Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María Leticia

Nombre de la unidad didáctica

Competencia particular

El mundo natural

Utiliza los estilos directo e indirecto, los tiempos futuro continuo y futuro perfecto, así como el vocabulario y lasexpresiones pertinentes, para discutir la problemática ambiental global.

5IM2

Introducción.

Hola bienvenidos al curso de inglés, espero que en esta nueva normalidad hayas aprendido a valorar tu aislamiento, pero también tus compañías, nos queda mucho por delante y no hay más que aprovechar y sacar ventaja de lo que tenemos. ¡Vamos a aprender!

Tema(s).

En este curso veremos:

1. Direct and Reported speech en todos sus tiempos2. Future Continuous3. Future Perfect4. Either and Neither5. Sustantivos compuestos6. Repaso de Adjective Comparisions

Desarrollo del contenido.

1. Reported SpeechReported Statements

When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said.

Watch my reported speech video: 

Here's how it works:

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María LeticiaWe use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. (Click here for more about using 'say' and 'tell'.) If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

Direct speech: I like ice cream. Reported speech: She says (that) she likes ice cream.

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.

(As I'm sure you know, often, we can choose if we want to use 'that' or not in English. I've put it in brackets () to show that it's optional. It's exactly the same if you use 'that' or if you don't use 'that'.)

But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

Direct speech: I like ice cream. Reported speech: She said (that) she liked ice cream.

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple I like ice cream She said (that) she liked ice cream.

present continuous

I am living in London

She said (that) she was living in London.

past simple I bought a car She said (that) she had bought a car OR She said (that) she bought a car.

past continuous

I was walking along the street

She said (that) she had been walking along the street.

present perfect

I haven't seen Julie She said (that) she hadn't seen Julie.

past perfect*

I had taken English lessons before

She said (that) she had taken English lessons before.

will I'll see you later She said (that) she would see me later.

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María Leticia

would* I would help, but..” She said (that) she would help but...

can I can speak perfect English

She said (that) she could speak perfect English.

could* I could swim when I was four

She said (that) she could swim when she was four.

shall I shall come later She said (that) she would come later.

should* I should call my mother

She said (that) she should call her mother

might* I might be late She said (that) she might be late

must I must study at the weekend

She said (that) she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend

* doesn't change.

Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense):

Direct speech: The sky is blue. Reported speech: She said (that) the sky is/was blue.

Reported Questions

So now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative sentences. But how about questions?

Direct speech: Where do you live?

How can we make the reported speech here?

In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The tense changes are the same, and we keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a normal positive sentence. A bit confusing? Maybe this example will help:

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María Leticia

Direct speech: Where do you live? Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.

Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the present simple tense. We make a present simple question with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need to change the verb to the past simple.

Another example:

Direct speech: Where is Julie? Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was.

The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make the question form of the present simple of be by inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb. So, we need to change them back before putting the verb into the past simple.Here are some more examples:

Direct Question Reported Question

Where is the Post Office, please?

She asked me where the Post Office was.

What are you doing? She asked me what I was doing.

Who was that fantastic man?

She asked me who that fantastic man had been.

So much for 'wh' questions. But, what if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't have any question words to help us. Instead, we use 'if':

Direct speech: Do you like chocolate? Reported speech: She asked me if I liked chocolate.

No problem? Here are a few more examples:

Direct Question Reported Question

Do you love me? He asked me if I loved him.

Have you ever been to Mexico?

She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.

Are you living here? She asked me if I was living here.

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María Leticia

Reported Requests

There's more! What if someone asks you to do something (in a polite way)? For example:

Direct speech: Close the window, please Or: Could you close the window please? Or: Would you mind closing the window please?

All of these requests mean the same thing, so we don't need to report every word when we tell another person about it. We simply use 'ask me + to + infinitive':

Reported speech: She asked me to close the window.

Here are a few more examples:

Direct Request Reported Request

Please help me. She asked me to help her.

Please don't smoke. She asked me not to smoke.

Could you bring my book tonight? She asked me to bring her book that night.

Could you pass the milk, please? She asked me to pass the milk.

Would you mind coming early tomorrow?

She asked me to come early the next day.

To report a negative request, use 'not':

Direct speech: Please don't be late. Reported speech: She asked us not to be late.

Reported Orders

And finally, how about if someone doesn't ask so politely? We can call this an 'order' in English, when someone tells you very directly to do something. For example:

Direct speech: Sit down!

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María LeticiaIn fact, we make this into reported speech in the same way as a request. We just use 'tell' instead of 'ask':

Reported speech: She told me to sit down.

Direct Order Reported Order

Go to bed! He told the child to go to bed.

Don't worry! He told her not to worry.Be on time! He told me to be on time.Don't smoke! He told us not to smoke.

Time Expressions with Reported Speech

Sometimes when we change direct speech into reported speech we have to change time expressions too. We don't always have to do this, however. It depends on when we heard the direct speech and when we say the reported speech.

For example:

It's Monday. Julie says "I'm leaving today".

If I tell someone on Monday, I say "Julie said she was leaving today".If I tell someone on Tuesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving yesterday".If I tell someone on Wednesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving on Monday".If I tell someone a month later, I say "Julie said she was leaving that day".

So, there's no easy conversion. You really have to think about when the direct speech was said.

Here's a table of some possible conversions:

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María Leticianow then / at that time

today yesterday / that day / Tuesday / the 27th of June

yesterday

the day before yesterday / the day before / Wednesday / the 5th of December

last night the night before, Thursday night

last week the week before / the previous week

tomorrow today / the next day / the following day / Friday

2. The Future Continuous(or future progressive tense)

The future continuous tense isn't taught very much in English classes but, in fact, English speakers use it a lot. You will sound much more natural if you master this tense.

(Click here to learn about how to USE this tense)

Here's how to make it:

The positive (will + be + verb-ing):

At 10 am tomorrow,

I will be sleeping you will be working she will be studying it will be raining he will be cooking we will be eating breakfast they will be travelling

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María LeticiaIn the same way as with the future simple, usually we use the short form ('ll be verb-ing) when we are speaking.

Sometimes students don't use the short form, because they are not sure how to pronounce it. Here are some examples to help.

I'll be sleeping

you'll be working

she'll be studying

it'll be raining

he'll be cooking

we'll be eating breakfast

they'll be travelling

Here's the negative:

When John gets home,

I will not be working (I won't be ..) you will not be reading (you won't be ..) he will not be cooking (he won't be ..) she will not be studying (she won't be ..) it will not be snowing (it won't be ..) we will not be watching TV (we won't be ..) they will not be sleeping (they won't be ..)

As with the positive, we usually use the short form (won't + be + verb-ing) when speaking.

Next, the question:

'yes / no' questions:

When arrives at the party,

will I be cooking? will you be dancing?

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María Leticia

will she be singing? will he be eating? will we be drinking? will it be snowing? will they be talking?

'wh' questions:

Next weekend,

what will I be doing? where will you be working? how will she be travelling? what will he be eating? why will we be studying? why will it be snowing? what will they be wearing?

3. The Future Perfect TenseThe future perfect tense is only used in a few situations, but it's still good to know it. Here's how to make it.

Click here to learn about how to USE this tense.The future perfect is made with the future simple of 'have' (will have) and the past participle. For regular past participles add 'ed' to the verb ('play' becomes 'played'). Click here to learn about irregular past participles.

Here's the positive:

By six pm tonight:

I will have finished this book You will have studied the English tenses She will have cooked dinner He will have arrived We will have met Julie It will have stopped raining They will have left Japan

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María LeticiaFor the short form, we change will to 'll. But, when we are speaking, we also make 'have' shorter, so it sounds like I'll've finished (don't write this!). Here are some examples for you to listen to:

I'll have finished this book

You'll have studied the English tenses

She'll have cooked dinner

He'll have arrived

We'll have met Julie

It'll have stopped raining

They'll have left Japan

Here's the negative:

By next week,

I will not have finished this book You will not have studied the English tenses She will not have cooked dinner He will not have arrived We will not have met Julie It will not have stopped raining They will not have left Japan

Here's the short form. Listen to how I shorten 'have' when I'm speaking:

I won't have finished this book

You won't have studied the English tenses

She won't have cooked dinner

He won't have arrived

We won't have met Julie

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María Leticia

It won't have stopped raining

They won't have left Japan

To make the question, just put 'will' before the subject:

'Yes / no' questions:

By next year,

will I have finished writing this book? will you have studied all the English verb tenses? will she have graduated? will he have got married? will it have got colder? will we have met your boyfriend? will they have left their jobs?

'Wh' questions:

When will I have finished writing this book? Why will you have studied all the English verb tenses by

tomorrow? When will she have been here three weeks? Why will he have got married before June? Why will it have got colder by May? How will we have met your boyfriend by tonight? When will they have left their jobs?

4. Either and NeitherWe use ‘either + a singular noun’ to mean ‘this one or that one’ when we are talking about two things

of the same kind (like two drinks or two t-shirts).

• Either drink is fine. I like both kinds.

• We could go to either restaurant.

• Julie might buy either t-shirt.

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María LeticiaWe use ‘neither + a singular noun’’ to mean ‘not this one and also not that one’ when we are talking

about two things of the same kind.

• Neither drink is fine. John hates both of them.

• Neither restaurant is good. Let’s go somewhere else.

We use ‘either of + plural noun’ and ‘neither of + plural noun’ before a pronoun or a word like ‘this’

or ‘the’ or ‘my’.

• Either of my dresses is good. (= this dress is good and also that dress is good.)

• Either of us can get the key.

• Neither of my dresses will do. (both of my dresses are not good.)

• Neither of us will be on time.

We can use ‘either’ and ‘neither’ on their own when we have already said the noun.

• Which drink would you like? Either is fine.

• Which cake do you want? Neither! I’m going to have an apple.

© www.perfect-english-grammar.com

May be freely copied for personal or classroom use.

If we want to talk about two different things, we can use ‘either + noun + or + noun’. We don’t need

to use ‘of’ in this case.

• Either coffee or tea is fine.

• We could use either blue paint or red paint.

• She will buy either some apples or some oranges.

We can also use ‘neither + noun + nor + noun’. This tells us about two negative ideas, but it’s quite

formal. It’s more normal just to use ‘not + or’.

• I don’t like coffee or tea.

• I like neither coffee nor tea.

We can also use ‘neither’ at the beginning of a sentence or clause. It means ‘also not’. We need to use

inverted word order afterwards.

• I’m not at home. Neither is John.

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María LeticiaThis is often used to answer someone.

• A: I don’t like coffee. B: Neither do I.

In an informal style we can use ‘me neither’.

• A: I don’t like coffee. B: Me neither.

We use ‘not … either’ to mean the same thing, but we use normal word order.

• A: I don’t like coffee. B: I don’t either.

5. Compound NounsCompound nouns are formed by combining two (or more) words. The two words have different meanings separately. But together they have a new meaning.

Contents

What is a Compound Noun?Most English compound nouns are noun phrases (= nominal phrases) that include a noun modified by adjectives or attributive nouns. Due to the English tendency towards conversion, the two classes are not always easily distinguished. Most English compound nouns that consist of more than two words can be constructed recursively by combining two words at a time. Combining “science” and “fiction”, and then combining the resulting compound with “writer”, for example, can construct the compound “science fiction writer”. Some compounds, such as  salt and pepper or mother-of-pearl, cannot be constructed in this way.

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María Leticia

Types of Compound NounsSince English is a mostly analytic language, unlike most other Germanic languages, it creates compounds by concatenating words without case markers. As in other Germanic languages, the compounds may be arbitrarily long.

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María LeticiaHowever, this is obscured by the fact that the written representation of long compounds always contains spaces.

Short compounds may be written in three different ways, which do not correspond to different pronunciations, however:

The “solid” or “closed” forms in which two usually moderately short words appear together as one. Solid compounds most likely consist of short (monosyllabic) units that often have been established in the language for a long time. Examples are housewife, lawsuit, wallpaper, basketball, etc.

The hyphenated form in which two or more words are connected by a hyphen. Compounds that contain affixes, such as house-build(er) and single-mind(ed)(ness), as well as adjective-adjective compounds and verb-verb compounds, such as blue-green and freeze-dried, are often hyphenated. Compounds that contain articles, prepositions or conjunctions, such as rent-a-cop, mother-of-pearl and salt-and-pepper, are also often hyphenated.

The open or spaced form consisting of newer combinations of usually longer words, such as distance learning, player piano, lawn tennis, etc.

Usage in the US and in the UK differs and often depends on the individual choice of the writer rather than on a hard-and-fast rule; therefore, open, hyphenated, and closed forms may be encountered for the same compound noun, such as the triplets container ship/container-ship/containership and particle board/particle-board/particleboard.

 

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María Leticia

Plural Forms of Compound NounsIn general we make the plural of a compound noun by adding -s to the “base word” (the most “significant” word). Look at these examples:

a school teacher – three school teachers one assistant headmaster – five assistant headmasters the sergeant major –  some sergeants major a mother-in-law – two mothers-in-law an assistant secretary of state – three assistant secretaries of state my toothbrush – our toothbrushes a woman-doctor – four women-doctors a doctor of philosophy – two doctors of philosophy a passerby, a passer-by – two passersby, two passers-by

Note that there is some variation with words like spoonful or truckful. The old style was to say spoonsful or trucksful for the plural. Today it is more usual to say spoonfuls or truckfuls. Both the old style

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María Leticia(spoonsful) and the new style (spoonfuls) are normally acceptable, but you should be consistent in your choice.

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María Leticia

6. Adjective ComparisonsTo make the comparative form of adjectives (like 'bigger' or 'more expensive') and the superlative form (like 'biggest' or 'most expensive'), first we need to know how many syllables are in the adjective.

Adjectives with one syllable

Usually if an adjective has only one syllable, we add 'er' to make the comparative form. We add 'est' to make the superlative form.

clean → cleaner / cleanest cold → colder / coldest small → smaller / smallest young → younger / youngest tall → taller / tallest

There are some spelling changes. If there is one vowel followed by one consonant at the end of the adjective, we often double the consonant.

wet → wetter / wettest big → bigger / biggest hot → hotter / hottest thin → thinner / thinnest

If the adjective ends in 'y', this often changes to 'i'.

dry → drier / driest

If the adjective ends in 'e', we don't add another 'e', just 'r'.

nice → nicer / nicest large → larger / largest

Even when the adjective has only one syllable, it's still not wrong to use 'more' or 'most'. It's possible to say 'more wet' or 'most tall'. This isn't incorrect.

There are a few adjectives that we have to use 'more' or 'most' with, even though they only have one syllable. We CAN'T add 'er' or 'est'.

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María Leticia

fun → more fun / most fun (NOT funner / funnest) real → more real / most real (NOT realer / realest) right → more right / most right (NOT righter / rightest) wrong → more wrong / most wrong (NOT wronger / wrongest)

Adjectives with two syllables

For adjectives with two syllables we generally use 'more' or 'most'.

careful → more careful / most careful bored → more bored / most bored

But some two syllable adjectives can take 'er' or 'est'. It's also fine to use 'more' (for the comparative) or 'most' (for the superlative).

clever → cleverer / cleverest simple → simpler / simplest narrow → narrower / narrowest quiet → quieter / quietest

Adjectives with two syllables that end in 'y' usually can add 'er' or 'est' (y generally changes to i). It's also fine to use 'more' or 'most'.

dirty → dirtier / dirtiest pretty → prettier / prettiest happy → happier / happiest ugly → uglier / ugliest

Adjectives with more than two syllables

Adjectives with more than two syllables can only make their comparative by using 'more' and their superlative by using 'most'.

beautiful → more beautiful / most beautiful intelligent → more intelligent / most intelligent interesting → more interesting / most interesting expensive → more expensive / most expensive

Irregular adjectives

There are also some irregular adjectives. We just need to learn these forms.

good → better → best bad → worse → worst far → further → furthest

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María Leticia

little → less → least much → more → most

Actividades y/o ejercicios.

1. Reported and Direct Speech exercises.

Click here for a mixed tense exercise about practise reported statements.

Click here to practise reported 'wh' questions.Click here to practise reported 'yes / no' questions.

Click here for an exercise to practise reported requests and orders.

2. Future Continuos exercises

Here's an exercise about making the future continuous positive

Here's an exercise to practise the negative.

Here's an exercise about 'yes / no' and 'wh' questions

3. Future Perfect

Click here for an exercise about the positive future perfect.

Here's an exercise about negative

Here's an exercise about the question form.

Here's an exercise about the positive, negative and question forms.

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María Leticia4. Either and Neither

Try an exercise about 'either and neither' here.Try another exercise about 'either and neither' here.

5. Compound Nouns

https://www.teachingbanyan.com/grammar/compound-noun/

https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/nouns/compound-nouns/

6. Adjective Comparisions

Try an exercise about making the comparative here.Read about how to use comparative adjectives here.Read about how to use superlative adjectives here.

Preguntas de reflexión.

¿Qué piensas acerca de lo que se dice aquí?

¿Por qué crees que esto es útil?

¿Puedes añadir algo más a estas explicaciones?

Fuentes de consulta.

Sitios Electrónicos:

https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/learning-english/activities-for-learners/

https://www.oxfordonlineenglish.com/free-english-grammar-lessons

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar

https://elt.oup.com/student/oxfordenglishgrammar/?cc=mx&selLanguage=en

https://www.woodwardenglish.com/

https://www.grammarbank.com/english-grammar-lessons.html

https://www.english-at-home.com/grammar/

Bibliografía.

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Unidad de aprendizaje: Inglés VProf. Quintero Rosales María LeticiaDooley, J., & Evans, V. (2006). Grammarway 2 y 3. Berkshire: Express Publishing.

Jespersen, O. (2013). Essentials of English grammar. London: Routledge.

Definitions, Meanings, Synonyms, and Grammar by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com.

(2020). Retrieved 15 September 2020, from https://www.lexico.com/

Oxenden, C., Latham-Koenig, C., Seligson, P., & Hudson, J. (2010). New English file.

Oxford University Press.

Paterson, K. (2009). Oxford practice grammar basic. Oxford University Press.

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