg` gaojobutkvc acfrg` vkbtcrkgs knproskc`g`tos. Ostgbgrgbtorîstkbg pgrobo toòr nçs skf`kbgbkò` pgrgoiobtcs loa g`çaksks k`stktubkc`ga quo oa prcfrgngc kngfo` quo ags bg`lklgturgs aovg`tg`.



Glrkç` Dc`kaag

“7=“

OAOBBKC@OR XA_TKXOTRC@GAOR O K@R\K\_BKC@GAKZGBKÒ@

7. YO@OZ_OAG*

@c. Xgrtklc Ngycrktgrkcs \ctga lo Yctcs %

7 Ncvknko`tc Y Wuk`tg Topúdakbg NYT 4¼?8;.9=2 6=,7;? 4 _`klgl lo Yo`bolcros Oaobtcrgaos _YO 9?6.6=4 48,<;

2 NKFO@\O 27.928 8,;=

< N_XK Ncvknko`tc _`klc lo Xuodacs K`lîfo`gs 78.<;2 8,24

* Kìcrngbkò` \cnglg loa Bc`sojc @gbkc`ga Oaobtcrga lo ag Topúdakbg Dcakvgrkg`g lo Yoòzuoagwww.bò.fcd.vo y lo Dcakvgrkg` Topudakb ci Yoòzuoag Aofksagtkvo Oaobtkc`s ci < ci Lobondor ci 488?mttp://psopmcs.glgn-bgrr.òt/bcu`trkos/v/voòzuoag/voòzuoag488?.txt

4. BCACNDKGTosuno` lo ag vctgbkò` pgrg Ro`glc pcr pgrtklc c Ncvknko`tc Xcaîtkbc y frupcs skf`kibgtkvcs lo

bkulglg`cs*

Xgrtklc ngycrktgrkcs

@c. Xgrtklc c Ncvknko`tc @únorc lo Yctcs %

7 Xgrtklc Rcbkga lo _`klgl @gbkc`ga 7¼?;7.66? 7<,6< 4 Xgrtklc Bc`sorvglcr Bcacndkg`c 7¼<68.84; 72,97 2 Xgrtklc Akdorga Bcacndkg`c 7¼<29.9?6 72,27

< N_XK Ncvknko`tc _`klc lo Xuodacs K`lîfo`gs 78.<;2 8,24

* Kìcrngbkò` tcnglg loa Bc`sojc @gbkc`ga Oaobtcrga lo ag Topúdakbg lo Bcacndkgwww.bò.fcv.bc

2. XOTÚTosuatglcs lo Oaobbkcòs Bc`frosgaos loa 4889Lkstrkdubkò` lo Osbg÷cs*

@c. Crfg`kzgbkò` Xcaîtkbg Osbg÷cs Yctcs Yçaklcs %

7 _`kò` pcr oa Xorú <? 4¼46<.6;6 7?,?? 4 Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c 29 4¼472.942 7?,72 2 _`klgl @gbkc`ga 76 7¼9<=.676 77,46 < Gakg`zg pcr oa Iuturc 72 7¼<8=.89; ;,946

* Kìcrngbkò` tcnglg loa Bc`sojc @gbkc`ga Oaobtcrga lo ag Topúdakbg lo Bcacndkgwww.bò.fcv.bc

<. DCAKYKGTosuatglcs @gbkc`gaos lo Oaobbkcòs Foòrgaos, Lkputglcs Xaurk`cnk`gaos 488?*7= lo Lkbkondro loa 488?

@c. Xgrtklc @únorc lo Yctcs %

7 NGR Ncvknko`tc ga Rcbkgaksnc 7¼?<<.26< ?2,6< 4 XCLONCR Xclor Loncbrçtkbc Rcbkga =47.6<? 4=,?;< 2 _@ Iro`to lo _`klgl @gbkc`ga 44<.8;8 6, 6;= < N@T Ncvknko`tc @gbkc`gakstg Tovcaubkc`grkc 7=?.=?; 9,<96

* Kìcrngbkò` tcnglg lo ag Bcrto @gbkc`ga Oaobtcrga

www.bò.crf.dc/skro`gbcnp/k`lox.gspx



“7;“


Oa trkuìc lo ags iuorzgs quo gpcyg` g acs prosklo`tos lo ag ropúdakbg o` bc`toxtcs lo ro-

`cvgbkò` y brksks k`stktubkc`ga bc`rng ag kloglo quo ags trg`skbkcòs o` acs pgîsos g`lk`cs`c tornk`g` lo gfctgrso. Ag pcpuagrklgl lo acs prosklo`tos o` bc`toxtcs obc`ònkbcs y scbkgaoslkioro`tos, y tcng`lc o` buo`tg su lkvorsklglklocaòfkbg, pclrîg oxpakbgr ag bc`sksto`to orc-

skò` loa rostc lo k`stktubkcòs. Ag furg loa prosklo`to, bc` pgragno`tcs sudcrlk`glcs, sk`bc`trcaos `k bmoquocs quo prcvo`fg` lo agsnksngs k`stktubkcòs loa ostglc, ovcbg ag kng-

fo` lo u` bgulkaac buyg proso`bkg lg so`tklc agscbkolgl pcaîtkbg pcr o`bkng lo ag `crngtkvklgl

quo ag rofuag.Ag sktugbkò` so gbagrg gú` nçs ga cdsorvgrbglg bgsc `gbkc`ga. O` Obuglcr ag bcgakbkò` quorospgalg ga prosklo`to Bcrrog acfrg u` trkuìcgdrunglcr, y ag cpcskbkò` lorrctglg ostç bc`-

icrnglg pcr lcs pgrtklcs pcpuakstgs tgndkë`gu`quo crko`tglcs g ag lorobmg, y u`g o`tklglbc`struklg bc` òs oaobtcrgaos, quo `c aaofgg ag bgaklgl lo pgrtklc pcaîtkbc. Oa skstong lo pgrtklcs o` osto bgsc lo lonuostrg bcagpsglcy ag pcaîtkbg o`torg so sudsuno o` ag kngfo`

loa prosklo`to lo ag ropúdakbg. Nçs gaaç lo agvkfo`bkg lo prcbolknko`tcs oaobtcrgaos aknpkcs,`c mgy bcnpoto`bkg y acs pcloros loa ostglc sobc`bo`trg` o` oa ojobutkvc.

Oa osbo`grkc oaobtcrga dcakvkg`c cirobo uòjobutkvc kfugano`to bcmoskc`glc, gu`quo agcpcskbkò` `c aaofg g losgpgrobor5 os nçs acs lg-

tcs lo onorfo`bkg lo klo`tklglos rofkc`gaos bc` prcyobbkò` pcaîtkbg to`skc`g` ag klog nksng looxksto`bkg lo ostglc `gbkc`ga, sk` ondgrfc, acs

rosuatglcs pgragno`tgrkcs tgndkë` lonuostrg` aglodkaklgl loa bc`ju`tc k`stktubkc`ga. O` Xorú, o`bgndkc, ag sktugbkò` os lkstk`tg. Acs rosuatglcs

pgragno`tgrkcs lkvorskbg` ags iuorzgs pcaîtkbgs,cirobo` bc`trcaos y lg` buo`tg, g ac nojcr, lou` ncno`tc lkstk`tc o` roagbkò` ga rostc loag rofkò` g`lk`g. Lkoz g÷cs gtrçs ag sktugbkò`mudkorg sklc pgrobklg lurg`to acs ng`lgtcs loIujkncrk. \ga voz Xorú cirozbg u` osbo`grkc quo puolo vksaundrgr o` ag bcnpgrgbkò` cpbkcòs pgrg k`tukr to`lo`bkgs pcaîtkbgs o` oa iuturc lonolkc tërnk`c.

Ags lcs iuorzgs quo rospgalg` ga prosklo`to_rkdo bcpg` oa osbo`grkc o` Bcacndkg o` agsoaobbkcòs pgragno`tgrkgs y foòrg` oa osbo-

`grkc pgrg u`g ùovg roicrng bc`stktubkc`gaquo pulkorg prcac`fgr gú` nçs oa ng`lgtc

loa prosklo`to. O` Yoòzuoag, pcr su pgrto, gakfuga quo o` Obuglcr y Bcacndkg, ag cpcskbkò``c tkoò pcskdkaklglos lo ostgdaobor `k`fúòqukakdrkc.

Ags bc`strubbkcòs pcaîtkbgs g`lk`gs quofkrg` garololcr lo u` bgulkaac sc` oxporko`bkgsùovgs o` oa bc`toxtc bc`tonpcrçòc lo acs pgîsos g`lk`cs. Ag lurgbkò` lo ags nksngs pclrîgskf`kbgr oa ostgdaobknko`tc lo ùovcs rofîno-

òs pcaîtkbcs quo roonpagbo` g gquoaacs quo soaovg`tgrc` scdro skstongs lo pgrtklcs. Nobg-

`ksncs `c k`stktubkc`gakzglcs lo pgrtkbkpgbkò`,rotòrkbg pcpuakstg y bgulkaacs quo porsc`gakzgàg fostkò` fudor`gno`tga sc` gafu`gs lo agsbgrgbtorîstkbgs bo`trgaos lo ostcs rofînoòs. O`Yoòzuoag ag oxporko`bkg lurg nçs lo ùovog÷cs, o` Bcacndkg vg` g sor ga no`cs cbmc, uo-

vo lurò Iujkncrk o` oa Xorú, os tclgvîg k`bkortcsk acs lcs pgîsos no`cs ostgdaos lo ag rofkò`g`lk`g: Dcakvkg y Obuglcr vg` g porlurgr o` ostgaòfkbg, porc ac bc`brotc os quo tclg ag rofkò`g`lk`g mg nclkbglc oa bc`ju`tc lo roagbkcòs pcaîtkbgs quo ag bgrgbtorkzgrc` lurg`to ags lcsúatkngs lëbglgs loa skfac ]].

?. OB_GLCTTosuatglcs pgrbkgaos lo ags oaobbkcòs loa 4889 prknorg vuoatgLkputglcs lo ag ropúdakbg*

@c. Xgrtklcs Ngycrktgrkcs Toproso`tg`tos %

7 Gbuorlc Xgîs =24 Xgrtklc Rcbkolgl Xgtrkòtkbg XRX ;2 XTKG@ 6< TOL ?

*Kìcrngbkò` tcnglg loa \rkdu`ga Rupronc Oaobtcrga lo ag Topúdakbg loa Obuglcrwww.tso.fcv.ob



“47“

OA FCDKOT@C LO OYC NCTGAOR

K@\TCL_BBKÒ@

O` lkbkondro lo 488?, Ovc Ncrgaos loa Ncvknko`-

tc Ga Rcbkgaksnc NGR cdtuvc ngycrîg gdscautg lovctcs y gbbolkò g ag prosklo`bkg lo ag Topúdakbglo ngòrg lkrobtg, u` mobmc k`ëlktc o` oa bkbacloncbrçtkbc k`gufurglc o` 7;=4. Gtrçs quolgrc`bgsk lcs lëbglgs lo fcdkor`cs lo bcgakbkò` bcìcr-nglcs nolkg`to pgbtcs o`tro pgrtklcs trglkbkc`gaosquo bc`vorfkorc` o` tcr`c ga òcakdorgaksnc y agloncbrgbkg roproso`tgtkvg.7

Ag vkbtcrkg loa NGR knpakbò oa rotcr`c lo agkzqukorlg ga pclor lospuës lo ag igaaklg oxporko`-

bkg lo ag _`klgl Loncbrçtkbg y Xcpuagr (7;=4-7;=<), gu`quo bc` rgsfcs lkstk`tkvcs pcrquo glkioro`bkg lo ag kzqukorlg cdrorg y bagskstg lo

g`tg÷c, oa NGR os u` ncvknko`tc pcaîtkbc quoroproso`tg klo`tklglos y long`lgs bgnposk`gs yët`kbc-buaturgaos, so gsko`tg o` u` bc`facnorglc

lo crfg`kzgbkcòs sk`lkbgaos, ncvknko`tcs scbkg-aos y puodacs k`lîfo`gs, osfrkno u` prcyobtc lo`gbkc`gaksnc ostgtkstg y lospakofg u`g pcaîtkbgk`tor`gbkc`ga giî` g Yoòzuoag y Budg. Ik`gano`to,so grtkbuag o` tcr`c ga aklorgzfc lo Ovc Ncrgaos,‑prknor prosklo`to k`lîfo`g„, lkrkfo`to lo acssk`lkbgtcs lo bgnposk`cs prclubtcros lo mcjg lobcbg y furg loa ncvknko`tc g`tkfacdgakzgbkò` cgatornu`lkstg.

Osto fkrc ‑g ag kzqukorlg„ o` ag pcaîtkbg dcakvkg`g

so o`ngrbg o` u` prcbosc nçs gnpakc lo trg`skbkòòstgtga quo gbgobo loslo prk`bkpkcs lo ag lëbglgloa 4888 pc`ko`lc o` juofc vgrkgs lkno`skcòs c

OA FCDKOT@C LO OYC NCTGAOR:BGNDKC XCAÎ\KBC [ \TG@RKBKÒ@ OR\G\GA O@ DCAKYKG

Ior`g`lc Ngycrfg *

TOR_NO@: Osto o`sgyc ovgaúg acs losgiîcs lo ag trg`skbkò` ostgtga quo vkvo Dcakvkg bcnc rosuatglc lo ags trg`sicr-ngbkcòs pcaîtkbgs o `stktubkc`gaos gbgobklgs o` acs úatkncs g÷cs, o`tro ags quo scdrosgao ag proso`bkg loa Ncvknko`tcGa Rcbkgaksnc (NGR) o` oa fcdkor`c, loslo oòrc lo 4889, bc` u` lksbursc quo bcndk`g `gbkc`gaksnc o k`lkfo`ks-nc, gsî bcnc, ag rogakzgbkò` lo u`g Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to bc`vcbglg pgrg rolgbtgr u` ùovc toxtc bc`stktubkc`gaquo proto`lo rospc`lor g ags long`lgs y acs bc`kbtcs quo prcvkoò` lo lkvorsgs aîògs lo irgbturg c bakvgjos quolkvklo` ag scbkolgl. Gsî, so bc`sklorg oa bgndkc o` ags roagbkcòs o`tro Ostglc y norbglc bc` ag `gbkc`gakzgbkò`lo acs mklrcbgrdurcs lobrotglg pcr oa prosklo`to Ovc Ncrgaos, ag losbo`trgakzgbkò` pcaîtkbg nolkg`to gutc`cnîgslopgrtgno`tgaos o k`lîfo`gs quo nclkbgrç ags vk`buagbkcòs o`tro oa Ostglc y ags rofkcòs: y, `gano`to, oa bakvgjoët`kbc buaturga quo pcò o` buostkò` ag roagbkò` o`tro Ostglc, `gbkò` y puodacs k`lîfo`gs. Ostcs tongs oxprosg` u` prcbosc lo trg`skbkò` ostgtga quo o` oa trg`sbursc lo 4886 glqukrkò bc`tcr`cs bc`kbtkvcs lodklc g ag oxksto`bkg lo

u` osbo`grkc pcaîtkbc nuy bcnpaojc bc` ag oxksto`bkg sknuatçòg lo u`g sktugbkò` lo ‑fcdkor`c lkvklklc„, lodklc gabc`trca cpcsktcr loa Ro`glc5 u`g furg k`ëlktg lo ‑lkvkskò` vortkbga lo pcloros„, pcr ag proso`bkg lo vgrkgs gutcrklglos pcaîtkbgs rofkc`gaos o` pcsturgs bc`trgrkgs ga fcdkor`c5 y ag rogakzgbkò` lo u`g Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to o` bc`lkbkcòslo pcagrkzgbkò` pcaîtkbg y bc`kbtcs k`torrofkc`gaos buycs rosuatglcs sc` buostkc`glcs pcr vgrkcs sobtcros scbkgaos._` osbo`grkc bc`kbtkvc quo so trglubo o` k`bortklundro rospobtc ga lorrctorc loa prcbosc pcaîtkbc dcakvkg`c.

Xgagdrgs bagvos: `gbkc`gaksnc, k`lkfo`ksnc, loncbrgbkg, trg`skbkò` ostgtga, gutc`cnîg

* Lkrobtcr Foòrga loa Bo`trc lo Ostulkcs Ruporkcros _`kvorsktgrkcs (BOR_), _`kvorsklgl Ngycr lo Rg` Rknò`, Bcbmg- dgndg, Dcakvkg.

7. G pgrtkr lo 7;=? so icrngrc` bk`bc fcdkor`cs lo bcgakbkò` quo icrngrc` pgrto lo u` osquong lo fcdor gdkaklgl lo`c-nk`glc ‑loncbrgbkg pgbtglg„: 7;=?-7;=;, oa fcdkor`c lo Xgz Osto`sscrc loa Ncvknko`tc @gbkc`gakstg Tovcaubkc`grkcN@T bc` oa gpcyc ‒bkrbu`sbrktc ga pgragno`tclo Gbbkò` Loncbrçtkbg @gbkc`gakstg GL@5 7;=;-7;;2, Xgz Zgncrgloa Ncvknko`tc @gbkc`gakstg Tovcaubkc`grkc NKT bc` gpcyc lo GL@5 7;;2-7;;6, Rç`bmoz lo Aczglg loa N@T bc`gpcyc lo _`klgl Bîvkbg Rcaklgrklgl _BR y Ncvknko`tc Dcakvkg Akdro NDA5 7;;6-4884, Dç`zor Ruçroz lo GL@ bc`gpcyc loa NKT, _BR y Bc`bko`bkg lo Xgtrkg BC@LOXG. O` 4884, iuo rooaofklc Rç`bmoz lo Aczglg loa N@T bc`gpcyc loa NKT y _BR. O` cbtudro lo 4882, u`g rovuoatg pcpuagr prcvcbò ag roù`bkg Rç`bmoz lo Aczglg y o` ju`kc

lo 488? su suboscr, Bgracs Nosg, lojò su bgrfc o` ng`cs loa prosklo`to lo ag Bcrto Ruprong lo Justkbkg o` oa ngrbclo u`g gfulg brksks pcaîtkbg quo iuo rosuoatg bc` oa gloag`tgnko`tc lo oaobbkcòs foòrgaos o` lkbkondro lo 488? quoctcrfgrc` ag vkbtcrkg g Ovc Ncrgaos loa NGR.

BGXÎ\_AC 4



Ior`g`lc Ngycrfg

“44“

aîògs lo bc`kbtc: g) trg`sicrngbkò` lo ags roag-bkcòs o`tro oa Ostglc y ag k`vorskò` oxtrg`jorg pgrgrolo`kr oa ncloac lo losgrrcaac5 d) nutgbkò` oàgs roagbkcòs o`tro oa Ostglc y ags rofkcòs pgrgknpuasgr u` ncloac lo losbo`trgakzgbkò` pcaîtkbg5

b) notgncricsks loa prcyobtc lo Ostglc-`gbkò` g pgrtkr loa robc`cbknko tc lo lorobmcs bcaobtkvcs loacs puodacs k`lîfo`gs5 y, `gano`to, l) nclkbg-bkò` lo ags pgutgs lo pgrtkbkpgbkò` y roproso`tgbkò` pcaîtkbg o` ag k`stktubkc`gaklgl loncbrçtkbg.

O` acs úatkncs g÷cs so mg` knpaono`tglc vgrkgsroicrngs pcaîtkbc-k`stktubkc`gaos bcnc rospuostg gacs losgiîcs lo ag trg`skbkò` ostgtga, sk` ondgrfc,bc` oa grrkdc loa NGR ga fcdkor`c, so o`bgrgrc`gafu`gs nolklgs lobkskvgs pgrg oa lobursc lo ostgtrg`skbkò`: ag `gbkc`gakzgbkò` lo acs mklrcbgrdu-rcs, o` rospuostg ga bakvgjo ostglc/norbglc5 agrogakzgbkò` lo u` roiorë`lun scdro gutc`cnîgslopgrtgno`tgaos pgrg lo`kr ags bgrgbtorîstkbgs lo aglosbo`trgakzgbkò` pcaîtkbg y, tgndkë`, ag rogakzgbkò`lo u`g Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to pgrg ostgdaoborùovgs pgutgs lo roagbkò` o`tro Ostglc, obc`cnîg, pcaîtkbg, buaturg y scbkolgl bc` k`òfgdao prctgfc-`ksnc loa ncvknko`tc bgnposk`c o k`lîfo`g. O`sung, nolkg`to ostgs k`stktubkcòs lo loncbrgbkg pgrtkbkpgtkvg so proto`lkò ‒y so proto`lo‒ roscavor

acs bakvgjos rofkc`ga y ët`kbc buaturga.Tospobtc g ag `gbkc`gakzgbkò` lo acs mklrc-bgrdurcs `c oxksto` vcbos lksc`g`tos pcrquo agnolklg fudor`gno`tga ‒glcptglg nolkg`to u`lobrotc prosklo`bkga oa 7 lo ngyc lo 4889‒ buo`-tg bc` gnpakc rospgalc bkulglg`c y ags onprosgsoxtrg`jorgs mg` gboptglc ags ùovgs rofags loa juofc. Rk` ondgrfc, loslo cbtudro lo 4886 so mgfoòrglc u` bc`kbtc o` tcr`c g ag lkstrkdubkò` loacs roburscs prcvo`ko`tos lo u` knpuostc ospobkga

scdro acs mklrcbgrdurcs quo oìro`tg ga fcdkor`cy vgrkgs rofkcòs loa pgîs.

O` oa roiorë`lun y ags oaobbkcòs pgrg ag Gsgn- daog Bc`stktuyo`to, rogakzglgs o` juakc lo 4889,oa NGR vo`bkò bc` ngycrîg gdscautg lo vctcs.

Rk` ondgrfc, acs rosuatglcs loa roiorë`lun scdrogutc`cnîgs lopgrtgno`tgaos4 puskorc` o` ovklo`bkgu`g scbkolgl lkvklklg: bk`bc Lopgrtgno`tcs vc-tgrc` pcr oa ‑`c„, gpcyg`lc ag pcsturg loa NGR,y bugtrc Lopgrtgno`tcs gpcstgrc` ga ‑sk„ (YorBuglrc 7), probksgno`to gquoaags rofkcòs o` agsbugaos oa pgrtklc lo fcdkor`c tkoò no`cr proso`-bkg2. Acs rosuatglcs lo ostg bc`suatg pcpuagr to`îg`bgrçbtor vk`buag`to g ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`toquo k`kbkò sus agdcros oa 9 lo gfcstc lo 4889 porco` su losgrrcaac so prclujorc` frgvos lkvorfo`bkgso`tro oa cbkgaksnc y ag cpcskbkò` quo knpklkorcù` gbuorlc scdro ag roicrng bc`stktubkc`ga. O`

4. Ag lkvkskò` pcaîtkbc-glnk`kstrgtkvg loa pgîs ostgdaobo ag oxksto`bkg lo Lopgrtgno`tcs, Xrcvk`bkgs, Nu`kbkpkcs y Bg`tcòs.Loslo 7;=6 ostç vkfo`to ag gutc`cnîg nu`kbkpga quo iuo icrtgaobklg o` 7;;? nolkg`to ag Aoy lo Xgrtkbkpgbkò` Xcpuagr.Acs Lopgrtgno`tcs, o` tctga ùovo, buo`tg` bc` u`g gutcrklgl pcaîtkbg ‒proiobtc- quo roproso`tg ga pclor ojobutkvc yorg loskf`glg pcr oa prosklo`to lo ag Topúdakbg. Rk` ondgrfc, o` lkbkondro lo 488? lo ngòrg k`ëlktg ‒pcrquo ag gbtuga`crng bc`stktubkc`ga `c ac ostgdaobo- so rogakzgrc` oaobbkcòs lo ostgs gutcrklglos lo ngòrg sknuatçòg g acs bcnk-bkcs prosklo`bkgaos y acs rosuatglcs iuorc` roiro`lglcs pcr oa prosklo`to Ovc Ncrgaos quo prcbolkò g ags loskf`gbkcòsrospobtkvgs poso g quo ag ngycrîg lo ags gutcrklglos oaobtgs org` bc`trgrkgs ga pgrtklc lo fcdkor`c.

2. Ag oaobbkò` loncbrçtkbg lo proiobtcs iuo oa k`kbkc lo ag losbo`trgakzgbkò` pcaîtkbg y oa pgsc skfuko`to iuo ag rogakzgbkò`lo u` roiorë`lun scdro gutc`cnîgs lopgrtgno`tgaos bc` oa cdjotkvc lo k`bcrpcrgr o` ag ùovg Bc`stktubkò` bcnpoto`bkgsy gtrkdubkcòs g acs fcdkor`cs lopgrtgno`tgaos bcìcrnglcs nolkg`to vctc bkulglg`c. Ag bc`suatg pcpuagr so rogakzòo` tcr`c g ag skfuko`to profu`tg: ‑³Ostç ustol lo gbuorlc, o` oa ngrbc lo ag u`klgl `gbkc`ga, o` lgr g ag GsgndaogBc`stktuyo to oa ng`lgtc vk`buag`to pgrg ostgdaobor u` rëfkno` lo gutc`cnîg lopgrtgno`tga gpakbgdao k`nolkgtgno`tolospuës lo ag prcnuafgbkò` lo ag ùovg Bc`stktubkò` Xcaîtkbg loa Ostglc o` acs Lopgrtgno`tcs lc`lo osto Toiorë`lun

to`fg ngycrîg, lo ngòrg quo sus gutcrklglos sog` oaofklgs lkrobtgno`to pcr acs bkulglg`cs y robkdg` loa Ostglcbcnpoto`bkgs ojobutkvgs, gtrkdubkcòs `crngtkvgs glnk`kstrgtkvgs y acs roburscs obc`ònkbcs `g`bkorcs quo aos gskfòag ùovg Bc`stktubkò` Xcaîtkbg loa Ostglc3„

Buglrc 7TOIOTË@L_N

G_\C@CNÎGR LOXGT\GNO@\GAOR, 4889BÒNX_\CR LOXGT\GNO@\GAOR

Lopgrtgno`tcs RK @C

Ag Xgz 49.9% 62.<%

Crurc 4<.?% 6?.?%Xctcsî 49.;% 62.7%

Bmuquksgbg 26.=% 94.4%

Bcbmgdgndg 26.8% 92.8%

Xg`lc ?6.6% <4.2%

Do`k 62.=% 49.4%

\grkjg 98.=% 2;.4%

Rg`tg Bruz 67.7% 4=.;%

Iuo`to: Oagdcrgbkò` prcpkg bc` dgso o` lgtcs lo ag Bcrto @gbkc`gaOaobtcrga



“42“


lkbkondro lo 4886, lospuës lo lkobksëks nosos logvg`bos y rotrcboscs, ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`togprcdò ag ùovg bc`stktubkò` scagno`to bc` ag pgrtkbkpgbkò` lo ag ngycrîg cbkgakstg y sus gakglcs porc sk` ag proso`bkg lo ag cpcskbkò`, o` nolkc lo

frgvos bc`kbtcs scbkgaos.Oa ùovc toxtc bc`stktubkc`ga lodo sor scnotk-

lc g u` roiorë`lun `gbkc`ga pgrg su gprcdgbkò`c robmgzc porc mg sklc bgakbglc bcnc kaofga okaofîtknc pcr ag cpcskbkò` pgragno`tgrkg y pcrvgrkcs proiobtcs lodklc g quo robc`cbo, gpgrtolo ags gutc`cnîgs lopgrtgno`tgaos, ctrcs tkpcs logutc`cnîg torrktcrkga (nu`kbkpga, rofkc`ga o k`lîfo-`g) bc` sknkagr rg`fc bc`stktubkc`ga. Iro`to g ostomobmc, acs Lopgrtgno`tcs o` acs bugaos vo`bkò oa‑sk„ o` oa roiorë`lun mg` cptglc pcr gprcdgr sus prcpkgs `crngs lo losbo`trgakzgbkò` (‑ostgtutcsgutc`ònkbcs„) quo sc` robmgzglgs pcr oa NGR,buyg rospuostg iuo pag`togr ag bc`vcbgtcrkg g u`roiorë`lun pgrg ag rovcbgtcrkg c rgtkbgbkò` loang`lgtc loa prosklo`to y lo acs proiobtcs bcncu`g scaubkò` pcaîtkbg g osto knpgsso<.

Gsî, lospuës lo lcs g÷cs lo fostkò` fudor`g-no`tga dgjc oa ng`lc loa NGR, oa prcbosc pcaîtkbc dcakvkg`c oìro`tg u`g sktugbkò` lo brksks o` agnolklg quo ag ùovg Bc`stktubkò` os nctkvc lo

knpuf`gbkcòs y vgrkcs Lopgrtgno`tcs ostç` o`-iro`tglcs ga fcdkor`c, o` u` bc`toxtc bgrgbtorkzglc pcr ag pcagrkzgbkò` pcaîtkbg y ag irgbturg rofkc`ga,gfrgvglgs pcr oìro`tgnko`tcs vkcao`tcs o`tro bkvk-aos, loncstrgbkcòs lo k`tcaorg`bkg y lksbrknk`gbkòò k`bausc gno`gzgs lo u`g fuorrg bkvka. Iro`to gostg sktugbkò` so k`kbkò, o` oa trg`sbursc lo oòrclo 488=, u` prcbosc lo lkçacfc o`tro oa pclor ojo-butkvc y acs proiobtcs pgrg roscavor acs bc`kbtcs prcvcbglcs pcr ag rolkstrkdubkò` lo acs roburscs loacs knpuostcs potrcaorcs y pcr ags bc`trglkbbkcòs

o`tro oa ùovc toxtc bc`stktubkc`ga y acs ostgtutcsgutc`ònkbcs lopgrtgno`tgaos. O` ctrgs pgagdrgs,ostç o` juofc ag bgpgbklgl loa skstong pcaîtkbc pgrg o`bguzgr ags roicrngs o` oa ngrbc lo ags k`s-tktubkcòs loncbrçtkbgs y ovktgr quo ag roscaubkò`lo osto bc`kbtc so trgsaglo g ospgbkcs gjo`cs g ag pcaîtkbg k`stktubkc`ga.

O` osto trgdgjc k`lgfgncs ags rgzcòs lo ostgbcùo`bkg lo bgndkc y brksks o` ag pcaîtkbg dcak-vkg`g g pgrtkr lo g`gakzgr, o` prknor aufgr, ag knpao-

no`tgbkò` lo ag gfo`lg fudor`gno`tga loa NGR,o` sofu`lc aufgr, ag bcnpcskbkò` y iu`bkc`gnko`tcloa skstong lo pgrtklcs y, `gano`to, ag bgaklgl loag loncbrgbkg. @uostrg aobturg prostg gto`bkò` g acsrgsfcs lo ‑fcdkor`c lkvklklc„ puostcs lo ng`kostc

loslo oa sofu`lc g÷c lo fostkò` fudor`gno`tga loaNGR (loslo oòrc lo 4886) y g ags bgrgbtorîstkbgslo ag puf`g o`tro oa fcdkor`c bo`trga y ag ngycrîglo ags rofkcòs quo oxprosg u`g suorto lo ‑lkvkskò`vortkbga lo pcloros„. Gspobtcs loa prcbosc pcaîtkbcquo so bcndk`grc` bc` ags lksputgs o`tro cbkgaksncy cpcskbkò` o` u`g gsgndaog bc`stktuyo`to scnotklgg ag proskò` lo lkvorscs gbtcros scbkgaos (pcr uàglc, oa ncvknko`tc bgnposk`c o k`lîfo`g, y pcrctrc, oa ncvknko`tc bîvkbc‒rofkc`ga) bc` bgpgbklgllo ncvkakzgbkò` ga ngrfo` lo acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcsy buyc losoàgbo igaaklc pusc lo ng`kostc agslkbuatglos pgrg oa ostgdaobknko`tc lo u` pgbtcscbkga pgrg o`bgrgr ag roicrng ostgtga y roscavor acsbakvgjos quo lkvklo` ag scbkolgl.

7. GFO@LG LO FCDKOT@C

@gbkc`gakzgbkò` y pcaîtkbg lkstrkdutkvgs

Ag gfo`lg fudor`gno`tga so lospakofg skfuko`lc

lcs aîògs lo gbbkò`: ag foòrgbkò` lo oxbolo`toobc`ònkbc pgrg ag k`vorskò` o` prcboscs lo k`lus-trkgakzgbkò` bc` prctgfc`ksnc ostgtga, scdro tclco` oa sobtcr lo mklrcbgrdurcs, y ag rolkstrkdubkò`lo acs k`froscs sbgaos nolkg`to pcaîtkbgs scbkgaosbc` bgrkz pcpuagr.

Ag pcaîtkbg obc`ònkbg loa fcdkor`c lo OvcNcrgaos tkoò bcnc ojo g ag `gbkc`gakzgbkò` loacs roburscs mklrcbgrdurîiorcs. Ga ngrfo` lo agknpcrtg`bkg lo ostg nolklg o` oa k`brono`tc loacs k`froscs sbgaos y su k`bklo`bkg o` ags pcsk-

dkaklglos lo knpuasc ga losgrrcaac prclubtkvc, ag`gbkc`gakzgbkò` bcàaovg u`g roicrnuagbkò` lo agsroagbkcòs o`tro oa Ostglc dcakvkg`c y ags onprosgsoxtrg`jorgs y os o`grdcaglg bcnc u`g rospuostg gaòcakdorgaksnc. O` ag pcaîtkbg loa sobtcr lo mklrc-bgrdurcs so porbkdo bc` `ktkloz u` rgsfc loa ostkaclo fostkò` fudor`gno`tga loa NGR quo bc`sksto oàg bcndk`gbkò` lo rotòrkbg rglkbga bc` lobkskcòsnclorglgs puostc quo, poso g ag tcng skndòakbglo ag k`stgagbkcòs potrcaorgs bc` proso`bkg lo

<. Mgstg nolkglcs lo oòrc lo 488=, `k oa roiorë`lun bc`stktubkc`ga ‑lo sgaklg„, `k oa roiorklc g ag rovcbgtcrkg lo ng`lgtcloa prosklo`to lo ag Topúdakbg y lo acs proiobtcs to`îg` iobmgs lo`klgs porc so supcò quo so aaovgrç` g bgdc o` oa prknor sonostro lo osto g÷c.



Ior`g`lc Ngycrfg

“4<“

ags Iuorzgs Grnglgs, oa lobrotc prosklo`bkga prc-nuafglc oa 7 lo ngyc lo 4889 `c ostgdaobkò agbc`sbgbkò` lo k`vorskcòs sk`c u`g roicrnuagbkò`lo acs bc`trgtcs bc` ags onprosgs oxtrg`jorgs os-tgdaobko`lc bc`lkbkcòs trkdutgrkgs nçs igvcrgdaos

pgrg oa Ostglc dcakvkg`c?. Oa knpgbtc obc`ònkbclo ostg nolklg iuo ovklo`to y, glkbkc`gano`to,oa fcdkor`c òfcbkò bc` Grfo`tk`g y Drgska u`k`brono`tc o` acs vcaúnoòs y acs probkcs loafgs dcakvkg`c oxpcrtglc g oscs pgîsos foòrg`lcngycros k`froscs sbgaos9. Rk g osc sungncs agbc`lc`gbkò` lo ag loulg oxtor`g dkagtorga y nua-tkagtorga6, ags bc`lkbkcòs obc`ònkbgs so tcr`grcìgvcrgdaos pgrg oa pgîs y so puskorc` o` ovklo`bkgo` ag dgag`zg bcnorbkga=.

Rk` ondgrfc, u` g÷c lospuës lo ag `gbkc`gak-zgbkò` su knpaono`tgbkò` so vkc o`tcrpobklg pcr prcdaongs o` acs trçnktos lo gprcdgbkò` bc`frosgalo acs ùovcs bc`trgtcs bc` ags onprosgs potrcaorgsquo puskorc` ga losbudkortc u`g sorko lo igao`bkgs jurîlkbgs quo nctkvgrc` u` k`to`sc lodgto pgrag-no`tgrkc y brîtkbgs lo lkvorscs sobtcros, gpgrto loag roù`bkg lo ojobutkvcs lo ag onprosg ostgtga.Acs buostkc`gnko`tcs `c giobtgrc` oa bc`to`klclo ag nolklg porc loncstrgrc` ag lodkaklgl fudor-`gno`tga o` oa ngòjc loa sobtcr quo so trglujc

o` u` losbo`sc lo ags rosorvgs lo fgs `gturga yag guso`bkg lo ùovgs k`vorskcòs lkrobtgs quoiuorc` ronolkglgs g òs lo 4886, scdro tclc bcàg susbrkpbkò` lo ùovcs gbuorlcs pcr ag onprosgostgtga potrcaorg lo Drgska.

G ag `gbkc`gakzgbkò` lo acs mklrcbgrdurcsskfukorc` gù`bkcs lo gbtugr o` oso so`tklc o`roagbkò` g ctrcs roburscs `gturgaos `c ro`cvgdaos,onporc, g posgr lo su prëlkbg `gbkc`gakstg agsk`to`bkcòs loa fcdkor`c so o`bgnk`g` g ostgdao-

bor bc`lkbkcòs trkdutgrkgs nçs igvcrgdaos pgrg oaOstglc o` ags òfcbkgbkcòs bc` ags onprosgs trg`s-`gbkc`gaos, lodklc g ag knpcskdkaklgl lo oiobtugrknpcrtg`tos k`vorskcòs púdakbgs o` ctrcs rudrcs,bcnc ag nkòrîg;.

G posgr lo ags bkirgs no`bkc`glgs, quo scòsfrknklgs pcr oa fcdkor`c bcnc u`g loncstrgbkò`loa ëxktc lo ag pcaîtkbg ‑pcst-òcakdorga„, surfko-rc` so÷gaos procbupg`tos o` ag obc`cnîg. O` oatrg`sbursc loa 4886, oa probkc lo acs gakno`tcsguno`tò o` nçs loa 48%, pcr oiobtc lo ag bgîlgo` ag prclubbkò` gfrîbcag y ag ospobuagbkò` oàg bcnorbkgakzgbkò`. Ostg sktugbkò` prcvcbò u`gk`gbkò` quo dcrloò acs lcs lîfktcs o` oa sofu`lcsonostro, u`g bkirg `c rofkstrglg o` acs úatkncsquk`bo g÷cs.

O` bug`tc g ag pcaîtkbg agdcrga so gprcdgrc`lkspcskbkcòs lkrkfklgs g oaknk`gr ag akdro bc`trg-tgbkò` y ag oxkdkakzgbkò` agdcrga ‒pkagros loa òc-akdorgaksnc‒ quo prcvcbò oa lodkaktgnko`tc lo acssk`lkbgtcs cdrorcs loslo ag gpakbgbkò` lo u` lobrotc

prosklo bkga o` 7;=?. Oa lobrotc 4=9;;, prcnuafglco` ngyc lo 4889, lorcfg u` pgr lo grtîbuacs logquoaag nolklg lo acs g÷cs cbmo`tg y su cdjotkvclo rostktukr acs lorobmcs agdcrgaos so roicrzò bc` ag prcnuafgbkò` lo u`g Aoy loa Iuorc Rk`lkbga. Osto

?. Acs k`froscs pcr knpuostcs so k`brono`tgrc` lo 9.;8<,6 o` 488? g 77.;2?,= nkaacòs lo lòagros o` 4889, sofú` lgtcsloa Dg`bc Bo`trga lo Dcakvkg.

9. Acs k`froscs pcr vo tgs so k`brono`tgrc` lo 97=,4 o` 488? g 2.;?9,= nkaacòs lo lòagros o` 4889, sofú` lgtcs loaDg`bc Bo`trga lo Dcakvkg.

6. \cng`lc o` buo`tg oa sgalc lo ag loulg oxtor`g ga 27 lo lkbkondro lo 488?, Dcakvkg rolujc su loulg bc` acs crfg`ksncs

nuatkagtorgaos o` 2=% y bc` acs crfg`ksncs dkagtorgaos o` 7?%5 nko`trgs quo ag loulg facdga lobrobkò o` 29%. Ik`ga-no`to, bc` ag cbkgakzgbkò` lo ags bc`lc`gbkcòs bcnprcnotklgs o` 4889 y 4886 lo ag loulg dkagtorga y nuatkagtorga,Dcakvkg rolujc su loulg o` u` nc`tc quo aaofg g roproso`tgr garololcr lo 7.;88 nkaacòs lo lòagros, bc` ac buga agbc`lc`gbkò` tctga aaofg g u` nc`tc quo roproso`tg garololcr loa 6?% loa tctga lo ag loulg oxtor`g loa pgîs.

=. O` 7;;;, ag dgag`zg bcnorbkga org lobktgrkg o` -68<,8, o` 488? so rovkrtkò mgstg gabg`zgr <?6,7 y, pgrg 4889, ags bkirgsigvcrgdaos aaofgrc` g 7.8?<,4 nkaacòs lo lòagros gnorkbg`cs. G ostc so sung oa k`brono`tc lo ags rosorvgs k`tor`gbkc-`gaos quo pgsgrc` lo 7.742,2 o` 488< g <.772,9 nkaacòs lo lòagros gnorkbg`cs o` juakc lo 4886, sofú` lgtcs loa Dg`bcBo`trga lo Dcakvkg.

;. O` cbtudro lo 4889, oa fcdkor`c gù`bkò ag `gbkc gakzgbkò` loa sobtcr nkòrc o` rospuostg g sg`frko`tcs o iro`tgnko`-tcs prcvcbglcs pcr ag lksputg o`tro trgdgjglcros lo ag onprosg ostgtga loa sobtcr y bccporgtkvkstgs nkòrcs o` tcr`c gag oxpactgbkò` lo u` knpcrtg`to ygbknko`tc lo ostg÷c buycs probkcs ostç` o` gazg o` oa norbglc nu`lkga. Osto gvkscso trglujc o` oa bc`trca ostgtga lo u`g onprosg lo iu`lkbkò` lo ostg÷c quo ostgdg g bgrfc lo u`g onprosg sukzg grfu-no`tg`lc k`bunpaknko`tc lo bc`trgtc. Bc` tclc, ag pcaîtkbg o` oa sobtcr nkòrc so lkrkfo g pcto`bkgr oa sobtcr ostgtganolkg`to oa k`brono`tc lo knpuostcs g ag nkòrîg prkvglg, nolklg lo ag buga ostgrîg` oxo`tgs ags bccporgtkvgs nkòrgs,

knpcrtg`tos gakglcs oaobtcrgaos loa NGR. Ctrc ojonpac os ag susbrkpbkò` lo u` bc`trgtc bc` u`g onprosg lo ag K`lkg(bc` u`g k`vorskò` lkrobtg borbg`g g 4.?88 nkaacòs lo lòagros gnorkbg`cs o` oa agpsc lo lkoz g÷cs) pgrg ag oxpactgbkò`lo ygbknko`tcs lo mkorrc o` bc`lkbkcòs trkdutgrkgs nçs oxkdaos g ags lo`klgs pgrg oa sobtcr lo mklrcbgrdurcs.



“4?“


lobrotc iuo proso`tglc pcr oa fcdkor`c bcnc oa ‑`lo ag akdro bc`trgtgbkò` y ag fgrg`tîg pgrg ag ostgdk-aklgl agdcrga„ porc os buostkc`glc pcr su aknktglcbgrçbtor icrnga puostc quo ag nksng lkspcskbkò`

robc`cbo ag vkfo`bkg lo ag Aoy lo K`vorskcòs quo pornkto ag akdro bc`trgtgbkò`, bc`trglkbko`lc agsbc`sobuo`bkgs lo u`g nolklg gù`bkglg bcnc ag

robuporgbkò` lo ag ostgdkaklgl agdcrga oòa sobtcr púdakbc y prkvglc.

O` roagbkò` g ag pcaîtkbg trkdutgrkg u`tong bo`trga ostç roiorklc g ag rolkstrk- dubkò` lo acs k`froscs prcvo`ko`tos loa

Knpuostc Lkrobtc g acs Mklrcbgrdurcsquo, loslo oa g÷c 488?, org ropgrtklco`tro oa \oscrc Foòrga lo ag @gbkò`, ags proiobturgs, acs nu`kbkpkcs, ags u`kvorsk-lglos púdakbgs y u` ic`lc lo gpcyc g acs puodacs k`lîfo`gs. O` cbtudro lo 4886, oafcdkor`c onktkò u` lobrotc nclkbg`lcag gskf`gbkò` lo oscs roburscs pgrg do-òbkgr g acs nu`kbkpkcs o` lotrkno`tclo ags proiobturgs. Glkbkc`gano`to, oafcdkor`c gao`tò ag gprcdgbkò` lo u`g aoy(To`tg _`kvorsga lo Yojoz) quo ostgdao-bo oa usc loa trok`tg pcr bko`tc lo oscsroburscs (lo proiobturgs, nu`kbkpkcs,ic`lc k`lîfo`g y \F@) ga pgfc lo u`gro`tg no`suga g ags porsc`gs lo ag torborgolgl. \g`tc oa lobrotc bcnc ag aoy sc`buostkc`glcs pcr ag cpcskbkò` pgragno`-tgrkg y acs proiobtcs pcrquo giobtg acsk`froscs lo ags rofkcòs quo prcnuovo`su gutc`cnîg lopgrtgno`tga, nko`trgs

quo oa fcdkor`c grfuyo quo acs knpuostcsostç` lostk`glcs g doòbkgr g acs sobtc-ros scbkgaos losprctofklcs.

O` ostg nolklg so porbkdo ag crko`-tgbkò` lo ags pcaîtkbgs scbkgaos knpao-no`tglgs pcr oa fcdkor`c loa NGR quoso oàgzg` bc` ostrgtofkgs pcaîtkbgs yvkskcòs gborbg lo ag losbo`trgakzgbkò`loa Ostglc.

Xcaîtkbgs scbkgaos bc` soaac pcpuagr

O` ag knpaono`tgbkò` lo pcaîtkbgs scbkgaosrosgatg` vgrkgs k`kbkgtkvgs, gafu`gs ngtkzg-lgs pcr ag bccporgbkò` lo acs fcdkor`cs loYoòzuoag y Budg. _`g lo ags prknorgslobkskcòs iuo ag gpakbgbkò` lo u`g tgrkig

lkioro`bkglg o` oa bc`sunc lo oòrfîg oaëbtrkbg ‒òfcbkglg bc` u` bc`scrbkc prkvglc trg`s`gbkc gaquo ngòjg oa sobtcr‒ g nçs lo nolkc nkaaò` lomcfgros quo so doòbkgrc` bc` u`g rodgjg loa 4?%.Ctrg iuo ag gprcdgbkò` lo u` k`brono`tc loa ?8%o` oa dc`c gùga g acs oxbcndgtko`tos lo ag fuorrgbc`trg oa Xgrgfugy. Ag bc`boskò` lo ostgs nolklgs

Frçibc 7

LKR\TKD_BKÒ@ LOA KNX_OR\C LKTOB\C G ACRMKLTCBGTD_TCR ROFÚ@ LKIOTO@\OR XCAÎ\KBGR

LO FCDKOT@C

Lkstrkdubkò` foòrga KLM

L.R. 4=<47 Fostkò` Olugrlc Tclrîfuoz (47 lo cbtudro 488?)

\F@

46%

Ic`lc k`lîfo`g

?%

Nu`kbkpkcs

49%

_`kvorsklglos

6%

Xroiobturgs

2<%

Ic`lc Xrovkskò`

7%

Tolkstrkdubkò` foòrga KLML.R. 4;244 Fostkò` Ovc Ncrgaos (4< lo cbtudro 4886)

\F@

46%

Nu`kbkpkcs

<9%

_`kvorsklglos

6%

Xroiobturgs7<%

Ic`lc k`lîfo`g

?%

Ic`lc Xrovkskò`7%

Tolkstrkdubkò` i`ga loa KLM bc` robcrto

pcr i`g`bkgnko`tc lo ag To`tg Lkf`klgl

\F@

7;%

Nu`kbkpkcs

27%_`kvorsklglos

?%

Xroiobturgs

78%

Gpcrto ro`tglkf`klgl

28%

Ic`lc k`lîfo`g

<%

Ic`lc Xrovkskò`7%



Ior`g`lc Ngycrfg

“49“

bc` soaac pcpuagr ngrbg ag bc`lubtg fudor`gno`-tga pcrquo, loslo oa g÷c 4889, so mg k`stgurglc ago`trofg lo u` dc`c gùga lo 488 Ds. g acs `k÷csy `k÷gs loa bkbac prkngrkc lo ags osbuoags púdakbgsy ostç o` prcbosc lo gpakbgbkò` ag o`trofg, loslo

iodrorc lo 488=, lo u`g ro`tg no`suga lo 488 Ds. pgrg porsc`gs ngycros lo 98 g÷cs. O` gndcs bgscs,acs roburscs prcvkoò` lo acs knpuostcs foòrglcs pcr oa sobtcr mklrcbgrdurîiorc y sc` proso`tglcs pcr oa lksbursc fudor`gno tga bcnc ojonpac loag bcòxkò` o`tro `gbkc`gakzgbkò` lo acs roburscs`gturgaos y oquklgl scbkga.

Ctrgs lobkskcòs fudor`gno`tgaos ostç` lostk-`glgs g doòbkgr g bcnu`klglos bgnposk`gs y puodacs k`lîfo`gs g pgrtkr lo prkvkaofkgr lorobmcsbcaobtkvcs. Xcr ojonpac, o` oa bgsc loa gbbosc gag tkorrg, ag nclkbgbkò` lo ag aoy 767?, dgjc oatîtuac lo Tobc`lubbkò` Bcnu`ktgrkg lo ag ToicrngGfrgrkg, doòbkgrç g bgnposk`cs o k`lîfo`gs bc`48 nkaacòs lo mobtçrogs bc`bolklgs g bcnu`klglosy `c g tîtuac k`lkvkluga.

Ctrg igbotg sc` ags bgnpg÷gs o` sgaul y olu-bgbkò` quo so lospakofg` bc` gpcyc budg`c yvoòzcag`c78. O` oa sobtcr lo sgaul so gnpakò agbcdorturg loa sofurc ngtor`c‒kìg`tka y ostç o`bursc ag gprcdgbkò` bc`frosga lo u` sofurc u`kvor-

sga lo sgaul. Ag bgnpg÷g lo gaigdotkzgbkò` o` u`g prknorg otgpg aaofò g nçs lo 788.888 porsc`gs o`zc`gs rurgaos y porkurdg`gs bc` ëxktcs k`òfgdaoso` vgrkgs rofkcòs quo mg` sklc lobagrglgs ‑zc`gsakdros lo g`gaigdotksnc„, gfoac quo proto`lo sororrglkbglc o` oa trg`sbursc lo 488=.

Xcaîtkbg loncbrçtkbg y lorobmcs mung`cs

Oa tong lo lorobmcs mung`cs mg suirklc u`g nu-tgbkò` lodklc g ag nclkbgbkò` lo ags roagbkcòs

o`tro oa fcdkor`c y acs sobtcros scbkgaos pcrquo oòa pgsglc ostg prcdaonçtkbg ostgdg vk`buaglg g agloù`bkg lo ags gbbkcòs roproskvgs lospaofglgs pcr acs gpgrgtcs ostgtgaos y acs crfg`ksncs o`bgr-fglcs lo ags loù`bkgs, bcnc ag crfg`kzgbkò` bkvkaGsgndaog Xorngò`to lo Lorobmcs Mung`cs, sogakògdg` o` ag puf`g scbkolgl vs. fcdkor`c gpc-yg`lc g acs frupcs ncvkakzglcs.

O` gafu`cs bc`kbtcs o` acs quo oa fcdkor`cgbulkò g ag roproskò` pcakbkga c so prclujorcòìro`tgnko`tcs o`tro bkvkaos, ags k`stktubkcòsquo gbtúg` bcnc fgrg`tos c nolkglcros ‒Kfaoskgbgtòakbg, Loio`scr loa Xuodac y Gsgndaog Xorng-

ò`to lo acs Lorobmcs Mung`cs‒ `c jufgrc` u` pgpoa lobkskvc. O` ctrcs bgscs, oa fcdkor`c gbtuòbc` lkspakbo`bkg y ao`tktul, c oiobtug`lc bçabuacs pcaîtkbcs scdro ags bc`sobuo`bkgs lo u` bc`kbtc,sk` gsunkr ag rospc`sgdkaklgl scdro gbc`tobknko`-tcs quo prcvcbgrc` ag përlklg lo vklgs mung`gs.Xrobksgno`to osto lgtc ‒nçs lo u`g trok`to`g lonuortcs o` bc`kbtcs lo lkvorsg î`lcao, bc` csk` roproskò` pcakbkga‒ nuostrg oa bgndkc o` agsbc`lkbkcòs lksburskvgs pgrg oa trgtgnko`tc loosto tong, puostc quo ag loio`sg lo acs lorobmcsmung`cs `c ostç vk`buaglg lkrobtgno`to g agknpuf`gbkò` lo ags lobkskcòs fudor`gno`tgaos.Rk` ondgrfc, g nolklg quo trg`sburro ag fostkò`fudor`gno`tga so k`brono`tg` ags loù`bkgs scdro vkcagbkcòs g acs lorobmcs mung`cs pcr pgrtolo ag Xcakbîg y ag Iuorzgs Grnglgs. \gndkë` so porbkdo u`g nclkbgbkò` o` ags pcsturgs lo agKfaoskg bgtòakbg quo, ga prk`bkpkc, so aknktgdg grogakzgr aagnglcs ga lkçacfc y g ag bc`bortgbkò`y, auofc, buostkc`ò ga fcdkor`c pcr bc`vcbgr g acs

ncvknko`tcs scbkgaos bcnc iuorzg lo gpcyc pcracs rkosfcs lo oìro`tgnko`tcs o`tro bkvkaos, bglgvoz nçs irobuo`tos.

Ga ngrfo` lo ag bc`kbtkvklgl pcaîtkbg, ags vkc-agbkcòs g acs lorobmcs mung`cs ng`tkoò` `kvoaos procbupg`tos o` roagbkò` g gspobtcs vk`buaglcs gag sofurklgl bkulglg`g y ga gbbosc g ag justkbkg.Acs ak`bmgnko`tcs sc` irobuo`tos y, o` gafu`csbgscs, justkbglcs bc` grfuno`tcs lo ‑justkbkgbcnu`ktgrkg„ lodkaktg`lc ag vkfo`bkg lo ags crngsaofgaos y ag prorrcfgtkvg ostgtga o` ag gpakbgbkò`

lo justkbkg. Acs dacquocs y ags ngrbmgs vkcag` acslorobmcs lo ags porsc`gs gjo`gs ga bc`kbtc y agsgutcrklglos fudor`gno`tgaos, o` gafu`gs bkrbu`s-tg`bkgs mg` prcncvklc ags ncvkakzgbkcòs c mg` pobglc lo cnkskò`.

Ag gfo`lg lo fcdkor`c so lospaofò lo ngòrg pgrgaoag ga prcbosc bc`stktuyo`to y o` ag prcpuos-tg lo roicrng ostgtga gprcdglg o` ag Gsgndaog

78. Oa gpcyc lo Yoòzuoag tkoò ctrcs ngtkbos pcrquo `g`bkg bgnpg÷gs prcpgfg`lîstkbgs loa fcdkor`c dgjc oa aong ‑Dc-akvkg bgndkg, Ovc bunpao„, rogakzg lc`gbkcòs o` lkòrc g acs nu`kbkpkcs y o`trofg roburscs g ags Iuorzgs Grnglgs, ga

ngrfo` lo quo so mg susbrktc u` bc`vo`kc lo bccporgbkò` nkaktgr o`tro Dcakvkg y Yoòzuoag quo iuo buostkc`glc pcr agcpcskbkò`. Xcr ostgs rgzcòs, oa lksbursc lo ag cpcskbkò` roktorg loù`bkgs lo ‑k`joro`bkg„ lo Mufc Bmgvoz o` gsu`tcsk`tor`cs lodklc, o`tro ctrgs bcsgs, g ags bc`tkùgs lobagrgbkcòs loa prosklo`to voòzcag`c o` rospgalc g Ovc Ncrgaos.



“46“


Bc`stktuyo`to ‒buycs gvgtgros g`gakzgncs o` ctrcgbçpkto‒ nuostrg ctrcs k`frolko`tos knpcrtg`tosquo bgrgbtorkzg` ag fostkò` fudor`gno`tga loaNGR. Rk ags gbbkcòs loa pclor ojobutkvc rospc`-lo` g u`g crko`tgbkò` `gbkc`gakstg quo pcò oa

ëìgsks o` oa pgpoa prctgfò`kbc loa Ostglc, oa toxtcbc`stktubkc`ga gprcdglc pcr oa NGR y sus gakglcso` ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to ostç ngtkzglc pcru`g pcsturg k`lkfo`kstg quo prkvkaofkg long`lgso klo`tklglos ët`kbgs y lorobmcs bcaobtkvcs quok`bauyo` u`g prcpuostg lo rolkstrkdubkò` torrktc-rkga loa pclor 77. Ostg to`skò` o`tro `gbkc`gaksnco k`lkfo`ksnc ‒o`tro gfo`lg fudor`gno`tga yùovc toxtc bc`stktubkc`ga‒ so ng`kostg o` u`bc`toxtc bgrgbtorkzglc pcr ag lodkaklgl loa skstonglo pgrtklcs.

4. RKR\ONG LO XGT\KLCR

Acs rosuatglcs oaobtcrgaos lo lkbkondro lo 488?nclkbgrc` ag bcnpcskbkò` loa skstong lo pgrtklcs lo ngòrg sustg`tkvg. Acs pgrtklcs trglkbkc-`gaos quo lcnk`grc` ag osbo`g pgragno`tgrkglurg`to vok`to g÷cs iuorc` ngrfk`glcs. Rk o` oa pgsglc, GL@, N@T y NKT bc`bo`trgrc` garo-lolcr loa 98% lo ag vctgbkò` y lo acs osbg÷cs

pgragno`tgrkcs, o` lkbkondro lo 488? scagno`tou`c lo oscs pgrtklcs ng`tuvc su proso`bkg bc` u`grolubklg dg`bglg. Osto rosuatglc tuvc bcnc g`to-bolo`to ags oaobbkcòs foòrgaos lo 4884 bug`lcsurfkorc` ùovcs pgrtklcs, bcnc oa NGR, @uovgIuorzg Topudakbg`g @IT y Ncvknko`tc K`lîfo`gXgbmgeutk NKX, quo bgpturgrc` borbg lo ag nktgllo ag vctgbkò` (Yor Buglrc 4). Ag proso`bkg loostcs pgrtklcs bc` lksburscs bc`tostgtgrkcs ga ocak- dorgaksnc y g ag ‑loncbrgbkg pgbtglg„ lodkaktgrcàg to`lo`bkg bo`trîpotg g`tg÷c prolcnk`g`to o`

oa skstong lo pgrtklcs y, loslo o`tc`bos, ag pcag-rkzgbkò` o` su so`c gao`tò ag brksks pcaîtkbg quo,o`tro 4882 y 488?, lorkvò o` ag roù`bkg lo lcs prosklo`tos y o` oa gloag`tgnko`tc lo oaobbkcòsfoòrgaos.

O` 488?, oa NGR so bc`vkrtkò o` oa pgrtklclcnk`g`to norbol g su vctgbkò` ngycrktgrkg, o`bgndkc @IT y NKX losgpgrobkorc` lo ag osbo`g

Buglrc 4OAOBBKC@OR @GBKC@GAOR, 4884

Xgrtklc Yctgbkò` Xcrbo`tgjo

N@T 94<.749 44.<9%

NGR ?=7.==< 48.;<%

@IT ?=7.792 48.;7%

NKT <?2.26? 79.24%

NKX 79;.42; 9.8;%

_BR 7?2.478 ?.?7%

GL@ ;<.2=9 2.<8%

AyJ 6?.?44 4.64%

XR 7=.794 8.9?%

NBB 76.<8? 8.92%

Bc`lopg 78.229 8.26%

Yctcs onktklcs: 4¼;;<.89?

Iuo`to: Oagdcrgbkò` prcpkg bc` dgso o` lgtcs lo ag Bcrto @gbkc`gaOaobtcrga.

77. _` rgsfc prk`bkpga lo ag ùovg Bc`stktubkò` os ag lo`kbkò` loa tkpc lo Ostglc bcnc u` Ostglc Xaurk`gbkc`ga dgsglco` oa robc`cbknko`tc lo acs frupcs ët`kbcs ‒nçs lo u`g trok`to`g‒ bcnc ‑`gbkcòs crkfk`grkgs„ lctglgs lo lorobmcs

bcaobtkvcs, o`tro oaacs g ag akdro lotornk`gbkò`, ga gutcfcdkor`c y g ag torrktcrkgaklgl. Gsî, so robc`cbo ag gutc`cnîgtorrktcrkga lo acs puodacs k`lîfo`gs, ag oaobbkò` lo sus gutcrklglos y roproso`tg`tos nolkg`to `crngs y prcbolknko`tcs prcpkcs bcnc oxproskò` lo ‑loncbrgbkg bcnu`ktgrkg„ y u` skstong julkbkga nkxtc quo k`bauyo ag justkbkg bcnu`ktgrkg.

Iuo`to: Oagdcrgbkò` prcpkg bc` dgso o` lgtcs lo ag Bcrto @gbkc`gaOaobtcrga.

Buglrc 2OAOBBKC@OR @GBKC@GAOR, 4884


NGR 7‛?<<.26< ?2.6<%

XCLONCR =47.6<? 4=.?;%

_@ 44<.8;8 6.6;%

N@T 7=?.=?; 9.<6%NKX 97.;<= 4.79%

@IT 7;.996 8.9=%

ITOXGD =.626 8.28%

_R\D 6.2=7 8.49%

Yctcs onktklcs: 2‛784.<76

pgragno`tgrkg y iuorc` sustktuklcs pcr ùovgsiuorzgs pcaîtkbgs quo cbupgrc` oa aufgr lo ag cpcsk-bkò`: ag gfrupgbkò` bkulglg`g Xclor LoncbrçtkbcRcbkga XCLONCR, u` pgrtklc lo ùovc bu÷c,_`klgl @gbkc`ga _@, y oa ú`kbc scdrovkvko`toloa pgsglc, oa Ncvknko`tc @gbkc`gakstg Tovc-

aubkc`grkc N@T (Yor Buglrc 2). Oa skstong lo pgrtklcs, o`tc`bos, suirkò u`g nutgbkò` lo iuorzgsroaovg`tos o` lcs cbgskcòs, o` oa agpsc lo nolkg



Ior`g`lc Ngycrfg

“4=“

lëbglg, y o` ag gbtugaklgl so o`buo`trg o` prcbosclo icrngbkò`74.

O` lkbkondro lo 488?, oa NGR vo`bkò bc`garololcr loa ?2% lo ag vctgbkò` `gbkc`ga, cdtuvcvkbtcrkgs o` bk`bc lopgrtgno`tcs (Ag Xgz, Crurc,Xctcsî, Bmuquksgbg y Bcbmgdgndg) y ag ngycr bg`-tklgl lo lkputglcs u`k`cnk`gaos y paurk`cnk`gaos,sk` ondgrfc, cbupò oa sofu`lc aufgr o` oa Ro`glc,lotrçs lo XCLONCR (Yor Buglrc <) .

Ag gfrupgbkò` bkulglg`g XCLONCR pcstuaòga ox prosklo`to Jcrfo Wukrcfg, sudjoio lo GL@ ygbcnpg÷g`to lo iòrnuag lo Mufc Dç`zor, g`to buygroù`bkg pcr oìornolgl gsunkò ‒g nolkglcs lo4887, ag prosklo`bkg lo ag Topúdakbg pcr suboskò`

bc`stktubkc`ga. Ju`tc bc` Wukrcfg, vgrkcs ox lkrk-fo`tos lo GL@ icrngrc` ostg gfrupgbkò` bkulglg`gquo cdtuvc oa sofu`lc aufgr bc` borbg lo 4;% loacs vctcs, vo`bkò o` bugtrc lopgrtgno`tcs (Rg`tgBruz, Do`k, Xg`lc y \grkjg), cdtuvc ngycrîg loso`glcros y tkoò roproso`tg`tos pgragno`tgrkcs lotclgs ags rofkcòs. Xcr su pgrto, _`klgl @gbkc`ga_@, iu`lglc mgbo pcbcs g÷cs, pcstuaò ga onprosgrkcRgnuoa Lcrkg Nolk`g ‒ox sudjoio gbkc`ga loa NKTy nk`kstrc o` acs g÷cs cvo`tg‒ y sgbò garololcr loa=% lo ag vctgbkò`, gu`quo ag cdto`bkò` lo u` burua

o` oa so`glc ao prcpcrbkc`ò u` knpcrtg`to ngrfo`lo gbbkò` pgragno`tgrkg. Lo ngòrg sknkagr, oa N@Tcdtuvc u` puostc o` oa so`glc y su vctgbkò` dcrloòoa 6% (Yor Buglrc 2). Gsî, scagno`to lcs iuorzgs(NGR y XCLONCR) tkoò` proso`bkg `gbkc`ga porc, bcnc voroncs, sus bgrgbtorîstkbgs crfg`kzg-tkvgs, bgpgbklglos lo ncvkakzgbkò` y vî`buacs bc`sus dgsos oaobtcrgaos sc` lksînkaos.

Ag pcagrkzgbkò` bgrgbtorkzg oa iu`bkc`gnko`tcloa pgragno`tc gu`quo acs pgrtklcs lo cpcskbkò``c gbtúg` bcnc dacquo bcnpgbtc, mobmc quo soroprclubo o` ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to. Glonçs,ags k`torgbbkcòs pgrtklkstgs sc` nçs bcnpaojgs poso g quo oa `únorc lo pgrtklcs bc` roproso`tg-bkò` pgragno`tgrkg os oa no`cr lo osto porîclc (pcrojonpac, skoto pgrtklcs pgragno`tgrkcs o` 7;;6-4884, y cbmc o` 4884-488?)5 o` pgrto, lodklc gquo acs pgrtklcs tgndkë` gbtugrc` o` u` osbo`grkc pgrgaoac, ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to, ga quo gbbo-lkorc` ctrgs lcbo crfg`kzgbkcòs no`cros, o`tro pgrtklcs acbgaos y gfrupgbkcòs bkulglg`gs. Ctrcospgbkc lo gbbkò` pgrtklkstg os oa çndktc rofkc`ga,

g pgrtkr lo ag oaobbkò` lo gutcrklglos lopgrtgno`-tgaos, gu`quo scagno`to bk`bc lo ùovo proiobtcsostç` vk`buaglcs g pgrtklcs bc` roproso`tgbkò` pgragno`tgrkg.

Xgrtklcs o` ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to y proiobtcs o` ags rofkcòs

O` gfcstc lo 4889 so k`gufurò ctrc ospgbkc pcaîtk-bc k`stktubkc`ga bc` ag k`stgagbkò` lo ag GsgndaogBc`stktuyo`to bc`vcbglg pgrg o`bgrgr ag roicrng

tctga lo ag Bc`stktubkò` Xcaîtkbg loa Ostglc. Agsoaobbkcòs pgrg bc`stktuyo`tos so rogakzgrc` o` juakclo 4889 lo ngòrg sknuatçòg bc` oa roiorë`lunscdro gutc`cnîgs lopgrtgno`tgaos y, o` gndcsbgscs, oa NGR cdtuvc ag vkbtcrkg bc` ngycrîggdscautg pc`ko`lc o` ovklo`bkg su bc`vorskò` oàg prk`bkpga iuorzg pcaîtkbg loa pgîs (Yor Buglrcs? y 9). Xgrg osto bò`bagvo, lkobksëks iuorzgs, o`tro

Buglrc <OAOBBKC@OR FO@OTGAOR 488?

LKR\TKD_BKÒ@ LO ORBG×CR XCT XGT\KLCR, GAKG@ZGR, [/C BCGAKBKC@OR XCAÎ\KBGR

Xgrtklc Ro`glcros Lkputglcs paurk`cnk`gaos Lkputglcs u`k`cnk`gaos \ctga

_@ 7 6 7 ;

NGR 74 46 <? =<

N@T 7 ? 4 =

XCLONCR 72 47 44 ?9

Iuo`to: Oagdcrgbkò` prcpkg o` dgso g lgtcs lo B@O Dcaotî` ostglîstkbc. _`klgl lo g`çaksks o k`vostkfgbkò`. Çrog lo Olubgbkò` Bkulglg`g. @cvkondro 4889G÷c KK @º ?

74. Ag probgrkolgl loa skstong lo pgrtklcs so oxprosg o` ag osbgsg trgyobtcrkg lo acs prk`bkpgaos pgrtklcs: oa NGR iuoiu`lglc o` 7;;;, _@ o` 488< y XCLONCR o` 488?. Glkbkc`gano`to, o` ags oaobbkcòs lo proiobtcs, ag ngycrîg lo

acs vo`bolcros (tros loa NGR, lcs gòs g XCLONCR) bcrrospc`lkorc` g bg`lklgtcs gpcyglcs pcr pgrtklcs acbgaos cgfrupgbkcòs bkulglg`gs sk` proso`bkg pgragno`tgrkg, scdro tclc o` acs lopgrtgno`tcs nçs knpcrtg`tos, bcnc Ag Xgz,Rg`tg Bruz y Bcbmgdgndg.



“4;“


g ags rofags lo vctgbkò` pgrg gprcdgr acs ùovcsgrtîbuacs loa toxtc bc`stktubkc`ga5 lksbuskò` quo so

lospagzò g ags bgaaos bc` ag rogakzgbkò` lo ncvkak-zgbkcòs, bgdkalcs y oìro`tgnko`tcs o`tro sobtcrosscbkgaos gòs g u`c y ctrc dg`lc. G`to oa irgbgsc


Buglrc 9TOIOTË@L_N G_\C@CNÎGR LOXGT\GNO@\GAOR, 4889

BÒNX_\C @GBKC@GA

Tospuostg Yctcs Cdto`klcs Xcrbo`tgjo

Rî 7.426,274 <4.<7%@c 7.9=8,876 ?6.?=%

\ctga vctcs vgaklcs 4,;76,24; 788%

Yctcs \ctgaos Xcrbo`tgjo

Yçaklcs 4,;76,24; ;4,;9%

Dag`bcs 776,29= 2,6<%

@uacs 782,946 2,28%

Onktklcs 2.72=,24< 788%

Bg`tklgl Xcrbo`tgjo

\ctga K`sbrktcs Mgdkaktglcs 2.672,269

Yctcs Bcnputglcs 2.72=,24<

Xgrtkbkpgbkò` \ctga =<.?7%

Buglrc 6@ÚNOTC LO GRGNDAOÎR\GR XCT XGT\KLC

[ GFT_XGBKÒ@ BK_LGLG@G, 4889

Rkfag Lopgrtgno`tga _`k`cnk`ga \ctga

GGK 8 7 7

GXD 7 4 2

GR 7 ? 9

G[TG 8 4 4

GRX 7 7 4

B@ 4 2 ?

NGR 7= 77; 726

NDA 7 6 =

NBRIG 8 7 7

NKT-@N 7 8 7

N@T 2 ? =

N@T-G2 7 7 4N@T-ITK 7 6 =

NCX 7 4 2

XCLONCR 77 <; 98

_@ 2 ? =

\ctga <? 478 4??


Buglrc ?OAOBBKC@OR

GRGNDAOG BC@R\K\_[O@\O, 4889


GL@ 7=.;8? 8,64%G[TG 74.996 8,<;%

NGR 7.244.9?9 ?8,64%

NDA 46.9?= 7,89%

NKT-@N 2;.;=2 7,?2%

_BR 74.6?8 8,<;%

_@ 7=6.689 6,48%

N@T ?;.42; 4,46%

N@T-G2 787.6?2 2,;8%

N@T-ITK 2?.?=8 7,29%

XCLONCR 2;;.99= 7?,22%

GGK 42.2<4 8,;8%B@ ;2.4<= 2,?=%

\TGLOXG 26.9=< 7,<?%

GRX 92.?9? 4,<<%

BLB <.4<6 8,79%

GADG 7.9<? 8,89%

NGT 4.<=9 8,78%

NBRIG 2.;;4 8,7?%

NKDCA 7.=98 8,86%

GR 48.;68 8,=8%

NCX 74.28; 8,<6%

GXD ?6.;89 4,44%

GRK ?9.;86 4,7=%NGBG =.;82 8,2<%

Yçaklcs 4.986.92= =2,44%

Dag`bcs <76.2;; 72,24%

@uacs 78=.?9? 2,<9%

Onktklcs 2.722.984 788,88%


pgrtklcs y gfrupgbkcòs bkulglg`gs, cdtuvkorc`roproso`tg`tos, sk` ondgrfc, acs bugtrc pgrtklcs

pgragno`tgrkcs bc`bo`trg` nçs loa =8% lo acsgsko`tcs: lo u` tctga lo 4?? bc`stktuyo`tos, oa NGRbuo`tg bc` 726 gsgndaoîstgs (?2%), Xcloncs tkoò98 (42%), _@ y N@T lkspcò` lo = gsgndaoîstgs(2%), y ags rostg`tos iuorzgs tkoò` o`tro 7 y =gsko`tcs, gu`quo ag ngycrîg sc` gòs ga NGR(Yor Buglrc 6).

Ag oxksto`bkg sknuatçòg lo lcs gro`gs k`stktu-bkc`gaos (pgragno`tc y prcbosc bc`stktuyo`to) sobc`vkrtkò o` u` igbtcr quo gmc`lò ags lkioro`bkgso`tro cbkgaksnc y cpcskbkò`. Lurg`to ag ngycr pgrto loa tkonpc lo su iu`bkc`gnko`tc, ag Gsgn- daog Bc`stktuyo`to so oìrgsbò o` lodgtos o` tcr`c



Ior`g`lc Ngycrfg

“28“

lo ags loakdorgbkcòs, ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to`c pulc bc`baukr su trgdgjc o` oa pagzc provkstc yacs pgrtklcs pgragno`tgrkcs knpuasgrc` u`g gnpakgbc`bortgbkò` pgrg gprcdgr u`g aoy quo pornktkò aggnpakgbkò` lo sus soskcòs pcr u` porîclc glkbkc`ga

lo bugtrc nosos, mgstg nolkglcs lo lkbkondro lo4886. Ik`gano`to, so prclujc ag gprcdgbkò` ‑o`frg`lo„ lo ag uovg Bc`stktubkò` Xcaîtkbg loa Ostg-lc o` nolkc lo prctostgs y roproskò` pcakbkga ‒bc`sgalc lo lcs nuortcs‒ bc` oa vctc lo ag ngycrîgcbkgakstg y sus gakglcs no`cros, y sk` ag proso`bkglo ags iuorzgs lo cpcskbkò` quo buostkc`grc` agaofgaklgl y ag aofktknklgl lo osg soskò`. Xcstorkcr-no`to, o` u` gndko`to lo pcagrkzgbkò` oxgbordglgso rogakzò ag úatkng soskò` pao`grkg o` sknkagrosbc`lkbkcòs pgrg gprcdgr oa toxtc bc`stktubkc`ga o`lotgaao o` u`g gbbkò` crfg`kzglg pcr oa cbkgaksnc,quo cptò pcr bc`baukr ag igso loakdorgtkvg lo agGsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to y lospagzgr oa bc`kbtcg ags ur`gs, os lobkr, g su gprcdgbkò` c robmgzcnolkg`to roiorë`lun72.

Ctrcs gbtcros oìrgsbglcs o` ostgs lksputgs scàcs proiobtcs, oaofklcs pcr prknorg voz nolkg`tovctgbkò` bkulglg`g o` lkbkondro lo 488?, y buygbcnpcskbkò` nuostrg u`g ngycrîg lo cpcsktcros.Rcagno`to tros lo ags ùovo gutcrklglos sc` gòs

ga pgrtklc lo fcdkor`c (Xctcsî, Crurc y Bmuquk-sgbg5 osto úatknc tornk`ò roù`bkg`lc ga bgrfclodklc g acs bc`kbtcs o` ag bkulgl lo Rubro,solo lo ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to) y acs lonçsbcrrospc`lo` g iuorzgs gjo`gs sk`c mcstkaos ga pgrtklc lo fcdkor`c: o` Do`k y Xg`lc, ags gutc-rklglos sc` gòs g XCLONCR5 o Rg`tg Bruz,Bcbmgdgndg, Ag Xgz y \grkjg, iuorc` pcstuaglcs pcr gfrupgbkcòs bkulglg`gs c pgrtklcs acbgaos.Ag ngycrîg lo acs proiobtcs so gakògrc` lotrçslo ag long`lg lo gutc`cnîg lopgrtgno`tga y g`to

ag gprcdgbkò` lo u`g Bc`stktubkò` bc`trgrkg g susk`torosos gù`bkgrc` ‑losgbgtc„, gsî bcnc gno`g-zgrc` bc` ‑loscdolko`bkg bkvka„ sk so knpaono`tgdgu` lobrotc prosklo`bkga y u`g aoy quo rolubo susk`froscs pcr knpuostcs, o` u`g gbbkò` lo prctostgquo `c lopo`lkò lo ags lobkskcòs lo acs pgrtklcs

lo cpcskbkò` o` oa pgragno`tc `k o` ag GsgndaogBc`stktuyo`to.

Osto lgtc rosuatg knpcrtg`to pcrquo pcò oòvklo`bkg ag lodkaklgl loa skstong lo pgrtklcs pgrg prcbosgr acs bc`kbtcs o` ags lkvorsgs gro`gs

pcaîtkbgs puostc quo `c oxksto u`g bcrroagbkò` os-trobmg o`tro ag cpcskbkò` rofkc`ga (lc`lo gbtúg` acs proiobtcs y crfg`kzgbkcòs bîvkbgs) y ag cpcskbkò` pgragno`tgrkg. Ctrc mobmc roaovg`to lo ag oaobbkò`lo acs proiobtcs os ag lksnkùbkò` lo acs roburscslo pclor loa prosklo`to lo ag Topúdakbg quo, oòa pgsglc, loskf`gdg osgs gutcrklglos lo ngòrglkrobtg bc` ags vo`tgjgs cdvkgs lo u` ngòjc bo`-trgakzglc lo ag fostkò` fudor`gno`tga.

O` sung, oa iu`bkc`gnko`tc loa skstong lo pgr-tklcs proso`tg uovcs rgsfcs y losgiîcs lodklc g agoxksto`bkg lo osbo`grkcs pcaîtkbcs o k`stktubkc`gaos pgrgaoacs ga pgragno`tc quo lodkaktg` su bgpgbklgl pgrg ngòjgr lo ngòrg bcmoskc`glg oa prcbosc pcaîtkbc. Oa rosuatglc os u`g bcnpaojkzgbkò` loags k`torgbbkcòs o`tro acs gbtcros pcaîtkbcs quo soroiuorzg bc` oa tkpc lo vî`buac o`tro ags iuorzgs pgrtklkstgs y acs gbtcros scbkgaos quo, o` u`g suortolo roprclubbkò` lo buaturg pcaîtkbg trglkbkc`ga,gbtúg` lo ngòrg lkrobtg lospaofg`lc gbbkcòsy lo`ko`lc notgs ga ngrfo` c o` bc`trg lo ag

pcaîtkbg k`stktubkc`ga. O` osto buglrc lo roagbkcòsrosgatg oa ostkac lo gbbkò` loa pgrtklc lo fcdkor`c pcr su bgrçbtor lo iuorzg lcnk`g`to o` acs lkstk`-tcs osbo`grkcs y pcrquo su bc`lubtg k`bklo o` oabcnpcrtgnko`tc lo ags iuorzgs lo cpcskbkò` y oàgs roagbkcòs o`tro sus lkvorsgs oxproskcòs.

Tgsfcs y rutgs loa NGR

Xgrg ovgaugr oa iu`bkc`gnko`tc loa gbtuga skstonglo pgrtklcs os probksc rogakzgr u`g bgrgbtorkzgbkò`

loa NGR, lo su trgyobtcrkg y su ostkac lo gbbkò` pcaîtkbg. Iu`lglc dgjc oa scstë` lo acs sk`lkbgtcsbcbgaorcs, oa NGR krrunpkò o` ag gro`g pgrag-no`tgrkg o` 7;;6 bc` bugtrc buruaos o` ag bçngrglo Lkputglcs. Ro bc`vkrtkò o` ag sofu`lg iuorzgoaobtcrga o` acs bcnkbkcs lo 4884 y o` oa prk`bk-

72. O` ag gprcdgbkò` ‑o` lotgaao„ so lojò o` suspo`sc oa toxtc lo u` grtîbuac roiorklc g ag oxto`skò` lo ag prcpkolgl gfrgrkgquo lodo roscavorso nolkg`to u` roiorë`lun ‑lkrknklcr„. _`g voz rogakzglg ostg bc`suatg, ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`tolodo prcbolor g bcnpaotgr oa toxtc bc`stktubkc`ga lo`ktkvc pgrg prcbolor g ag bc`vcbgtcrkg lo u` roiorë`lun ‑lo sg -aklg„, os lobkr, pgrg su gprcdgbkò` c robmgzc pcr pgrto lo ag bkulglg`îg. Ostg sktugbkò` gdrkò ag pcskdkaklgl lo rogakzgr

o`nko`lgs ga ùovc toxtc bc`stktubkc`ga (dgjc u`g klog fo`ërkbg lo ‑bcnpgtkdkakzgbkò`„ loa toxtc bc`stktubkc`ga y acsostgtutcs gutc`ònkbcs) g pgrtkr loa lkçacfc k`kbkglc o` oòrc lo 488= o`tro oa prosklo`to lo ag Topúdakbg y acs proiobtcs,gbuorlc quo lodorç k`baukr g ag cpcskbkò` pgragno`tgrkg pgrg gsofurgr su vkgdkaklgl.



“27“


pga pgrtklc lo cpcskbkò` lurg`to oa fcdkor`c loRç`bmoz lo Aczglg mgstg acfrgr ag vkbtcrkg bc`ngycrîg gdscautg o` ags oaobbkcòs foòrgaos lolkbkondro lo 488?. Ru bc`vorskò` o` ag prk`bkpgaiuorzg pcaîtkbg loa pgîs so oxpakbg `c scagno`to

pcr su kndrkbgbkò` bc` lkvorscs ncvknko`tcsscbkgaos y sk`lkbgtcs sk`c pcrquo lospaofò u`g pcaîtkbg nclorglg o` lkvorsgs bcyu`turgs brîtkbgs5 pcr ojonpac, o` cbgskò` lo ag roù`bkg prosklo`-bkga lo Rç`bmoz lo Aczglg, gpcyg`lc ag suboskò`bc`stktubkc`ga o` cbtudro lo 48825 tgndkë` o` agrogakzgbkò` lo u` roiorë`lun scdro mklrcbgrdurcso` 488<, glcptg`lc u`g pcskbkò` aofgakstg rospobtcg ag gbkc`gakzgbkò`5 y, `gano`to, prcpkbkg`lc u`gbuorlc pgrtklkstg o` ju`kc lo 488? pgrg bg`gakzgrk`stktubkc`gano`to ags long`lgs scbkgaos, nolkg`toag gsgndaog bc`stktuyo`to y oa roiorë`lun scdrogutc`cnîgs, y pgrg roscavor ag brksks pcaîtkbg bcòa gloag`tgnko`tc lo oaobbkcòs foòrgaos. Ostg pcsturg bo`trkstg ao pornktkò bc`tgr bc` oa pcsto-rkcr gpcyc loa vctc urdg`c y gabg`zgr ag ngycrîggdscautg o` acs bcnkbkcs lo oso g÷c.

Ctrc igbtcr quo igvcrobkò oa brobknko`tc pcaî-tkbc oaobtcrga loa NGR tkoò quo vor bc` bkortgsnclkbgbkcòs k`stktubkc`gaos roiorklgs ga çndktcnu`kbkpga y ag k`bauskò` lo lkputglcs u`k`cnk`g-

aos. O` prknor aufgr, bc` ag knpaono`tgbkò` lo agAoy lo Xgrtkbkpgbkò` Xcpuagr o` 7;;? so ostgdao-bkò ag bcìcrngbkò` lo fcdkor`cs nu`kbkpgaoso` tclc oa torrktcrkc `gbkc`ga, mobmc quo o` oa pgsglc so bkrbu`sbrkdîg g ags bkulglos y puodacsk`tornolkcs. Ags oaobbkcòs nu`kbkpgaos lo 7;;?,scdro tclc o` ags zc`gs rurgaos, ncstrò ag proso`-bkg lo bg`lklgtcs bgnposk`cs o k`lîfo`gs gu`quoo` gakg`zg bc` pgrtklcs lo kzqukorlg trglkbkc`ga, puostc quo ag brogbkò` lo u` ‑k`struno tc pcaîtkbc„ prcpkc prcpuf`glc pcr oa sk`lkbgaksnc bgnposk`c

suirîg nubmcs trcpkozcs. O` osg cbgskò`, gafu`gscrfg`kzgbkcòs bgnposk`gs, gakglgs bc` oa XgrtklcBcnu`kstg, cdtuvkorc` ag vkbtcrkg o` vgrkcs nu`kbkpkcs udkbglcs o` ag zc`g lo prclubbkò` lo mcjg lobcbg. O` 7;;;, so prclujc ag prknorg pgrtkbkpgbkò`loa NGR bc` skfag prcpkg cdto`ko`lc oa 2,2% loag vctgbkò` `gbkc`ga o` acs bcnkbkcs nu`kbkpgaos,gu`quo su gpcyc oaobtcrga so bc`bo`trò o` oa lopgrtgno`tc lo Bcbmgdgndg.

O` oa î`tork` so prclujorc` ags oaobbkcòs fo-òrgaos lo 7;;6 bc` ag `cvolgl lo ag k`bauskò` lolkputgbkcòs u`k`cnk`gaos (norbol g u`g roicrngbc`stktubkc`ga gprcdglg o` 7;;?) quo pornktkò ag

prknorg k`burskò` lo lkrkfo`tos lo bgnposk`cs bc-bgaorcs o` oa pgragno`tc. Dgjc ag skfag lo Kzqukorlg_`klg, iro`to quo cdtuvc oa 2,6% lo ag vctgbkò``gbkc`ga, oa sk`lkbgaksnc bgnposk`c cdtuvc bugtrclkputgbkcòs u`k`cnk`gaos, lostgbç`lcso oa 68,2%

lo vctcs cdto`klcs pcr Ovc Ncrgaos, ag ngycrvctgbkò` cdto`klg pcr u` bg`lklgtc g lkputglc. Agngrbmg gsbo`lo`to loa NGR lkc u` sgatc o` 4884bc` ag cdto`bkò` loa sofu`lc aufgr bc` 48,;% yag pcskdkaklgl lo quo Ovc Ncrgaos lksputo ag pro-sklo`bkg o` ag sofu`lg vuoatg bc`frosga, acfrg`lcag nktgl lo sus lkputglcs o` bkrbu`sbrkpbkcòsu`k`cnk`gaos. Bc` ag brksks pcaîtkbg bcnc toaò`lo ic`lc, ags oaobbkcòs nu`kbkpgaos lo 488< bc`-vkrtkorc` ga NGR o` ag prknorg iuorzg pcaîtkbg loa pgîs bc` 7=.<=% lo acs vctcs y bc` proso`bkg o` agngycrîg lo acs trosbko`tcs nu`kbkpkcs loa pgîs gu`-quo sk` vkbtcrkgs o` ags bgpktgaos lo Lopgrtgno`tc.Ostg sktugbkò` so rovkrtkò o` 488? bc` ag vkbtcrkgngskstg o` bk`bc lo acs ùovo Lopgrtgno`tcs bcù` gpcyc `ctgdao o` ags bkulglos quo ao pornktkòcdtoòr bgsk lcs torbkcs lo ags lkputgbkcòs u`k`c-nk`gaos o` lksputg. O` sung, acs ospgbkcs acbgaos ‒nu`kbkpkcs y bkrbu`sbrkpbkcòs u`k`cnk`gaos‒ sobc`vkrtkorc` o` çndktcs igvcrgdaos pgrg oa brobk-nko`tc oaobtcrga loa NGR lodklc g su kndrkbgbkò`

bc` acs sk`lkbgtcs bgnposk`cs y crfg`kzgbkcòsk`lîfo`gs o` ags zc`gs rurgaos.Oa NGR os u` pgrtklc gtîpkbc y u` rgsfc bo`-

trga lo su iu`bkc`gnko`tc bcnc iuorzg cpcsktcrgo` oa pgsglc y, gmcrg, bcnc pgrtklc lo fcdkor`cos su roagbkò` bc` acs ncvknko`tcs scbkgaos y acssk`lkbgtcs. Ostg roagbkò` glqukoro u`g bc``ctgbkò` pgrtkbuagr sk so bc`sklorg quo ags crfg`kzgbkcòsscbkgaos tkoò` u`g o`crno lo`sklgl crfg`kzgtkvg,bgpgbklgl lo ncvkakzgbkò` o k`bklo`bkg pcaîtkbg5u`g trglkbkò` lo agrfg lgtg porc quo glqukrkò ùo-

vcs drîcs o` acs úatkncs g÷cs bc` ag onorfo`bkgy icrtgaobknko`tc loa ncvknko`tc bgnposk`c ok`lîfo`g quo so bc`stktuyo o` ag prk`bkpga dgso logpcyc ga NGR.

Oa NGR `c so aknktg g robc`cbor oa prctgfc-`ksnc lo acs ncvknko`tcs scbkgaos ‒k`torpoaglcsbcnc gfo`tos loa bgndkc y bcnc roioro`tos losu agdcr fudor`gno`tga‒ sk`c quo so oàgzg longòrg crfç`kbg bc` ostgs crfg`kzgbkcòs. O` osgnolklg, oa NGR lkrkfo u`g suorto lo bcgakbkò` logbtcros scbkgaos y pcaîtkbcs quo so gfautk`g` dgjcoa aklorgzfc lo Ovc Ncrgaos, bc`vortklc o` oaigbtcr lo u`kbgbkò` skndòakbg y lo bc`lubbkò`



Ior`g`lc Ngycrfg

“24“

prçbtkbg7<. Xorc so trgtg lo u`g ‑bcgakbkò` kòstgdao„bcìcrnglg pcr lkvorscs ncvknko`tcs scbkgaos quosc` dgso lo gpcyc crfç`kbc y porngò`to (bcncacs bgnposk`cs bcbgaorcs y nçs lo u`g lcbo`g losobtcros scbkgaos). \gndkë` pgrtkbkpg` ctrcs fru-

pcs scbkgaos quo sc` bkrbu`stg`bkgano`to gakglcsloa pgrtklc lo fcdkor`c, bcnc acs bccporgtkvkstgsnkòrcs y ags ju`tgs lo vobk`cs y, `gano`to,vgrkgs crfg`kzgbkcòs k`lîfo`gs ‒quo icrng` oalo`cnk`glc Xgbtc lo _`klgl7? ‒ quo gbtúg` gator -`gtkvgno`to bcnc gloptcs c frupcs lo proskò`,gafc quo gbc`tobkò pgrtkbuagrno`to o` ag GsgndaogBc`stktuyo`to.

Ostg vgrkolgl lo agzcs pcò o` ovklo`bkg oabgrçbtor lo ‑bcgakbkò` kòstgdao„ quo bgrgbtorkzg oagfrupgnko`tc lo ncvknko`tcs scbkgaos o` tcr`c ga pgrtklc lo fcdkor`c. O` ag nolklg quo ags long`lgslo u` gbtcr scbkga sc` bg`gakzglgs pcr oa NGR so prclubo u` vî`buac iuorto y su pgrtkbkpgbkò` o` agbcgakbkò` so tcr`g ostgdao. O` bgndkc, sk so crkfk`gu`g lksyu`bkò` o`tro long`lg y lobkskò` fudor`g-no`tga, oa agzc loa ncvknko`tc scbkga bc` oa NGRso lodkaktg ‒c rcnpo ncno`tçògno`to‒ y bc` oaacsu proso`bkg o` ag bcgakbkò`. Rk dko` oa NGR cporgbcnc pkvcto lo ostg bcgakbkò`, su roagbkò` bc` agscrfg`kzgbkcòs scbkgaos `c roprclubo ags iòrnuags

bc`vo`bkc`gaos lo bccptgbkò` fudor`gno`tga,gu`quo bkortcs sofno`tcs ‒bcnc acs bgnposk`csbcbgaorcs‒ sc` ncvkakzglcs pgrg sobu`lgr ags gb-bkcòs fudor`gno`tgaos. O` ctrgs bkrbu`stg`bkgs,oa lksbursc ngskstg k`sksto o` ag gutc`cnîg lo acsncvknko`tcs scbkgaos o, k`bausc, lg so÷gaos lo bkortg

sudcrlk`gbkò` bug`lc bc`suatg sus lobkskcòs o`gsgndaogs sk`lkbgaos c o` gbtcs púdakbcs crfg`k-zglcs bcnc soskcòs lo ovgaugbkò` lo ag fostkò`fudor`gno`tga g ag usg`zg loa kìcrno prosklo`bkgaquo so proso`tg gùgano`to ga pgragno`tc.

Gafc sknkagr puolo so÷gagrso rospobtc g agcpcskbkò`, bc` ag lkioro`bkg quo o` osto bgnpc`c oxksto `k`fú` gbtcr quo juofuo u` rca lo gr-tkbuagbkò` lo ags lkstk`tgs iuorzgs. XCLONCR,_@ y N@T sc` sus oxproskcòs pcaîtkbgs o` oa pgragno`tc ‒y o` ag Gsgndaog Bc stktuyo`to‒ porcgbtúg` lo ngòrg lkvorfo`to, nçs gú` prolcnk`gu`g scrlg bcnpoto`bkg o`tro XCLONCR y _@,buycs joios sc` pcto`bkgaos rkvgaos lo Ovc Ncrgaoso` oa iuturc79. Oa gbbkc`gr cpcsktcr `c so bkrbu`s-brkdo g acs ospgbkcs pcaîtkbcs pcrquo oa ncvknko`tcbîvkbc rofkc`ga os u` gbtcr scbkga bc` bgpgbklgl pgrg kùkr o` ags lobkskcòs fudor`gno`tgaos yo` oa lobursc loa prcbosc bc`stktuyo`to nolkg`togbbkcòs lo mobmc (pgrcs bîvkbcs) quo `c sc` bc-crlk`glgs bc` acs pgrtklcs lo cpcskbkò`. G ostc sosung ag proso`bkg lo gafu`cs proiobtcs cpcsktcrosquo so oìro`tg` ga fcdkor`c lo ngòrg k`lkvklugac bcaofkglg, lopo`lko`lc lo acs tongs o` juofcy o` gakg`zgs vgrkgdaos bc` acs bcnktës bîvkbcs losus rofkcòs. Osto bc`ju`tc lo gbtcros `c gbtúg

lo ngòrg bck`bklo`to sk`c lo nclc opksòlkbc y,foòrgano`to, lo ngòrg rogbtkvg g ags k`kbkgtkvgsfudor`gno`tgaos. Rk` ondgrfc, mgbkg ikòs lo4886, ag cpcskbkò` pgragno`tgrkg y bîvkbc‒rofkc`gabck`bklkorc` o` tcr`c g ag knpuf`gbkò` loa ùovctoxtc bc`stktubkc`ga g pgrtkr lo osfrknkr u` lksbursc

7<. @gbklc o` u`g bcnu`klgl gyngrg o` oa lopgrtgno`tc lo Crurc y onkfrglc g ag zc`g lo prclubbkò` lo mcjg lo bcbgg prk`bkpkcs lo ag lëbglg lo acs cbmo`tg, Ovc Ncrgaos os oa joio loa NGR loslo su iu`lgbkò` o` 7;;;. O` ju`kc lo4884 iuo oaofklc pgragno`tgrkc bc` oa ngycr pcrbo`tgjo lo vctcs cdto`klcs pcr u` lkputglc u`k`cnk`ga y gabg`zò oasofu`lc aufgr bcnc bg`lklgtc prosklo`bkga. Ru k`burskò` o` ag gro`g pgragno`tgrkg so prclujc o` 7;;6, sko`lc oaofklclkputglc u`k`cnk`ga bcnc pgrto lo ag dg`bglg loa iro`to Kzqukorlg _`klg, skfag quo iuo utkakzglg pcr acs sk`lkbgtcs lo

prclubtcros lo mcjg lo bcbg pgrg k`burskc`gr o` ag osbo`g pcaîtkbg y cdtoòr bugtrc buruaos. Os oa prk`bkpga lkrkfo`to loags iolorgbkcòs sk`lkbgaos lo bgnposk`cs prclubtcros lo mcjg lo bcbg lo ag rofkò` trcpkbga lo Bcbmgdgndg, k`kbkg`lcsu bgrrorg sk`lkbga bcnc sobrotgrkc lo lopcrtos o` 7;=7 mgstg gsunkr oa bgrfc lo sobrotgrkc ojobutkvc o` 7;==, sko`lcrooaobtc mgstg ag iobmg poso g acs lodgtos k`tor`cs rospobtc g su lcdao bc`lkbkò` lo lkrkfo`to sk`lkbga y joio pcaîtkbc, ygmcrg, prosklo`to lo ag Topúdakbg.

7?. Ro trgtg lo ag Gsgndaog @gbkc`ga lo Crfg`kzgbkcòs K`lîfo`gs, Crkfk`grkgs, Bgnposk`gs y lo Bcac`kzglcros lo Dcakvkgbcìcrnglg pcr Bcìolorgbkò` Rk`lkbga Ú`kbg lo \rgdgjglcros Bgnposk`cs lo Dcakvkg, Bc`sojc @gbkc`ga lo Gyaaus yNgregs loa Wcaagsuyc, Bcìolorgbkò` lo Xuodacs K`lîfo`gs lo Dcakvkg, Bcìolorgbkò` Rk`lkbga lo Bcac`kzglcros loDcakvkg, Iolorgbkò` lo Nujoros Bgnposk`gs lo Dcakvkg Dgrtcak`g Rksg, Bcìolorgbkò` lo Xuodacs Ët`kbcs lo Rg`tg Bruz,Bcìolorgbkò` lo Xuodacs Ncxo÷cs loa Do`k, Ncvknko`tc Rk` \korrg y Gsgndaog loa Xuodac Fugrg`î . Ygao ag po`grosgatgr quo ags iolorgbkcòs lo bgnposk`cs prclubtcros lo mcjg lo bcbg, prk`bkpga dgso sk`lkbga loa NGR, `c icrng` pgrto lo ostg suprgcrfg`kzgbkò` gu`quo vgrkcs nkaktg`tos ngskstgs gbtúg` bcnc lkrkfo`tos o` lkvorsgs o`tklglos.

79. Jcrfo Wukrcfg, joio lo XCLONCR, osfrkno u` lksbursc cpcsktcr bo`trglc o` ag brîtkbg g ags roagbkcòs o`tro Ovc Nc -rgaos y Mufc Bmçvoz y su buostkc`gnko tc g ag proso`bkg voòzcag`g bc`bodklg bcnc ‑k`joro`bkg o` gsu`tcs k`tor`cs„.

Rgnuoa Lcrkg Nolk`g, aîlor lo _@, bc`skfukò u` gsko`tc o` ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to y iuo u`c lo acs knpuascros loag bc`bortgbkò` o` su so`c. Ro trgtg lo ag glcpbkò` lo rutgs lkstk`tgs o` oa giç` lo aklorgr ag cpcskbkò`, gu`quo `k`fu`cbuo`tg bc` oa rospgalc loa ncvknko`tc bîvkbc rofkc`ga lo acs lopgrtgno`tcs quo long`lg` gutc`cnîg.



“22“


lo loio`sg loa ‑Ostglc lo Lorobmc„ quo ao pornktolksputgr oa so`tklc lo ag loncbrgbkg quo ostgdgiuortono`to grtkbuaglc ga lksbursc pgrtkbkpgbkc kstgo k`bauyo`to loa NGR.

Mgbkg u`g bgrgbtorkzgbkò` loa NGR

Oa NGR `c scagno`to gpgrobo bcnc u` gbtcrostrgtëfkbc lobkskvc sk`c, tgndkë`, bcnc ag iuorzg pcaîtkbg quo cbupg oa bo`trc lo ag gro`g lksburskvglc`lo so lkrkno` ags pcskbkcòs lo acs ncvknko`tcsscbkgaos y lo acs pgrtklcs lo cpcskbkò`. ³Lo lò`losurfo ostg bgpgbklgl pgrg crlo`gr oa ospgbkc lolksburskvklgl o k`bklkr o` oa prcbosc pcaîtkbc y oòa bursc loa prcbosc bc`stktuyo`to3

Ostg bgpgbklgl prcvkoò lo ag bcndk`gbkò` lolcs oaono`tcs quo crlo`g` ag prçbtkbg pcaîtkbg loaNGR (y prcdgdaono`to loa bc`ju`tc lo gbtcros pcaîtkbcs): k`bortklundro ostrgtëfkbg y oxkdkaklgltçbtkbg. O` oa prknor bgsc, so trgtg lo ag guso`bkglo u` prcyobtc pcaîtkbc oagdcrglc lo ngòrg prcfrgnçtkbg bcnc ciortg oaobtcrga quo, auofc, sotrglubo o` gfo`lg fudor`gno`tga. Oa grrkdc lo OvcNcrgaos g ag prosklo`bkg lo ag Topúdakbg iuo tg`scrproskvc bcnc su vkbtcrkg pcr ngycrîg gdscautg yag bc`vorskò` loa NGR o` ag ú`kbg iuorzg pcaîtkbg

bc` proso`bkg `gbkc`ga y grrgkfc pcpuagr. Lo ostgngòrg, oa NGR lkspcò lo u` gnpakc ngrfo` looxkdkaklgl tçbtkbg y su prcyobtc pcaîtkbc so vgloakòg`lc o` oa trg`sbursc lo ag fostkò` fudor-`gno`tga o` iu`bkò` lo ags bc`lkbkcòs pcaîtkbgs.Osto rgsfc, pcr ojonpac, so ng`kiostò o` oa bgrkzquo glcptò ag `gbkc`gakzgbkò` lo acs mklrcbgrdu-rcs ‒sk` bc`sbgbkò` `k oxprcpkgbkò`‒ c o` oalospagzgnko`tc lo ag prcpuostg lo k`torbuaturgak-lgl mgbkg oa paurgaksnc `gbkc`ga o` ag GsgndaogBc`stktuyo`to.76

Gsî, oa ostkac lo gbbkò` pcaîtkbg quo bgrgbtorkzgga NGR ‒o` pgrtkbuagr g Ovc Ncrgaos‒ os ag bcndk`gbkò` lo rotòrkbg rglkbga bc` lobkskcòs nclorg-lgs. Oa lksbursc ngskstg crlo`g y lcnk`g oa ospgbkc pcaîtkbc pcrquo oa ngòjc lo u`g rotòrkbg rglkbgaovktg ag pcskdkaklgl lo ag où`bkgbkò` lo brîtkbgsloslo ag kzqukorlg c loa k`lkfo`ksnc oxbauyo`to

‒pgrg no`bkc`gr u` oxtronc‒ y ags lobkskcòsnclorglgs losdgrgtg` acs buostkc`gnko`tcs loag lorobmg c oa òcakdorgaksnc ‒pgrg bktgr oa ctrcoxtronc‒. Os lobkr, oa NGR tornk`g cbupg`lc oa‑bo`trc„ gu`quo, bc` oa trg`sbursc loa tkonpc su

rglkbgaksnc lksburskvc gakno`tò ag pcagrkzgbkò` pcaîtkbg brog`lc bc`lkbkcòs losigvcrgdaos pgrg agbc`bortgbkò` o` tcr`c g ags nolklgs fudor`gno`-tgaos y g su prcpuostg lo roicrng bc`stktubkc`ga.Oa rosuatglc lo osto bcnpcrtgnko`tc tuvc bc`so-buo`bkgs o` ag bgaklgl lo ag loncbrgbkg.

2. BGAKLGL LO AG LONCBTGBKG

Xgrg ovgaugr ag bgaklgl lo ag loncbrgbkg bc`sklo-rgncs lcs gspobtcs. Xcr u` aglc, ag obgbkg loavctc bkulglg`c y sus bc`sobuo`bkgs o` ags pgutgslo aofktknklgl pcaîtkbg y o` oa prcbosc lobkskc`ga.Xcr ctrc, ag lk`çnkbg pgrtklkstg o` ag gro`g pgrag-no`tgrkg y o` oa prcbosc bc`stktuyo`to quo ubtúgo`tro oa losgbuorlc roktorglc y ag bc`bortgbkò`bkrbu`stg`bkga, o`tro ag pcagrkzgbkò` klocaòfkbg yoa bçabuac k`struno`tga.

G posgr lo ag brksks pcaîtkbg vkvklg o`tro 4882y 488?, c bcnc bc`sobuo`bkg lo oaag, oa bcnpcrtg-nko`tc oaobtcrga lo ag scbkolgl dcakvkg`g os scdro-

sgako`to sk bc`sklorgncs quo ag bc`burro`bkg g agsur`gs iuo suporkcr ga cbmo`tg pcr bko`tc loa pglròòaobtcrga tg`tc o` acs bcnkbkcs foòrgaos lo 488?bcnc o` ag oaobbkò` lo bc`stktuyo`tos, g nolkglcslo 4889. Glkbkc`gano`to, oa vctc bkulglg`c so mggnpakglc g ag oaobbkò` lo proiobtcs y g ag bcìcr-ngbkò` lo ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to, bc`vcbglg pcr prknorg voz pgrg o`bgrgr u`g roicrng tctga loag Bc`stktubkò` Xcaîtkbg loa Ostglc.

Xcr su pgrto, ag bc`bo`trgbkò` lo ag ngycrîglo vctcs o` u` bg`lklgtc iuo u`g ng`kiostgbkò`

loa robmgzc g ag oaobbkò` prosklo`bkga nolkg`togbuorlcs pgragno`tgrkcs y ag bcìcrngbkò` lobcgakbkcòs lo fcdkor`c. Ga ovktgrso ag nolkg-bkò` bc`frosga so gpcstò ga icrtgaobknko`tc loag aofktknklgl lo ag furg prosklo`bkga g trgvëslo ag oaobbkò` lkrobtg buostkc`g`lc ag aòfkbg lo pgbtcs pgrtklkstgs quo mgdîg lorkvglc o` buctoc lo

76. Lurg`to ag bgnpg÷g, oa NGR proso`tò u`g prcpuostg lo ‑Topúdakbg loncbrçtkbg, scdorg`g o k`torbuaturga„ bc` gutc`cnîgsk`lîfo`gs (NGR 4889), sk` ondgrfc, o` oa trg`sbursc loa lodgto bc`stktuyo`to tornk`ò glcptg`lc ag prcpuostg ‑Ostglc_`ktgrkc Xaurk`gbkc`ga Bcnu`ktgrkc y ag gutclotornk`gbkò` lo `gbkcòs crkfk`grkgs, puodacs k`lîfo`gs y bgnposk`cs„

(NGR 4886) quo crkfk`gano`to iuo proso`tglg pcr u` bc`ju`tc lo crfg`kzgbkcòs sk`lkbgaos bgnposk`gs o k`lîfo`gsquo gbtúg` o` bc`sc`g`bkg bc` oa pgrtklc lo fcdkor`c. Ostg prcpuostg skrvkò lo dgso pgrg ag gprcdgbkò` loa ùovc toxtcbc`stktubkc ga o` lkbkondro lo 4886.



Ior`g`lc Ngycrfg

“2<“

ospgbkcs lo pclor y ropgrtc lo k`bo`tkvcs soaob-tkvcs o`tro acs scbkcs lo ags lkstk`tgs bcgakbkcòs._`g bc`sobuo`bkg lo osto rosuatglc oaobtcrga osag gboptgbkò` foòrgakzglg lo ag oaknk`gbkò` loa‑prosklo`bkgaksnc pgragno`tgrkzglc c mîdrklc„

susto`tglc o` oa gbtuga Grt. ;8 bc`stktubkc`ga quoostgdaobo ag rogakzgbkò` lo ag sofu`lg vuoatg no-lkg`to vctgbkò` bc`frosga sk `c mgy bg`lklgtc vo`-bolcr bc` ngycrîg gdscautg. Ag sofu`lg vuoatg oàgs ur`gs ‒o`tro ags lcs iòrnuags nçs vctglgs‒ iuou`g lo ags pcbgs roicrngs quo tuvc bc`so`sc o` oalodgto bc`stktuyo`to y so oàgzò bc` ag glcpbkò`lo ag rovcbgtcrkg loa ng`lgtc prosklo`bkga nolkg`-to paodksbktc o, k`bauskvo, bc` ag k`bcrpcrgbkò` loag rooaobbkò` prosklo`bkga k`nolkgtg o` oa ùovctoxtc bc`stktubkc`ga7=. O` sung, loslo mgbo u` pgr g÷cs, ag aofktknklgl pcaîtkbg ostç vk`buaglg gag obgbkg loa vctc bkulglg`c y, sobu`lgrkgno`to,g acs gbuorlcs pgrtklkstgs.

O` bug`tc ga prcbosc pcaîtkbc lobkskc`ga ro-sgatg` ags trg`sicrngbkcòs k`bcrpcrglgs o` agroicrng bc`stktubkc`ga lo 488< bc` ag k`bauskò`lo nobg`ksncs lo loncbrgbkg pgrtkbkpgtkvg bcncoa roiorë`lun, ag k`kbkgtkvg aofksagtkvg bkulglg`gy ag gsgndaog bc`stktuyo`to. Loslo o`tc`bos, oa prcbosc lobkscrkc yg `c so bkrbu`sbrkdo g ags ro-

agbkcòs o`tro acs pcloros ojobutkvc y aofksagtkvcy oa vctc bkulglg`c mg lo`klc ag crko`tgbkò` loags pcaîtkbgs ostgtgaos o` tongs brubkgaos bcnc acsmklrcbgrdurcs y ag losbo`trgakzgbkò` pcaîtkbg. Agslong`lgs scbkgaos, g`tos vomkbuaglgs nolkg`to ag prctostg bgaaojorg, so o`bguzgrc` mgbkg prcbolk-nko`tcs k`stktubkc`gaos quo gnpakgrc` ag pgrtkbk- pgbkò` bkulglg`g g trgvës loa vctc.

Nclc lo fcdkor`c

O` oa trg`sbursc lo lcs g÷cs lo fostkò` fudor`g-no`tga dgjc oa ng`lc lo Ovc Ncrgaos, ags roagbkcòso`tro cbkgaksnc y cpcskbkò` ostuvkorc` ngrbglgs pcr oa g`tgfc`ksnc, gu`quo so ostgdaobkorc` gafu cs

gbuorlcs bkrbu`stg`bkgaos. _` mobmc lobkskvc so prclujc ga k`kbkc loa sofu`lc g÷c lo fostkò pcrquo,o` oòrc lo 4886, ag bçngrg lo Ro`glcros pgsò gabc`trca lo ag cpcskbkò` crkfk`g`lc u`g k`ëlktg furglo ‑fcdkor`c lkvklklc„. \gndkë` so oxgbordgrc`

ags lkvorfo`bkgs o`tro oa fcdkor`c bo`trga y ag ng-ycrîg lo acs proiobtcs pc`ko`lc lo ng`kostc u`gsktugbkò` lo lkvkskò` vortkbga lo pcloros ‑lo igbtc„.Xgrgaoagno`to, oa osbo`grkc bc`stktuyo`to iuo uòspgbkc lo roprclubbkò` lo acs knpgssos pcaîtkbcsg posgr quo so rogakzgrc` osiuorzcs lo bc`bortgbkòò` tcr`c g ag bc`tkùklgl lo ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktu-yo`to y, o` ags úatkngs song`gs lo cbtudro lo 4886,rospobtc ga bc`to`klc lo ag roicrng bc`stktubkc`gao` u` osiuorzc quo bc`frofò g gsgndaoîstgs y pgragno tgrkcs lo acs prk`bkpgaos pgrtklcs porc quoirgbgsò lodklc g ags proskcòs bîvkbc-rofkc`gaosy ga gdg`lc`c lo ags òfcbkgbkcòs pcr pgrto loXCLONCR, ag prk`bkpga iuorzg lo cpcskbkò` o` oa pgragno tc y ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo to. Ostcs trososbo`grkcs bc`vorfkorc` lurg`to oa g÷c 4886 y subcoxksto`bkg sknuatçòg bcnpakbò ag gbtugbkò` loacs gbtcros pcaîtkbcs y probkpktò u`g sktugbkò` lobrksks pcaîtkbg buyc losoàgbo os k`bkortc.

Fcdkor`c lkvklklc

Oa fcdkor`c loa NGR k`kbkò su fostkò` o` oòrc lo4889 prosklko`lc ags lcs bçngrgs.7; O` ag bçngrglo Lkputglcs, oa NGR lkspcò lo ngycrîg gdsc-autg (64 lo 728 pgragno`tgrkcs), onporc, o` ag loRo`glcros, XCLONCR tkoò 72 buruaos y oa NGRbuo`tg bc` 74 roproso`tg`tos, sko`lc lobkskvcs acsvctcs lo N@T y _@, bglg u`c bc` 7 so`glcr. Ostgsktugbkò` so trglujc o` ag gator`g`bkg o`tro cbkg-aksnc y cpcskbkò` pgrg prosklkr oso òrfg`c puostcquo o` oa prknor g÷c lo fostkò` ag prosklo`bkg iuo

bolklg ga NGR pcr oa posc lo su vkbtcrkg oaobtcrga.O` bgndkc, loslo oòrc lo 4886, ag prosklo`bkg pgsò g ng`cs lo _@ bc` oa gpcyc lo XCLONCR prcvcbg`lc u`g furg lo ‑fcdkor`c lkvklklc„.

7=. Oa tong lo ag rooaobbkò` prosklo`bkga iuo u` oaono`tc bo`trga o` ags ostrgtofkgs pgrtklkstgs gu`quo `c aaofò g sor nctkvclo òfcbkgbkò` o` acs k`to`tcs lo bc`bkakgr pcskbkcòs o` ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to. Oa NGR pag`togdg u`g furg lorooaobbkò` k`nolkgtg o k`lo`klg, nko`trgs quo ag gbtuga bc`stktubkò` ostgdaobo ag rooaobbkò` pcr u`g scag voz y lospuëslo u` porîclc bc`stktubkc`ga. Ag cpcskbkò` bc`bodîg ag prcpuostg ngskstg bcnc u`g rëpakbg lo ag roicrng bc`stktubkc`gaknpuasglg pcr Bmçvoz o` Yoòzuoag y oxproskò` lo acs gigòs ‑tctgaktgrkstgs„ lo Ovc Ncrgaos. Bgsugano`to, ag lorrctg loBmçvoz o` oa roiorë`lun scdro ag roicrng bc`stktubkc`ga, o` `cvkondro lo 4886, bck`bklkò bc` oa lodgto bc`stktuyo`to dcakvkg`c y ag prcpuostg lo rooaobbkò` k`lo`klg lo Ovc Ncrgaos iuo losobmglg pcr oa NGR.

7;. Ag bçngrg lo Ro`glcros ostç bcnpuostg pcr 46 aofksaglcros (2 so`glcros pcr bglg u`c lo acs ; lopgrtgno`tcs, u`c pcrngycrîg y oa rostg`to pcr nk`crîg) y ag bçngrg lo Lkputglcs pcr 728 roproso`tg`tos (68 lkputglcs oaobtcs o` bkrbu`s -brkpbkcòs u`k`cnk`gaos y 98 paurk`cnk`gaos, oaofklcs o` ùovo bkrbu`sbrkpbkcòs lopgrtgno`tgaos).



“2?“


Ostg bkrbu`stg`bkg crkfk`ò quo loslo oa Ro`glcag cpcskbkò` k`bklg scdro ags lobkskcòs fudor`g-no`tgaos, bcnc cburrkò bc` ag cdsorvgbkò` g bc`-trgtcs lo k`vorskò` o` ag nkòrîg y ag susbrkpbkò`lo ùovcs bc`trgtcs potrcaorcs, ag loncrg o` oa

trgtgnko`tc lo vgrkgs aoyos gprcdglgs pcr ag bç-ngrg lo Lkputglcs (o` roagbkò` g sgaul, vkvko`lg,aubmg g`tkbcrrupbkò`) c ag lobkskò` lo scakbktgr ga pclor Ojobutkvc quo icrnuao u`g prctostg bc`trgoa fcdkor`c voòzcag`c pcr ags roktorglgs lobagrg-bkcòs loa prosklo`to Mufc Bmçvoz scdro gsu`tcsk`tor`cs loa pgîs.

G`to ostg sktugbkò`, oa NGR cptò pcrquo oaYkboprosklo`to gsung ag prosklo`bkg lo oso òrfg`c ‒gafc quo o` oa pgsglc org u` mobmc oxbopbkc`ga‒ pgrg lkrkfkr ags soskcòs y bc`trcagr ag gfo`lg lolodgto. C dko`, quo oa prosklo`to lo ag Topúdakbgglvkortg bc` ag onkskò` lo lobrotcs prosklo`bkg-aos sk oa Ro`glc `c gpruodg sus k`kbkgtkvgs. G agsgno`gzgs lo gbulkr ga oxpolko`to loa lobrotc o`bgsc lo rotrgsc o` oa trgtgnko`tc y gprcdgbkò` logafu`gs aoyos so sunò ag glvorto`bkg lo quo acsnk`kstrcs `c bcnpgroborîg` g ags k`torpoagbkcòsbc`vcbglgs pcr acs so`glcros. \gndkë` so prclujcag bc`vcbgtcrkg g ncvkakzgbkcòs bgaaojorgs pgrg proskc`gr ga Ro`glc.

Ostgs lksputgs o`tro oa pclor Ojobutkvc y oaRo`glc so gfulkzgrc` bc` ag gporturg lo ctrciro`to lo bc`kbtc bug`lc, g òs lo cbtudrolo 4886, oa fcdkor`c prcncvkò ag gprcdgbkò` lou`g aoy quo ostgdaobo u` robcrto lo roburscs gags proiobturgs pgrg lostk`gracs ga pgfc lo u`gro`tg no`suga g porsc`gs lo ag torborg olgl. Ostg`crng iuo gprcdglg pcr ag bçngrg lo Lkputglcsy nclkbglg pcr oa Ro`glc, porc su trgtgnko`tclo`ktkvc o` soskò` lo bc`frosc buank`ò bc` aggprcdgbkò` loa prcyobtc loa pclor Ojobutkvc dgjc

ag proskò` lo sobtcros scbkgaos ncvkakzglcs pcr oa pgrtklc lo fcdkor`c.

Osto osquong lo ‑fcdkor`c lkvklklc„ tko`log roprclubkrso o` oa gbtuga porîclc aofksagtkvc puostc quo, g prk`bkpkcs lo 488=, ag prosklo`bkgloa Ro`glc pgsò g ng`cs lo XCLONCR, prk`bkpgaiuorzg cpcsktcrg.

Lkvkskò` vortkbga lo pcloros

Bcnc vkncs, acs rosuatglcs oaobtcrgaos lo lkbkondro lo 488? prclujorc` u` buglrc pcaîtkbc cvolc-sc y bc`kbtkvc pcrquo sk dko` Ovc Ncrgaos cdtuvc

ngycrîg gdscautg o` acs bcnkbkcs prosklo`bkgaos,o` ag oaobbkò` sknuatçòg lo proiobtcs o` soks loacs ùovo Lopgrtgno`tcs vo`bkorc` bg`lklgtcsgjo`cs c rkvgaos loa NGR k`bcrpcrg`lc `cvolcscslosgiîcs lo fcdor`gdkaklgl pgrg ag roagbkò` o`tro

fcdkor`c bo`trga y gafu`gs rofkcòs, scdro tclc o`gquoaags quo gpcstgrc` ga ‑sk„ o` ags gutc`cnîgslopgrtgno`tgaos: Rg`tg Bruz, Do`k, Xg`lc y \grkjg. O` Ag Xgz y Bcbmgdgndg, lkstrktcs lc`lo oaNGR cdtuvc ngycrîg gdscautg o` ags oaobbkcòs prosklo`bkgaos, acs proiobtcs vo`bkorc` g ag bgdozglo iuorzgs rofkc`gaos. Rk dko` gafu`cs proiobtcsrospc`lo` g u`g aîòg pgrtklkstg (lcs ga NGR ylcs g XCLONCR), bgsk tclcs gbtúg` lo ngòrgroagtkvgno`to k`lopo`lko`to rospobtc g acs pgrtk-lcs y prostg` ngycr gto`bkò` g ag proskò` lo acssobtcros scbkgaos lo sus rofkcòs.

Ostcs rosuatglcs mg` bcnpakbglc ags roagbkcòso`tro oa cbkgaksnc y ag cpcskbkò` pcrquo oxprosgù`g pgrbkga ‑lkvkskò` vortkbga lo pcloros„, u` rgsfck`ëlktc loa skstong pcaîtkbc dcakvkg`c. Osto bgrçbtor‑pgrbkga„ so oxprosg o` ag oaobbkò` lo proiobtcs skàg provkg brogbkò` lo fcdkor`cs sud`gbkc`gaos dgjcu` rëfkno` lo gutc`cnîgs lopgrtgno`tgaos, tongquo lodîg sor rosuoatc o` ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`-to. Rk` ondgrfc, o` oa ùovc toxtc bc`stktubkc`ga so

robc`cbo` ctrcs tros kvoaos lo gutc`cnîg torrktcrkga(nu`kbkpga, rofkc`ga o k`lîfo`g) bc` rg`fc sknkagrg ags gutc`cnîgs lopgrtgno`tgaos. G`to osto mobmc,ag cpcskbkò` rofkc`ga, o` acs bugtrc Lopgrtgno`tcso` acs quo vo`bkò oa ‑sk„ o` oa roiorë`lun, prcbolkòg gprcdgr sus prcpkgs `crngs (‑ostgtutcs gutc`ò-nkbcs„) quo bc`trglkbo` ag prcpuostg cbkgakstg loBc`stktubkò`, foòrç`lcso u` buglrc lo nutugsgbusgbkcòs lo kaofgaklgl o kaofktknklgl quo loson- dcbgrc` o` u`g brksks pcaîtkbg, buycs g`tobolo`tossc` losbrktcs g bc`tkùgbkò`.

Ag cpcskbkò` rofkc`ga

G òs lo `cvkondro lo 4889 so bcìcrnò u`gJu`tg Gutc`ònkbg bcnpuostg pcr proiobtcs ylkrkfo`tos bîvkbcs lo acs bugtrc Lopgrtgno`tcsquo gpcstgrc` ga ‑sk„ o` oa roiorë`lun ‒bc` oabc`bursc glkbkc`ga loa proiobtc lo Bcbmgdgndg‒ ylospaofgrc` u`g sorko lo gbbkcòs lo prctostg bcòa cdjotkvc lo oxkfkr g ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`tooa rospotc g acs rosuatglcs lo ag bc`suatg pcpuagr yglvkrtko`lc bc` losgbgtc sk oa ùovc toxtc bc`stk-tubkc`ga `c k`bauîg u` rëfkno` scdro gutc`cnîgs



Ior`g`lc Ngycrfg

“29“

lopgrtgno`tgaos lo gbuorlc g sus oxpobtgtkvgs. Agoxgbordgbkò` lo ostgs lkioro`bkgs prcvcbò, o` oòrclo 4886, frgvos bc`kbtcs o` ag bgpktga loa Lopgr -tgno`tc lo Bcbmgdgndg bc` oìro`tgnko`tcs o`tronkaos lo porsc`gs ‒lo acs sobtcros nolkcs urdg`cs

y lo bgnposk`cs prclubtcros lo mcjg lo bcbg‒ bcù` sgalc lo tros nuortcs y bo`to`gs lo morklcs,lo`ctg`lc ag onorfo`bkg lo ùovcs oaono`tcs oàg bc`kbtkvklgl pcaîtkbg, tgaos bcnc oa oìro`tg-nko`tc iîskbc o`tro bkvkaos y ag oxgbordgbkò` lo agslkioro`bkgs klo`tktgrkgs.48 Xcstorkcrno`to, g rgîz loag puf`g o`tro oa pclor Ojobutkvc y oa Ro`glc o`tcr`c g u` k`to`tc lo o`jukbkgnko`tc g acs nkondrcsloa \rkdu`ga Bc`stktubkc`ga oa lksbursc cpcsktcro`grdcaò ag bc`skf`g lo loio`sg loa ‑ostglc lolorobmc„ y osto dacquo pgsò g lo`cnk`grso Ju`tgLoncbrçtkbg pgrg lksputgr ga NGR oa so`tklc loag loncbrgbkg, mgstg o`tc`bos gscbkglc g ag ‑ro-vcaubkò` loncbrçtkbg y buaturga„ prcncvklg pcroa pgrtklc lo fcdkor`c.

O` osto dacquo cpcsktcr rosgatg oa pgpoa loacs bcnktës bîvkbcs quo oxprosg` u`g nclgaklglcrfg`kzgtkvg quo bc`frofg k`stktubkcòs rofkc`g-aos ‒bc` ngycr proso`bkg lo o`tklglos urdg`gs ysobtcros nolkcs, bcnc acs fronkcs onprosgrkgaosy prcioskc`gaos‒ y vomkbuag ags long`lgs lopgrtg-

no`tgaos ga fcdkor`c bo`trga5 o` gafu`cs lopgrtg-no`tcs ‒bcnc Rg`tg Bruz‒ os ag o`tklgl lo ngycrbgpgbklgl lo bc`vcbgtcrkg y iuo ag prcnctcrg loaroiorë`lun scdro gutc`cnîgs lopgrtgno`tgaos.

Nçs gloag`to, ostg ju`tg so prcpusc bcìcrngru` Bc`sojc @gbkc`ga Loncbrçtkbc dgjc oa ng`lclo u` òrfg`c bcaofkglc bc`stktuklc pcr proiobtcsy prosklo`tos lo bcnktës bîvkbcs y bc` ag pgrtkbk- pgbkò` lo ctrgs crfg`kzgbkcòs scbkgaos. Lo ostgngòrg, lo ngòrg suboskvg, oa gdg`kbc lo tongsgdcrlglcs pcr osto ncvknko`tc cpcsktcr so iuo

gnpakg`lc: ag long`lg lo gutc`cnîg so onpgro`tòg ag loio`sg lo ag iòrnuag lo vctgbkò` o` ag Gsgn- daog Bc`stktuyo`to, auofc ga buostkc`gnko`tc g acsgigòs ‑tctgaktgrkstgs„ loa fcdkor`c y g ag loio`sgloa ‑Ostglc lo Lorobmc„ y , `gano`to, lodklc gagiç` fudor`gno`tga lo rolubkr acs k`froscs lo acsknpuostcs potrcaorcs lostk`glcs g ags rofkcòs, g ag‑loio`sg lo ag scdorg`îg, ag u`klgl, ag ostgdkaklgl

obc`ònkbg y ag loncbrgbkg„, o` gauskò` g lkvorscstòpkbcs, k`bauklg ag brîtkbg g ag ‑k`joro`bkg„ loafcdkor`c lo Yoòzuoag.

Ostg puf`g c ‑lkvkskò` vortkbga lo pcloros„o`tro proiobtcs cpcsktcros y oa prosklo`to lo ag

Topúdakbg oxprosg, puos, u`g torrktcrkgakzgbkò` loabc`kbtc pcaîtkbc quo so trglubo o` u`g bcìrc`tg-bkò` rofkc`ga o`tro Lopgrtgno`tcs quo rospgalg`ga NGR y acs quo sc` rkvgaos lo Ovc Ncrgaos.O` bkortg nolklg, ag quoroaag pcr ag lkstrkdubkò`lo acs roburscs prcvo`ko`tos lo acs knpuostcs pcrmklrcbgrdurcs rospc`lkò g ag lobkskò` loa pgrtklclo fcdkor`c pgrg no`fugr oa pclor lo acs proiobtcslo ags rofkcòs cpcsktcrgs pc`ko`lc o` ovklo`bkgags provkskcòs cbkgakstgs g`to u` iuturc osquongk`stktubkc`ga lo ‑lkvkskò` vortkbga lo pcloros„quo ctcrfuo ngycr pctostgl g acs fcdkor`cs lopgrtgno`tgaos. Rk` ondgrfc, ostg lobkskò` y aggprcdgbkò` cbkgakstg lo ag ùovg Bc`stktubkò`, o`lkbkondro lo 4886, prcvcbgrc` frgvos prctostgs ro-fkc`gaos y g`to ostg sktugbkò` Ovc Ncrgaos pag`toòag bc`vcbgtcrkg g u` roiorë`lun scdro rovcbgtcrkglo ng`lgtc loa prosklo`to lo ag Topúdakbg y loacs proiobtcs, poso g quo ostg k`stktubkò` `c ostçrobc`cbklg o` ag gbtuga Bc`stktubkò` Xcaîtkbg loaOstglc. O` ctrgs pgagdrgs, oa NGR proto`lo trgsag-

lgr g ags ur`gs ag lksputg o`tro oa pclor Ojobutkvcy ags gutcrklglos lopgrtgno`tgaos o` u` k`to`tc loborrgr u` iro`to lo bc`kbtc. [ ac mkzc lo ngòrg pgrgaoag g ag gprcdgbkò` lo su prcpuostg lo ùovctoxtc bc`stktubkc`ga o` ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to,bcnc g`gakzgncs g bc`tkùgbkò`.

Ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to o` su agdork`tc

Ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to so bc`vkrtkò o` ctrcosbo`grkc lo ng`kiostgbkò` lo ag pcagrkzgbkò`

pcaîtkbg, gu`quo bc` u`g proskò` glkbkc`ga prc-vo`ko`to lo ag gbbkò` lo ncvknko`tcs scbkgaos lolkvorsg î`lcao quo k`bklkorc` o` ags lobkskcòslo acs pgrtklcs. Gsî gbc`tobo bc` oa ncvknko`tcbgnposk`c o k`lîfo`g o` roagbkò` ga NGR y oancvknko`tc bîvkbc rofkc`ga rospobtc g ag cpcskbkò`5 proskcòs quo, gu`glgs g ag lodkaklgl loa skstonglo pgrtklcs, bc`lujorc` g u` vkrtuga irgbgsc lo ag

48. O`tro ags rgzcòs lo osto trçfkbc opksclkc so o`buo`trg ag ncvkakzgbkò` lo sk`lkbgtcs bgnposk`cs gòs ga fcdkor`c

scakbktg`lc ag roù`bkg loa proiobtc cpcsktcr y ag proto`skò` lo ostg gutcrklgl lo prcncvor ag bc`vcbgtcrkg g u` ùovcroiorë`lun gutc`ònkbc o` oa Lopgrtgno`tc lo Bcbmgdgndg, lc`lo oa ‑@c„ mgdîg vo`bklc lo ngòrg bc`tu`lo`to o` juakc lo 4889.



“26“


Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to bcnc prcbosc/osbo`grkclo ag roicrng ostgtga dgjc pgutgs lo bc`bortgbkò`y pgbtc pcaîtkbc.

Lo ngòrg foòrga, so lkstk`fuo` bugtrc otgpgso` oa prcbosc bc`stktuyo`to k`gufurglc o` gfcstc

lo 4889.

g) Ag prknorg otgpg, o`tro gfcstc y lkbkondro lo4889, so bgrgbtorkzò pcr ag lksbuskò` o` tcr`c gabgrçbtor crkfk`grkc c lorkvglc lo ag GsgndaogBc`stktuyo`to y scdro ag iòrnuag lo vctgbkò` pgrg gprcdgr acs grtîbuacs loa ùovc toxtcbc`stktubkc`ga. Xoso g quo ag aoy lo bc`vcbg-tcrkg oxpakbktgdg ostcs gspobtcs, oa cbkgaksnc proto`lkò ctcrfgr gtrkdubkcòs pao`kpcto`bkgrkgsg ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to y gpakbgr ag rofaglo ngycrîg gdscautg o` lotrkno`tc lo ag rofaglo ‑lcs torbkcs„ quo ostgdg ostgdaobklg o` agaoy lo bc`vcbgtcrkg lo oso bò`bagvo. Osto knpgsso lorkvò o` u`g irgbturg o`tro cbkgaksnc ycpcskbkò` y oa bc`kbtc so trgsaglò g ospgbkcs`c k`stktubkc`gaos bc` pgrcs bîvkbcs, muoafgslo mgndro o, k`bauskvo, frgvos oìro`tgnko`tcso`tro bkvkaos. Oa rosuatglc iuo oa ng`to`knko`tclo acs tërnk`cs lo ag bc`vcbgtcrkg.

d) Ag sofu`lg otgpg trg`sburro lurg`to oa prknor

bugtrknostro lo 4886 bc` oa trgdgjc o` bcnkskc-òs quo grrcjò u` rosuatglc `glg losprobkgdao lobck`bklo`bkgs o` nçs lo ag nktgl lo acs tongso` buostkò`. Rk` ondgrfc, so prclujc u` rosua-tglc òfgtkvc o` ags bcnkskcòs bc`sklorglgslo ngycr knpcrtg`bkg pcrquo so gprcdgrc` lcslcbuno`tcs: u`c pcr ngycrîg (cbkgakstg) y ctrc pcr nk`crîg (cpcskbkò`), susboptkdaos lo sor lo- dgtklcs y vctglcs o` pao`grkg. O` u`g bcnkskò`brubkga quo trgdgjò scdro ‑vkskò` lo pgîs„ ‒o` agbuga so lo`kò oa tkpc lo Ostglc‒ oa NGR cptò

pcr u`g ng`kcdrg pgrg oaknk`gr oa lcbuno`tclo ag cpcskbkò` gpcyg`lc u` lcbuno`tc pcrnk`crîg bc` u` bc`to`klc g`çacfc g ag prcpuos-tg cbkgakstg gborbg loa Ostglc Xaurk`gbkc`ga.Gsknksnc, o` ag bcnkskò` lobkskvg quo trgdgjòoa tong lo losbo`trgakzgbkò` y gutc`cnîgs `cso prclujc k`fú` k`torbgndkc lo brktorkcs y ags prcpuostgs ‒lksînkaos‒ loa NGR y XCLONCRiuorc` ronktklgs g soskcòs pao`grkgs.Rk` ondgrfc, ags lkvorfo`bkgs glqukrkorc` bc`-tcr`cs nçs bcnpaojcs lodklc g ag gpgrkbkò` lou` tong knprovkstc: ag lksbuskò` lo ag solo loacs pcloros ojobutkvc y aofksagtkvc, u`g lksputg

bo`to`grkg o`tro Ag Xgz ‒solo lo fcdkor`c‒ yRubro ‒bgpktga lo ag Topúdakbg‒. G`to ag pcsturgloa NGR lo gprcdgr u` tkpc lo Ostglc Xaurk`g-bkc`ga prkvkaofkg`lc acs lorobmcs bcaobtkvcs loacs puodacs k`lîfo`gs y cpc`ko`lc gutc`cnîgs

k`lîfo`gs g ags gutc`cnîgs lopgrtgno`tgaos,ag cpcskbkò` cptò pcr gpcygr ag long`lg lotrgsaglc lo acs pcloros ojobutkvc y aofksagtkvcg Rubro. Ag iòrnuag utkakzglg iuo ag k`bauskò`lo osto tong o` acs kìcrnos pcr nk`crîg o`vgrkgs bcnkskcòs y ag rospuostg loa NGR iuobc`tu`lo`to pcrquo o` Ag Xgz oa pgrtklc lo fcdkor`c ncvkakzò nçs lo u` nkaaò` lo porsc`gs pgrg robmgzgr oa trgsaglc lo acs pcloros dgjc agbc`skf`g: ‑ag solo `c so nuovo„. Ag rogbbkòò` Rubro iuo bc`nk`gr g ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktu-yo`to g trgtgr oa tong nolkg`to ncvkakzgbkcòsy gbtcs lo proskò` quo knpklkorc` ag rogakzgbkò`lo ags soskcòs pao`grkgs. Os lobkr, u` tongsobu`lgrkc glqukrkò ctrc tonporgno`tc bc` oagpcyc lo ag dg`bglg cpcsktcrg mgstg bc`vortkrsoo` oa prk`bkpga osbcaac pgrg ag bc`tkùklgl loag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to.

b) _` torbor ncno`tc tkoò quo vor bc` u` gbkortcy u` orrcr o` oa brubkga nos lo gfcstc, oa úatkncloa g÷c bc`bolklc g ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to

pgrg buank`gr su tgrog. Oa gbkortc ostuvc roio-rklc g ag gnpakgbkò` lo sus soskcòs nolkg`tou` gbuorlc quo k`vcaubrò g acs pgrtklcs bc`roproso`tgbkò` pgragno`tgrkg quo, bcnc vkncs,sc` ngycrîg o` oa osbo`grkc bc`stktuyo`to. Ostogbuorlc pornktkò gnpakgr ags loakdorgbkcòs loag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to pcr bugtrc nososglkbkc`gaos o k`bauyò u`g sorko lo gbuorlcs quoncstrgdg` bc`boskcòs nutugs o`tro oa cbkg-aksnc y cpcskbkò`. Xcr ojonpac, g bgndkc loag rovkskò` lo ag vctgbkò` o` ag bcnkskò` scdro

‑vkskò` lo pgîs„ ‒quo pornktkrîg ag gprcdgbkò`loa lcbuno`tc lo XCLONCR bcnc toxtc pcrnk`crîg‒ so k`bcrpcrò ag furg lo roiorë`lun‑lkrknklcr„ o` acs grtîbuacs quo `c gabg`boàcs lcs torbkcs pgrg su gprcdgbkò`. Os lobkr, ags prk`bkpgaos iuorzgs bolkorc` o` sus pcskbkcòs pgrg vkgdkakzgr ag bc`tkùgbkò` lo ag GsgndaogBc`stktuyo`to. Rk` ondgrfc, o` ag prknorg so-skò` pao`grkg, g nolkglcs lo gfcstc, oa NGRutkakzò su ngycrîg pgrg gprcdgr u`g roscaubkò`quo oaknk`gdg oa trgtgnko`tc loa tong loa trgs-aglc lo pcloros g Rubro. Ags bcsgs vcavkorc`g icjgs borc y so k`kbkò u` gsolkc ga aufgr lo



Ior`g`lc Ngycrfg

“2=“

soskcòs lo ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to pcr pgrto lo lkvorscs sobtcros bktglk`cs knpuasglcs pcr gutcrklglos acbgaos y lkrkfo`tos bîvkbcs loRubro o` u`g osbgaglg lo prctostgs quo, mgstgòs lo `cvkondro, knpklkorc` ag rogakzgbkò`

lo soskcòs pao`grkgs.O` oa î`tork`, lurg`to oa nos lo cbtudro lo 4886,so prclujc oa sofu`lc k`to`tc lo bc`bortgbkò` pgrtklkstg quo proso`tò vgrkgs `cvolglos pcr agnotclcacfîg y acs rosuatglcs. Ro crfg`kzò u`‑bc`sojc pcaîtkbc suprgpgrtklgrkc„ dgjc oa gus- pkbkc lo ag Ykboprosklo`bkg lo ag Topúdakbg bcàg pgrtkbkpgbkò` lo ags 79 iuorzgs bc`stktuyo`tosquo o`bgrò ag tgrog lo bc`bkakgr pcskbkcòs o`tcr`c g acs prk`bkpgaos tongs lo bc`trcvorskg.Xoso g ag òfgtkvg lo XCLONCR pgrg ostgnpgrsu rng o` acs gbuorlcs, ostcs aaofgrc` g duo`tërnk`c o` roagbkò` ga tkpc lo Ostglc, ag prcpko-lgl lo acs roburscs `gturgaos, ag crfg`kzgbkò` loacs pcloros loa Ostglc, ags icrngs lo prcpkolgly oa rëfkno` lo gutc`cnîgs. Rcdrosgakò o` ostogiç` bc`bortglcr oa lospagzgnko`tc mgbkg oa‑bo`trc„ pcr pgrto loa NGR lojg`lc lo aglcvgrkgs prcpuostgs ngxkngakstgs, tgaos bcnc agrolkstrkdubkò` torrktcrkga loa pclor, ag brogbkò`lo u` bugrtc pclor (‑pclor scbkga paurk`gbkc-

`ga„) bc` prorrcfgtkvgs scdro acs ctrcs tros pc-loros loa Ostglc, oa robc`cbknko`tc lo lorobmc prcpkotgrkc g acs puodacs k`lîfo`gs scdro acsroburscs `gturgaos y ag bcìcrngbkò` loa òrfg-`c aofksagtkvc bc` buctgs ët`kbgs, o`tro ctrcs.Tospobtc ga tong brubkga lo ags gutc`cnîgs,skfuko`lc u`g lkrobtrkz icrnuaglg lo ngòrg púdakbg pcr Ovc Ncrgaos, so gbcrlò robc`cborbugtrc tkpcs lo gutc`cnîg: nu`kbkpga, lopgrtg-no`tga, rofkc`ga o k`lîfo`g, bkrbu`sbrkdko`lcostg úatkng ga çndktc nu`kbkpga y lo`ko`lc

quo ags gutc`cnîgs rofkc`gaos sorîg` gprcdglgs pcr acs iuturcs fcdkor`cs lopgrtgno`tgaos.Os knpcrtg`to rosgatgr ag pgrtkbkpgbkò` lo agsctrgs lcs iuorzgs lo cpcskbkò` (N@T y _@) pgrg ag vkgdkakzgbkò` lo osto gbuorlc. Rk` ondgrfc, oa úatknc pu`tc loa gbuorlc susbrktc pcrosto bc`sojc pcaîtkbc, roiorklc ga trgsaglc lo pcloros, `c rospc`lkò ags oxpobtgtkvgs lo acslkrkfo`tos lo Rubro quo robmgzgrc` ag prcpuostgquo bc`tonpagdg oa trgsaglc g osg bkulgl loaòrfg`c oaobtcrga bcnc bugrtc pclor, ag gporturglo ùovgs k`stktubkcòs ostgtgaos, ag rogakzgbkò`lo vgrkgs soskcòs bc`frosgaos o k`vorskcòs

pgrg kìrgostrubturg vkga y gorcpuortgrkg, o`troctrcs. Osto robmgzc prcvcbò ag lkscaubkò` loa‑bc`sojc suprgpgrtklgrkc„ y oa NGR cptò pcrbc`baukr ags loakdorgbkcòs o` ag GsgndaogBc`stktuyo`to utkakzg`lc su ngycrîg gdscautg

pgrg gprcdgr oa ùovc toxtc bc`stktubkc`ga.l) Ik`gano`to, g òs lo `cvkondro lo 4886 so

aaovò g bgdc u`g soskò` pao`grkg lo ag GsgndaogBc`stktuyo`to o` u` robk`tc nkaktgr y bc` agscag proso`bkg lo ag dg`bglg cbkgakstg y susgakglcs quo prcbolkorc` g gprcdgr oa ùovctoxtc bc`stktubkc`ga ‑o` frg`lo„, o` nolkc lo prctostgs y roproskò` quo prcvcbgrc` ag nuortolo lcs porsc`gs. Xcstorkcrno`to, o` lkbkondroso aaovò g bgdc ag úatkng soskò` pao`grkg, o`ctrg bkulgl, y ag ngycrîg cbkgakstg gprcdò o`‑lotgaao„ ag ùovg Bc`stktubkò` Xcaîtkbg loaOstglc, bgrgbtorkzglg pcr ag cpcskbkò` bcnc‑ag bc`stktubkò` loa NGR„ y buostkc`glg o`su aofgaklgl y aofktknklgl. Lo ostg ngòrg,oa NGR k`to`tò buank`gr oa prcbosc bc`stktu-yo`to y ‑borrgr„ oso osbo`grkc pgrg trgsaglgrsu trgtgnko`tc g ags ur`gs, puostc quo, o` oa prknor sonostro lo 488=, lodo prcbolorso gag rogakzgbkò` lo u` roiorë`lun ‑lo sgaklg„ pgrg gprcdgr c robmgzgr ag ùovg Bc`stktubkò`

Xcaîtkbg loa Ostglc.

G NG@OTG LO BCACIC@

O` sung, sk lurg`to oa g÷c 4886 bc`vorfkorc` acsbc`kbtcs pcaîtkbcs lorkvglcs lo ag bcoxksto`bkg lo‑fcdkor`c lkvklklc„, lkvkskò` vortkbga lo pclorosy Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to5 o` su trgnc `ga, oaNGR cptò pcr rolubkr osg bcnpaojklgl loa skstong pcaîtkbc: pcr u`g pgrto, nolkg to ag buank`gbkò` loags loakdorgbkcòs o` ag Gsgndaog Bc`stktuyo`to y

ag gprcdgbkò` lo u` toxtc bc`stktubkc`ga quo lodosor roiro`lglc c robmgzglc o` u` roiorë`lun ‑losgaklg„, y pcr ctrg pgrto, g trgvës loa pag`tognko`-tc lo u`g bc`vcbgtcrkg g roiorë`lun rovcbgtcrkc pgrg lkrknkr ags puf`gs o`tro oa prosklo`to lo agTopúdakbg y acs proiobtcs lorkvglgs lo ag ‑lkvk-skò` vortkbga lo pcloros„. Bc` osgs lobkskcòs so proto`lo o`bguzgr oa lobursc loa prcbosc pcaîtkbcga skstong lo pgrtklcs puostc quo oa to`cr aofga loags bcrrospc`lko`tos bc`vcbgtcrkgs g acs roioro`lcslodo lo`krso o` oa pgragno`tc, lc`lo so ng`tkoòag furg lo ‑fcdkor`c lkvklklc„ lodklc ga bc`trcacpcsktcr loa Ro`glc.



“2;“


O` osto ngrbc, g prk`bkpkcs lo oòrc lo 488=,surfkò ag pcskdkaklgl lo u`g bc`bortgbkò` o`trocbkgaksnc y cpcskbkò` norbol ga k`kbkc lo u`lkçacfc o`tro oa prosklo`to lo ag Topúdakbg y acs proiobtcs pgrg roscavor ags bc`trcvorskgs o` tcr`c

g ag lkstrkdubkò` lo acs knpuostcs potrcaorcs yovgaugr ag pcskdkaklgl lo nclkbgr oa ùovc toxtcbc`stktubkc`ga y acs ostgtutcs gutc`ònkbcs, buygbc`bcrlg`bkg pornktkrîg rostktukr ag aofktknklgl loa prcbosc lo roicrng ostgtga. O k`bauskvo suspo`loroa trgtgnko`tc lo ag aoy quo lodo rofkr ag bc`vc-

bgtcrkg ga roiorë`lun rovcbgtcrkc. Cdvkgno`to,oa lorrctorc lo u` pcskdao gbuorlc o`tro fcdkor`cy proiobtcs lopo`lorç lo ag bc`bortgbkò` pcaîtkbgo` oa pgragno`tc, os lobkr, lo ag lk`çnkbg o`trocbkgaksnc y cpcskbkò` o` oa so`c loa skstong lo

pgrtklcs. Ctrg voz ag k`bortklundro so bc`vkorto o`ncòlg bcrrko`to loa prcbosc pcaîtkbc dcakvkg`cquo so lodgto o`tro oa bgndkc, prcncvklc pcr oafcdkor`c lo Ovc Ncrgaos, y ag brksks pcaîtkbg ro-suatg`to lo ag guso`bkg lo u`g bc`bortgbkò` o`troags lkvorsgs iuorzgs pcaîtkbgs.



“<7“

XCAÎ\KBG XOT_G@G LORX_ËR LO I_JKNCTK

K@\TCL_BBKÒ@

Osto ostulkc g`gakzg oa losgrrcaac pcaîtkbc porug`c

auofc quo Gadortc Iujkncrk, lo crkfo` jgpc`ës, iuoso

lostktuklc lo ag prosklo`bkg o` oa g÷c 4888, lospuës

lo 78 g÷cs o` oa pclor, vorkbg sk so mg prclu-

bklc gafú` bgndkc o` bcnpgrgbkò` bc` ag pcaîtkbg

porug g lo mgstg o`tc bos. Xgrtkbuagrno`to ùostrcoìcquo lo g`çaksks fkrg garololcr loa bgndkc c

bc`tkùklgl lo ags k`stktubkcòs, lglc quo o` oa Xorúrgrg voz mg lurglc bkortg icrng lo pcaîtkbg dgsglg

o` lotornk`glgs k`stktubkcòs. Ostgs sc` lo`klgsbcnc pgtrcòs lo bc`lubtg, rofags, crngs y pu`tcs

lo gbuorlc c o`to`lknko`tc, oxpaîbktcs c knpaîbktcs,

quo sc` robc`cbklcs, bcnpgrtklcs c tcaorglcs bcnc

aofîtkncs pcr acs nkondrcs lo u`g scbkolgl, bc` oa

cdjotkvc lo bc`sofukr bkortgs notgs c vgacros. 7

Ag pcaîtkbg porug`g mg to`klc ag to`lo`bkg lobc`vortkrso o` u` ospgbkc lo aubmg pcr oa pclorquo ags iuorzgs pcaîtkbgs bcnc pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs

rogakzg` o`tro oaacs bc` ag k`to`bkò` lo oxpg`lkr

acs k`torosos pgrtkbuagros lo bglg u`g. Lkbmgsiuorzgs pcr su pgrto mg` sklc bc`struklgs pcr u`g porsc`g kùo`to (c bgulkaac) scdro ag dgso lo

ags roagbkcòs pgtrò`-bako`to vortkbgaos y gutcrktg-

rkgs.4 Gu`quo o` oa Xorú so mg bcnpgrtklc skonpro

oa pgtrò` lo bc`lubtg lo bcnpotkr pcr ag mofonc`îg pcaîtkbg bc`struyo`lc u`g prcpkg iuorzg pcaîtkbg

dgsglg o` ags roagbkcòs pgtrò`-bako`to, scagno`to

so mg cdsorvglc u`g k`stktubkc`gakzgbkò` lo dgjc

XCAÎ\KBG XOT_G@G LORX_ËR LO I_JKNCTK:ITGFNO@\GBKÒ@ XCAÎ\KBG

[ XCBG K@R\K\_BKC@GAKZGBKÒ@

[usueo Nurgegnk *

TOR_NO@: Ag pcaîtkbg porug`g so bgrgbtorkzg pcr su pcbg k`stktubkc`gakzgbkò`, pgrtkbuagrno`to lo ag loncbrgbkg.O` bgsk tclcs acs ncno`tcs lo su mkstcrkg, acs gbtcros pcaîtkbcs prk`bkpgaos `c aaofg` g icrjgr pgtrcòs lo bc`lubtg,rofags, `crngs y pu`tcs lo gbuorlc c o`to`lknko`tc, oxpaîbktcs c knpaîbktcs, quo sc` robc`cbklcs, bcnpgrtklcs c

tcaorglcs bcnc aofîtkncs pcr oaacs nksncs. Ag k`stktubkc`gakzgbkò` pcaîtkbg bc`stktuò oa losgiîc lo knpcrtg`bkg pgrg ag pcaîtkbg porug`g lo mgstg ag lbglg lo 7;=8, `c lojò lo sorac lurg`to ag lbglg loa gutcrktgrksnc lo Ga -

dortc Iujkncrk o` ag skfuko`to lbglg. Loslo ag porspobtkvg lo k`stktubkcòs c k`stktubkc`gaklgl, oa trgdgjc g`gakzgoa prcbosc y losgrrcaac lo ag pcaîtkbg porug`g auofc quo oa ng`lgtgrkc lo crkfo` jgpc`ës iuo lostktuklc lo su bgrfc

o` `cvkondro loa 4888. Oìcbg prk`bkpgano`to tg`tc oa pg`crgng pcaîtkbc loa ng`lgtc lo Gaojg`lrc \caolc, prosk-

lo`to oaofklc pcr ng`lgtc pcpuagr lospuës lo ag bgîlg lo Iujkncrk, bcnc oa prcbosc oaobtcrga loa 4889, y rovksg drovono`to tgndk` ag pcaîtkbg loa prosklo`to gprkstg Gag` Fgrbîg, fg`glcr lo ags oaobbkcòs prosklo`bkgaos loa g÷c.Bc`bauo quo `c so cdsorvg `k`fú` io`òno`c mgstg oa ncno`tc quo k`lkquo ag to`lo`bkg lo k`stktubkc`gakzgr ag pcaîtkbg loncbrçtkbg loa Xorú. Xgrtkbuagrno`to o` ac quo so rooro g ag igatg lo k`stktubkc`gakzgbkò` rospobtc lo agbc`strubbkò` lo bc`so`sc y o`to`lknko`tc o`tro acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs prk`bkpgaos gsî bcnc oa ostgdaobknko`tc lo su

prcbosc lo lobkskò` “oa ngcr prcdaong lo ag loncbrgbkg dgsglg o` ag pcaîtkbg lo pgrtklcs o` ag lbglg lo 7;=8“,`c so mg rofkstrglc `k`fú` losgrrcaac.

Xgagdrgs bagvos: Xcaîtkbg loa Xorú, k`stktubkcòs, oaobbkcòs foòrgaos loa 4884 4889, Gaojg`lrc \caolc, Gag`Fgrbîg

∖ Xrcioscr gscbkglc loa Bo`tor icr K`tofrgtol Grog Rtulkos, Ectc _`kvorskt7. Oa gutcr mg oxpakbglc nçs loto`klgno`to ag lo kbkò` iu`bkò` lo ags k`stktubkc os gquî lo`klgs o` ctrc trgdgjc

(Nurgegnk 4886: <4-<6).4. Rcdro lotgaaos loa g`çaksks lo ag pcaîtkbg porug`g k`bauklg ag lbglg lo Iujkncrk gquî k`lkbglg, vgso Nurgegnk (4886).

@uostrc oìcquo mg sklc brkt kbglc pcr acs ostulkcscs quo lg` knpcrtg`bkg ga rca lo acs gbtcros pcaîtkbcs su aklorgzfc.Rofú` oaacs, acs gbtcros pcaîtkbcs skonpro tkoò ag akdortgl lo tcngr gbbkcòs, ùostrc pu`tc lo vkstg `c tcng o` bc`-

sklorgbkò` osto gspobtc knpcrtg`to. @uostrg porspobtkvg `c proto`lo rostgr knpcrtg`bkg g ag iu`bkò` lo acs gbtcros suaklorgzfc, sk`c nçs dko` sufkoro quo ag akdortgl lo gbbkò` `c so lg o` oa nksnc frglc o` tclc oa ncno`tc, sk`c quo

bgndkg sofú` ags bc`lkbkcòs ostrubturgaos bcu`turgaos, gsî bcnc ag icrngbkò` bgrgbtoros lo bglg gbtcr pcaîtkbc.

BGXÎ\_AC 2



[usueo Nurgegnk

“<4“

`kvoa bcnc osto. Oa Xorú ù`bg mg vkvklc u`g k`s-

tktubkc`gakzgbkò` lo gatc frglc ‒bcnc bcnpgrtkr

rofags, `crngs y pgtrcòs lo bc`lubtg rospobtc

lo ag tcng lo lobkskcòs c aaofgr g u` gbuorlc c

o`to`lknko`tc scdro ags pcaîtkbgs bc`brotgs g tcngr

o` nolkg`c y agrfc pagzc‒ o`tro ags iuorzgs prk`bkpgaos. Oa Ostglc mg sklc bc`sklorglc u` dctî` pgrgscstoòr oxpg`lkr ags roagbkcòs bako`toakstgs. Ag pcaîtkbg aaofg g bc`stktukr oa juofc lo sung-borc

lc`lo so bc`sklorg quo acs k`torosos o`tro acs quo

pgrtkbkpg` sc` nutugno`to k`bcnpgtkdaos y ag fg-

`g`bkg lo u`c os ag përlklg lo ctrc y vkbovorsg, y

lo ostg ngòrg, bc`lubo ga `ga g u` bgaaojò` sk`sgaklg, prcvcbg`lc ropotklgno`to ag k`torvo`bkò`

nkaktgr. O` oa Xorú, loslo 7;7; ‒ag otgpg `ga loag lcnk`gbkò` cakfçrqukbg lc`lo oa pclor ostgdg

o` ng`cs lo pcbcs‒ bugaqukor icrng lo pcaîtkbg,

yg sog lo crlo` bc`stktubkc`ga c ag lcnk`gbkò` lo igbtc dgsglg o` oa pclor nkaktgr, `c mg lurglc nçslo 74 g÷cs (NbBak`tcbe 7;;9: ?2).2

Auofc lo ag ‑trg`skbkò` g ag loncbrgbkg„ o`

7;=8 bc`tkùò ag pcaîtkbg c k`stktubkc`gakzglg. Xcrgpgrko`bkg so losgrrcaaò o` ag lbglg lo 7;=8 ag pcaîtkbg lo pgrtklcs buycs prctgfc`kstgs iuorc` lcs

gfrupgbkcòs lo lorobmg lcs lo kzqukorlg, porco` rogaklgl, o`tro acs bugtrc pgrtklcs scagno`to

‑mudc rou`kcòs, bc`vorsgbkcòs u`g rotòrkbg logbuorlcs quo `c so bunpaîg o` acs mobmcs„ (\g`geg7;;=: 9=, =<). @c supkorc` tcngr nolklgs su-

bko`tos pgrg suporgr irc`tgano`to ag sktugbkò` o` ag

quo so lgdg` lkvorscs prcdaongs scbkcobc`ònkbcs

o`troagzglcs bc` ag brksks obc`ònkbg y ag oxpg`skò`

loa torrcrksnc, lo tga ngòrg, porlkorc` ag bc`g`-

zg oa gpcc loa puodac. O` ag scbkolgl porug`gso cdsorvò tgndkë` oa gvg`bo lo ‑gtcnkzgbkò`„

bcnc ag përlklg lo knpcrtg`bkg lo acs sk`lkbgtcs

bgusglg pcr ag kìcrngakzgbkò` lo ag obc`cnîg y

ag oxpg`skò` lo acs ncvknko`tcs scbkgaos bc`bo`-

trglcs o` acs k`torosos prcpkcs pgrtkbuagros. Oalodkaktgnko`tc lo acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs gvg`zò g ac

agrfc lo ag lëbglg o` bc`sc`g`bkg bc` oa prcbosc

lo ‑gtcnkzgbkò`„ lo ag scbkolgl.O` nolkc lo ag sktugbkò` brîtkbg o` ag buga acs

pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs porlkorc` oa gpcyc pcpuagr, oa

k`lopo`lko`to Iujkncrk sgakò oaofklc prosklo`to

o` 7;;8. Iujkncrk aaovò gloag`to bc` lobkskò` ok`kbkgtkvg prcpkg, porc lo ngòrg gutcrktgrkg, ag ro-

icrng obc`ònkbg y ags nolklgs g`tksudvorskvgs, y

gpcyglc tgndkë` pcr duo`g suorto acfrò ostgdkakzgr

ag scbkolgl porug`g. Auofc, so osicrzò pcr pcòro` prçbtkbg ags nolklgs pgrg nojcrgr ag sktugbkò`

scbkcobc`ònkbg lo acs sobtcros pcpuagros. Nubmcs porug`cs ovgaugrc` gatgno`to acs irutcs lo su

fcdkor`c gpcgrc` su rooaobbkò` o` 7;;?. Rkòndgrfc, lospus lo `gakzgr ag vctgbkò` bc`r -ngrso ag to`lo`bkg igvcrgdao, oa ng`lgtgrkc bgndkò

oa oìcquo lo su k`torës prk`bkpga lo acs losgiîcs lo

losgrrcaac, g ag dusbg lo u`g torborg oaobbkò` bc`so-

butkvg bcnc prosklo`to o` bc`trg lo ag Bc`stktubkò`

Xcaîtkbg. Iujkncrk so bc`bo`trò o` icrjgr oa bgnk`c pcaîtkbc pgrg tga cdjotkvc y o` osto prcbosc rovkstkò

ngcr gutcrktgrksnc. Xorlkò frglugano`to loslo7;;9 oa gpcc loa puodac quo `c sk`tkò `k`fú` irutcc gvg`bo tg`fkdao. Gu`quo pcr bkortc tkonpc lulòo` ag`zgr su torborg bg`lklgturg bc`sobutkvg lodklc

g su dgjg pcpuagrklgl, ag icrzò bc`trg vko`tc y ngrog

bc` ag klog lo quo roù`bkgrîg g ag prosklo`bkg g u`

g÷c lo ag tcng lo pcsoskò` pgrg propgrgr y gdrkr

bgnk`c lo ag ‑trg`skbkò`„ g ctrc fcdkor`c. Ga `gaacfrò su torborg oaobbkò` bc`sobutkvg, porc k`tor`g-

bkc`gano`to su prcbosc oaobtcrga `c iuo robc`cbklcbcnc justc. _` pcbc lospus lo bcno`zgr su torborng`lgtc, so rovoaò u` osbç`lgac lo bcrrupbkò` scdro

su bcagdcrglcr borbg`c, `gano`to, iuo lostktuklclo ag prosklo`bkg bug`lc so o`bc`trgdg lo vksktg

o` Jgpò`. Iujkncrk sudkò ga pclor o` oa prcbosc lolosk`stktubkc`gakzgbkò` pcaîtkbg bc` oa lodkaktgnko`-

tc lo acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs. G ` lo buo`tgs, mkzc pcaîtkbg tcng`lc o` bc`sklorgbkò` tga to`lo bkg y

ag gnpakbò. Xgrgaoagno`to iuo gvg`zg`lc ag gtc-

nkzgbkò` scbkga.

Ro mg` proso`tglc gafu`cs ostulkcs bc` roag-

bkò` g ag pcaîtkbg porug`g lospuës lo ag bgîlg loa

fcdkor`c iujkncrkstg. O`tro oaacs, furg oa g`çakskslo ag bcyu`turg pcaîtkbg gsî bcnc acs ostulkcs lo

acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs prcboscs oaobtcrgaos.< O`

nubmcs lo ostcs g`çaksks so suoao` oìgtkzgr quoag pcaîtkbg os gmcrg nçs loncbrçtkbg quo o` oa

2. Loslo 7=;? mgstg 7;7< oa pclor pcaîtkbc iuo lcnk`glc pcr ag cakfgrquîg lo oxpcrtglcros lo acs prclubtcs prkngrkcs torrgto`ko`tos, so rogakzò o` pgz ag suboskò` lo u` fcdkor`c bkvka ga ctrc. Rk pcòncs bcnc bc`lkbkò` ag oxbauskò` loatkonpc oxbopbkc`gano`to ostgdao lo ostcs 7; g÷cs bcnc oa porkclc ospobkga lo ag Fuorrg loa Xgbîbc bc` Bmkao o`tro

7=6; 7==2, ac lkbmc gquî os gpakbgdao tgndk` g acs g÷cs quo probolo` g 7;7; (Nurgegnk 4886: 777-774).<. Xcr ojonpac, Gzpur, ot ga. (488<), Dgaaò`, ot ga. (4884), Xolrgfakc, ot ga. (488?), \cbmo, ot ga. (4882), \cbmo Xgrolos

ols. (4889) g`gakzg` ags bcu`turgs loa fcdkor`c lo Gaojg`lrc \caolc (4887-4889) . Ga rospobtc, vgso tgndko` \gacr



“<2“


gutcrktgrksnc lo Iujkncrk, rork`lcso g ag lkvkskò`lo pcloros, akdortgl lo oxproskò`, rogakzgbkò` lo

ags oaobbkcòs justgs, prcbosc lo losbo`trgakzgbkò`,

k`vostkfgbkcòs lo bcrrupbkò` y vkcagbkò` lo acs

lorobmcs mung`cs o` ag lbglg lo Iujkncrk.? O`

prk`bkpkc, ostgncs lo gbuorlc bc` oa g`çaksks quo ag pcaîtkbg o` ag otgpg pcsiujkncrkstg ostç nçs lonc-

brçtkbg quo ag lcnk`gbkò` gutcrktgrkg lo ag lëbglg

lo 7;;8. Rk` ondgrfc, lodoncs toòr proso`to quooa gutcrktgrksnc iujkncrkstg iuo oa prclubtc loa

irgbgsc lo ag loncbrgbkg dgsglg o` ag pcaîtkbg lo

pgrtklcs lo ag lbglg lo 7;=8. Loslo osto pu`tc lovkstg, oa prcdaong brubkga pgrg ag loncbrgbkg po-

rug`g os sk ag pcaîtkbg porug`g lospuës lo Iujkncrk

mg suporglc, c ostglc o` bgnk`c lo suporgr, agsigaags y losgiîcs lo ag loncbrgbkg lo ag lëbglg lo

7;=85 nçs quo o` qu frglc mg gvg`zglc ag lonc-

brgtkzgbkò` o` bcnpgrgbkò` bc` ag org lo Iujkncrk.Bc`brotgno`to, oa oìcquo g`gaîtkbc lodo lkrkfkrso

g oxgnk`gr sk so mg` proso`tglc gafu`cs sî`tcngsquo k`lkquo` ag to`lo`bkg g suporgr ags no`bkc`g-

lgs igaags trglkbkc`gaos lo ag pcaîtkbg porug`g o`

roagbkò` bc` oa gspobtc lo k`stktubkcòs.9

Loslo lkbmg porspobtkvg, g`gakzgroncs ag to`-

lo`bkg prk`bkpga lo ag pcaîtkbg loslo oa fcdkor`c

prcvkskc`ga lo Ygao`tî` Xg`kgfug,6 quko` gsunkò

ag prosklo`bkg lospuës loa lorrundo loa fcdkor`ciujkncrkstg, mgstg oa fcdkor`c lo Gaojg`lrc \caolcquko` sgakò oaofklc prosklo`to o` ags oaobbkcòs loa

4887. Auofc oxgnk`groncs oa úatknc prcbosc oaob-

tcrga loa 4889, `gano`to, mgroncs u`g ovgaugbkò`to`tgtkvg loa gbtuga fcdkor`c lo Gag` Fgrbîg.

7. Loa fcdkor`c prcvkskc`ga lo Xg`kgfug ga fcdkor`c knpcpuagr lo \caolc

Oa fcdkor`c lo Xg`kgfug bunpakò bc` ag nkskò`

nçs knpcrtg`to, aaovgr g bgdc ags oaobbkcòs fo-

òrgaos justgs. \g`tc acs pgrtkbkpg`tos bcnc acscdsorvglcros lo ags crfg`kzgbkcòs k`tor`gbkc`gaos

vorkbgrc` bc`rngrc` oa mobmc. Rk` ondgrfc,`c pcloncs oxgforgr nubmc su knpcrtg`bkg o`bcnpgrgbkò` bc` oa cdjotkvc `ga lo ag k`stktu-

bkc`gakzgbkò` lo ag loncbrgbkg. Ag rogakzgbkò`lo ags oaobbkcòs justgs bc`stktuyo scagno`to u`g

lo ags bc`lkbkcòs nî`kngs pgrg tga cdjotkvc. Ag profu`tg nçs knpcrtg`to os sk lurg`to su fcdkor`c

so proso`tò gafú` k`lkbkc k`kbkga lo quo acs prcdao-

ngs cdsorvglcs o` ag lbglg lo 7;=8 onpozgrc`g suporgrso.

Tospobtc lo osto pu`tc, Xg`kgfug `c mkzc os-

iuorzcs ospobkgaos c lostgbglcs pcr ag k`stktubkc-

`gakzgbkò` loa prcbosc lo ag tcng lo lobkskcòs c

brogbkò` lo bc`so`sc. Rk dko` os bkortc, su fcdkor`ck`to`tò icrngr bc`so`sc scdro lkvorscs losgiîcs

bcnc ag aubmg bc`trg ag pcdrozg nolkg`to ag brog-

bkò` lo nobg`ksncs pgrg ag rou`kò` y lksbuskò`

o`tro ags iuorzgs pcaîtkbgs y scbkgaos quo tkoò` quo

vor bc` bglg tong, lkbmcs nobg`ksncs `c prclu-

jorc` rosuatglcs tg`fkdaos g nolkg`c y agrfc pagzc

‒aîògs c pcaîtkbgs bc`brotgs quo acs fcdkor`cs

suboscros bc`tkùgrîg`. Gu` sko`lc u` fcdkor`c prcvkskc`ga, lodoncs so÷gagr quo Xg`kgfug lodorîgmgdor ncstrglc u`g gbtktul nçs gbtkvg, lglc quo

so robc`cbîg g sî nksnc bcnc lonòbrgtg.Gmcrg prcboloncs g g`gakzgr drovono`to oa prcbosc oaobtcrga loa 4887. Lkoz porsc`gs bg`-

lklgtogrc` pgrg ag prosklo`bkg. Bugtrc lo oaagsiuorc` prk`bkpgaos. Ag prknorg porsc`g iuo Gao-

jg`lrc \caolc loa Xgrtklc Xorú Xcskdao= y lo

crkfo` k`lîfo`g, quko` onpozò g lostgbgr o` ag

úatkng otgpg loa prcbosc oaobtcrga loa g÷c g`torkcr

bcnc bg`lklgtc ú`kbc lo tclcs acs cpcsktcros g

Iujkncrk. Ag sofu`lg porsc`g iuo Acurlos Iacros, pcaîtkbg roproso`tgtkvg lo ag ùovg foòrgbkò` loa

lorobmkstg Xgrtklc Xcpuagr Brkstkg`c, quo icrnò

(488?). Frcnpcò (488?) oxgnk`g ag scbkolgl pcaîtkbg porug`g, nko`trgs \g`geg (488?) \gacr (4886) g`gakzg` acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs. NbBak`tcbe (4886), Noa`loz (4882), \gacr (488?), Ygrfgs (488?) Yorfgrg (4886) ostulkg` oa prcbosc oaobtcrga lo ags oaobbkcòs foòrgaos lo 4887 4889.

?. NbBak`tcbe (4886) \gacr (4882) sc` tîpkbcs lo ostg pcskbkò`.9. Frcnpcò (488?) so rooro g acs aînktos lo acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs lo ag lbglg lo 7;=8, porc g lkioro`bkg lo ùostrc

grfuno`tc, `c usg osto pu`tc bcnc u`c lo acs bcnpcò`tos knpcrtg`tos lo su ç`fuac g`gaîtkbc.6. Xg`kgfug iuo pcaîtkbc portoòbko`to ga pgrtklc Gbbkò` Xcpuagr bc`froskstg o` gquoa o`tc`bos. \o`îg u` bçrgbtor nc-

lostc, iuo oaofklc prosklo`to loa Bc`frosc bug`lc Ngrtmg Mkalodurg`lt, loa cbkgaksnc, iuo lostktuklg loa bgrfc gnolkglcs lo `cvkondro loa 4888. Iuo oa ú`kbc bg`lklgtc quo `c iuo votglc pcr `k`fú` pgrtklc lo cpcskbkò`. Lospuslo ag lostktubkò` lo Iujkncrk, cburrklg g òs lo `cvkondro, iuo `cndrglc prosklo`to lo ag Topúdakbg prcvkskc`ga.

Auofc lo bg`lklgtogr o` ags oaobbkcòs loa 4889, igaaobkò o` cbtudro lo oso nksnc g÷c.=. Bc` nkrgs g ags oaobbkcòs loa 4887, \caolc bgndkò ag lo`cnk`gbkò` lo su gfrupgbkò` loa Ncvknko`tc Xorú Xcskdao ga

Xgrtklc Xorú Xcskdao.



[usueo Nurgegnk

“<<“

u`g gakg`zg lo`cnk`glg _`klgl @gbkc`ga bc` lcsfrupcs poquo÷cs lo prcioskc`gaos tob`òbrgtgs.Ag torborg porsc`g iuo Ior`g`lc Cakvorg, loa

Iro`to K`lopo`lko`to Ncrgakzglcr, quko` rovoaòoa vkloc loa scdcr`c lo Yaglknkrc Nc`tosk`cs,

gsoscr borbg`c lo Iujkncrk y prcvcbò ag bgîlg losu fcdkor`c o` oa g÷c g`torkcr. Ag úatkng porsc-

`g iuo Gag` Fgrbîg, loa scbkgalonòbrgtg XgrtklcGprkstg Xorug`c, ; quko` auofc loa gutcfcapo lo

7;;4 osbgpò ga oxtrg`jorc rotcr`ò ga Xorú bgskùovo g÷cs lospus, g òs lo oòrc loa 4887, pgrg pcstuagr g ag prosklo`bkg78. Xgrg Iacros Fgrbîgags oaobbkcòs loa 4884 bc`stktuyorc` ag sofu`lg

cpcrtu`klgl lo proso`tgrso bcnc bg`lklgtc prosk-

lo`bkga. Iacros pcstuaò auofc lo su prknor k`to`tco` 7;;?77 y Fgrbîg, lospuës lo ags oaobbkcòs lo

7;=? lc`lo sgakò oaofklc.Bug`lc ag bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga o`trò o` ag igso

lo pao`g gbtkvklgl, o` oòrc loa 4888, g ag bgdozg

lo ags o`buostgs ostgdg \caolc, quko` rou`kò acsvctcs brîtkbcs bc`trg Iujkncrk y rofkstrò nçs loa

<8% lo ag k`to`bkò` lo vctcs. Rk` ondgrfc, ao igatòu` onpujò` nçs pgrg gabg`zgr ag ngycrîg lo vctcs

y sgakr oaofklc prosklo`to scagno`to o` ag prknorg

vuoatg. Acs ctrcs tros bcno`zgrc` so`lg bgnpg÷gbc` oa gpcc lo u` 7?% lo ag k`to`bkò` lo vctcs.

Cakvorg iuo oa prknorc o` dgjgr su pcpuagrklgl, pcrquo o` su prcpgfg`lg oaobtcrga `c proso`tgdg

`k`fu`g prcpuostg k`torosg`to, g oxbopbkò` lo ag

aubmg bc`trg ag bcrrupbkò`5 o` bc`sobuo`bkg, loslo

iodrorc, su pcpuagrklgl quolò o` oa `kvoa dgjc lo

78% lo ag k`to`bkò` lo vctcs.O` oa nksnc iodrorc, Acurlos Iacros sudkò

su pcpuagrklgl suporg`lc oa `kvoa lo 28%. Ostoguno`tc so lodkò g quo lcs bg`lklgtcs bc` pcbg

pcpuagrklgl so rotkrgrc` lo ag bc`tko`lg y pgsgrc` ggpcgr g ag bg`lklgtg. Rk` ondgrfc, auofc c acfròguno`tgr nçs su pcpuagrklgl. Nçs dko`, o` ngrzc,su kvoa lo pcpuagrklgl dgjò pcrquo dçskbgno`to c

supc bgndkgr su kngfo` bcnc pcaîtkbg loa XgrtklcXcpuagr Brkstkg`c quo roproso`tgdg g ag lorobmg,onprosgrkglc, bagso gatg, dag`bcs Akng. \gnpc-

bc, o` ag lksbuskò` bc` \caolc, `c pulc oxpakbgrsubko`tono`to su pag`tognko`tc lo ags pcaîtkbgs,auofc quo u` agpsus ak`fugo lo u` nkondrc lo su

ignkakg prclujorg u` oìro`tgnko`tc ët`kbc ‑acs

dag`bcs vorsus acs nostkzcs o k`lîfo`gs„.Xgrg òutrgakzgr tga kngfo`, `cndrò g u` ox

lkrkfo`to sk`lkbga y bcnu`kstg lo crkfo` òfrc

bcnc bg`lklgtc pgrg oa sofu`lc vkboprosklo`to.Rk` ondgrfc, ostc bgusò scagno`to ag so`sgbkò`foòrga lo quo `c pclîg ng`toòr ag u`klgl lo

su gfrupgbkò` `k ag bcmoro`bkg o` ags pcaîtkbgs gglcptgr. Xcr ctrc aglc, Iacros `c acfrò bc`vo`borg Cakvorg, ctrc bg`lklgtc yg bc` dgjg pcpuagrklgl,

pgrg quo roù`bkgrg g su bg`lklgturg y pgsgrg g

gpcgrag. Ostcs lcs igbtcros tgndk` quktgrc` pu`tcs g su pcpuagrklgl.Nko`trgs \caolc Iacros so oìrgsbgrc` o`

lostrukrso nutugno`to, Fgrbîg so pusc ga ngrfo`

;. GXTG skf`kbg Gakg`zg Xcpuagr Tovcaubkc`grkc Gnorkbg`g. Ro trgtg lo u` ncvknko`tc rovcaubkc`grkc `gbkc`gakstg,iu`lglc o` 7;4< pcr Yîbtcr Tçua Mgg lo ag \crro (7=;?-7;6;) o` Nxkbc, lc`lo so oxkakgdg. Mgg lo ag \crro rofrosòga Xorú o` 7;28 iu`lò oa pgrtklc. O` u` prk`bkpkc iuo bcndgtkvc so oìro`tò k`to`sgno`to bc` ags Iuorzgs Grnglgsquo ostgdg loa aglc lo ag cakfgrquîg ‒bcìcrnglg pcr acs torrgto`ko`tos oxpcrtglcros. Xorc o` ag sofu`lg nktgl loaskfac vok`to, sugvkzò su pcskbkò`, bc`vkrtk`lcso o` u`g iuorzg roicrnkstg, `gano`to so gaò ga scbkgalonòbrgtg. Oaiu`lglcr lkrkfkò oa pgrtklc pcr nubmcs g÷cs. Bug`lc nurkò, oa pgrtklc bgò o` bgcs pcr bkortc tkonpc, o` 7;=2 Gag`Fgrbîg, lksbîpuac proiorklc lo Mgg lo ag \crro, so bc`vkrtkò o` oa nçxknc aîlor loa pgrtklc. Ru lcnk`gbkò` loa pgrtklc

mg bc`tkùglc mgstg gmcrg. Fgrbîg cbupò oa bgrfc lo ag prosklo`bkg loslo oa g÷c 7;=? mgstg 7;;8.78. Lospus lo pgsgr oa fcdkor`c g ng`cs lo Iujkncrk o` 7;;8, Fgrbîg dusbò cbupgr lo ùovc ag prosklo`bkg, porc iro`to

ga gutcfcapo icrzglc pcr Iujkncrk o` 7;;4, so oxkakò porngòbkò o` Bcacndkg mgstg lospus lo ag bgîlg lo sto gbc`-

tobklg o` `cvkondro loa 4888. Lurg`to osto porkclc, su lcnk`gbkò` loa pgrtklc bc`tkùò poso g lkvorscs prcdaongs. O`lkbkondro loa 4888, so grbmkvò ag gbusgbkò` lo bcrrupbkò` bc`trg Fgrbîg. Auofc, rofrosò ga Xorú bg`lklgtoò pgrg ag prosklo`bkg o` oa 4887. O` rogaklgl, Fgrbîg gprcvobmò ag kùo`bkg quo Nc`tosk`cs tclgvîg to`îg o` oa pclor julkbkga pgrg quo so grbmkvgrg lkbmg gbusgbkò`, bcnc pgrto lo ag propgrgbkò` lo su pcstuagbkò`. Fgrbîg mkzc ostc, pcrquo o`tc`-

bos tclgvîg ostgdg vkfo`to u`g ao nclkbgtcrkg ga bòlkfc oaobtcrga ‒gprcdglg o` juakc lo 7;;; o` oa Bc`frosc‒ quo probksgdg ag prcmkdkbkò` lo acs ox gatcs iu`bkc`grkcs loa fcdkor`c k`bauklc oa prosklo`to g bg`lklgtogr o` ags oaobbkcòs,o` bgsc lo quo to`fg` prcboscs julkbkgaos po`lko`tos5 pgrg pcstuagr, org òbosgrkc quo ag gbusgbkò` o` su bc`trg quo-

lgrg grbmkvglg. Fgrbîg so pusc o` bc`tgbtc sobrotgno`to bc` Nc`tosk`cs nolkg`to ag k`torvo`bkc` loa ox nk`kstrc loaK`torkcr su drgzc lorobmc Gfustî` Ng`tkaag. Lkbmg ao nclkbgtcrkg porlkò vkfo`bkg pcr ag gprcdgbkò` loa Bc`frosctgndk` o` lkbkondro loa 4888, frgbkgs ga bgdkaloc bag`lostk`c pgrg tga cdjotkvc (o`trovkstg G 4887).

77. O` ags oaobbkcòs lo 7;;?, nko`trgs Iujkncrk o` dusbg lo su rooaobbkò` fczò loa gpcc pcpuagr gdrunglcr, Iacros bc`tòbc` pcbg pcpuagrklgl y so vkc cdakfglc g roù`bkgr g ag bg`lklgturg lurg`to ag bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga pgrg ovktgr ag përlklgloa rofkstrc lo pgrtklc, pcrquo sofú` oa bòlkfc oaobtcrga lo o`tc`bos ags gfrupgbkcòs porlorîg` su rofkstrc o` bgsc lo

quo acs vctcs robkdklcs `c suporgrg` oa ?% lo vctcs vçaklgno`to onktklcs.



“<?“


lo ostg lksputg y so lolkbò g vksktgr prcvk`bkg pcr

prcvk`bkg, dgrrkc pcr dgrrkc, o` lkvorsgs pgrtos

loa pgîs pgrg rogakzgr su bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga. O`ngrzc, ag pcpuagrklgl lo Fgrbîg guno`tò, ac quo

porjulkbò g Iacros. Fgrbîg so gdstuvc lo ag`zgr

u`g bgnpg÷g òfgtkvg bc`trg acs ctrcs bg`lklgtcs.Ro bc`bo`trò o` oìgtkzgr ag òbosklgl lo bgndkgrag grlug sktugbkò` scbkcobc`ònkbg, utkakzg`lc ga

nçxknc su mgdkaklgl lo crglcr oacbuo`to. Gu`quosus pgagdrgs `c bc`vo`bkorc` g acs lo nolkg`g y

torborg olgl, qukoòs robuorlg` gngrfgs oxpo-

rko`bkgs lo su fcdkor`c o` ag sofu`lg nktgl lo ag

lbglg lo 7;=8, bc`skfukorc` bkortc `kvoa lo gpcco`tro acs jòvoòs quo `c bc`cbîg` c to`îg` u`g

noncrkg gndkfug lo lkbmg sktugbkò` losgstrcsg,y ostgdg` gbcstundrglcs g ag ngòrg so`bkaag lo

mgdagr lo Iujkncrk loslo quo onpozgrc` g toòrbc`bko`bkg scbkga.

O` ag vctgbkò` lo gdrka, \caolc cbupò oa prknoraufgr sk` gabg`zgr ag ngcrîg lo vctcs. Ag oaobbkò`lo prosklo`to so lo`krîg robk` lospus lo agsofu`lg vuoatg o`tro \caolc Fgrbîg, oa sofu`lcbg`lklgtc nçs vctglc o` ag prknorg vuoatg.74 O`

ags oaobbkcòs lo bc`froskstgs, oa pgrtklc lo \caolcacfrò oa ngycr únorc lo osbg÷cs porc c gabg`zò

ag ngcrîg.

O` ag bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga pgrg ag sofu`lg vuoatg,\caolc skonpro aaovò ag loag`torg, pcrquo bc`tòbc` oa gpcyc lo acs quo vctgrc` pcr Iacros u

ctrcs bg`lklgtcs quo `c quorîg` lgr sus vctcs

ga bg`lklgtc Fgrbîg lo bo`trckzqukorlg. \caolcrogakzò su bgnpg÷g mgbko`lc robcrlgr g ag fo`toag sktugbkò` losgstrcsg loa fcdkor`c lo Fgrbîg o`

ag sofu`lg nktgl lo ag lbglg lo 7;=8, gsî bcnc

bcnprcnotk`lcso g mgbor rogaklgl, u`g trgs ctrg,ags long`lgs proso`tglgs pcr bglg sobtcr c frupc

o` lkvorsgs pgrtos loa pgîs lc`lo vksktò pgrg su

bgnpg÷g, bc` oa cdjotkvc lo gsofurgr su gpcc.O` ag sofu`lg vuoatg lo ju`kc, \caolc sgakò oaofklc

prosklo`to bc` oa ?2% lo acs vctcs vçaklcs. Aglkioro`bkg bc` Fgrbîg iuo lo 9%.

Ags oaobbkcòs loa 4887 loncstrgrc` lo ùovc

ag to`lo`bkg dçskbg lo irgfno`tgbkò` lo ag pcaîtkbg

porug`g lospuës loa irgbgsc lo ag pcaîtkbg lo pgr-

tklcs o` ag lbglg lo 7;=8 auofc lo ag ‑trg`skbkò`g ag loncbrgbkg„. Ygao lobkr, loslo ag lbglg lo7;;8, o` tros oaobbkcòs foòrgaos (7;;8, 4888 4887), oxboptc ag lo 7;;?, bug`lc Iujkncrk trkuìògdrunglcrgno`to lodklc g su gatg pcpuagrklgl, so

ropktkorc` lcs io`òno`cs: `k`fú` pgrtklc fg`ò agngycrîg o` ag prknorg vuoatg y oa prosklo`to iuo

oaofklc o` ag sofu`lg vuoatg5 `k`fu`g iuorzg, k`-

bauklg oa cbkgaksnc tuvc, pcr ac tg`tc, ag bgpgbklgllo cbupgr ag ngcrîg lo osbg÷cs o` oa Bc`frosc.Ostcs mobmcs roojg` oa ostglc lo irgfno`tgbkò` loacs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs, quo `c tkoò` ag bgpgbklgl lo

ng`toòr, o` nolkg`c y agrfc pagzc, bkortc `kvoa lo

iuorzg pcaîtkbg proso`bkg g `kvoa `gbkc`ga.72

G òs lo juakc loa 4887 \caolc gsunkò oa bgrfclo ag prosklo`bkg. O` u` prk`bkpkc oa ng`lgtgrkc

tuvc gatg pcpuagrklgl ‒borbg lo 98%7<

‒ frgbkgs gag oaovglg oxpobtgtkvg loa puodac rospobtc lo ag

fostkò` loa ùovc fcdkor`c, porc gpo`gs g tros

nosos lo ag tcng lo pcsoskò`, o` `cvkondro,

su pcpuagrklgl dgjò g ag nktgl lo ac quo mgdîgto`klc, garololcr lo 28%. Rknuatçògno`to, agknpcpuagrklgl suporò oa `kvoa lo pcpuagrklgl. Loosto nclc, oa prostkfkc loa fcdkor`c lo \caolc so

74. O` oa Xorú oa prosklo`to so oakfo bc` ag ngcrîg lo vctcs vçaklcs. O` bgsc lo quo `k`fú` bg`lklgtc fgò lkbmg ngcrîg,so rogakzg ag sofu`lg vuoatg o`tro acs lcs bg`lklgtcs nçs vctglcs.

72. O` ags oaobbkcòs lo 7;=8, ag o`tc`bos vkfo`to Bc`stktubkò` oxbopbkc`gdg ag gpakbgbkò` lo ag rofag lo ag ngcrîg lovctcs vçaklcs pgrg ag oaobbkò` loa prosklo`to. Xcr osc oa bg`lklgtc nçs vctglc porc sk` aaofgr g ag ngcrîg iuo oaofklc prosklo`to. Oa cbkgaksnc lo o`tc`bos cdtuvc ag ngcrîg lo osbg÷cs o` ag Bçngrg lo Lkputglcs porc `c tuvc ag nksngsuorto o` ag Ro`glurîg, o mkzc gakg`zg bc` u` pgrtklc lospus lo ags oaobbkcòs. O` ags skfuko`tos oaobbkcòs lo 7;=?,tgnpcbc oa bg`lklgtc nçs vctglc acfrò gabg`zgr ag ngycrîg lo vctcs vçaklcs, porc oa sofu`lc bg`lklgtc nçs vctglc

roù`bkò g ag pcstuagbkò` pgrg ag sofu`lg vuoatg oa prosklo`to iuo oaofklc sk` aaovgrso g bgdc ag sofu`lg vuoatg. Oacbkgaknsc ostg voz sî bc`skfukò ag ngcrîg lo osbg÷cs o` gndgs Bçngrgs. Rk` ondgrfc, lodoncs g`ctgr quo oa so -

fu`lc bgsc iuo gafc krrofuagr, pcrquo lurg`to oa porkclc lo ag bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga, so bgndkò ag rofag lo juofc lodklc

ga igaac loa \rkdu`ga lo Fgrg`tîg Bc`stktubkc`ga. Osto so`to`bkò, o` bc`trg lo ag bcstundro oaobtcrga lo mgstg o`tc`bos,quo acs vctcs dag`bcs ùacs tgndk` lodorîg` sor k`bauklcs o` acs vctcs vçaklcs. Oa igaac cdobolkò g ag vcau`tgl pcaî-tkbg loa o`tc`bos cbkgaksnc: pcòr u` cdstçbuac nçs pgrg u` bg`lklgtc lo cpcskbkò` quo to`îg nubmg pcpuagrklgl. Rkbgabuagncs oa rosuatglc sofú` ag bcstundro, oa bg`lklgtc nçs vctglc o` 7;=? suporò ag ngcrîg. Lo tclgs ngòrgs, o`rosuno`, o` ag lbglg lo 7;=8 oa cbkgaksnc acfrgdg rou`kr vctcs subko`tos pgrg suporgr c quolgr borbg lo ag ngcrîglo vctcs. Ostc so lodkò g quo tclgvîg acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs o` foòrga bc`tgdg` bc` ag bc`g`zg gpcc pcpuagr, quo

so porlkorc` frglugano`to lurg`to ag lbglg lo 7;=8 g bgusg loa irgbgsc lo lkvorsgs pcaîtkbgs.7<. Ag bktg lo acs rosuatglcs lo ag o`buostg o` osto trgdgjc so dgsg o` ags k`vostkfgbkcòs mobmgs no`sugano`to pcr Gpcc,

Cpk`ò` Norbglc R.G., gbtugano`to Kpscs Gpcc, Cpk`ò` Norbglc R.G.



[usueo Nurgegnk

“<9“

porlkò probkpktcsgno`to loslo su prknor g÷c. Ostobc`trgtkonpc so lodkò o` pgrto g quo oa cbkgaksncnk`crkstg y ag bc`sobuo`to lodkaklgl lo ag dgso

pcaîtkbg loa fcdkor`c aknktgrc` oa ngrfo` lo su

aklorgzfc o k`kbkgtkvgs pcaîtkbgs. Xorc ag rgzò` nçs

iu`lgno`tga iuo oa prcdaong lo bugaklgl lo \caolcnksnc bcnc pcaîtkbc.

\caolc porlkò su pcpuagrklgl o` bcrtc tkon-

pc, pcrquo `c lkc k`lkbkc gafu`c lo nojcrgr ag

sktugbkò` scbkcobc`ònkbg lospuës lo su tcng lo

pcsoskò`, g posgr lo quo ag oxpobtgtkvg loa puodac

ga rospobtc mgdîg sklc sungno`to oaovglg lodklcg acs bcnprcnkscs gsunklcs pcr ëa, sk` po`sgr o`

ags bc`sobuo`bkgs, lurg`to su bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga.Ostcs bcnprcnkscs iuorc` ‑aotrgs sk` rospgalc„

lkiîbkaos lo mgbor oiobtkvc, pcrquo `c to`îg` iu`-

lgno`tcs sbgaos5 c so bc`trglobîg` u`c ctrclodklc g quo \caolc gboptò tclgs ags long`lgs pgrt kbuagros proso`tglgs pcr lkvorscs sobtcros

loa pgîs. Oa ng`lgtgrkc `c tcnò lobkskcòs ck`kbkgtkvgs pgrg pcòracs o` prçbtkbg, `k skqukorg

so lojò o`trovor ag vcau`tgl c pcskbkò` bagrg pgrg

tga cdjotkvc.Acs osbç`lgacs rovoaglcs u`c trgs ctrc lg÷g-

rc` nçs su kngfo` bcnc nçxknc rospc`sgdao

loa fcdkor`c. O`tro ostcs osbç`lgacs, furgrc` ag

ngag bcstundro lo dodor longskglc o` ag `cbmo ostgr odrkc o` ag skfuko`to ng÷g`g5 ag bg`tklglsungno`to gatg lo acs suoalcs lo gatcs iu`bkc`grkcs

k`bauklc oa lo a5 oa òpctksnc lo ag fo`to cbkg-

akstg su ignkakg5 ag gfulkzgbkò` lo ag aubmg pcroa pclor o` oa cbkgaksnc5 oa `c robc`cbknko`tclo su mkjg oxtrgngtrknc`kga. O` acs skfuko`tosg÷cs oa ng`lgtgrkc bc`tkùò bgusg`lc osbç`lgacs

bcnotko`lc orrcros o` sus pcaîtkbgs. Ga nksnctkonpc, so buostkc`grc` g sus bcagdcrglcros borbg-

`cs g acs quo to`îg` quo vor bc` oa cbkgaksnc

pcr bcrrupbkò`, y glonçs, o` vgrkgs cpcrtu`klglos,

ag prknorg lgng lkc lobagrgbkcòs k`globuglgs.Lo ostg ngòrg, ag gutcrklgl lo \caolc so porlkòtctgano`to g`to oa puodac. O` oa 4884, dgjò gú`nçs su pcpuagrklgl. O` oa 488<, rofkstrò gpo`gsgarololcr lo 78%, mudc nosos quo quolgdg o`

u` lîfktc (vgso oa buglrc 7).7?

O` soptkondro loa 4887, bug`lc ag pcpuagrklgl

lo \caolc onpozò g dgjgr, bglg voz nçs fo`tosgaîg g ag bgaao pgrg gskstkr g ng`kiostgbkcòs c

bc`bo`trgbkcòs o` su bc`trg. Loslo òs loanksnc nos so cdsorvò bglg song`g pcr ac no`cs

u`g ncvkakzgbkò` pcpuagr o` gafu`g pgrto loa Xorú.Loa 4884 o` gloag`to lkgrkgno`to, o` prcnolkc, so

rofkstrgrc` u`gs vok`to gbtkvklglos lo prctostg.79

Lurg`to oa quk`quo`kc lo \caolc buc prostkfkcso porlkò, so so÷gaò gafu`gs vobos ag pcskdkaklgl

lo quo oa joio lo Ostglc sorîg lostktuklc lo su

bgrfc. Rk` ondgrfc, ostg pcskdkaklgl u`bg so mkzcrogaklgl. Ostc so lodo g quo, o` prknor aufgr, agsncvkakzgbkcòs pcpuagros `c so bcòbtg` crfç`k-

bgno`to pgrg bc`vortkrso o` u`g proskò` iuorto

bc`trg oa fcdkor`c o` oa `kvoa `gbkc`ga. Ostg igatglo crfg`kbklgl roojgdg ag no`bkc`glg to`lo`bkglo irgfno`tgbkò` sk` vî`buacs mcrkzc`tgaos o` ag

7?. Ag gatg knpcpuagrklgl so bc`vkrtkò o` u`g bc`stg`to o` oa fcdkor`c lo \caolc. O` oa 488< 488? rofkstrò nçs loa =8%.\caolc k`to`tò nojcrgr su kngfo` gafu`gs vobos. Xcr ojonpac, o` ju`kc loa 4882 `cndrò g u`g nujor sk` vî`buacs bcòa cbkgaksnc bcnc prknorg nk`kstrg (su bgrfc lurò mgstg lkbkondro loa nksnc g÷c). Iuo ag prknorg voz o` ag mkstcrkgquo u`g nujor gsunkò oa bgrfc lo joio lo fgdkòto. Rk` ondgrfc, ostg ctrg k`to`bkò` `c tuvc `k`fú` oiobtc pgrg rovor -tkr iu`lgno`tgano`to ag ovgaugbkò` òfgtkvg loa nksnc \caolc. Xcr ctrc aglc, loslo `cvkondro loa 4884 mgstg ngrzcloa g÷c skfuko`to, ag pcpuagrklgl lo \caolc sudkò tonpcrgano`to, gazg`zg`lc ga `kvoa lo 28%. Ostc so lodkò g quo o`cbtudro loa 4884 robc`cbkò g su mkjg oxtrgngtrknc`kga5 o` `cvkondro onpozò g vksktgr zc`gs ngrfk`gaos prcvk`bkgsloslo tonprg`gs mcrgs lo ag ng÷g`g, pcr ojonpac, gskstkò g ag boronc`kg lo o`trofg lo bgsgs bc`struklgs pcr oa prcobtcfudor`gno`tga pgrg acs sobtcros pcpuagros. Ostgs vksktgs icrngrc` tgndk` pgrto lo ag bgnpg÷g pgrg ags oaobbkcòs nu`k -

bkpgaos bug vctgbkò` ostgdg provkstg pgrg nolkglcs lo `cvkondro. O` ctrgs pgagdrgs, \caolc knktò oa ostkac fostkò` loIujkncrk. @c cdstg`to, oa oiobtc pcsktkvc `c lurò nubmc, pcrquo sus gbbkcòs `c aaofgrc` g prclubkr rosuatglcs tg`fkdaos

pgrg ag fo`to bcnú`. Loslo ngrzc loa 4882, su pcpuagrklgl dgjò lo ùovc, quolg`lc o` 78% gprcxknglgno`to.79. Rofú` ag ostglîstkbg lo ag Xcakbîg porug`g, o` tclc oa pgîs so rofkstrgrc` 7=49 ncvkakzgbkcòs o` oa 48875 94<8 o` oa

48845 =?24 o` oa 48825 =;?9 o`tro oòrc cbtudro loa 488< (Bgrotgs @c.7=<=).

Iuo`to: Oagdcrgbkò` prcpkg dgsglg o` Gpcyc, Cpk`kò` y Norbglc R.G.,Kìcrno lo cpk`kò` lgtg, gfcstc lo 4887-juakc lo 4889

Buglrc 7

GXTCDGBKÒ@ XTORKLO@BKGA LOGAOJG@LTC \CAOLC (%)

4887 4884 4882 488< 488? 4889

Gpruodg <2 44 76 78 74 46

Losgpruodg 2= 9= 66 =6 =< 9?

@ctg: Ags bkirgs sc` oa prcnolkc gùga lo ags o`buostgs rogakzglgs o`bglg nos o` Akng notrcpcaktgr`g. Ag bkirg loa 4887 os oa prcnolkc loags o`buostgs o`tro gfcstc y lkbkondro loa nksnc g÷c5 y ag loa 4889,o`tro oòrc y juakc loa nksnc.



“<6“


scbkolgl pcaîtkbg porug`g. Oa oiobtc lo bglg ncvkak-zgbkò` quolò ospcrçlkbc, aknktglc g bkortg çrog.76

Xcr ctrc aglc, o` ag prknorg nktgl loa ng`lgtc, pgrtkbuagrno`to mgstg oa g÷c 4882, u`g pgrto lo acsbcagdcrglcros lo \caolc ag cpcskbkò` prcobtg-

rc` lostktukrac, porc ga `ga loskstkorc` lo mgborac prk`bkpgano to pcr lcs rgzcòs. O` prknor aufgr,ag tgrog lo nojcrgr ag sktugbkò` scbkcobc`ònkbg

iuo grlug iro`to g ag oxpobtgtkvg loa puodac. Wuko`sudg ga pclor, ag sktugbkò` `c nojcrgrîg o` bcrtc

tkonpc. Os bkortc quo acs k`lkbglcros ngbrcobc`ò-

nkbcs bcnc brobknko`tc obc`ònkbc rofkstrgrc` u`

gatc `kvoa lo bkirgs o`tro pgîsos agtk`cgnorkbg`cs

lodklc ga bc`stg`to brobknko`tc lo ag oxpactgbkò` y

ag oxpcrtgbkò` lo acs roburscs `gturgaos prcvcbglgs

pcr ag oxpg`skò` lo ag obc`cnîg nu`lkga.7= Rkòndgrfc, ag tgsg lo brobknko`tc obc`ònkbc gùga

ù`bg suporò oa 6%, dgrrorg quo acs obc`cnkstgsso÷gag` bcnc roquksktc nî`knc pgrg pornktkr oa

nojcrgnko`tc lo ag sktugbkò` scbkcobc`ònkbg lo acs

sobtcros nçs dgjcs. Glonçs, sofú` acs oxportcs, osk`lkspo`sgdao quo gùgano`to ag obc`cnîg brozbg

o` nçs lo 6% g agrfc pagzc, o`tro 48 28 g÷cs, pgrg tga cdjotkvc. O` oa fcdkor c lo \caolc tgnpcbcoxkstkò u` Ostglc iu`bkc`ga k u` bc`so`sc pcaîtkbc

bc`brotc quo pornktkorg tg`tc tga brobknko`tc scs-

to`klc bcnc oa ostgdaobknko`tc lo bkortc nobg`ks-nc pgrg bc`vortkr oa irutc ngbrcobc`ònkbc o` oa

nojcrgnko`tc nkbrcobc`ònkbc bcnc brogbkò` lo

onpaoc c nojcrgnko`tc loa `kvoa lo ag vklg.7;

Ga nksnc tkonpc, lodoncs toòr proso`to

quo oa frglc lo nojcrgnko`tc obc`ònkbc vgrkò

lo u` çrog g ctrg. O` oa `crto bo`trc loa Xorúags gbtkvklglos obc`ònkbgs guno`tgrc` y roagtk-

vgno`to prolcnk`ò ag to`lo`bkg lo bcìcrnklgl

bc` ag sktugbkò` gbtuga cptknksnc. O` oa `crto solosgrrcaagrc` ag oxpactgbkò` nkòrg y oa prcbosg-

nko`tc lo prclubtcs gfrîbcags bcnc oa ospçrrgfc

pgrg oxpcrtgr. Oa bo trc loa Xorú bc`tgdg ‒ buo`tggmcrg tgndk`‒ bc` ag ngcr zc`g obc`ònkbg loa pgîs, prk`bkpgano`to ag bgpktga Akng. O` bc`trgsto,oa sur oa crko`to `c to`îg` ospobîbgs gbtkvklglos

prclubtkvgs quo bc`lujorg` ga nojcrgnko`tc obc-

`ònkbc. Ostc bgusò o`tro ag fo`to lo ostgs zc`gs agso`sgbkò` iuorto lo quolgr gtrçs (o`trovkstg D).

Lo tclgs ngòrgs, `c iuo tg` gtrgbtkvg ag klog

lo lostktukr g \caolc, o` vkstg lo ag oxpobtgtkvg quo

ag pcdagbkò` o` foòrga to`îg pcr oa nojcrgnko`tcrçpklc tg`fkdao5 nko`trgs ag sktugbkò` scbkcobc-

`ònkbg iuo lkiîbka pgrg sgtksigbor tga oxpobtgtkvg.Ag sofu`lg y ngycr rgzò` iuo ag k`to`bkò` lo

ag glnk`kstrgbkò` lo Focrfo V. Dusm. Oa prosk-lo`to lo Ostglcs _`klcs losogdg ag bc`tkùklglloa fcdkor`c lo \caolc. Gu`quo Ostglcs _`klcsto`îg quojgs loa fcdkor`c porug`c rospobtc lo

ag pcaîtkbg g`tklrcfg, prorkò ovktgr ag bgîlg lo\caolc quko` o` ag rofkò` g`lk`g bc` lkvorscsigbtcros losostgdkakzglcros pgrg ag suporpcto`bkg,

`c osbgtknò osiuorzcs pcr icrtgaobor ags roagbkcòs

bc` Ostglcs _`klcs.Lospuës lo juakc loa 4888, bug`lc oa o`tc`bos

prosklo`to Dkaa Bak`tc` gprcdò oa Xag` Bcacndkg lobklkò ctcrfgr 728 nkaacòs lo lòagros lo gulgobc`ònkbg, Ostglcs _`klcs prostò nubmg gto`bkò`g Bcacndkg o` bug`tc g ag fuorrg k`tor`g y g acs

pgîsos g`lk`cs bcak`lg`tos. Rk` ondgrfc, o` Yo-

òzuoag oa fcdkor`c lo Mufc Bmçvoz, bc`trgrkc gOstglcs _`klcs, suporò u`g sorko lo lkbuatglos

k`bauklg u`g bc`spkrgbkò` lo lorrcbg pcr pgrto loag suporpcto`bkg, y so provë quolgr o` oa pclor pcr

agrfc tkonpc. Xcr ctrc aglc, o` Dcakvkg Obuglcr,ag pcaîtkbg so losostgdkakzò bc` ag lostktubkò` lo

sus prosklo`tos lodklc g acs prcdaongs scbkcobc-

`ònkbcs. Ga `ga, Ovc Ncrgaos Tgigoa Bcrrog,lo ag bmgvkstg, sudkorc` ga pclor g òs loa 488? prk`bkpkcs loa 4886 rospobtkvgno`to.

Iro`to g tga sktugbkò` rofkc`ga, Dusm c losogdgquo oa fcdkor`c lo \caolc bgorg ag sktugbkò` sobcnpakbgrg nçs. Oa fcdkor`c lo \caolc ‒sk` u`g

dgso sòaklg o` oa k`torkcr‒ o`to`lkò ag k`to`bkò`

lo Dusm so osicrzò pcr bc`strukr roagbkcòsgnkstcsgs bc` su pgr crtognorkbg`c. Xorú cdrò lobcnú` gbuorlc bc` Ostglcs _`klcs o` oa gsu`tclo Krgq, oa prcdaong lo lorobmcs mung`cs lo

76. Xcr ojonpac, o` ju`kc loa 4884 so prclujc o` ag bkulgl lo Groqukpg u` tunuatc quo tuvc oa knpgbtc nçs iuorto lurg`tooa fcdkor`c lo \caolc. Groqukpg os ag sofu`lg bkulgl nçs frg`lo loa Xorú ostç udkbglg o` oa sur g`lk`c. Gmî so lkcu`g ncvkakzgbkò` bc`trg ag prkvgtkzgbkò` lo u`g onprosg oabtrkbg, bgusg`lc ga `ga u`g sktugbkò` bgòtkbg. Oa fcdkor`clo \caolc so vkc cdakfglc g bolor g`to ag proskò` pcpuagr lobagrgr ag suspo`skò` lo ag prkvgtkzgbkò` g o` prcbosc pgrg bgangr ag to`skò` scbkga. Rk` ondgrfc, oa oiobtc loa tunuatc o` Groqukpg quolò lo`trc lo ag nksng bkulgl.

7=. Ag tgsg loa brobknko`tc obc`ònkbc gùga rofkstrò oa <,;% o` oa 48845 <,8% o` oa 48825 <,=% o` oa 488<5 9,9% o` oa

488? (K@OK 4889).7;. Ygso ag losbrkpbkò` loa ‑Gbuorlc @gbkc`ga„ o` ag pgrto `ga lo ostg sobbkò`. Xcr ctrc aglc, oa bcobko`to Fk`k rofkstrò

8.?4? o` 48875 8.?42 o` 4882 (BOXGA 4889: 226).



[usueo Nurgegnk

“<=“

Budg, ctrcs. \caolc tcnò ag k`kbkgtkvg tgndk` loostgdaobor oa nobg`ksnc lo bcagdcrgbkò` rofkc`ga

o`tro acs pgîsos loa Monksiorkc Costo rospobtc loag ‑loio`sg lo ag loncbrgbkg„.48

Lo osto nclc, \caolc acfrò quolgr o` oa pclor,

gu`quo su gutcrklgl so porlkò bcnpaotgno`to. Oòa 4889, o` ag úatkng otgpg lo su fcdkor`c, robuporò

u` bkortc `kvoa lo pcpuagrklgl.47

Ru pcpuagrklgl sudkò frgbkgs g lcs rgzcòs. Ag prknorg rgzò` ‒lo no`cr knpcrtg`bkg‒ iuo quo

loslo òs loa g÷c g`torkcr aknktò ga nî`knc suslobagrgbkcòs púdakbgs, y nçs dko`, so lolkbò g aao-

vgr g bgdc ags pcaîtkbgs scbkcobc`ònkbgs y ojobutgr

vksktgs lo k`spobbkò` roagbkc`glgs bc` oaags. Lo ostgngòrg, \caolc mkzc osiuorzcs pcr lojgr u`g kngfo`lo prosklo`to quo gdcrlgdg bc` sorkolgl acs prc-

daongs scbkcobc`ònkbcs. Ostg gbtktul bc`trkduòg robuporgr frglugano`to su pcpuagrklgl.

Ag sofu`lg y nçs knpcrtg`to rgzò` iuo oa

\rgtglc lo Akdro Bcnorbkc (\AB) bc` Ostglcs_`klcs. Xorú aaofò ga gbuorlc bc` ag suporpcto`bkgo` prk`bkpkcs lo lkbkondro loa 488? ac rnò gnolkglcs lo gdrka loa 4889. _`g pgrto lo acs po-

rug`cs guno`tò ag oxpobtgtkvg loa nojcrgnko`tc

scbkcobc`ònkbc lodklc ga \AB, ac quo aovg`tòtgndk` ag pcpuagrklgl lo \caolc. Xgrtkbuagrno`to

lospus lo su rng, ag oxpobtgtkvg guno`tò bc`ngcr vkfcr.44

\caolc scstuvc ag pcaîtkbg ngbrcobc`ònkbgòcakdorga bcnc oa oqukakdrkc sbga lurg`to tclcsu ng`lgtc. Ostc so lodkò g quo oa cbkgaksncacfrò o` oa Bc`frosc bc`sofukr oa gpcc lo _`klgl @gbkc`ga, glonçs lo ags iuorzgs lo Cakvorg bc` ags

bugaos so gakò lospus lo ag sofu`lg vuoatg. Rkòndgrfc, rospobtc lo ctrcs tongs lo knpcrtg`bkg

‒pcr ojonpac, ag pcaîtkbg gbtkvg pgrg oa iuturc

losgrrcaac‒ `c acfrò icrjgr u` bc`so`sc gnpakc,

bc`brotc obgz._` bgsc tîpkbc iuo oa aagnglc ‑Gbuorlc @gbkc-

`ga„ rnglc o` juakc loa 4884 o`tro lkvorsgs iuorzgs

pcaîtkbgs scbkgaos. Xrocbupglc pcr ag ncvkakzgbkò` pcpuagr brobko to bc`trg su fcdkor`c y ag përlklg lo

pcpuagrklgl o` oa 4887, \caolc onpro`lkò u` prc-

bosc lo lkçacfc lo`cnk`glc ‑Bc`bortgbkò`„ bc` acs

pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs ags iuorzgs scbkgaos. O` oa g÷cskfuko`to, sus rosuatglcs iuorc` robcpkaglcs o` oa

‑Gbuorlc @gbkc`ga„ quo so lodorîg` gpakbgr o` acs

skfuko`tos vok`to g÷cs. Rk` ondgrfc, su bc`to`klciuo foòrga o kòbgz, sk` ospobkbgr prkcrklglos,`k prcbolknko`tcs `k ngòrgs bc`brotgs lo aaovgrso

g bgdc. O` rogaklgl, oa fcdkor`c lo \caolc `c pusco` bc`brotc `glg lo su bc`to`klc.42

Xcr ctrg pgrto, su fcdkor`c iuo o`tuskgstg o` porsofukr ag bcrrupbkò` loa fcdkor`c lo Iujkncrk,

porc k`lkioro`to g ag lo su prcpkc fcdkor`c. Rofúòa î`lkbo lo ags porbopbkcòs lo bcrrupbkò` (Bc-rruptkc` Xorboptkc`s K`lox) pudakbglc gùgano`to pcr ag C@F \rg`spgro bkg K`tor`gbkc`ga, oxksto ag pcskdkaklgl lo quo mudkorg onpocrglc ag bcrrup-

bkò` lospus loa fcdkor`c lo Iujkncrk (vgso oabuglrc 4).

4. Bg`lklgtcs prk`bkpgaos y su prcbosc lo oaobbkò`

O` prk`bkpkcs lo oòrc loa 4889 vo`bkò oa pagzc

pgrg k`sbrkdkr g acs bg`lklgtcs prosklo`bkgaos

g`to oa crfg`ksnc oaobtcrga. O` gquoa o`tc`bosso bc`sklorò quo tros bg`lklgtcs lo ag cpcskbkò`

to`îg` nçs pcskdkaklgl lo sudkr ga pclor.4< Ctrcs

48. Ags roagbkcòs ostrobmgs o`tro Xorú Ostglcs _`klcs lurg`to oa fcdkor`c lo \caolc sc` skndcakzglgs pcr ag vksktg cbkgalo Dusm ga Xorú o` ngrzc loa 4884. Ostg iuo ag prknorg vksktg lo Ostglc quo u` prosklo`to ostglu`klo`so o` ojorbkbkcrogakzò.

47. Oa prcnolkc lo ag pcpuagrklgl prosklo`bkga o`tro oòrc juakc loa 4889 (` lo su ng`lgtc) iuo lo 46%, o`bkng loag dgrrorg lo 48%. Ag to`lo`bkg lo oòrc g ngrzc iuo o`tro 78 48%5 o` gdrka, sudkò g nçs lo 48%5 lo ngc o`gloag`to, `c dgjò g no`cs lo 28%. \caolc tornk`ò su ng`lgtc bc` 28% lo pcpuagrklgl.

44. Oa gazg lo ag oxpobtgtkvg so cdsorvò o` ags rospuostgs g ag profu`tg scdro ag sktugbkò` obc`ònkbg ignkakgr lo`trc lou` g÷c. Rofú` oaags, loslo lkbkondro loa 488?, ag rospuostg ‑nojcrgrç„ suporò ag dgrrorg loa 28%, nko`trgs ag cpbkò`‑onpocrgrç„ quolò lodgjc loa 48%. Mgstg o`tc`bos ag gator`gtkvg ‑onpocrgrç„ mgdîg suporglc c quolglc o` oa nksnc`kvoa lo ag ‑nojcrgrç„ ( Kìcrno lo cpk`kò` lgtg, juakc lo 4889: 22).

42. Oa nobg`ksnc lo lkçacfc quo bc`lujc ga ‑Gbuorlc @gbkc`ga„ mg oxkstklc mgstg gmcrg bcnc oa prcbosc cbkga lo bc`suatg._`g porsc`g quko` iuo rospc`sgdao lo ag cbk`g lo lkbmc nobg`ksnc o` oa fcdkor`c lo \caolc robc`cbo tgndk` quo oabc`to`klc loa ‑Gbuorlc @gbkc`ga„ `c iuo puostc o` ag prçbtkbg (Tc`bgfakcac Xc`bo 488?: 4<=). Gag` Fgrbîg, suboscrlo \caolc, tgnpcbc ac mg puostc o` ojobubkò`, oxboptc gafu`cs pu`tcs. Os nçs prcdgdao quo bc` oa pgsc loa tkonpc, oa

‑Gbuorlc @gbkc`ga„ iuoso robcrlglc scagno`to bcnc oa ‑lcbuno`tc lo \caolc„.4<. O` ags oaobbkcòs foòrgaos loa 4889 so proso`tgrc` 48 pag`bmgs prosklo`bkgaos, `únorc ngcrktgrkc lospus lo ag

‑trg`skbkò` g ag loncbrgbkg„ o` 7;=8. O` ags oaobbkcòs bc`frosgaos, 4< akstgs ‒kfugano`to oa ngcr `únorc lospus



“<;“


lcs bg`lklgtcs, Ngrtmg Bmçvoz oa ox prosklo`to prcvkskc`ga Xg`kgfug robkdkorc` bkortc `kvoa logpcc, quo quolò o` u` lîfktc (vgso oa frç-

bc 7). N. Bmçvoz, ox prosklo`to loa Bc`froscloa iujkncrksnc, bg`lklgtoò pcr ag Gakg`zg pcr

oa Iuturc (sus k`kbkgaos sc` kfugaos quo su joionçxknc, Gadortc Iujkncrk) o` aufgr lo Iujkncrk,4?

quko` ostç prcmkdklc pcstuagr g bgrfcs púdakbcsmgstg oa 4877 lodklc g u`g roscaubkò` bc`frosga.Xg`kgfug pcstuaò bcnc bg`lklgtc loa Iro`to loBo`trc, buc ojo iuo oa pgrtklc Gbbkò` Xcpuagr, gabuga portoòbîg.

Acs tros bg`lklgtcs prk`bkpgaos roproso`tgrc`

bglg u`g lo ags aîògs pcaîtkbgs obc`ònkbgs. Ygaolobkr, ag lorobmg lo Acurlos Iacros vcbogdg dç-

skbgno`to ag loio`sg lo ags pcaîtkbgs òcakdorgaos5oa bo`trc-kzqukorlg lo Gag` Fgrbîg brktkbgdg tga

lkrobbkò` y oìgtkzgdg u`g aîòg roicrnkstg pgrg

robtkbgr acs gspobtcs òfgtkvcs lo ags nksngsbcnc loskfugalgl scbkcobc`ònkbg5 ag kzqukorlglo Caag`tg Mungag oxkfîg oa bgndkc rglkbga lo

ag aîòg òcakdorga bc` u`g gbtktul

mcstka bc`trg Ostglcs _`klcs, gngòrg lo Mufc Bmçvoz lo Yo-

òzuoag. Gu`quo acs tros bc`tgdg`bc` bkortc `kvoa lo gpcyc, `k`fu`c

to`îg ag iuorzg lo suporgr ag dgrrorglo ag nktgl lo acs oaobtcros pgrg

sor oaofklc prosklo`to o` ag prk-

norg vctgbkò`. Ro provoîg quo agsofu`lg vuoatg sorîg kòvktgdao. Oòstg sobbkò`, voroncs acs poraos iuorzgs lo acs tros bg`lklgtcs, gsî

bcnc acs prcboscs lo su oaobbkò`

bcnc bg`lklgtcs, g`tos lo g`gakzgr

oa prcbosc oaobtcrga o` ag skfuko`to

sobbkò`.

Iuo Mungag, bgpktç` o` rotkrcloa Ojërbktc, quko` cbupò oa prk-

nor aufgr o` ag prknorg o`buostg

lo ag ‑trg`skbkò`„‒ bcnpktkorc` pcr 748 osbg÷cs. Oa `únorc lo bg`lklgtcs prosklo`bkgaos iuo 7? o` 7;=85 = o` 7;=?5 ;o` 7;;85 7< o` 7;;?5 ; o` 48885 = o` 4887. Oa `únorc lo akstgs lo bg`lklgtcs pgrg oa Bc`frosc iuo 7? o` 7;=85 74o` 7;=?5 79 o` 7;;85 48 o` 7;;?5 78 o` 48885 72 o` 4887. Acs `únorc`s lo ags akstgs pgrg oa Bc`frosc bcrrospc`lo`g ag Ro`glurîg loa skstong dkbgnorga mgstg 7;;8. Loslo 7;;? oa skstong os u`kbgnorga, mgstg oa g÷c 4888 bc`tò bcòa lkstrktc ú`kbc `gbkc`ga5 loslo 4887 so rogakzg` ags oaobbkcòs bc` lkstrktcs núatkpaos.

4?. O` prk`bkpkcs loa 488? Iujkncrk gdg`c`ò oa Jgpò` lc`lo mgdîg porngòbklc loslo ag bgîlg lo su fcdkor`c, pgrg kr gBmkao. Ru vkgjo tuvc lcs cdjotkvcs prk`bkpgaos. Oa prknorc iuo rolubkr oa `únorc lo gbusgbkcòs bc`trg sî nksnc, lglcquo oa prcbosc lo oxtrglkbkò` lo Bmkao os nçs ostrkbtc. Oa sofu`lc cdjotkvc iuo, bc` su proso`bkg o` oa pgîs vobk`c,

lgr knpuasc g ag bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga pgrg oa Bc`frosc. Iujkncrk prc`cstkbò quo su loto`bkò` loncrgrîg u`cs lkoz lîgs po`sò rogakzgr u`g ‑bgnpg÷g gbtkvg„ g igvcr lo su gfrupgbkò`. O` bc`trg lo su provkskò`, ags gutcrklglos bmkao`gsrogbbkc`grc` rçpklgs ac lotuvkorc` u` lîg lospus lo su aaofglg. Iujkncrk o`to`lîg ag knpcskdkaklgl lo su pcstuagbkò`

Iuo`to: Oagdcrgbkò` prcpkg dgsglg o` \K (7;;=-4886).

Buglrc 4

Î@LKBO LO XOTBOXBKÒ@ LO BCTT_XBKÒ@

G÷c Î`lkbo

7;;= <.?

7;;; <.?

4888 <.<

4887 <.7

4884 <.8

4882 2.6

488< 2.?

488? 2.?

4889 2.2

4886 2.?

@ctg: Osto î`lkbo os oa rosuatglc loa bçabuac prcpkc lo ag \K scdro agdgso lo lkvorscs ropcrtos o kìcrnos mobmcs pcr nçs lo lkoz o`-

tklglos ospobkgakzglgs, crfg`kzgbkcòs k`tor`gbkc`gaos y nolkcs lobcnu`kbgbkò` scdro oa tong. O`tro oaacs, ifurg` ags k`vostkfgbkcòsg porsc`gs roagtkvgs g acs bîrbuacs obc`ònkbcs y g`çaksks lo acs ox-portcs. 78 skf`kibg oa ostglc lo `c bcrrupbkò`, y g nolklg quo sogborquo g 8, onpocrg ag sktugbkò` lo bcrrupbkò`.

Iuo`to: Oagdcrgbkò` prcpkg dgsglg o` Gpcyc, Cpk`kò` y Norbglc R.G., Kìcrno lo cpk`kò` lgtg,oòrc-gdrka lo 48895 C@XO (4889g).

8

?

78

7?

48

4?

28

2?

<8%

4889

72/ K 46/ K 78/ KK 4</ KK 78/ KKK 76/ KKK 4</ KKK 27/ KKK =/ KY Tosuatglc

Mungag Fgrbîg Iacros Bmçvoz Xg`kgfug

Frçibc 7

K@\O@BKÒ@ LO YC\C O@ AGR OAOBBKC@OR LOA 4889(XTKNOTG Y_OA\G)

@ctg: Rc` rosuatglcs lo ags o`buostgs rogakzglgs g `kvoa `gbkc`ga. Oa ‑Tosutaglc„ os oa loag prknorg vuoatg.



[usueo Nurgegnk

“?8“

scdro ag k`to`bkò` lo vctcs, lospuës loa bkorro lo

k`sbrkpbkò` lo ags pag`bmgs prosklo`bkgaos49 (vg-

so oa frçbc 7). Mungag iuo u` nkaktgr bcrrko`tomgstg quo g òs lo cbtudro loa 4888 so aovg`tòo` grngs o` oa sur loa Xorú bc`trg oa fcdkor`c lo

Iujkncrk quo so o`bc`trgdg yg o` brksks lodklc gag rovoagbkò` lo ag bcrrupbkò` lo Nc`tosk`cs. Oa`cndro lo Mungag so bc`cbkò o`tc`bos o` tclcoa Xorú bcnc joio lo ostg rodoakò`. Nçs tgrlo, sorovoaò quo oa gazgnko`tc grnglc so lkc nçs dko`

pgrg lkstrgor ag gto`bkò` lo tclc oa pgîs mgbkg oa sur pgrg quo Nc`tosk`cs ‒quko` so cbuatgdg‒ pulkorgsgakr loa Xorú bag`lostk`gno`to pcr oa `crto.46 Lo

tclgs ngòrgs, oa aovg`tgnko`tc iuo bc`trcaglc o`

bcrtc tkonpc, Mungag iuo cdakfglc g pgsgr ga ro-

tkrc lospus lo sor loto`klc. Auofc lo ag bgîlg loafcdkor`c lo Iujkncrk cburrklg g òs lo `cvkondroloa 4888, Mungag iuo k`luatglc rotcr`ò ga sorvk-bkc gbtkvc. Rk` ondgrfc, iuo `cndrglc gfrofglcnkaktgr ‒bgrfc quo `c tkoò quo vor bc` ag aîòg

lo ng`lc nkaktgr‒ prknorc o` Irg`bkg y lospuës

o` Ecrog loa Rur, lglc quo so ncstrò losocsc loag`zgrso o` oa nu`lc pcaîtkbc. Lurg`to su ostglîgo` oa sofu`lc pgîs, iuo pgsglc ga rotkrc.

Mungag to`îg u`g kngfo` lo rglkbga, xo`ò-

icdc o kzqukorlkstg. Ostc so lodo dçskbgno`to gtros igbtcros. O` prknor aufgr, bug`lc Mungagmkzc gbtkvklglos pcaîtkbgs nolkg`to su ignkakg,auofc loa k`luatc, sus sknpgtkzg`tos so vostîg` lo

nkaktgros y sus pgagdrgs so ronktîg` g ag lo acs`gzks. O` sofu`lc aufgr, so pusc ga losbudkortcu` `gbkc`gaksnc borrglc mcstka bc`trg ag k`vor -skò` oxtrg`jorg bcnc ag bmkao`g, ga ncno`tc lobrktkbgr oa òcakdorgaksnc o k`skstkr o` ag òbosklgl

loa k`torvo`bkc`ksnc ostgtga. O` torbor aufgr, sukngfo` rglkbga tkoò quo vor bc` oa gazgnko`tc

y tcng lo ag bcnksgrîg o` ag skorrg bo`trga loa

Xorú o` oòrc loa 488?. Oa gazgnko`tc ostgaaòbug`lc Mungag so o`bc`trgdg o` Ecrog loa Rur, iuo bc`trcaglc o` bcrtc tkonpc. Ru morng`c,G`tgurc Mungag, lkrkfkò oa aovg`tgnko`tc bc` oasgalc trçfkbc lo bugtrc cbkgaos gsosk`glcs pcracs rodoalos. @c so sgdo oxgbtgno`to sk Mungagso k`vcaubrò o` oa aovg`tgnko`tc lo su morng`c, porc oa k`bklo`to rogrnò rctu lgno`to su kngfo`lo rglkbga. Bc` tga kngfo` aubkò gtrgbtkvc pgrg acsquo so so`tîg` ngrfk`glcs lo ag scbkolgl c `c so

so`tîg` doòbkglcs pcr oa Ostglc o` oa gspobtc

pgrg ag prosklo`bkg, pcrquo loslo oòrc loa 488?, k`to`tò sk` xktc porsuglkr k`sksto`tono`to g u`g porsc`g lo su gpoaak-lc pgrg bg`lklgtogr o` ags oaobbkcòs prosklo`bkgaos. G`tos lo su pgrtklg pgrg Bmkao, Iujkncrk bc`suatò, sk` ospobkbgrlotgaaos, bc` u`cs nkondrcs lo su ignkakg scdro ag klog lo trgsaglgrso g Bmkao. _`c lo oaacs ao gbc`sojò gdg`lc`gr agklog, pcrquo Nkbmoaao Dgbmoaot loa pgrtklc scbkgakstg to`îg ag ngcr pcskdkaklgl lo sor oaofklg prosklo`to. Cdvkgno`tooa ox ng`lgtgrkc `c cò oa bc`sojc (o`trovkstg B 4889g). O` juakc loa 4886, so lkbtò ag so`to`bkg lo ag prknorg k`stg`bkgscdro oa polklc lo oxtrglkbkò` proso`tglc pcr oa fcdkor`c porug`c. Ag nksng skfukò bc` acs brktorkcs `crngaos po`gaos robmgzò oa polklc, grfuno`tg`lc quo `c mg subko`tos pruodgs. G òs loa nksnc nos, scdro ag dgso lo su `gbkc -

`gakgl jgpcòsg, Iujkncrk pcstuaò sk` ëxktc g ags oaobbkcòs lo ag Bçngrg Gatg loa Jgpò` bcnc bg`lklgtc lo u` pgrtklc

bc`sorvglcr poquo÷c. O` soptkondro, o` ag sofu`lg úatkng k`stg`bkg, ag bcrto suprong lo Bmkao so`to`bkò g igvcrlo su oxtrglkbkò`, pcr skoto gsu`tcs, k`bauklcs ag bcrrupbkò` ag vkcagbkò` lo acs lorobmcs mung`cs. K`nolkgtgno`to,Iujkncrk iuo oxtrglktglc ga Xorú. O` ac quo so rooro g ag vkcagbkò` lo acs lorobmcs mung`cs, ag bcrto bmkao`g glcptò oabc`boptc lo ‑gutcrîg nolkgtg„ dgsglg o` ag ‑tocrîg loa lcnk`kc lo mobmc„. Lkbmg tocrîg so mgdîg usglc dçskbgno`to oàg bcrto k`tor`gbkc`ga bcnc ag lo @uro`durfc bc`trg acs `gzks, `c furg ‒mgstg oa ncno`tc‒ o` oa bòlkfc po`ga lo`k`fú` pgîs. Ag úatkng k`stg`bkg rovkrtkò ag prknorg prk`bkpgano`to lodklc g tros rgzcòs. O` prknor aufgr, auofc lo ag

so`to`bkg lo ag prknorg k`stg`bkg, ags C@F scdro acs lorobmcs mung`cs bcrrupbkò` ojorbkorc` proskò` iuorto g Bmkao,ac quo kùò o` acs bk`bc juobos o`bgrfglcs lo ag úatkng k`stg`bkg, lo acs bugaos tros, k`bauklc oa prosklo`to lo agsgag, org` bc`sklorglcs ‑prc-lorobmcs mung`cs„. O` sofu`lc aufgr, o` gquoa o`tc`bos, oa fcdkor`c bmkao`c bg`lklgtoò pgrg sor nkondrc lo ag Bcnkskò` lo acs Lorobmcs Mung`cs lo ag C@_, ag prosklo`tg Dgbmoaaot losogdg quo oa bgscIujkncrk `c bc`stktuorg u` cdstçbuac pgrg su k`to`bkò`. O` torbor aufgr, o` lkbkondro loa 4889 nurkò oa ox lkbtglcrGufustc Xk`cbmot ‒quko` osfrknkò oa pclor iuorto bcnotkò vkcagbkò` lo acs lorobmcs mung`cs bcrrupbkò` lurg`tosu fcdkor`c nkaktgr‒ g `c org òbosgrkc tcngr nubmc o` bc`sklorgbkò` ovo`tugaos oiobtcs k`tor`cs lo ag so`to`bkgrospobtc loa bgsc Iujkncrk. Lo tclgs ngòrgs, lodoncs prostgr gto`bkò` tgndk` g lcs pu`tcs lo ag so`to`bkg `ga. Oa prknor pu`tc os oa robmgzc loa bgrfc o` roagbkò` bc` ags lc`gbkcòs loa Jgpò` pcr igatg lo pruodgs. Oa sofu`lc pu`tc osu`g bc`trglkbbkò` o` ag pgrto lo ag vkcagbkò` lo acs lorobmcs mung`cs. Nko`trgs ag so`to`bkg k`lkbg oa lcnk`kc pcaîtkbciuorto lo Iujkncrk lospuës loa gutcfcapo lo 7;;4 bcnc prknor iu`lgno`tc pgrg ag oxtrglkbkò` loa ox ng`lgtgrkc scdroag vkcagbkò` lo acs lorobmcs mung`cs, ag so`to`bkg k`bauo oa bgsc lo Dgrrkcs Gatcs subolklc g`tos loa gutcfcapo.

49. O` oa Xorú so usg ag acbubkò` cnk`ga pag`bmg prosklo`bkga pgrg loskf`gr ag `ònk`g lo acs bg`lklgtcs pgrg ag prosklo`bkg

g ags lcs vkboprosklo`bkgs lo ag Topúdakbg.

46. Mungag so÷gaò bcnc nctkvc loa gazgnko`tc ag k`bcìcrnk`lgl bc` acs gatcs ng`lcs nkaktgros bcrruptcs, porc so losbudrkò,tkonpc lospus quo bgsk sknuatçògno`to bc` oa k`kbkc loa aovg`tgnko`tc oa osbc`lklc Nc`tosk`cs so trg`saglò loa bo`trcga `crto loa Xorú o` u`g ondgrbgbkò` pgrtkbuagr, `gano`to sgakò loa Xorú bag`lostk`gno`to pcr vîg ngrîtkng.



“?7“


scbkcobc`ònkbc. Tobkdkò bkortc `kvoa lo gpcc, pgrtkbuagrno`to, lo acs quo vkvo` o` oa sur y

crko`to loa Xorú qukoòs `c so`tîg` quo fczgdg`lo ag pcaîtkbg obc`ònkbg òcakdorga knpuasglg pcr

acs fcdkor`cs lo Iujkncrk \caolc. Rk` ondgrfc,

bgsk ag ngycrîg lo acs oaobtcros porug`cs tkoò` agto`lo`bkg bo`trkstg y `c ostgdg` lkspuostcs gpcygr

g Mungag. Ga nksnc tkonpc, su rglkbgaksnc iuobrktkbglc robmgzglc bcnc ‑g`tkskstong„ (o`bc`trg loa skstong loncbrçtkbc) pcr acs nolkcslo bcnu`kbgbkò`.

Mungag crfg`kzò o k`to`tò k`sbrkdkr su prcpkggfrupgbkò`, Xgrtklc @gbkc`gakstg Xorug`c. Xorcigatg`lc pcbc pgrg ag iobmg aînkto lo k`sbrkpbkò` loag pag`bmg prosklo`bkga, so provoîg quo `c acfrgrîgk`sbrkdkr su gfrupgbkò` g`to oa crfg`ksnc oaobtcrga.O`tc`bos, so pusc o` bc`tgbtc y òfcbkò bc` gafu-

`cs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs lo kzqukorlg yg gptcs pgrg

ags oaobbkcòs loa 4889, `gano`to proso`tò subg`lklgturg prosklo`bkga pcr oa ncvknko`tc _`kò` pcr oa Xorú.4=

Acurlos Iacros cbupò oa sofu`lc aufgr o` ag

no`bkc`glg o`buostg scdro ag k`to`bkò` lo vctcs.Ag bg`lklgtg k`to`tò pcr torborg voz sudkr ga pclor.Ag prknorg voz iuo 7;;? ag sofu`lg, oa prcboscg`torkcr lo ags oaobbkcòs foòrgaos loa 4887.4; Ga

kfuga quo ag voz pgsglg, pcstuaò bcnc bg`lklgtglo ag gakg`zg _`klgl @gbkc`ga.

Lo`trc loa Xgrtklc Xcpuagr Brkstkg`c mudc bc`-

kbtcs o` tcr`c g ag pcaîtkbg lo gakg`zg. Nko`trgsAcurlos Iacros knpuasgdg lkbmg aîòg, mudc u`frupc lo acs nkaktg`tos quo k`skstîg` o` ag òbosk-

lgl lo ncstrgr y ng`toòr ag proso`bkg prcpkg o

k`lopo`lko`to bcnc pgrtklc. Rk` ondgrfc, Iacros pulc ng`toòrso rno o` su pcaîtkbg lo gakg`zg, pcrquo ag bg lklgtg bc`tgdg bc` oa rospgalc lo Auks

Dolcg Toos, iu`lglcr loa pgrtklc. Dolcg so

o`buo`trg rotkrglc cbkgano`to lo ag pcaîtkbg, porco` rogaklgl bc`tk`úg to`ko`lc u`g frg` kùo`bkgo` oa pgrtklc bcnc joio nçxknc. Glonçs Dolcgskonpro igvcrobkò y gpcyò g Iacros loslo ag lëbglg

lo 7;;8. Xcr ostg rgzò`, oaag acfrò tros vobos sor`cndrglg bcnc bg`lklgtg prosklo`bkga loa XgrtklcXcpuagr Brkstkg`c ( ag gakg`zg o`tro osto pgrtklc ctrgs gfrupgbkcòs), g posgr lo su irgbgsc oaobtcrga, pgrtkbuagrno`to ag prknorg oxporko`bkg gngrfg lo

7;;?,28 quo ao mgdrîg cdakfglc g tornk`gr su bgrrorg pcaîtkbg sk `c mudkorg robkdklc oa rospgalc lo su joio nçxknc.

O` Bmkao, lc`lo so aaovò g bgdc ag sofu`lgvuoatg o` oòrc loa 4889, u`g nujor sgakò oaofklg

prosklo`tg. Rkfuko`lc osto ojonpac, so no`bkc`ò ag pcskdkaklgl lo quo tgndk` o` oa Xorú u`g nujor ‒bc`brotgno`to Acurlos Iacros‒ sudkorg ga pclor.Rk` ondgrfc, g`tos lo k`kbkgr ag bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga,Iacros, g to`îg lcs prcdaongs prk`bkpgaos. Oa prk-norc iuo quo sus dgsos lo gpcyc so bc`bo`trgdg`

o` ag prcvk`bkg lo Akng27 y `c so oxpg`lîg` g

ctrgs prcvk`bkgs. Ostg mg sklc ag aknktgbkò` quooa Xgrtklc Xcpuagr Brkstkg`c, ga buga portoòboag bg`lklgtg, mg to`klc mkstòrkbgno`to24 ‒y tkoò

gmcrg tgndk`.O`bkng lo ostc, bcnc sofu`lc prcdaong, oa

gpcyc o` ag prcvk`bkg lo Akng `c òbosgrkgno`to

4=. Crkfk`gano`to oa ncvknko`tc _`kò` pcr oa Xorú iuo iu`lglc o` 7;;< pcr u` frupc lo g`tkiujkncrkstgs bc` oacdjotkvc lo pcstuagr ga ox sobrotgrkc foòrga lo ag C@_ Jgvkor Xroz lo Buoaagr bcnc bg`lklgtc prosklo`bkga cpc -

sktcr g Iujkncrk o` ags oaobbkcòs loa g÷c skfuko`to. O` u` prk`bkpkc bc`vkvîg` o` oa ncvknko`tc ags iuorzgs tg`tclo lorobmg bcnc lo kzqukorlg, klocaòfkbgno`to mgdag`lc, porc lospus lo ags oaobbkcòs loa 7;;?, so lodkaktò

dgstg`to, pcrquo prknorc sgakò loa ncvknko`tc ag lorobmg, auofc, so prclujc ag aubmg k`tor`g o`tro ags iuorzgs lokzqukorlgs. O` iodrorc lo 7;;;, Xroz lo Buoaagr lobagrò su rotkrc lo ag prknorg aîòg loa ncvknko`tc. Auofc loostc, u`g pgrto lo kzqukorlg bc`scaklò oa bc`trca k`tor`c loa ncvknko`tc, nko`trgs nubmcs loa puodac cavklgrc`su `cndro.

4;. O` ags oaobbkcòs loa 4887 Acurlos Iacros bcnpktkò bc` Gag` Fgrbîg pcr oa sofu`lc aufgr o` ag proioro`bkg `gakzò o` oa torbor aufgr bc` ag lkioro`bkg lo u` pcbc nçs lo 798 nka vctcs (7,?% lo ag tctgaklgl lo vctcs vç -

aklcs). Tospobtc lo ags oaobbkcòs lo 7;;?, vgso ag `ctg 77 lo osto trgdgjc.28. Ygso ag `ctg 77 lo osto trgdgjc.27. Ag prcvk`bkg os ag sofu`lg u`klgl nçs frg`lo lo ag glnk`kstrgbkò` nu`kbkpga loa Xorú. Ag nçs poquo÷g os oa lkstrktc,

ag ngcr, oa lopgrtgno`tc. Mgstg oa 4884 o` ags oaobbkcòs nu`kbkpgaos so oakfkorc` acs gabgalos rofklcros lo prcvk`bkg lkstrktc. Loslo osto g÷c, so rofkc`gakzò oa pgîs pcr o`lo, tgndk` so rogakzg` oaobbkcòs pgrg prosklo torofkc`ga acs nkondrcs loa Bc`sojc Tofkc`ga. Rcagno`to oa lopgrtgno`tc lo Akng so lkvklo o` ag prcvk`bkg lo Akng oa rostc lo prcvk`bkgs5 scac so ojobutg` ags oaobbkcòs pgrg prosklo`to rofkc`ga pgrg oa sofu`lc. O` ag prcvk`bkg

lo Akng, oa gabgalo prcvk`bkga so o`bgrfg lo ag prosklo`bkg rofkc`ga.24. Rofú` oa rosuatglc lo acs bcnkbkcs prcvk`bkgaos lo 4884, oa 6<,=%, c sog tros bugrtgs pgrtos, loa tctga lo vctcs

bc`sofuklcs pcr _`klgl @gbkc`ga bcrrospc`lkò g ag prcvk`bkg lo Akng.



[usueo Nurgegnk

“?4“

ostgdg gsofurglc bc` nkrgs g ags oaobbkcòs loa

4889. Ostc so lodkò ga bcnpcrtgnko`tc loa su ga-bgalo Auks Bgstg÷olg Acsskc,22 quko` iuo `cndrglc

bg`lklgtc pgrg ag gabgalîg pcr _`klgl @gbkc`ga sgakò oaofklc gabgalo o` oa 4884. Lospus lo gsunkr

oa bgrfc lo gabgalîg, sus pcaîtkbgs iuorc` gatgno`togboptglgs bc` u` `kvoa gatc lo pcpuagrklgl ‒garolo-

lcr loa =8%‒ bc` oa pgsc loa tkonpc, Bgstg÷olgiuo bc`sklorglc bcnc u` bg`lklgtc prosklo`bkga

lo knpcrtg`bkg. Lo mobmc, o` ag o`buostg scdro agk`to`bkò` lo vctcs, Bgstg÷olg robkdîg nçs gpcyc

quo Iacros ( Kìcrno lo cpk`kò` lgtg, oòrc lo

4882-lkbkondro lo 488<).Rk` ondgrfc, o` ngrzc loa 488?, Bgstg÷olg

lobagrò quo `c pcstuagrîg g ag prosklo`bkg pgrg

lolkbgrso g ag fostkò` nu`kbkpga. O`tc`bos cd-

sorvgncs quo acs sknpgtkzg`tos lo Bgstg÷olg `c

pgsgrc` gutcnçtkbgno`to g gpcygr g Iacros, su

gakglg, pcrquo oa gpcyc g Bgstg÷olg `c òbosgrkg-

no`to oqukvgaîg ga lo _`klgl @gbkc`ga. O` ctrgs pgagdrgs, _`klgl @gbkc`ga `c tkoò ag ‑u`klgl„k`tor`g y oa gpcyc os pgrg u` pcaîtkbc o` porsc`g,

`c pgrg ag gfrupgbkò` pcaîtkbg ‒bgrgbtorîstkbg loa

gpcc pcaîtkbc loa Xorú. Lo tclgs ngòrgs, où` prk`bkpkc Iacros to`îg quo oìro`tgr u` losg-

iîc oxtrg÷c, onpozgr g gsofurgr oa gpcyc lo acs

sknpgtkzg`tos lo su gakglc.Gag` Fgrbîg ‒fg`glcr lo ag bcnpoto`bkg oaob-

tcrga‒ cbupò oa torbor aufgr o` ag o`buostg scdro

ag k`to`bkò` lo vctcs aovg`tglg k`nolkgtgno`to

lospuës loa bkorro lo ag k`sbrkpbkò` lo bg`lklgtcs

prosklo bkgaos. \gndk` o` ostg cbgskò`, oa sofu`lck`to`tc lo rotcr`c ga pclor, ag pcdagbkò` lo nolkg-

`g y torborg olgl brktkbò ga bg`lklgtc gprkstg pcr

bgusg lo ag oxporko`bkg y acs robuorlcs scdro oa

loscrlo` o` su fcdkor`c lo ag sofu`lg nktgl lo ag

lbglg lo 7;=8. Iro`to g osto tkpc lo brîtkbg, Fgrbîg

k`skstkò o` mgdor gpro`lklc loa irgbgsc obc`ònkbcy so bcnprcnotkò g glcptgr nolklgs y pcaîtkbgs

ùovgs bcrrospc`lko`tos ga bgndkc bc`tonpcrçòc.Rk` ondgrfc, sus pgagdrgs `c bc`vo`bkorc` o`trnk`cs foòrgaos g nubmcs pgrg quo bgndkgrgàg porbopbkò` scdro oa ox ng`lgtgrkc.2<

Xcr ctrc aglc, o` oa prcbosc oaobtcrga g`torkcrloa 4887, bkortc `únorc lo jòvoòs k`frosgrc` ga

pgrtklc, k`bauskvo lurg`to ag bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga,

gtrgîlcs pcr oa Fgrbîg oacbuo`to. @c cdstg`to,lospuës lo u` tkonpc, oa oqukvgao`to `únorc lo

jòvoòs gdg`lc`grc` oa pgrtklc, o vkstg loa iuortobc`trca y gutcrktgrksnc loa pgrtklc pcr pgrto lo

Fgrbîg su ostglc roga sk` bgndkc `k ro`cvgbkò`.G ` lo buo`tgs, ag iuorzg loa Xgrtklc GprkstgXorug`c `c so oxpg`lkò.

Ga nksnc tkonpc, o` ags oaobbkcòs nu`kbk-

pgaos y rofkc`gaos loa 4884, Fgrbîg proto`lkò bc`

su prcpkg k`kbkgtkvg ro`cvgr ag kngfo` loa pgrtklc

k`vktg`lc g acs oxportcs y prcioskc`gaos `c gprks-

tgs pgrg pcstuagr bcnc bg`lklgtcs lo su pgrtklc.Xorc nubmcs lkrkfo`tos gprkstgs o` prcvk`bkgs porbkdkorc` oa k`to`tc lo ro`cvgbkò` knpuasglc

pcr ag lkrkfo`bkg `gbkc`ga bcnc u`g k`torvo`bkò`

k`justg o` ag vklg pgrtklgrkg acbga. Ag k`kbkgtkvglo Fgrbîg bgusò bc`kbtcs k`tor`cs o` lkvorsgscrfg`kzgbkcòs gprkstgs o` prcvk`bkgs o` nubmcsbgscs, cdakfò g sus lkrkfo`tos y nkondrcs g sgakr loa

pgrtklc. Xcr ctrc aglc, o` lkbmgs oaobbkcòs, Fgrbîg pusc sus osiuorzcs o` ag bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga pgrg

prosklo`tos rofkc`gaos. Frgbkgs g ostc, o` 72 lo 4?rofkcòs acs bg`lklgtcs gprkstgs sgakorc` oaofklcs

prosklo`tos rofkc`gaos. @c cdstg`to, auofc lo agtcng lo pcsoskcòs, so rovoagrc` u`c trgs ctrc

bgscs lo bcrrupbkò` lo ag glnk`kstrgbkò` rofkc`ga

loa gprksnc, ac quo bcnc bc`sobuo`bkg ovcbò ac

òfgtkvc loa fcdkor`c gprkstg o` ag sofu`lg nktgl

lo ag lbglg lo 7;=8.Lglc ac k`lkbglc, Fgrbîg tgnpcbc to`îg igbtcros

igvcrgdaos pgrg guno`tgr oa gpcyc g su porsc`g

o` frg` osbgag, gu`quo bc`tgdg bc` bkortc `kvoa

lo gpcc o` oa `crto loa Xorú lc`lo os oa dgstò`trglkbkc`ga loa gprksnc.

Loslo oa pu`tc lo ag ro`cvgbkò` y loncbrg-

tkzgbkò` lo acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs, ags oaobbkcòs

foòrgaos loa 4889 tuvkorc` u` so`tklc knpcrtg`to,

pcrquo bc`stktuyorc oa prknor prcbosc oaobtcrga lo

`kvoa `gbkc`ga ga buga ag aoy lo pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs

‒ag prknorg o` ag mkstcrkg porug`g prcnuafglg o`

22. Crkfk`gano`to Bgstg÷olg portoòbkò g Gbbkò` Xcpuagr. O` ag prknorg nktgl lo acs g÷cs lo 7;=8 tuvc ag oxporko`bkglo sor rofklcr prcvk`bkga lo Akng. O`tro 7;;8 7;;9, o` oa fcdkor`c lo Iujkncrk, cbupò oa bgrfc lo joio lo K`stktutcXorug`c Rofurc Rcbkga. Bg`lklgtoò pcr ag prosklo`bkg o` oa 4888, porc porlkò iro`to g Iujkncrk.

2<. _` votorg`c gprkstg ox lkrkfo`to lo gatc rg`fc ‒o`trovkstglc pcr oa gutcr o` oa 4884‒ tuvc ag nksng knproskò`. Rofú`

a, ag lkioro`bkg o`tro g`tos gmcrg os: Fgrbîg ‑g`tos bgnk`gdg onpujg`lc o`tro ag fo`to sk` lobkr `glg, porc gmcrg pcrac no`cs lkbko`lc ”porlò`‛„. Ygao lobkr, k`to`tg gpgro`tgr mgdor bgndkglc bc` ags pgagdrgs, porc su ngòrg lo mgbor pcaîtkbg `c mg bgndkglc sustg`bkgano`to (o`trovkstg G 4884).



“?2“


`cvkondro loa 4882‒ iuo gpakbglg. Bc`brotgno`to,ag aoy cdakfg g rogakzgr oa prcbosc oaobtcrga k`tor`c

pgrg `cndrgr tg`tc g acs lkrkfo`tos pgrtklgrkcs

bcnc g acs bg`lklgtcs pgrg ags oaobbkcòs. Xorú osbc`cbklc bcnc oa prknor bgsc o` oa buga acs pgrtk-

lcs pcaîtkbcs oxksto`tos porlkorc` ag bc`g`zg oagpcc lo nubmcs oaobtcros garololcr lo acs g÷cslo 7;;8, auofc lo ag ‑trg`skbkò` g ag loncbrgbkg„cdsorvglg o` Gnrkbg Agtk`g loslo òs lo aglbglg lo 7;68. Iuo oa io`òno`c lo ag bgîlg loacs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs ac quo pornktkò ag oaobbkò`

lo Gadortc Iujkncrk, gjo`c g acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs

oxksto`tos (so aagng tgndk` bcnc ‑cutsklor „),bcnc joio lo Ostglc o` 7;;8 su lcnk`gbkò`gutcrktgrkg dgsglg o` ag bc`bo`trgbkò` oxtrong loa

pclor o` su porsc`g lurg`to 78 g÷cs mgstg oa 4888(Nurgegnk 4886). Oa fcdkor`c lo \caolc subolkòo` oa 4887 ga fcdkor`c lo trg`skbkò` k`stgaglc auofc

lo ag bgîlg lo Iujkncrk y tornk`ò su ng`lgtc o`

oa 4889, porc su pgrtklc cbkgakstg tgnpcbc tuvc dgsos sòaklgs.

Bcnc u`g lo ags prk`bkpgaos bgusgs lo ag bgîlg

lo acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs o` ag lbglg lo 7;=8, sobc`sklorg ag lcnk`gbkò` loa prcbosc k`tor`c pcr

pgrto loa joio nçxknc. O` acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs porug`cs, oa iu`lglcr so bc`vkorto o` oa joio

nçxknc, y ostg porsc`g c su suboscr bgrksnçtkbcostgdaobo ag lcnk`gbkò` iuorto y porsc`ga lo su

pgrtklc (Nurgegnk 4886: 728-7<9). Lglc ac lkbmc,ag aoy lo pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs iuo prcnuafglg pgrg

ro`cvgr loncbrgtkzgr acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs. Acsbg`lklgtcs pgrg ags oaobbkcòs loa 4889 iuorc`

oaofklcs nolkg`to oa prcbosc k`tor`c oaobtcrga.O`tc`bos, ³ag aoy lo pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs bunpakò acs

cdjotkvcs osporglcs3

Oa prcbosc lo `cndrgnko`tc lo acs tros bg`lk-

lgtcs prk`bkpgaos `c iuo oa osporglc pcr ag aoy lo

pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs. O` oa Xgrtklc Xcpuagr Brkstkg`c

oa Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c so rogakzgrc` agsoaobbkcòs g ags bugaos gskstkorc` acs nkaktg`tos,

nko`trgs quo o` oa ncvknko`tc _`kò` pcr oa Xorúoa bg`lklgtc prosklo`bkga iuo `cndrglc o` ag gsgn-

daog lo loaofglcs.2? O` acs tros bgscs, oa prcbosc

k`tor`c lo oaobbkcòs iuo ‑lkrkfklc„ pcr oa joionçxknc c lkrkfo`bkg gbkc`ga dgjc su bc`trca tctga. @c so cdsorvò `k`fú` bgsc lc`lo acs nkaktg`tos

pgrtkbkpgrg` o` oa prcbosc akdrono`to y bcnpktkorg`

dgjc kfugalgl lo bc`lkbkcòs.Xrknorc, rospobtc lo Acurlos Iacros loa Xgrtklc

Xcpuagr Brkstkg`c, bcnc g moncs k`lkbglc, oa pgrtklc ostç dgjc ag cbuatg porc iuorto kùo`bkglo su joio nçxknc Auks Dolcg, Iacros iuo‑oaofklg„ bg`lklgtg prosklo`bkga o` u` prcbosc

k`tor`c lo oaobbkcòs lc`lo oaag iuo ag ú`kbg

bg`lklgtg ( Oa bcnorbkc y Ag ropúdakbg, 4< locbtudro lo 488?). @k`fú` ctrc nkaktg`to pcstuaò,g juzfgr pcr oa bc`trca sustg`bkga loa pgrtklc pcr

pgrto lo Dolcg: loslo oa k kbkc, `c bgdrîg `k`fu`g pcskdkaklgl lo fg`gr bcnc bg`lklgtc-rkvga lo su

proiorklg nkaktg`to.Xcr ctrc aglc, o` oa prcbosc oaobtcrga k`tor`c

loa Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c, glonçs lo Fgrbîg,tgndk` pgrtkbkpgrc` ctrcs bg`lklgtcs. Rk` on-

dgrfc, g`tos lo onpozgr oa prcbosc, `c oxkstîg ag

pcskdkaklgl lo quo Fgrbîg porlkorg ags oaobbkcòsk`tor`gs, lglc quo g mgdîg to`klc sondrglc susoaos sofuklcros o` tclcs acs bgrfcs puostcs kn-

pcrtg`tos loa pgrtklc.29 Oa rosuatglc iuo quo Fgrbîg

trkuìò bc` bgsk 788% lo vctcs ( Oa bcnorbkc y Agropúdakbg, 47 lo `cvkondro lo 488?), porc ostciuo `glg nçs `k `glg no`cs quo gafc ostgdaobklc

g`tos loa prcbosc oaobtcrga.Mungag iuo `cndrglc bcnc bg`lklgtc prosk-

lo`bkga o` u`g gsgndaog lo loaofglcs lo _`kò` pcroa Xorú. Ag gsgndaog iuo boaodrglg pgrg robc`cbor

g pcstorkcrk oa gbuorlc o`tro ag lkrkfo`bkg lo ostg

2?. Oa grtîbuac 4< lo ag Ao lo Xgrtklcs Xcaîtkbcs robc`cbo tros icrngs bcnc ntclcs lo pgrtkbkpgbkò` k`tor`g:oaobbkcòs lc`lo pgrtkbkpg` acs nkaktg`tos acs `c nkaktg`tos5 oaobbkcòs lc`lo pgrtkbkpg` scagno`to acsnkaktg`tos5 ctrgs icrngs quo oa rofagno`tc loa pgrtklc loò. Oa úatknc pu`tc ‒ctrgs icrngs‒ os, pcrojonpac, ag soaobbkò` `cndrgnko`tc o` ag gsgndaog lo loaofglcs. Rk` ondgrfc, ag k`to`bkò` vcau`tglloa joio nçxknc ag lkrkfo`bkg `gbkc`ga lobklo` `gano`to oa `cndrgnko`tc lo bg`lklgtcs, pcrquo ag aolo pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs `c ospobkbg `k`fu`g icrng lo fgrg`tkzgr ac justc trg`spgro`to loa prcbosc k`tor`c

‒pcr ojonpac, vkfkaglc pcr u`g torborg porsc`g.29. Ag losbrkpbkò` loa prcbosc oaobtcrga k`tor`c loa Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c so dgsg o` ag o`trovkstg bc` u`

votorg`c nkaktg`to ox lkrkfo`to `gbkc`ga loa pgrtklc (o`trovkstg G 4889). Ag ao lo pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs cdakfg

tgndkë` g acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs rogakzgr ags oaobbkcòs k`tor`gs pgrg oaofkr ag lkrkfo`bkg `gbkc`ga, porc lodklcg ag sktugbkò` lo ag `ctg g`torkcr, oa joio nçxknc c lkrkfo`bkg `gbkc`ga quo lcnk`g oa prcbosc k`tor`c lo

pgrtklcs, puolo` bcacbgr içbkano`to g sus sofuklcros oaos o` puostcs knpcrtg`tos loa pgrtklc.



[usueo Nurgegnk

“?<“

gfrupgbkò` Mungag. Bcnc mudc igbbkcòs quoso cpuskorc` g ag lobkskò` tcnglg pcr ag lkrkfo`bkg

`gbkc`ga rospobtc loa bg`lklgtc prosklo`bkga, ag

boaodrgbkò` lo ag gsgndaog iuo ng`kpuaglg pcr

ag lkrkfo`bkg o` lkvorscs gspobtcs, o`tro oaacs,

oa bgndkc ropo`tk`c lo ag iobmg lo boaodrgbkò`,bc` oa cdjotkvc lo ‑gprcdgr sk` lkbuatgl gafu`g„ag lobkskò` lo ag lkrkfo`bkg ( Oa bcnorbkc, 7; lolkbkondro lo 488?).29

2. Xrcbosc oaobtcrga loa 4889

Ag bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga loa 4889 onpozò g pao`ktul

auofc loa bkorro lo k`sbrkpbkò` lo ag pag`bmg prosk-lo`bkga o` prk`bkpkcs lo oòrc loa 4889.26 O` oòrc,

Iacros sudkò ga prknor aufgr lodklc g acs trcpkozcs

lo Mungag. Ro lkorc` u`g sorko lo bc`kbtcs o`trooa bg`lklgtc Mungag sus ignkakgros lodklc g aglkioro`bkg lo aîògs pcaîtkbgs y irkbbkcòs porsc`g-

aos. Ga nksnc tkonpc, so proso`tò u`g gbusgbkò`bc`trg Mungag pcr mgdor bcnotklc vkcagbkò` lolorobmcs mung`cs bug`lc so o`bc`trò o` ag cpo-

rgbkò` bc`trgsudvorskvg. Gpgrto lo ostc, Mungagso rou`kò bc` oa prosklo`to voòzcag`c Bmçvoz,

vcborc lo ag kzqukorlg rglkbga o` Gnërkbg Agtk`g

bc`tonpcrçòg, ac quo prcvcbò ag gbusgbkò` lo

k`torvo`bkò` oxtrg`jorg o` ag pcaîtkbg k`tor`g. Xcrostcs igbtcros, su kngfo` bcnc aîlor pcaîtkbc iuo

lg÷glg, y o` bc`sobuo`bkg, sudkò ag pcpuagrklgl

lo Iacros.Rk` ondgrfc, Iacros `c acfrò ng`toòr su

vo`tgjg. Ru pcpuagrklgl dgjò frglugano`to, `c pulc lotoòrag. G nolkglcs lo ngrzc, `gano`toiuo ronc`tglg pcr Mungag (vgso ag frçbg 7). Agrgzò` prk`bkpga lo su bgîlg so lodkò g `c mgdorbgndkglc su bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga nc`òtc`g.

Ag bg`lklgtg robcrrkò lkvorscs pu`tcs loa pgîs

pgrg oìgtkzgr ag òbosklgl lo quo pcr prknorg voz

u`g nujor gsunkorg oa bgrfc lo ag prosklo`bkg, sk`

ondgrfc, `c acfrò quktgrso ag kngfo` lo ag pcaî-

tkbg roproso`tgtkvg lo ag lorobmg, onprosgrkglc,bagso gatg Akng. Oakfkò bcnc bg`lklgtcs pgrgags vkboprosklo`bkgs g u` onprosgrkc akno÷c y

u` gdcfglc groqukpo÷c, ac quo sòac icrtgaobkò su

kngfo` oxksto`to. Xgrtkbuagrno`to, ags nujoros lo ag pcdagbkò` o` oa ostglc lo pcdrozg ‒nçs lo ag nktgl

lo ag pcdagbkò` tctga‒ `c vkorc` g Iacros bcnc

vcborg lo sus k`torosos. Gu`quo Iacros ropktkò ags

29. Gu`quo `c iuo u` bg`lklgtc lo posc, Ygao`tî` Xg`kgfug, bg`lklgtc lo ag gakg`zg Iro`to lo Bo`trc bcìcrnglg pcrGbbkò` Xcpuagr ctrgs gfrupgbkcòs poquo÷gs, iuo tgndk` oa bg`lklgtc g lo`klc mgbîg g÷cs gtrçs. Xg`kgfug iuo oa prosklo`to prcvkskc`ga auofc lo ag bgîlg lo Iujkncrk. O` iodrorc lo 4887, bug`lc tclgvîg Xg`kgfug cbupgdg oa skaaò` prosklo`bkga, u` lkrkfo`to votorg`c lo Gbbkò` Xcpuagr gsovorò quo Xg`kgfug sorîg oa bg`lklgtc prosklo`bkga pgrg oa g÷c4889 (o`trovkstg B). Tospobtc loa prcbosc k`tor`c lo ags oaobbkcòs pgrg bg`lklgtcs o` acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs quo pgrtk-bkpgrc` o` oa prcbosc oaobtcrga loa 4889, vgso tgndk` Noa`loz (4886: 4?<-4?6) C@XO (4889d) .

26. Ags oaobbkcòs porug`gs loa 4889 gtrgjorc` nubmc k`tors o` Gnrkbg Agtk`g, pcrquo ags nksngs ostgdg` provkstgs pgrgag otgpg k`tornolkg lo ‒pcloncs lo`cnk`grag gsî‒ ‑ag tonpcrglg oaobtcrga agtk`cgnorkbg`g„ quo mgdîg grrg`bglc o``cvkondro loa g÷c g`torkcr. Bc`brotgno`to, so k`torosò pcr sk ag to`lo`bkg lo ag ‑kzqukorlkzgbkò`„ so icrtgaoborîg bc` agoaobbkò` lo u` bg`lklgtc lo kzqukorlg o` oa Xorú lospus lo acs bgscs lo Dcakvkg Bmkao5 o` bgsc lo quo u` bg`lklgtcbrîtkbc ga òcakdorgaksnc sgafg oaofklc tgndkë` o` acs bcnkbkcs porug`cs, so profu`tò sk osto sorîg lo ag kzqukorlg rglkbga

‑oqukvcbglg„ bcnc Yoòzuoag Dcakvkg c lo ag nclorglg ‑duo`g„ ‒lo bo`trckzqukorlg‒ bcnc Drgska Bmkao. O`bc`trgsto, oa k`tors loa puodac porug`c o` foòrga pcr lkbmgs oaobbkcòs `c guno`tò mgstg nolkglcs lo iodrorc loa4889. @crngano`to o` oa prcbosc oaobtcrga loa Xorú, o` oòrc loa g÷c oaobtcrga ag k`to`sklgl lo ag bgnpg÷g guno`tg

lo fcapo. Rk` ondgrfc, ostg voz mgstg u` nos nolkc g`tos loa lîg lo ag vctgbkò`, ; lo gdrka, nubmcs bg`lklgtcs `c porbkdkorc` u`g bçaklg gbcfklg pcpuagr o` oa robcrrklc lo ag bgnpg÷g5 bcnc to`lo`bkg foòrga `c so sk`tkò u` o`tu-

skgsnc oaobtcrga. Ostg sktugbkò` o` oa k`torkcr so lodkò g ag igatg lo sktugbkcòs gpronkg`tos, gsî bcnc lo bg`lklgtcs bcòa pclor iuorto lo gtrgor g ag fo`to. Tospobtc loa prknor pu`tc, pcloncs so÷gagr quo o` ags oaobbkcòs lo 7;;8 bug`lcso profu`tò bònc sgakr lo ag sktugbkò` brîtkbg o` ag buga oa Xorú bgò, c o` ags loa 4888 bug`lc so buostkc`ò ag torborg pcstuagbkò` bc`sobutkvg lo Iujkncrk, acs oaobtcros o` foòrga tuvkorc` k`torës pcr ag to`lo`bkg oaobtcrga loslo su otgpg

tonprg`g. O` bc`trgsto, o` oa prcbosc oaobtcrga loa 4889 `c mudc gsu`tcs urfo`tos g suporgr bcnpgrgdaos bc` acs lcsbgscs no`bkc`glcs. Rk dko` os bkortc, quo ag sktugbkò` scbkcobc`ònkbg bc`tkùò sko`lc lurg pgrg ag frg` ngcrîg loacs porug`cs, ag k`sgtksigbbkò` bc` tga ostglc kùò nubmc o` su lobkskò` rospobtc lo ag vctgbkò`. Rk` ondgrfc, g`c oxkstîg` prcdaongs k`nolkgtcs “bcnc loscrlo` o`crno lo ag ngbrcobc`cnîg y oa k`brono`tc loa torrcrksnc“ quo

gno`gzgrg` ag vklg lkgrkg loa puodac porug`c o` ag lbglg lo 7;=8. Toagtkvgno`to o` bcrtc pagzc, ag scbkolgl porug`gso o`bc`trgdg o` u` ostglc lo ostgdkaklgl. O` nolkc lo ostg bkrbu`stg`bkg, procbupglcs pcr ag vklg bctklkg`g, nubmcs porug`cs `c so ncstrgrc` k`torosglcs pcr oa prcbosc oaobtcrga o` ag prknorg otgpg. Xcr ctrc aglc, bcnc moncs no`bkc-

`glc, acs tros bg`lklgtcs prk`bkpgaos ga bkorro lo ag k`sbrkpbkò` lo ag pag`bmg prosklo`bkga o` oòrc loa 4889 tuvkorc`

prcdaongs rospobtc lo su knçfo` púdakbg, sus dgsos lo gpcc so aknktgdg` g bkortg pgrto loa torrktcrkc. Bglg u`c looaacs tgnpcbc tuvc ag iuorzg lo bc`sofukr oa gpcc lo borbg loa ?8% o`tro acs oaobtcros5 nçs dko`, su `kvoa lo gpcciuo dgjc bcnpktko`lc bc` oa gpcc lo o`tro 48 28%.



“??“


prcpuostgs rospobtc loa fëòrc y ag oxpg`skò` lo

ags nolklgs lo gsksto`bkg scbkga k`bauklgs bc`trg

ag pcdrozg, `c iuorc` osbubmglgs pcr ags nujoroslo acs sobtcros pcpuagros.

Xcr ctrc aglc, Iacros vksktò bc` nubmg vcau`-

tgl prcvk`bkgs y zc`gs ngrfk`gaos, porc loslo oabcnko`zc mgstg oa `ga ac mkzc g bug`tc aufgr aoiuorg pcskdao. Bcnc bc`sobuo`bkg, oa tkonpc lo-

lkbglc g bglg aufgr iuo sungno`to aknktglc, yg

quo o` nubmcs bgscs, scagno`to so proso`tò o` oanktk` o` ag pagzg y pgrtkò pgrg oa skfuko`to aufgr g

vksktgr. Ga ` ga bgdc, lurg`to su bgnpg÷g oaob-

tcrga ag bg`lklgtg mkzc pcbc bc`tgbtc lkrobtc bcàg fo`to bcnú`, poso g su robcrrklc pcr lkvorscs

pu`tcs loa Xorú.O` bc`trgsto, Mungag trgtò lo bgndkgr su kng-

fo` lo kzqukorlg rglkbga. @cndrò bcnc bg`lklgtc pgrg ag vkboprosklo`bkg g u` ox lkrobtcr loa Dg`bcBo`trga lo Tosorvg (o`tklgl bc` ag igbuatgl lo onk-tkr ncòlgs dkaaotos `gbkc`gaos), bc` oa cdjotkvclo knproskc`gr g ag fo`to proto`lko`lc quo vog`

quo `c òbosgrkgno`to os rglkbga o` ac roioro`to

g ag pcaîtkbg obc`ònkbg. \gndk` so gdstuvc long`kiostgr ag mcstkaklgl bc`trg ags k`vorskcòs ox-

trg`jorgs, y suspo`lkò tonpcrgano`to ag csto`tgbkò`

lo duo`gs roagbkcòs bc` oa prosklo`to voòzcag`c

Bmçvoz. Xcr ctrg pgrto, onpozò g oìgtkzgr ag obo-sklgl lo prkcrkzgr ags nolklgs bc`trg ag pcdrozg o`

ag gfo`lg pcaîtkbg. Lo osto nclc, trgtò lo bc`scak-lgr oa gpcyc dçskbgno`to loa sur loa pgîs y lo acs

sobtcros pcpuagros. Ostgs tçbtkbgs bc`trkduorc` gquo Mungag so robuporo loa trcpkozc o` ag prknorgotgpg lo ag bgnpg÷g, g prk`bkpkcs lo ngrzc (vgsolo ùovc oa frçbc 7).

@c cdstg`to, lodoncs so÷gagr quo Mungag `cacfrò bc`scaklgr bcnpaotgno`to oa gpcyc g su bg`-

lklgturg o` oa sur porug`c. Ostc so cdsorvò o`tro acs

quo so lolkbg` ga buatkvc kaofga lo ag mcjg lo bcbgo` oa vgaao loa rîc Gpurîngb quo bc`stktuyo oa aînkto

lopgrtgno`tga o`tro Ggbubmc Busbc. Rkfuko`lcoa ojonpac loa ng`lgtgrkc dcakvkg`c Ovc Ncrgaos,quko` os lo kzqukorlg rglkbga y sgakò oaofklc pro-

sklo`to o` lkbkondro loa 488?, Mungag k`skstkò o`quo oa buatkvc lo ag mcjg lo bcbg bc`stktuîg u`gtrglkbkò` k`lîfo`g ac loio`lkò. Glonçs, so cpc`îgg ag pcaîtkbg lo orrglkbgbkò` lo ag bcbg, lkrkfklg y

cdakfglg pcr acs Ostglcs _`klcs. Bc` ostg gbtktul,

Mungag proto`lkò gtrgor oa gpcc lo acs lolkbglcsg buatkvgr kaofgano`to ag mcjg lo bcbg o` gndcslopgrtgno`tcs. Acs bcbgaorcs kaofgaos so lkvklo`, frcssc nclc, o` tros frupcs: u`g torborg pgrto looaacs so o`bc`trgdg dgjc ag kùo`bkg lo Ro`lorcAunk`csc, frupc sudvorskvc grnglc lo bcrrko`to

ngcîstg, ctrg torborg pgrto gpcgdg g Mungag, oa rostc gú` ostgdg` k`lobkscs. Ygao lobkr, Mungagto`îg ag pcskdkaklgl lo bc`sofukr oa gpcyc lo lcs

torborgs pgrtos lo acs bcbgaorcs. Rk` ondgrfc, bug`-

lc so lobklkorc` acs bg`lklgtcs pgrg oa Bc`frosc,

buyg akstg lodorîg ostgr k`sbrktg g prk`bkpkcs lo

iodrorc loa 4889, Mungag `c k`bcrpcrò o` ag akstg gacs prk`bkpgaos lkrkfo`tos bcbgaorcs, sk`c scagno`to

bcacbò g gafu`cs lo oaacs o` acs puostcs lo no`cr

prkcrklgl. Iro`to g osto trgtc, nubmcs bcbgaorcs`c gpcgrc` gbtkvgno`to g Mungag o` ag prknorgvuoatg. Xgrtkbuagrno`to ostg to`lo`bkg so cdsorvònçs ngrbglgno`to o`tro acs loa Busbc.

Xcr ctrc aglc, Gag` Fgrbîg c pulc suporgr o` u` prk`bkpkc su kngfo` òfgtkvg lorkvglg loa irgbgsc

lo su fcdkor`c o` ag sofu`lg nktgl lo 7;=8 acs prcdaongs lo acs fcdkor`cs rofkc`gaos gprkstgs,

rofkstrg`lc scagno`to oa gpcc lo o`tro 7? 48%.O` su bgnpg÷g, pusc lo roakovo oa bgndkc lo ag

aîòg obc`ònkbg òcakdorga y su lkspcskbkò` g su-

porgr prkcrktgrkgno`to acs losgiîcs scbkcobc`ònkbcs

bcnc: losonpaoc, pcdrozg osbgsoz o` ag gsksto`bkgscbkga.2= Gu`quo Fgrbîg robcrrkò lkvorsgs prcvk`bkgs

y zc`gs ngrfk`gaos, lkc prkcrklgl g vksktgr g bug`tcs

aufgros ao iuorg pcskdao ‒ga kfuga quo Iacros‒, y ag

vksktg g bglg aufgr rosuatò bcrtg.

Iro`to g tga bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga, u`cs votorg`cs

gprkstgs `c pulkorc` sor knpgskdaos. O` iodrorcoaacs sufkrkorc` g gafu`cs gaaofglcs loa bg`lklgtc

oa bgndkc lo tçbtkbg: guno`tgr oa tkonpc lo bc`-

tgbtc lkrobtc bc` ag fo`to bcnú` o` bglg sktkc lo

2=. Fgrbîg `cndrò bcnc bg`lklgtc pgrg ag prknorg vkboprosklo`bkg g u` nkaktgr o` rotkrc lo ag Ngrk`g. Ostc tuvc quo vorbc` ag k`trclubbkò` loa suirgfkc pgrg acs u`kicrnglcs g pgrtkr lo ags oaobbkcòs loa 4889. Bc` su `cndrgnko`tc, Fgrbîgosporò fg`gr acs vctcs lo u`cs bko` nka nkaktgros sus ignkakgros. Ga nksnc tkonpc, oa nkaktgr `cndrglc iuo quko`bcng`lò o` 7;=9 u`g u`klgl ospobkga pgrg rogakzgr ag cporgbkò` lo roprknkr ag rodoakò` o` acs po`gaos bc` oa rosuatglclo borbg lo 288 robauscs nuortcs ‒u`c lo acs bgscs roproso`tgtkvcs lo ag vkcagbkò` lo acs lorobmcs mung`cs lurg`to

oa fcdkor`c lo Fgrbîg lo ag lbglg lo 7;=8‒. Lo ostg ngòrg Fgrbîg k`to`tò lgr ag knproskò` lo quo iuo oa bg`lklgtcbc`gdao sofurc pgrg ags Iuorzgs Grnglgs quo tkoò` u` dcrrò` lo ag vkcagbkò` lo acs lorobmcs mung`cs roagtkvg gags cporgbkcòs g`tksudvorskvgs loslo ag lbglg lo 7;=8 mgstg prk`bkpkcs lo ag lo 7;;8.



[usueo Nurgegnk

“?9“

bgnpg÷g, gu` rolubko`lc oa `únorc lo aufgros g

vksktgr. Fgrbîg gboptò ag suforo`bkg, proto`lkò porngòbor pcr nçs tkonpc pcskdao y dusbgr ag

ngcr cpcrtu`klgl lo mgbor bc`tgbtc lkrobtc bcàg fo`to bcnú` o` bglg vksktg (o`trovkstgs G 4889).

Bcnc bc`sobuo`bkg loa bgndkc lo tçbtkbg, o`tro prk`bkpkcs òs lo iodrorc, oa `kvoa lo gpccg Fgrbîg sudkò u` pcbc, suporg`lc ag dgrrorg lo

48%. Auofc, Fgrbîg ng`tuvc osto `kvoa lo gpcc(vgso oa frçbc 7).2;

Oa rosuatglc lo ag vctgbkò` loa lîg ; lo gdrka(vgso oa buglrc 2) rofkstrò oa prknor puostc loMungag, auofc lo ng`toòr su vo`tgjg, porc igatò

nubmc pgrg suporgr ag ngcrîg: 28% bc` ag bcnpo-

to`bkg pcr oa sofu`lc puostc quo prcvcbò oa k`torës

lo nubmcs5 Fgrbîg rovkrtkò oa crlo` o` ag úatkngotgpg bcnc oa prcbosc oaobtcrga g`torkcr loa 4884.Iacros c bgndkò su tçbtkbg lo bgnpg÷g y bc`tkùò

porlko`lc pcpuagrklgl, nko`trgs quo Fgrbîg bgn- dkò su ngòrg lo bgnpg÷g y pgsò g Iacros o` ag

robtg `ga. Ag lkioro`bkg o`tro gndcs bg`lklgtcsiuo no`cr quo ag voz pgsglg: gpo`gs u` pcbc nçslo 98 nka vctcs oqukvgao`tos g 8,?% lo acs vctcsvçaklcs. Lo tclgs ngòrgs, o` trnk`cs foòrgaos,`c mudc pgrtklc gafu`c quo bc`skfukorg borbg loag ngcrîg lo vctcs5 oa nojcr acfrò fg`gr 28% oa rostc, no`cs lo osto pcrbo`tgjo. Oa rosuatglcoaobtcrga loncstrò lo ùovc ag to`lo`bkg lo irgf-

no`tgbkò` pcaîtkbg auofc lo ag bgîlg loa fcdkor`c

lo Iujkncrk.<8 O` ags oaobbkcòs pgrg bc`froskstgs

aaovglgs g bgdc sknuatçògno`to bc` ags prosk-

lo`bkgaos, tgndkë` so cdsorvò ag irgfno`tgbkò` lo

iuorzgs. Oa cbkgakstg Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c `cbc`skfukò ag ngycrîg lo osbg÷cs, `k iuo ag ngycr

iuorzg o` oa rosuatglc oaobtcrga.<7

Ga nksnc tkonpc, oa rosuatglc oaobtcrga lo

gdrka loncstrò ag lkstrkdubkò` focfrçbgno`tolosoqukakdrglg lo vctcs lo gpcyc g bglg bg`lklgtc

prk`bkpga (vgso oa buglrc <). Oa `crto loa Xorú

gpcò g Fgrbîg. Ostg to`lo`bkg roojg oa mobmc loquo oa Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c bc`tk`úg to`ko`lcbkortc `kvoa lo gpcc o` ag zc`g lo su crkfo`. Agstros bugrtgs pgrtos c oa 6<,9% loa gpcc loa bo`trcloa Xorú g Iacros sc` lo acs vctcs lo ag prcvk`bkglo Akng. Lo osto nclc, su Xgrtklc Xcpuagr Brks-

tkg`c loncstrò ùovgno`to oa aînkto rofkc`ga lo

dgsos lo gpcc.<4 Mungag rou`kò nubmcs vctcs o`

2;. O` iodrorc, bug`lc tclgvîg Iacros Mungag gpgro`tono`to bcnpotîg` pcr oa prknor puostc, bcnc lonuostrg oa frçbc7, y foòrgano`to so bc`sklorgdg pcbg pcskdkaklgl lo quo Fgrbîg sgafg oaofklc prosklo`to, lcs o`trovkstglcs porug`cs

`c gprkstgs gsofurgrc` ga gutcr quo Mungag Fgrbîg pgsgrîg` g ag sofu`lg vuoatg `gano`to Fgrbîg trkuìgrîg. Gu`quogndgs porsc`gs tkoò` lkstk`tcs pu`tcs lo vkstg y pcskbkcòs, k`lkbgrc` bcnc rgzò` prk`bkpga ag lodkaklgl y irgfkaklgl loa

gpcc g Iacros (‑su pcpuagrklgl g tcbò oa tobmc scac bc`tkùgrç dgjg`lc„5 c ‑ag fo`to quo gbulo ga nktk` lo Iacrossc` ovklo`tono`to ncvkakzglgs `c ag gpcg bc` o`tuskgsnc„).

<8. Ag to`lo`bkg lo irgfno`tgbkò` quolò bagrg o` ags oaobbkcòs rofkc`gaos nu`kbkpgaos loa 4884. O` ostcs bcnkbkcs, o`bglg `kvoa ag ngcr iuorzg fg`glcrg iuo lkstk`tg: g `kvoa rofkc`ga iuo oa Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c5 g `kvoa prcvk`bkga, aggakg`zg _`klgl @gbkc`ga5 g `kvoa lkstrktga, acs k`lopo`lko`tos. Gpgrto lo ostc, ags iuorzgs prk`bkpgaos bgsk tclcs acsbg`lklgtcs fg`glcros rofkstrgrc` o`tro oa 48 28% lo gpcc, ag lkioro`bkg bc` oa sofu`lc aufgr iuo nî`kng.

<7. Oa Bc`frosc u`kbgnorga lo 748 osbg÷cs iuorc` lkstrkduklcs lo ag skfuko`to ngòrg sofú` oa rosuatglc oaobtcrga: _`kò` pcr oa Xorú <?osbg÷cs5 Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c 295 _`klgl @gkbkc`ga 765 Gakg`zg pcr oa Iuturc (iujkncrksnc) 725 Iro`-

to loa Bo`trc ?5 Xorú Xcskdao 4, Tobc`strubbkò` @gbkc`ga 4. Acs bc`froskstgs sc` oaofklcs o` 4? lkstrktcs oaobtcrgaos dgsglcs o` ag longrbgbkò` lo lopgrtgno`tcs. Ag lkstrkdubkò` lo osbg÷cs o` bglg lkstrktc so lobklo sofú` ag prcpcrbkò`lo acs oaobtcros. G`tos lo ags oaobbkcòs loa 4889, so k`trclujc o` oa bòlkfc oaobtcrga ag dgrrorg pgrg bc`sofukr osbg÷cs5u` pgrtklc `c puolo bc`sofukr osbg÷cs, o` bgsc quo `c acfro bc`sofukr nçs loa <% lo ag tctgaklgl lo vctcs vçaklcs c

bc`tgr bc` bk`bc c nçs bc`froskstgs o` nçs lo u` lkstrktc oaobtcrga.<4. Oa <;,=% lo acs vctcs tctgaos fg`glcs pcr Iacros iuorc` acs lo ag prcvk`bkg lo Akng. Osto `kvoa os gatc, o` bcnpgrgbkò`

bc` Mungag (4?,9 %) Fgrbîg (4;,7%).

Buglrc 2

TOR_A\GLCR LO AGR OAOBBKC@ORXTORKLO@BKGAOR LOA 4889 (XTKNOTG Y_OA\G)

_`kò` pcr oa Xorú (Mungag) 2,6?=,4?= (28,9%)

Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c (Fgrbîg) 4,;=?,=?= (4<,2%) _`klgl @gbkc`ga (Iacros) 4,;42,4=8 (42,=%)

Ga kg`zg pgrg oa Iuturc (Bmçvoz) ;74,<48 (6,<%)

Iro`to loa Bo`trc (Xg`kgfug) 689,7?9 (?,9%)

Ctrcs ;=;,<72 (=,7%)

Yctcs vçaklcs 74,46?,2?=

Yctcs dag`bcs 7,626,8<?

Yctcs ùacs 97;,?62

Yctcs onktklcs 7<,924,882

Gdsto`bkò` 7,=94,;82 (77,2%)

\ctga lo oaobtcros 79,<;<,;89

Iuo`to: Oagdcrgbkò` prcpkg dgsglg o` C@XO (4889g).

@ctg: O` ag boalg lo acs vctcs fg`glcs, ags bkirgs o`tro pgrë`tosks scàgs prcpcrbkcòs quo acs vctcs lo bglg bg`lklgtc cbupg` o` oa tctgalo vctcs vçaklcs. Ag bkirg o`tro pgrë`tosks o` ag aîòg lo ag gdsto`bkòòs ag prcpcrbkò` quo cbupg o` oa tctga lo oaobtcros.



“?6“


oa sur crko`to loa Xorú. Bcnc moncs so÷gaglc,ostgs pgrtos loa pgîs `c mg` to`klc quo vor bc` agobc`cnîg gbtkvg lo oxpcrtgbkò` prcncvklg pcr

oa òcakdorgaksnc o` acs úatkncs g÷cs, mg nçsfo`to quo so o`buo`trg oìro`tg`lc ag sktugbkò`

scbkcobc`ònkbg sovorg. O` su nolklg, ag k`sgtks-igbbkò` bc` ag sktugbkò` gbtuga os nçs k`to`sg. Oagatc `kvoa lo losbc`to`tc, glonçs lo ag guso`bkg

lo iuorzgs pcaîtkbgs bc` bkortc `kvoa lo grrgkfc

pcpuagr o` ag zc`g, tuvc obc

o` ag aîòg lo bgndkc rglkbga

lo Mungag quo pusc ìgsks oòa losonpo÷c loa Ostglc.

Ag oaobbkò` lo prosklo`-

to so lobklkrîg o` ag sofu`lgvuoatg provkstg pgrg oa lîg <lo ju`kc. O` oa prcbosc pgrgag sofu`lg vuoatg, oa gpcyc g

Fgrbîg iuo skonpro ngycr quo

oa lo su rkvga. Bc`brotgno`tooa bg`lklgtc gprkstg rou`kò nçs

loa ??%, nko`trgs Mungag ro-

bkdkò no`cs lo <?% (vgso oafrçbc 4).

Ag vo`tgjg lo Fgrbîg so

lodkò g ag to`lo`bkg dçskbg lo

‑ag soaobbkò` o`tro loncbrgbkg

y gutcrktgrksnc„ y so bc`sklorò

ag cpbkò` lo Fgrbîg ‒buyg aîòg

obc`ònkbg iuo nçs nclorglg‒

bcnc ‑no`cs nga„. Fgrbîg oìgtkzò osto pu`tc o`su bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga. Xgrtkbuagrno`to, nubmcs loacs oaobtcros quo vctgrc` pcr Iacros o` ag prknorg

vuoatg pgsgrc` g gpcygr g Fgrbîg bcnc lobkskò`

pgskvg pcr oaknk`gbkò`. O` oa lodgto púdakbc, ojo-

butglc oa 47 lo ngyc, Fgrbîg acfrò `c rofkstrgr prlklg lo pu`tcs ng`toòr bkortg vo`tgjg.

Rk` ondgrfc, oa gpcc g Fgrbîg ncstrò agto`lo`bkg frglugano`to dgjkstg, o` bgndkc, oa lo

Mungag, to`lkò g sudkr (vgsooa frçbc 4). Mungag bc`tòbc` oa gpcyc lo u`g pgrto lo

ags iuorzgs kzqukorlkstgs quo

ostgdg` oxtrongno`to irgf-

no`tglgs bc` ag bcìcrng-

bkò` lo u` prcpkc pgrtklc pcr

bglg lkrkfo`to lo kùo`bkg.Glonçs rogakzò k`to`sg bgn-

pg÷g oaobtcrga o dusbg lo nçs

vctcs prk`bkpgano`to o` oa sur

lc`lo su gpcyc iuo ngycr o`

ag prknorg vuoatg, y oxpg`lkò

pcbc g pcbc su gpcc.Oa rosuatglc lo ag sofu`lg

vuoatg rofkstrò ag bgîlg lo ag

pcpuagrklgl lo Fgrbîg, porc

lo tclgs ngòrgs, bc`rnòsu vo`tgjg o` ag proioro`bkg lo

acs oaobtcros. Oa gprkstg fg`ò

Buglrc <

TOR_A\GLC LO AGR OAOBBKC@OR XTORKLO@BKGAOR LOA 4889 ROFÚ@ZC@GR FOCFTÇIKBGR (XTKNOTG Y_OA\G)

Zc`gs _XX XGX _@ GI IB Ctrcs \ctga

@crto 99=,4?6 ;6;,24< <6<,48< 4=4,72? 76?,964 48;,9<= 4,6=;,4<8

(4<,8%) (2?,7%) (76,8%) (78,7%) (9,2%) (6,?%) 788%

Bo`trc 7,=8;,?64 7,?2;,2<4 7,;?2,98< <;8,?=4 26?,82; ?26,2?= 9,68?,<;6

(46,8%) (42,8%) (4;,7%) (6,2%) (?,9%) (=,8%) 788%

Rur 7,78?,8<2 229,687 4;4,?<6 777,482 =?,8;? 79?,=8= 4,8;9,2;6

(?4,6%) (79,7%) (7<,8%) (?,2%) (<,7%) (6,;%) 788%

Osto 79=,;97 =;,847 9?,8;6 78,9?= 9?,?97 ?=,9?2 <?6,;?7

(29,;%) (7;,<%) (7<,4%) (4,2%) (7<,2%) (74,=%) 788%


@ctgs7. Bglg zc`g ostç icrnglg pcr acs skfuko`tos lopgrtgno`tcs: @crto/ Gngzc`gs, Bgjgngrbg, Ag Akdortgl,Agndgyoquo, Xkurg, Rg` Ngrtî` y \undos5 Bo`trc/ G`bgsm, Mug`bgvoakbg, Muçùbc, Kbg, Ju`î`, Akng y

Xgsbc5 Rur/ Gpurîngb, Groqukpg, Gygbubmc, Busbc, Ncquofug, Xu`c y \gb`g5 Osto/ Acrotc, Nglro loLkcs y _bgygaî.4. Ags gdrovkgbkcòs sc`: _XX: _`kò` pcr oa Xorú5 XGX: Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c5 _@: _`klgl @gbkc`ga5

GI: Gakg`zg pgrg oa Iuturc5 y IB: Iro`to loa Bo`trc.

Iuo`to: Oagdcrgbkò` prcpkg dgsglg o` Gpcyc, Cpk`kò` y Norbglc R.G., Kìcrno lo cpk`kò` lgtg, oòrc-gdrkalo 48895 C@XO (4889g).

<8

<4

<<

<9

<=

?8

?4

?<

?9

?=%

lîg < 77 7=

Ngyc

4? Tosuatglc

Fgrbîg Mungag

Frçibc 4

K@\O@BKÒ@ LO YC\C O@ AGR OAOBBKC@OR LOA 4889(ROF_@LG Y_OA\G)

@ctg: Rc` rosuatglcs lo ags o`buostgs rogakzglgs g `kvoa `gbkc`ga. Oa ‑Tosutaglc„ os oa lo

ag sofu`lg vuoatg.



[usueo Nurgegnk

“?=“

bc` ?4,9%, nko`trgs quo Mungag bc`skfukò <6,<%.Ag lkioro`bkg iuo u` pcbc nçs lo ?% (vgso oabuglrc ?).<2

Focfrçbgno`to mgdag`lc, Fgrbîg trkuìò o` oa`crto bo`trc loa Xorú, nko`trgs Mungag loncstrò

su iuorzg o` oa sur crko`to loa nksnc (vgsooa buglrc 9). Oa bg`lklgtc gprkstg acfrò fg`gr agbc`tko`lg oaobtcrga bc` pcbg lkioro`bkg, pcrquo

glonçs loa `crto ‒sus dgsos lo gpcyc trglkbkc`g-

aos‒ trkuìò tgndkë` o` oa lopgrtgno`tc lo Akng

bc` oa ngcr `únorc lo oaobtcros (28,9% lo agtctgaklgl lo oaacs). <<

Ga kfuga quo ags oaobbkcòs g`torkcros boaodrglgs

lospus lo ag ‑trg`skbkò` g ag loncbrgbkg„ o` 7;=8,o` osto prcbosc oaobtcrga tgnpcbc so losgrrcaaò

gafu`g lksbuskò` bc`strubtkvg o`tro acs prk`bkpgaos

bg`lklgtcs scdro ag dgso lo ags prcpuostgs bc`bro-

tgs obgbos. Nolkg`to oa prcbosc oaobtcrga `c so prclujorc` bc`so`sc `k o`to`lknko`tc rospobtc lo

bkortgs aîògs c pcaîtkbgs bc`brotgs.

BC@BA_RKC@OR

Moncs g`gakzglc pg`crçnkbgno`to ag pcaîtkbg porug`g lospuës lo ag bgîlg loa fcdkor`c lo Iujk-

ncrk mgstg ags oaobbkcòs foòrgaos loa 4889. O`

nolkc loa ostg`bgnko`tc loa fcdkor`c lo \caolcòcakdorgakstg, tgndk` o` oa Xorú ‒ga kfuga quoo` gafu`cs pgîsos agtk`cgnorkbg`cs‒ provgaobkò ag

cpk`kò` o` igvcr lo rovksgr ag aîòg òcakdorga lo

mgstg o`tc`bos. Mungag Fgrbîg, lcs bg`lklgtcslo kzqukorlg, pgsgrc` g ag sofu`lg vuoatg o` oa

prcbosc oaobtcrga, sk` ondgrfc, oa bg`lklgtc rglk-

bga Mungag `c sudkò ga pclor `gano`to, pcrquooxksto` nubmgs zc`gs quo so mg` doòbkglc bc` oaòcakdorgaksnc5 o` bc`sobuo`bkg nubmcs oaobtcrosgpcgrc` g Fgrbîg o` voz lo Mungag.

<2. G`tos lo ag sofu`lg vuoatg, so lkjc bc` irobuo`bkg quo o` ag vctgbkò` nubmcs oaobtcros ovktgrîg` oxprosgr oa gpcc g u`clo acs lcs bg`lklgtcs, pcrquo gndcs to`îg` kngfo` òfgtkvg: Fgrbîg grrgstrgdg oa irgbgsc lo su fcdkor`c o` ag sofu`lgnktgl lo ag lbglg lo 7;=8 Mungag so lojgdg vor su bgrçbtor gutcrktgrkc. Gu`quo u`g pgrto lo acs vctcs dag`bcs vkbkglcs, gsî bcnc lo acs gdsto`bkc`kstgs roojgdg tga ovgskò`, `c so `ctò o` oa rosuatglc oaobtcrga, lglc quo `c mglkioro`bkg sustg`bkga o` acs pcrbo`tgjos lo ostgs bgtofcrîgs o`tro oa buglrc 4 oa ?.

<<. O` ag zc`g bo`trc loa Xorú (rospobtc lo su lo`kbkò`, vgso ag `ctg 7 loa buglrc <), nko`trgs o` oa lopgrtgno`tc loAkng Fgrbîg trkuìò o` oa rostc lo acs lopgrtgno`tcs Mungag fg`ò ag ngcrîg lo vctcs. Lglg ag to`lo`bkg, pgrg agvkbtcrkg lo Fgrbîg oa trkuìc o` oa lopgrtgno`tc lo Akng iuo k`lkspo`sgdao. O` ag prknorg vuoatg, o` osto lopgrtgno`tcIacros robkdkò oa ngcr `únorc lo vctcs. Nubmcs sknpgtkzg`tos lo Iacros o` ostg zc`g bc`trkduorc` bc` oa trkuìclo Fgrbîg, g quo pgsgrc` g gpcgrac iro`to g ag ‑gator`gtkvg o`tro loncbrgbkg gutcrktgrksnc„. O` ctrgs pgagdrgs, agto`lo`bkg gabkstg lo gpcc g Mungag so loto`lrîg o` gafú` ncno`tc lodklc g ag vo`tgjg lo Fgrbîg o` oa lopgrtgno`tc

lo Akng. Xcr ctrc aglc, Bgrrkò` Zçrgto (4886: 76;-7=9) Yorfgrg (4886) g`gakzgrc` ag to`lo`bkg c bgtofcrkzgbkò` loacs oaobtcros scdro ag dgso lo acs rosuatglcs lo ags oaobbkcòs foòrgaos loa 4889. Gu`quo gndcs ostulkcs sc` k`torosg` -

tos, bc`sklorgncs quo oa prknor g`çaksks tkoò oa aînkto lo dgsgrso o` oa rosuatglc lo ag sofu`lg vuoatg pgrg so÷gagr ag

Buglrc ?

TOR_A\GLC LO AGR OAOBBKC@ORXTORKLO@BKGAOR LO 4889 (ROF_@LG Y_OA\G)

Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c (Fgrbîg) 9,;9?,876 (?4,9%)

_`kò` pcr oa Xorú (Mungag) 9,468,8=8 (<6,<%)

Yctcs vçaklcs 72,42?,8;6

Yctcs dag`bcs 7?6,=92

Yctcs ùacs 7,86?,8=;

Yctcs onktklcs 7<,<9=,8<;

Gdsto`bkò` 4,849,=?6 (74,2%)

\ctga lo oaobtcros 79,<;<,;89


@ctg: O` ag boalg lo acs vctcs fg`glcs, ags bkirgs o`tro pgrë`tosks scàgs prcpcrbkcòs quo acs vctcs lo bglg bg`lklgtc cbupg` o` oa tctgalo vctcs vçaklcs. Ag bkirg o`tro pgrë`tosks o` ag aîòg lo ag gdsto`bkòòs ag prcpcrbkò` quo cbupg o` oa tctga lo oaobtcros.

Buglrc 9

TOR_A\GLC LO AGR OAOBBKC@ORXTORKLO@BKGAOR LOA 4889 ROFÚ@ ZC@GR

FOCFTÇIKBGR (ROF_@LG Y_OA\G)

XGX _XX

@crto 7,6;?,4?7 7,242,49<

?6,9% <4,<%

Bo`trc <,8<=,9?= 4,;=<,=26

?6,6% <4,<%

Lopt. lo Akng 4,=?6,87< 7,6?2,2<6

94,8% 2=,8%

Tostc 7,7;7,9<< 7,427,<;8

<;,4% ?8,=%

Rur 678,<79 7,976,99;

28,?% 9;,?%

Osto 4<<,9<7 496,=69

<6,6% ?4,2%


@ctg: Rcdro ags zc`gs focfrçibgs, vëgso ag `ctg 7 loa buglrc <.



“?;“


O` osto prcbosc pcaîtkbc `c so mg cdsorvglc`k`fú` io`òno`c quo k`lkquo ag to`lo`bkg lo

k`stktubkc`gakzgr ag pcaîtkbg loncbrçtkbg loa Xorú.Xgrtkbuagrno`to o` ac quo so rooro g ag igatg lok`stktubkc`gakzgbkò` rospobtc lo ag bc`strubbkò`

lo bc`so`sc y o`to`lknko`tc o`tro acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs prk`bkpgaos gsî bcnc oa ostgdaobknko`tc

lo su prcbosc lo lobkskò` ‒oa ngycr prcdaong lo

ag loncbrgbkg dgsglg o` ag pcaîtkbg lo pgrtklcs o`

ag lbglg lo 7;=8‒, `c so mg rofkstrglc `k`fú`losgrrcaac. Ag pcaîtkbg porug`g c buo`tg bc` gafú`bc`so`sc scdro ags pcaîtkbgs bc`brotgs obgboslo nolkg`c agrfc pagzc. Ags roagbkcòs o`troags iuorzgs prk`bkpgaos skfuo` sko`lc dçskbgno`to

bc`kbtkvgs, `c so mg proso`tglc `k`fú` sî`tcnglo bc`strubbkò` lo bkortc prcbosc lo tcng lo lo-

bkskcòs o`tro oaags. Ags pcaîtkbgs ag`zglgs pcr oafcdkor`c `c mg` bc`tglc bc` u` bc`so`sc gnpakc`k o`to`lknko`tc o`tro ag pcdagbkò`. Rk dko` osbkortc quo ag pcaîtkbg ngbrcobc`ònkbg dgsglg o`

oa òcakdorgaksnc mg sklc ng`to`klg bc` oa gpc-

yc lo gafu`gs iuorzgs pcaîtkbgs, ac nksnc `c so

puolo lobkr gborbg lo ctrcs gspobtcs knpcrtg`tos,

pgrtkbuagrno`to rospobtc lo ags pcaîtkbgs gbtkvgs

lo losgrrcaac `gbkc`ga5 `k skqukorg su aîòg dçskbglojg lo sor u`g k`bòf`ktg. _` bgsc skndòakbc os

oa aagnglc ‑Gbuorlc @gbkc`ga„, lkrkfklc pcr oafcdkor`c lo \caolc rnglc o`tro lkvorsgs iuorzgs pcaîtkbgs scbkgaos. Osto lcbuno`tc mg quolglc o pgpoa. @c mg bgndkglc ag sktugbkò` lo ag lbglg lo7;=8: scagno`to ‑mudc rou`kcòs, bc`vorsgbkcòsy u`g rotòrkbg lo gbuorlcs quo `c so bunpaîg o`

acs mobmcs„ (\g`geg 7;;=: 9=, =<).<?

Xcr ctrc aglc, acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs `c mg`gvg`zglc o` su ro`cvgbkò` `k k`stktubkc`gakzg-

bkò`, nko`trgs ag lcnk`gbkò` k`tor`g lo acs ‑joios

nçxkncs„ mg bc`tkùglc. Gu`quo o` oa 4882, pcr prknorg voz o` ag mkstcrkg, ag ao lo pgrtklcs pcaî-

tkbcs iuo gprcdglg y prcnuafglg, ag buga ostkpuagag cdakfgbkò` lo rogakzgr oaobbkcòs k`tor`gs pgrg

`cndrgr ag lkrkfo`bkg pgrtklgrkg y acs bg`lklgtcs

lo ags oaobbkcòs pgrg bgrfcs púdakbcs, ostg `c mgsklc bunpaklg lodklc g ag rogaklgl lo ag lcnk`gbkò`

k`tor`g lo acs bgulkaacs. Acs prk`bkpgaos bg`lklgtcs prosklo`bkgaos lo ags oaobbkcòs loa 4889 iuorc` c

acs ‑joios nçxkncs„ c acs lkrkfo`tos gpcyglcs pcr

ostcs, acs bugaos so gpclorgrc` loa pclor roga o`

acs pgrtklcs. Oa prcbosc lo ags oaobbkcòs k`tor`gslo bglg pgrtklc pgrg `cndrgr g sus bg`lklgtcs so

o`bc`trò dgjc oa bc`trca loa ‑joio nçxknc„ c lkrk-

fo`to pclorcsc, y g`tos lo su rogakzgbkò`, `c bgdîg

ag pcskdkaklgl lo quo sus rosuatglcs iuorg` o` bc`trg

lo su vcau`tgl c k`to`bkò`. O` ctrgs pgagdrgs, u`c`k skqukorg pulc kngfk`gr quo loa prcbosc oaobtcrga

k`tor`c lo u` pgrtklc sgakorg oaofklc gafú` nkaktg`to

quo c iuorg oa ‑joio nçxknc„ c oa gpcglc pcr a.<9

Rustg`bkgano`to ag sktugbkò` o` tcr`c g acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs mg sofuklc sko`lc kfuga quo g`tos lo agao lo pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs. Xorsksto ag lcnk`gbkò`

trglkbkc`ga lo acs pgrtklcs pcr pgrto lo acs ‑joiosnçxkncs„. Acs pgrtklcs `c mg` acfrglc bc`vortkrsoo` u` ospgbkc pcaîtkbc gdkortc y loncbrçtkbc, sk`

pclor robuporgr oa gpcc bc`g`zg loa puodac.O` ostg sktugbkò`, moncs k`lkbglc tgndk` quo

o` oa Xorú ag pcaîtkbg so mg vo`klc irgfno`tg`lc.Xorc lodoncs robcrlgr ga nksnc tkonpc quo ostg

oxksto`bkg lo lkvkskò` o` acs gspobtcs bcnc fëòrc, `kvoa lo k`frosc, aufgr lo brobknko`tc, y ao`fug ngtor`g lo pglro,

lglc quo ag sofu`lg vuoatg cdakfg g acs oaobtcros g osbcfor u`c o`tro lcs bg`lklgtcs y bgdo ag lulg lo quo oa rosuatglc

lo ag soaobbkò` cdakfglg roojo rogano`to ag lkvkskò` quo so supcò oxksto porc o` icrng nçs bcnpakbglg o` ag scbko -

lgl porug`g. Xcr ctrg pgrto, oa sofu`lc ostulkc prcpcò tros ojos, oa k`stktubkc`ga (pcaîtkbc) quo nklo oa frglc lo lgrknpcrtg`bkg ga Ostglc lo Lorobmc, oa obc`ònkbc quo vgrîg sofú` ag gbtktul scdro ag obc`cnîg lo akdro norbglc, oa loOstglc `gbkc`ga (buaturga-mkstòrkbc) quo roojg oa frglc lo k`bauskò` o` oa Ostglc bcnc bkulglg`c. Oa prknor prcdaonglo osto g`çaksks os, bcnc su gutcr nksnc robc`cbo, quo oa oìcquo bc`stktuo u` g`çaksks ostçtkbc5 pgrtkbuagrno`to `cs pgrobo quo ag rolubbkò` loa ojo pcaîtkbc ga prcdaong loa Ostglc lo lorobmc k`bauklc ag lkvkskò` lo pcloros, lksnkùosu u`kvorsgaklgl. Ga nksnc tkonpc, oa sofu`lc g`çaksks lg knpcrtg`bkg g ag lkvkskò` o`tro u` 98% lo acs oaobtcros quolosog` sor k`bauklcs o` oa Ostglc u` 28% lo acs oaobtcros g k`bauklcs, porc cs lg ag knproskò` lo quo ostg lkioro`bkgbc`stktuo ctrc nclc lo oxproskò` lo ag loa `kvoa lo pcdrozg.

<?. O` osto so`tklc, c pcloncs oìgtkzgr ag knpcrtg`bkg loa bc`so`sc o`tro acs rospc`sgdaos lo ags iuorzgs pcaîtkbgs prk`bkpgaosrospobtc lo ag òbosklgl lo ng`toòr oa ngrbc pcaîtkbc loncbrçtkbc o` oa tkonpc lkiîbka pgrg \caolc quko` mgdîg porlklc dgstg`to pcpuagrklgl (vgso pcr ojonpac \gacr U4886^). Lobkncs ostc, pcrquo lkbmc bc`so`sc `c prclujc gboptgbkò`gafu`g scdro ags pcaîtkbgs bc`brotgs lo nolkg`c agrfc pagzc, `k so mg bc`scaklglc `k iu`bkc`glc tga nobg`ksnc lobcìcrngbkò` lo bc`so`sc bc` roagbkò` g ctrcs gsu`tcs pcaîtkbcs lo knpcrtg`bkg.

<9. Xcr ojonpac, o` ags oaobbkcòs prosklo`bkgaos lo Nxkbc o` oa 4889, oa bg`lklgtc cbkgakstg Ioakpo Bgalorò`, loa Xgrtklc

Gbbkò` @gbkc`ga, iuo oaofklc prosklo`to. Bgalorò` iuo `cndrglc bcnc bg`lklgtc cbkgakstg auofc loa prcbosc oaobtcrgak`tor`c. Xorc Bgalorò` bg`lklgtoò o` ags oaobbkcòs prkngrkgs o` bc`trg lo ag k`to`bkò` loa o`tc`bos prosklo`to Ykbo`toIcx. Lglg ag sktugbkò` roga lo acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs, os tctgano`to knpo`sgdao quo subolg ac nksnc o` oa Xorú.



[usueo Nurgegnk

“98“

to`lo`bkg os u` io`òno`c quo so cdsorvò o` ag mks-

tcrkg pcaîtkbg porug`g. Xcr ojonpac, sk bcnpgrgncsacs rosuatglcs lo acs bcnkbkcs loa 4889 acs lo 7;94 ‒oa prcbosc oaobtcrga nçs oa g ag vcau`tgl pcpuagro`tro acs pcbcs bgscs lo oaobbkcòs prosklo`bkgaos

g`tos lo ag ‑trg`skbkò` g ag loncbrgbkg„ o` 7;=8‒, pcloncs bc`rngr quo ags to`lo bkgs fo orgaos logndcs bgscs bck`bklo`. \gndk` o` ags oaobbkcòsrogakzglgs nçs lo <8 g÷cs g`tos, mudc tros iuorzgs prk`bkpgaos: oa Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c (ag nçsrglkbga), ag gakg`zg o`tro oa Xgrtklc Gbbkò` Xcpuagr oa Xgrtklc Loncbrçtkbc Brkstkg`c (ag roicrnkstg), ag _`kò` @gbkc`ga Clrkîstg (ag trglkbkc`ga ro-

proso tg`to lo ag cakfgrquîg). O` ags oaobbkcòs loa4889, ags tros iuorzgs prk`bkpgaos iuorc` _`kò` pcroa Xorú (ag nçs rglkbga), Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c (agroicrnkstg), _`klgl @gbkc`ga (ag bc`sorvglcrg).\gndk` focfrçbgno`to mgdag`lc, o` oa rosuatglclo ags oaobbkcòs lo 7;94 (vgso oa buglrc 6), oaXgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c tuvc ag iuorzg o` oa `crto, porc o` ctrgs zc`gs, `c. Xcr ctrc aglc, ag gakg`zgquo rofkstrò ag ngycr vctgbkò` o` oa sur y crko`to

fg`ò tgndk` bkortc `kvoa lo vctcs o` oa bo`trc. Agiuorzg bc`sorvglcrg fg`ò nubmcs vctcs o` oa bo`trc(bc`brotgno`to o` oa lopgrtgno`tc lo Akng). O`rosuno`, acs pgrtklcs tuvkorc` ag iuorzg scagno`to

o` bkortgs pgrtos loa pgîs, c mudc iuorzgs pcaîtkbgsquo to`îg ostgdaobklgs ags dgsos g `kvoa `gbkc`ga.Ga nksnc tkonpc, o` bglg zc`g, acs pgrtklcs `c

acfrgrc` fg`gr ag ngycrîg lo vctcs y trkuìgr gdru-

nglcrgno`to, oxboptc gafu`cs bgscs. O` oa pgsglctgndkë` so cdsorvò ag yuxtgpcskbkò` lo acs pgrtklcs

pcaîtkbcs sk` dgsos gnpakgs sòaklgs.³Oa gbtuga fcdkor`c gprkstg lo Fgrbîg mg suporglc

ag to`lo`bkg ‑mkstòrkbg„ lo ag irgfno`tgbkò` pcaîtkbg3

Lospuës lo tcngr pcsoskò`, oa prosklo`to Fgrbîg

rofkstrò u` `kvoa lo gprcdgbkò` lo nçs lo ?8%mgstg ngrzc loa 4886. Ru gatg gprcdgbkò` so lodkòg lkvorscs igbtcros. O` prknor aufgr, o` nolkc lo agsktugbkò` ngbrcobc`ònkbg igvcrgdao, oa cptknksnc

rospobtc loa iuturc ‒cdsorvglc tgndkë` o` ag otgpg`ga loa fcdkor`c lo \caolc‒ bc`tkùò. O` sofu`lcaufgr, su fgdkòto lkc ag knproskò` foòrga lo gpor-

turg. O`tro su tcng lo pcsoskò` oa g÷c 4886, loacs 79 nk`kstrcs, soks iuorc` porsc`gs quo `c to`îg`

quo vor bc` oa cbkgaksnc. Oa nk`kstrc lo Obc`cnîg Ik`g`zgs iuo u`c lo acs soks (mgstg gmcrg ag nksng porsc g skfuo o` oa bgrfc). Xcr ctrc aglc, oa ngcr`únorc lo nujoros o` ag mkstcrkg ‒soks‒ gsunkorc` oabgrfc lo nk`kstrg (u`g gprkstg, lcs porsc`gs borbg`gsga pgrtklc, tros ospobkgakstgs `c gprkstgs).

O` torbor aufgr, Fgrbîg mg glcptglc mgstg oancno`tc ag aîòg rogakstg o` lkvorscs gspobtcs pcaî-

tkbcs. Xcr ojonpac, oa ngòjc lo ag ngbrcobc`cnîgmg bc`tkùglc sko`lc òcakdorga o` ng`cs lo acsospobkgakstgs crtclcxcs k`bauklg ag porsc`g o`bgr-

fglg loa Nk`kstorkc lo Obc`cnîg Ik`g`zgs. Agglcpbkò` lo ag pcaîtkbg ngbrcobc`ònkbg crtclcxg

lo oqukakdrkc sbga mg bgusglc ag bc`g`zg o` oabîrbuac obc`ònkbc ags crfg`kzgbkcòs `g`bkorgsk`tor`gbkc`gaos. Xcr ctrc aglc, gu`quo lurg`to ag

bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga `c mgdîg ncstrglc u`g gbtktulbagrg, prcncvkò ag rgtkikbgbkò` loa \rgtglc loAkdro Bcnorbkc pcr pgrto lo acs Ostglcs _`klcs(ag rgtkbgbkò` tornk`ò `gano`to o` lkbkondroloa 4886). Tospobtc lo ag Bc`stktubkò` lo 7;;2,bgndkò ag prcpuostg lo su bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga y

so mg ncstrglc bgutoacsc o` rosubktgr ag g`torkcrBc`stktubkò` lo 7;6;. O` oa Bc`frosc, oa prosklo`tomg sklc cbkgakstg, porc tros vkboprosklo`tos mg`

Buglrc 6

BCNXGTGBKÒ@ LO ACR TOR_A\GLCR LO AGR OAOBBKC@OR XTORKLO@BKGAORLO 7;94 [ 4886 ROFÚ@ ZC@GR FOCFTÇIKBGR (%)

4889 (prknorg vuoatg) 7;94

Gfrupgbkcòs _XX XGX _@ XGX GX-LB _@C

@crto 4<.8 2?.7 76.8 ?4.< 7;.8 44.2

Bo`trc 46.8 42.8 4;.7 4;.7 24.6 24.4

Rur ?4.6 79.7 7<.8 7;.8 <=.2 42.;

Osto 29.; 7;.< 7<.4 46.= <<.9 42.=

Iuo`to: Oagdcrgbkò` prcpkg dgsglg o` J@O (7;=<: 74?<)5 C@XO (4889g).

@ctg: Rcdro ags zc`gs focfrçibgs, vëgso ag `ctg 7 loa buglrc <. Ags gdrovkgbkcòs sc`:_XX>_`kò` pcr

oa Xorú5 XGX>Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c5 _@>_`klgl @gbkc`ga5 GX-LB: Gakg`zg Xgrtklc Gbbkò` Xcpuagr y oaLoncbrçtkbc Brkstkg`c5 y _@C>_`kò` @gbkc`ga Clrkîstg.

sklc ctcrfglcs g ag cpcskbkò`

(loa 4889 ga 4886, _`kò` pcr

oa Xorú, _`klgl @gbkc`ga Gakg`zg pgrg oa Iuturc5 loa4886 ga 488=, _`kò` pcr oaXorú, Gakg`zg pgrg oa Iuturco K`lopo`lko`to). Ostg gakg`-

zg lo mobmc mg pornktklc gFgrbîg bc`foagr ag kòstgdk-

aklgl o` oa Bc`frosc g bgusg

loa cbkgaksnc nk`crkstg.Rk` ondgrfc, Fgrbîg bc`-

tk`úg sko`lc oa bgulkaac loa

pgrtklc bc` bc`trca k`tor`c

iuorto, `c so mg proso`tglc



“97“


mgstg oa ncno`tc `k`fú` sî`tcng lo roicrng loa pgrtklc.

O` ac quo so rooro g ag lodkaklgl irgfkaklgl loag crfg`kzgbkò`, ag sktugbkò` lo ag cpcskbkò` `c os

lkstk`tg g ag loa cbkgaksnc. Ags iuorzgs lo Mungag

quo bcnpktkorc` pcr ag prosklo`bkg mgstg oa ` loa prcbosc oaobtcrga bc` Fgrbîg, so lkvklkorc` o` lcs,

acs oaos lo Mungag (loa Xgrtklc @gbkc`gakstg loaXorú) acs lo _`kò` pcr oa Xorú quo ao mgdîg` prostglc oa `cndro o` ags oaobbkcòs loa 4889. Agsirkbbkcòs o`tro gndcs frupcs so k`brono`tgrc`,

oa vgbîc o`tro acs lcs g os krropgrgdao. O` agsoaobbkcòs rofkc`gaos y nu`kbkpgaos aaovglgs g bgdc

o` `cvkondro loa 4889, oa Xgrtklc @gbkc`gakstgloa Xorú ag _`kò` pcr oa Xorú pgrtkbkpgrc` pcrsopgrglc. Auofc, o` oa Bc`frosc, bglg u`c mgicrnglc su prcpkg dg`bglg.

O` ags roiorklgs oaobbkcòs rofkc`gaos y nu-

`kbkpgaos, tclgs ags iuorzgs lo acs tros prk`bkpg-

aos bg`lklgtcs prosklo`bkgaos, Fgrbîg, Mungag Iacros, `c acfrgrc` bc`tgr bc` oa gpcyc pcpuagr,

lo ùovc, so bc`rnò ag to`lo`bkg lo ag irgf-

no`tgbkò` pcaîtkbg. O` ags oaobbkcòs rofkc`gaos,lo ag tctgaklgl lo 49 rofkcòs, oa Xgrtklc GprkstgXorug`c bc`skfukò lcs prosklo`bkgs rofkc`gaos, ag_`kò` pcr oa Xorú, u`g, _`klgl @gbkc`ga, u`g5<6

ags tros gfrupgbkcòs sc` acs ú`kbcs pgrtklcs pgr-agno`tgrkcs quo sudkorc` ga pclor rofkc`ga. Lcs prosklo`bkgs rofkc`gaos iuorc` cbupglgs pcr lcs

pgrtklcs poquo÷cs, y oa rostc, 48 prosklo`bkgs ro-

fkc`gaos u` 6?% lo ags rofkcòs, ostç` o` ng`cslo ags iuorzgs rofkc`gaos. Lo kfuga ngòrg, o` agsoaobbkcòs prcvk`bkgaos, lo 7;< prcvk`bkgs, nko`-

trgs oa Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c, _`kò` pcr oa Xorú,Xgrtklc @gbkc`gakstg loa Xorú Xgrtklc Gbbkò`Xcpuagr bc`skfukorc` 7=, 72, 77 = prcvk`bkgs ros-

pobtkvgno`to, o` 77< prcvk`bkgs, oqukvgao`tos g u` pcbc no`cs loa 98% lo ags prcvk`bkgs, ags iuorzgsrofkc`gaos o k`lopo`lko`tos fg`grc` ag gabgalîg.<=

Ag irgfno`tgbkò` pcaîtkbg `c ostç loto`klg.Xcr ctrg pgrto, o` ac quo bc`bkorò g ag igatg mks-

tòrkbg lo bkortc bc`so`sc gnpakc scdro ags pcaîtkbgs aîògs g tcngr, oa fcdkor`c lo Fgrbîg mg sofuklcsk` lgr so÷gaos lo bgndkgr. Lospus lo gsunkr oabgrfc lo ag prosklo`bkg, Fgrbîg mg mobmc púdakbgslkvorsgs prcpuostgs lo losgrrcaac scbkcobc`ònkbc

bcnc oa prcyobtc lo losgrrcaac lo ag skorrg pgrg ag

oxpcrtgbkò` y ag prcncbkò` pgrg losgrrcaagr oa sur

loa Xorú lc`lo a `c pulc fg`gr nubmcs vctcs.Rk` ondgrfc, `c mg proso`tglc su buglrc k`tofrgabc` lotgaaos bc`brotcs lo nolkg`c agrfc pagzc. @c so mg bcìcrnglc bkortc `kvoa lo bc`so`scgnpakc rospobtc lo su aîòg foòrga. \gnpcbc so mggvg`zglc gafú` grfuno`tc pgrg quo ags prcpuostgs

foòrgaos lo Fgrbîg sog` rogakstgs. O` ostg sktugbkò`,oa ng`lgtgrkc fgstg tkonpc pgrg ng`toòr su `kvoa

lo gpcc loslo ag porspobtkvg lo bcrtc pagzc. _`clo acs bgscs tîpkbcs iuo ag gprcdgbkò` u`kagtorga o` oa

Bc`frosc lo ag aoy lo oaknk`gbkò` lo ag ro`tg dçskbg

lo toaëic`c, sobtcr lc`lo prolcnk`g` ags k`vorskcòs

oxtrg`jorgs. Nko`trgs tg`tc, g nolklg quo guno`tgoa losbc`to`tc lo ag fo`to bc` oa k`bunpaknko`tc

“gu`quo sog o` bkortc frglc“ lo ag gatg oxpobtgtk-vg o` ac scbkcobc`ònkbc, ag gprcdgbkò` lo ag fostkò`

prosklo bkga mg vo`klc lksnkùo lc. Ru `kvoa mg dgjglc frglugano`to lo u` 98%, o` oa ncno tclo ag tcng lo pcsoskò`, g no`cs lo ?8% g pgrtkrlo gdrka loa 4886. Ostg to`lo`bkg so mg ng`to`klcmgstg oa ncno`tc. Gu`quo oa fcdkor`c lo Fgrbîggrrg`bò o` u` ostglc lo trg`qukaklgl, `c pcloncs

vor su iuturc bc` cptknksnc, lglc acs no`bkc`glcs

losgiîcs morolglcs loa pgsglc.<;

<6. _`klgl @gbkc`ga fg`ò ag prosklo`bkg rofkc`ga lo ag prcvk`bkg lo Akng. Oa gabgalo lo ag prcvk`bkg lo Akng gsuno oa bgrfc loag prosklo`bkg rofkc`ga tgndk`. Oa no`bkc`glc únorc (49) lo rofkcòs k`bauo ostg rofkò` quo bc`sksto o` ag prcvk`bkg loAkng. O` ctrgs pgagdrgs, sc` 4? acs prosklo`tos rofkc`gaos quo `c so o`bgrfg` lo ag glnk`kstrgbkò` acbga lo ctrc `kvoa.

<=. O` ags oaobbkcòs rofkc`gaos loa 4889, oa Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c `c fg`ò nubmgs prosklo`bkgs, pcrquo lkvorscs prosk-lo`tos rofkc`gaos gprkstgs “quo sudkorc` ga pclor o` ags oaobbkcòs g`torkcros“ tuvkorc` prcdaongs lo bcrrupbkò`5 oa prosklo`to Fgrbîg po sò quo oa fcdkor`c bo`trga `c pclrîg sor rospc`sgdao lo lkvorscs prcdaongs loa fcdkor c rofkc`ga y

`c so k`vcaubrò tg` gbtkvgno`to bcnc ag voz pgsglg o` ag bgnpg÷g oaobtcrga. Rk` ondgrfc, mudc bgscs o` quo Fgrbîg csus bcagdcrglcros borbg`cs k`torvk`korc` lkrobtgno`to o` oa prcbosc acbga lo ags prcvk`bkgs. Bc`stktuò ag ngcr losfrgbkg pgrg oa Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c ag prlklg o` ags oaobbkcòs prcvk`bkgaos lo \rujkaac, udkbglc o` oa `crto loa pgîs, bu`g zc`g lo bc`bo`trgbkò` lo ags dgsos loa Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c. Oa gprksnc ù`bg porlkò ag gabgalîg mgstg oa 4889. Ag përlklg so gtrkduyò ga loscrlo` o` ag crfg`kzgbkò` rofkc`ga bgusglg pcr ag knpcskbkò` loa bg`lklgtc pgrg gabgalîg prc-

vk`bkga pcr pgrto lo ag solo pgrtklgrkg o` bc`trg lo ag vcau`tgl lo u` lkrkfo`to acbga lo knpcrtg`bkg (o`trovkstg G 4889).<;. Ctrc igbtcr quo lg tclgvîg u` ngrfo` loa ngòjc pcaîtkbc ga prosklo`to porug`c os quo oxksto u`g irgfno`tgbkò` pcaîtkbg,

ostg so vo roojglg o` quo ags brîtkbgs lo ag cpcskbkò` ga cbkgaksnc so lg` o` gbtcs k`lkvklugaos lo bglg gfrupgbkò` sk`roagbkc`grso crfç`kbgno`to pgrg bc`vortkrso o` u`g proskò` gnpakg ga fcdkor`c. Tospobtc loa prknor g÷c loa fcdkor`clo Fgrbîg, vëgso tgndkë` Gagyzg ot ga. (4886), u` g`çaksks lo ovgaugbkò`.



[usueo Nurgegnk

“94“

DKDAKCFTGIÎG

GAGyZG, Gaojg`lrg, Opkig`kc DGBG, Olugrlc DGAA@, ot ga. 4886 Xorú mcy: u` g÷c sk` rundc. Akng: LORBC, Bo`trc lo Ostulkcs Xrcncbkò` loa Losgrrcaac.

GZX_T , Jgvkor, Tcsg XKZGTTC, Auks RKT_NDGA, ot ga.

488< Xorú mcy: acs nka lîgs lo \caolc. Akng: LORBC, Bo`trc lo Ostulkcs Xrcncbkò` loa Losgrrcaac.

DGAA@, Olugrlc, Bgracs RCTKG, Fustgvc TKCITC, ot ga. 4884 Xorú mcy: \caolc, g u` g÷c lo fcdkor`c. Akng: LORBC, Bo`trc lo Ostulkcs Xrcncbkò` loa Losgrrcaac.

BGTTK@, Juakc I. Xgtrkbkg ZTG\O

4886 Buaturg pcaîtkbg lo ag loncbrgbkg o` oa Xorú: 4889. Akng: K`stktutc lo Ostulkcs Xorug`cs Yg`lordkat_`kvorskt.

BOXGA (Bcnkskò` Obc`ònkbg pgrg Gnrkbg Agtk`g oa Bgrkdo)4889 Xg`crgng scbkga lo Gnërkbg Agtk`g 488?. Rg`tkgfc lo Bmkao: BOXGA.

Bc`frosc lo ag Topúdakbg

4882 ‑Ao lo pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs„ (mttp://www.bc`frosc.fcd.po/`tao/Kngfoòs/Aoos/4=8;<.pli, 4889.8;.8=)488? ‑Ao quo ostgdaobo `crngs quo rofkrç` pgrg ags oaobbkcòs foòrgaos loa g÷c 4889„ (mttp://www.bc`frosc.

fcd.po/`tao/Kngfoòs/Aoos/4=?=7.pli, 4889.8;.8=)

FTCNXC@O, Tcnoc

488? Ag osbkskò` kòvktgdao: pgrtklcs y ncvknko`tcs o` oa Xorú gbtuga. Klocacfîg pcaîtkbg 49, Akng: K`stktutclo Ostulkcs Xorug`cs.

K@OK (K`stktutc @gbkc`ga Ostglîstkbg o Kìcrnçtkbg)4889 ‑K`lkbglcros obc`ònkbcs: Xrclubtc Drutc K`tor`c 7;;4-4889 (vgrkgbkò` % gùga)„ (mttp://www.kòk.fcd.

po/porubkirgsM\N/kì-obc/prc887.mtn, 4889.8;.8=).

J@O (Jurglc @gbkc`ga lo Oaobbkcòs)7;=< Tosuatglcs lo ags oaobbkcòs nu`kbkpgaos lo 7;=2. \cnc 4, Akng: @kbcasg.

NBBAK@\CBE, B`tmkg7;;9 ‑Ag vcau`tgl pcaîtkbg prosklo`bkga ag rupturg bc`stktubkc`ga lo 7;;4 o` oa Xorú„ o` Ior`g`lc \uostg Rca-

lovkaag (ol.), Ag o`kfng loa pclor: Iujkncrk 7;;8-7;;9 , Akng: Iu`lgbkò` Irkolrkbm Odort, pp. ?2-6<.4889 ‑G` _àkeoa Bcnodgbe k` Xoru.„ Jcur`ga ci Loncbrgby 76 (<): ;?-78;.

NOAë@LOZ Fuorrorc, Bgracs

4882 Úatknc ngpg pcaîtkbc: g`çaksks lo acs rosuatglcs lo ags oaobbkcòs rofkc`gaos lo `cvkondro loa 4884.Lcbuno`tc lo trgdgjc 728, Akng: K`stktutc lo Ostulkcs Xorug`cs.

N_TGEGNK, yusueo4886 Xorú o` ag org loa Bmk`c: ag pcaîtkbg `c k`stktubkc`gakzglg y oa puodac o` dusbg lo u` sgavglcr. Kloc-

acfîg pcaîtkbg 46, Akng: K`stktutc lo Ostulkcs Xorug`cs Bo`tor icr K`tofrgtol Grog Rtulkos, Ectc_`kvorskt.

C@XO (Cbk`g @gbkc`ga lo Xrcboscs Oaobtcrgaos)4889g Xorú oaobbkcòs foòrgaos 4889: kìcrno lo rosuatglcs, prosklo`to, vkboprosklo`to y bc`froskstg lo ag

ropúdakbg, Akng: [email protected] Loncbrgbkg o` acs pgrtklcs pcaîtkbcs: g`çaksks lo ags oaobbkcòs k`tor`gs 488?-4889. Akng: C@XO.

XOLTGFAKC, Rg`tkgfc, Bgracs TO[@G, Tcsg XKZGTTC, ot ga.488? Xorú mcy: u` pgîs o` jgquo, ag fcdor`gdkaklgl o` buostkò`. Akng: LORBC, Bo`trc lo Ostulkcs Xrc-

ncbkò` loa Losgrrcaac.

TC@BGFAKCAC, Tgigoa, y Tgnò` XC@BO \ostk`c488? ‑Xgbtcs k`torpgrtklgrkcs lkçacfcs pcaîtkbc-scbkgaos o` ag Tofkò` G`lk`g„ o` Erksto` Rgnpao Lg`koa

Zcvgttc (ols.), Loncbrgbkg o` rofkò` g`lk`g: acs toacòs lo ic`lc, Akng: K`tor`gtkc`ga K`stktuto icr

Loncbrgb g`l Oaobtcrga Gssksto`bo (KLOG), pp. 42?-4?4.




\G@GEG, Ngrtî`488? Loncbrgbkg sk` pgrtklcs, Xorú 4888-488?: acs prcdaongs lo roproso`tgbkò` y ags prcpuostgs lo roicrng

pcaîtkbg. Bcaobbkò` nî`kng ?6, Akng: K`stktutc lo Ostulkcs Xorug`cs.

\GyACT, Aowks488? ‑Ircn Iujkncrk tc \caolc: \mo 4887 Oaobtkc`s g`l Ykbkssktulos ci Loncbrgtkb Fcvor`no`t k` Xoru.„

Fcvor`no`t g`l Cppcsktkc` <8 (<): ?9?-?;9.4886 ‑Xcaktkbkg`s wktmcut Xgrtkos g`l Xgrtkos wktmcut Xcaktkbkg`s: \mo Ickdkaos ci tmo Xoruvkg` Xcaktkbga Bagss,

4888-4889„. Duaakto` ci Agtk` Gnorkbg` Tosogrbm 4= (7): 7-42.

\CBMO, Olugrlc, Olugrlc DGAA@, Jgvkor GZX_T , ot ga.4882 Xorú mcy: ag obc`cnîg dgjc proskò` lo ag loncbrgbkg. Akng: LORBC Bo`trc lo Ostulkcs Xrcncbkò`

loa Losgrrcaac.

\CBMO, Olugrlc, Ngrtî` XGTOLOR (ols.)4889 Xorú mcy: loncbrgbkg k`bc`bausg, trg`skbkò` y brobknko`tc. Akng: LORBC, Bo`trc lo Ostulkcs Xrc-

ncbkò` loa Losgrrcaac.

\K (\rg`spgro`b K`tor`gtkc`ga)7;;=-4886 ‑Bcrruptkc` Xorboptkc`s K`lox.7;;=-4886„. (mttp://www.trg`spgro`b.crf/ pcakbSrosogrbm/sur -

vosSk`lkbos/bpk, 4886.78.8;).

YGTFGR AO@, Bgracs

488? Oa rotcr`c lo acs pgrtklcs g ag loncbrgbkg: ags oaobbkc`os porug`gs loa 4887. JBGR Cbbgskc`ga Xgpor4<, Csgeg, Jgpò`: \mo Jgpg` Bo`tor icr Grog Rtulkos.

YOTFGTG, Gadortc

4886 @k gn`ëskbcs `k krrgbkc`gaos: ags oaobbkc`os porug`gs lo 4889 o` porspobtkvg mkstòrkbg. Akng: Rcagr.

O`trovkstgs (rogakzglgs o` Akng)G. Yotorg`c lkrkfo`to loa Xgrtklc Gprkstg Xorug`c (4887.84.7=5 4884.8;.8?5 4889.84.475 4889.77.4;＋D. Iuo`to lo u`g bcnpg÷îg o`buostglcrg (4886.84.42)

B. Iuo`to borbg`g ga ox prosklo`to Gadortc Iujkncrk (4889g.87.4?5 4889d.84.4=)L. Yotorg`c lkrkfo`to loa Xgrtklc Gbbkò` Xcpuagr (4887.84.48)

Yusuke Murakami - Tendencias Políticas Actuales en Los Países Andinos.

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Transcript of Yusuke Murakami - Tendencias Políticas Actuales en Los Países Andinos.