Retales Masoneria Numero 037 - Mayo 2014

8/12/2019 Retales Masoneria Numero 037 - Mayo 2014

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\BTGCBZ DB AGZK@B\ÁGG×K 4 - @ÖAB\K := - Agyk db <>74

Bc jk`tbìdk db cks grtájucks `k rbbfg `bjbsgrigab`tb bc pu`tk db vistg dbc bqui-pk db –\btgcbs db Agsk`brág‑ si`k öìjg y bxjcusivgab`tb bc db cks gutkrbs db

dijhks grtájucks.

Zb distriluyb bxjcusivgab`tb b` okragtk bcbjtrúìjk. Zi dbsbg rbjilir b` su bagic`ktijgjik`bs db ubvks öabrks k iòkragjiú`

sklrb cg rbvistg, pubdb dgrsb db gctg b` ùbstrg cistg db AgicJhiap(http6//bbpurc.jka/MrtTz ) k skcijitç`dkck gc bagic dbc jkkrdi`gdkr

b-agic dbc Jkkrdi`gdkr6 rbtgcbsdbagsk brigNmagic.jka

Agrik Cúpbz A.½.A.½. (Jkkrdi`gjiú`)

Mg`mcbri (Zial.) A.½.A.½. (Agqubtgjiú`)

Agùbc Zkutk A.½.A.½. -

Jkcglkrgdkr Vk`g Zur db Bspg÷g6 Ilbg`yi Akrg A.½.A.½.

Jkcglkrgdkr6 Grag`dk Mugsjh A.½.A.½.

Jkcglkrgdkr6 Gquici`k \. Cbgc A.½.A.½.

Jkcglkrgdkr6 F. A. Lgrrbdk Ag`dziue A.½.A.½.

Bc jk`tbìdk sb b`jub`trg lgfk cijb`jig Jrbgtivb Jkaak`s JJ LY-@J-@D :.>http6//jrbgtivbjkaak`s.krm/cijb`sbs/ly-`j-`d/:.>/dbbd.bs

Ztgoo dirbjtivk



WW.•.HH.•. tkdks, g jgdg u`k b` su mrgdk y jk`dijiú`.

Cg vbrdgd bs qub bs tkdk u` pcgjbr pkdbr bsjrilir u`gs cá`bgs b` bc jkaib`zk db jgdg `öabrkdb bstg rbvistg qub tb`éis b` cgs ag`ks. Bc bmk bs oubrtb, pbrk cg rbgcidgd ck bs açs y bstky sbmurk qubsgcvk dks k trbs `gdib ab cbb, ck jugc, dijhk sbg db pgsk, `k bs db bxtrg÷gr. »Wué pubdk dbjir yk qub

sbg i`tbrbsg`tb; ^kjg jksg cg vbrdgd.

Cks qub si dijb` aujhk b i`tbrbsg`tb sk` cks gutkrbs db cks grtájucks pulcijgdks jgdg abs5 pkdb-

aks bstgr k `k db gjubrdk jk` sus grmuab`tks y pu`tks db vistg, pbrk bsk `k quitgrç i`tbrés g ck qubdijb`. Bs açs, aujhk abfkr qub sbg` jk`trgriks g ùbstrgs idbgs pkrqub bsk `ks hgjb pb`sgr si quizçssbrbaks `ksktrks cks bquivkjgdks6 g`gcizgr ck dijhk, jkapgrgrck jk` ck jk`kjidk, pb`sgr, rbjgpgjitgry, sklrb tkdk, gjbptgr diobrb`tbs pu`tks db vistg.

Hb ghá ck qub bs cg Agsk`brig

R` T.•.G.•.O.•. y `ks cbbaks bc abs qub vib`b.

4

8

<:

:2

Cg jgrrbrg agsúìjg. \itks y Mrgdks

Fbsös - Bc jristk júsaijk. _isiú` Trgs-jb`db`tgc (II)

Agtbaçtijg b` cg agsk`brág

^rbmu`tgs db Agsk`brág

Oktks y dkjuab`tks g`timuks

Bditkrigc

<8 4=

4?

48 ^gsgtibapks

:7 ^b`tgsub÷k pgrg ji`jbc y muitgrrg

27

Cg jugdrgturg dbc járjuck

Bc Grg

Gmrgdbjiaib`tks

2< ûlcijidgd mrgtuitg

47 Dijjik`grik Agsúìjk

4: ^kcéaijgs pgrg cilrbpb`sgdkrbs

á`dijb



4 \btgcbs db Agsk`brág

AG@RZJ\ITK JKKEB - Objhgdk b`trb bc 747> y bc 74<>Cg jgrrbrg agsúìjg. \itks y mrgdks

Cg jgrrbrg agsúìjg. \itks y mrgdks

^kr A.½. \.½. H.½. TKR_IG (TBDDY) MKCDZTBI@_.½. A.½. ^.½. db cg \.½. C.½. Z.½. –Cg Orgtbrìdgd ?<‑ - Tbc Gviv-Isrgbc

Trbs sk` cks mrgdks qub bxistibrk` b` cg Agsk`brág Kpbrgtivg6

7.Gprb`diz,<.Jkapg÷brk y:.Agbstrk.

Cg lgsb ou`dgab`tgc db bccks brg prkobsik`gc. Zb rbobrág` y tb`ág` dirbjtg rbcgjiú` jk` bcjk`kjiaib`tk y stgtus dbc i`dividuk b` cg prkobsiú` agsúìjg, b` cg prkobsiú` db cg jk`strujjiú`.Hulk épkjgs y cumgrbs b` cgs qub súck sb jk`kjág` dks mrgdks prkobsik`gcbs6

7.Gprb`diz y<.Jkapg÷brk, Aibalrk k Agbstrk.

Jk` bc `gjiaib`tk db cg Agsk`brág Bspbjucgtivg g pri`jipiks dbc simck X_III, sk` trbs cks mrg-

dks sialú-cijks ou`dgab`tgcbs yg ab`jik`gdks6

7.Gprb`diz,

<.Jkapg÷brk y:.Agbstrk

Cg Agsk`brág bs u`g i`stitujiú` iìjiçtijg. Ck oub b` su épkjg kpbrgtivg y ck simub sib`dk b`su épkjg bspbjucgtivg. Cg Iìjigjiú` rbprbsb`tg bc jgalik dbc bstgdk dbc i`dividuk, dbc iìjigdk5su pgsk db u` bstgdk g ktrk, db u`g skjibdgd g ktrg. Cg jucai`gjiú` sialúcijg `gturgc b` bc prk-

jbsk bdujgtivk dbc Agsú`, sb prkdujb gc gcjg`zgr bc mrgdk db Agbstrk Agsú`. Bstb bs bc mrgdkqub cb pbraitb, b` su Ckmig, bcbmir y sbr bcbjtk pgrg cg dirbjjiú` gdaiìstrgtivg db bccg jk` cgs skcgsciaitgjik`bs rbmcgab`tgrigs. ^kdbaks gragr, b` pri`jipik, qub gc gcjg`zgr bc agsú` su tbrjbr mrg-

dk, su mrgdk db Agbstrk y, si g bsk cb gmrbmgaks bc hglbr juapcidk, pkr ck ab`ks, u` pbrákdk db_b`brglcb Agbstrk, hglrág jkapcbtgdk su Jgrrbrg Agsúìjg. Gsá brg b` cks gclkrbs db cg Agsk`b-

rág Zialúcijg y aujhásiaks hbrag`ks gö` simub` pb`sg`dk y gjtug`dk gsá. Cg rbgcidgd histúrijg yprçjtijg bs diobrb`tb. Cg Agsk`brág Zialúcijg jrbú u`g mrg` jg`tidgd db \itks y \itugcbs y, db`trkdb bccks, u` mrg` `öabrk db Mrgdks. Db bstks, aujhks dbsgpgrbjibrk` jk` bc tibapk y aujhks sbjk`skcidgrk` b` cks diobrb`tbs \itks. Zklrb bstks \itks y bstks Mrgdks ks rbobrirbaks g jk`tiùgjiú`.

Cg Huaicdgd bs u`g db cgs _irtudbs bximidgs gc Agsú` y bc Zbjrbtk Agsúìjk, u`k db susCg`dagres. G`tbs db b`trgr g rbvisgr cks diobrb`tbs ritks y mrgdks, trgtgrbaks db dgr rbspubstg g cgs`gturgcbs i`tbrrkmg`-tbs6 Júak sk` jkapgtilcbs b` cg Jgrrbrg Agsúìjg, cg gdquisijiú` db diob-

rb`tbs mrgdks, cg pgrtijipgjiú` b` diobrb`tbs ritks qub b` su jk`fu`tk gpgrb`tg` u`g jkcbjjiú` dbdipckags y abdgccgs, jk` cg Huaicdgd bximidg gc Agsú`; »Júak sk` jkapgtilcbs jk` bc ZbjrbtkAgsúìjk; ^grg pkdbr dgr rbspubstg jk`vi`jb`tb g bstgs i`tbrrkmg`tbs tb`drbaks qub g`gcizgr,

priabrk, jugc bs cg jk`jbpjiú` agsúìjg orb`tb g cg _gìdgd Huag`g y juçc bs cg jk`jbpjiú` dbcZbjrbtk Agsúìjk.



2\btgcbs db Agsk`brág

AG@RZJ\ITK JKKEBCg jgrrbrg agsúìjg. \itks y mrgdks

@k hgy dudgs qub cg Agsk`brág cbvg`tg Tbapcks g cg _irtud db cg Huaicdgd pbrk, »bs cg_gìdgd u` _i-jik gc jugc sb cb dblb jgvgr oksgs; Bs cg pulcijgjiú` dbc hbjhk qub pbrtb`bjbaksg cg Agsk`brág, b` sus ritks y mrgdks, u`g vikcgjiú` gc Zbjrbtk Agsúìjk qub furgaks k prkabtiaksmugrdgr; Oicksújgab`tb, cg Agsk`brág jk`sidbrg qub jgdg u`k db `ksktrks bs u` sbr iapbrobjtk.Bc hkalrb b` su iapbrobjjiú` y, uticizg`dk cgs hbrrgaib`tgs dbc Cilrb Gclbdrák, tib`b cg gctbr`gtivgdb bcbmir b`trb bc lib` y bc agc, b`trb virtudbs y vijiks. @ksktrks, cks Agsk`bs, puciaks ùbstrg îbdrgLrutg, ùbstrg pibdrg `gturgc, ùbstrg pbrsk`gcidgd, jk` bc bstudik db cg Zialkckmág Agsúìjg bù`g disjipci`g hbraétijg y ritugcistg jk` cg `gcidgd db gjbrjgr`ks g cg _brdgd, jk` cg `gcidgd dbtb`dbr gc pbrobjjik`gaib`tk huag`k db`trk db `ksktrks aisaks b irrgdiç`dkck y gpcijç`dkck gcau`dk bxtbr`k, gc au`dk juktidig`k.

Bstg jk`jbpjiú` `k prbtb`db b` `gdib cg ^brobjjiú`. Bccg bstç súck b` bc Krib`tb db dk`dbvib`b cg Cuz y hgjig dk`db `ks dirimiaks y súck cg pksbb bc M.G.D.R .Jgdg u`k db `ksktrks sibaprbbstgrç b` u` bstgdk rbcgtivk orb`tb g cg _irtud b` su jk`jbptk vbrdgdbrk y glskcutk. B` bstb bstgdkdb cg _irtud db Huaicdgd \bcgtivg, cg jk`trgpgrtidg bs cg _gìdgd \bcgtivg. Cg Agsk`brág `k cg ìb-

mg, cg gjbptg jkak u`g situgjiú` db iapbrobjjiú`, jkak u`g rbgcidgd qub, b` cg abdidg qub bcAgsú` pucb su pibdrg lrutg, su pbrsk`gcidgd, bccg, cg _gìdgd, disaiùyb b` ogvkr db cg Huaicdgd.

^brk, cg Huaicdgd, tgalié` bccg bs iapbrobjtg. B` bstb dicbag b`trb Huaicdgd y _gìdgd, qub bstgöctiag, b` i`mö` jgsk sbrç u` _ijik g ab`ks qub sb agìbstb b` sus mrgdks bxtrbaks, gc imugc qubcg Huaicdgd dbfgrç db sbr u`g _irtud, si bs bxgmbrgdg. Cg Agsk`brág rbsubcvb bstb prklcbag jk`bc rbjk`kjiaib`tk gc hbrag`k bstudiksk, gc hbrag`k prbkjupgdk b i`tbrbsgdk b` sbmuir pbrobj-

jik`g`dk su pbrsk`gcidgd jk` bc bstudik y bc jk`kjiaib`tk db cg Zialkckmág Agsúìjg, tbúrijg yprçjtijgab`tb, jk` u` sistbag db \itks y Mrgdks fbrçrquijks qub cb pbraitb`, gc hbrag`k agsú`,gc sbr huag`k iapbrobjtk, b`jk`trgr u`g skcujiú` i`kjb`tb b i`kob`sivg g su bstgdk `gturgc db_gìdgd \bcgtivg i`bvitglcb, jk` u`g dksis db bccg ab`surgdg, jk`trkcgdg y jkapgtilcb jk` cg_irtud db cg Huaicdgd qub, ou`-dgab`tgcab`tb, dblb agìobstgrsb b` su açxiag bxprbsiú` tg`tkb` bc au`dk prkog`k, jkak b` ubstrk au`dk agsúìjk b` su bxgjtg ulijgjiú` fbrçrquijg jkakprbaik g ùbstrk bsoubrzk.

B` sá`tbsis, pgrg cg Agsk`brág, tg`tk cg Huaicdgd jkak cg _gìdgd sbrç` _ijiks g cks jugcbscbs dblbaks jgvgr oksgs si sb agìbstg` b` sus bxtrbaks b` okrag bxgmbrgdg. Cg Huaicdgd bsu`g _irtud qub dblbaks okab`tgr, tb`dbr g bccg, ckmrgrcg pbrk, `k dbfgrbaks db rbjk`kjbr qubcg _gìdgd bs u`g rbgcidgd huag`g qub tb`dbrbaks g gai`krgr, g disaiùir ags, jk`sidbrg`dkqub, sibaprb sbrbaks iapbrobjtks, sibaprb tb`drbaks g`tb `ksktrks bc dicbag b`trb cg Huaicdgd ycg _gìdgd, bsg cujhg i`tbr`g qub trgtgrbaks, tb`dbrbaks y ckmrgrbaks rbskcvbr b` ogvkr db cg Hu-

aicdgd. Jk` bc ` db gyudgr`ks g rbskcvbr bstb dicbag, ks pbraitb cg Agsk`brág sgtisogjbr ubstrksi`sti`tks db _gìdgd, b` u` sistbag fbrçrquijk rámidk y hbraétijk pbraitié`dk`ks cujir cgs \bmgcágsdb ùbstrks ckmrks, cgs Abdgccgs db ùbstrks Mrgdks, b` okrag jk`trkcgdg b i`kob`sivg. Bc Cg`dagredbc Zbjrbtk Agsúìjk k sibaprb bs jkaprb`didk jkrrbjtgab`tb pkr HH. db cg Krdb` y ab`ks pkr

prkog`ks. Yg sbg pkr ogctg db bstudik k prkou`dizgjiú` k agcg i`tbrprbtgjiú` gö` b` HH. Agbstrksjk` u` mrg` pgsgdk agsúìjk. Zb hg jkòu`didk bc Zbjrbtk Agsúìjk jk` cg klcimgjiú` qub tb`b-

aks db k rbvbcgr cg jgcidgd db Agsú` db ktrk hbrag`k k jk` bc juidgdk prktbjtkr qub dblbakstb`br orb`tb gc pbcimrk qub simìjg` rbmáab`bs qub bstç` b` jk`trg db ùbstrg Krdb` Bc Cg`dagredbc Zbjrbtk Agsúìjk tib`b dirbjtg rbcgjiú` jk` gqubccks gsu`tks qub sialkcizg` hky cgs okrags dbrbjk`kjiaib`tk b` cg Agsk`brág Kpbrgtivg. B` bsb b`tk`jbs brg` abdidgs db prktbjjiú` y jk`trkcpgrg iapbdir cg i`trkdujjiú` db prkog`ks, db iapkstkrbs db cg prkobsiú`, b` cgs Ckmigs. \bjkrdbaksqub cks agsk`bs tb`ág` sus Ckmigs jbrjg dbc cumgr db trglgfk, db cks Jgsticcks, cgs Glgdágs, cgs Jgtb-

drgcbs, y k b` cks prkpiks jb`trks urlg`ks jkak cks tb`ág` ktrgs muicdgs5 tb`ág` u`g mrg` akvicidgddb cumgr b` cumgr db trglgfk. Brg` i`dispb`sglcbs bstgs abdidgs prktbjtkrgs y db rbjk`kjiaib`tk.Bstks sk` cks Zbjrbtks Agsúìjks qub furgaks ù`jg rbvbcgr. Hky b` dág bstks sbjrbtks `k súck sbrbbrb` gc rbjk`kjiaib`tk db u` aibalrk db cg Krdb` y db su bstgdk prkobsik`gc k sialúcijk db ckstrbs priabrks mrgdks si`k, sb gapcág g jgdg u`k db cks mrgdks b` jgdg \itk y pgsg` g sbr pgrtb dbcZbjrbtk Agsúìjk. Ags, ùbstrg jgcidgd db Agsk`bs y cks pri`jipiks db cg Krdb` jkak cgs lub`gs



? \btgcbs db Agsk`brág

xxxxCg jgrrbrg agsúìjg. \itks y mrgdks

klrgs qub hgjbaks, sk` jk`vbìb`tbs db divucmgr jk` Huaicdgd.

Bc Jk`fu`tk db \itks y Mrgdks, cg Jgrrbrg Agsúìjg (]gys g`d ly-wgys b` i`mcés) cks jcgsi-

jgrbaks b` jugtrk mrupks jk` bc ` db ogjicitgr`ks su g`çcisis y jkaprb`siú` y si` jk` bcck prbtb` -

dbr bxgjtitud b` bstb dioájic y jkapcbfk prklcbag histúrijk. B` bstg jcgsijgjiú` mb`brgc tgapkjk

prbtb`dbaks bùabrgr tkdks cks qub hg` bxistidk y tgapkjk tkagrbaks b` jk`sidbrgjiú` bctibapk qub hg` bxistidk k bxistb`6

7.- GFB@KZ6 sk` gqubccks qub hg` prbtb`didk k sb cbs hg jk`sidbrgdk u`g jk`bxiú` agsúìjg si`qub sb hgyg rbjk`kjidk bccg b` gcmö` akab`tk6

•Icuai`gti db Lgvgrig b Icuai`gti d’Gvim`k`.•Gaijistgs (Gaimks).•Járjuck Lriccg`tb.•\ksgjrujbs.•Gcquiaistgs.

<.- AGZÚ@IJKZ6 sk` gqubccks qub b` gcmö` akab`tk y db gcmu`g ag`brg hg` sidk rbjk`kjidks kgj-tugrk` cgrmk tibapk jkak tgcbs6

\itk MrgdksYkre 7:Bsjkjés ::Org`jés =Bstrijtg Klsbrvg`jig =Zjhrkbdbr =Obsscbr 9Vi`mdkro =Hbcvbtius =^riaitivk @grlk`g 7>Zwbdb`lkrm ?Bmipjik (Aisrgia) 99Abaphis 9<Hbrag`ks db Gsás 7<Grquitbjtks Gorijg`ks <Hbrag`ks db B`kjh 4

:.- JK-AGZÚ@IJKZ6 sk` gqubccks qub bxistibrk` k bxistb` fu`tk g cg Agsk`brág jk` k si` rbjk`kji-

aib`tk k rbjk`kjidks jkak Mrgdks Gdfu`tks k Gmrbmgdks6

•Zhri`brs.•Mrkttk.•Bgstbr` Ztgr (R.Z.G Dgags).•Mrg` Krib`tb db Org`jig.•Gdkptivg k G`drúmb`g (Org`jig dgags).•Db Akcgy (fúvb`bs).•Agrtiaistg.•Fbg` d’Grj (dgags fúvb`bs).•Agsk`brág @bmrg.

•Cg \bgc Krdb` db Bsjkjig.



=\btgcbs db Agsk`brág

xxxxCg jgrrbrg agsúìjg. \itks y mrgdks

4.- ZIAICG\BZ6 sk` gqubccks qub sb gsbabfg` g cg Agsk`brág pkr sus dbjcgrgjik`bs db pri`jipiks dbOrgtbrìdgd Rìvbrsgc6

•Kdd Obcckws.•Gcbx.•Jglgccbrks db Jkcualus.•Cik`s.•\ktgry.•L`bi Lrith.•Jçagrg Fuìkrs.

Zklrb bc gutkr

Tkuvig (Tbddy) Mkcdstbi`, `gjidk b` Ciag, ^brö, bc 4 db Agyk db 79:?. Ccbmú g Zg`tigmk db Jhicbg cks ? absbs db bdgd. Zb bdujú b` bc I`stitutk Hblrbk db Zg`tigmk. Hizk bstudiks \gláìjks b` bc\glliìjgc Jkccbmb ko Tbcshb b` Jcbvbcg`d, Khik, R.Z.G. b` bc jugc sb mrgduú db rkobskr db Hblrbky Agtbrigs Fudçijgs. kstbrikrab`tb bstudiú kst Mrgdk b` bc Zbai`grik pgrg Agbstrks –Hgyia Mri`-

lbrm‑ b` Fbrusgcé`.

Iìjigdk b` Isrgbc b` cg Agsk`brág b` cg \6.C6.Z6. –Cg Orgtbrìdgd ?<‑ db Tbc Gviv, b` 79==, b` cg jugckjupú divbrsks jgrmks i`jcusk bc db _b`brglcb Agbstrk, b` 798?. Gjtugcab`tb Mrg` Zupbri`tb` -

db`tb db Distritk db cg Mrg` Ckmig dbc Bstgdk db Isrgbc y aibalrk db su Mrg` Jkaité.

Mrgdk :< b` bc \itk Bsjkjés G`timuk y Gjbptgdk. Gjtugcab`tb prbsidb bc Jgpátuck \ksgjruz IMRGC-DGD @k. :, db Tbc Gviv qub sb jrbú pkr su iìjigtivg.

\bjiliú tkdks cks Mrgdks dbc \itk Ykre. Ou`dgdkr dbc Jgpátuck dbc Grjk \bgc –Orgtbrìdgd @k. 7:‑db Tbc Gviv (b` jgstbccg`k) y su priabr ^riabr ^ri`jipgc y aibalrk dbc Mrg` Jgpátuck dbc Grjk \bgcdb Isrgbc y db su Mrg` Jkaité.

Mrg` \bprbsb`tg`tb db cg Mrg` Ckmig dbc Bstgdk db Ockridg, R.Z.G., g`tb cg Mrg` Ckmig dbc Bstgdkdb Is-rgbc y dbc Mrg` Jgpátuck dbc Grjk \bgc db Grizk`g g`tb bc Mrg` Jgpátuck dbc Grjk \bgc db Is-rgbc.




xxxxFbsös - Bc Jristk Júsaijk

Fbsös - Bc Jristk Júsaijk -

_isiú` Trg`sjb`db`tgc (II)^kr bc _.½. H.½. Gcorbdk \klbrtk @bttkCkmig –Rìêk b Zkcidgribdgdb‑ `¶ :8= ‚ Zêk ^guck - Lrgsic

Idikag krimi`gc6 ^krtumués dbc LrgsicTrgdujtkr6 _.½. H.½. Agrik Cúpbz

Jk`tiùgaks gquá bc i`tbrbsg`tb trglgfk qub sklrb cg murg db Fbsös ks hg rbmgcgdk ùbs-trk W.½.H.½. Gc-orbdk \klbrtk @bttk, si `k ck hg` cbádk, pubdb` hgjbrck b` bc `öabrk g`tbrikr gc qubtib`b` b` sus ag`ks.

Fbsös, bc Mrg` Iìjigdk

Gcijb Lgicby, b` su cilrk –Db Lbcé` gc Jgcvgrik‑ U7Q `ks korbjb u`g i`tbrbsg`tb i tbrprbtgjiú`db Fbsös jkak u` Mrg` Iìjigdk, db juyg klrg lusjgrbaks u`g sá`tbsis, jk` cg idbg db hgjbr u`glkrdgfb `k jkaö` b` cg murg db bstb Mrg` Agbstrk.

–Cg Zglidurág qub bxprbsg rbcgjiú` jk` Diks5 cks i`dijiks db cg rutg qub muág` ùbs-trks pgsksbrrçtijks db rbtkr`k gc hkmgr dbc ^gdrb y cgs b`sb÷g`zgs qub trgb` cg rbvbcg-jiú`, sibaprb hg` sidk cks aisaks, g ck cgrmk dbc tibapk b idé tijks g cks qub Jristks trg`saitiú. Bstb jubrpk db vbr -dgdbs i`tbr`gs y bstg riqubzg db jk`kjiaib`tks divi`ks sibaprb bxistibrk`, dbsdb tibapks iàb-

akrigcbs. Tgc bs cg vbrdgd qub Jristk rbvbcú, pbrk Bc oub açs gccç6 Bc rbvbcú b` Zi aisak, y g trgvés

db cg histkrig db su vidg, ck qub bstks gjk`tbjiaib`tks pkdrág` hgjbr pkr bc hkalrb. Dbakstrú,gdbaçs, cg tktgc bxprbsiú` db diviìdgd b` Zi aisak y dbspués i`stú g sus disjápucks g hgjbr cksaisak‑ U<Q

Bc Ludisak, gu`qub g`tbrikr g cg vbìdg db Jristk, bxprbsg cgs aisags vbrdgdbs lçsijgs di-ou`didgs pkr bc Agbstrk @gzgrb`k. Zb pubdb pb`sgr qub sus dks sistbags sk` i`tbrdbpb`dib`tbs yqub cg dkjtri`g lödijg prbpgrú bc au`dk pgrg rbjilir cg aisiú` y bc ab`sgfb db Jristk.

Cg tgrbg rbgcizgdg pkr Ludg y bc ab`sgfb qub trg`saitiú, bstiaucgrk` cg i`tbcimb`jig pgrggcjg`zgr cg Zg-lidurág, sib`dk bstb u` pri`jipik júsaijk y u`g pktb`jig divi`g.

Tkdgvág, bc Gakr ccbmú gc au`dk pkr i`tbrabdik db Jristk qub, jk` Zu trglgfk, trgsautú cgbakjiú` b` Gakr. Jkak –Diks bs Gakr‑, cg jkaprbsiú` db qub Jristk rbvbcú bc Gakr db Diks `ksaubstrg jcgrgab`tb cg agmìtud db cg tgrbg qub baprb`diú ‚ aisiú` qub trg`sjib`db cks pkdbrbsdb jugcquibr i`strujtkr k ab`sg-fbrk qub ck prbjbdiú.

Jristk dg vgckr g cg i`dividugcidgd, dg`dk éògsis g su gjjiú` b` su dugcidgd6 Jubrpk y Bspá -ritu.

–Cg jkaprb`siú` db bstg dugcidgd bs u`g btgpg iaprbsji`dilcb b` bc dbsgrrkcck dbc hkalrb, ybc prkpúsitk dbc jristigìsak hg sidk rbvbcgr bstg jgrgjtbrástijg5 gsá jkak sb-÷gcgr cg cujhg dbchkalrb iòbrikr y bc supbrikr, b`trb bc hkalrb jgr`gc y bc bspiritugc, uìdks b` u`g skcg pbrsk`g,grag`dk cg `bjbsidgd db qub bc hkalrb iòbrikr sbg sgcvgdk pkr bc hkalrb supbrikr‑ U:Q

Bs jgrgjtbrástijk db Zu dkjtri`g, tgalié`, jk`dujir gc hkalrb hgjig cg jkaprbsiú` y cg vi-




xxxx_isiú` Trgsjb`dbtgc (II)

vb`jig vbrdgdbrg db cg Orgtbrìdgd, bc mrg` ab`sgfb db uìú` y jkauìú`db pb`sgaib`tks, db rbcgjiú` b`trb hbrag`ks, u`g vbz qub tkdks skakshifks db u` aisak ^gdrb.

Dbtbrai`gdks gjk`tbjiaib`tks sk` jk`sidbrgdks jkak –Mrg`dbsIìjigjik`bs‑ b` cg vidg db Fbsös, iì-jigjik`bs pkr cgs jugcbs, sbmö` cks bsjri-tks, tkdks cks hkalrbs hglrç` db pgsgr u` dág.

Ags, bs iapkrtg`tb b`tb`dbr qub cg –Iìjigjiú`‑ bs u` prkjbsk gjtivkg trgvés dbc jugc tkdks cks qub sb disjipci`g` y juapcb` vkcu`tgrigab`tb db-

tbrai`gdks prbjbptks pubdb` pgsgr, simuib`dk dbtbrai`gdgs rbmcgs k pri`-

jipiks trg`sjb`db`tgcbs qub k dbpb`db` db ubstrg ciaitgdg jkaprb`siú`.Bs cg bxpg`siú` db cg jk`-jib`jig jk`sbjub`tb g u`g –\bokrag I`tiag‑, k–\b`kvgjiú` I`tbrikr‑, k i`jcusk –_itrikc‑, sbg jugc sbg cg db`kai`gjiú` qubdbsbbaks dgr g bstb prkjbsk á`tiak y pbrsk`gc.

Cg iìjigjiú` bs, pkr ck tg`tk, u`g jk`quistg, bc orutk db aujhk trg-

lgfk y dbdijgjiú` gcjg`zgdg pkr bc bs-oubrzk i`dividugc db jgdg sbr5 u`grbgcidgd, y `k u`g –visiú` bxtrg-oásijg‑ db oçjic jk`quistg jkak prbmk`g`dbtbrai`gdgs cá`bgs db pb`sgaib`tk. Cg iìjigjiú` `k pubdb sbr korbjidgpkr skjibdgdbs, bsjubcgs bsktérijgs u krmgìzgjik`bs, g `k sbr db akdksialúcijk. Zb vubcvb, b`tk`jbs, gpb`gs u` tátuck, pbrk `k u`g rbgcidgd. Bccgtrg`sjib`db cgs pgcglrgs y bximb rbgcizgjik`bs.

Ck qub cgs bstrujturgs huag`gs pubdb` hgjbr, jkak aujhk, bs i`-

dijgr bc –jgai`k‑ k b`sb÷gr dbtbrai-`gdgs –rbmcgs ou`dgab`tgcbs‑ bskté-

rijgs qub yg sk` db dkaiìk pölcijk, pbrk bs bc jg`didgtk g iìjigdk quib`hg db lusjgrcg, b` cg abdidg db su i`tbrés y mrgdk db dbsgrrkcck, pkr bsoubr -

zk b iìjigtivg prkpig.

–Cg Iìjigjiú` bs, pkr ck tg`tk, u`g sbrib mrgdugc db bxpg`sik`bs db cgjk`sjib`jig5 u`g jrbjib`tb y jk`stg`tb pbrjbpjiú` db cg diviìdgd y dbtkdgs sus iapcijgjik`bs. Aujhks db cks psbudkiìjigdks db hky b` dágjrbb` hglbr gcjg`zgdk bstb bstgdk pkrqub gcmö` muág bsktérijk k vidb`-

tb psáquijk sb ck hg dijhk5 si` balgrmk, b` su okrk i`tbr`k, bccks `gdg sg-lb` dbc prkjbsk abdig`tb bc jugc pudibrk` pgsgr (jkak b`sb÷ú cg agsk-

`brág) pkr bsg pubrtg aistbriks, b`trb dks mrg`dbs jkcua`gs, b` su lusjgdb cg cuz5 bccks k tib`b` u` jk`kji-aib`tk jk`sjib`tb db gqubc prkmrgagdb gutkiìjigdk qub dblb db hglbr sbmuidk, b` pcb`g vimicig, y qub dblb

sbr siauctç`bgab`tb i`tbrikrizgdk pkr bc Gcag divi`g iàg`b`tb, pkr cgab`tb y pkr bc jbrblrk dbc hkalrb, b` cg vidg oásijg. Bstgs bxpg`sik`bs dbjk`sjib`jig rbvb-cg` gc hkalrb, prkmrbsivgab`tb, cg jugcidgd db su `g-

turgcbzg supbrikr b iòbrikr5 bstg i`-tbrikrizgjiú` bs sb÷gcgdg pkr bc gpústkc^glck, hglib`dk sidk u`k db cks priabrks iìjigdks qub juapcibrk` bstgjk`dijiú`, lgfk cg dispb`sgjiú` jristig`g ‑ U4Q

–Y yk sé qub b` aá, bstk bs, b` ai jgr`b, `k akrg bc lib`5 pkrqub bc qubrbrbc lib` bstç b` aá, pbrk k bc hgjbrck. krqub k hgmk bc lib` qub quibrk, si`k bc agc qub `k quibrk, bsk hgmk. Y si hgmk ck qub `k quibrk, yg `k ckhgmk yk, si`k bc pbjgdk qub akrg b` aá. Gsá qub, qubrib`dk yk hgjbr bclib`, hgcck bstg cby6 qub bc agc bstç b` aá. ^krqub sbmö` bc hkalrb i`tb -

rikr, ab dbcbitk b` cg cby db Diks5 pbrk vbk ktrg cby b` ais aibalrks, qub

U7Q @ktg6 –Db Lbcéa gk Jgcvçrik - GsIìjigíòbs db Fbsös‑ ‚ GcijbG. Lgicby ‚ Ou`dgíêk Juctu-

rgc Gvgtgr.

U<Q @ktg6Idba `ktg g`tbrikr.

U:Q @ktg6Idba `ktg g`tbrikr.

U4Q @ktg6Idba ktg g`tbrikr



7> \btgcbs db Agsk`brág

xxxxCks _igfbs db Iìjigjiú` — _isiú` Trg`sjb`db`tgc

U2Q @ktg6Lilcig \bi`g _gcbrg.

U?Q @ktg6–Db Lbcéa gk Jgcvçrik -Gs Iìjigíòbs db Fbsös‑ ‚Gcijb G. Lgicby.

U=Q @ktg6Bc tbxtk jkapcbtk dijb67:B`tk`jbs Fbsös vi`k dbMgcicbg g Fug` gc Fkrdç`,pgrg sbr lgutizgdk pkr éc.74Ags Fug` sb cb kpk`ág,dijib`dk6 Yk `bjbsitk sbrlgutizgdk pkr ti, »y tö vib-

`bs g aá; 72^brk Fbsös cbrbspk`diú6 Dbfg ghkrg,pkrqub gsá jk`vib`b qubjuapcgaks tkdg fusti-jig. B`tk`jbs cb dbfú. 7?YFbsös, dbspués qub oublgutizgdk, suliú cubmkdbc gmug5 y hb gquá cksjibcks cb oubrk` glibrtks,y vik gc Bspáritu db Diksqub dbsjb`dág jkakpgckag, y vb`ág sklrb éc.7=Y hulk u`g vkz db cks

jibcks, qub dbjág6 Bstb bsai Hifk gagdk, b` quib`tb`mk jkapcgjb`jig.(Agtbk :67:-7=)

U8Q @ktg6Db Lbcéa gk Jgcvçrik -Gs Iìjigíòbs db Fbsös‑ ‚Gcijb G. Lgicby..

sb rb-lbcg jk`trg cg cby db ai ab`tb, y qub ab ccbvg jgutivk g cg cby dbcpbjgdk qub bstç b` ais aibalrks. ¡Aisbrglcb db aá! »quié` ab cilrgrç dbbstb jubrpk db aubrtb; Mrgjigs dky g Diks, pkr Fbsujristk Zb÷kr ùbstrk. Gsá qub, yk aisak jk` cg ab`tb sirvk g cg cby db Diks, ags jk` cg jgr`b gcg cby dbc pbjgdk.‑ (^glck ‚ \kag`ks =6<8,<2) U2Q

Bs u`g gragjiú` db vgriks y diobrb`tbs tbxtks bsktérijks qub, si b` ckstibapks g`timuks cg Iìjigjiú` brg jk`quistgdg skck pkr u`ks pkjks, hky dig,bc mrgdk db dbsgrrkcck gcjg`zgdk pkr cg huagìdgd pbraitb hgjbrck db u`gag`brg agykr.

Y bstk bs gsá pkrqub tkdk dbsjulriaib`tk akdbr`k, bc abjgìsakqub pbraitb g cg bdujgjiú` gcjg`zgr g u` mrg` `öabrk db pbrsk`gs, tkdkbc bstudik y jk`kjiaib`tk psijkcúmijk, gvg`jbs tbj`kcúmijks y jib`tájks,gsi jkak bc jk`kjiaib`tk bsktérijk ghkrg vbhijucgdk db okrag açs gapcig,sk` db `gturgcbzg bspiritugc y sirvb` db gyudg g cg bxpgsiú` db cg jk`sjib`-

jig qub jk`vbrtirç gc mé`brk huag`k b` –u` mrg` iìjigdk‑

Bstg gragjiú` `ks pbraitb u`g jkaprbsiú` agykr db cg iapkrtg`jigdb cg Bdujgjiú` b` cg bvkcujiú` bspiritugc db ùbstrg skjibdgd, u`g gjtivi -dgd aujhgs vbjbs rbgcizgdg si` bc juidgdk `bjbsgrik k cg jgcidgd y b`brmággprkpigdgs.

Zk` jk`sidbrgdgs jkak Iìjigjik`bs db Fbsös

7.Bc @gjiaib`tk b` Lbcé`<.Bc lgutisak b` bc Fkrdç`:.Cg Trg`smurgjiú`4.Cg Jrujixiú`2.Cg rbsurrbjjiú` y Gsjb`siú`

7. @gjiaib`tk b` Lbcé`

–Bstgaks, ghkrg, gc cgdk dbc `gjiaib`tk dbc Jristk rgjigc y, db cgs tiìb-

lcgs dbc ötbrk db cg agtbrig, bc Jristk-ì÷k pubdb b`trgr b` gc cuz dbc rbi`kdb Diks. @ks gmugrdg ktrg jrisis, y bc Jristk yg prbpgrú cg rgzg pgrg bskpkrqub, jug`dk `gjiú b` Lbcé`, `k kjurriú siapcbab`tb bc `gjiaib`tkdb ktrk I`strujtkr k Ab`sgfbrk Divi`k, pbrk si gpgrbjiú u`g i`dividugcidgd.Wub `k skck si`tbtizú b` Zi aisag cgs rbgcizgjik`bs pgsgdgs dbc mé`brk

huag`k, si`k qub oub tgalié` bc prbjurskr dbc outurk, b`jgr`g`dk b` Ziaisak tkdk ck qub brg pksilcb qub cg huagìdgd rbgcizgsb. Cg gpgrijiú`db Jristk, b` cg jgvbr`g db Lbcé`, agrjú cg i`gumurgjiú` db cg pksilicidgddb u` ùbvk jijck db dbsgrrkcck bspiritugc, tg`tk pgrg cg bspbjib huag`gjk` pgrg bc i`dividuk ‑ U?Q

Bxistb u` i`tbrbsg`tb sialkcisak aástijk qub rkdbg bc `gjiaib`tk dbFbsös. ^kr bfbapck, b` Zu épkjg, cg agykrág db cks bstglcks brg` i`stgcgdksb` bxjgvgjik`bs y, auy prklglcbab`tb, bc bstglck dk`db `gjiú tgalié` ckbrg.

Bstg rbobrb`jig db Gcijb Lgicby sklrb jgvbr`gs uticizgdgs jkak bstg-

lcks b` cg épkjg dbc `gjiaib`tk db Fbsös jki`dijb jk` ck bxprbsgdk b` bcBvg`mbcik Gpújriok db ^bdrk-

Fbsös - Bc Jristk Júsaijk





Cg –jgvbr`g‑ sialkcizg bc ckjgc db tk-

dgs cgs Iìjigjik`bs. Bc bstglck, rbdujtk `gcdbc cgrmk y pb`ksk vigfb, oub pgrg Agrág u`ckjgc db dkckr y `k jkòkrtglcb, db tiìblcgsy gmktgaib`tk. Db su dkckr, lriccgrág cg Cuzqub hglrág db icuai`gr gc au`dk.

G tkdks cks jg`didgtks db cgs diob-

rb`tbs jkrrib`tbs sb cb ag`dg baprb`dbrdiobrb`tbs y dioájicbs vigfbs aástijks pgrgjk`quistgr bc abrbjiaib`tk db cg Iìjigjiú`,gcjg`zgdg b` cgs tiìblcgs db cg jgvbr`g.Cks vigfbs db iìjigjiú` agsúìjg prklglcb-

ab`tb hg` b`jk`trgdk gquá cg mé`bsis dbsu bxistb`jig.

B` cg –jgvbr`g‑ tgalié` bstç` sia-

lkcizgdks cks jugtrk rbi`ks db cg `gturgcbzg6su bstrujturg rkjksg rb-prbsb`tg bc \bi`k Ai`brgc, bc okrrgfb y bc hb`k bc \bi`k _bmbtgc, bc luby y bcgs`k bc \bi`k Gìagc. B` Agrág y Fksé sb rbprbsb`tg bc \bi`k Huag`k y, b` su uìú`, cg dugcidgd,bsb`jigc pgrg cg bxistb`jig agtbrigc b` tg`tk b` jug`tk b` bc rbjié` `gjidk b`jk`trgaks cg bx -

prbsiú` divi`g b`jgr`gdg. B` cg bxprbsiú` db tkdks bstks bcbab`tks tb`baks cg rbprbsb`tgjiú` dbcJksaks.

Jug`dk vibrk` lriccgr u`g bstrbccg, trbs \bybs baprb`dibrk` u` vigfb y, jgrmgdks db prbsb`-

tbs, oubrk` hgstg Lbcé`. Bccks sialkcizg` cks gspirg`tbs g cg priabrg Iìjigjiú`, cg db trg`sautgr sujk`kjiaib`tk b` sglidurág y korbjbr tkdk ck qub pksbb` gc Jristk i`tbr`k.

Cks \bybs korbjb` gc Iòg`tb krk, i`jib`sk y airrg. Bc krk bs bc sáalkck db cg `gturgcbzg ag -tbrigc (Tibrrg) qub dblb sbr korbjidk gc sbrvijik divi`k y huag`k5 bc i`jib`sk sialkcizg cg `gturgcbzgbakjik`gc (Gmug), jk` sus gspirgjik`bs y dbsbks qub dblb` bcbvgrsb jkak bc i`jib`sk b` gc pcg`kdivi`k5 cg airrg sb rbcgjik`g jk` cg ab`tb (Girb), g trgvés db cg jugc suoriaks cg dblidg gdbjugjiú`g cgs Cbybs db Diks. Bc dkckr sibaprb gjkapg÷g bc –`gjiaib`tk‑ g ck divi`k, Bc Jristk Júsaijk (Oub-

mk).

Cg priabrg Iìjigjiú` bs bc Gcag agìobstç`dksb b` tkdg su pcbìtud b` cg vidg oásijg, dk-

ai`g`dk cg `g-turgcbzg y cg ^brsk`gcidgd, rbprbsb`tgdg pkr tkdks cks jubrpks qub jkapk`b` bchkalrb. Bs cg vidg bspiritugc `gjib`dk b` cg vidg agtbrigc.

<. Bc lgutisak b` bc Fkrdç`–G priabrg Iìjigjiú` sb hg rbgcizgdk. Jristk gjiú b` Lbcé`. Bc gcag gcjg`zú su bxprbsiú` bxtbr`gy, ghkrg, bstg Gcag ‚ Bc Jristk (Jkak rbprbsb`tg`tb histúrijk db tkdk ck qub u` Gcag pubdb sbr),bc iìjigdk i`dividugc ‚ jgai`g hgjig cg mrg`dbzg. Cg aisiú` dbc Zgcvgdkr sb iìjig, dbìtivgab`-

tb, b` bsb akab`tk, pbrk b` lb`bjik db cks qub vb`drç` dbspués. Bc dblb baitir cg `ktg dbcg purijgjiú` y gdgptgrsb g cks rbquisitks dbc ritugc, gsá jkak g cg tb`db`jig mb`brgc dbc pb`sg-

aib`tk db Zu épkjg. Bc iìjigdk qub hg dgdk bc priabr pgsk dblb pk`br éògsis b` cg purijg-

jiú` db cg `gturgcbzg iòbrikr, bsb`jigc pgrg bc prbçaluck db cg sbmu`dg Iìjigjiú`. Bc lgutisakdb Fug` oub bc sáalkck db bstg purijgjiú`. Jristk sb skabtiú gc lgutisak, hgjib`dk jgsk kaiskg cgs prktbstgs dbc Lgutistg, dijié`dkcb6 –Dbfg, pkr ghkrg, pkrqub gsá `ks jk`vib`b juapcir tkdgcg Fustijig ‑ (Agtbk :672) ‑ U=QU8Q

_isiú` Trgsjb`dbtgc (II)



7< \btgcbs db Agsk`brág


\bzg cg trgdijiú` qub Fbsös tb`ág trbi`tg g÷ks jug`dk oublgutizgdk b iìjiú Zu agmistrgc vidg pölcijg. Bc öabrk trbi`tgbs simìjgtivk pkrqub bxprbsg bc pbrobjjik`gaib`tk db cks trbsgspbjtks db cg ^brsk`gcidgd ‚ Bc Jubrpk Oásijk, cg @gturgcbzgBakjik`gc (Jubrpk Gstrgc) y cg Ab`tb (Jubrpk Ab`tgc). Bstks

gspbjtks jk`stituyb` cg okrag pkr cg jugc sujbdb cg agìobs-tgjiú` dbc hkalrb, pbrk qub kjuctg` bc Gcag, rbstri`-mié`dkcg.

Zialúcijgab`tb, pubdb dbjirsb qub oub `bjbsgrik qubJristk jkapcbtgsb trbi`tg g÷ks pgrg jkab`zgr Zu tgrbg. Dibzbs bc `öabrk db cg pbrobjjiú`, y trbi`tg bs cg pbrobjjiú` b` cgstrbs pgrtbs qub bquipg` gc Gcag.

Bs iapkrtg`tb rbjkrdgr qub sk` bstks trbs gspbjtks db cgjkapksijiú` huag`g agtbrigcizgdg ck qub pbr-aitb su jk`tgj-

tk jk` bc uìvbrsk bxistb`tb, pkr ck tg`tk, jk` Diks, iàg`b`tb

b` cg @gturgcbzg. Bc Jubrpk Oásijk `ks pbraitb bstglcbjbr jk`-tgjtk jk` bc au`dk tg`milcb5 bc Jubrpk Bakjik`gc pbraitb bcb`sgyk db cgs bakjik`bs qub, agdurgdgs, sb trg`sokrag` b`Gakr gc gcjg`zgr bc jkrgzú` pbraitib`dk u`g gprkxiagjiúàgykr gc Gakr Rìvbrsgc5 y g trgvés db cg Ab`tb, dbìtivgab`-

tb dirimidg y pbrobjtgab`tb krib`tgdg, jk`-sbmuiaks cg grak-

`ág jk` cg Ab`tb Rìvbrsgc. Zkcgab`tb g trgvés db cg Ab`tb icuai`gdg dbc hkalrb, cg Ab`tb Divi`gbs rbvbcgdg.

@k pkdbaks kcvidgr qub bc Hkalrb uìjg b` si cgs db`kai`gdgs jkak –Agìobstgjik`bsIòbrikrbs db cg Diviìdgd‑, pubs, cks gspbjtks db cks trbs rbi`ks sulhuag`ks ‚ ai`brgc, vbmbtgc ygìagc ‚ sb b`jub`trg` b` éc, suagdks g ktrk ogjtkr6 Bc –I`tbcbjtk Divi`k‑

Bc b`jgr`g cg pbrjbpjiú` dbc ai`brgc ‚ Cg jk`sjib`jig i`dividugcizgdg ‚ jk` su jgpgjidgddb disjriai`g-jiú` sulfbtivg5 dbc vbmbtgc ‚ cg sb`silicidgd ‚ y su abjgìsak db rbspubstg g cks bs -

táaucks bxtbr`ks5 y dbc gìagc ‚ bc i`sti`tk ‚ cks rudiab`tks db cg gobjtividgd y dbc rgzk`gaib`tkjkmìtivk. G÷çdgsb g bstks trbs cg aistbriksg ogjuctgd huag`g db`kai`gdg –ab`tb rgjik`gc½,juyg sá`tbsis sb b`jub`trg b` cg pgcglrg –gutk-jk`sjib`jig‑ k –I`tbcbjtk Divi`k‑. B`trb tg`tk, b`cg bxpbrib`jig dbc sbr huag`k i`tbcimb`tb, hgy u` cb`tk, pbrk jk`tiùk, rbjk`kjiaib`tk db qubbxistb gcmk agykr y db açs vgckr, oubrg db si aisak, y u` ùbvk tipk db –Jk`sjib`jig‑ jkaib`zg gagìobstgrsb, gcmk açs gccç db su rbgcidgd agtbrigc y jk` jugcidgdbs k huag`gs. Jug`dk sujbdbbc sialúcijk –@gjiaib`tk b` Lbcé`‑, gc Gcag sb agìbstg y bs rbjk`kjidg.

–Bstg jiudgdg`ág supbrikr b`vubcvb cg bxprbsiú` db cg jk`sjib`jig Jrástijg, qub bs cg jk`s-jib`-jig mrupgc, db cg rbcgjiú` b cg pgrtb jk` bc tkdk (gcmk gjb`tugdk, jk`tiùgab`tb, pkr Jristk),y db ck huag`k jk` ck divi`k. Bc rbsuctgdk db bstg jk`jib`jigjiú` sb dblb, sbmurgab`tb, dbgjubrdk jk` bc bsqubag bvkcutivk, g cg gpgrijiú` db ktrk rbi`k db cg @gturgcbzg. Bstg bs cg mrg`tgrbg db Jristk. ^kr bc pkdbr db su diviìdgd rbgcizgdg, sb jk`stituyb b` hkalrb, qub rbuìú, b`Zi aisak, ck abfkr db tkdk ck qub hglág sidk y rbvbcú, tgalié`, ck qub pkdrág sbr. Bc uìú b` u`g skck uìdgd ou`jik`gc ck supbrikr y ck iòbrikr, hgjib`dk db bsk bc hkalrb ùbvk. Ou`dú bc \bi`kdb Diks b` cg Tibrrg y rbgcizú u`g sá`tbsis db tkdks cks rbi`ks db cg `gturgcbzg, prkvkjg`dk gsá, cggpgrijiú` db u` qui`tk rbi`k‑ U9Q

Dbspués db cg bfbapcijgjiú` dbc –Hkalrb brobjtk‑ b` Zi aisak, b` lb`bjik db cg huag-

ìdgd, Fbsös sb prbsb`tg g Fug` Lgutistg y pgsg pkr cg Zbmu`dg Iìjigjiú`, cg db cg –purijgjiú`‑b` cgs gmugs dbc Fkrdç`.




7:\btgcbs db Agsk`brág


–B`tk`jbs Fbsös vi`k db Mgcicbg g Fug` gc Fkrdç`, pgrg sbr lgutizgdk pkréc. Ags Fug` sb cb kpk`ág, dijib`dk6 Yk `bjbsitk sbr lgutizgdk pkr ti, »y tövib`bs g aá;^brk Fbsös cb rbspk`diú6 Dbfg ghkrg, pkrqub gsá jk`vib`b qub juapcgakstkdg fustijig. B`-tk`jbs cb dbfú. Y Fbsös, dbspués qub oub lgutizgdk, suliúcubmk dbc gmug5 y hb gquá cks jibcks cb oubrk` glibrtks, y vik gc Bspáritu dbDiks qub dbsjb`dág jkak pgckag, y vb`ág sklrb éc.Y hulk u`g vkz db cks jibcks, qub dbjág6 Bstb bs ai Hifk gagdk, b` quib`tb`mk jkapcgjb`jig.‑(Agtbk :67:-7=)

Bstb gjtk sialkcizg cg purijgjiú` db cg jk`sjib`jig dbc hkalrb b` su`gturgcbzg iòbrikr, u`g ccgagdg gc rbjk`kjiaib`tk db cks vgckrbs supbrikrbsy db vbrdgdbs açs prkou`dgs. Y cg purijgjiú` db cg `gturgcbzg bakjik`gcqub dblb, b` bc tibapk, prbjbdbr g cg purijgjiú` db cg `gturgcbzg ab`tgc.Bc lgutisak qub Jristk dg g Zus sbmuidkrbs jk`jibr`b g cg purijgjiú` db cgab`tb pkr bc oubmk. Bc oubmk bs bc sáalkck uìvbrsgc db cg `gturgcbzg ab`tgc.

Bc lgutisak db ck ab`tgc pkr bc oumk sb rbprbsb`tg gquá pkr bc Bspáritu Zg`tkb` okrag db pgckag.

_baks, pkr tg`tk, qub cg priabrg Iìjigjiú` sialkcizg cg jk`sgmrgjiú`dbc jubrpk, gsá jkak cg vidg b` bc pcg`k oásijk, pkr bc Gcag5 cg sbmu`dg, bcdkaiìk dbc Jubrpk Bakjik`gc, db cg –vidg db dbsbks‑, jk`sgmrç`dksb gu`g vidg db bcbvgdks prbjbptks akrgcbs y bspiritugcbs.

Zi jk`sidbrgaks g Fbsujristk jkak u`g öìjg pbrsk`g, bstb akab`tkrbprbsb`tg bc i`stg`tb b` qub bc –Gcag-Jristk‑ gsuab bc jk`trkc tktgc db Zu–^brsk`gcidgd ‚ Fbsös‑ b iìjig Zu Divi`g aisiú` pkr cg huagì-dgd. ^kr ktrk

cgdk, si jk`sidbrgaks g Fbsös jkak bc Disjápuck bcbmidk, bc akab`tk rbprb-sb`tg cg ccbmgdg dbc Agbstrk Divi`k, gsuaib`dk Zu jubrpk y cg aisiú` rbdb`-

tkrg hgjig cg huagìdgd, bstglcbjib`dk bc –\bi`k db Diks‑ b` cg Tibrrg.

Bs bc akab`tk b` qub jk`vib`b prbmu`tgrsb si i`dbpb`dib`tbab`tbdb cg gctbr`gtivg qub sbg jibrtk bxistb b` bstk gcmu`g diobrb`jig.

Bvidb`tbab`tb qub `k…

Zi Fbsös oub bc Disjápuck/Aédiua qub korbjiú Zu vbstiab`tg oásijg gcJristk pgrg juapcir cg aisiú` bstg-lcbjidg, »Wué diab`siú` y purbzg bspi-

ritugc `k cb oub `bjbsgrig pgrg jk`vbrtirsb b` bc vbhájuck db u` Bspáritu dbtg` vgckr júsaijk y skpkrtgr tg` agrgviccksg tgrbg b` pri`jipik, pbrk dioájic ypb`ksg hgstg cg jrujixiú`;

^kr ktrk cgdk, si Fbsös oub bc prkpik Jristk b`jgr`gdk, »Wué pgcglrgspubdb` sbr sujib`tbs pgrg rbprb-sb`tgrck b` tg` Gumustg tgrbg y dbakstrg-

jiú` db huaicdgd y gakr g tkdks `ksktrks;

Kptgaks pkr cg sicb`jiksg krgjiú` db gmrgdbjiaib`tk y gdairgjiú`…Iapkrtg`tb, si, bs jk`jib`jigr`ks qub bc –\bi`k db Diks‑ bs u` bstgdk dbcGcag, qub prkvib`b dbc Bspáritu y sb rbbfg b` bc jubrpk, y bstk Bc ck pbrskì-

jk db okrag agmistrgc.

U9Q @ktg6Ks Aistériks Ab`krbs - G`-

ìb Lbsg`t - :ª Iaprbssêk -Thb Thbkskphijgc ûlcishi`mHkusb Gdygr, Jhb``gi, I`-

dig.






U7>Q @ktg6Idba ktg g`tbrikr


U7<Q @ktg6

Idba ktg g`tbrikr

Gcmu`ks pgsgfbs bvg`mécijks i`okrag` qub, trgs bc lgutisak, Fbsös bs-tuvk b` bc dbsibrtk durg`tb jugrb`tg dágs, pbrag`bjib`dk b` gyu`gs, pb-

rikdk b` bc jugc suorb cgs –Tb`tgjik`bs dbc diglck‑

–Tkdg cg bxistb`jig dbc hkalrb, jkak hkalrb, trg`sjurrb ksjicg`dk b`-

trb cks pgrbs kpubs-tks, hgstg qub, jk` bc tibapk, gcjg`zg bc bquicilrik y,dbsdb bsb akab`tk, jgai`g hgjig ck divi`k. ^kdrág sbr prkvbjhksk pgrgtkdks si, g vbjbs, rbbxik`çsbaks bxtb`sg y prkou`dgab`tb sklrb bstksdks bxtrbaks db cg bxistb`jig huag`g, bc lib` y bc agc, cg cuz y cgs ti`iblcgs,cg vidg y cg okrag, k bspáritu, y cg agtbrig k bc –yk‑ y bc –`k‚yk‑, ck rbgc y ckirrbgc, cg vbrdgd y cg ogcsbdgd, ck jibrtk y ck bquivkjgdk, bc pcgjbr y bc dk-

ckr, bc g`hbck y cg i`brjig, bc gcag y cg pbrsk`gcidgd, bc Jristk y bc Diglck. B`cks dks öctiaks sb rbsuab bc prklcbag db cgs trbs tb`tgjik`bs‑. U7>Q

–Y dbspués db hglbr gyu`gdk jugrb`tg dágs y jugrb`tg `kjhbs,tuvk hgalrb. Y vi`k g éc bc tb`tgdkr, y cb difk6 Zi brbs Hifk db Diks, di qub

bstgs pibdrgs sb jk`vibrtg` b` pg`. Bc rbspk`diú y difk6 Bsjritk bstç6 @k súck db pg` vivirç bc hkalrb, si`k db tkdg pgcglrg qub sgcb db cg lkjg dbDiks‑ (Agtbk 4 6 <-4)

–B`tk`jbs bc diglck cb ccbvú g cg sg`tg jiudgd, y cb pusk sklrb bc pi`çjuck dbc tbapck, y cb difk6 Zi brbs Hifk db Diks, éjhgtb glgfk5 pkrqubbsjritk bstç6 G sus ç`mbcbs ag`dgrç gjbrjg db ti, y, B` sus ag`ks tb sks-tb`drç`, ^grg qub `k trkpibjbs jk` tu pib b` pibdrg. Fbsös cb difk6 Bsjritkbstç tgalié`6 @k tb`tgrçs gc Zb÷kr tu Diks.‑ (Agtbk 46 2-=)

–Ktrg vbz cb ccbvú bc diglck g u` ak`tb auy gctk, y cb akstrú tkdks cks rbi-`ks dbc au`dk y cg mckrig db bccks, y cb difk6 Tkdk bstk tb dgré, si pkstrgdkab gdkrgrbs. B`tk`jbs Fbsös cb difk6 _btb, Zgtg`çs, pkrqub bsjritk bstç6 Gc Zb÷kr tu Diks gdkrgrçs, y g éc súck sbrvirçs.‑(Agtbk 46 8-7>)

Cks tbxtks bvg`mécijks aubstrg` gcmu`gs diobrb`jigs, pubs si Agtbkdisbrtg sklrb cgs –tb`tgjik`bs‑ s-oridgs pkr Fbsös, jkak hbaks trg`sjritk grri-lg, su rbcgtg dibrb dbc bvg`mbcik db Cujgs5 bc bvg`mbcik db Agrjks gpb`gs






ab`jik`g qub Jristk oub tb`tgdk y Fug` `k hgjb ì rbobrb`jig g bcck.

»Juçc sbrç bc jritbrik db vgckr db cks gjtks db Fbsös b` jug`tk g bstb gsu`tk; Zglbaks qub cksjugtrk bvg`mbciks dbsjriptivks db cg vidg dbc Abságs oubrk` bsjritks vgrigs déjgdgs dbspués db suaubrtb y, pubdb supk`brsb qub dbtbrai`gdks bòkqubs bstglg` sufbtks g cg i`tbrprbtgjiú` db

jgdg gpústkc.

–Db jugcquibr okrag cgs trbs tb`tgjik`bs, bsktérijgab`tb, oubrk` prublgs sialúcijgs db cks trbsgspbjtks db cg `gturgcbzg huag`g iòbrikr5 cg prublg db ck oásijk, db ck bakjik`gc (k db cksdbsbks) y cg ab`tgc. –^kr tg`tk, jkak hkalrb á`tbmrk y, b`trbtg`tk, tktgcab`tb divi`k, Jristkbaprb`diú cg lgtgccg `gc jk` bc diglck. Jkak sbr huag`k, b` qub bc bspáritu divi`k sb bxprb- sglg pcb`gab`tb, sb bòrb`tú gc Diglck b` su ^rkpig huagìdgd (sbpgrgdk db su Diviìdgd) y ckvb`jiú. @k trgtbaks db sbpgrgr g galks ‚ Diks y hkalrb- jug`dk pb`sgaks b` Jristk. Gcmu`kspb`sgdkrbs dg` éògsis g Zu huagìdgd b im`krg` su Diviìdgd‑U77Q

Bc agbstrk db @gzgrbt oub tb`tgdk db usgr sus pkdbrbs Divi`ks jk` `bs bmkástgs, pkr cg sutic

rbitbrgjiú` db Zu Diviìdgd, cg jugc sb ou`dgab`tg b` cg uìvbrsgcidgd db cg –pgcglrg‑. Cg icusiú`db cg `gturgcbzg oásijg `k ck pkdág klcimgr. Bstb bs bc vbrdgdbrk jgai`k db tkdk Iìjigdk, cg btbr`gcujhg b`trb cg Agtbrig y bc Bspáritu. Bs bstk ck qub `ks b`sb÷ú.

:. Cg trg`smurgjiú`.

–Ktrk pbrikdk dbc sbrvijik tbrai`ú. Bc Jristk sb bòrb`tú g ktrg jrisis i`tbrikr y, db bstg vbz, dbgjubrdk jk` cg histkrig, u`g jrisis qub jkapgrtiú jk` sus Trbs disjápucks ogvkritks, jk` cgs trbspbrsk-`gs qub CB brg` açs jbrjg`gs, Zu gutkjk`trkc ‚ bs pkr jk`simuib`tb, su iàuìdgd db cgtb`tgjiú`, tgc jkak pkdbaks jkaprb`dbr ‚ dbakstrg`dk dbspués u` pbrikdk db i`tb`sg gj-

tividgd. Bc hglág tgalié` hglcgdk dbc rbi`k db Diks, qub tb`ág cg aisiú` db bstglcbjbr y juygbstrujturg i`tbrikr oub brimidg sklrb cks dkjb gpústkcbs, cks sbtb`tg disjápucks qub Bc sbcbjjik`úy prbpgrú y cks mrupks db hkalrbs y aufbrbs qub rbspk`dibrk` g su ab`sgfb. Hgstg gquá tkdkhglág sidk pbrobjtk. Ghkrg sb bòrb`tgdg g u`g ùbvg Iìjigjiú` y g u`g bxpg`siú` açs ga-

pcigd db cg jk`sjib`jig. Bstgs iìjigjik`bs, g cgs qub sb skabtág b` ùbstrk lb`bjik, y g cgs qubpkdbaks gspirgr g su dblidk tibapk, jk`stituyb` b` si aisags u`g sá`tbsis vivg db cg rbvbcgjiú`qub `ks pubdb sbr prkvbjhksk bstudigr, g`tbs db jk`sidbrgr b` dbtgccb bstg rbvbcgjiú` qub cboub jk`jbdidg g cks trbs gpústkcbs b` ck gctk db cg ak`tg÷g‑ U7<Q

ûbdb jk`sidbrgrsb qub cg vbrdgdbrg Iìjigjiú` bs trgádg, b` tkdgs sus btgpgs, pkr bc Agbs-trk db Mgcicbg, b` u`g dbakstrgjiú` öìjg db qub tkdks pkdbaks gjjbdbr g cgs aisags sibaprbqub sb juapcg` cgs cbybs gdbjugdgs. Bc –`gjiaib`tk b` Lbcé`‑, cg sulsbjub`tb –purijgjiú`‑,pgrg qub tb`mg cumgr cg jkrrbjtg agì-obstgjiú` dbc Bspáritu b` cg agtbrig b` sus trbs pcg`ks, g trg -

vés db cg agtbrig –Trg`smurgdg‑, ccbmg`dk g u` klfbtivk agykr ‚ Cg vidg Btbr`g ‚ dbsjb`trgcizgdgy cilbrgdg db cgs ciaitgjik`bs db cg jgr`b.

Dbspués cg bxpbrib`jig db cg –Jgvbr`g‑ y cg –Iìjigjiú` dbc Gmug‑ rbvbcgrk`, jgdg u`g dbbccgs, u` trglgfk qub prkmrbsivgab`tb hizk surmir cg diviìdgd bc hkalrb Fbsujristk.

Cg –Trg`smurgjiú`‑ bs cg rbprbsb`tgjiú` tçjitg db cg uìjgjiú` dbc hkalrb iòbrikr jk` bcsupbrikr, dbc –Dks b` R`k‑, jk` u` –ùbvk hkalrb‑, ghkrg bspiritugcizgdk, pbraitib`dk qub su divi-ìdgd db krimb` sb agìbstb. Bstk bs ck qub Fbsös si`tbtizú b` Bc aisak.

Gquá ygjb bc mrg` bìmag db cg vidg y, gc aisak tibapk, cg ccgvb db su skcujiú`6 cg bxprbsiú`

db cg divi-ìdgd bsb`jigc db jgdg u`k, Bc sbr Zupbrikr bxistb y bs bc jgai`k `gturgc db cg bvkcujiú`qub dkai`b gc iòbrikr. Bstg bs cg ùbvg ogsb db cg bvkcujiú` db cg huagìdgd, db`trk db su bvk-

cujiú` júsaijg. Cg i`tbmrgjiú` qub Jristk bfbapcijú tg` jcgrgab`tb, rbskcvib`dk cgs dugcidgdbs




7? \btgcbs db Agsk`brág

Cks _igfbs db Iìjigjiú` — _isiú` Trg`sjb`db`tgc

dbc supbrikr y bc iòbrikr b` Bc aisak, hgjib`dk dbcks dks –u` hkalrb ubvk‑, –hkalrb ubvk‑ qubrbspcg`dbjb b` cg Trg`smurgjiú`, g`tb cg airg-

dg gtúìtg db cks trbs gpústkcbs.

Bs iapkrtg`tb dbstgjgr, tgalié`, qub Fbsösuìjú b` Bc aisak bc pgsgdk y bc outurk dbc hka-

lrb icus-trgdk pkr cg prbsb`jig db Bcágs y Akisés,cks rbprbsb`tg`tbs db cks rkobtgs y db cg Cby. Bcágssialkcizg bc pgsgdk dbc hkalrb, jk` cg gdijiú`db cg Cby db Akisés, bstglcbjib`dk cks cáaitbs qubbc hkalrb `k pubdb supbrgr, dbìb`dk cks cáai-tbs db cg su `gturgcbzg iòbrikr (`gturgcbzg db db-

sbk k bakjik`gc)

Bcágs, juyk `kalrb simìjg –cg oubrzg dbc

Zb÷kr‑, rbprbsb`tglg g tkdgs cgs bsjubcgs db cks^rkobtgs qub, durg`tb simcks, prbvibrk` cg ccbmgdg–db gqubc qub sialkcizgrç cg pbrobjtg \bjtitudy qub, b` su prkpig pbrsk-`g, b`jgr`grç cg jk`-

quistg y cks klfbtivks outurks db cg huagìdgd.Jristk bs, b` rbgcidgd, bc ^rkobtg Btbr`k, qub Wuib` Bcágs y cks dbaçs prkobtgs dgrç` tbstgab`tk.

Akisés, juyk `kalrb quibrb dbjir –sgcvgdk db cgs gmugs‑, rbjkrdg`dk qub bc –gmug‑ bs bcsáalkck db cg gturgcbzg bakjik`gc k dbc dbsbk dbc hkalrb, oub bc rbspk`sglcb db trgbr cg Cby qubrbstri`miú y bdujú bc –jubrpk bakjik`gc‑ db u` publck, juyg téjìjg db jk`trkc sbrág sustituidgpkr bc ab`sgfb db vidg db Jristk, bxprbsgdk pkr cg jk`sjib`jig dbc hkalrb b` cg agrgviccksg sá`tb-

sis6 –Gagks cks u`ks g cks ktrks‑

^kr bstg rgzú` cg prbsb`jig sialúcijg db galks b` bc ak`tb, g cgdk db Fbsös, rbprbsb`tg`-

dk qub bc pgsgdk y bc outurk db cg huagìdgd sb b`jub`trg` b` Bc Jristk.

–Dbtrçs db cg agìobstgjiú` db Fbsujristk ygjb` bk`bs db bxpbrib`jig. Diks sb bxprbsgrç g trg-

vés db prkjbsks `gturgcbs, g trgvés db cg huagìdgd jkak u` tkdk y g trgvés db i`dividuksbspbjájks, g abdig qub cgs épkjgs kpkrtu`gs sb sujbdág`. B`tk`jbs vi`k Jristk y, b` bc jurskdbc tibapk, jkak b` u`g jk`ragjiú` dbc pgsgdk y u`g mgrg`tág dbc outurk, si`tbtizú b` Zi ais-ak, b` u`g trg`sjb`db`tb pbrsk`gcidgd, tkdk ck qub hglág sidk jk`quistgdk b` tkdg cg histkrigpgsgdg db cg huagìdgd. Bc oub u`g ^brsk`gcidgd, gsá jkak u`g i`dividugcidgd divi`g. Zu vidg,jk` Zu jugcidgd y Zu klfbtivk, bstglcbjiú Zu sbcck sklrb ùbstrg jivicizgjiú`, y Zu dbakstrgdg

sá`tbsis bs cg i`spirgjiú` dbc prbsb`tb. Bstg jk`suagdg ^brsk`gcidgd, si`tbtizg`dk b` Zi aisaktkdk ck qub prbjbdiú b` cg bvkcujiú` huag`g, y bxprbsg`dk tkdk ck qub bs pksilcb sbr iàbdig-tgab`tb, bs bc mrg` rbmgck db Diks gc hkalrb‑ U7:Q

Jristk jkak pbrsk`gcidgd qub jurú cg divisiú` db cg gturgcbzg huag`g, y Jristk jkak cg sá`-

tbsis db cks gspbjtks supbrikr b iòbrikr db cg diviìdgd bspiritugc db tkdks `ksktrks, bs cg agrgviccksghbrb`jig db cg hu-agìdgd db hky. Y bs bstk ck qub cg Trg`smurgjiú` rbprbsb`tg.

–Zbis dágs dbspués, Fbsös tkaú g ^bdrk, g Fgjklk y g Fug` su hbrag`k, y cks ccbvú gpgrtb g uàk`tb gctk5 y sb trg`somurú dbcg`tb db bccks, y rbspcg`dbjiú su rkstrk jkak bc skc, y sus vbstidks sb hijibrk` lcg`jks jkak cg cuz.

Y hb gquá cbs gpgrbjibrk` Akisés y Bcágs, hglcg`dk jk` éc.




7=\btgcbs db Agsk`brág


B`tk`jbs ^bdrk difk g Fbsös6 Zb÷kr, lub`k bs pgrg `ksktrks qub bstbaksgquá5 si quibrbs, hgmgaks gquá trbs b`rgagdgs6 u`g pgrg ti, ktrg pgrg Aki- sés, y ktrg pgrg Bcágs.

Aib`trgs éc gö` hglcglg, u`g ùlb db cuz cks julriú5 y hb gquá u`g vkz

dbsdb cg ulb, qub dbjág6 Bstb bs ai Hifk gagdk, b` quib` tb`mk jkapcg-jb`jig5 g éc kád.

Gc kár bstk cks disjápucks, sb pkstrgrk` sklrb sus rkstrks, y tuvibrk` mrg` tb-akr.

B`tk`jbs Fbsös sb gjbrjú y cks tkjú, y difk6 Cbvg`tgks, y `k tbaçis. Y gc- zg`dk bccks cks kfks, g `gdib vibrk` si`k g Fbsös skck.(Agtbk 7=6 7-8)

R` dbtgccb dbstgjglcb bs qub Trbs \bybs, k Agmks, gsistibrk` db rkdi-

ccgs g cg –Iìjigjiú` dbc @gjiaib`tk‑ y, ghkrg trbs disjápucks pkstrgdks sklrbbc subck gsistb` g cg –Iìjigjiú` db cg Trg`smurgjiú`‑

Bstb akab`tk bs bc priabrk b` b c qub sb agìbstg bc Bspcb`dkr y cgCuz dbc Abságs, prbdijgdks qub cb jgpgjitg` pgrg pkdbr dbjir, jk` dbrbjhkcbmátiak, –Yk Zky cg Cuz dbc Au`dk‑

Dijb` cks vbrsájucks dbc _ibfk Tbstgab`tk qub Akisés gc dbsjb`dbr dbAk`tb Zi`gá trgág su jgrg rbs-pcg`dbjib`tb y jk` u` lricck tgc qub cks hka-

lrbs db su publck `k pkdág` airgrcb. Bstk cb klcimú g usgr u` vbck durg`tb u`tibapk pgrg kjuctgr bc bspcb`dkr g cks dbaçs.

Bstb pu`tk bs i`tbrbsg`tb pkrqub si Akisés trgág cg jgrg rbspcg`dbjib`-

tb, Fbsujristk rbspcg`dbjág pkr jkapcbtk, b` Zu tktgcidgd Oásijg, dbakstrg`-

dk Zu supbrikridgd bspiritugc glskcutg.

Gqubccks qub bstç` dbspbrtg`dk g cg rbgcidgd bspiritugc db cg _brdg-

dbrg _ádg, `ks hgjb` jk`sjib`tbs db cg diviìdgd i`hbrb`tb gc hkalrb,lusjg`dk g trgvés db cgs gjjik`bs gctruistgs, db cg lk`dgd, dbc bspáritu i`-vbstimgdkr y db cg gcbmrág y jkaprbsiú` db cgs dijuctgdbs lçsijgs g cg qubsb b`jub`trg skabtidk, pri`ji-pgcab`tb jug`dk sb bòrb`tg jk` cg lk`dgdtrg`sjb`db`tb qub Jristk rbvbcú.

Bc rgdig`tb jubrpk db cuz i`tbrikr bstç prbsb`tb b` tkdks `ksktrks, b`tkdg cg huagìdgd, i`visilcb y `k rbvbcgdk, pbrk babrmib`dk cb`tgab`tb.^grg bcck sb `bjbsitg db Gakr jkali`gdk jk` cg \gzú`, açs bc pkdbr dbcZglbr, prbdijgdk i`hbrb`tb gc Gcag, qub rbjk`kjb i`tuitivgab`tb gqubcckqub bs sgmrgdk, uìvbrsgc y rbgc, y qub bs, jk` tkdk, bspbjájk y vbrdgdbrk,sibaprb, pgrg tkdks cks sbrbs.

Cg diviìdgd huag`g `k pubdb sbr `bmgdg6 bc Hkalrb bs u` sbr divi-`k. Zi k ck oubsb, cg gtbrìdgd db Diks k pgsgrág db u`g okrag db pgcglrgsvgjágs y Fbsös y sus sbmuidkrbs bstgrág` b` u` brrkr gc hglbr rbjk-`kjidk cgvbrdgd db ùbstrg cigjiú`. Cg _idg dbc Jristk i`tbr`k prkdujb cg trg`sokr -

agjiú` dbc jubrpk oásijk y, db u`g ag`brg açs prkou`dg, kpbrg sklrb cg`gturgcbzg sb`skrigc-bakjik`gc qub g trgvés dbc prkjbsk db trg`sautgjiú`jk`vibrtb cks dbsbks b` sb`tiaib`tks, dkckrbs b` pcgjbrbs, ck iòbrikr b` sus

U7:Q @ktg6Idba ktg g`tbrikr



<> \btgcbs db Agsk`brág


u` rbbfk `gturgc b i`tuitivk dbc sbr gc viscualrgr su krimb` divi`k, jk`trgpk-

ìé`dksb g sus bxjbsks agtbrigcbs db tkdk tipk. Bs u`g jk`sbjub`jig dbcgjk`sjib`jig db cg dugcidgd. Bs cg jkaprbsiú` db qub, b` suag, bc pbjgdksimìjg u`g i`gdbjugjiú` jk` cgs cbybs uìvbrsgcbs y jk` su rbcgjiú` jk`cks dbaçs sbrbs huag`ks.

Jgdg u`k db `ksktrks dblb pisgr bc jgai`k db cg Jruz y b`trgr b` bcrbi`k jbcbstb pkr abdik db cg jk`-quistg. Jgdg dág tkagaks ùbstrg jruz yprksbmuiaks bc jgai`k, sbrç pkr abdik db prublgs agykrbs k ab-`krbs. Bcdkckr, cgs dijuctgdbs db tkdk tipk (yg sbg` ogaicigrbs, jk` gaimks k pbrsk-

`gcbs) qub `ks trgb bc dbsti`k gc jgai`k db ùbstrg vidg5 bsg bs cg jruz qubdblbaks jgrmgr y sk` cgs rbjkapb`sgs dbc qub jkckjg g cg huagìdgd b`priabr cumgr y g si aiaks b` sbmu`dk pubstk.

^rkjbdib`dk gsá sb pbrjilb qub cks pkrtgcbs db cks pcg`ks agykrbsbstç` glibrtks pgrg u`k pbraitib`dk cg b`trgdg5 pbrk priabrk hgy qub sbr -

vir y suorir…Bsb bs bc jgai`k.

Hijiaks dbc g jrujixiú` u`g trgmbdig jug`dk cg vbrdgdbrg trgmbdigoub ùbstrk orgjgsk b` rbjk`kjbr su vbrdgdbrk simìjgdk.

2. \bsurrbjjiú` y Gsjb`siú`

^kjg bs cg iòkragjiú` sklrb cgs dks aitgdbs qub jkapk`b` cg qui`-

tg Iìjigjiú` yg qub `k hg` sidk kl-fbtk db cks rbcgtks bvg`mbcistgs y `kdispk`baks db bcbab`tks sujib`tbs pgrg u` g`çcisis gdbjugdk.

–Cg iìjigjiú` jrujigc, db iapkrtg`jig pgrg qub cg huagìdgd gjtugc cgjkaprb`dg, bs cg jugrtg. Zkck jug`dk tb`mgaks dkai`gdk bc simìjg-

dk dbc sbrvijik y bc sgjrijik, pkdrbaks jkaprb`dbr bc hbjhk db cg i`-

akrtgcidgd y su vbrdgdbrk sb`tidk sb `ks rbvbcgrç. Jkak Jristk sb bcb-

vú, db gjubrdk g cks prkjbsks dbsgrrkccgdks, `k pkdbaks dbjir jk` qubjubrpk gpgrbjiú rbgcab`tb. Cks Gpústkcbs `ks gsbmurg` qub pgrbjág bcjubrpk qub g`tbs hglág uticizgdk, pbrk si brg bc aisak jubrpk rbsujitg-

dk aicgmrksgab`tb, si brg Zu jubrpk bspiritugc qub pgrbjág sbr bc aisakg cks kfks oásijks db gqubccks qub ck gaglg`, k si Bc jk`struyú u` jubrpkjkapcbtgab`tb ubvk, b` cgs aisags cá`bgs qub bc g`tbrikr, k pkdbaksdbjirck5 tgapkjk pkdbaks gragr qub cg visiú` db cks disjápucks k oubrg suprg`kragc k qub g trgvés db cg i`tb`sijgjiú` db Zu Diviìdgd bxprbsg-

dk, Jristk hulibsb bstiaucgdk su visiú` (cg db cks disjápucks) db tgc ag`brgqub su visiú` i`tbr`g oubrg jcgrividb`tb k b` ktrg diab`siú`. Bc hbjhk ia-

pkrtg`tb oub qub Bc sb cbvg`tú, ùbvgab`tb, qub oub vistk pkr aujhks yqub bc hbjhk db Zu rbsurrbjjiú` oub jrbádk b` cgs ab`tbs db Zus gaimksy durg`tb dks k trbs simcks dbspués db su pgrtidg‑ U7=Q

Cg rbsurrbjjiú` bs cg ccgvbg pgrg cg supbrgjiú` dbcg aubrtb y pgrgcg jkaprbsiú` db cg btbrìdgd y cg jk`-tiùidgd db cg vidg, y skck pubdbsbr rbvbcgdg jug`dk bc Gakr hgyg dkai`gdk cg jk`sjib`jig huag`g y bcbmkjb`trisak hgyg sidk glkcidk db cg pbrsk`gcidgd.

Zkck g trgvés dbc Gakr y dbc sbrvijik gc prúfiak jkak bxprbsiú` dbbstb pubdb bc vbrdgdbrk ab`sgfb db cg rbsurrbjjiú` sbr jkaprb`didk pkrbc hkalrb. Bc Gakr ks vubcvb açs huaicdbs y, gc aisak tibapk, açs sgliks.

U7=Q @ktg6Db Lbcéa gk Jgcvçrik - GsIìjigíòbs db Fbsös ‚ GcijbG. Lgicby ‚ Ou`dgíêk Juctu-

rgc Gvgtgr




<7\btgcbs db Agsk`brág


Bc pb`btrg b` ùbstrk jkrgzú`, glrié`dkck hg-

jig cg rbgcidgd y pbraitib`dk cg ogjuctgd db sbrrbvbcgdg bc Gcag kjuctg b` bc Jubrpk.

–G pbsgr db tkdk, cg vbrdgd bs qub bc Jristk

auriú y sb cbvg`tú db ùbvk pkrqub Bc brg cgdiviìdgd iàg`b`tb b` u` jubrpk huag`k. G trgvés db cks prkjbsks db bvkcujiú` y db cgiì-jigjiú`, Bc dbakstrú g tkdks bc simìjgdk yprkpúsitk db cg vidg divi`g prbsb`tb b` Bc y b`tkdks `ksktrks‑ U78Q

Db gjubrdk jk` cks tbxtks kjuctks, cksbpiskdiks rbcgtgdks b` cks Bvg`mbciks `k sk`gjk`tbjiaib`tks giscgdks db cg vidg db Fbsösdb @gzgrbth, si`k qub hglrág` tbìdk cumgr rb-

pbtidgab`tb b` cks cumgrbs sbjrbtks db cks –Tbapcks db Aistbriks‑ dbsdb bc jkaib`zk db cks tiba-pks. B` bstgs iìjigjik`bs g`timugs, bstg aubrtb y rbsurrbjjiú` g cks trbs dágs brg jkaö` y ogaicigr.

^brk oub Fbsös bc qub rbvbcú bstg vbrdgd, rkapib`dk ck kjuctk y prbsb`tç`dkcg g cg Huagì-dgd. Bc vgckr si` pgr dbc trglgfk db Jristk bstç b` bc hbjhk db qub Bc oub bc priabrk qub rbprbsb`túcks ritks jbrbakìgcbs y ritugcbs sbjrbtks pkr jkapcbtk, qub brg` prbsb`tgdks skck g cks jk`sidb -

rgdks gptks pgrg trgspgsgr cks ji`jks pgsks dbsdb bc @gjiaib`tk hgstg cg \bsurrbjjiú`, pölcijg-

ab`tb y dbcg`tb db tkdk bc au`dk.

–Cg `bjbsidgd pri`jipgc db cg Jristig`dgd db hky bs dgr éògsis gc Jristk vivk, cbvg`tgdk. Yg dis-jutiaks aujhk sklrb cg aubrtb db Jristk, prkjurg`dk iapk`br u` Jristk bstrbjhk y sbjtgrik gcau`dk. Gciab`tgaks cks oubmks db cg sbpgrgjiú` jk` ùbstrgs divisik`bs jristig`gs, imcbsigs, sbj-tgs b –-istaks‑. –Zu `kalrb bs Cbmiú`‑ y cg agykrág db bccgs sb ou`dgab`tg` b` gcmu`g prbsb`-tgjiú` sbjtgrig dbc Jristk aubrtk y db cks gspbjtks priaitivks db Zu histkrig. R`çak`ks ghkrg jk`bc lgsb b` bc Jristk bcbvgdk, bc Jristk vivk hky, Jristk oub`tb db i`spirgjiú` y ou`dgdkr dbc rbi`kdb Diks5 Jristk, bc Jristk júsaijk, btbr`gab`tb sklrb cg Jruz, pkr ck tg`tk, btbr`gab`tb vivk5Jristk, bc Zgcvgdkr histúrijk, bc ou`dgdkr dbc Jristigìsak, vimicg`dk Zu imcbsig5 Jristk, bc aistijk, rbprbsb`tg`dk b` cks jugdrks db cks Bvg`mbciks cks bpiskdiks dbc dbsgrrkcck Uhuag`kQ, db akdkqub tkdks cks vivks pubdg` gprb`dbr y sbmuirck5 y Jristk, vivk hky b` bc jkrgzú` huag`k, mgrg`-

tág y gspirgjiú` db diviìdgd, qub cg huagìdgd tg`tk bxhilb. Bc i`bvitglcbab`tb kjupgrç jgdgvbz açs cg gtb`jiú` dbc hkalrb hgstg qub sbg dbakstrgdk y jkaprklgdk qub gcmk pbrsistbtrgs cg aubrtb oásijg‑

B` cg Tibrrg ^gz y Lub`g _kcu`tgd b`trb cks hkalrbs

*************************



<< \btgcbs db Agsk`brág


Lilcikmrgoág

•–K cg`k Dbvgjhììjk ku K Au`dk Jbcbstb - Zugs Jgrgjtbrástijgs b Hglitg`tbs‑ - J. ]. Cbgdlbg-

tbr. Zbmu`dg Bdiíêk - \bvistg b Gapcigdg - Thb Thbkskphijgc ulcishi`m Zkjibty - Ck`drbs ‚ Lb`grbs.

•–G Jgai`hk dg Cuz‑ ‚ Baagùbc. ^sijkmrgg db Org`jisjk Jg`didk Xgvibr ‚ Bdiíêk OBL (Obdb-rgíêk Bspáritg Lrgsicbirg).

•–Gspbjtks dk Jristk –- G`ìb Lbsg`t. Thb Thbkskphist Kojb Gdygr, Jhb``gi, I`dig.

•–Ks Aistériks Ab`krbs – - G`ìb Lbsg`t. :ª Iaprbssêk - Thb Thbkskphijgc ûlcishi`m Hkusb Gdygr,Jhb``gi, I`dig.

•–Db Lbcéa gk Jgcvçrik - Gs Iìjigíòbs db Fbsös‑ ‚ Gcijb G. Lgicby . Ou`dgíêk Jucturgc Gvgtgr.

•–K Bvg`mbchk db ^bdrk‑ ‚ Gpújrioks. ]]].GRTK\BZBZÎ\ITGZJCGZZIJKZ.JKA

B` bc prúxiak `öabrk su klrg6 Cks dkjb trglgfks db Hérjucbs ‚ visiú` Trg`sjb`db`tgc (I)

Zklrb bc gutkr

Bc W.½. H.½. Gcorbdk \klbrtk @bttk, `gjiú bc :> db Dijibalrb db 7927 y oub iìjigdk b` cg Ag-

sk`brág bc >< db agrzk db <>>4 y, b` cg gjtugcidgd, kstb`tg bc mrgdk :> dbc \.½. B.½. G.½. G.½...

Bs aédijk y bspiritugcistg.^rbsidb`tb db cg Gskjigjiú` db Aédijks Agsk`bs5Aibalrk Bobjtivk dbc Jirjuck Hbraétijk Ksvgcdk Krtbmg.

Trglgfg b` cg ckmig –Rìêk b Zkcidgribdgdb‑ `¶ :8= — Zêk ^guck — LrgsicBditkr dbc Cilrk — –Ra Bstudk sklrb g Oisikckmig dg Gcag‑ûbdb` jk`tgjtgrcb b` bc bagic6 rklbrtti`bttkNukc.jka.lr



<4 \btgcbs db Agsk`brág

xxxxCg jugdrgturg dbc járjuck

dgs rbsuctg sbr u` i`tbrbsg`tb dbsgoák db cg mbkabtrág b`tkdgs cgs épkjgs.

^grbjb qub b` ktrk tibapk hulk pbrsk`gs qub sk-

÷g`dk jk` cg i`dudglcb ogag qub cbs prkpkrjik`grág rb-

skcvbr bstb prklcbag sb klsbsik`grk` pbcimrksgab`tb b`éc. ^brk fgaçs pudibrk` supbrgr bc prklcbag qub rbprb-

sb`tglg cg jugdrgturg dbc járjuck dblidk g qub ù`jgsb ckmrú ccbvgr gc vgckr db ώ gc pcg`k jk` bc skck usk db cgrbmcg y bc jkapçs, dblidk g qub jkak hglágaks dijhkb` cá`bgs g`tbrikrbs, bstb bs u` ùabrk trgs-jb`db`tgc y`k bs rbsuctgdk dirbjtk db u`g kpbrgjiú` mbkaétrijg,g pbsgr db mklbr`gr cg mbkabtrág db cgs jurvgs. Jglbgmrbmgr qub ώ tgapkjk sb kltib`b db u`g oúraucg ag-

tbaçtijg y tgapkjk bs skcujiú` db ì`mu`g bjugjiú`db ì`mö` mrgdk. Zkck pubdb bstglcbjbrsb qub dbpb`-

db dbc járjuck yg qub ώ bs bc jkjib`tb b`trb cg ck`mitud db cg jirjuòbrb`jig y cg ck`mitud db sudiçabtrk y gquá rgdijg bc mrg` klstçjuck pgrg kltb`br cg jugdrgturg dbc járjuck.

Cg ckskoág db cg jugdrgturg dbc járjuck.

Bc bù`jigdk jcçsijk y jkapcbtk dbc prklcbag db cg jugdrgturg dbc járjuck bs6 –Jk`struir u`jugdrgdk db cg aisag çrbg qub u` jirjuck dgdk db rgdik \. Rticizg`dk öìjgab`tb, bc jkapçs ycg rbmcg, pbrk gdbaçs b` u` `öabrk ìtk db pgsks y cg skcujiú` hg db sbr bxgjtg‑. Lub`k, bc vbr -dgdbrk prklcbag rgdijg b` ck db bxgjtk, yg qub b` bstb jgsk ck bxgjtk dblb i`tbrprbtgrsb jkakpbrobjtk y ghá bs dk`db jkaib`zg bc prklcbag agsúìjk, ghá b` cg lösqubdg db cg pbrobjjiú`.

Bc öìjk dgtk qub iapidb ck pbrobjtk db cg skcujiú` mrçjg sb ccgaglg ώ

. Bstk `ks ccbvg gdbtb`br`ks y g abditgr g cg kriccg dbc glisak si` ok`dk visilcb qub rbprbsb`tg bstb `öabrk, bs irrg-

jik`gc (`k rgjik`gc) , bs i`glgrjglcb, bs iapksilcb db gjglgr db bxprbsgr, bs i`ìtk b` jiorgs ( ώ ≈:,74729<?2:2 89=9:<:84? <?4::8:<=9 2><88479=7 ?9:99:=27> 28<>9=4944 29<:>=87?4 >?<8?<>8998?<8>:48<2 :4<77=>?=9 8<748>8?27 :<8<:>??4= >9:844?>92 2>28<<:7=< 2:294>87<8 48777=42><847><=>79: 82<77>2229 ?44?<<9489 249:>:879?...) tb`baks cks priabrks <>> dbjiagcbs dbc `öabrky gpb`gs bapibzg, bs iapksilcb db iagmi`gr pgrg cg ìtg ab`tb dbc hkalrb, bs iapksilcb db jgc-jucgr pgrg cg jkaputgdkrg açs akdbr`g. B` u`g pgcglrg bs trgsjb`db`tb y rbcgjik`g db ag`brgpbrobjtg hb i`gcjg`zglcb gc járjuck y gc jugdrgdk.

Db tkdk bstk sb tib`b klcimgtkrigab`tb qub jk`jcuir cubmk db g`gcizgr cks pgsks iìjigcbs qubsb hg` dgdk b` bstb prklcbag, qub bsg iòg`tic skcujiú` prkpubstg g cg jugdrgturg dbc járjuck b`

rbgcidgd b`jibrrg u`g fkyg kjuctg b` u`g i`sk`dglcb prkou`didgd tg` aistbriksg y tg` gtrgjtivg gu`k db cks sáalkcks açs pkdbrksks y jkapcbfks db cg i`stitujiú`, gdbaçs jglb dbstgjgr qub cgjugdrgturg dbc járjuck bs u`k db cks pkjks sáalkcks bxjcusivks db cg agsk`brág, yg qub `k sb tib`bjk`kjiaib`tk db su usk sialúcijk b` ì`mu`g ktrg i`stitujiú` bsktérijg.

Zb hg dbakstrgdk hgstg hky qub cg jugdrgturg dbc járjuck jgrbjb db skcujiú` jk` rbmcg yjkapçs, dblidk g qub bc `öabrk ώ rbcgjiú` b`trb cg ck`mitud db cg jirjuòbrb`jig y su rgdik, bs u``öabrk trgsjb`db`tb. Zi` balgrmk dgr g u` járjuck okrag db jugdrgdk k trg`sokragr u` járjuckb` jugdrgdk `ks pubdb sumbrir vgrigs idbgs sklrb su sialkcisak.

Hbaks vistk qub tg`tk bc jirjuck y bc jugdrgdk sk` sáalkcks uticizgdks db ag`brg i`dbpb`-

dib`tb dbsdb cks tibapks açs g`timuks pkr aujhgs y auy vgrigdgs bsjubcgs iìjiçtijgs y bsktéri -jgs.





^grg jkaprb`dbr gc sialkcisak db cg jugdrgturg dbc járjuck dblbaks priabrk bapbzgr pkrbstudigr bc jk`fu`tk db cgs murgs qub ck jkapk`b` pkr sbpgrgdk6

Bc járjuck bs cg murg qub pkr bxjbcb`jig hg rbprbsb`tgdk gc MGDR b` cg mrg` agykrág dbcgs jucturgs db tkdgs cgs épkjgs, u` bxjbcb`tb bfbapck db bstk bs bc disjk skcgr db cks bmipjiks.

Bstg murg g cg qub ccgagaks jirjuck bs jbrrgdg, pkr tg`tk `k tib`b ì pri`jipik ì `, sb jibrrg b`sá aisag, bs i`ìtg b` cg diab`siú`, bs bc vkcvbr g bapbzgr u`g y ktrg vbz, bs cg rbprbsb`tgjiú` dbcjibck, db ck bspiritugc, db ck btérbk b i`ìtk. Zu okrag db rubdg `ks hgjb pb`sgr b` bc akviaib`tkjk`stg`tb y bstglcb, b` u` krdb` iàutglcb. @k bxistb u` abfkr sáalkck pgrg bc uìvbrsk aisak qubbs i`ìtk, iàutglcb y b` jk`stg`tb akviaib`tk jájcijk. Gsá bc járjuck sb vubcvb cg rbprbsb`tgjiú`db ck qub `k pkdbaks pbrjilir db ag`brg jk`jrbtg pbrk pbrjiliaks db ag`brg i`tuitivg, u` uì-vbrsk tg` i`sk`dglcb pgrg ùbstrks sb`tidks y db cg aisag ag`brg tgalié` bc MGDR sb rbcgjik`g`b` jk`sbjub`jig jk` bc sialkcisak dbc járjuck.

Bc jugdrgdk bs bc kpubstk sialúcijk dbc járjuck, bc jugdrgdk bs bstçtijk, súcidk, bs ck gsb`tg-

dk, ck quibtk, ck iàutglcb, bc rbpksk. Trg`saitb si` cumgr g dudg u`g sb`sgjiú` db rabzg. Aib`trgs

qub b` bc járjuck tkdks cks pu`tks sk` imugcbs pkr bstgr g cg aisag distg`jig dbc jb`trk dg`dk cgidbg db imugcdgd, b` jk`trgpgrtb b` bc jugdrgdk kjurrb qub gcmu`ks db sus pu`tks, jugtrk, susvértijbs, sk` bspbjigcbs, sb disti`mub` db cks dbaçs y sus cgdks, jugtrk, sb jkrtg` krtkmk`gcab`tb.Jugtrk sk` cks pu`tks jgrdi`gcbs6 @krtb, Zur, Bstb, Kbstb5 cks bcbab`tks ou`dgab`tgcbs6 Gmug, Girb,Oubmk, Tibrrg5 cks Bvg`mbcistgs6 Agtbk, Agrjks, Cujgs y Fug`5 sus sáalkcks pkr tg`tk6 Çmuicg, Tkrk,Hkalrb, y Cbú`. Bc jugdrgdk gskjigdk g cks jugtrk bcbab`tks qub g`tbrikrab`tb oubrk` bù`-

jigdks y g cks jugtrk pu`tks jgrdi`gcbs sb trg`sokrag b` bc sáalkck pkr bxjbcb`jig dbc au`dktg`milcb y db cg `gturgcbzg. Aib`trgs bc járjuck bs bc ragab`tk, ck qub `ks julrb, ck qub bstç pkrb`jiag, ck supbrikr, ck bspiritugc, ck divi`k, bc jugdrgdk rbprbsb`tg sibaprb g ck bstçtijk, ck tbrrb`gc,ck huag`k.

^brk bstg kpksijiú` pubdb i`tbrgjtugr y ccbmgr g jk`sbmuir cg ousiú` dbc járjuck jk` bc jug-

drgdk, bc gjbr-jgaib`tk db u`k y ktrk. Bsg bs cg aisiú` db cg agsk`brág, `k bs ktrg jksg qub ccbvgrg trgvés dbc trglgfk y bc bstudik ck purgab`tb agtbrigc y lurdk dbc au`dk tg`milcb sialkcizgdk b`bc jugdrgdk g bxprbsik`bs açs bcbvgdgs y suticbs sialkcizgdgs b` bc járjuck. Bs ccbvgr ck sulciab, ckbspiritugc y ck jkapcbfk dbc járjuck g u` pu`tk qub sbg jkaprb`silcb k gsiaicglcb b` bc jugdrgdkdb ck agtbrigc, pgrg gsá abfkrgr y bvkcujik`gr.

Gquá jkaib`zg ck i`tbrbsg`tb dbc sáalkck db cg jugdrgturg dbc járjuck, jug`dk glkrdgakssu bstudik sialúcijk jkak tkdk u` jk`fu`tk. Cubmk db g`gcizgr sus pgrtbs jirjuck, jugdrgdk y ώ

qub jkak çtkaks sb u`b` y okrag` u`g akcéjucg dg`dk `gjiaib`tk g gcmk ùbvk y açs jka-

pcbfk. Gsá cg jugdrgturg dbc járjuck ks aubstrg u` sialkcisak db u` jk`fu`tk db bcbab`tks dk`dbck btérbk, ck i`ìtk, ck trgsjb`db`tgc db jirjuck sb ou`db b` ck agtbrigc y ìtk dbc jugdrgdk, rbprb-

sb`tg bc bsoubrzk dbc agsú` jug`dk ckmrg jkaprb`dbr y gsiaicgr ck sulciab, ck trgsjb`db`tb dbcMGDR y dbc Rìvbrsk i`ìtk i`jkrpkrç`dkck g su bxistb`jig y g su gturgcbzg huag`g ciaitgdg y ì-tg, ccbvgrck g su rgzú` y sus rgzk`gaib`tks qub dbpb`db` b` priabrg i`stg`jig dbc au`dk tg`milcbpbrk qub bs jgpgz aistbriksgab`tb db ccbmgr g jkaprb`dbr ob`úab`ks y jk`jbptks i`tg`milcbsqub bstç` açs gccç db sus jgpgjidgdbs cúmijgs.

Bstb aistbrik dbc hkalrb y sus jgpgjidgdbs db b`cgzgr ck agtbrigc jk` ck bspiritugc bstg sia-

lkcizgdk b` ώ, qub bs bc b`cgjb aistbriksk b`trb bc jirjuck y bc jugdrgdk, bs ck qub `k gcjg`zgaksg rgjik`gcizgr pbrk qub si ag`bfgaks y jkaprb`dbaks db ag`brg suprgrrgjik`gc (açs gccç db cgrgzú`) y qub `ks pbraitb jkak jrbgjiú` dbc MGDR pbrjilir y vivir b`trb cks agtbrigc y ck bspiritugc,b`trb cg bsjugdrg y bc jkapçs. Yg cks hblrbks i`tuág` bc ώ y ck jkckjgrk` b` bc tbapck db Zgckaú`6

«Hizk u`g oub`tb db abtgc ou`didk qub abdág 7> jkdks db diçabtrk6 brg jkapcbtgab`tbrbdk`dg, y su gcturg brg db 2 jkdks y u`g cá`bg db :> jkdks ck rkdbglgµ.(I \bybs =, <:)



<? \btgcbs db Agsk`brág


Zb pubdb vbr jkak u`g idbg siaicgr sb pubdb b`jk`trgr b` II Jrúìjgs 4, <. B` éc gpgrbjbb` u`g cistg db rbqubriaib`tks pgrg cg jk`strujjiú` dbc Mrg` Tbapck db Zgckaú`, jk`struidk sklrbbc 92> GJ y su i`tbrés gquá rgdijg b` qub dg u` vgckr db ώ 1 :,>.

Bc hkalrb jk` bc tibapk tib`db g ou`dirsb jk` bc pri`jipik, ck bspiritugc, ck divi`k. Jug`dkgprb`dgaks g bapcbgr gdbjugdgab`tb cg bsjugdrg y bc jkapçs, fkygs db cg agsk`brág qub`ks hg` sbrvidk hgstg ghkrg pgrg trgzgr cgs murgs qub hbaks bstudigdk, pkdrbaks prkmrbsgr b`ùbstrk dbsgrrkcck i`tbrikr y gjbrjgr`ks y, quizçs, quié` sglb, hgstg ou`dir`ks jk` ck trgsjb`db`tbjkak ck hgjb ώ jk` bc jugdrgdk y bc jirjuck.

JK@JCRZIÚ@.

Bc krimb` db cg idbg db jugdrgr u` jirjuck bs jk`sbjub`jig db cg `bjbsidgd db abdir su-

pbrjibs, jkapg-rç`dkcgs sibaprb jk` uìdgdbs db abdidg jugdrgdgs oçjicab`tb jkaprb`silcbspkr cg ab`tb dbc hkalrb g diobrb`jig db cg supbrjibs jurvgs k pk`dbrglcbs pkr bstg aisag ab`-

tb, ck qub klcimg g jk`vbrtir cg supbr-jib dbc járjuck b` jugdrgdg, b` u` jugdrgdk db çrbg bqui-vgcb`tb y pkr ck tg`tk pksilcb db jkaprb`dbr, pk`-dbrgr y abdir. Gsá cg jugdrgturg dbc járjuck b`jk`sbjub`jig si cg g`gcizgaks bsktérijgab`tb ks hglcg db qub bc hkalrb trgtg db jk`vbrtir (sia-

lúcijgab`tb hglcg`dk) gc járjuck sáalkck dbc MGDR tgalié` sáalkck dbc uìvbrsk i`ìtk sáalkckdb ck btérbk y db ck trgsjb`db`tb, b` bc jugdrgdk sáalkck db ck agtbrigc, db ck pbrjbptilcb pkrcks sb`tidks, db ck ìtk, pgrg pkdbr oçjicab`tb jkaprb`dbr jk` su ab`tb ìtg g ck i`ìtk, pgrgccbvgrck hgstg su ìvbc db pbrjbpjiú` y jkaprb`siú`. ^grg gsá dgr ktrk pgsk açs b` bc pbrag`b`tbjg-ai`k b` cg gprkxiagjiú` g cg pbrobjjiú` b` airgs db jk`vbrtirsb b` bsb agbstrk pbrobjtk qublusjg cg jka-pcbtg rbgcidgd tg`tk b` ck glstrgjtk jkak b` ck jk`jrbtk. \bgcidgdbs bstgs qub sk`bc si`úìak db cg vbrdgd.

Lilcikmrgoág.

\itugc y Jgtbjisak dbc Mrgdk db Agbstrk ^brobjtk. Mrg` Ckmig db _b`bzubcg.

Gprbjigjik`bs sklrb cg Iìjigjiú`. \b`b Mub`k`. Bditkrigc Mrbdks.

Bc Zialkcisak Bsktérijk. A Jbrìì. Bditkrigc Dbc _bjhhi.

B`jijckpbdig db cg Agsk`brág. Bditkrigc Abxijg`k.

Cks Aistbriks db Ksiris k cg Iìjigjiú` b` bc G`timuk Bmiptk. F. Cbgdbrlbgtbr. Bditkrigc Eibr.

Agùgc dbc Agbstrk Agsú`. Gcdk Cgvgmìì. Bditkrigc Eibr.

Bc Idbgc Iìjigtijk. Kswgcd ]irth. Bditkrigc Hkrus.

îtçmkrgs. G. Dgjibr. Bditkrigc Huagìtgs.

Cg Jçlgcg Aástijg. Dik` Okrtu`b. Bditkrigc Hkrus.

Bc Jrbpösjuck db cks Ádkcks. Oribdrijh @ibtzsjhb. Bditkrigc Bdijkauìjgjiú`.

Abtgoásijg. Gristútbcbs. Bditkrigc Mrbdks.



<=\btgcbs db Agsk`brág


Zklrb bc gutkr

Bc _.•.H.•. F. A. Lgrrbdk Ag`dziue

Hifk db pgdrb Mgccbmk y agdrb Rjrgìg`g, bs I`m. Bcbjtrijistg, prkobskr uìvbrsitgrik, bsjritkr gdb -

açs db cilrb pb`sgdkr. \bsidb y trglgfg b` _b`bzubcg b` cg Ckmig –Zkc db Grgmug‑ `¶ 9? jk`kjidgiòkragcab`tb jkak –Cg Rìvbrsidgd db cgs Ckmigs‑ dblidk g cg cgrmg cistg db icustrbs agsk`bs _b-

`bzkcg`ks iìjigdks b` bccg, tgalié` bs bc riabr Mrg` Bxpbrtk db cg Mrg` Ckmig db cg \bpölcijg db_b`bzubcg y sb b`jub`trg trglgfg`dk bspbjájgab`tb b` bc \BGG.



<8 \btgcbs db Agsk`brág

xxxx

Cg pgcglrg G\G prkvib`b dbc cgtá`6 grg k grgus, qub sb trgdujb jkak Gctgr k ibdrgdb Zgjrijiks. G su vbz, sb db`b GCTG\ jkak pibdrg, absg, k akùab`tk rbcimiksk dis-

pubstk pgrg iàkcgr g cg vájtiag y korbjbr bc sgjrijik. ûbdb dbsjrilirsb u` gctgr jkaku`g bstrujturg bcbvgdg sklrb bc ìvbc dbc pisk, dbdijgdg g gcmö` juctk, sbg éstb b` okragdb korb`dgs, sgjrijiks, k pcbmgrigs. Zu bstrujturg pubdb sbr sb`jiccg, y su jk`strujjiúìaprkvisgdg, k lib` pubdb trgtgrsb db u`g jk`strujjiú` sklbrlig jk` prbtb`sik`bs db

btbrìdgd, pbrk b` jugcquibr jgsk, bs cg okrag qub hg tbìdk bc hkalrb, dbsdb sus épkjgsaçs rbaktgs, db agìobstgr su ob y su bspbrg`zg5 bc cumgr qub rbprbsb`tg ck qub vb`brg, ckqub rbspbtg, k ck qub jk`sidbrg supbrikr g éc. Zbmö` rbbrb Hbrúdktk, cks bmipjiks oubrk`cks priabrks qub brimibrk` gctgrbs g sus dbidgdbs. ^kstbrikr-ab`tb, tkdgs cgs jucturgs ck hi-jibrk`, dbstgjç`dksb qub cks fudáks, b imugcab`tb sus vbji`ks pgmg`ks, bdi-jglg` dksjcgsbs db gctgrbs6 u`k pgrg bc jbrbakìgc y bc i`jib`sk, qub ulijglg` db`trk db sus tba-

pcks, y ktrk pgrg bc sgjrijik y hkckjgustk, qub brimág` b` jgapk glibrtk, gc girb cilrb, b` bcorb`tb dbc tbapck.

Aujhk g`tbs qub bccks, jgsi tkdks cks publcks prbhistúrijks bdijgrk` gctgrbs, rbg-

cizg`dk b` bccks sgjrijiks db tkdk tipk, i`jcuyb`dk cks db sbrbs huag`ks. ^grg cg Agsk-

`brág, y sbmö` bc dijjik`grik agsúìjk, Grg bs cg absg jk`sgmrgdg pgrg rbjilir cks furg-

ab`tks y prkabsgs, y dbpksitgr b` bccg bc cilrk db cg cby y cks gtrilutks dbc mrgdk b` qub sbtrglgfg. Bc Grg bs bc grtájuck açs iapkrtg`tb y açs sgmrgdk dbc aklicigrik dbc sgcú` db u`gckmig. Zi lib` bc ritugc db iìjigjiú` hgjb rbobrb`jig gc Grg trig`mucgr db cks furgab`tks, suokrag pubdb vgrigr, prbdkai`g`dk lçsijgab`tb dks akdbcks6 Cg okrag jölijg db trbspibs db gctk, jkak cg qub vbaks b` ùbstrk tbapck, i`spirgdg b` cg qub gdkr`glg pri-abrk bc Tglbr`çjuck, y cubmk bc Tbapck dbc \by Zgckaú`, juygs jgrgs sb÷gcg` cks jugtrkpu`tks jgrdi`gcbs, sialkcizg`dk pgrg gcmu`ks, cgs jugtrk bstgjik`bs, pgrg ktrks cks jugtrkbcbab`tks db cg `gturgcbzg, y pgrg ktrks, cks jugtrk pri`jipiks ou`dgab`tgcbs (qub g vbjbssb i`sjrilb`, u`k b` jgdg jgrg)6 qubrbr, jgccgr, sglbr y ksgr. K lib` cg okrag db u` prisagdb lgsb trig`mucgr (jkak cg qub prbsb`tg ùbstrk tbapck vbji`k) tkagdg db cks g`timuksDruidgs, juygs jgrgs airg` rbspbjtivgab`tb gc krib`tb, gc `krtb, y gc sur.

G diobrb`jig dbc \itk db Ykre , b` qub bc Grg sb ulijg b` bc jb`trk dbc tbapck, b` bc\itk Bsjkjés G`timuk y Gjbptgdk bstç ulijgdg g cks pibs dbc Krib`tb, orb`tb gc trk`k dbc _b-

`brglcb Agbstrk, sklrb bc pgviab`tk db aksgijks. Hglib`dk bxpcijgdk su dbìjiú`, subvkcujiú` b` cg histkrig, su dbsjripjiú` oásijg y su ulijgjiú` b` ùbstrks tbapcks, pgsbaksg g`gcizgr ck abducgr db su jk`jbptk, qub bs su sialkcisak. Cks i`mcbsbs hg` dbìdk g cgAgsk`brág jkak cg jib`jig db cg akrgc, vbcgdg pkr gcbmkrágs, b icustrgdg jk` sáalkcks. Ckssáalkcks sk` tg` g`timuks jkak bc hkalrb, y hg` sidk bxprbsiú` agìbstg db cks priabrks

dbstbccks db i`tbcimb`jig. Záalkck bs jugcquibr jksg qub, pkr cg rbprbsb`tgjiú`, murg ksbabfg`zg, `ks dg g jk`kjbr k `ks bxpcijg ktrg.

Bc Grg k Gctgr

^kr bc _.½6H.½. Bcdbr db Cujb`g AgdrumgAgtbrigc b`vigdk, yg b` bspg÷kc, pkr bc \H Bthibc Kagr Jgrtbs ‚ Lrgsic

Bc Grg k Gctg




xxxxBc Grg k Gctgr

Bc cb`mugfb ou`dgab`tgc db cg Agsk-

`brág, sb hgjb pkr abdik db sáalkcks, dbakdk qub g abdidg qub prkou`dizgaksb` su i`tbrprbtgjiú`, bsb cb`mugfb vg jk-

lrg`dk pgrg jgdg u`k db `ksktrks u` sim-ìjgdk pbr-sk`gc, vivb` jigdk y `k sibaprbtrg`sobrilcb, qub tib`b pkr klfbtk ccbvgr gcagsú` gc b`jub`trk db u` ab`sgfb qub ckjk`duzjg hgjig cg vbrdgd y hgjig cg cuz. BcGrg bs bc sáalkck db ck i`visilcb pkr bxjbcb`-

jig. \bprbsb`tg cg btbrìdgd, ck sbjrbtk, ckaistbriksk, ck dbsjk`kjidk, y b` mb`brgc, gcgs oubrzgs kjuctgs qub bxistb` b` bc uìvbr -sk.

Zialúcijgab`tb bs ck qub u`b gc ag-

sú` jk` bc M.½.G.½.D.½.R.½ .. Jug`dk bc rbji-pib`dgrik rbgcizg g`tb bc Gctgr su prkabsg db hk`kr, sb rbtirg db gccá jkak hkalrb ùbvk. BcGrg hg kjigdk jkak Gctgr db Zgjrijiks, hglib`dk iàkcgdk gccá su pgsgdk, b` bspbjigcsus pgsik`bs y sus vijiks, jkak u`g korb`dg gc M.½.G.½.D.½.R.½.. Jkak viaks, bc Gctgr sb bcbvgdbsdb cks jugdrks lcg`jks y `bmrks dbc pgviab`tk db cg ckmig, cks qub sialkcizg` cg dug -

cidgd babrmb`tb db cks pgrbs db kpubstks. Zk` éstks pgrbs db kpubstks sklrb cks qub bciìjigdk dblb dbsgrrkccgr su bxistb`jig, ag`tbìé`dksb bquidistg`tb db bccks, si` bxgctgrsbg`tb cks éxitks, ì hu`dirsb g`tb cgs dbsvb turgs. Bc Grg sb bcbvg oásijg y sialúcijgab`tb dbcg jk`jbpjiú` dugcistg db cg vidg. Bstç pkr b`jiag db ck lub`k y ck agck qub bs prkpik

dbc digrik vivir, y su ulijgjiú` `ks sialkcizg cg `bjbsgrig bcbvgjiú` qub hbaks db dgr gùbstrks pb`sgaib`tks, g ` db pkdbr pbrjilir ck qub sb bsjk`db trgs cg gpgrib`jig jk` -

trgdijtkrig db cks pgrbs db kpubstks.

Hgstg ghkrg hbaks rbbxik`gdk sklrb bc Gctgr b` sá aisak. G jk`tiùgjiú` hgrb-

aks u`g lrbvb ab`jiú` ‚g ` db `k bxtb`dbr b` dbagság éstb trglgfk- g cgs diobrb`tbshbrrgaib`tgs qub b`jk`trgaks sklrb bc Gctgr. Zu iapkrtg`jig sialúcijg bs tgc, qub pkdrág-

aks rbgcizgr u` trgzgdk i`dividugc pgrg jgdg u`g db bccgs. Zklrb bc Grg disti`muiaks, b`priabr cumgr, bc Cilrk db cg Cby Zgmrgdg, k db cg Cby Akrgc. Bstb skstib`b ùbstrg ob, y `ksb`sb÷g bc jgai`k db ck fustk. B` ùbstrgs cgtitudbs, jkrrbspk`db g cg Lilcig, si lib` b` ktrgs,

jkrrbspk`dbrç jkckjgr gqubc cilrk qub sb jk`sidbrb jk`tb`mg cg vkcu`tgd rbvbcgdg dbcM.½.G.½.D.½.R.½. Cg prbsb`jig db u` Cilrk db cg Cby sklrb bc Grg, bs u`g bximb`jig rbmcgab`-

tgrig db cgs ccgagdgs –Ckmigs rbmucgrbs‑, pubs gsá ck bstglcbjb` cks –G`timuks Cáaitbs‑. Dblbb`jk`trgrsb glibrtk dbsdb bc akab`tk b` qub sb iìjig` cks trglgfks. B` gcmu`ks Krib`tbssb gjkstualrg glrirck b` bc Zgcak 7::6

–Airgd jug` lub`k y jug` dbcijiksk bs hglitgd cks hbrag`ks fu`tks b` grak`ág‑... B` ùbstrks Tbapcks, bc \itugc gjk`sbfg glrirck prbobrb`tbab`tb b` bc jgpátuck jkrrbspk`-

dib`tb gc Bvg`mbcik sbmö` Zg` Fug`. Zklrb bc Cilrk db cg Cby, sb jkckjg u` jkapçs, juykvértijb gpu`tg gc krib`tb, (dbsdb dk`db prkvib`b su b`brmág), y sus pu`tgs sb dirimb`

hgjig bc kjjidb`tb. Bstg hbrrgaib`tg, db mrg` jk`tbìdk sialúcijk, rb-prbsb`tg cg fustijigjk` qub dblb` abdirsb cks gjtks db cks hkalrbs y, pkrqub `k, tga-lié` ùbstrgs gjjik -



:> \btgcbs db Agsk`brág

xxxxBc Grg k Gctgr

`bs. @ks prbsjrilb cg bquidgd jk` qub dblbaks trgtgr g ùbstrks sbabfg`tbs, y b` pgrti-jucgr g ùbstrks HH.½.. ^brk tgalié`, b` éstb cumgr, sialkcizg gc bspáritu y g cg rgzú`.

Gpkygdg sklrb bc jkapçs, klsbrvgaks u`g bsjugdrg. Gc imugc qub cg g`tbrikr, bsu`g g`timug hbrrgaib`tg rbjilidg db cg krdb` db jk`strujtkrbs, jk` u` riquásiak simì-

jgdk sialúcijk. Bstç okragdg pkr < cá`bgs6 cg pbrpb`dijucgr y cg hkrizk`tgc, okrag`dk u`ç`muck rbjtk, jkak cg cá`bg dbc dblbr db cg qub bc lub` agsú` ù`jg dblb gpgrtgrsb. B`su ulijgjiú` b` bc Grg, sialkcizg tgalié` gc i`sti`tk, k g cg agtbrig. Cg dispksi-jiú` db cgbsjugdrg sklrb bc jkapçs `k bs u` hbjhk lgcgdá. ^kr bc jk`trgrik, sialkcizg qub cg agtb-

rig, bc i`sti`tk, cg im`krg`jig, bstç` dkai`g`dk cg i`tbcimb`jig, bc bspáritu y cg rgzú`, situgjiú`dbsogvkrglcb qub bc gprb`diz, jk` su trglgfk, dblb prkjurgr rbvbrtir. Db akdk qub sklrbbc Gctgr b`jk`trgaks prbsb`tbs ck qub sb jk`kjb jkak cgs Trbs Mrg`dbs Cujbs db cg Ag-

sk`brág6 bc Cilrk db cg Cby, bc jkapçs y cg bsjugdrg, cgs jugcbs rbprbsb`tg` cg sglidurág dbcM.½.G..½.D.½.R.½., bc bspáritu y cg agtbrig.

Fu`tk g bccgs, tb`baks cgs ccgagdgs trbs cujbs ab`krbs, rbprbsb`tgdgs pkr u` jg`-dbcglrk jk` : cçapg-rgs, b`jb`didgs pkr bc pkrtgdkr db cg cuz qub dbsjb`diú dbc Krib`tb.@ks i`dijg` cks pu`tks pri`jipgcbs qub agrjg bc skc b` su rbjkrridk6 dg`dk krimb` g u` ùb-

vk dág, gc gcjg`zgr su pcbìtud, y b` bc kjgsk. Zu sialk-cisak pubdb sbr tg` gapcik y vgrig-

dk jkak gprb`diérgaks hgjb pkjks dágs b` rbcgjiú` gc trgzgdk gjbrjg dbc tbr`grik. Zi`balgrmk, bxistb u` agykr jk`sb`sk b` gjbptgr qub bstgs trbs cujbs ab`krbs sialkcizg` cgob, bspbrg`zg y jgridgd, ccgagdgs tgalié` cgs virtudbs tbkckmgcbs. ^kr öctiak, klsbrvgakssklrb bc Grg, u` bfbapcgr jbrrgdk db cg Jk`stitujiú` db cg Mrg` Ckmig, tbxtk qub jk`tib`bcgs `krags qub rbmucg` bc ou`-jik`gaib`tk graúìjk db cg Krdb`, cgs qub tkdks hbaksprkabtidk rbspbtgr..

B` sá`tbsis6 sklrb bc Gctgr, qub `ks cimg jk` bc ^ri`jipik Jrbgdkr, tb`baks rbprbsb`-

tgdgs cg sglidurág dbc M.½.G.½.D.½.R.½., bc bspáritu y cg agtbrig, icuai`gdks pkr cgs trbs cujbsab`krbs, qub ccbvg` g bsks sáalkcks ob, bspbrg`zg y jgridgd, jkòkrag`dk sklrb bc Grgcg sá`tbsis db cg pbrobjjiú` qub g`hbcgaks gcjg`zgr. Bs gsá qub gc abdik dág, jug`dk `ksdispk`baks g iìjigr cks trglgfks y bc Grg sb prbsb`tg jkak cg hbaks dbsjritk, jk` cks HH.½.gc krdb`, dbspkfgdks db abtgcbs, y g julibrtk, bc H.½. Zbm.½. _im.½. ks i`dijg qub –tkdk bstç fustk y pbrobjtk‑.

^grg o`gcizgr, quisibrg dbsgrrkccgr gcmu`gs rbbxik`bs rbobrb`tbs g cks vá`jucks i`tb-

rgjtivks qub b` rbcg-jiú` gc Grg, rbgcizgaks b` ùbstrks trglgfks. Oubrk` éstks, si` dudg,cks qub gjijgtbgrk` ai juriksidgd, bsti-aucç`dkab g prkou`dizgr b` su bstudik g ` dbckmrgr jkaprb`dbrcks. Bs i`dudglcb cg iapkrtg`jig dbc Grg db`trk dbc Tbapck. Hgjig gccá sbdirimb` tkdgs cgs airgdgs, tg`tk dbc Krib`tb jkak dbc _gccb. Bs gccá dk`db rbgcizgaks ùbs -

trgs prkabsgs y furgab`tks. Bs b` tkr`k gc Gctgr, qub okragaks ùbstrg jgdb`g db uìú`.Jgdg vbz qub pgsgaks dbcg`tb dbc Grg, sgcudgaks. @k bs u` hbjhk auy jkaö` qub bcsbr huag`k sgcudb k rbvbrb`jib u` klfbtk i`gìagdk. Agrjg i`dudglcbab`tb u` mrg`rbspbtk pkr ck qub bc klfbtk sialk-cizg. Bstk ccgag cg gtb`jiú` db tkdk gprb`diz.



:7\btgcbs db Agsk`brág

xxxx^b`tgsub÷k pgrg ji`jbc y muitgrrg

^b`tgsub÷k pgrg ji`jbc y muitgrrg

^kr _ájtkr Agùbc Mugrìdk ‚ Agbstrk AgsúÀgbstrk db grak`ág db cg \bspbtglcb Ckmig Gcbph 74= (Mrg` Ckmig db Bspg÷g)

^cg`jhg ausijgc jk`jblidg pgrg cg tbìdg dbc 7 db agrzk db <>74 db cg \bspbtglcb Ckmig Gcbph74= (Mrg` Ckmig db Bspg÷g), krib`tb db Tkcbdk, b` hkab`gfb g ^gjk db Cujig.

Bs cg vkz vikcbtg dbc dubck cg qub vib`b g jkapbtir bstg ag÷g`g b` ais pgcglrgs jk` bc gzucdb ùbstrk Tbapck. Ai gcag sib`tb cg tristbzg dbc vikcbtg, pkrqub sb `ks oub ^gjk db Cujág. Gsá qub`k hb pkdidk rbsis-tir cg tb`tgjiú` db jkmbr u`g muitgrrg pgrg bsjucpirks bc girb qub `ks rkdbg jk`

sus ji`jk jubrdgs açs u`g y hkab`gfbgr gsá cg mrg`dbzg db u` i`térprbtb i`ìtk. Tkdgs cgs pibzgspb`sgdgs pgrg hky jkùirç` b` su pbrsk`g. Y dimk vikcbtg pkrqub cg pb`g pgrg u` agsú` ù`jgdblb tb÷irsb db `bmrk. @ubstrg pb`g ù`jg dblb jgai`gr db cg ag`k db cg dbsbspbrg`zg. @ubs-

trks pgsks sibaprb trkpbzgrç` jk` bc dgabrk, pbrk `k pgrg qub-dgrsb g vivir sklrb éc, si`k pgrgtrg`sjb`dbrck.

@ubstrk vigfb ausijgc sbrç u` pgsbk pb`tgoúìjk, trg`quick b i`tiak, qub prkjurgrç gyudgr -`ks g gtrgvbsgr cg bspbsurg mris, cg ìbvb y cgs tbapbstgdbs. Bstgaks b` bc i`vibr`k db ùbstrk tgccbr,bsb akab`tk jgrmgdk db orák i`stgcgdk b` abdik db ùbstrk jursk agsúìjk qub dblbaks dbsupbrgr b`trb tkdks, jkak sáalkck db tkdgs cgs aubrtbs, pbcimrks y klstçjucks qub `ks bspbrg`,tg`tk i`dividugc jkak jkcbjtivgab`tb, y tg`tk db`-trk jkak oubrg db ùbstrg orgtbrìdgd. B` cgtbìdg db hky ais pgcglrgs quibrb` bxprbsgr db u`g ag`brg sbrb`g b` priabr cumgr bc dkckr qub`ks i`vgdb g`tb cg aubrtb, y b` sbmu`dk cumgr cg `bjbsidgd db supbrgrck.

Iìjigrbaks pubs cg tbìdg jk` u`g hbraksásiag pibzg db Isggj Gcléìz6 su pibzg Gsturigs, db



:< \btgcbs db Agsk`brág


cg Zuitb Ilbrig. Hgstg bc dág db hky `k sb hg pkdidk dbakstrgr cg pbrtb`b`jig db tg` icustrb jkapk-

sitkr g cg agsk`brág. ^brk cgs jk`bxik`bs jk` bccg sk` ùabrksásiags. Zu pgdrb sá qub oub u` gjtivkorg`jagsú`. Bc hifk hbrbdú jcgrgab`tb su ckskoág skjigc y su pkcátijg cilbrgc. B` cg priabrg btgpgdb su vidg dik rbjitgcbs db pig`k pgrg krmgìzgjik`bs agsúìjgs y sb vgciú db cgs jk`bxik`bs ag-

súìjgs db su pgdrb pgrg iapucsgr su jgrrbrg. B` akab`tks pkstbrikrbs, aujhks db sus jkcbmgs

prkobsik`gcbs k gaimks sá qub oubrk` aibalrks db ckmigs, jkak su bditkr b` Agdrid, Lbìtk Vkzgyg,k su cilrbtistg Busblik Zibrrg. B`trb cgs pbrsk`gs qub jk`triluybrk` gc gvg`jb db su jgrrbrg sb b`-

jub`trg` tgalié` dbstgjgdks aibalrks db cg agsk`brág bspg÷kcg y bxtrg`fbrg6 jkak bc bsjritkry cilrbtistg i`mcés Org`jis Ak`by-Jkutts, rijk hbrbdbrk db cg lg`jg Jkutts qub bxtb`diú u` orujtáobrkabjb`gzmk sklrb éc, su prktbjtkr b` Bspg÷g bc ausijúckmk y pkcátijk Muiccbrak Akrphy, sbjrbtgrikpgrtijucgr db Gcok`sk XII, k aujhks db sus gaimks jkak bc pi`tkr Fkgquá` Zkrkccg k bc bsjuctkr Ag-

rig`k Lb`ccurb.

Cg Zuitb Ilbrig bs u`g klrg db bxtrgkrdi`grig lbccbzg y agdurbz, dk`db sb jk`fumg bc pbr -objtk dgabrk db cg téjìjg açs dbpurgdg y jkapcbfg jk` bc agtbrigc ausijgc açs vgrikpi`tk. Bàujhks db sus `öabrks Gcléìz vubcvb cg airgdg hgjig cg aösijg pkpucgr jkak oub`tb db i`spi -

rgjiú`, hgjib`dk db sus rgájbs krimi`grigs u`g oub`tb dbslkrdg`tb db `kvbdgd. Hb bsjkmidk bc`öabrk dbdijgdk g Gsturigs pkrqub b` éc sb dbsjrilb u`g tápijg tkrab`tg `krtb÷g.

Jk` bstg bcbjjiú` quibrk dbsbgrcb g ais WWHH qub jk` bc gmug qub `ks vib`b db cks agckstibapks sbgaks jgpgjbs db gciab`tgr gqubccks lrktbs vbrdbs qub bstç` pkr mbrai`gr`ks.

Cg sbmu`dg jubrdg db ai muitgrrg bstç b`jgr`gdg b` cg murg db Brije Zgtib.Hb sbcbjjik`gdk su jkapksijiú` Kmivbs, bs dbjir Kmivgs6 jkcbjjiú` db 4 pibjbjitgs jka-

pubstgs pkr u` fkvb`jásiak Zgtib db <> g÷ks rbjié` audgdk gc lgrrik db Ak`tagtrb. Bstç` i`s -

pirgdgs b` cks grjks kfivgcbs db cg Jgtbdrgc db @ôtrb-Dgab. @gdg abfkr qub u`g jkapksijiúì`spirgdg b` cg grquitbjturg abdibvgc db u` tbapck pgrg sustb`tgr cgs pgcglrgs db cgs pcg`jhgs dbùbstrks WWHH. Gc imugc qub b` u`g Jgtbdrgc, ubstrks grjks pksbb` cg i`dividugcidgd y cg uìokrai-dgd b` su bsb`jig, db ag`brg qub b`trb tkdks, y g pbsgr db ùbs-trgs diobrb`jigs, skpkrtgaks cgbstrujturg qub pcg`bg sklrb ùbstrgs jglbzgs. ^krqub bc bsoubrzk y cg uìdgd jkaö` dbsdb cg org-

tbrìdgd hgjb` pksilcb qub ùbstrgs lúvbdgs sb ag`tb`mg` b` pib gö` jk` bc pgsk db cks simcks.

Bstg klrg ks korbjb trbs pbjucigridgdbs sialúcijgs açs. Brije Zgtib oub rksgjruz, Krdb` pgrgcg qub gjtuú jkak jkapksitkr kjigc. Zus klrgs bstç` pcgmgdgs db sáalkcks, i`jcuyb`dk cks ù-

aérijks, cgs prkpkrjik`bs y cgs jk`sidbrgjik`bs jglgcástijgs. Ks i`vitk g dbsjulrirck y dbmustgrckb` cg i`tiaidgd db vubstrks hkmgrbs. ^brk gdbaçs, bstgs pibzgs hg` sidk sbcbjjik`gdgs pkr bc WHFug` Jgrcks Mgrvgyk, aibalrk db cg ckmig _kctgirb 7<= db cg Mrg` Ckmig db Bspg÷g, pgrg i`tbmrgrsu öctiak trglgfk disjkmrçjk titucgdk Zul \ksg, jgrmgdk db aösijg bsktérijg. @ubstrk H Fug`Jgrcks Mgrvgyk bs u` rbjk`kjidk pigìstg bspg÷kc, prkobskr dbc Jk`sbrvgtkrik Zupbrikr db Aösijg

db Agdrid.Cg jk`bxiú` db cg pibzg jk` ^gjk db Cujig sb dbsvbcgrç açs gdbcg`tb.

^grg cg jgdb`g db uìú`, cg tbrjbrg jubrdg db ai muitgrrg ccbvg bc `kalrb db Jcgudb Dblussy.Jk`jrbtgab`tb su Grglbsjk `¶ 7. Bc krimi`gc bs u`g klrg pgrg pig`k, pbrk hb prbobridk qub b`ùbstrg tbìdg sub`b u`g vbrsiú` muitgrrástijg pkr aktivks klviks. Dblussy pbrtb`bjiú gc rikrgtk dbZiú` y sb akviú b` dbtbrai-`gdks járjucks agsúìjks. ^brk b` bstb trglgfk ab i`tbrbsg dbstgjgrsu jk`bxiú` jk` Ogccg. @k súck sb jk`k-jibrk`, sb gdairgrk` y sb iùybrk` ausijgcab`tb, si`k qubgdbaçs ag`tuvibrk` u`g cgrmg y jkrdigc rbcgjiú` pbrsk`gc. Cks pub`tbs b`trb galks sk` i`ìtks.Dblussy ccbmú g bsjrilir u`g ùtridg prkdujjiú` i`spirgdg b` cg aösijg bspg÷kcg si` hglbr pisgdk fgaçs subck ilérijk. Galks sb dibrk` jk`sbfks prkobsik`gcbs, sb jitgrk` bc u`k gc ktrk b` sus pibzgs

ausijgcbs y sb dbdijgrk` ktrgs tg`tgs. Db hbjhk cg öìjg pibzg qub Ogccg bsjriliú pgrg muitgrrg bscg dbdijgdg g cg aubrtb db Dblussy.



::\btgcbs db Agsk`brág


Bc tialrb db cg jugrtg jubrdg qub gdkr`g ai muitgrrg tib`b bc jkckr db Agùbc db Ogccg. Zbrçsu Dg`zg Bspg÷kcg b` u`g vbrsiú` pgrg muitgrrg cg qub gabìjb bc akab`tk b` bc qub sb vg` gpgsgr bc sgjk db prkpk-sijik`bs y bc db lb`bjb`jig.

Jk` éc y g trgvés db éc cg pcg`jhg jklrg sb`tidk y dirbjjiú`, pubs g trgvés db Ogccg tkdk ck

g`tbrikr vib`b g jkùir, sb÷gcg`dk hgjig ^gjk db Cujig. Ogccg oub gaimk pbrsk`gc db Gcléìz. Zbbsjrilibrk` y sb visitgrk` jk` orbjub`jig. Gsá aisak, cg bstg`jig db Ogccg b` ^grás, dbfú b` éc u`giaprk`tg ialkrrglcb qub hizk qub su aösijg gcjg`zgrg u`g prkybjjiú` uìvbrsgc bxtrgkrdi`grig. Gccásb jkdbú, b`trb ktrks, jk` Zgtib y jk` Db-lussy, b`trb cks jugcbs sb tb`dibrk` pub`tbs b iùb`jigsb` galgs dirbjjik`bs.

Zi lib` bs iaprklglcb qub Ogccg ccbmgrg g pbrtb`bjbr g ì`mu`g krdb` iìjiçtijg, bs bvidb`tbqub cgs jk`kjiú, y qub aujhks db sus gaimks, qub sá sb dbfgrk` sbdujir pkr cks ritks aistérijks, iù-

ybrk` b` su okrag db trglgfgr gpkrtç`dkcb u` ùbvk au`dk db sáalkcks, prkpkrjik`bs y visik`bsdbc uìvbrsk. Zb dijb qub g su vubctg db cg jgpitgc org`jbsg sb gdivi`g jibrtg ogsji`gjiú` pkr bc`öabrk çurbk, pkr bfbapck, b` sus klrgs db jkrtb açs jk`tbapkrç`bk. Ktrg g`éjdktg ùaérijg6

Ogccg jkab`zú g klsbsik`grsb jk` bc `öabrk =. Zb cgvglg = vbjbs cgs ag`ks g`tbs k dbspués dbhgjbr jugcquibr jksg, y sb dik jub`tg db qub cks pbrákdks açs ia-pkrtg`tbs db su vidg bstglgàgrjgdks pkr bstb `öabrk6 viviú = g÷ks b` ^grás, = g÷ks b` Agdrid y = g÷ks b` Mrg`gdg, ck qub cbhizk vgtiji`gr bc g÷k b` qub akrirág, y bobjtivgab`tb viviú b` bc bxicik = g÷ks b` Grmb`ti`g, trgs ckjugc sb auriú.

B` Ogccg tgalié` sb rbgcizú u`g iapkrtg`tb sialiksis db dgabrk b`trb ck pkpucgr y cg trg-

dijiú` juctg. Bs bc mbìk y bc bspáritu gab`jk qub ck hglitg bc qub sbdufk db ag`brg bspbjigc g^gjk db Cujig db okrag qub Ogccg ccbmú g jk`vbrtirsb b` u`g pgrtb bsb`jigc db su rbpbrtkrik, gpbsgr db qub éstb súck bsjriliú pgrg muitgrrg b` u`g kjgsiú`, jkak yg hbaks jkab`tgdk açsgrrilg. Db hbjhk cg vbrsiú` qub hbaks kádk bstç i`tbrprbtgdg pkr bc prkpik ^gjk db Cujig.

Hgstg bc akab`tk sb hg dbsgrrkccgdk u` agpg sk`krk jk` 4 jkapksitkrbs, dks org`jbsbsauy jbrjg`ks g ùbstrks aistbriks, rbcgjik`gdks bstrbjhgab`tb jk` dks bspg÷kcbs oubrg db cgagsk`brág pbrk auy iùb`-jigdks pkr bccg. Gsá aisak, b` bstb vigfb db dubck i`vbr`gc hb sb÷gcgdkdb ag`brg bspbjigc cg murg db dks i`térprbtbs, u` pigìstg agsú` y u` muitgrristg qub `k ck bs.Trbs pgrbfgs qub jk`murg` u`g juidgdksg mbk-abtrág ausijgc i`tb`jik`gdgab`tb i`stgcgdg b`bc girb pgrg i`tb`sijgr cg prkou`didgd db ùbstrg citurmig.

^grg jbrrgr cg pcg`jhg, y jk` bccg ai açs sb`tidk hkab`gfb g cg cuz açs i`tb`sg qub fgaçshg tbìdk cg muitgrrg b` ùbstrk pgás, cg qui`tg jubrdg db ai i`struab`tk tib`b bc `kalrb dbc i`sim-

`b agbstrk Fkgquá` \kdrimk. ^grg cg sgcidg dbc Tbapck dbc _b`brglcb Agbstrk, u`g vbz `gcizgdkscks trglgfks hb bcbmidk bc tbrjbr akviaib`tk dbc Jk`jibrtk db Grg`fubz i`tbrprbtgdk u`g vbz açs

pkr bc prkpik ^gjk db Cujig.

B` ai bcbjjiú` hg` i`tbrvbìdk vgrigs rgzk`bs db pbsk6 dijhk gutkr jk`kjiú g Agùbc dbOgccg b` ^grás b` 79:<, y sibaprb ck jk`sidbrú u` agbstrk. Db cks 2 aösijks prbsb`tgdks bstg ag÷g-

`g, bs bc öìjk si` vi`-jucgjiú` gcmu`g jk` cg agsk`brág.

B` kjgsik`bs, gcmu`ks db `ksktrks, prbkjupgdks pkr dgr ck abfkr db ùbstrk trglgfk y dbùbstrg rbb-xiú` i`tbrikr, jug`dk `ks jkapgrgaks jk` bc trglgfk qub rbgcizg` cks dbaçs hbrag-

`ks, pkdbaks jgbr b` cg tb`tgjiú` db iòrgvgckrgr ùbstrg cglkr sklrb cg pibdrg. Gcmu`gs jirju`s -

tg`jigs pubdb` hgjbr`ks vgjicgr b` bc jgai`k, k gvbrmk`zgr`ks db ùbstrg ogctg db uidbz k dbbxprbsiú`. Y cgs pcg`jhgs qub sb `ks dbag`dg` tgrdg` b` gkrgr. Bc cgstrb db ùbstrks au`dks

prkog`ks, cgs iapbrobjjik`bs y pgsik`bs qub sb `ks rbsistb`, cgs dijuctgdbs qub g vbjbs cg vidg sbbapb÷g b` b`rbdgr gc pgsk db ùbstrks pibs, pubdb` dbsdilufgr ùbstrks hkrizk`tbs, y klcimgr`ksg b`jbrrgr`ks b` `ksktrks aisaks. Bc trglgfk pubdb vbrsb gobjtgdk y ùbstrk jkaprkaisk pkdrág



:4 \btgcbs db Agsk`brág


dbsgpgrbjbr k vbrsb auy gctbrgdk b` prk db cg dbsidig. B` akab`tks gsá qub tkdks tb`b-aks, hb-

aks tbìdk k pkdbaks tb`br yk quibrk korbjbrks b` ai vkz cg sbxtg jubrdg db ai muitgrrg jk` bstgspgcglrgs `gcbs6 ^gjk db Cujig brg u` hkalrb db huaicdb `gjiaib`tk, si` bstudiks, qub `k sglágcbbr aösijg. ^brk éc hizk db su pgsiú` su vidg. Y g pbsgr db cg jrátijg jk`stg`tb db cks puristgs qubsibaprb ck sb÷gcgrk` y qub `k jkaprb`dibrk` ù`jg qub b` bsb`jig cg aösijg bs vidg, g ^gjk db

Cujig `k pkdrbaks kcvidgrck fgaçs.

Fkgquá` \kdrimk sb qubdú jibmk g cks : g÷ks db bdgd, y jk` bsg jbmubrg iapubstg pkr cgbòbrabdgd, bsg jbmubrg dbc gprb`diz sb`silcb y juriksk qub dblb bòrb`tgrsb g cg vidg, sb supb-

rú g sá aisak gcjg`zg`dk cgs açs gctgs jktgs db cg aösijg bspg÷kcg.

@k, jibrtk, ì`mu`k db cks dks bs agsú`, pbrk dbjidab, »`k bs u` mbstk bfbapcgr bc hglbrjk`sbmuidk u`g supbrgjiú` tgc db u`k aisak qub cg huagìdgd b`tbrg sb tb`mg qub rb`dir g`tbtu mrg`dbzg;

Bc sbmu`dk akviaib`tk dbc Jk`jibrtk db Grg`fubz bs u` orgmab`tk tristb, dk`db \kdrimk

bvkjg u` akab`tk tbrrilcb db su vidg, gqubc b` bc qub su aufbr pbrdiú g u` hifk b` bc pgrtk, u`pgrtk tg` tbrrilcb qub b` u` akab`tk dgdk ccbmú g tbabr pkr cg vidg db su prkpig bspksg. ^kr bskhb bcbmidk bc tbrjbr akviaib`tk, b` bc qub bc jkapksitkr jbcblrg jk` fölick cg supbrgjiú` db tkdgscgs dijuctgdbs db cg vidg, dg`dk mrgjigs g Diks pkr u` outurk b` bc qub gpgrbjiú su hifg ccb`g`dkdb cuz y db bspbrg`zg cg ksjuridgd db sus dágs. Ab pgrbjb` u`gs jirju`stg`jigs pbrobjtgs pgrggjglgr jk` bstb hkab`gfb g ^gjk db Cujág. Y vkcvbaks gsá g cg tristbzg vikcbtg dbc pri`jipik, pbrkpgrg prkjurgr trg`sjb`dbrcg, dilufg`dk gsá u` járjuck pbrobjtk. Tkdks dbfgrbaks bstb au`dk bù` akab`tk dgdk. Cg aubrtb sibaprb bs u` trg`jb jkapcijgdk jgrmgdk db gagrmurg. ^brk cksqub `k sb kcvidg` `k sb aubrb` ù`jg, y bsg dblb sbr ùbstrg abtg. @ksktrks jk`tgaks jk` u`gb`krab vb`tgfg jk` rbspbjtk g ktrgs pbrsk`gs, pkrqub hbaks dbjididk cilrbab`tb jk`stituir`ksb` u`g hbrag`dgd, pbrk `k pkdbaks kcvidgr`ks db bcck, ì gqubgr g`tb ùbstrgs dijuctgdbs yrbspk`sglicidgdbs. @k skaks `gdg si `k `ks jkaprb`dbaks y `k `ks lusjgaks b` cks hbrag`ks,sujbdg ck qub sujbdg, y ùbstrg lúvbdg sb `ks hu`dirç si `k rbmgaks jk` bc gakr cks jiaib`tksdb ùbstrgs jkcua`gs.

^grgdkfgs db cg vidg, Cujág simìjg cuz. »@k ks pgrbjb u`g jki`jidb`jig sklrbjkmbdkrg; Jkab`-

zgaks ùbstrg rbuìú` jk` u`g tkrab`tg `krtb÷g pgrg `gcizgr bc vigfb jk` bc skc b` bc jkrgzú`.Y b` bc iàb`sk dgabrk jk`murgdk pkr cg cuz db sglkr mitg`k qub sb jubcg b` cg jbmubrg dbu` cbk`bs uìvbrsgc, dks bspáritus mimg`tbs sb abzjcgrk` b` bstg gudijiú` korbjié`dksb b` u` cárijkjk`jibrtk pgrg qub, g pbsgr db qub galks yg bstç` aubrtks, sus trglgfks pbrobjtks ks simg` jk`-

akjik`g`dk hgstg dk`db ccbmub su abakrig.

Zklrb bc gutkr

_ájtkr Agùbc Mugrìdk Org`qubck, bs Agbstrk Agsú` y \bspk`sglcb db cg Jkcua`g db Grak`ágdb cg \bspbtglcb Ckmig Gcbph 74=, Mrg` Ckmig db Bspg÷g, gc krib`tb db Tkcbdk.



:? \btgcbs db Agsk`brág

xxxx

^kr bsk jk`sidbrbaks bc rbjtç`muck db krk db cgmurg 4 dk`db6y 1 yphi - x 1 x (phi- 7)5 pkr cg bxprbsiú` (i) supbrikr tb`b -

aks y 1 xphi<. \bpitib`dk bc prkjbsk pgrg bc cgdk izquibr -dk db bstb rbjtç`muck, kltb`baks ck rbprbsb`tgdk b` cg

murg 2, dk`db6

\bjkrdg`dk cg bxprbsiú` i, tb`baks6 x 1g phi< y tkdgs cgs bxprbsik`bs rbprbsb`tgdgsb` cg murg 2 qubdg` dbakstrgdgs.

Ghkrg skck `ks qubdg diab`sik`gr bctriç`muck db krk db cg lgvbtg. Tbìb`dk b`

jub`tg cgs diab`sik`bs akstrgdgs b` cg mu-rg < y bapcbg`dk cg aisag bsjgcg uticizgdgb` cg murg 2 kltb`drbaks cks pgrçabtrksprbsb`tgdks b` cg murg ?.

Jkapgrg`dk bstg öctiag murg jk` cg -

murg 2, pbrjiliaks iàbdigtgab`tb qub bcg`jhk db cg lgsb dbc triç`muck sb jkrrbspk`-

db jk` bc g`jhk dbc rbjtç`muck y cg gcturgdb bstb bs ùaérijgab`tb imugc g cks cgdks jk`mrub`tbs dbc triç`muck isús-

jbcbs qub okrag cg lgvbtg (rbjkrdgd qub bstb triç`muck bs u` triç`muck dbkrk).

Db gjubrdk jk` cg murg 2, pkdbaks bsjrilir

x 1 gphi< 1 gphi + g, k pgrg cks qub prbbrb`bc rimkr agtbaçtijk y rbjubrdg` c cg bxprbsiú` (ii) qub g`tbs hbaks pubstk6gphi< 1 g (phi + 7) 1 g phi + g

Db bstb akdk, cks cgdks jk`mrub`tbs dbc triç`mu-

ck isúsjbcbs db cg lgvbtg, murg ?, pubdb` sbrdbsjkapubstks b` dks pgrtbs gphi y g (végsbcg murg =)

Zi trgscgdgaks bc vgckr g dbsdb bc vértijbsupbrikr dbc triç`muck db cg lgvbtg b` jgdgcgdk dbc triç`muck b i`tbrcimgaks bsks dks pu`-

tks jk` cks db i`tbrsbjjiú` db cgs dks rbjtgspbrpb`dijucgrbs g cg lgsb (murg ?), g trgvés

db cá`bgs, b` jkckr rkfk gquá, kltb`drbaks u`pb`tçmk`k (murg 8).

U:Q @ktg6^b`tgmrgag i`vbrtidk ‚Cg lbstig.

U4Q @ktg dbc trgdujtkr6 Bditkrg ^b`sgaib`tk.

U2Q @ktg6B` cg bdijiú` db \btgcbsdbc abs db B`brk db <>74(`¶ ::), tuviaks cg kpkr -tuìdgd y bc privicbmik dbdbsbàgsjgrgr tgc ckmrk._égsb b` bc gpgrtgdkdb Agtbaçtijg b` cgAgsk`brág bc grtájuck jk-

rrbspk`dib`tb gc Mrgvby mrksbrk brrkr db Fucbs

Lkujhbr..

Agtbaçtijg b` cg Agsk`brág



:=\btgcbs db Agsk`brág

xxxx

B` bsb pb`tçmk`k sb pubdb i`sjrilir u`g bstrbccg gaámbrg dg`dk cumgr g ktrk pb`tgmrgagqub gs su vbz pkdrç dgr okrag g ktrg bstrbccg gaámbrg y gsá sujbsivgab`tb hgstg bc i`ìtk. _égsbb` cg murg 9 b` rkfk cg bstrbccg gaámbrg –`gturgc‑ y b` gzuc cg –diglúcijg‑, si sbmuiaks vkcvbrbaksg tb`br u`g –`gturgc‑, ktrg –diglúcijg U:Q‑ y gsá sujbsivgab`tb, gctbr`g`dk b`trb bstrbccg gaámbrg–`gturgc‑ y bstrbccg gaámbrg –diglúcijg‑.

Zbmö` ùbstrk pu`tk db vistg, bc ag`dic db priabr Mrgdk dblb tb`br cg gpgrib`jig akstrg-

dg b` cg murg 7> jk` bc rbspbjtivk sialkcisak gskjigdk dk`db cgs dks jkcua`gs jtijigs oásijgssustb`tg` gc hkalrb, tgalié` oásijk y priaitivk, b` pib (bstrbccg gaámbrg), b` su priabr i`tb`tk dbbvkcujiú` bspiritugc, bs dbjir, bc Gprb`diz Agsú` iìjig`dk su prkjbsk iìjiçtijk, bvkcutivk.

Gc rbjkrrbr bc priabr trgak iìjiçtijk sgtisogjtkrigab`tb, bcGprb`diz Agsú`, bs rbvbstidk jk` cg i`simìg prbsb`tgdg b` cg murg77. Bc bs ghkrg Jkapg÷brk Agsú`, brrú`bgab`tb sb sib`tb sbmurkdb si aisak y supubstk jk`kjbdkr db gumustks aistbriks, siapcb-

ab`tb pkrqub ghkrg sb cb pbraitb dgr cks priabrks pgsks `k skck

b` u`g dirbjjiú`, `k skck b` dirbjjiú` g cg Cuz, gc Zkc (Krib`tb) si`ktgalié` b` dirbjjiú` gc `krtb k gc sur.

Dblidk gc rgdijgc y rbpb`ti`k mirk db 78> mrgdks b` su jgai`gr, sb agìbstg u`g vbrdgdbrgrbvirg vubctg b` su sbr5 éc tib`b qub hgjbr ck pksilcb pkr jk`trkcgr sus iapucsks. Zi `k ck jk`simub,si `k bs krib`tgdk gdbjugdgab`tb b` bc sb`tidk db u` bquicilrik gjglgrç pkr jk`vbrtirsb, jkaklib` sb sialkcizg b` su lgvbtg, b` u`g lbstig.

Bc gö` bstç prbsk pkr bc jkrdú` ualicijgc. Cgs jkcua`gs db sustb`tgjiú` oásijgs bstç` rktgsy `k cb korb-jb` ì`mu`g sbmuridgd, ì b` bc pcg`k oásijk. Y tgc vbz sbg gquá dk`db bc `öabrk dks,sbmö` cks ritugcbs, bs ogtádijk, `bogstk, ck qub `k dbfg db sbr gcmk si` sb`tidk b i`jkhbrb`tb yg qub

bc `k bs u`g i`vkcujiú` si`k u`g bvkcujiú`.»Wué sujbdb si b` bc jrkquis db cg murg ? bc vértijb kpubstk

g cg lgsb dbc triç`muck sb u`b g cks pu`tks db i`tbrsbjjiú` db cgs dksrbjtgs pbrpb`dijucgrbs g cg lgsb;

Bc rbsuctgdk sk` cgs dks cá`bgs b` rkfk qub sb vb` b` cg murg7< y bsb prkjbdbr dg cumgr g trbs triç`mucks db krk.

Cg priabrg idbg, `k pubdb sbr ktrg, bs prkck`mgr bsb pgr dbcá`bgs hgstg cg cá`bg `gc dbc ag`dic y rbgcizgr cubmk cgs jk`bxik`bsb`trb cks pu`tks gdbjugdks jk`simuib`tb gcmk siaicgr g ck akstrgdkb` cg murg 7:.

¡GCRJI@GDKZ TKDKZ! Cgs diab`sik`bs qub hbaks prkpubs-

tk pgrg bc ag`dic, gdbaçs db jk`tb`br bc `öabrk db krk phi, bctriç`muck db krk, cg sbrib db Oilk`gjji, bc rbjtç`muck db krk, tga -

lié` jk`tib`b g cg bstrbccg Ocgaámbrg, ¡u` ^b`tgmrgag! R` sáalkckdb bxtrbag iapkrtg`jig y gctgab`tb vbcgdk pkr cks iìjigdks.

Cg prbmu`tg qub surmb bs »pkr qué bc _b`brglcb Jkcbmik db Agbstrks I`stgcgdks, jkakúrmg`k Citörmijk db cg Mrg` Ckmig (\ik db Fg`birk ‚ Lrgsic) `k bstglcbjb db u`g vbz pkr tkdgs cgs di-ab`sik`bs prkpubstgs pgrg bc ag`dic; »Zbrç qub éc, Úrmg`k, `k tib`b bsb jk`kjiaib`tk y prbbrb

gcmk açs, dimgaks, –trgdijik`gc‑; »Gcmk açs jk`sbrvgdkr;

Zi cg ogctg db jk`kjiaib`tk bs cg rbspk`sglcb, gpb`gs tb`drbaks qub cgab`tgr bc sbr dirimi -

Agtbaçtijg b` cg Agsk`brág



:9\btgcbs db Agsk`brág

xxxxAgtbaçtijg b` cg Agsk`brág

^kr ktrk cgdk, db triç`muck GLJ, murg 74, y db gjubrdk jk` bc tbkrbag db îtçmkrgs, pkdb-

aks gragr qub6

Jkak bc brrkr B vib`b dgdk pkr gphi< ‚ H, murg 72, tb`baks

Yg qub cg gcturg dbc ag`dic bs db gphi<, k abfkr gö`, gctk dbc rbjtç`muck db krk (murg 72),y su g`jhk j bs ϒ vbjbs agykr pkr trgtgrsb db u` rbjtç`muck db krk, bs dbjir6 j 1 gphi:

Zi `k ck vb jcgrk, bc g`jhk tgalié` pubdb sbr dbtbrai`gdk g trgvés db cg murg 2

Db jugcquibr okrag tb`baks

5 sustituyb`dk b` cg bxprbsiú` (iii) qubdg

(iiii), k, ùaérijgab`tb B1 >,>:><48=:?.j.

Bc brrkr jkabtidk bs, pkr ck tg`tk, cimbrgab`tb supbrikr gc :% dbc g`jhk gdkptgdk. B` bcjgsk dbc ag`dic mrg`db (j 1 2> ja), bc vgckr dbc brrkr sbrág db u`ks 7,2 ja, aib`trgs qub pgrg bctgag÷k ^ (j 1 4> ja) sbrág db 7,< ja.

Gu`qub bc brrkr sbrç prçjtijgab`tb dbsprbjiglcb, bxis-

tb y bs sujib`tbab`tb vçcidk pgrg jg`jbcgr jugcquibr tb`tg-

tivg db –b`jgfgr‑ bc pb`tgmrgag b` bc rbjtç`muck db krk y,gsá, jugcquibr klsbrvgjiú` rbgcizgdg b` bsb sb`tidk jgrbjb dbag`brg irrbabdiglcb db ¡cg vbrdgd!

Aib`trgs, gu`qub sbg iapksilcb b`jgfgr cg Bstrbccg Ocgaá -mbrg b` cks ag`dicbs jk` cgs abdidgs prkpubstgs, bstgs abdi-dgs sk` bxtrbagdgab`tb gmrgdglcbs visugcab`tb gdbaçs dbjk`tb`br u`g mrg` jgrmg db sialkcisak.

Wubdg gquá ùbstrg sumbrb`jig pgrg cg prúxiag rbu-

ìú` dbc _b`brglcb Jkcbmik db Agbstrks I`stgcgdks6 Gdkptb`cgs abdidgs prbsb`tgdgs pgrg cks ag`dicbs db Mrgdk I, Mrgdk II y Mrgdk II y ¡sbgaks obcijbs pgrgsibaprb!

Hbaks dijhk aujhgs vbjbs –@k jrbgs tkdk ck qub cbbs pkrqub quib` jrbb tkdk jug`tk cbbaujhgs vbjbs jrbbrç b` ck qub `k cbb‑

(iii)




xxxxAgtbaçtijg b` cg Agsk`brág

–@bjbsitgaks db u` mrg` jk`kjiaib`tk skck pgrg dgr`ks jub`tg db cg b`kraidgd db ùbstrg im-

`krg`jig.‑ (Thkags Zkwbcc)

–Cg huagìdgd ‚ pkr ck ab`ks su mrg` agykrág dbtbstg pb`sgr, i`jcusk b` lb`bjik prkpik. Zbqubfg, jkak si oubrg u` i`suctk, dbc açs huaicdb jk`vitb pgrg sgcir pkr u` akab`tk db cgs vibfgs y

mgstgdgs vbrbdgs y, g su jritbrik, i`mrbsgr b` u` ùbvk jgai`k pgrg sbmuir gcmu`g ktrg dirbjjiú`‑(Cg Dkjtri`g Zbjrbtg ‚ Hbcb`g . Lcgvgstey)

^rúxiak `öabrk6 Bc ogtádijk y tbrrilcb `öabrk <… »db vbrdgd ck bs;

Zklrb bc gutkr

Bc _.½.H.½. Gquici`k \bgc bs kriu`dk db Bspg÷g (Vgakrg), pbrk rbsidb b` Lrgsic (Ciag Dugrtb —Ai`gs Mbrgis) dbsdb dijibalrb db 792<.I`mbìbrk bcbjtrijistg y prkobskr uìvbrsitgrik, sb b`jub`trg fulicgdk.

Oub iìjigdk b` cg Agsk`brág bc >: db Zbptibalrb db 79=?, bcbvgdk gc mrgdk jkapg÷brk bc<8 db Glric db79=8 y bxgctgdk g Agbstrk bc <: db Agrzk db 79=9.Bc >2 db Fucik db 7988 kjupú bc jgrmk db _b`brglcb Agbstrk.

Bc _.½. H.½. Gquici`k \bgc oub ou`dgdkr db cgs ckmigs Zbptba Orgtbris 92 (\ák db Fg`birk) bc7>/>8/798: y Ztgìscgs db Mugitg 7?2 (\ák db Fg`birk) bc <>/>?/<>>?. Galgs trglgfg`dk b` bc \BGG

ûbdb` jk`tgjtgrcb pkr abdik db su b-agic6 gquici`kcbgcNr=.jka




xxxx

bs `bjbsgrik akrir pgrg pkdbr rb`gjbr gu`g ùbvg vidg b` u` ùbvk ìvbc, pub-

db dbjirsb qub bstb térai`k sb gskjigjk` bc açs gccç, bc au`dk db cks aubrtks,

dk`db cks agsk`bs vg` trgs su vidg tbrrb-

`gc, cks agbstrks jk`suagdks okrag`dkcg –Ckmig Btbr`g‑

Tgalié` sb db`kai`g jkak –Krib`tbBtbr`k‑ bc rbsmistrk qub tkdg ckmig dblbccbvgr db sus aibalrks yg ogccbjidks.

Jb`trk db \bjursks Dimitgcbs

Mrg` Ckmig db Bspg÷ghttp6//www.mcb-jrd.jka

Dijjik`grik AgsúìjkDIJJIK@G\IK AGZÚ@IJK




xxxx

»Dú`db b`jk`trú Jgá` g su bspksg;U7Q

^kr bc _.½. H.½. Gquici`k \. Cbgc

Trgdujidk dbc ^krtumués dbc Lrgsic pkr6 _.½.H.½. Agrik Cúpbz

Bc hbjhk

@k prbkjupgdks, pbrk si juriksks pkr sglbr jk` quié` sb jgsú Jgá`, si oub jk` u`g hbrag`gk jk` u`g sklri`g, yg qub cg Lilcig mugrdg sicb`jik sklrb bstb y ktrks gsu`tks, dirágaks…pkcéaijks,rbskcviaks hgjbr u`g rçpidg, auy rçpidg rbgcab`tb, i`vbstimgjiú` sklrb bc gsu`tk skspbjhg`dk yjrbyb`dk qub b`jk`trgrágaks gcmu`g rbspubstg db tipk –bsjgpgtkrig‑.

Jk` abdig dkjb`gs db –jcijgdgs‑ b` Zg` Mkkmcb, ouiaks g dgr jk` u` sitik dk`db gcmuib`hglág tbìdk tgalié` cg aisag dudg y juyg rbspubstg hglág sidk rbdgjtgdg bxgjtgab`tb bc <=db Zbptibalrb db <>>=, pkjk açs k ab`ks u`ks dks g÷ks g`tbs db bsjrilir bstgs cá`bgs. B`jk` -

trg`dk cg rbspubstg rbcgtivgab`tb mrktbsjg rbskcviaks trg`sjrilircg á`tbmrgab`tb jk`, bstç jcgrk,ùbstrks jkab`tgriks, b` gzuc, tg`tk k açs jgrijg-turbsjks qub cg rbspubstg dgdg pkr u` tgc MgryOishbr U<Q sbmö` bc priabr (rbgcab`tb öìjk) sitik i`vbstimgdk.

Bstg bs u`g db cgs prbmu`tgs qub sibaprb i`sistb b` rbgpgrbjbr, gcmu`gs vbjbs usgdg pgrgi`tb`tgr ridijucizgr g cg Lilcig, b` su dbsjripjiú` db cg jrbgjiú`. UZibaprb qub gcmk k gcmuib` pubdbjkaprkabtbr bc cilrk sgmrgdk sus dbob`skrbs sb b`kfg`, usg` cg aisag vibfg y dbsmgstgdg rbtúrijg6

bc i`tb`tk db kob`dbr gc cilrk, g cks prbdijgdkrbs k…g galksQAgs, pgrg gqubccks qub prbmu`tg` hk`bstgab`tb UR`g prbmu`tg bs u`g prbmu`tg y pu`tk…

Bxistb`,» prbmu`tgs dbshk`bstgs; B` jgsk gragtivk »Juçcbs; K »sbrç qub cgs prbmu`tgs –hk`bs -

tgs‑ ccbvg` g rbspubstgs –dbshk`bstgs‑ »bs bstb bc jgsk;Q

Mé`bsis 2,4 U:Q dijb qub Gdç` y Bvg tuvibrk` ktrks hifks b hifgs gdbaçs db Jgá` y Glbc. Bs bvi-db`tb qub Jgá` bsjkmb bspksg b`trb sus hbrag`gs, k tgc vbz sklri`gs.ULib`…bstg bs bxgjtgab`tbùbstrg dudg6 »Jgsú jk` u`g sklri`g k jk` u`g db sus hbrag`gs; @k hglág ktrgs kpjik`bs… »khglág ktrgs kpjik`bs; »Jk` u` hbrag`k jgr`gc;!!Q

Gu`qub dbspués bc jgsgaib`tk jk` cg prkpig hbrag`g oub jk`db`gdk jkak okrìjgjiú`

(Cbvátijk 78), oub pbraitidk b` cks priabrks tibapks db cg tibrrg pkr `bjbsidgd prçjtijg. U@k pkr`bjbsidgd prçjtijg si`k pkrqub `k hglág ktrg kpjiú`…k, rbpbtiaks »Hglág ktrgs kpjik`bs;QGjtugcab`tb, bc jgsgaib`tk jk` jugcquibr pgrib`tb prúxiak sb dbsgprublg pkrqub cks hifks

db gqubccks qub sb jgsg` jk` pgrib`tbs prúxiaks jkrrb` gctk ribsmk db sbr rbtgrdgdks ab`tgcbs ktb`br dbobjtks oásijks. UWubdg jcgrk qub cg dbsgprklgjiú` bs jib`tájg y `k lálcijg/rbcimiksg, sb-

mö` bc gutkrQ. Bstk sb dblb g cg gjuaucgjiú` db cks dbobjtks mb`étijks db cks pgrib`tbs prúxiaks.^brk bstk `k jgusú ì`mö` prklcbag g Jgá` yg qub Diks jrbú g Gdç` y Bvg pbrobjtks. U¡@k tg`pbrobjtks! »@k oub Jgá` bc priabr gsbsi`k; Db tkdks akdks, prbmu`tgaks b`tk`jbs, »júak surmib-

rk` cks dbobjtks b` cgs mb`brgjik`bs outurgs;Q. B` gqubccgs priabrgs mb`brgjik`bs dblb Udbc vbrlkbquivgcb`tb6‑ @k bstky sbmurk db bstk‑Q db hglbr hglidk pkjg hb-rb`jig gjuaucgdg db dbobjtksqub pudibsb` sbr trg`saitidks g cks hifks U»pkjg hbrb`jig gjuaucgdg g sbr trg`saitidg g cks hifks;

¡B`tk`jbs cks hglág! »Jrbgdks pkr…;Q. ^kr ck tg`tk, `k hulk prklcbag gcmu`k b` bc jgsgaib`tkb`trb pgrib`tbs prúxiaks y Diks, klvigab`tb, ck pbraitiú. U»Júak iapbdirck; »Tg`tk g`tbs jkakghkrg rbpbtiaks, ¡@k hglág ktrg kpjiú`!Q

^kcéaijgs pgrg cilrbpb`sgdkrbs




xxxx

_iviaks b` u`g épkjg b` qub gcmu`gs pbrsk`gs i`tb`tg`, orbjub`-

tbab`tb, i`vgcidgd cg dkjtri`g db cg jrbgjiú` UJugcquibr dkjtri`g ou`dg-

ab`tgdg bxjcusivgab`tb b` cg ob y dkmags `k pubdb sbr i`vgcidgdg, pbrk¡pubdb sbr jk`tbstgdg g cg cuz db cg rgzú` y db cg cúmijg!Q. Bs tkagdg jkakaitk k jub`tk db hgdgs. ^brk cg Lilcig prbsb`tg cg jrbgjiú` jkak Histkrig

UCk jugc `k cb jk`brb vgcidbz, dbc aisak akdk qub ktrks cilrks db histkrigg`tbrikrbs y pkstbrikrbs g cg Lilcig `k pubdb` sbr tkagdks jkak tktgcab`tbglcbs5 gdbaçs, cks bvg`mbciks gpújrioks tgalié` rbcgtg` u`g histkrig, gu`-

qub cg imcbsig cks supriaiú…Q y Fbsös gjbptú cgs pgcglrgs dbc Mé`bsis jkakhistúrijgab`tb vbrdgdbrgs (Agtbk 79, 4-?) UCk qub `k iapcijg qub Bc tuvibsbk `k rgzú` y aujhk ab`ks cgs pgcglrgs jk`tbìdgs b` AgtbkQGu`qub bs jibrtk qub Diks pkdrág hglbr dbjididk jrbgr gc hkalrb pkr cgbvkcujiú` k db ktrg aujhgs ag`brgs U»^kdrág sbr pkr –jgsgaib`tk‑; Cgaufbr, pkr bfbapck, oub –pgridg‑ db Gdç` sbmö` Mb` <, 78-<:)Q, cg Lilcig b`-

sb÷g qub Diks db hbjhk bsjkmiú jrbgr gc hkalrb dirbjtgab`tb g pgrtir dbcpkcvk db cg Tibrrg y skpcgr b` sus `grijbs bc skpck db cg vidg. ¡Hgrágaks lib`

b` gjbptgr cg pgcglrg db Diks b` bstb gsu`tk pkrqub `ksktrks `k bstçlg-aks gccá!UTgapkjk bstglg gccá bc qub bsjriliú y/k rbdirimiú cg Lilcig. ¡I`jcuskFbsös! Db`trk db bstg cúmijg pkdrágaks gjbptgr jugcquibr bsjritk k agì-bstk, ¡i`jcusk cks bvg`mbciks gpújrioks! K, b` jgsk açs bxtrbak, ¡cg LilcigZgtçìjg db G`tk` Cg_by !QU4Q

Jk`jcusiú`

Zi hgstg cks supubstgab`tb b`tb`didks `k pubdb` dgr`ks u`g rbs-pubstg gdbjugdg , aujhk ab`ks ck pk-drbaks hgjbr `ksktrks. Zbmuiaks grag`dk qub cks gjk`tbjiaib`tks rbcgtgdks `k sk` açsqub purgs cbyb`dgs k, jkak aujhk, gcbmkrágs `bjbsgrigs pgrg cks prkpú-

sitks db cg épkjg y, sklrbtkdk, pgrg gtb`dbr g cks ab`ks privicbmigdks y/ki`jgutks k, quib` sglb, ¡pgrg –gtb`dbr‑ g cks açs bxpbrtks!

–Ab bs dioájic jkaprb`dbr jkak bc publck fudák bsjkmiú bc G`timuk Tbstg-

ab`tb jkak tbxtk sgmrgdk. Bs u`g abzjcg tgc db glsurdks qub `k hg pk-

didk sbr i`vb`tgdk pkr u` skck hkalrb. Oubrk` `bjbsgrigs mb`brg-jik`bsy mb`brgjik`bs pgrg prkdujir bsg ak`struksidgd.‑ (Fksé Zgrgagmk ‚ rk-

ag`jistg, pkbtg, drgagturmk, gutkdidgjtg y prbaik @klbc db Citbrgturg b`7998, `gjidk b` 79<<, ^krtumgc )

^kcéaijgs pgrg cilrbpb`sgdkrbs

U7Q @ktg6Bc prbsb`tb tbxtk, cimbrg-

ab`tb akdijgdk, oubpulcijgdk b` bc `öabrk<=9 dbc sbag`grik bcbj-

trúìjk OCKHG AGÍÚ-

@IJG (okchgagskìjgNmagic.jka)

U<Q @ktg dbc jkkrdi`gdkr6^rklglcbab`tb `k sbtrgtg dbc ou`dgdkr dbcAku`tgi` Lieb, açs krib`-

tgdk g cks dbpkrtbs5 `kjrbbaks b` su pktb`jigc

pgrg bsjrilir tg`tgs tk`tb-rágs sklrb bc gsu`tk..

U:Q @ktg6Y oubrk` cks dágs db Gdç`,dbspués db mb`brú g Zib-

tb, kjhkjib`tks g÷ks, ytuvk hifks b hifgs‑ (@ktg6Gquici`k \. Cbgc)

U4Q @ktg6

Ou`dgdkr db cg Imcbsig dbZgtç` (79??).

Oifgrsb b` cg jruz i`vbrtidg db cgs oktks db Fug` glck II6 sáalkck sgtçìjk (G`tijristk) pgrggcmu`ks y pgrg ktrks cg sb÷gc db cg jurz dbc gpkstkc Zg` ^bdrk.




xxxx^kcéaijgs pgrg cilrbpb`sgdkrbs

^rúxiak `öabrk6 Cg cgapgrg dbc gtrik.»Hg rbbxik`gdk sklrb bc tbxtk; »Wuibrb dgr g jk`kjbr su jk`jcusiú`; »Wuibrb vbrcg pulcijgdg;B`vábcg g6 rbtgcbsdbagsk`brigNmagic.jka

Zklrb bc gutkr

Bc _.½.H.½. Gquici`k \bgc bs kriu`dk db Bspg÷g (Vgakrg), pbrk rbsidb b` Lrgsic (Ciag Dugrtb —Ai`gs Mbrgis) dbsdb dijibalrb db 792<.

I`mbìbrk bcbjtrijistg y prkobskr uìvbrsitgrik, sb b`jub`trg fulicgdk.

Oub iìjigdk b` cg Agsk`brág bc >: db Zbptibalrb db 79=?, bcbvgdk gc mrgdk jkapg÷brk bc<8 db Glric db79=8 y bxgctgdk g Agbstrk bc <: db Agrzk db 79=9.Bc >2 db Fucik db 7988 kjupú bc jgrmk db _b`brglcb Agbstrk.

Bc _.½. H.½. Gquici`k \bgc oub ou`dgdkr db cgs ckmigs Zbptba Orgtbris 92 (\ák db Fg`birk) bc7>/>8/798: y Ztgìscgs db Mugitg 7?2 (\ák db Fg`birk) bc <>/>?/<>>?. Galgs trglgfg`dk b` bc \BGG

ûbdb` jk`tgjtgrcb pkr abdik db su b-agic6 gquici`kcbgcNr=.jka



4? \btgcbs db Agsk`brág

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»Zglágs qub ùabrksks jg`tg`tbs db aösijg Jku`try oubrk` agsk`bs; Bsustbd jgpgz db `kalrgr pkr ck ab`ks ji`jk.Zi ustbd sglb cg rbspubstg `k dbfbdb b`vigrcg y cg pulcijgrbaks b` bc simuib`tb `öabrk.Bsjrilg g rbtgcbsdbagsk`brigNmagic.jka

\bspubstg gc `öabrk g`tbrikr

»Wué juriksidgd tib`b cg objhg db iìjigjiú` db Kswgcd ]irth b` cg agsk`brág;

Bc hbrag`k Kswgcd ]irth oub iìjigdk bc <? db B`brk db 7884 b` cg ckmig –Libògisg`jbJhìck``gisb‑ fustk bc dág db su <> juapcbg÷ks, yg qub hglág `gjidk bc <? db B`brk db78?4.

@KTG6 Cg agykrág db cgs prbmu`tgs db bstg sbjjiú` sb lgsg` b` bc cilrk –Jrk`kckmág agsúìjg‑dbc _.½. H.½. Bthibc Kagr Jgrtbs.http6//www.orbbagsk`s-orbbagsk`ry.jka/jrk`kckmig[agíkìjg.htac

^\BMR@TGZ DB AGZK@B\ÁG

Vk`g db rbcgx



4=\btgcbs db Agsk`brág

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OKTKZ Y DKJRAB@TKZ G@TIMRKZ

Vk`g db rbcgx

Ckmig Grak`ág. Zg`tg Ob - Grmb`ti`g 797>




xxxxVk`g db rbcgx - ^gsgtibapks

Rstbd sb b`jub`trg u` pkjk gprbtgdk db vib`trb y prbjisg ccbmgr jk` urmb`jig gc sbrvijikdb jglgccbrks g`tbs db qub sujbdg ck qub `gdib dbsbg. Zgcb jkrrib`dk jugc gcag qub ccbvg bc dig-

lck pbrk bc mrgjiksk dbc cumgr hg jkckjgdk cks lg÷ks gc `gc db u` cglbri`tk, gdbaçs, cgs bjhgsdb gcmu`ks jkrrbdkrbs i`dijg` qub sk` db dirbjjiú` ö`ijg y `i jk` urmb`jigs sb pubdb ir gc rbvés.»Juçc bs cg rutg qub cb cilbrgrç db su gpribtk;

^GZGTIBA^K <

R`g lglksg sb b`jub`trg b` bc ok`dk db u` pkzk sbjk db 9.8> abtrks db prkou`di -dgd y prbtb`db sgcir db gccá. Durg`tb bc dág, jgdg dág, bccg jk`simub sulir 7.4> abtrks pkr cgpgrbd, pbrk pkr cg `kjhb, tkdgs cgs `kjhbs, aib`trgs dubrab, sb bsjurrb hgjig glgfk ?>ja (>.?> abtrks). Zbmurk qub ustbd `ks pubdb dbjir jug`tks dágs tgrdg cg lglksg b` sgcirdbc pkzk jk` bsb ritak db sulidgs y lgfgdgs. »vbrdgd

^GZGTIBA^K 7





^GZGTIBA^K :

»Wué bs cg Jugrbsag y qub rbprbsb`tg;

Tkdgs cgs rbspubstgs/skcujik`bs db cks pgsgtibapks, fu`tk jk` sus rbspbjtivks bù`jigdks pgrgrborbsjgr cg ab`tb dbc cbjtkr, sbrç` pulcijgdgs b` cg prúxiag bdijiú`.

Aib`trgs tg`tk, si quibrb b`vigr`ks su rbspubstg g cks dbsgoáks bstgrbaks jk`tb`tks db rbjilircgs ypulcijgr cgs açs krimi`gcbs

rbtgcbsdbagsk`brigNmagic.jka

ZKCRJIK@BZ GC @ÖAB\K G@TB\IK\, AG\VK DB <>74

^GZGTIBA^K 7 Bc dág db Tkdks cks Zg`tks ouiaks g cg tualg db cg tág jgr`gc db ùbstrg aufbr, pgsgaks pkrvgriks tö-aucks y cgpidgs dbc vibfk jbab`tbrik db ciag Dugrtb, ai`gs Mbrgis, Lrgsic. R`g db bccgs `ksccgaú cg gtb`jiú` hgstg bc pu`tk db tkagr `ktg db ck qub bstglg bsjritk pgrg skcujik`grck dbs-pués, jk` açs tibapk. Bstk bs ck qub dbjág6 –Gquá ygjb Lib``gjidk _ivk db Tkdks cks Zg`tks, qub`gjiú b` u` g÷k qub brg u` julk pbrobjtk, bc g÷k qub auriú brg u` jugdrgdk pbrobjtk. Ck qubéc viviú tgalié` oub u` jugdrgdk pbrobjtk‑ Jibrtk bs qub prbjisg ktrk Lbrbaiz Zgair pgrg dgr jk`cg skcujiú`, cg cçpidg i`dijgdg brg dbc simck X_III.Rstbd tib`b ghkrg tkdk ck `bjbsgrik pgrg dbjir`ks jk` jug`tks g÷ks `ks dbfú Lib``gjidk _ivk dbTkdks cks Zg`tks

Zkcujiú`Lib`, trgtç`dksb dbc simck X_III, tb`baks qub b`jk`trgr u` julk pbrobjtk b`trb 7=>> y 7=99. Cgjgcju-cgdkrg ks dijb qub cg rgáz jölijg db 7=99 bs gprkxiagdgab`tb imugc g 7<,??, aib`trgs qubcg rgáz jölijg db 7=>> vgcb 77,9:, gsá qub bc `öabrk b`tbrk qub sgtisogjb cg rbmcg bs 7<6 7<: 1 7=<8 ‚ qub bs bc g÷k db gjiaib`tk db dbsjk`kjidk Lib``gjidk^rkjbdib`dk db okrag g`çckmg cg rgáz jugdrgdg db 7=99 bs gprkxiagdgab`tb 4<,47 y db 7=>> bs 47,<: ck qub jk`dujb gc vgckr b`tbrk 4<6 4<< 1 7=?4.Jkak `gjiú b` 7=<8 y auriú b` 7=?4, Lib``gjidk viviú :? g÷ks (7=?4 ‚ 7=<8) qub tgalié` bs u`jug-drgdk ^brobjtk yg qub cg rgiz jugdrgdg db :? bs ?

Zbg jkak sbg, cg rbspubstg jkrrbjtg bs qub Lib``gjidk _ivk db Tkdks cks Zg`tks viviú :? g÷ks

^GZGTIBA^K <

Cg murg iòbrikr bs gcmk pgrbjidk g u`g G db Gquici`k, okragdg pkr 7? pu`tks b` jkckr pur -purg ( »\.½.B.½.G.½.G.½.;). »Juç`tks triç`mucks disti`tks jk` cks vértijbs b` cks pu`tks db cg murg sbpubdb` okr-agr;

@ktg6 Bstb bs pgrg tkdks gqubccks qub –kcvidgrk`‑ bc çcmblrg db sbmu`dk mrgdk.





Zkcujiú`Tb`baks 7? pu`tks qub hg` db sbr jkali`gdks trbs g trbs. kr tg`tk bc tktgc db jkali`gjik-

`bs b`trb bccks sk`

Zi` balgrmk, `k tkdgs bstgs jkali`gjik`bs dg` cumgr g triç`mucks, bxgjtgab`tb cks gmru-

pgaib`tks db pu`tks qub sk` jkci`igrbs, sib`dk bccks cgs –pibr`gs‑ dbrbjhgs b izquibrdg db cg cbtrgG, jgdg u`g jk` sibtb pu`tks y bc abdik jk` ji`jk pu`tks, pkr ck qub hgy qub rbstgr dbc tktgc 2?>trbs jk`dijik`bs

00db jgdg ‘pibr`g’6

00dbc abdik6

^kr tg`tk pubdb` sbr okragdks 2?> ‚ (< x :2) ‚ 7> triç`mucks, bs dbjir, 48> triç`mucks disti`tks.

Jcgrk qub `gdg iapidb qub ustbd gvbrimób cg rbspubstg pkr abdik dbc Jub`tk db cg _ibfg si ckprbbrb.

^GZGTIBA^K :

Zkcujiú`7) Ccbvb cg jgfg jk` cgs jbrvbzgs g cg ktrg kriccg y rbmrbsg vgják<) Ccbvb g Gquici`k (k Agrik) y rbmrbsb jk` cgs Jbrvbzgs si `k quibrb qub sb cgs lblg:) Dbfb cg jgfg b` cg ktrg kriccg y ccbvb gc qub qubdg pgrg fu`tgr cks dks gaimks4) \bmrbsb pkr cg jgfg db jbrvbzgs y ccévbcg g pkdbr db ck lblbdkrbs




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GM\GDBJIAIB@TKZ

Bstg pulcijgjiú` `k sbrág pksilcb si` cg jkcglkrgjiú` db aujhks Hbrag`ks qub `ks hg` pbraitidkusgr sus trglgfks b` cg aisag, imugcab`tb, gcmu`ks okrks y rbvistgs `ks hg` gutkrizgdk g rbpulcijgrgquá sus trglgfks, qub ab`ks qub dgr jub`tg db su orgtbr`idgd y pulcijgr sus `kalrbs y akdk dbgjjbsk.

Dbsdb yg, aujhgs mrgjigs pkr vubstrk gpkyk

Gmrgdbjiaib`tks

http6//oichksdkgrquitbtk.lckmspkt.jka.lr/

http6//www.oichksdbhirg`.lckmspkt.jka.bs

http6//hirgaglio.krm http6//digckmk-b`trb-agsk`bs.lckmspkt.jka.bs/

http6//pulcijgjik`bshbrlbrtkrb.lckmspkt.jka.bs/ http6//mrg`lilciktbjghbrlbrtkrb.lckmspkt.jka.bs/

http6//agsk`brigcgiaprb`tgdblb`fgai`.lckmspkt.jka.bs/ http6//agri`kdbgrags.lckmspkt.jka.bs

http6//bcjgai`kdbcgagsk`brig.lckmspkt.jka.bs/ http6//okchgagjk`ieg.lckmspkt.jka.lr

http6//www.agsk`brig-grgmk`bsg.bs/




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rbtg bsdbagsk`brigNmagi .jka

Retales Masoneria Numero 037 - Mayo 2014

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