Retales de Masoneria Numero 029 - Agosto-Septiembre 2013

7/30/2019 Retales de Masoneria Numero 029 - Agosto-Septiembre 2013

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PGTMCG_ DG BM_IKGPÂMMÝI ? - KÞBGPI 05 - Mhisti-_gptegb rg dg 0:=?

Gc oiktgkedi dg cis mrtâoucis ki rggnm kgogsmrembgktg gc pukti dg vestm dgc gque-pi dg –Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm‒ seki þkeom y gxocusevmbgktg gc dg cis mutirgs dg

deofis mrtâoucis.

_g destreùyg gxocusevmbgktg gk airbmti gcgotrÿkeoi. _e ustgd dgsgm pu`ceomr mchi gk cm rgvestm, oiktmotg oik gc oiirdekmdir m trmvås dgc g-bmec qug sg iargogm oiktekumoeÿk. _e dgsgm dgnmr dg rgoeèrcm oibukâqugci tmbèåk mc oiirdekmdir

dgc priygoti.

g-bmec dgc Oiirdekmdir> rgtmcgsdgbmsikgremJhbmec.oib

Oiirdekmdir>Bmrei Cÿpgz B.¸.B.¸. - Pgkmoebegkti k¾ 74

Zirtmdm> Bmkugc _iuti B.¸.B.¸. - Pgkmoebegkti k¾ 74

Bmqugtmoeÿk>Hmkhcgre (_eb`.) B.¸.B.¸. - Pgkmoebegkti k¾ 74

Oicmìrmdir ikm _ur dg Gspmým> E`gmkye Birm B.¸.B.¸. - Bireí k¾ =4?

Oicmìrmdir> Mrbmkdi Humsof B.¸.B.¸. - Hrmk Cihem dg Ou`m

Oicmìrmdir> Q.¸. F.¸. Mqueceki P. Cgmc ¸. ‟ (Cihem _tmkescms dg Humetm =17) - PN - @rmsec

Oicmìrmdir> Q.¸. F.¸. N. B. @mrrgdi Bmkdzeul ‟ Cihem _ic dg Mrmhum k¾ 51 - Qgkgzugcm.

Gc oiktgkedi sg gkougktrm `mni ceogkoem Orgmtevg Oibbiks OO @U-KO-KD ?.:fttp>//orgmtevgoibbiks.irh/ceogksgs/`y-ko-kd/?.:/dggd.gs



]].•.FF.•. tidis, m omdm uki gk su hrmdi y oikdeoeÿk.

Gc pmsmdi bgs dg Mhisti pri`cgbms tåokeois feoegrik ekvem`cg qug gstm rgvestm ccghmsg mvugstrms bmkis, pir gcci, gc _TMAA fm dgoededi oibpgksmris oik bís píhekms gstg bgs, gspgrm -bis qug tidis cis mrtâoucis is hustgk y gsg gxtrm is fmhm icvedmr cm amctm dg vugstrm rgvestm gc pm-smdi bgs

Zu`ceombis gk GVOCW_EQM pmrm cis cgotirgs cm i`rm Gc Ekeoemdi, i`rm oik cm qug su mutir hmkÿ gcprgbei dg kmrrmtevm dg su Iregktg, ukm i`rm qug dm ukm veseÿk kivgcmdm dgc mogrombegkti dg ukpriamki m cm Irdgk m trmvås dg ci qug pmrgogk –omsumcedmdgs‒

U ki pegksi gxtgkdgrbg buofi bís mquâ, ym is dgni oik gc oiktgkedi dg cm rgvestm< pgri quegrirgoirdmris m tidis qug ki sici dg cggr vevg gstm rgvestm, se sies gsoretirgs gkvemdkis vugstrms i`rmspmrm pu`ceomrcms i mc kmc ki fm`rí qug cggr.

Wk T.•.M.•.A.•.

4

5==

?:

Mocmrgbis dgketevmbgktg.

Fgrícdeom Bmsÿkeom> Bmrg Omktm-`reoub

Zicåbeoms pmrm Ce`rgpgksmdirgs

Bmtgbíteom gk cm Bmsikgrâm

Cis kþbgris smhrmdis gk cm trmde-oeÿk petmhÿreom bmsÿkeom (E)

âkdeog

Gdetiremc

=1

?4

?=

4: NWZM^DG

00 Gc _ic Qgkogdir

07 EKPE y Irdi M` Ofmi

05 Zriygoti sicedmrei> _ipm dg Hmksi

4= Hrmdis oicmtgrmcgs mkhcismnikgs

11 Zrghuktms dg bmsikgrâm

18 Aitis y dioubgktis mktehuis

16 Mhrmdgoebegktis

15 Zu`ceoedmd hrmtuetm

Bmsikgrâm gk gc Kugvi Bukdi>Oicib`em

Gc Ekeoemdi> Zist Tgkg`rms Cux

70 Cm Hgibgtrâm _mhrmdm ycm Bmsikgrâm

14 Deooeikmrei Bmsÿkeoi



4 Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm

Gstg trm`mni aug prgsgktmdi gk gc Ecustrg Oiksg- ni Lmdisof –Armkoesoi dg Bermkdm‒ Ki. =1

=-Bmsikgrâm ehumc m Pgceheÿk.Oumkdi pir prebgrm vgz gsouofg fm`cmr

si`rg cm pmrgnm dg oikogptis –Bmsikgrâm y Pg-ceheÿk‒ aug fmog buofi tegbpi, ekocusi buofimktgs dg gstmr sgktmdi gk cm oicubkm dg mprgk-dez, y rgougrdi qug cm prghuktm bís oibþk gkgc bukdi priamki gs cm dg se ¹Cm Bmsikgrâm gsukm Pgceheÿk9 Zgri m pgsmr dg qug oibi bm-sikgs segbprg rgspikdgbis qug cm Bmsikgrâmki gs ukm Pgceheÿk, cm vgrdmd gs qug pioi sm`g-bis cm rmzÿk vgrdmdgrm dg kugstrm rgspugstm ykirbmcbgktg sici sg `msm gk cm rgspugstm qugkis dei itri ]F mc oumc mchukm vgz feoebis gstm

prghuktm.

Tgkgbis qug mdbeter oibi bmsikgspgksmktgs qug puktis pmrm rgautmr cm rgspugstmdg qug cm Bmsikgrâm ki gs ukm Pgceheÿk gxestgkbuofis y sik utecezmdis pir oumcquegr fib`rgqug tgkhm oikioebegktis pmroemcgs si`rg cmBmsikgrâm i gk gspgoemc se gstg fib`rg gs mkte-bmsÿkeoi dgèdi m su amkmtesbi i prgnueoeis.

Gsti iourrg dgèdi m qug cms Cihems, oik

rmzikgs ègk aukdmdms, mtgstehumk sgr ogktrisdg cm birmcedmd, dgocmrmk dmr hrmk cuz mogr -om dg cms oisms gsperetumcgs, mrbmk fmogr dgcfib`rg uk bgnir oeudmdmki< g ekocu-si buofmsrgocmbmk qug sik dg buofm myudm pmrm gcOrestemkesbi, gk gspgoemc gk cis hrmdis gsoie-sestms dg-èdi m sus ebpcâoetis gk amvir dg gstg.Cms Cihems besbms m bgkudi pmrgogk priagsmr gc ombeki mc oegci oik cm utecezmoeÿk dg cm Ngru-smcåk Ogcgstg @â`ceom, sg fm`cm buofi mogromdg Deis gk cm hurm dgc HMDW∴gk sus deagrgktgs

mogptmoeikgs, sg ekocuygk @e`cems gk cm Cihem gkbuofis pmâsgs, y ccmbmbis m kugstris gde-oeis–Tgbpcis‒. Tidi gsti orgm uk omcdi dg ouctevi

pmrm cm mrbmoeÿk priamkm dg qug cm Bmsikgrâmgs ukm Pgceheÿk gvedgktgbgktg. Ccghm tmk cgniscm dudm qug cis bmsikgs gk gc pmsmdi tmbèåktgkâmk ukm oikauseÿk `mstmktg priaukdm mc rgs-pgoti dg se ¹cm Bmsikgrâm gs i ki ukm Pgceheÿk9,gsti gs aíoecbgktg gngbpceomdi fmstm gk bmsi-kgs grudetis oibi Mc`grt Zelg,Hmccmtek Bmolgy,gto., cis oumcgs ccghmrik m gstm`cgogrsg oibibmsikgs ekvgstehmdirgs, diogktgs si`rgsmcegk-tgs y `reccmktgs gk su åpiom trmksogkdegkdi susgsoretis fmstm kugstris dâms, cihrmkdi msâ priauk-dezmr mþk bís cm dudm. Wk gngbpci dg gsti gsgc sehuegktg oikioedi gkuk-oemdi dgc ekbirtmc ygrudeti ce`ri dg Mc`grt Zelg –Birmc y Dihbm‒>

–Cm B m si kg râm ki p ri p m h m kekh þk o rgd i , gx-

o g p ti g c suyi p ri p ei , gc bís seb p cg y su` ceb g , m sm ` g r, m q ug ccm Pg ceh eÿk Wkevg rsm c, g ksgým d m p i r cm Km turmcgzm y cm Pm zÿk. _us ci h em s ke si k Nud - âm s, ke B usucb m kg s, ke O restem km s. Cm Bm si kg râm rg e tgrm cis p rgo gp tis d g b irm ced m d d g ti d m s cm s Pgc eh eik gs‒ (Bi rm c y Dih b m , p. 8=6) .

Mquâ gvedgktgbgktg kmogk dudms oikcm utecezmoeÿk dgc oikogpti dg Pgceheÿk Wkevgrsmc,gksgýmdm pir cm Kmturmcgzm y cm Pmzÿk, mquâ pm-rgog qug gc ]F Mc`grt Zelg dgkg m cm Bmsikgrâm

oibi Pgceheÿk Kmturm-cestm y orgm bís oikauseÿkqug cuogs.

Itri gngbpci dg oiktukdgkoem qug orgmdudms iourrg mfirm oik gc ]F Hmccmtek Bmolgy,gk uk ompâtuci dg su Gkoeocipgdem dg cm Bmsi-kgrâm dikdg oiciom gc gkom`gzmdi< –Cm rgceheÿkdg cm Bmsikgrâm,‒ mquâ gc ]F Hmccmtek Bmolgyoreteom m mchukis ]]FF m quegkgs åc ccmbm –Fgr -bmkis bís tâbedis,‒ quegkgs keghmk qug cm Bm-sikgrâm sgm ukm Pgceheÿk. Gc rgpceom dg cm sehuegk-

tg bmkgrm>–Mc oiktrmrei, yi mrbi, sek dgbirm mchukm, qug

Mocmrgbis dgketevmbgktg

Mocmrgbis dgaeketevmbgktg¹Bmsikgrâm ehumc m rgceheÿk9, ¹Bmsikgrâm i rgceheÿk9

y aekmcbgktg ¹Bmsikgrâm y rgceheÿkZir gc Q.¸. F.¸. N.B.@mrrgdi Bmkdzeul ‟ Cihem _ic dg Mrmhum k¾ 51 - Qgkgzugcm



7Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm

cm B m sik grâm gs, gk tid i sg kt ed i d g cm p m cm -`rm,gxo gp ti u ki , y gsti g k su sgk t ed i b g ki s Aeci- sÿoi, ukm ekstetuoeÿk gbekgktgbgktg rgceheism,qug gstí m d gud m d m þk eo m b gktg m c g cgb gk ti rgc eh ei si q ug g stm o ik t egk g d gsd g su i reh gk , y

p m rm su g xestgk o em o i kt ekum , y q ug sek g stg g cg- b gkti rg ceh ei si , m p g km s sg râm d eh km d g cm o uc t e- vm o eÿk pi r cis sm ` ei s y ` ug ki s‒ ( Gko yo cip gd em i a Arg gb m si kry, Qi c. 0, p . 1=6 ).

Gc ]F Bmolgy orgm ukm dudm bís qugrmzikm`cg g ektgktm gstm`cgogr qug cm Bmsikg-râm gs ukm Pgce-heÿk `msmdi gk sus irâhgkgs rgce-heisis.

Gc ]F Bmolgy oiktekþm deoegkdi,

–Oiksedgrgk sus oumc edmdgs pribekgktgs, sus o g rgb i kem s su` ceb g s, sus pri auk d i s sâb ` i ci s y m cg h i râm s, ti d i s eko ucom kd i d i o trekm rg ceh ei sm ,b m kd m kd i cm i ` sgrvm ko em rgc eh ei sm , y gksgým k- d i vg rd m d gs rgc eh ei sm s, y ¹q ueåk p ug d g kg h m r q ug åstm g s gb ekg ktg b gktg ukm ekst etuo eÿk rg - ceh ei -sm 9‒( Gko yo ci p g d em i a Arg gb m si kry, Qi c. 0,p . 1=6 ).

Gc mutir oikocuyg cm sgooeÿk si`rg cm Pgce-heÿk deoegkdi>

–Cm Bm si kg râm , g s, p ug s, vg rd m d g rm b gktg , ukm ekst etuo eÿk rgceh ei sm < y gk m sg m g sti p reko e-pm c- b gk tg, seki si cm b gk tg, gc b m sÿk rgc eh ei si d g` g- râm d g agk d g rcm ‒. ( Gko yo ci p g d em i a Arg gb m si kry,Qi c. 0, p . 1=5 ).

Mrbmoeikgs oibi cms dg cis ]]FF Mc-`grt Zelg y Hmccmtek Bmolgy mktgreirbgktg oetm-dms, nukti m cms pu`ceomoeikgs bmseomdms dgsus i`rms cetgrmrems destreùedms tmkti m bmsikgs

oibi m priamkis, fmk bmk-tgkedi fmstm kugs-tris dâms cm dudm rmzikm`cg gk gc bukdi priam-ki dg se cm Bmsikgrâm gs ukm rgceheÿk gk gc sgkte-di airbmc dg cm pmcm`rm.

Zmrm mocmrmr gstm dudm y dgbistrmr qugcm Bmsikgrâm ki pugdg sgr ukm rgceheÿk tibm-bis 4 puktis gspgoâ-ois. Zmrm oik gstis 4 puk-tis pidgr rgmcezmr ukm oibpmrmoeÿk gktrg cmBmsikgrâm y cm Pgceheÿk, y msâ cihrmr gstm`cgogr dg bmkgrm ocmrm qug cm Bmsikgrâm omrgog dg

cis gcgbgktis `íseois dg cm Pgceheÿk, gktikogs>m) Ki tegkg kekhþk dihbm i tgicihâm, sek tg-

kgr dgsgi ke bgdeis pmrm fmogr oubpcer cm irti-dixem rgceheism.) Ki iargog smormbgktis.

o) Ki tegkg cm prgtgkseÿk dg oikduoer m cmsmcvmoeÿk pir i`rms, pir gc oikioebegkti sgorg-

ti, i pir oumc-quegr itri bgdei. Cis sgorgtis dgcm bmsikgrâm sg rggrgk m bidis dg rgoikioe-begkti, ki m cis bgdeis dg smcvmoeÿk.d) Ki sg pripikg oibi uk ombeki gxocu-sevi pmrm sus sghuedirgs y gxocuygktg dg cisdgbís fib rgs qug ki ci sehugk. Zir ki sgrpisggdirm dg cm Qgrdmd m`sicutm, rgvgcmdm, gs-pgoemc i si`rgfubmkm. _ici us-om cm Qgrdmd mtrmvås dg deagrgktgs bgdeis, sek gxocuer kekhukibirmcbgktg mogptm cg.

Gktikogs se cm Bmsikgrâm omrgog dg tidisgstis pecmrgs kib`rmdis mktgreirbgktg, mdg-bís dg buofis itris pecmrgs tmbèåk ebprgsoek-de`cgs dg cm rgceheÿk gs ebpise`cg qug sgm ukm dggccms, pirqug bís sg mogr-omrâm m ukm ekstetuoeÿkdg oirtg fubmkestm qug m ukm dg oirtg rgcehei-si, segkdi gstm cm vgrdmd dgc msukti y rgektgrprg-tmkdi msâ cm mrbmoeÿk qug gc irehgk rgceheisiiourredi gk gc pmsmdi festÿreoi dg cm Bmsikgrâmki cm mbmrrm m sgr kekhukm ekstetuoeÿk rgceheism,ke m kekhukm itrm oism gspgoâom, segkdi gkrgmcedmd cm Bmsi-kgrâm ukm ekstetuoeÿk Gocåote-

om, Gvicutevm y Zgragooeikestm, pir oiksehuegk-tg ompmz dg utecezmr oumcquegr oi-kioebegkti ytrmksairbmrci gk mchi pmrm gc ègk dg cm fubm-kedmd, sek omsmrsg oik gc irehgk dg deofis oiki-oebegktis.

0-Bmsikgrâm i Pgceheÿk.

Gxestg uk ekkghm`cg oikeoti dg cms Pg-ceheikgs oik pripÿsetis picâteois i qug dgsgmkistgktmr gc biki-picei dg cms oikoegkoems dg

cis fib`rgs gktrg gccms besbms y pmrm oik cmBmsikgrâm, pgri gk ombèi cm Bm-sikgrâm kitegkg oikeoti mchuki fmoem cm rgceheÿk. Cm Bm-sikgrâm fm rgoeèdi mtmqugs dgsdg deagrgktgsoikag-seikgs rgceheisms segbprg pir gc fgofi dgpribioeikmr cm ce`grtmd dg oikoegkoem y gc pgk-smbegkti ekdevedumc, dgoer itrm oism sgrem tgr -hevgrsmr cm vgrdmd. Tibgbis 0 gngbpcis dg cisbís ebpirtmktgs>

0.=-Omticeoesbi>

Gc Omticeoesbi fm pgrsghuedi y oikdg-kmdi m cm ekstetuoeÿk Bmsÿkeom dgsdg cm åpiom





gk qug gstm sg vicveÿ gspgoucmtevm, mdgbís gcOrestemkesbi Gvmkhåceoi sg fm pcghmdi m gstmbesbm oirregktg, pgri cm prghuktm sgrâm ¹Ouícgsfmk sedi cis mrhubgktis ioemcgs pmrm cm oik-dgkm9 Zidgbis tibmr cm Gkoâoceom i @ucm EK

GBEKGKTG cm oumc fm sedi cm rghcm dg iri pmrmcms oikdgkms pistgreirgs m cm Bmsikgrâm, qugekstetuyg cm gxoibuchmoeÿk dg tidis cis Omtÿce-ois qug pgrtgkgoâmk i prgtgkdâmk ekhrgsmr m cmsioegdmd sgorgtm oikioedm oibi BM_IKGPEM.

Gktrg cms rmzikgs qug gxpikg cm @ucm,pir sgr oiksedgrmdis ekorebekmtirems y oiktrm cisprekoepeis dg cm Ehcgsem>

Δ –]ug cis fib`rgs prgtgkdmk cghescmr cgygspmrm hi`grkmrsg m se besbis.‒Δ –]ug prgtgkdmk qug gxestegrm ukm sgpmrmoeÿkgktrg Gstmdi g Ehcgsem.‒Δ –]ug sg ektridungrm cm gduomoeÿk cmeom.‒

Aukdmbgktis qug fiy gk dâm sik cm kir -bm dg hiègrki dg omse tidis cis pmâsgs dgcbukdi, pgri qug pir gsis tegbpis grmk _morâcg-his y sg cgs omstehm`m oik cm pgir dg cms oikdg-kms……_gr mrrinmdis dgc sgki dg cm Ehcgsem.

Um fiy gk dâm gvedgktgbgktg kekhukm

dg cms rmzikgs irehekmcgs dg cm @ucm tegkg vmcedgz,gc tegbpi y cm rmzÿk sg fmk gkomrhmdi dg gcebe-kmrcms. Gk dis pmcm`rms> Kmdm om`mc.

Escmb>

Gc Escmb tmbèåk fm oikdgkmdi m cm Bm-sikgrâm gk rgpgtedms ipirtukedmdgs, cm bís ocm-rm dg cms gxpceom-oeikgs cm gktrghm gk gc sehuegk-tg dioubgkti prgsgktmdi gk cm WkevgrsedmdMzfmr dg Gc Omeri>

Gc Oicghei dg Nuresdeooeÿk Escíbeom O.N.E. dgocmrÿ>

–Dgspuås dg ukm oibpcgtm ekvgstehmoeÿk oik-ogrkegkdi m gstm irhmkezmoeÿk, `msmdi gk fg-ofis gsoretis privg-kegktgs dg kubgrisms augk-tgs, kisitris fgbis dgtgrbekmdi qug>

=. Cm Bmsikgrâm gs ukm irhmkezmoeÿk ocmkdgste-km, qug iouctm i rgvgcm su sestgbm, dgpgkdegk-di dg cms oer-oukstmkoems. _us prekoepeis motum-

cgs sik gsoikdedis m sus begb`ris, gxogpti mbegb`ris gsoihedis dg hrmdis supgreirgs.

0. Cis begb`ris dg cm irhmkezmoeÿk, bukdemc-bgktg, sik tibmdis dg fib`rgs sek prgagrgkoempir su Pgceheÿk, Ag i sgotm.

?. Cm irhmkezmoeÿk mtrmg m sus begb`ris `mni cm

`msg dg privggr `gkgoeis pgrsikmcgs. Gkzmrzmm cis fib-`rgs gk vicvgrsg picâteombgktg mote-vis, y sus kgs sik eknustis.

4. Cis kugvis begb`ris pmrteoepmk gk ogrgbi-kems dg deagrgktgs kib`rgs y sâbìcis, y sikmsustmdis dg dgsi`gdgogr sus rghucmoeikgs yÿrdgkgs.

7. Cis begb`ris sik ce`rgs dg prmoteomr su Pgce-heÿk, pgri sici cis begb`ris qug sik mtgis sikpribivedis m hrmdis supgreirgs, `msmdis gkoumkti gstík despugstis m sgrver m sus pgcehrisisprekoepeis y pcmkgs.

1. Gs ukm irhmkezmoeÿk Zicâteom. Fm sgrvedi gktidms cms rgvicuoeikgs, tmkti trmksairbmoeikgsbecetmrgs oibi picâteoms. Gk tidis cis ombèispgcehrisis gstm irhmkezmoeÿk mpmrgog tmkti gx-pugstm oibi vgcmdmbgktg.

8. Gs ukm irhmkezmoeÿk Nudâm gk sus rmâogs. _usbíxebis Derehgktgs sgorgtis sik Nudâis y pri-

bugvgk moteve-dmdgs _eikestms.

6. _us i`ngtevis prebmreis sik gc destrmgr dg cms Pg-ceheikgs y destrmg m cis Busucbmkgs dgc Escmb.

5. Ektgktm rgocutmr fib`rg oik ekugkoem kmk-oegrm, picâteom, sioemc i oegktâom, pmrm utecezmrcis.Ki tibm gk oiksedgrmoeÿk mceomktgs qug kipugdm utecezmrcis. Pgocutm Pgygs, Zrebgris Bekes-tris, mctis ioemcgs dgc hiègrki g ekdeveduis dgsebecmr oikdeoeÿk.

=:. Tegkg rmbms mni deagrgktgs kib`rgs m airbmdg ombumng, pmrm qug cm hgktg ki pugdm dmr sghuebegkti m sus motevedmdgs, gspgoemcbgktgse gc kib`rg dg Bmsikgrâm tegkg ipiseoeÿk. Gs-tms rmbms sik oikioedms oi-bi Cyiks, Pitmry, yitrms. Gccms tegkgk prekoepeis bmcvmdis qug oik-trmdeog oibpcgtmbgktg cms rghcms dgc Escmb. Fmyukm ocmrm rgcmoeÿk gktrg Bmsikgrâm, Nudmâsbi ygc _eikesbi Ektgrkmoeikmc. Fm oiktricmdi cms mote-vedmdgs dg mctis ioemcgs Írm`gs gk gc pri`cgbm

Zmcgsteki. Fm cebetmdi sus dg`grgs, i`cehmoeikgsy motevedmdgs pmrm gc `gkgoei dgc Nudmâsbi ygc _eikesbi ektgrkmoeikmc.





Dmdi qug cm Bmsikgrâm sg ekvicuorm gkmotevedmdgs pgcehrisms, gs uk hrmk pgcehri, y oiki`ngtevis bmcvmdis, gc _âkidi Nuresdeooeikmc dg-tgrbekm qug cm Bmsikgrâm gs ukm irhmkezmoeÿk

pgcehrism y dgstruotevm. Oumcquegr Busucbíkqug sg mcem m gccm, smègkdi cm vgrdmd dg susi`ngtevis, gs uk ekgc mc Escmb‒.Oicghei dg Nuresdeooeÿk Escíbeom, =7 dg nucei dg=586

Mfirm se rgmcezmbis ukm cgoturm mkmcâteomg ebpmroemc mc dioubgkti mktgreir pidgbis i`-sgrvmr qug cms rmzikgs dmdms sg `msmk gk gspg-oucmoeikgs qug rgsuctmk gk bgkterms gvedgktgsdg oiktric bukdemc Bmsÿkeoi i gk nusteomoei-kgs dikdg cm picâteom dgc Escmb ùsom oiktricmr gc pidgr picâteoi, goikÿbeoi i sioemc y gkougk-trm gk cm Bmsikgrâm gc pri`cgbm dg cm Ce`grtmddg oikoegkoem ekdevedumc y dg nusteoem, sek pgrom-tmrsg qug gk rgmcedmd cis supugstis pcmkgs dgoiktric picâteoi, goikÿbeoi y sioemc sik ccgvmdism omì pir hrupis Escíbe-ois qug ccghmk m air -bmr pmrtedis picâteois y fmstm m dgocmrmr m ukgstmdi oibi dgpgkdegktg dgc Escmb ccghmk-dim cis aukdmbgktmcesbis y amkmtesbis bís rgomc-oetrmktgs veicmtireis dg tidi dgrgofi i ce`grtmd.

Gk itri irdgk sg mrbm mègrtmbgktg gcpri`cgbm dg cm ce`grtmd dgc pgksmbegkti oibiukm nusteomoeÿk oiktrm cm Bmsikgrâm y gs fms-tm rese`cg gc mktesgbetesbi qug oiktegkg gc diou-bgkti gk gc oumc mdnuktmk m cm Bmsikgrâm uk ire-hgk Nudmeoi oibi ukm oism Dem`ÿceom. Gk trgspmcm`rms sg pugdg rgsuber tidi gc dioubgk-ti>Oiktric GoikÿbeoiZicâteoiMktesgbetesbi. …………..Kmdm om`mc dg kugvi.

Zidgbis oikocuer qug kmdm oikorgti yvgrmz oiktrm cm Bmsikgrâm fm sedi prgsgktmdipir kekhukm Pgce-heÿk gk kekhþk bibgkti, cmvgrdmd gs qug cms rgceheikgs segbprg fmk oucpm-di ebmhekmrembgktg m cm Bmsi-kgrâm dg sus pri-pems cmorms y gstehbms festÿreois (Zgrsgouoeikgsrgceheisms, oiktric picâteoi, ekqueseoeikgs, ektgrg-sgs goikÿbeois, gto.), gk `þsqugdm dg pritg-hgr sus ektgrgsgs bmtgremcgs y prevecgheis.

Cm vgrdmd gs qug kekhuki rgoirdÿ cms pmcm`rms

dg mqugc fubecdg fib`rg feni dg uk omrpektgriqug sgk-tgkoei>

–Mktgs d g vg r cm p m nm gk g c i ni m ngki sm o m cm v eh m d gc tuyi‒ .

?-Bmsikgrâm y Pgceheÿk.

Cis fib`rgs segbprg fmk airbmdi ocu-`gs y hrupis sioemcgs. Fmy buofms irhmkezmoei-kgs oâveoms ègk airbmdms (tmcgs oibi Pitmry,Cgikgs, Lewmkes, gto.) qug sik mpripemdms gk sâ besbms. Wk fib`rg rgceheisi dg oumcquegr oik-agseÿk pugdg sgr m`sicutmbgktg gc m sus orggk-oems y mc besbi tegbpi pugdg sgr begb`ri dgoumcquegrm dg gstis ocu`gs pir rmzikgs oâveoms.Zgri gk oumkti m cm Bmsikgrâm cm oism sg oib-pceom, cm pmr-teoepmoeÿk dg cis Orestemkis, Busuc-bmkgs, gto. sg ocmseom oibi pgombekisi, pir cms mutiredmdgs Pgceheisms pgrtekgktgs dg sus org-dis.

Pgspgoti dg cms mrbmoeikgs si`rg cm eb-piseècedmd dg oikoecemr cis prekoepeis Bmsÿkeoisy Pgceheisis, pidgbis rgautmrcms titmcbgktg y gx-ocuercms dgèdi m qug gs gsgkoemc m cm Bmsikgrâmprgoesmbgktg gc fgofi dg ki ebpikgr kekhþk–prekoepei‒, gk gc sgktedi dg ukm piseoeÿk Aecisÿ-om i Pgceheism qug sgm i`cehmtirem pmrm tidissus begb`ris, seki pir gc oiktrmrei dg moihgr m tidis, bís mccí dg cis câbetgs dg cms devgrsms

Pgcehei-kgs y veseikgs dgc bukdi, pgri segbprg nuktmkdi fib`rgs dg ùgkm vicuktmd `msmdisgk vmcirgs fubmkis oibprgkse`cgs y mogptmdispir tidis.

Cm vgrdmd gs qug cm Bmsikgrâm oikstetu-yg uk pukti dg oifgseÿk pmrm tidis mqugccisqug orggk gk gc cm gxestgkoem dg uk sgr suprgbioetmdi oik gc kib`rg hgkåreoi dg HMDW Oetm-di dg gstm airbm pmrm ki orgmr oikeotis gk cmsairbms gxtgrkms. Mdgbís gstmbis oibpribg-

tedis gk cm cuofm pir mqugccis irdgkm-begktisbirmcgs aukdmbgktmcgs qug gstík dgkedis pir gngbpci gk gc dgoícihi, cis deícihis Zcmtÿkeoisi cm dgocmrmoeÿk dg cis dgrgofis fubmkis< cmBmsikgrâm ki mcgnmrí m kmdeg dg su Pgceheÿk, sekipir gc oiktrmrei oikstetuerí uk ekogktevi pmrm ukbmyir oibpribesi.

Gc pri`cgbm rmdeom gk gc sgktedi dg cm Pg-ceheÿk fmoem cm Bmsikgrâm, ym qug cis fib`rgsqug sehugk m sus rgceheikgs dg bmkgrm tgxtumc

i aukdmbgktmcestm, dikdg cm ce`grtmd dg pgksm-begkti pgrsikmc y oicgotevi dg`g gstmr suìr -dekmdm m cm cgy fubmkm qug moibpmým m uk





orgdi rgceheisi. Wk gngbpci sebpcg pgri mpcms-tmktg gstm gk gc rgspgti dg cis Bmsikgs pir cmpiseoeÿk Pgceheism dg tidis cis fib`rgs sek bg-kisprgoemrcis ke mtm-omrcis pir gstms, pgri gkombèi cms rgceheikgs sg mutidgkibekmk omdm

ukm oibi vgrdmdgrms y gxocuygk mc rgsti dg cmsairbms dg pgksmbegkti Pgceheisi i Cmeoi oibigrrmdms i Dem`ÿceoms m pgsmr m vgogs dg rgagrersgmc besbi Deis oik cm þkeom deagrgkoem dgc kib-`rg y airbms gxtgrkms gk cm mdirmoeÿk. Zir gsi gcBmsÿk pug-dg sgr Pgceheisi pgri ki aukdmbgk-tmcestm, cm rmzÿk y gc gstudei dg cm festirem cg dmrícm ce`grtmd dg oikoegkoem kgogsmrem pmrm rgoi-kiogr cis câbetgs smcudm`cgs gk mb`ms gsagrms y mpgromtmrsg dg cis grrirgs fubmkis qug pugdmkgxester gk cm mdbekestrmoeÿk dg cm Pgceheÿk mquâ gkcm tegrrm.

Cm Bmsikgrâm sici tegkg uk dihbm y gs mcbibgkti dgc ekhrgsi m gccm, gc dg cm orggkoem gkuk sgr suprg-bi, dg mfâ gk mdgcmktg cm ce`grtmdgs m`sicutm y cm rgspiksmècedmd mþk bís hrmk-dg m rmzÿk dg gcci. Zir gsi uk Bmsÿk pugdg sgr Pgceheisi, uk fib`rg vgrdmdgrmbgktg Pgceheisimc sgrveoei dg uk sgr suprgbi, ki uk tâtgrg oik-tricmdi pir itris fib`rgs g er m su Ehcgsem i oik-agseÿk oumcquegrm sgm gstm, oik cm argktg gk mctiy oik cm sghuredmd qug gc HMDW sgm oibi sgm

qug åc ci ccmbg, gstmrí oiktgkti dg qug gstå gksu Ehcgsem, Bgzquetm, Tgbpci i Tmccgr Bmsÿkeoipgri qug msestm m su oucti. _i rg gc mutir

Gc Q.¸. F.¸. N. B. @mrrgdi Bmkdzeul

Feni dg pmdrg hmccghi y bmdrg uormkem-

km, gs Ekh. Gcgotreoestm, priagsir ukevgrsetmrei, gs-oretir mdgbís dg ce`rg pgksmdir. Pgsedg y trm`m- nm gk Qgkgzugcm gk cm Cihem –_ic dg Mrmhum‒ k¾51 oikioedm ekairbmcbgktg oibi –Cm Wkevgrse-dmd dg cms Cihems‒ dgèdi m cm cmrhm cestm dg ecus-trgs bmsikgs vgkgzicmkis ekeoemdis gk gccm y sggkougktrm trm`mnmkdi gk gc PGMM





Fgrícdeom Bmsÿkeom

Dgsorepoeÿk dgc gb cgbm

Gstg Hrmdi sg `msm gk cm cgygkdm dgcdecuvei ukevgrsmc, oibi ègk ekdeomk oegrtis gcg-bgktis dgc gsoudi oibi cm pmcibm oik cm finmdg icevi, sâbìci bgdemktg gc oumc Kiå supiqug gc decuvei fm`âm tgrbekmdi, pugs Kiå gkveÿm cm pmcibm y rghrgsÿ oik cm rmbm dg icevi gkgc peoi, gc mrom dikdg Kiå bgteÿ m su ambecem y mukm pmrgnm dg mkebmcgs dg omdm gspgoeg, pmrm

msghurmr cm pgrpgtuedmd dg cis besbi dgspuåsdgc decuvei oik gc qug Deis cebpeÿ cm tegrrm, nustigkoebm dg cm pmcibm y gc omrom, gkoiktrmbisuk treíkhuci vgrdg hurm hgibåtreom buy eb-pirtmktg gk gstg hrmdi y ukm H dgktri oik cissehkeomdis qug tidis sm`gbis qug tegkg gsmcgtrm gk bmsikgrâm, uki dg gccis gs H. M. D. W. iHrmk Mrquetgoti dgc Wkevgrsi, pmrm uk Kmutm dgcMrom Pgmc sgrâm _.O.D.W. i _uprgbi Oibmkdmk-tg dgc Wkevgrsi, gc Mroi Eres qug sgccm gc pmoti dgDeis oik cis fib`rgs dgspuås dgc decuvei, fmstm

mquâ fgbis dgsoreti cis gcgbgktis hgkåreois dgcm Mktehum y Fikirm`cg Armtgrkedmd dg Kmutmsdgc Mrom Pgmc qug kis gkoiktrmbis gk gc gsou-di.

Mfirm vmbis m oibgktmr cis gcgbgktisdeagrgkoemdirgs dgc gsoudi dgktri dg cis Kmu-tms y qug dgkgk gc sgktedi y gspâretu dg gstmcihem dg Kmutms, gc prebgri y bís gvedgktg gsgc bmpm dg cm oirkesm omktí`reom y cms oibuke-dmdgs mutÿkibms qug ci airbmk, gsti ekdeom cmpriogdgkoem bmyiretmrem dg cis fgrbmkis auk-dmdirgs dg cm cihem, y mchuki bís priogdgktgdg Bmdred, y mdgbís ekdeom tmbèåk gc pugr -

ti dikdg gstí mbmrrmdm gc mrom, Tirrgcmvghm(Omktm`rem), cuhmr dg trm`mnis fmètumc dg gstmCihem, gk kþbgris ribmkis dg`mni dgc bmpmgkoiktrmbis BBVEE (0:=0) qug gs gc mýi dg

oiksmhrmoeÿk dg gstm Cihem dg Kmutms, cughitgkgbis uk oerouci qug servg dg ìrdg dgc gs-oudi, dg oicir vgrdg, oicir pir gxogcgkoem dgchrmdi dg Kmutms, oik gc kib`rg dg cm Cihem y sukþbgri dg rghestri mktg cm Hrmk Cihem dg Bmgs-tris Bmsikgs dg Bmrom dg Ekhcmtgrrm, Hmcgs ysus Destretis y Cihems dg Wctrmbmr, qug gs gxmotm-bgktg gc besbi qug cm Cihem dg Bmgstris Bm-sikgs dg Bmrom –Cmpes Mkhuce‒ m cm qug cm Cihemdg Kmutms gstí mbmrrmdm. Tidms cms Cihems dgKmutms tegkgk qug gstmr i`cehmtirembgktg mbm-

rrmdms m ukm dg Bmgstris Bmsikgs dg Bmrom,ym qug mbìs hrmdis dgpgkdgk dg cm besbmHrmk Cihem.

GKCMOG_

Cihem dg Kmutms dgc Mrom Pgmc Bmrg Omktm re-oub> fttp>//bmrgomktm`reoub=5=6.oib

Hrmk Cihem dg dg Bmgstris Bmsikgs dg Bmrom(Destreti dg Gspmým)>

fttp>//destreotbmrlspmek.oib

Cihem> Bmrg Omktm reoub =5=6

Trm mnm gc Peti> Kmutms dgc Mrom Pgmc

Oeudmd> TirrgcmvghmZmâs> GspmýmI`gdegkoem> Hrmkd Cidhg ia Bmrl Bmstgr Bmsiks (Destreti dg Gspmým)



=: Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm

Zu`ceoetm tu priygoti

Zu`ceoetm mquâ tu priygoti sicedmrei

Gs ugki(i gsi kis deogk),

gs iketi(i gsi prgtgkdgbis)

y gs `mrmti(titmcbgktg hrmtes)



==Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm

Gk =6=5, trms cmrhis mýis dg dibekmoeÿkgspmýicm, sg aukdm gk cm oeudmd dg _mktm Aå dg@ihitm cm Cihem –Cis oirmzikgs sgkse`cgs‒ dg cmoumc gs begb`ri gc Hgkgrmc Armkoesoi dg Zmucm_mktmkdgr msâ oibi uk hrupi sgcgoti dg pmtrei-tms. Bgsgs dgspuås dg su aukdmoeÿk ombèm sukib`rg m –Cuz dg Oicibèm k¾ =‒ y pistgreir -bgktg m –Armtgrkedmd @ihitmkm K¾ =‒.

@icevmr y _mktmkdgr grmk fgrbmkis bmsi-kgs pgri sus puktis dg vestm ki grmk cis besbis.Gk kivegb`rg dg =606 @icevmr dgorgtm cm prife-èoeÿk dg tidms cms sioegdmdgs sgorgtms ym qugmousm m _mktmkdgr dg ukm oikspermoeÿk oiktrm

su pgrsikm armhumdm gk ukm dg cms rgukeikgs gkcm –_ioegdmd Aecicÿheom dg @ihití‒. Oibi oik-sgougkoem dg cm prifeèoeÿk, cm bmsikgrâm gktrmgk rgtriogsi gk Oicibèm< pgri oik cm myudmdg bmsikgs ekhcgsgs, nmbmeomkis y uk hrupi dgom`mccgris dg Omrtmhgkm dg Ekdems, sg aukdm gc5 dg m`rec dg =6?? uk ougrpi bmsÿkeoi dgktridg cms rghcms dgc Peti Gsoioås Mktehui y Mogptm-di `mni gc kib`rg dg –Hrmk Iregktg y _uprgbiOiksgni Kgi Hrmkmdeki‒ qug aukoeikÿ, durmk-tg uk tegbpi, oibi _uprgbi Hrmk Oiksgni dgc

Hrmdi ??¾ pmrm Oicibèm. Gstm pitgkoem cgvmk-tÿ oicubkms pir tidm Oicibèm y itris pmâsgsdg cm Mbåreom cmtekm.

Bmsikgrâm gk gc kugvi Bukdi> Oicibèm


Zir gc Q.¸. F.¸. Bmrei Cÿpgz Peoi

Oicib em

_ghþk cis festiremdirgs, ym gk gc mýi=:.47: m.O fm`âm prgsgkoem fubmkm gk Oicib-èm, pgri kisitris ki vmbis m er tmk mtrís pir -qug, sekogrmbgktg, dudmbis buofi qug gktmk tgbprmkm åpiom gxestegsgk bmsikgs gk gctgrretirei oicibèmki.

Oik gc k dg ki mcmrhmr dgbmsemdi gstmgktrmdm ki vmbis m ogktrmrkis pmrm kmdm gk cmfestirem oicibèmkm oibi oicikem dg deagrgktgspmâsgs< mdgbís, oibi itrms oicikems _udmbg-reomkms, mc kmc oiksehuegrik su ekdgpgkdgkoemdgc ebpgrei.

Cms prebgrms rgukeikgs bmsÿkeoms oicib-èkms tuvegrik cuhmr gk _mktm Aå dg @ihití. Wkmdg gstm rgukeikgs aug derehedm pir Dik MktikeiKmreýi y Mcvmrgz. Gc mýi =58?, Kmreýi y gc bgdeoiCues dg Pegux, bmsÿk armkoås, cgvmktmk cms oi-cubkms dg cm cihem –Gc mromki su`cebg dg cm Ae-cmktripem‒

Durmktg gstg pgreidi, hrmkdgs ektgcgo-tumcgs argougktms cm e`ceitgom dg Kmreýi> Gc mì-

hmdi Niså Mktikei Peomurtg y Pehugeri (humrdeíkdg cis gstmtutis dg cm sioegdmd sgorgtm)< NisåBmrâm Cizmki y Bmkrequg, feni dgc bmrquås dg_mk Nirhg< Niså Cues Mzuicm, aukdmdir dgc –Oi-rrgi Oureisi‒<su mbehi Armkoesoi Mktikei ^gm ygc ourm Armkoesoi Tivmr.

Mktikei Bmreki pu`ceoÿ –Cis dgrgofisdgc fib`rg y gc oeudmdmki‒ segkdi dgtgkedi yprgsi, gkvemdi m Oídez gs myudmdi pir mbehisbmsikgs y oiksehug fuer m Bmdred y cughi ccghmr

m Zmrâs. Gk Zmrâs oikiog m Armkoesoi dg Bermkdmy pmrteoepm gk devgrsm rgukeikgs bmsÿkeoms.



=0 Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm

M pgsmr dg tidi, cms motevedmdgs ki sg rg-oupgrmk pir oibpcgti fmstm =645,oumkdi Hik-zícgz y Aiurkegr, dis bmsikgs gspmýicgs, aukdmkgk cm ompetmc cm Cihem –Gstrgccm dg Tgqugkdmbm‒,hgkgrmkdi uk hrmk gktusemsbi gktrg cis bmsi-

kgs oreiccis.

Gk Nukei dg =67=, gc –_uprgbi Oiksgnidgc Hrmdi ??¾ pmrm Oicibèm‒ rgoe`g dgc HrmkIregktg dg Armkoem ukm omrtm oikstetutevm pm-smkdi m sgr cm þkeom mutiredmd bmsÿkeom qugdereherí cm irdgk gk Oicibèm durmktg omse 8:mýis.

Gk cm sghukdm betmd dgc sehci VEV, cis bm-sikgs motþmk y oiksehugk gcebekmr cis þctebisrgsqueoeis dgc råhebgk oicikemc y dg gsocmvetud,orgmr cms `msgs dgc dgsmrricci goikÿbeoi y dmr cm cuofm pir cm hmrmktâm dg cms ce`grtmdgs sioem-cgs.

Trms uk pgqugýi rgogsi gk su trm`mni,gc = dg gkgri dg =50:, gc _uprgbi Oiksgni dgchrmdi ?? oikviom ukm Msmb`cgm Kmoeikmcoibpugstm pir sici oumtri dgcghmdis dg omdmcihem oicibèmkm oikstetuygkdi cm –_grgkâsebmHrmk Cihem Kmoeikmc dg Oicibèm‒ dg bidiqug gc Hrmk Iregktg Oicibèmki sg vugcvg ek-

dgpgkdegktg dg cm bmsikgrâm seb`ÿceom.

Gk =500 sg aukdm cm Hrmk Cihem dg Oi-cibèm oik sgdg gk _mktm Aå dg @ihití y gc rgs-ti, fmstm kugstris dâms, ym gs festirem.

Mkgxis ‟ @eihrmaâms

Armkoesoi dg Zmucm _mktmkdgr

Armkoesoi Niså dg Zmucm _mktmkdgr y

Ibmým (Qeccm dgc Pismrei, 0 dg m`rec dg =850= -@ihití, 1 dg bmyi dg =64:) aug uk gstmdestm, nu-restm, rgvicuoeikmrei, becetmr y picâteoi oicibèm-ki, prÿogr dg cm Ekdgpgkdgkoem dg Oicibèm.Zmrteoepÿ gk cm Hugrrm dg cm ekdgpgkdgkoem.Dgsgbpgýÿ uk ric dgtgrbekmktg gk cm @mtmccmdg @iymoí y aug msogkdedi pir @icâvmr mc rmkhidg hgkgrmc dg deveseÿk. _uym gs cm armsg qug cgbmrom oibi pmtreitm, segkdi bmsik> –¡Cm pmtrempir gkoebm dg cm bmsikgrâm!‒

Aug oikioedi oibi –Gc Fib`rg dg cmsCgygs‒ y gc –Irhmkezmdir dg cm Qeotirem‒. Aug Qe-ogprgsedgktg dg cm Hrmk Oicibèm gk gc pgrâi-

di dg =6=5-=608 (gkomrhmdi dgc pidgr gngou-tevi) y Zrgsedgktg dg cm Pgpþ`ceom dg cm KugvmHrmkmdm gktrg =6?0 y =6?8.

Oiksghuedm cm ekdgpgkdgkoem gs gcghe-di Qeogprgsedgktg dg Oukdekmbmrom, gstmdidg cm Hrmk Oicibèm, qug pir gsg gktikogs ek-ocuâm tidi gc tgrretirei dg cm motumc Oicibèm, ydgsdg gstm ioekm aug gc gkomrhmdi dg fmogr vmcgr y rgspgtmr m cms kugvms mutiredmdgs rgpu-`ceomkms, qug grmk vestms pir buofis oibi ukektgkti bís dg ekdgpgkdgkoem qug suoubèrâmm cm bgtrÿpice oibi cg fm`âm iourredi m cm Zm-trem @i`m. Cughi dg oiksghuer gc oiksicedmbegk-ti dg cm mutiredmd gk gc tgrretirei dg cm KugvmHrmkmdm, aug msogkdedi m cm veogprgsedgkoemdg tidm cm Hrmk Oicibèm gk =60=, uk omrhiqug fm`âm sedi dgsgbpgýmdi ekaruotuismbgk-

tg durmktg gsis dis mýis pir Armkoesoi Mktikei^gm, Mktikei Kmreýi, Niså Bmrâm dgc Omstecci yPmdm y Hgrbík Pisoei, y ouym deouctmd rmde-om`m gk qug momrrgm`m cm ngamturm dgc Gstmdi ydgc hiègrki dgc pmâs dgèdi m cm musgkoem dgcprgsedgktg tetucmr, _ebÿk @icâvmr, pir cms hugrrmsdg ekdgpgkdgkoem dg Goumdir, Zgrþ y cm auturm@icevem.

Cms pgteoeikgs dg @icâvmr pmrm qug cg aug-rmk privgâdis cis dekgris y sicdmdis qug åstg

kgogsetm`m pmrm cm ombpmým gk Zgrþ ki augrikpise`cgs dg mtgkdgr, mc bgkis ekeoemcbgktg, pir _mktmkdgr, tidm vgz qug sg trmtm`m dg myudmr




=?Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm

gk ukm hugrrm ym gk gsg bibgkti pir augrm dgcms ariktgrms dg cm Hrmk Oicibèm, gs dgoer, gk gcgxtrmkngri. _mktmkdgr gstm`m mtmdi pmrm nuste-omr cghmcbgktg deofm myudm, ym qug gc mrtâouci=06 dg cm Oikstetuoeÿk dg Oþoutm sÿci mpceom`m

pmrm omsis dg Oikbioeÿk Ektgreir, rmzÿk pir cmqug sg dm`m preiredmd m irhmkezmr cms augrzms dgcm Pgpþ`ceom oiktrm pise`cgs rgoikquestms qugccghmsgk dgc kirtg.

Argktg mc sgotir oevecestm qug _mktmkdgr rg-prgsgktm`m surheÿ uk sgotir becetmrestm, rgkugk-tg m mogptmr cis airbmcesbis oikstetuoeikmcgs ycghmcgs y tgbgrisi dg qug gc pidgr nurâdeoi sgsi`rgpusegrm mc fgriâsbi becetmr, gk gspgoemc gcrgprgsgktmdi pir @icâvmr. Gktikogs sg airbmrikcis `mkdis smktmkdgrestm i oevecestm y ìcevmremkii becetmrestm, ci qug destmkoeÿ omdm vgz bís m cisdis câdgrgs.

Gk =601 trms su rghrgsi veotireisi, sg oik-rbÿ cm gcgooeÿk dg @icâvmr oibi prgsedgktg y_mktmkdgr oibi veogprgsedgktg, pgri cms deag-rgkoems fm`âmk ccghmdi m sgr buy priaukdms, mcpukti dg qug cis ìcevmremkis rgspmcdm`mk cmebpcmktmoeÿk dg cm oikstetuoeÿk ìcevmremkm gkcm Hrmk Oicibèm, oikstetuoeÿk qug ebpceom-`m gc omríotgr vetmceoei dg cm prgsedgkoem y cm

ekgxestgkoem dg cms gcgooeikgs, _mktmkdgr y susmdgptis prgagrâmk bmktgkgr cm oikstetuoeÿk qugsg fm`âm rbmdi gk Qeccm dgc Pismrei. Oureism-bgktg, gc 06 iotu`rg dg =608 mc rgoeèr cm oirikmoâveom gc Ce`grtmdir cm tibÿ gk sus bmkis, bm-keagstÿ qug gc pug`ci oicibèmki grm gc þkeoimorggdir m gccm, sg dereheÿ mc hgkgrmc _mktmkdgr,oicioÿ cm oirikm gk sus segkgs y bmkeagstÿ qug>–Gc Qeogprgsedgktg, oibi gc prebgri dgc pug`ci,bgrgog gstm oirikm‒.

Gc 07 dg sgptegb`rg dg =606 ipisetirgsdgc hiègrki augrik mc Zmcmoei dg _mk Omrcisoik gc i`ngtevi dg mtgktmr oiktrm åc, @icâvmr ci-hrÿ fuer.

Cughi dg uk nueoei qug veicÿ gc dgè-di priogsi, _mktmkdgr aug fmccmdi oucpm`cg,aug dghrmdmdi, gxpucsmdi dgsfikrismbgktgy oikdgkmdi m birer ausecmdi pir cm gspmcdm,pgri su pgkm aug ombèmdm cughi mc dgstegrri.Gk =6?: suogdegrik cm rgkukoem y bugrtg dg @icâ -

vmr y cm desicuoeÿk dg cm Hrmk Oicibèm, y rgsuc-tmkdi gk gc pidgr gc sgotir oevecestm, sg dgoedeÿccmbmr m _mktmkdgr pmrm qug msubegrm trms cm

rbm dg cm oikstetuoeÿk dg =6?0, cm prgsedgkoemdg cm rgpþ`ceom dg airbm ektgrekm. Msâ besbi, gchgkgrmc aug rgstetuedi gk sus fikirgs y rmkhisbecetmrgs, dg cis oumcgs fm`âm sedi dgspinmdioumkdi aug oikdgkmdi mc dgstegrri. Cm kiteoem

dg su gcgooeÿk prgsedgkoemc cm rgoeèÿ gstmkdigk Kugvm Uirl \oetm rgqugredmR, y pir gsti, pgsgm sgr gcghedi gc 5 dg bmrzi, sici sg pisgseikÿ mcccghmr m @ihití, bgsgs dgspuås, gc 8 dg iotu`rgdg =6?0.

Trms su tibm dg pidgr, Oicibèm gktrm gkukm priaukdm trmksairbmoeÿk. Cm Gduomoeÿk augukm dg sus hrmkdgs `mtmccms. Orgÿ cis ccmbmdisoicgheis smktmkdgrekis, dgdeomdis ki sici m cmgduomoeÿk bgdem (cm `íseom sg iargoâm gk cmsgsougcms) seki m cm ukevgrsetmrem oik oítgdrms dgtgicihâm, cisiaâm, bgdeoekm i dgrgofi. Buofisdg cis oicgheis orgmdis gk gsg tegbpi gxestgktidmvâm, mchukis oibi oicgheis dg gduomoeÿksgoukdmrem y itris oibi ukevgrsedmdgs. Gk titmcorgi 0: –hrmkdgs oicgheis‒ gk cms ompetmcgs dgcm bmyirâm dg cms privekoems. Cis oicgheis augrikorgmdis oik uk gspâretu ce`grmc y cmeoestm.

Cm depcibmoem gxtgrkm tmbèåk aug pgr -agotm, pmrm cm åpiom. Cm prgioupmoeÿk prekoe-pmc dg cm depcibmoem hrmkmdekm aug cm dg cihrmr

gc rgoikioebegkti dg cm kmoeÿk gk gc gxtgreir.Durmktg gc bmkdmti dg _mktmkdgr sg oiktekuÿgstebucmkdi cm bmrekm bgromktg, sg rbÿ gc pre-bgr trmtmdi dg mbestmd oik gc tmbèåk kmoegk-tg hiègrki dg Qgkgzugcm (=6??) y sg cihrÿ gcrgoikioebegkti dg cm _mktm _gdg, oikverteåkdi-sg cm Kugvm Hrmkmdm gk cm prebgrm kmoeÿk dgFespmkimbåreom gk cihrmr tmc rgoikioebegkti(=6?7).

Trms tgrbekmr su bmkdmti, rgofmzÿ cm

rggcgooeÿk. _g oikverteÿ gktikogs gk sgkmdir yprgsedgktg dgc Oikhrgsi dg Kugvm Hrmkmdm.Hrmvgbgktg gkagrbi y amccgoeÿ gk cm oeudmd dg@ihití dgspuås dg ukm cmrhm mhikâm y dg dg-cereis. Fmoegkdi su tgstmbgkti, gxprgsÿ> –Inmcífuègrm qugredi m Deis tmkti oibi quesg m bepmtrem‒.

Niså Bmrâm Oirdivm Buýiz

Kmturmc dg Oikogpoeÿk (Mkteiquem, Oi-cibèm) kmoeÿ gc 6 dg sgptegb`rg dg =855 y am-ccgoeÿ gk Gc _mktumrei, Mkteiquem, gc =8 dg iotu-





`rg dg =605. Becetmr oicibèmki, pmrteoepÿ gk cmHugrrm dg Ekdgpgkdgkoem dg Oicibèm y Zgrþ.Durmktg gccms serveÿ gk cms tripms dg Niså Mkti-kei Zígz, _ebÿk @icâvmr y Mktikei Niså dg _uorg.Mktgs dg cis ?: mýis ym grm Hgkgrmc gk gc gnåroe-

ti dg _ebÿk @icâvmr. Gs oikioedi oibi Gc fårigdg Mymouofi pir su dgsgbpgýi gk gsm `mtmccmdgoesevm.

Qeveÿ cis dis prebgris mýis gk gc bukeoe-pei dg Oikogpoeÿk, y cughi su ambecem pmsÿ mvever mc bukeoepei dg _mk Qeogktg, y bís mdgcmk-tg m Peikghri. Gk =6=4, ym mdicgsogktg, Oÿrdi-vm oursm gstudeis gk cm Gsougcm dg EkhgkegrisBecetmrgs dg Bgdgccâk, `mni cm tutgcm dgc oirikgcArmkoesoi Niså dg Omcdms, dgc mìhmdi Niså

Aåcex dg Pgstrgpi y dgc becetmr armkoås GbbmkugcPigrhms dg _grvegz

Bmrofÿ gk cm tripm dgc hgkgrmc Gb-bmkugc _grvegz fmoem gc sur pmrm mpiymr mc gnår -oeti ekdgpgkdgktestm qug cuofm`m gk gc Omuom.Gc prebgr oib`mtg gk qug pmrteoepÿ aug gc dgPâi Zmci gk =6=7< dikdg oubpceÿ uk dgstmomdidgsgbpgýi qug cg fmog sgr msogkdedi m Tg-kegktg gk gc pripei ombpi dg `mtmccm.

Oÿrdivm vemnm cughi m cm Huymkm y _e-bÿk @icâvmr cg ekoirpirÿ m su Gstmdi Bmyir gk nukei =6=8. Zmrteoepÿ gk cm tibm dg Mkhisturm y

prgsgkoeÿ, gc =1 dg iotu`rg, gc ausecmbegkti dgchgkgrmc rg`gcdg Bmkugc Omrcis Zemr. Gc =4 dg ki-vegb`rg aug msogkdedi m ompetík dg om`mccgrâmy pmsÿ m sgr myudmktg dg ombpi dg Omrcis _iu-`cgttg, ngag dg Gstmdi Bmyir Hgkgrmc. M kmcgs

dg =6=8 nukti oik gc gnåroeti dgc hgkgrmc @icâvmr vemnÿ pir gc Irekioi pmrm rgukersg oik Zígz. Zmr -teoepÿ gk cm tibm dg Omcmìzi, gc oib`mtg gkGc _mbmk y gk gc ombpi dg Irtez.

Gk =6=5, oibi pmrtg dgc gnåroeti qug _e-bÿk @icâvmr cihrÿ rguker nukti oik cms augrzms ymirhmkezmdms dg Armkoesoi dg Zmucm _mktmkdgr (trms gkoiktrmrsg gk Tmbg -Mrmuom-), fmoegkdipmrtg dgc `mtmccÿk ouym deveseÿk grm oibmkdm-dm pir Niså Mktikei Mkziítghue, gbprgkdeÿcm Ombpmým Ce`grtmdirm dg Kugvm Hrmkmdm.Ekeoeÿ su trmvgsâm gk tgrretirei vgkgzicmki, pmrmmdgktrmrsg cughi gk cm Kugvm Hrmkmdm (motumcOicibèm), mtrmvgsÿ cm oirdeccgrm Iregktmc pir gcpírmbi dg Zes`m y ce`rÿ cms `mtmccms dgc Zmktmkidg Qmrhms y cm @iymoí (8 dg mhisti dg =6=5).

Trms eksurrgooeikmrsg pistgreirbgktg oik-trm cm deotmdurm dg @icâvmr, gk @ihití sg irhm-kezÿ uk gnåroeti dg iofioegktis fib`rgs, oikvmreis ioemcgs gxtrmkngris, mc bmkdi dgc hg-kgrmc dg `rehmdm Dmkegc Acirgkoei I―Cgmry. Dg

Omrtmhgkm smceÿ itri oiktekhgktg mc bmkdi dgchgkgrmc Bikteccm y dgc tgkegktg oirikgc Hrghi-rei Wrugtm. Gc gkargktmbegkti dgketevi tuvi cu-hmr gc =8 dg iotu`rg dg =605 gk cm pcmkeoeg dgGc _mktumrei< gc gquece`rei dg augrzms cg grm dgs-amvirm`cg m Oÿrdivm, pugs sÿci oiktm`m oiktrgsoegktis fib`rgs y quekog nekgtgs. Cughi dguk smkhregkti oib`mtg, Oÿrdivm sg gkoiktrÿfgredi g ekdgagksi. I―Cgmry irdgkÿ mc tgkegktgoirikgc dg irehgk ercmkdås Pupgrt Fmkd qug ucte-bmrm m Oÿrdivm, y gc su`mctgrki oubpceÿ cm ir -

dgk, gngoutíkdici m hicpg dg sm`cg dgktri dgsu omsm gk gc pmrqug dg Gc _mktumrei< fiy busgiNiså Bmrâm Oÿrdivm.

_us rgstis rgpismk gk uk bmusicgi y ki gc og-bgktgrei dg Peikghri, ym qug Oÿrdivm grm bm-sÿk.




=7Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm

@e`ceihrmaâm y augktgs

@e`ceihrmaâm y augktgsBmèôkmrem kms Mbåreoms - Agrkmkdi Birgtte ‟ Gdetirm Gsomcm ‟ @rmsec 0::7Xelepgdem y itrms gkoeocipgdems pmrm cms `eihrm-aâms

Zrÿxebi kþbgri> Ou`m.

_i rg gc mutir

Bmrei Cÿpgz Peoi gs bmgstri bmsÿk y trm`m- nm motumcbgktg gk cm Cihem Pgkmoebegkti 74 ‟ Cm Oiruým ‟ Gspmým, `mni cm I`gdegkoem dg cmHrmk Cihem dg Gspmým.

Ekeoemdi gc 0: dg Kivegb`rg dg 0::8, auggcgvmdi mc hrmdi dg Oibpmýgri gc 0: dg Ag-`rgri dg 0::5 y gxmctmdi mc hrmdi dg BmgstriBmsÿk gc 00 dg M`rec dg 0:=:.

Gc :6 dg _gptegb`rg dg 0:=0 gs ekstmcmdioibi Qgkgrm`cg Bmgstri trms sgr gcghedi pmrmgc ioei pir cis fgrbmkis dg su Cihem.

Gk gc mýi 0:== oibegkzm su ombeki gk cm bmsi-kgrâm cisÿom.

- Cihem Ompetucmr Om`mccgris dg cm ArmtgrkedmdHmcmeom k¾ 4=4- Bmgstri Bmsÿk dg Bmrom - Cmpes Mkhuce =5=6- Kmutm dgc Mrom Pgmc - Bmrg Omktm`reoub =5=6- Bmsÿk dgc Mroi Pgmc dg Ngrusmcåk- ArmtgrkedmdWkevgrsmc k¾ =





Gc ekeoemdi. (Zist Tgkg`rms Cux)Wkm festirem bmsÿkeom

–Gc ce ri dikdg Deis fm gsoreti sussgorgtis gs gc oegci y cm tegrrm.

Zir gsi gc fib`rg smkti y smèigstudem cm oegkoem dgc sgýir

gk cm pmz dgc Nmrdâk dgc Gdåk‒(Ciues Omttemux)

Hretm`m dgsgspgrmdmbgktg, ki sm`âmci qug pmsm`m, ¹pir quå cg suogdâm gsti9 ‟ sgrgpgtâm sek ogsmr, ¹pir quå ci gstm`mk gktgrrmk-di9, se åc ki fm`âm bugrti, uk hrupi dg fib`rgsvgstedis tidis dg trmng kghri ci fm`âmk oikdu-oedi m ukm gspgoeg dg ougvm gk dikdg fm`âmuk smroÿamhi y uk fiyi mègrti gk cm tegrrm, gcbmrgi, gc dgsoikoegrti y gc tgrrir ci ekvmdâmk, cm

sgksmoeÿk dg sgr bgtedi gk uk omnÿk, cis hretisdg cis fib`rgs, cis mrmýmzis si`rg cm tmpm dgcsmroÿamhi ci ccgvm`mk fmstm gc dgcerei, ektgktm`mpmtgmr, hicpgmr, hretmr< sgktâm oibi e`mk ccgkmk-di gc fiyi oik cm tegrrm, fmstm qug qugdÿ sube-di gk cm bís priaukdm isouredmd...

Dgspgrtÿ sudmkdi priausmbgktg, ki fm-`âm pmrtg dg åc qug ki gstuvegrm `mýmdm gksudir, su rgspermoeÿk grm mhetmdm, dgsdg gc dâmgk qug oubpceÿ cis 0= mýis dg gdmd, tgkâm cm

besbm pgsmdeccm omdm kiofg, sg e`mk m oubpcer trgs bgsgs dg gsti y ki tgkâm gxpceomoeÿk mchu-km dgc pir quå gstg sugýi tmk vâvedi sg rgpgtâmoikstmktgbgktg, berÿ gc rgcin… grmk cms trgs dgcm bmdruhmdm… Gk gsg bibgkti rgpmrÿ qugtidms cms kiofgs sg dgspgrtm`m m cm besbm firm- ¹Tgkdrâm mchi qug vgr9 ‟ i grm sici su ebmhekm-oeÿk…

Armkz _g`ístemk sg omtmcihm`m msâ besbioibi uk ofeoi oibþk y oirregktg, grm trehug-

ýi dg inis hrmkdgs y rgdikdis oik ukms cmrhmspgstmýms qug pmrgoâmk m`mkeois, om`gcci sgbeikducmdi kghri, kmrez pgqugým oik ukm hrm-

oeism puktm rgdikdgmdm, si`rg cm bgneccm dgrg-ofm tgkâm uk cukmr kghri qug cg dm`m uk pirtgbestgreisi, ci oureisi gs qug grm oibi ukm pupe-cm bís y se mchuegk grm uk i`sgrvmdir mouoeisisg dmrâm ougktm qug gc cukmr y cms pupecms dg susinis airbm`mk uk pgragoti treíkhuci gquecítgribgdâm uk bgtri oik iofgktm ogktâbgtris, pir -tg mtcåteoi< dgsdg keýi grm dmdi m cis dgpirtgs,kmdm`m buy ègk y grm uk lmrmtgom gxpgrti,sg dgagkdâm gk gc autìc, oibi pmrm ki dgs-gktikmr, su prekoepmc dik grm cm sebpmtâm pugssegbprg omâm gk hrmoem m quegk ci oikioâm, grmomtmcihmdi oibi uk –ùgk mbehi‒, segbprgoikoecemdir y ùgk gstudemktg… Wk fgofi qugbmroÿ su vedm aug cm sgpmrmoeÿk dg sus pmdrgs,

y mýis dgspuås cm bugrtg dg su prihgketir mquegk segbprg fm`âm gstmdi buy ukedi…

Cm ebmhgk y cis rgougrdis dg su pmdrgci ekvmdâmk argougktgbgktg, gsi, mukmdi m cmspgsmdeccms y cms kiofgs dg eksibkei y si`rgsmc-tis ci fmoâmk pgksmr qug gstm`m gk ukm gspgoegdg cm`grekti sek smcedm… pgri ki gstm`m despugs-ti m rgkdersg, su pmdrg segbprg cg fm`âm deofiqug gk bibgktis orâteois ci bgnir grm sgrgkmr -sg, rgkdersg mc secgkoei y gsouofmrsg msâ besbi,

pugs hgkgrmcbgktg cms rgspugstms m kugstrms ek-tgrrihmktgs gstík dgktri dg kisitris… oik gsgpgksmbegkti sg trmkquecezÿ… oumkdi vei pir cmvgktmkm sg dei ougktm qug ym fm`âm mbmkg-oedi msâ qug dgoedeÿ prgpmrmrsg pmrm er m trm-`mnmr, fmog pioi qug sg fm`âm rgoeèdi dg cmomrrgrm dg cisiaâm buy m deshusti dg su bmdrgquegk pgksm`m qug gsm priagseÿk ki cg e`m myu-dmr buofi m tgkgr dekgri, tidi ci oiktrmrei dgsu pmdrg quegk segbprg rgspgtÿ cis mkfgcis dgArmkz, gsm aug ukm dg cms rmzikgs pir cms oumcgs

tgrbekmrik deviroeíkdisg, _u bmdrg, cm _gýirmOgoecem, buy irhuccism dg sus cihris priagseikm-cgs y momdåbeois segbprg cg ekorgpm`m qug grm

Gc ekeoemdi. (Zist Tgkg`rms Cux)

Zir gc ].¸. F.¸. Armkoesoi Bgdekm Pidrâhugz -M.•.@.•.P.•.C.•._.•. Cmutmri 10 ‟ Cebm - Zgrþ.




uk siýmdir y uk bgdeiorg pir trmtmr dg ombèmr gc bukdi oik sus –cioms edgms‒ dg fgrbmkdmdbukdemc y cm hcireomoeÿk dgc fikir y cm pmcm`rmgbpgýmdm… Armkz rgoirdm`m ocmrmbgktg gcristri dg trestgzm dg su pmdrg, pgri kukom iyÿ

qug fm`cmrm gk airbm kghmtevm dg gccm, sg cebe-tm`m m dgoer>

‟ Mchþk dâm ci gktgkdgrí ‟ cmbgktm`cgbgktg cigktgkdeÿ oumkdi gc ym ki gstuvi…

Oibi tidms cm bmýmkms, sg gkombekÿfmoâm gc Oicghei _mcgsemki, fm`âm oiksghue-di uk pugsti dg priagsir dg cisiaâm gk gstgtrmdeoeikmc oicghei gk dikdg su pmdrg fm`âmgstudemdi y gc tmbèåk, msâ qug sg sgktâm buy

irhuccisi pir fm`gr ekeoemdi ukm gspgoeg dg trm-deoeÿk ambecemr, gc cedemr oik cis nÿvgkgs grm ukmdg sus pmseikgs y qug bgnir rgti qug ukis bi-oisis si`rgpritghedis qug orgâmk qug ci bgnir grm trmtmr dg oiksghuer gc omrri bís cunisi pmrmpidgr oikquestmr cm bmyir omktedmd dg ofeomsaíoecgs. _egbprg pgksÿ gk cm bmkgrm omsumc gkqug oiksehueÿ gc trm`mni… Wkm tmrdg dg prebm-vgrm ombekmkdi pir gc ogktri dg Cebm, ccghÿ mcmktehui @mr ]ugerici y sg mktinÿ dg ukm dg susambisms ùteamrrms, oumkdi sg despikâm m dmr gc

prebgr birdesoi m su hehmktgsom hicisekm, vei cmhurm dg uk smogrditg qug sg cg mogroÿ y ci ccm-bÿ pir su kib`rg>

- ¹Armkz9 - ¹Grgs tþ9

Mc er mogroíkdisg rgoikioeÿ m Ícvmri,uki dg cis vegnis mbehis dg su pmdrg, gc rgoir -dmr mqugccms tmrdgs dg resms y oikvgrsmoeikgsbestgreisms gktrg _u pmdrg, Ícvmri, Ogsmr y Niså,aug rgmcbgktg ekgvetm`cg…

- ¹Oÿbi gstís feni bâi9 - Cg prghuktÿ

Wk pmr dg `rmzis gkirbgs oibi írì-cgs ci ridgmrik y omse ci dgnÿ sek rgspermoeÿk, gsggrm uk dgtmccg qug ym omse fm`âm icvedmdi, pugs

oumkdi keýi fuâm dg gsis gausevis m`rmzis, pugspgksm`m qug gk oumcquegr bibgkti e`m m tgr -bekmr oik cm gspmcdm qug`rmdm gk bec pgdmzis.

Cughi dg ukm cmrhm oikvgrsmoeÿk y dgrgoirdmr bibgktis buy hrmtis, gc smogrditg cgdeni qug åc grm gc kugvi dergotir dgc oicghei yqug fm`âm uk pugsti despike`cg y qug se qugrâmgrm suyi, Armkz cg deni>

- ]ug omsumcedmd gc fm`grkis gkoiktrmdi nusti

fiy.

Gc Zmdrg Ícvmri ombèmkdi gc hgsti cg deni>

- Feni bâi, ym gktgkdgrís qug kmdm gs omsumc,tg gspgri gc cukgs m prebgrm firm gk cm dergooeÿkdgc oicghei pmrm qug rbgs tu oiktrmti ‟ y de-ofi gsti sg dgspedeÿ gausevmbgktg.

Mqugccm armsg, –Kmdm gs omsumc‒ grm ukmdg cms qug su pmdrg rgpgtâm oikstmktgbgktg y

qug fm`âm pribgtedi gxpceomrcg ccghmdi gc bi-bgkti… gsg bibgkti kukom ccghÿ…

Mqugc dâm aug buy gxtrmýi pmrm åc, gstm-`m tgkegkdi uk dâm gspgoemcbgktg deaâoec oik gc]uekti M dg sgoukdmrem, cis ofeois sg gstm`mkgsbgrmkdi gk trmtmr dg fmogrcg pgrdgr cm pm-oegkoem mc ektgktmr gxpceomrcgs gc pgksmbegktidg Lmkt, oumkdi gsouofi su kib`rg pir gc mc-tmviz>

- ¡Zriagsir Armkz _g`ístemk, moårqugsg m cm de-rgooeÿk, priagsir Armkz _g`ístemk moårqugsg mcm dergooeÿk!

Mqugc ccmbmdi rgsuctÿ sgr uk rgsperi pir -qug gstm`m m pukti dg pgrdgr cm pmoegkoem, ccm-bÿ m uk muxecemr y sg gkombekÿ m vgr mc Zmdrg Íc-vmri, mc ccghmr m cm pugrtm dg cm ioekm ki pudigvetmr rgoirdmr cms vgogs qug aug oetmdi mfâ pir mchukm trmvgsurm ekiogktg gk sus åpioms dg gs-tudemktg… Tioÿ cm pugrtm.

‟ ¡Mdgcmktg!, sg gsouofÿ mc itri cmdi.

Mc gktrmr ki pudi gvetmr cm sirprgsm mc vgr





m gsis ristris mktehumbgktg oikioedis, vicveg-rik m su bgktg mqugccms ektgrbekm`cgs tgrtucemsdg su pmdrg y sus mbehis, buofi veki y resms,m`rmzis gausevis y pir supugsti, mùkdmktg pri-pekm.

‟ Ficm Armkz ‟ gsouofÿ - y gk gsg bibgkti sek-teÿ gsm gktrmým`cg fgrbmkdmd mc sgr moihedioumkdi ccghm`m m cm ioekm dg su pmdrg m nuhmr uk rmti oik gccis… mfâ gstm`mk, uk pioi bísvegnis Ogsmr, tmk mcti oibi segbprg, Niså, oikgsm pmkzm ekorgâ`cg y cÿheombgktg gc hrmk isidg Ícvmri. ‟ Tg fgbis ccmbmdi pirqug fm ccghmdi gc bi-bgkti dg gktrghmrtg mchi qug tu pmdrg kisdgnÿ pmrm te y qug kis pedeÿ gxprgsmbgktg tg cideårmbis gc dâm dg fiy m gstm firm gxmotm. Gsgdâm grm gc =0 dg Iotu`rg, trgs bgsgs dgspuås dgsu oubpcgmýis kþbgri 0=, pugs åc fm`âm kmoe-di uk =0 dg Nucei m cms trgs dg cm bmdruhmdm, gkgsg bibgkti ki pudi gvetmr vgr gc rgcin, grmkgxmotmbgktg cms trgs dg cm tmrdg y ym sg sgktâmgc mngtrgi dg cm firm dg smcedm.

Oåsmr tibÿ cm pmcm`rm deoegkdi> Fm ccg-hmdi cm firm dg rgvgcmrtg uk sgorgti qug sicisg cg pugdg trmksbeter m quegk gs bgrgogdir dgrgoeèrci, tidi gstí gxpceomdi mquâ… gk gsg bi-

bgkti cg gktrghÿ ukm omnm dg bmdgrm tmccmdm,pir sus oikioebegktis dg g`mkestgrâm y gstudeisìtíkeois pudi dgduoer qug grm dg Momoem,si`rg cm tmpm fm`âm uk gxtrmýi sâbìci dg ukini rmdemktg dgktri dg uk treíkhuci, mc m`rercm sgpidâm vgr uk ce`ri airrmdi gk ougri `cmkoi, oikgc besbi sehki hrm`mdi, gk omdm gsquekm dg cmtmpm fm`âm ukms ircms buy pmrgoedms m cms dgcis èrrgtgs dg hrmdumoeÿk y si`rg gc sâbìci dgcini gstm`mk hrm`mdis gc sic y cm cukm. Mc m`rercipudi vgr cm sehuegktg dgdeomtirem>

]ug red i Feni > _åq ug p rib g tâg xpc eo m rtg b uo fm s o i sm s,

pg ri b e t egb pi gk gst g bukd i m o m` ÿ , dg ì m h rm d g o g r q ug g k g stg p cm ki aâseo i ti d m vâm g s- tåk b es fg rb m ki s o i k q uegk d g` gs gstm r o i k- vgrsm kd i g k gstg b ib gkti . Dg` gs gk tgkd gr feni bâi qug cm bugrtg ki gs gc kmc, gs sici ukmt rm ksb utm o eÿk p m rm o ikvg rt erkis gk q uegk rgm c- b gk tg sib is, sgrgs t rm so gk d gk tm cgs, gc m kt eh ui i ri m cq uâb eo i , Bi reb i s ti d i s ci s d âm s, pu g s o m d m

d âm g s d eagrgk tg y o m d m d âm d g` gb i s gv i cuo eikm r m m ch i b gnir , gsm gs kug st rm b eseÿk y rgsp i k- sm ` eced m d . Zgri d g` gs sm ` gr b i rer… b i rer m gsm s

m t rm o o eikg s q ug ki s d gh rm d m k o ib i sgrgs fubmkis y sgr pureomdi, _e tþ quegrgs sm`gr queåkgrgs rgm cb gk tg , dg d ÿkdg v egkg s y fm o em d ÿkdg vm s, d g ` gs p rgp m rm rtg p m rm b i rer y rgsuo etm r m ukm kug vm v ed m . B es Fgrbm ki s tg g xp ceo m rm k gc

rg sti , cug h i d g ci o um c tþ g cg h erís, sg h uer o ib i fm stm m firm i g cgh er g c om b eki d g c fikir y g c sg rveo ei . M` rm zm r g c o m b eki d g cis fe ni s d g cm cuz.

Tg m b m

Arm kèi es

¹Cis fenis dg cm cuz9 ‟ ¹Gxestgk9 ‟ Zrghuktå .

Niså bg rgspikdeÿ dergotmbgktg, tu pm-

drg y kisitris pgrtgkgogbis m gstm mktehumfgrbmkdmd, fmog buofis mýis qug ekeoembisgc ombeki pir gstg sgkdgri, gc dg cm `þsqugdmdg cm vgrdmd, ci qug ccmbmbis gc ombeki dg cmcuz. Tu pmdrg qugrâm gxpceoírtgci oumkdi tuveg-rms cm gdmd mpripemdm, pgri ki pudi, gs pir gsi qug kis dgnÿ gc gkomrhi m kisitris, pugs mcsgr fgrbmkis, tu grgs kugstri si`reki y tgkgbisgc dg`gr dg oubpcer oik cis dgsgis dg tu pmdrg.Gc gspgrm`m qug sektegrms gc ccmbmdi, qug gbpg-zmrmk m dgsgkomdgkmrsg ukm sgreg dg fgofis

qug tg ccgvgk m ougsteikmrtg y m ekvgstehmr. Tugrgs feni dg uk hrmk bmgstri dg cm cuz y gk oegrtmbgdedm tu ombeki gstí bmromdi, pgri tþ tegkgscm ipoeÿk dg gsoihgr, cgg gstg demrei, prghuktmtidi ci qug quegrms, y cughi tibm tu dgoeseÿk,cm þkeom oikdeoeÿk gs qug sgm titmcbgktg ce`rg,qug rgspikdm m ci qug tþ quegrgs rgmcbgktg.

‟ ¹Tg fm pmsmdi mchi gxtrmýi þctebmbgktg9 ‟ Bg prghuktÿ.

Gsm prghuktm grm aíoec dg rgspikdgr.

‟ Gstiy tgkegkdi cm besbm pgsmdeccm tidms cms ki-ofgs y oibi oism oureism segbprg bg dgspegrtim cms trgs dg cm bmdruhmdm ‟ Pípedmbgktg cgsgxpceoÿ ci qug gstm`m siýmkdi, cis fib`rgs dgkghri, cm tub`m, cis hretis, cm tegrrm… gc sici rg-oirdmrci ci pikâm kgrveisi…

Oåsmr ci ektgrrubpeÿ pmrm trmkquecezmrci>

- ¡Armkz, buofmofi… gsg gs gc ccmbmdi!, gsgsugýi tegkg buofms oisms ebpirtmktgs qug dg-`gs mkmcezmr, buofms oisms cms gkoiktrmrís gk gc





ce`ri dg tu pmdrg. Zgri pmrm myudmrtg uk pioi,rggxeikm si`rg gsti…

Fmy uk kþbgri qug sg rgpetg oikstmktg-bgktg gk cis þctebis moiktgoebegktis qug dgs-

ore`gs, cis kþbgris kis deogk buofms oisms, sikcm gsgkoem dg tidi, tþ grgs cÿsiai, pir ci tmktiuk mbmktg dg cm smèdurâm, uk ùsomdir dg cmvgrdmd sek tm`þgs, sek dihbms qug mctgrgk cmgsgkoem rgmc dg cms oisms. Zmrtg dg gstm smèdu-râm gs gc cgkhumng qug usm Deis m trmvås dg ciskþbgris, gccis ki sici servgk pmrm omcoucmr sekitmbèåk pmrm oikiogr cis sgorgtis dgc ukevgrsi,pgri gstg sehkeomdi dg`g sgr rgoikioedi pir cm oikoegkoem, pugs gstm sg gxprgsm bgdemktgsâbìcis g ebíhgkgs.

Ícvmri sg cgvmktÿ y oik su sikirm viz deni>

- ¡Um dångkci! ‟ fm sedi suoegktg pir fiy, Armkz,vgtg m dgsomksmr, oumkdi dgsggs ukm gxpceom-oeÿk, `þsomkis y moudergbis ekbgdemtmbgktgm tu ccmbmdi. Ouâdmtg buofi feni bâi… gstmvgz ki pudi gsompmrsg dgc m`rmzi dgc isi…

Begktrms oikduoâm dg rghrgsi m su omsm,pgksm`m gk cm tmrgm qug cg fm`âmk dgnmdi, ukkþbgri qug sg rgpetg… pgksÿ y pgksÿ, pgri ki

ccghm`m m kmdm oikorgti, prgreÿ ccghmr m su dg-pmrtmbgkti, `mýmrsg, mcbirzmr y cughi pgksmr gk gc –mogrteni‒. Begktrms mcbirzm`m e`m rgpm-smkdi bgktmcbgktg tidis cis bibgktis vevedisfmstm gsm tmrdg, rgoirdÿ cms pmcm`rms qug gc Zm-drg Ícvmri cg bgkoeikÿ, –Tu pmdrg kis pedeÿ qugtg gktrghírmbis gsti fiy y m gstm firm gxmo-tm‒… Gk gsg bibgkti grmk cms trgs dg cm tmrdg,bg dgspegrti m cms trgs dg cm bmdruhmdm… gkgsg bibgkti omse sg mtirm oik uk pgdmzi dgomrkg, tidi sg fezi ocmri,

- ¡gs gc kþbgri trgs! - ¡gsg gs gc kþbgri qug sgrgpetg oikstmktgbgktg!, trgs dg cm tmrdg, trgs dgcm bmdruhmdm, trgs bgsgs dgspuås dg su oub-pcgmýis, qug grm gc diog dg nucei, 0 += gs trgs,

fiy grm =0 dg iotu`rg, ci besbi, oikvgrsÿ oikcis trgs mbehis dg su pmdrg, y fmoem trgs bgsgsqug gbpgzmrik cms pgsmdeccms… oik gc oirmzÿkpmcpetmktg ùsoÿ gc oiarg fgofi dg bmdgrmdg momoem, gk gsg bibgkti sg moirdÿ qug su

pmdrg cg fm`âm deofi qug gsg írìc grm gc sâb-ìci dg cm vedm gtgrkm, mktg su bgktg sg e`mkrgvgcmkdi mktehuis bibgktis vevedis, armsgs,deofis, rgarmkgs, sâbìcis qug su pmdrg cg fm-`âm edi rgvgcmkdi gk oegrtis bibgktis… tidie`m tibmkdi sgktedi… grm rgmcbgktg oibi secm cuz fuègsg mpmrgoedi rgmcbgktg gk su bgk-tg… Tibÿ gc demrei airrmdi gk ougri `cmkoi yci m`reÿ, ci aug cgygkdi pioi m pioi oik bísomcbm, rgcgyÿ cm dgdeomtirem y sg gkoiktrÿ oikukms píhekms pghmdms pir uk gxtrgbi oik cm-org gk dikdg sg pidâm vgr uk sgcci oik gc kþbg-

ri trgs y uk treíkhuci oik uk ini gk bgdei… ¡Gctrgs!… gstiy gk gc ombeki oirrgoti… ribpeÿ gcsgcci y mc victgmr cm píhekm gkoiktrÿ gsoreti gkcgtrms hÿteoms buy hrmkdgs cm sehuegktg armsg

‟ –Zist Tgkg`rms Cux‒ - Dgspuås dg cm tekeg`cms,cm cuz…

Feni bâi… se fm s ccg h m d i m g stg p uk ti qu eg rg d go er qug ki b g g qu eviq ug o ik t ehi ,d g` i g k tiko gs gb p gzm r m gxp ceo m rt g o eg rt ms o i-

sm s, gc kþb g ri trg s g s uk kþb g ri b uy g sp g o em c,gs gc kþb gri d g ci s m p rgk d eo gs m f enis dg cm cuz,p i rq ug rgp rgsgk tm ci kug vi , mq ug cci q ug km o g d g u k eb p ucsi o rgm d i r… Gs p ir gsi q ug gc t rgs gs o ik sed grmd i u k kþb gri sm h rm d i p ugs rgp rgsg ktm cm aug rzm ve tmc , Gc uk i y g c d i s rg p rg sg ktm k cm p icmred m d p reb et evm b m so u cekm y agb gkekm, cm auseÿk d g m b ` is d m cuh m r m c t rgs, tid i ci kug - vi surh g o ib i u k tgrog ri m p m rt er d g cm auseÿk d g ci s o i ktrm stg s. Gs p i r ci tm kti sâb ` i ci d g cm uked m d d g cm v ed m , d g m q ugc ci q ug g xestg p ir sâ

b esb i, dg tid i m q ugc ci q ug g s p gr ago ti . . Gs p ir g stm rm zÿk q ug g c treíkh uci rgp rg sg ktm m g stg kþb g ri sm h rm d i g s g c sâb ` i ci d g cm DEQEKEDMD ,d g su p itg ko em o rgm d irm, y d g cm gvi cuo eÿk.. Gc cÿsiai Lmkt fmog mcuseÿk m gstg kþbgri oumk-




0: Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm

d i d eo g, –Gc o eg ci cg fm ` rekd m d i m c fib ` rg t rgs oisms pmrm mariktmr cms deouctmdgs dg cm vedm>Cm g sp g rmkzm , g c sugýi y cm resm ‒.

Mc tgrbekmr dg cggr gstm píhekm Armkz sg

sekteÿ bís trmkqueci, sekteÿ oibi kukom qug supmdrg gstm`m oik åc y qug kukom ci fm`âm dgnmdi sici y qug oibi segbprg fm`âm mpmrgoedigk gc bibgkti gk qug bís ci kgogsetm`m, mcpikgrsg m rgoirdmr sg fm`âm dmdi ougktm quggsm fm`âm sedi ukm oikstmktg gk su oirtm vedm,se ègk gs oegrti qug segbprg hizÿ dg ekdgpgk-dgkoem pmrm dgoeder y rgmcezmr sus edgms segbprgfm`âm sgktedi uk ini mbirisi dgtrís dg åc qugci vehecm`m y qug oumkdi grm kgogsmrei sg fm-oâm prgsgktg, mfirm gktgkdâm pirqug segbprg cgbgkoeikm`m qug åc grm oibi –gc ini qug tidici vg‒ y tgrbekm`m gk ukm sikirm omromnmdm…

_ehueÿ cgygkdi oik dgtgkebegkti mqugcdemrei airrmdi gk ougri `cmkoi, y pioi m pioisg m`reÿ mktg sus sgktedis uk bukdi ekebmhekm-`cg dg vgrdmdgs, mchi qug ccmbÿ pidgrismbgk-tg su mtgkoeÿk aug cm gxpceomoeÿk dgc sgktedigvicutevi dgc sgr fubmki…

–Gc sgr fub m ki gstí ccm b m d i m gv i cuo eikm r gk o iko egko em , gs d go er, g c sgr rgm c q ug fm -

` etm g k g c o ug rp i p m sm ngri y q ug m trm vås d g cm m o ub ucm o eÿk d g gxp gr egk o em s vm d gsm rric cík- d isg cgk tmb gk tg m trm vås d g cm s gd m d gs, gs p i r aug rzm d g g stm g vi cuo eÿk dg cm o iko egko em q ug o eg rt is fib ` rgs sg d m k o ugk tm q ug ki p ugd gk gstm r sungti s m p m ríb gtris d g p gk sm b egk tis d ih bít eo is, qug ki ccgh m k m gxp c eo m r cm km turm - cgzm y g c sgk t ed i d g cm gxestgk o em , gsti g s gc sm ` gr –m d ÿkdg vm b is‒ , gs m q uâd ikd g ukis p io is ccgh m k m c o m b eki d g cm ek eo em o eÿk, gs d go er – ti- o m r m cms p ugr tm s d gc tgb p ci‒… Gc fib ` rg g vi-

cuo ei km p i r km turmcgzm, gs rg ceh ei si p i r ektueo eÿk y uso m g c om b eki d g cm ek eo em o eÿk pi r o ikv eo - oeÿk…‒

Armkz sg prghuktm`m msâ besbi se tgkdrâmgsm oikveooeÿk, se tgkdrâm cm bmdurgz kgogsm-rem pmrm ekeoemr gstg priogsi gvicutevi… åc fm`âmpgroeèdi fmog tegbpi qug cm kmturmcgzm iouctmukm vgrdmd bís priaukdm… ¹pidrâm sgr gc uk eke-oemdi9, Zugs ektuâm qug ki mstmrâm oik pmsmr cmogrgbikem qug su pmdrg cg gxpceom`m gk gc ce`ri,

cm dg cm pureomoeÿk pir cis oumtri puktis omrde-kmcgs, seki bís ègk tgkdrâm qug pikgr buofigsaugrzi y dgdeomoeÿk pmrm qug gstm ekeoemoeÿk

sg priduzom rgmcbgktg. Gk gsg bibgkti dg rg-gxeÿk veki m su bgktg cms pmcm`rms dgc bmgstriNgsþs… –Buofis sik cis ccmbmdis, piois cis gs-oihedis‒, åc tgkâm cm ipirtukedmd dg mogromrsgm ukm becgkmrem gsougcm ekeoeíteom, pgri gk su

ektgreir sm`âm qug sici pidâm oiksedgrmrsg gktrgcis –ccmbmdis‒.

Cms prgioupmoeikgs dg Armkz e`mk gk mu-bgkti, pmrgoâm qug gsm kiofg e`m m sgr buy,pgri buy cmrhm, gk su bgktg sg dgsmtm`m ukmhugrrm dg pgksmbegktis, buofis dg gccis oik-trmdeotireis, mcghrgs y trestgs, bmcis y ùgkis,begdi y oirmng… cughi dg uk pmr dg firms dggstmr m`sirti gk sus rggxeikgs, ccghÿ m cm oik-ocuseÿk dg qug gsg pmsi ekeoemc rgqugrâm dg ukmmotetud bgktmc pisetevm, pugs ektuâm qug su vedmoi`rmrâm ukm kugvm debgkseÿk, uk ombèi gs-truoturmc qug dg`grâm rggnmrsg gk su oibpirtm-begkti, gk su bidi dg pgksmr y gk sus rgcmoei-kgs pgrsikmcgs y ambecemrgs.

Armkz sg qugdÿ priaukdmbgktg dirbedi,prikti sg vei oikduoedi pir uk hrupi dg fib-`rgs… gc sugýi sg vicvâm m rgpgter, sici qug gstmvgz, gstm`m prgpmrmdi, cg dei cm ebprgseÿk quggk rgmcedmd gstm`m gk itri pcmki dg gxestgk-oem, pugs gstí vgz cis fgofis grmk bís vâvedis<

gstm`m dirbedi pgri sgktâm qug ki ci gstm`m,gstm vgz fm`âm mchi deagrgktg, gbpgzÿ m sgkter ukm prgsgkoem ambecemr y ukm hrmk kistmchem cigb`mrhÿ… dg prikti, gsouofÿ cm viz dg su pm-drg…

-¡Armkz! ‟ gsouofi dgoer ‟ ki tgkhms begdi fenibâi ‟ dånmtg ccgvmr ‟ tidi sg rgpgtâm ukm vgzbís, pgri gstm vgz cm viz ki ci dgnÿ dg moib-pmýmr… åc e`m gktgkdegkdi ci qug gsg sugýisehkeom`m…

-Tþ feni bâi> - cg dgoâm cm viz ‟ oibi tidis cisfib`rgs, priogdgs dg Deis y m Åc dg`gs rghrgsmr bgdemktg gstg priogsi dg rgektghrmoeÿk, gstggs gc prebgr pmsi, vicvgr m cm tegrrm, m cm omvgrkm,dg`gs birer seb`ÿceombgktg, Gsti rgprgsgktm gkrgmcedmd gc vicvgr mc þtgri bmtgrki, pugs gk susgki, gc qug vm sgr ekeoemdi sg pureom, pmrm km-ogr dg kugvi m ukm kugvm vedm, gstg rghrgsii bugrtg bâsteom tg dg`g ebpucsmr m rggxeikmr si`rg ci vicítec qug gs cm vedm tgrrgkmc, tg dmrís

ougktm qug gc mpghi m cms oisms bmtgremcgs kiservgk dg kmdm y qug sici msâ, dgskudi y dgspi- nmdi dg ci bmtgremc, pidrís oibprgkdgr ci ek-




0=Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm

sgksmti qug gs dgnmrsg dibekmr pir cm sioegdmdoiksubestm.

Gstm vgz gsouofi ukm pitgktg viz, buy rbgqug cg dgoâm ukm vgz bís.

- ¡_e quegrgs rgkmogr dg`gs vicvgr m cm tegrrm, dgs-oegkdg m sus priaukdedmdgs, sici msâ pidrís rg-biktmrcm… dgspuås dg cm bugrtg ccghm gc kmoe-begkti… dgspuås dg cm isouredmd ccghm cm cuz! …gk gsg bibgkti ukm cuz `reccmktg, buy `cmkom,ci dgni oeghi, oumkdi sus inis sg moistub`rm-rik m gstg gspcgkdir, sg vei m sâ besbi vgstedioik ukm tþkeom `cmkom, cubekism y pgraubm-dm… sekteÿ buofm pmz…

Dgspgrtÿ dg buy `ugk fubir, oik ukm trmkque-cedmd oibi kukom mktgs fm`âm sgktedi, eksperm-di… Trgs bgsgs dgspuås grm oikduoedi pir cisfgrbmkis dg su pmdrg mc tgbpci… cis fenis dg cmcuz… tgkâmk m uk kugvi ekeoemdi…

_i rg gc mutir

Gc ].¸. F.¸. Armkoesoi trm`mnm gk cm Pgspgtm`cgCihem _eb`ÿceom Cmutmri 10 ‟ Peti dg Uirl, gk cisvmccgs dg Cebm ‟ Zgrþ

Aug ekeoemdi gc 04 dg Ag`rgri dgc 0:== y mdgcmk-tmdi m oibpmýgri gc 1 dg deoegb`rg dgc 0:=0

Gc mýi 0:=0 oiksehug gc tgrogr pugsti gk gc oik-

oursi cetgrmrei irhmkezmdi pir gc –Dâm dgc Mprgk-dez Bmsÿk‒

Gk su vedm priamkm gs priagsir dg Gduomoeÿk Eke-oemc y Zrebmrem.





_ik buofms y gkoiktrmdms cms ipekei-

kgs si`rg gc pmtrÿk dg cm Bmsikgrâm. Wkis dg-gkdgk m _mk Numk @mutestm, itris m _mk NumkGvmkhgcestm< itris, mþk, mrbmk qug gc pmtrÿk gs_mk Numk Gsbicgr y tgkgbis tmbèåk m cis qugdggkdgk cm gxestgkoem dg dis pmtrikgs> @mutes-tm y Gvmkhgcestm. Cms desouseikgs si`rg cm festiremdgc pmtrÿk gs ektgrbekm`cg. Ki prgtgkdgbis, gkgstg bidgsti trm`mni, sicuoeikmr cm ougsteÿk dgpukti dg vestm festÿreoi (_i`rg tidi pirqug kis

amctmk cis dioubgktis y prug`ms pmrm gcci). Kisektgrgsm gxpcirmr cms vâms dg rggxeÿk y dg ektue-oeÿk, cm reom sebìcihâm iouctm dgtrís dg cm gcgo-oeÿk dgc pmtrÿk. Gk gstg omsi, oiksedgrmbis cmedgm dg cm gxestgkoem dg dis pmtrikgs> _mk Numk@mutestm y _mk Numk Gvmkhgcestm, smktis dg bm-yir prgstehei y rgcgvmkoem gk gc bukdi, si`rgtidi gk Iooedgktg.

Gstms rggxeikgs g ektueoeikgs kis fmk ccg-vmdi m vgr cm ebpirtmkoem dgc _ic, rgprgsgktm-

oeÿk seb`ÿceom dg cm devekedmd gk cm mktehógdmd,prgsgktg gk cm mpgrturm retumcesteom dg cms sgsei-kgs dgc PGGM. Mktgs dg m`rer cm Cihem, gc Qgkgrm-`cg Bmgstri ogrteom cms oikdeoeikgs kgogsmrems,y se tidis cis Fgrbmkis gstík prgsgktgs dg susaukoeikgs.

Gc _ic gs oetmdi pir vgz prebgrm pir gc Fgr -bmki 0¾ Qehecmktg, oumkdi rgspikdg mc m prg-huktm dgc Qgkgrm`cg Bmgstri si`rg cms rmzikgspir cms qug ioupm cm Oicubkm _ur dgc Tgbpci>–Zmrm i`sgrvmr gc _ic gk su bgredemki y ccmbmr m

cis i`rgris mc trm`mni‒, gs cm rgspugstm dgc Qehe-cmktg.

Gc =¾ Qehecmktg, rgspikdegkdi m cm prghuk-

tm sebecmr, dikdg gc _ic gs oetmdi pir sghukdmvgz, rgspikdg> –Msâ oibi gc _ic sg iouctm pir gcIooedgktg pmrm tgrbekmr gc dem, mccâ sg oiciomgc Fgrbmki =¾ Qehecmktg pmrm ogrrmr cm cihem‒ (cmkghretm gs kugstrm)

U pir tgrogrm vgz, sg kib`rm gc _ic gk cmmpgrturm retumcestm pmrm bmromr gc cuhmr dikdggc Qgkgrm`cg Bmgstri sg segktm gk cm Cihem. Cm

rgspugstm vegkg pir ìom dgc =¾ Qehecmktg> –Msâ oibi gc _ic kmog gk gc Iregktg pmrm ekeoemr suombeki y ribpgr gc dâm, mccâ sg oiciom gc Qgkg-rm`cg bmgstri pmrm m`rer cm cihem‒ (cm kghretm gskugvmbgktg kugstrm)

–Gc fi b ` rg p reb et evi d estekh uâm cm d eag - rg ko em g ktrg d i s åp io m s> ukm d g arâi y i trm d g o m ci r. Oi ko gp ti q ug , ek eo em cb gk tg cg s serv eÿ d g ` m sg p m rm irhm kezm r gc t rm ` m ni m h râo icm. Hrmo em s m g si surhg k cis o uc tis si cm rg s, o i k g c _i c p ri -

o cmb m d i o ib i augk tg d g o m ci r y cuz, g c rgy d g cis oegcis y gc si`grmki dgc bukdi, oik ekugk- o em b m ro m d m g k tid m s cm s rg c eh eik gs y orggko em s p istgr eirgs d g cm fub m ked m d . U, dg sd g cm åp i o m d g cm s m kt eh um s o ev ecezm o eik gs, gc fib ` rg eb m - h ekÿ ci s si cst eo ei s o ib i m p gr turm s i p ug stm s d gc o eg ci , oib i – pugr tms ‒ pi r d ikd g g c _ic gkt rm ` m i sm câm , mc tgrb ekm r su o ursi , gk o m d m o ero uci tri- p eo m c ‒ \=R

Kugstrm ektueoeÿk kis fezi vgr oik ocmre-dmd cm rgcmoeÿk gktrg m`rer y ogrrmr cm cihem oik

cms m`grturms dgc oegci ebmhekmdms pir cis mkte-huis gk gc ombeki dgc _ic, bmromkdi cis sicste-

Gc sic vgkogdir

Gc _ic Qgkogdir

Zir gc Q.¸.F.¸. Zmuci Agrkmkdgs Biurm ‟ Cihem Omredmdg EE K¾ :=?7 g Ícvmri Bgkdgs K¾ 0=?5 - @rmsec

Edeibm irehekmc> Zirtuhuås dgc @rmsec

Trmduotir> QF Bmrei Cipgz Peoi



0?Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm

oeis dg ekvegrki y vgrmki.

Gc sicsteoei dg vgrmki, gk gc Fgbesagrei Kirtg,bmrom gc pmsi dgc _ic pir gc prebgr pukti dgc Trÿ-peoi dg Oíkogr, gc dâm 0= dg Nukei, oumkdi cis

dâms sik cis bís cmrhis dgc mýi. @usombis, kug-vmbgktg, gk gc Bmgstri Niså Omstgccmke, mpiyim gstm ektueoeÿk y i`tgkgbis cm gxpceomoeÿk

–Cm eb p ir tm ko em d g g stm rgp rgsgktm o eÿk dg cms pugr tms sicst eo em cgs pugdg gkoiktrmrsg o i k g c m uxecei d g c seb ` i cesb i o rest em ki , pu g s,pmrm gc bmsÿk, cms gstms dg cis sicsteoeis sik, gkþctebi tårbeki, cms gstms dg _mk Numk @mutestmy d g _m k Num k Gvm kh gc estm . _i k d i s _m k Num k y tgkg b is m q uâukm gv edg ktg rg cmo eÿk oi k gc d eis rib m ki Nmku s y sus d i s o m rm s> gc auturi y g c p m - sm d i, gc auturi d g` g sgr o i kst rued i si ` rg cm cuz dgc pmsmdi. @mni ukm veseÿk seb`ÿceom, cis dis sggko ik t rm rík g k uk b ib gkti d g t rm kseo eÿk, o ik gc k dg uk mýi oÿsbeoi y gc oibegkzi dg ukikug vi, qu g b m ro m gc kmo eb egkti d g Ngsþs. Wki m kuko em su ccgh m d m , g c i t ri p rip m hm su p m cm - ` rm ‒ \0R

_mk Numk @mutestm sg oikbgbirm gc dâm04 dg Nukei. Gstg smkti gs oikioedi oibi –gcprgoursir dg cm Cuz‒, –Gc mkukoemdir‒. Qevâm pri-

agtezmkdi gk gc dgsegrti y `mutezmkdi m cm hgk-tg. _u pmdrg ^momrâms grm smogrditg nudâi y submdrg Esm`gc pgrtgkgoâm m ukm irhmkezmoeÿkccmbmdm –Fenms dg Mmrÿk‒

Pghrgsgbis kugstrm mtgkoeÿk mc Petumc dgMprgkdez Bmsÿk dgc P.¸. G.¸. M.¸. M.¸. ,nusti gk cmpmrtg qug ekdeom –¹M quå firm oibegkzmk cisMprgkdeogs Bmsikgs su trm`mni‒. Mc bgdeidâm,rgspikdg gc fgrbmki =¾ Qehecmktg. Tgkgbis ukmocmrm mcuseÿk m cm cuz qug ki priygotm sib`rms.

Gc _ic, gk su zgket, bugstrm tidm su bmngstmd yibkeprgsgkoem. Gs gc bibgkti gk gc qug cis trm-`mnis dg cm Cihem oibegkzmk, sek gb`mrhi gsurhgktg qug gxestm ukm rutm prgoesm, ukm rgag-rgkoem sghurm y ukm cuz qug kis iregktg gk gsgtrm`mni. Gs gc bibgkti dg cm mpgrturm dgc Ce`ridg cm Cgy, ukm dg cms trgs Hrmkdgs Cuogs dg cmBmsikgrâm. Cughi, gc Qgkgrm`cg Bmgstri gk-oegkdg ukm cuz dgc omkdgcm`ri dg trgs `rmzisqug gstí si`rg gc Mctmr, rgpetegkdi cm besbm mo-oeÿk cis fgrbmkis prebgr y sghukdi vehecmktg. Cm

cihem gstí mègrtm.Oik gstm rgagrgkoem gxpcâoetm mc oucti _i-

cmr, cm Bmsikgrâm prgsgrvm ukm dg cms bís mkte-hums trmdeoeikgs dgc Fib`rg. Dgsdg qug sg ir -hmkezÿ gk oibukedmdgs, gc Fib`rg mdirm cisgcgbgktis dg cm Kmturmcgzm oibi vgrdmdgrmsdevekedmdgs. Gc oucti mc deis-_ic airbÿ pmrtg dg

cm vedm dg buofis pug`cis dg cm mktehógdmd y,mþk fiy gk dâm, bmktegkg su augrzm gk mchukispug`cis, rgsestegkdi gk gc retumc dg mchukms rgce-heikgs dg bidi vgcmdi. Gk cm Ehcgsem OmtÿceomMpistÿceom Pibmkm, fmy uk bibgkti dg cm og-cg`rmoeÿk dg cm besm gk cm oumc gs prgsgktmdim cis gcgs gc istgksirei. Gc istgksirei gs uk des-oi dirmdi oik rmyis qug pmrtgk dg su ogktriy dikdg sg mcinm cm fistem oiksmhrmdm oibigc Ougrpi dg Oresti. Cm sebìcihâm oik gc _ic gsbís qug gvedgktg.

Wki dg cis ouctis bís ambisis y pipucmr gk Guripm grm dgc deis Betrm, qug airbm`m pmr -tg dg cm beticihâm pgrsm, ekdem y hrgoi-ribmkm.Gk cm Ekdem y gk Zgrsem, Betrm rgprgsgktm`m cm Cuz(Deis sicmr), gc egk y cm Ce`grmoeÿk dg cm bmtgrem.Ci ccmbm`mk _ic Ekveotus, gs dgoer, _ic Qgkogdir.M pmrter dgc sehci EE, gc oucti dg Betrm grm dg cisbís ebpirtmktg dgc ebpgrei ribmki y kubgrisissmktumreis sg grehegrik gk su fikir. Gc kmoebegktidg Betrm sg ogcg`rm`m gc 07 dg deoegb`rg. Gk cissehcis EEE y EQ dg cm grm orestemkm, cms rgceheikgs ri-

bmkms, edgkteoíkdisg oik gc omríotgr verec y cu-bekisi dgc Deis sicmr Betrm, sg trmksairbmrik gkuk oucti betrmeoi. Oik cm mdipoeÿk dgc orestem-kesbi oibi rgceheÿk ioemc dgc ebpgrei ribmki,gc betrmâsbi aug ekocuedi, segkdi Betrm gc Bgsemsribmki, Ngsþs Oresti, qug kmoâm tmbèåk gc 07dg Deoegb`rg.

Gc sicsteoei dg ekvegrki gk gc FgbesagreiKirtg suogdg gc 0= dg Deoegb`rg, sik cms kiofgsbís cmrhms dgc mýi y oiekoedg oik cm oikbg-

birmoeÿk dg _mk Numk Gvmkhgcestm, qug sg ogcg-`rm gc 08 dg Deoegb`rg.

Qmbis m oikogktrmr dg kugvi cm mtgk-oeÿk gk gc retumc dgc P.¸. G.¸. M.¸. M.¸. Ci qug kisektgrgsm gs cm pmrtg dg oegrrg dg cis trm`mnis. Cistrm`mnis sg oegrrmk m Bgdem-kiofg. Fm pmsmdidiog firms dgsdg su oibegkzi. Gc diog gs ukkþbgri sehkeomtevi gk cms trmdeoeikgs dg bu-ofis pug`cis. Diog sik cms treùs dg Esrmgc< diogaugrik cis mpÿsticgs dg Ngsþs< diog sik cis seh-

kis dgc zidemoi< cis bgsgs dgc mýi, cis trm`mnisdg Fåroucgs y buofms itrms rgagrgkoems fmogr mcuseÿk mc diog. Gc fgrbmki =¾ Qehecmktg rgspik-

Gc sic vgkogdir




dg m prghuktms dgc Qgkgrm`cg Bmgstri qug cistrm`mnis sg oegrrmk m bgdemkiofg y gc fgrbmki0¾ Qehecmktg oikrbm qug ym gs gsm firm. Ektue-bis qug gs ukm rgprgsgktmoeÿk dgc sicsteoei dgekvegrki gk gc Fgbesagrei Kirtg, agofm gk cm oumc

sg ogcg`rm gc _ic Ekveotus, cm veotirem dg cm Cuz si-`rg cms tekeg`cms. Gc bibgkti dgc kmoebegkti dgcOresti _icmr y dg cm rgkivmoeÿk dg cm gspgrmkzmgktrg cis fib`rgs. Gc mhrmdgoebegkti mc Hrmk Mr -quetgoti dgc Wkevgrsi, prikukoemdi pir gc Qgkg-rm`cg Bmgstri m ogrrmr cm sgseÿk, fmog rgagrgkoemm cm Cuz dis vgogs>

–Gc Hrmk M rq ue tgo ti d gc Wkevgrsi, augktg ago ukd m d g Cuz…o ikoådgki s g c mu xec ei d g Tus Cuo g s…‒

_mk Numk Gvmkhgcestm gs gc Mpistic dg Ng-

sþs, –gc desoâpuci m quegk gc Bmgstri bís qugrâm‒y gc oiktekumdir dg su i`rm. Dei gngbpcis dgvedm purm, mbestmd, ekiogkoem y, prekoepmcbgk-tg, dgcedmd, pugs gstuvi oik Ngsþs fmstm gc þcte-bi ekstmktg dg su dicirisi bmrterei.

_g gstí ogrrmkdi uk oeoci bís dgc ombe-ki dgc _ic qug, oibi cm Cihem, m`rg gk gc sics-teoei dg vgrmki y sg oegrrm gk gc sicsteoei dg ek-vegrki. Bivebegktis qug sg fmogk –M cm hciremdgc Hrmk Mrquetgoti dg Wkevgrsi‒ y dg _mk Numk,

kugstri pmtrÿk, gviomdis gk cm mpgrturm y oegrrgretumcesteoi.

U tidi oibegkzm kugvmbgktg oibikugvmbgktg oibegkzm tidi.

Gs gc bivebegkti dg cm Qedm, gk tidms cmsåpioms dgc pmsmdi y dgc pirvgker.

Tgrgsekm - Zemuâ - @rmsec, sicstâoei dg ekvgrki dg0:=? G.˕.Q.˕.

KITM_

=.- Despike`cg gk fttp>//sgcidgsmcibmi.`cihs-

pit.oib.`r/0:==/:0/pir-qug-smi-nimi-kissi-pmdrigeri.ftbc. (04/:1/0:=?)

0.- Edgb

Gc Q.¸>F.¸. Zmuci Agrkmkdgs Biurm, trm`mnm gk cmsMuhustms y Pgspgtm`cgs Cihems _eb`ÿceoms –Omre-

dmdg EE‒ Kº :=?7 y –Ícvmri Bgkdgs‒ Kº 0=?5, gkgc Iregktg dg Tgrgsekm ‟ Zemuâ - @rmsec.

Gc sic vgkogdir




Gc prgsgktg sik rggxeikgs y bgdetmoeikgs pgr - sikm cgs, ki k go gsm rem b gktg rgp rgsgktm k cm i p e- k eÿk d g cm irdg k. Ki gso re` i p m rm tid is, sek g b - ` m rh i , tid is si k ekve tm d i s m cgg rci

Gc tgbm qug bg ioupm fiy, pir su m`s-trmooeÿk y su`ngtevedmd gs deaâoec dg dgsmrriccmr.Gktegkdi cm devgrsedmd dg pgksmbegktis gk cmfubmkedmd y cm ticgrmkoem qug dg`g gxester gk-trg quegkgs deagrebis pir kugstrms edgms.

¹Oÿbi dgsoreèr ci ekdgsorepte`cg9 Cmspmcm`rms oibi gc sebìcesbi dg cm mcghirâm, kisik cm vgrdmd, seki qug eksekþmk i sgýmcmk fmoemgccm.

Gk gstis tårbekis, gc prgsgktg gs uk gs-augrzi pir myudmr m ùsomr y oibprgkdgr ciqug gs cm pmcm`rm pgrdedm.

–Gk g c p reko ep ei grm gc vgrì . Gc vg r` i grm o i k

Dei s, y gc vg r` i g rm Dei s. Gstg g rm g k g c p reko ep ei o i k Dei s, ti d m s cm s o ism s p ir gc aug rik fg o fm s, y sek åc, km d m d g ci q ug fm sed i fg o fi , aug f go fi ‒ Nk.=>=-?.

Gc prebgr ompâtuci dgc gvmkhgcei dg _mkNumk, kis kmrrm oibi gc Qgrì segkdi ukm gx-tgkseÿk, i pmrtg dg su kmturmcgzm motevm dg Deis,tibm pmrtg dg cm gsgkoem dg sâ besbi, y oik suspripems –bmkis‒ airbm tidi oumkti gxestg. Zgriki oikairbg oik gsti, sg gkomrkm dgktri dg su

pripem orgmoeÿk y fmètm gktrg kisitris.

IPDI M@ OFMI.- Cm trmdeoeÿk Om`mcâste-

om kmrrm qug gk gc ekeoei dg cm orgmoeÿk, Deisorgi uk gspmoei keti dgktri dg sâ, qugdmkdirgseduis dg bmtgrem prebirdemc gk airbm omÿteomg ekbÿvec. Gc gspmoei keti qugdi ridgmdi pir gcekketi. Moti sghuedi Deis gbeteÿ ukm pmcm`rm, sgougktm qug aug su kib`rg, cm pmcm`rm pgkgtrirgvgr`grmktg gk gc gspmoei prebirdemc, oibi ukrmyi Cubekisi i gspmdm mbâhgrm, hgkgrmkdigc bivebegkti y cm vedm, oik cms icgmdms dg cisGcifeb, cis oikstruotirgs dg cm murirm dgc kugvimbmkgogr dgc ukevgrsi bmkegsti.

_g ougktm, qug gstm –Zmcm`rm‒ cg aug

rgvgcmdm m> Mdík, Gkiof, M`rmfmb, Biesås,Mmrÿk. U qug gk mchþk bibgkti gk gc tegbpi,sg pgrdeÿ. Dgsdg gktikogs, Hrupis, ßrdgkgs yArmtgrkedmdgs, Bâsteoms, Gsitåreom, u iouctestms,fmk trmtmdi mamkismbgktg dg gkoiktrmrcm… Gcpidgr dg gstm pmcm`rm gs tmc, qug sg deog qug cibesbi pugdg oikstruer qug dgstruer ukevgrsis.

Gc Zrâkoepg Pism Oruz \0R tegkg oibi bgtmprekoepmc ùsomr gstm pmcm`rm pgrdedm, y orgggkoiktrmrcm gk gc morÿkebi –E.K.P.E.‒ qug Zmpus

deog qug gs ci besbi qug –FEPMB‒ y –EFQF‒. McE.K.P.E. cg fmk msehkmdi vmreis sehkeomdis oibi>

=.- Eustrub Kgomrg Pghgs Ebpeis, Gs nusti bmtmr mcis bmcvmdis rgygs0.- Ehkgb Kmturm Pghgkgrmkdi Ektghrmt.- Pghg-kgríkdisg, cm kmturmcgzm bmktegkg cm ektghredmddgc aughi.?.- Ektrm Kiès Pghkub Dge.- Gc rgeki dg Deis gstídgktri dg kisitris.4.- Ek Kgoe Pgkmsoir Ektghgr.- Gk cm bugrtg sg rg-

kmog ektmoti y puri.7.-Egsus Kmzmrgus Pgx Eudgirub.- Ngsþs dg Kmzm-rgtf Pgy dg cis Nudâis.

EKPE y Irdi M` Ofmi

EKPE y Irdi M` Ofmi \=R

Zir gc Q.¸.F.¸. Zmuci Agrkmkdgs Biurm ‟ Cihem Omredmdg EE K¾ :=?7 g Ícvmri Bgkdgs K¾ 0=?5 - @rmsec

Edeibm irehekmc> Zirtuhuås dgc @rmsec

Trmduotir> QF Bmrei Cipgz Peoi




1.- Embekek, Kiur, Pumof, Eg`sofmf.- Mhum, Aug-hi, Merg, Tegrrm gk Fg`rgi.8).-Ehkg Kmturm Pgkivmtur Ektghrm.- Cm Kmturmcg-zm sgrí Âktghrmbgktg rgkivmdm pir gc aughi.

Cms pise`cgs rgspugstms qug m be oretgreibís sg mogromk mc pripÿseti dg cm pmcm`rm pgr -dedm, pidrâmk sgr cm rgspugstm 1 y 8 qug gstík

augrtgbgktg rgcmoeikmdms oik gc kib`rg EFQFgk Fg`rgi ouyms cgtrms tegkgk ukm rgcmoeÿk oikcis 4 bukdis airbmtevis dg cm oí`mcm y cis oum-tri gcgbgktis oik qug gstí oikstetuedi gc ukevgr -si. Cm rgspugstm 8 kis fm`cm dgc priogsi dg cmbgdetmoeÿk trmsogkdgktmc, y dg cm oiktrmooeÿkdgc ukevgrsi mc kmc dg cis tegbpis fmoem gc –Zm-drg‒, oumkdi cis oumtri bukdis gbmkmdis dgDeis y qug gstík rgprgsgktmdis pir omdm ukmdg cms cgtrms sg rgtrmehmk fmoem cm prebgrm cgtrmcm EID gk Fg`rgi qug gs uk sâbìci dgc aughi,

gc mcegkti y pmcm`rm dg Deis qug ekeoei y hgkgridmkdi vedm mc ukevgrsi bmkegsti…‒Ui is mute-zi gk mhum, pgri vegkg uki bís pidgrisi qugyi, dg quegk ki siy dehki dg dgsmtmr cm oirrgmdg su omczmdi< åc is `mutezmrí oik gc AWGHI dgcG_ZÂPETW _MKTI‒ Co.?>=1… Numk gc @mutestm vgstâmoik pegcgs dg ombgcci, sâbìci dg cm bmtgrem ycm mkebmcedmd. Oresti Deis sicmr y sâbìci dgc aug-hi dg cm oiksoegkoem y mcbm dgc fib`rg.

–Ki p id gb is ki sit ris, k e fm y p id gr gk

g c b ukd i aug rm d g vi s b esb i, qug p ugd m ek e- o em ris gk g c uctårrebi sg o rgti d g c H r. VQEEE. Gk g c secg ko ei si sm ktu m rei d g v ug stri aug ri ektg rki

o ekte cm cm cuz y si ci vi s, þkeo m b g ktg vi s, p i dåes,o ik g saug rzi y vi cuk tmd ekq ug` rm k tm` cg p gkg - trm r fm stm g sg cuh m r‒, –Gc Hr. VQEEE sgým cm m c Armko - b m sÿk gc sgkd gri d g rgtirki y cg p rip iro eikm cm s fg rrmb eg ktm s d g ci s O ib p mýg ri s, Pi sm O ruz

p m rm q ug p ugd m d gs` rizm r su om b eki y pi sm r cm s p cm ktm s gk åc< p gri o m d m q uegk t egk g q ug fm - o g r, g k g c secg ko ei y cm si cg d m d ci d gbís‒.

Cm pmcm`rm pårdedm birm gk gc ektgreir dgtidis kisitris y su `þsqugdm gs pgrsikmc, kigs pise`cg gkoiktrmrcm m trmvås dg cms pmcm`rmsgsoretms, gsouofmdms, i pir gc ektgcgoti i`ngte-vi, y bgkis pir sghukdm i tgrogrms pgrsikms...Gs bgkgstgr ektrivgrter cm oiksoegkoem fmoem cisbukdis ektgrkis dgc sgr, y vicvgrsg oiksoegktgdg cm augktg dg cm oiksoegkoem gk gc fib`rg.

Cm Bmsikgrâm gs gk gsgkoem Gsitåreom, ygstm kmturmcgzm i oikdeoeÿk ki sg mcomkzm gkairbm gspgoucmtevm, seki ipgrmtevm. M mqugccisouym bgktmcedmd ki cgs pgrbetg m vescub`rmr gcbukdi su`ngtevi y m`strmoti dgc gspâretu y segb-prg gstík mtgktis m dgsomceomr ci qug sus sgkte-dis aâseois ki pugdgk pgroeèr, ke su oiksoegkoemrmoeikmc, cÿheom, y bmtgremcestm pugdg oibprgk-dgr, Cm ceturhem dgc Hr. VQEEE cgs suhegrg mchukisgngroeoeis psâqueois si`rg gc ombpi dg cm bgktg

y gc gspâretu, y cgs prgsgktm ukm sgooeÿk dgc –gngr -oeoeis y prmoteoms‒ y itrm dg –gsitgresbi‒. Oikte-kþm deoegkdi>

–Dg`g g c Bm sÿk gko ik t rm r cm pm cm ` rm p grd ed m ,i g c Qg r` i O rg m d i r q ug g s åc b esb i < gs d g o er su gk t ed m d vgrd m d grm , su gh i , y p ikg rsg g k o ik- tm o ti o i k åc, i sgm q ug gk gstg H r. Dg` g cih rm r su ek eo emo eÿk t rmsog kdg ktm c ‒ gstms þctebms pmcm-`rms kis fm`cmk dg qug gs bgkgstgr trmsogkdgr cm bmtgremcedmd dg tidi oumkti kis ridgm y dg

kugstri pripei –yi‒ i`ngtevi, pmrm ùsomr gk cisbukdis sutecgs g ektgrkis dg uki besbi, kugstrmvgrdmdgrm edgktedmd, gc gspâretu i mcbm, cm EIDqug birm gk åc… y gsti ki ci cihrmrm pir pm-cm`rms gsoretms, fm`cmdms, i pgksmdms, ke pir cmektgcgotumcedmd rmoeikmc y cÿheom, pirqug åstm cmfgbis airbmdi gk kugstri demrei vever gk gc uke-vgrsi tredebgkseikmc y bmtgremc qug kis ridgm… ‒Zugs h rm o em s m gstm d gki b ekm o eÿk d g cm s ed gm s m ` st rm o tms, cih rm d m p ir bgd ei d g c Qgr` i , pud i gc fib ` rg d gsm rri ccm r su rmo ei o ek ei‒.

Kis fm`cm dg cm Mooeÿk, oibi tidi motiaâseoi, gbioeikmc, ektgcgotumc, y gsperetumc. –Cm

EKPE y Irdi M` Ofmi




mooeÿk gs cm mpceomoeÿk dgc rmoeioekei m cms bm-keagstmoeikgs dg cm gkgrhâm‒, _â, cm gkgrhâm gsrgmcezmoeÿk pitgkoemc qug sg oikvegrtg gk augrzmpir cm mooeÿk, gc Bmsÿk dg`g priourmr tmbèåkcm mooeÿk gk cis bukdis ektgrkis, dikdg gc mcbm

tmbèåk dg`g rgmcezmrsg trmsogkdegkdi cm i`ng-tevedmd y bmtgremcedmd dgc ougrpi aâseoi… Gstmgs cm –ekeoemoeÿk trmksogkdgktmc‒ qug cm ceturhembgkoeikm, oumkdi gc mcbm oi`rm oiksoegkoemdg sâ besbm, y gc fib`rg sg vugcvg oiksoegktgdg sus dis bukdis, gc bmtgremc y gc gsperetumc…

Ocmudei @restic gk su ce`ri –Cm bmhem dgpgksmr‒ kis deog –Msâ oibi cm bgktg oiksoegk-tg gs cm augktg dgc pgksmbegkti, gc ekoiksoegktggs cm augktg dgc pidgr‒. Buy pri`m`cgbgktg,cm bgktg dgc mcbm sg uèqug gk gc ekoiksoegk-

tg dgc fib`rg, pirqug dgsdg qug kmogbis cgdgdeombis tidm kugstrm mtgkoeÿk mc mspgotirmoeikmc i`ngtevi, y cm bgktg gsperetumc dgc mcbmgs icvedmdm gk cm isouredmd dgc dgsvík dgc ek-oiksoegktg edgkteoíkdisg oik cms pgrsikmce-dmd ghieom dg kugstri demrei vever…

Gs bgkgstgr rgsomtmrcm y rghrgsmrcm m cm cuzdg cm mooeÿk oiksoegktg dg cis dis bukdis. –EKKI@E_ PGHKMK ECG, Gc sgr rghucmdir sg fmccm gktidis cis fubmkis, qug Deis birm gk omdm uki

dg kisitris. Cis tgbpcis dg Deis gk cm tegrrm sikcis ougrpis fubmkis, y gk omdm uki dg gccissg gkougktrm, oibi ukm priygooeÿk suym, ukbmgstri ouym bgktg gstí eb`âètm gk cm bgktgoÿsbeom, uk bmgstri ouym mcbm y vedm sik mcbmy vedm dg Deis‒.

Qmreis gsoretirgs si`rg Bmsikgrâm, oibiMcdi Cmvmhkeke bgkoeikm argougktgbgktg cmOí`mcm y gc Tmrit, pgri sik piois i kmdeg cisqug fm`cmk si`rg gstis tgbms gk be cihem. Cm

sgxtm omrtm dgc Tmrit dg Pedgr, –CI_ MBMKTG_‒qug sg uèom gktrg Tepfmrgtf (@gccgzm) y Fid (Gs-pcgkdir, Hcirem), dikdg gc fib`rg rgprgsgktm cmBgktg I`ngtevm cm oumc sici pugdg vgr mc Íkhgci cm –Bgktg Oÿsbeom‒ y mc _ic sâbìci dgc DeisÞkeoi, rggnmdi gk cis inis dg cm bungr, cm oumcrgprgsgktm cm bgktg suòiksoegktg… Cm bgktgdgc mcbm.

Oikocuyi sek tgrbekmr> Cm pmcm`rm pgdedm,qug sg deog gs gc kib`rg dg Deis, ki gs pise`cg

qug msâ sgm, pirqug Deis segkdi gc tidi, gc tgkgr kib`rg ci ekdevedumcezmrâm sgpmríkdici dgc rgstidgc ukevgrsi. _ek gb`mrhi, pir bgdei dg cm tg-

b u r md g c m s

oumtri cgtrms qug gs ci besbi qug E.K.P.E. kisdm –cuz‒ si`rg mchukis bestgreis, oibi cm tgtrmo-tes dg Zetíhirms, y gc –_ggk Fmbbgpfirmsf‒ ikib`rg gxpceomdi dg Deis oibpugstis dg 80cgtrms i Íkhgcgs dg cm orgmoeÿk… Zmpus gk suce`ri 3Gc Tmrit dg cis @ifgbeis; sg mbpcem y pri-aukdezm bís gk gc tgbm.

Cm pmcm`rm mc ehumc qug gc fib`rg y gcukevgrsi, sik ve`rmoeÿk. Omdm ÿrhmki, tgnedi,

i oåcucm, omdm sgktebegkti, gbioeÿk, y pgksm-begktis tegkgk su pripem kitm ve`rmtirem qug su-bmdis hgkgrmk ukm kitm þkeom, ouyi retbi, arg-ougkoem, y mrbikâm, mchukis deogk qug cm deotmcm motevedmd dgc oirmzÿk.

Cm pmcm`rm pgrdedm, –ve`rmoeÿk‒ y irehgkdg vedm, gk gc fib`rg gs su pripem mcbm, cm oumcebpikg irdgk, mrbikâm, vetmcedmd, y gxestgkoemdgktri dg su pripei ukevgrsi, gc ougrpi fubm-ki, cm oumc airbm pmrtg dgc mcbm oÿsbeom y qug

m su vgz ebpikg irdgk y mrbikâm gk gc ukevgrsigktgri.

EKPE y Irdi M` Ofmi




Gk cm bgdedm qug gc fib`rg sg edgkte-qug y sgm ukm priygooeÿk bís kâtedm dg su pri-pem mcbm, cm oumc m su vgz gs ukm priygooeÿkdgc mcbm oÿsbeom y dgc H,―, M,―, D,―, W,―, gk gstígsm bgdedm sgrí cm mrbikâm, smcud, y pgragooeÿk

bmkegstm gk gc fib`rg. ]uegkgs fmk gkoiktrm-di cm pmcm`rm pgrdedm sik mqugccis quegkgs fmkpmsmdi pir cm ekeoemoeÿk trmsogkdgktmc, Gstm gscm rgvgcmoeÿk dgc bestgrei dg cm gxmctmoeÿk mc tgr -ogr hrmdi dg cm Bmsikgrâm, dikdg gc rgoepegk-dmrei gs cgvmktmkdi dg su mtmþd dg bugrtg,gc ougrpi aâseoi, y quegk rgsuoetm gs gc mcbm gkpcgketud dg oiksoegkoem y amouctmdgs, Gstå gs gcbibgkti gk qug cm Pism m`rg sus påtmcis gk gcogktri dg cm Oruz, ebpmrtegkdi su mribm mc rgstidgc bmdgri. Gstå gs gc kivei y cm kivem dgc Omk-tmr dg cis Omktmrgs dgc Pgy _mcibÿk, cm Pism dg_mrÿk y gc Cerei dg cis Qmccgs, qug oumkdi oik-submk su bmtrebikei gk cm kiofg kupoemc, gk-hgkdrmk m Gbbmkugc, gc fib`rg ecubekmdi qugsg fm rggkoiktrmdi oik su pripem irehekmcedmd ydevekedmd.

¡My dg visitris, ektårprgtgs dg cm cgy! Zirqugfm`åes quetmdi cm ccmvg dg cm oegkoem< visitrisbesbis ki gktrmstges, y m ci qug gktrm`mk sg ciebpgdestges. Co. ==>70

Armtgrkmcbgktg.Cízmfmri Fmgc,―,

KITM_

=.- Mrteouci pistgmdi pir kugstri oicm`irmdir Mqueceki P. Cgmc gk gc setg dg cm Aicfm bmèôkeom.Cm Aicfm bmèôkeom gs uk sgbmkmrei sgbmkmcbmsÿkeoi gdetmdi gk @rmsec gk edeibm pirtuhuåsdgsdg gc mýi 0::7. Zugdg siceoetmr sgr ekocuedigk cm destre`uoeÿk hrmtuetm gk gc gbmec aicfmbm-oikeomJhbmec.oib (ekocuym su kib`rg, Cihem yZitgkoem)

0.- Kib`rg pir gc qug sg oikiog mc hrmdi=6 dgcPeti Gsoioås Mktehui y Mogptmdi

EKPE y Irdi M` Ofmi




Is prgsgktmbis cm ekeoemtevm _ipm dg Hmksi, pir uk sici guri mc bgs pugdgs airbmr pmrtgdgc priygoti. _u k gs rgomudmr aikdis qug sg dikmrík m cm ekstetuoeÿk qug cughi gcenmk pir bm -yirâm cis begb`ris dgc priygoti, pugdg sgr cm Oruz Pinm, Bådeois sek Ariktgrms, Oíretms i oumcquegr itrm irhmkezmoeÿk dg mpiyi y myudm m cis kgogsetmdis. Gxpceomdi gk sus pripems pmcm`rms, qug

pugdgs cggr gk cm wg` dgc priygoti ( fttps>//www.tgmbekh.kgt/sipmdghmksi )>

–Duol _iup gs ukm armsg dg mrhit qug sehkeom mchi aíoec dg fmogr. Oibi dikmr uk guri mcbgs pmrm ukm `ugkm omusm. Wk guri ki gs dekgri y cm omusm ym cm gcghergbis gktrg tidis. Gc vgr -dmdgri rgti gs oikstruer gc bmyir hrupi dg Tgmbekh. Orggbis qug gs pise`cg, pirqug tgmbekh sg`msm gk oikmr gk cms pgrsikms qug hgsteikmk cis hrupis. Gofm uk vestmzi m cis hgstirgs dg gstg yþkgtg‒

Gk _ipm dg Hmksi tegkgs cm hmrmktâm dg qug gsg dekgri qug dikms ccghmrí m su dgsteki pir -qug oikiogs m quegk tg ekvetm, sm`gs qug tu mbehi gs dg mr y ki airbmrâm pmrtg dgc priygoti sedudmsg mchi gk gc besbi. Gstg priygoti sg oebgktm gk cm oikmkzm butum gktrg tidis cis qug ci

ergbis airbmkdi. Wk guri ki gs kmdm, se fmstm uk omaå tg ougstm bís omri fib`rg, ki bg dehms qug ki pug-

dgs pmsmr uk dâm sek tu omaå y dikmr gsi pmrm cm myudm dg cis qug ki tegkgk kmdm. Zmrgog pioi,pgri fmz cis kþbgris. Ui ekveti m dis mbehis, gccis m itris dis, gsgs oumtri m itris dis, sici berm> = ‟ 0 ‟ 4 ‟ 6 ‟ =1 ‟ ?0 m pioi qug oirrmbis cm viz pidgbis sgr oegktis, becgs, pidrgbis dikmr buofidekgri oik uk bâkebi gsaugrzi ¹tg vms m pgrdgr cm ipirtukedmd dg pgrtgkgogr m gstg priygoti9

Qgkhm, þkgtg, aâmtg dg bâ (yi ym bg fg mcemdi), oibprug`m cm sgregdmd dgc priygoti ysghuri qug cughi ki pugdgs dgnmr dg mkukoemrci m tidis tus mbehis. Oibi segbprg, cm ukeÿk fmrícm augrzm. TG G_ZGPMBI_

_IZM DG HMK_I



?: Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm

Ce`rg y dg ùgkms oiktub`rgs... ¹Ce`rg9

Zicåbeoms pmrm ce`rgpgksmdirgs>

Ce`rg y dg ùgkms oistub`rgs… ¹Ce`rg9Zir gc Q.¸. F.¸. Mqueceki P. Cgmc

Trmduoedi dgc Zirtuhuås dgc @rmsec pir> Q.¸.F.¸. Bmrei Cÿpgz

Cis fgofis

Dgc Petumc dgc Hrmdi E , pidgbis gxtrmgr ci se-huegktg>Zíh 5 ‟

> – Cm Bmsikgrâm ki ebpikg kekhþk câbetg m cmce`rg ekvgstehmoeÿk dg cm vgrdmd y pmrm hmrmkte-zmr gsm ce`grtmd gs qug gxehg dg tidis cm bmyir ticgrmkoem‒

Zíh 5 ‟

> –…bís ce`rgs y dg ùgkms oistub`rgs‒

Zíh 1= ‟

>– Gxpgrti> Zirqug gs ce`rg y dg ùgkms oistub-`rgs‒

Zíh 6= ‟ > –…þkeom mutiredmd bmsÿkeom cghmc y cghâtebm

gk gstm nuresdeooeÿk, cm Hrmk Cihem Bmsÿkeom dgcGstmdi dg Pei dg Nmkgeri, dg cm oumc dgpgkdg

gstm Cihem, sghuer…‒

Zíh ==: ‟

> –0¾ Qehecmktg> _gr ce`rg y dg ùgkms oistub`rgs‒

Zíh ==: ‟

> –0¾ Qehecmktg> Ki Qgkgrm`cg Bmgstri. Tidifib`rg gs ce`rg< pugdg, sek gb`mrhi, gstmr sungti m i`cehmoeikgs sioemcgs qug cg prevgk dg su

ce`grtmd y, ci qug gs pgir, ci vugcvmk…‒

Oikocuseÿk

Oumkdi gc omkdedmti ekhrgsm gk cm Irdgk kitegkg oikioebegkti dg cm gxestgkoem dg Petis yrmrm vgz dg cm gxestgkoem dg vmrems Zitgkoems…Gcauturi bmsÿk gs gsoihedi… Gc ki tegkg gsoinm…

¡Åc ki gs ce`rg pmrm gcci!

Wkm vgz mogptmdi g ekeoemdi, sg cg prgsgktm gcPeti (cm pripem ekeoemoeÿk sg dgsmrriccm sghþk gcPetumc oirrgspikdegktg mc Peti dgc rgspiksm`cg ‟ pmdreki ‟ qug fm gsoihedi mc omkdedmti gktrgcis priamkis oik cis qug sg rgcmoeikm)

Gsti bugstrm qug gc Bmsÿk ki gsoihg su Cihem,i`gdegkoem i Peti, gk ukm ocmrm dgbistrmoeÿkdg qug ki kmog ce`rg, se sequegrm pmrm gsoihgr sudgsteki bmsÿkeoi, ¡pmrm qugdmrsg tikti!

Gk k, ¡Ki gs ce`rg! ¡Ki gs ce`rg ke pmrm gsoihgr dgspuås dg sgr Ekeoemdi!¡Kmdeg gs vgrdmdgrmbgktg ce`rg!

–Cms istgktmoeikgs, oik tidi, ki dg`grâmk mpg-kms sgr gvetmdms gk cms ogrgbikems aþkg`rgs,pgri se gk itris omsis. Gs cmbgktm`cg oumkdicms cihems pgrbetgk qug sus begb`ris, oibpcg-tmbgktg trmngmdis oik cms eksehkems bmsÿkeoms,oibpmrgzomk gk motis pþ`ceois priamkis‒ (Pez-

zmrdi Dm Ombeki ‟ dgc Ce`ri –prâkoepg Pism Oruzy sus bestgreis)

I`sgrvmoeÿk> Buofi bís cmbgktm`cg y dgpci-rm`cg se sg trmtm dg cis Hr.¸.D.¸. y dg cis Hr.¸.Ia.¸.Nusti cis qug dg`grâmk (ki ci fmogk) bistrmr gngbpci. ¡If! Qmkedmd…Qmkedmd ¹]uå grgs tubís. Agriz, gstþpedm i redâoucm9

Zrÿxebi kþbgri> Dudms @â`ceoms.¹Fm rggxeikmdi si`rg gc tgxti9 ¹]uegrg dmr m

oikiogr su oikocuseÿk9 ¹]uegrg vgrcm pu`ceom-dm9Gkvâgcm m> rgtmcgsdgbmsikgremJhbmec.oib



?=Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm

Gc fgofi

Cm dgsehkmoeÿk dg Treíkhuci su`cebg itreíkhuci dg iri sg dg`g m cm pripiroeÿk gk-trg sus debgkseikgs< pripiroeÿk gstm qug ki sggkougktrm omse gk cis treíkhucis pgri tmbèåkgk cis rgotíkhucis qug, mc tgkgr sus cmdis gk cmpripiroeÿk mdgoumdm dgkibekmdm dg sgooeÿkdirmdm, hizm dg pripegdmdgs hgibåtreoms ki-tm`cgs, fmoegkdi qug sgmk gcghedis, oiksoegktgi ekoiksoegktgbgktg, gk cms bís devgrsms setum-oeikgs oibi cm pekturm, mrtgs mpceomdms, mrque-tgoturm, gto.

Nucgs @uofgr gk su i`rm –M seb`ÿceombmèôkeom - Gdetirm Zgksmbgkti‒, gsore`g> –Zi - d gb is p gksm r q ug cm sgo o eÿk di rm d m grm uki d g ci s –sgo rg tis‒ d g ci s Arm ko b m sik gs oi kst ruo -

ti rg s< cm b m yi râm d g cm s o m tg d rm cg s sg ekso re` g k gk uk gsqug bm dg p rip i ro eÿk di rmd m ‒. Zmrmoikrbmr su tgirâm sg mpiym gk gc gsoretir BmtecmO. Hfelm, qug gsoreèÿ ci sehuegktg> –U o i k rmzÿk kis pidgbis pgrbeter gc mrbmr qug cm hgibg- trâm g si tåreo m p etm h ÿreo m aug trmk sb etedm , d g sd g cm Mkt ehógd m d fm stm g c seh ci VQEE, d g uk cmd i p i r cm s o i a rm d âm s d g o ik st ruo tirgs (qu g, o i kt ekum - b gktg , t rm ksb et eg rik dg h gkg rm o eÿk gk hg kgrm- o eÿk u k retum c ekeoeíteo i g k g c qu g cm h g ib g trâm d gsgb p gým ` m uk p m p g c p rgp ikd grmk tg ) y d g

it ri cm d i p ir cm B m h em , pi r cis risgti kgs \0 R dg cm s o m tgd rm cg s y p ir ci s p gk tío ucis \?R d g cis bm - h i s ‒ ‟ gstis rgotíkhucis –gspgoemcgs‒ sik oiki-oedis oibi –oumdrmdis i`cikhis‒

Gc oumdrmdi i`cikhi sugcg sgr oiciomdigk cis Tgbpcis Bmsÿkeois. Gs rgvgstedi pir cmnmsoumdrmdms, kghrms y `cmkoms, mctgrkmdms, oiks-tetuygkdi gc –Zesi dg Bismeoi‒, ègk oikioedipir tidis.

Gc pripÿseti mquâ gs gstm`cgogr ouícgs sik

cms debgkseikgs qug sg dm`mk mktehumbgktg mcoumdrmdi i`cikhi. Mukqug kugstris mkogstriski kis fmk dgnmdi kekhukm mkitmoeÿk si`rg gctgbm, pidgbis pgksmr, ekeoemcbgktg, gk gc rgo-tíkhuci dg ? x 4 airbmdi pir cm ukeÿk dg distreíkhuci dg Zetíhirms y, pir ci tmkti, dg kþbgrisgktgris, cis bgkirgs pise`cg ‟ Aehurm =. –M p gsm r d g tid i , su ai rb m , d gb m sem d i rgo fiko fm , ki servg p m rm g c usi b m sÿkeoi ‒ (–M seb ` ÿceo m b mèô- keom ‒ - Nucgs @iuofgr - Gdetirm Zgksmbgkti).

Itrm ipoeÿk gs pgksmr gk gc –rgotíkhucidg iri‒ ouyi trmzmdi gs gk gxtrgbi sebpcg pmrmgc qug ci oikiog, sek gb`mrhi gs pri`m`cg qugcis prebgris bmsikgs gspgoucmtevis ki oikioeg-sgk su oikstruooeÿk, trmzmkdi pir gsi uk oum-drmdi di`cg, utecezmkdi pmrm gsm oikstruooeÿkpioi bís qug cm gsoumdrm y gc oibpís, rgpgte-bis, pioi bís qug cm gsoumdrm y gc oibpís.

Zmrm oikstruer gc rgotíkhuci dg iri pmr -tebis dg uk oumdrmdi M@OD, hurm 0, i`tgkg-bis gc pukti bgdei dg uki dg sus cmdis ( ZuktiB dg cm hurm 0) y oik myudm dg uk oibpísogktrmdi gk B y dg rmdei B@, trmzmbis gc mroi@A. Gc rgotíkhuci dg debgkseikgs MD y DA oiks-


Cms debgkseikgs edgmcgs pmrm gcpmvebgkti dg bismeoi\=R

Zir gc Q.¸. F.¸. Mqueceki P. Cgmc

Trmduoedi dgc Zirtuhuås dgc @rmsec pir> Q.¸.F.¸. Bmrei Cÿpgz

Aehurm =

Aehurm 0



?0 Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm


tetuyg uk rgotíkhuci dg iri ouyms debgkseikgsi`gdgogk m cm rmzÿk = x =,1=6, rgspgotevmbgktgMD 2 @O 2 GA 2 = ukedmd y DA 2 MG ≆ =,1=6 ukedm-dgs.

Dg fgofi, segkdi uketmrei cm cikhetud dg

@O (@O 2 =u), gc sghbgkti BO bedg bgdem uke-dmd. Zir gc tgirgbm dg Zetíhirms tgkgbis ci se-huegktg>

Gstm gs cm cikhetud dgc rgotíkhuci ouymmcturm gs cm ukedmd.

–Gk cm b m yi râm d g cm s Ci h em s B m sÿkeom s g c o um - d rm d i i` cikh i gs uk rgo tíkh uci d g = x 0, gk vg z d gc rgo tíkh uci d g i ri o uym s d eb gk sei kg s i` gd go gk m cm p rip iro eÿk = x =,1=6, m p rix eb m - d mbgk t g ‒ (–M seb`ÿceom bmèôkeom‒ - Nucgs @iu-ofgr - Gdetirm Zgksmbgkti ). Gsti sg vg oikr -bmdi pir Nimqueb Hgrvísei dg Aehugergdi gksu –Deoeikírei dg bmèikmrem‒> –…su b gd ed m ed gm c gs cm d g uk o um d rm d i d i` cg , gs d go er, cm d g uk p m rm cg cih rm b i o uym cikh et ud sgm g c d i- ` c g qug su mko fi ‒. Tmbèåk @imkgrhgs @mrìsm

Omstri gk su i`rm –Tgbpci Bmèôkeoi g sgu seb-ìcesbi‒, oetm gk cm píhekm ?6 ci sehuegktg< –…Cm b gd ed m ed gm c d g Zmv eb gk ti d g B ism eo is gs cm dg uk oum d rmdi di ` cg , gs dg o er, cm d g uk p m rm - cg cih rm b i o uym cikh et ud sgm g c d i` cg q ug su m k- o fi ‒. Kis fmrâm agceogs sm`gr gc pirquå dg gstmbgdem edgmc. ¹_grí, pir omsumcedmd, pir cm amoe-cedmd dg oikstruooeÿk dg gstg rgotíkhuci (oum-drmdi di`cg)9 Orggbis qug cm oikstruooeÿk dgcrgotíkhuci dg iri tmbèåk gs gxtrgbmdmbgktgsgkoeccm dg ccgvmr m omì.

Zir itri cmdi, sghþk mchukis mutirgs, y kidgnmk dg tgkgr su pmrtg dg rmzÿk, gc oumdrmdidi`cg (Pgotíkhuci ouyis cmdis gstík gk cm rgcm-oeÿk = m 0) aug cm ccmvg pmrm i`tgkgr gc kþbgridg iri. Hrmoems m gstm pripiroeÿk, sg gkougktrmcm ccmvg dg cm deveseÿk dg ukm rgotm gk rmzÿk bg-dem y gxtrgbm, deveseÿk ekdespgksm`cg pmrm cisoikstruotirgs qug cm `mutezmrik oibi sgooeÿkdirmdm.

Gstm deveseÿk sg rgmcezm aíoecbgktg trmzmk-di cm demhikmc IO dgc oumdrmdi di`cg (auhurm?) y cis mrois dg oeroukagrgkoem MT (ogktri gk I)

y TT´ (ogktri gk O). Gkoiktríkdisg msâ cm sgooeÿkdirmdm gk gc pukti T´ qug devedg cm rgotm MO gkrmzÿk bgdem, gs dgoer, gc sghbgkti dg rgotm OT´gs gxmotmbgktg =.1=6 vgogs bmyir qug gc sgh-bgkti dg rgotm T´M< bmtgbíteombgktg fm`cmk-

di tgkgbis> ‟ gk gstg båtidi hrí-oi, oibi gk gc mktgreir, mpgkms sg usmk gcoibpís y cm gsoumdrm, dis dg kugstrms fgrrm-begktms dg trm`mni.

Oikocuseÿk.

Mukqug cm trmdeoeÿk kis deog qug gk cmscihems sg usm gc oumdrmdi di`cg orggbis qug,tgkegkdi gk ougktm cms mctgrmoeikgs suaredms dgs-dg gc irehgk, pir cis sâbìcis, pir omusm dg ukmehkirmkoem buofms vgogs bmkegstm, gc oumdrm-di i`cikhi dg`g sgr gc rgotíkhuci dg pripir -oeÿk dirmdm< gc besbi sg trmtm dg uk gsqugbm

susogpte`cg dg bþctepcgs mpceomoeikgs oibi gkcm Gstrgccm Acmbâhgrm y qug ym gstí ekocuedi gk gcDgctm Cubekisi, ouyi íkhuci supgreir gs dg =:6¾(våmsg cm pu`ceomoeÿk –Gc pgktmhrmbm> `rgvggstudei‒ pu`ceomdi ym gk cm rgvestm –Pgtmcgs dgBmsikgrem k¾ 08 ‟ Nukei 0:=?‒ despike`cg pmrmdgsomrhm gk fttp>//essuu.oib/rgkmoebegkti74/dios

@e ceihrmaâm (sg bmktegkg gc tetuci irehekmc gk pirtuhuås)

- I cevri dis sâbìcis - Pudica Liof - Gdetirm Pg-kgs- M seb`ÿceom bmèôkeom - Nucgs @iuofgr - GdetirmZgksmbgkti- Deoeikírei dg bmèikmrem - Nimqueb Hgrvíseidg Aehugergdi - Gdetirm Zgksmbgkti- Petumc di Oibpmkfgeri Bmèib - HCGPN - =588- Petumc di Mprgkdez Bmèib - HCGdm Humkm`m-rm - =514- _ehkis Gstgcmrgs - Cekdm Hiidbmk - Gdetirm Pg-

oird- Hgibgtrem pcmkm (mpistecm di oursi Qgtir) -Zria. Oåcei Zekti dg Mcbgedm



??Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm

- I ukevgrsi dis kþbgris - @e`ceitgom Pismoruz(Zetíhirms, Zcmtïi, Fgrbgs Tresbghestus, Aâcik,Zciteki, Hgrsfib _oficgb, Nmoi` @igfbg,Armkoes @moik, Pi`grt Acudd, Nifk Fgydik, Tfi-bms Qmuhfmk, Cge`ketz)

- Kivi Deoeikírei dm Câkhum Zirtuhugsm - Murå-cei @umrqug dg Ficmkdm Agrrgerm - Gdetirm KivmAriktgerm- Tgbpci Bmèôkeoi g sgu sebìcesbi - @imkgr -hgs @mrìsm Omstri - Gdetirm Murirm- Bmèikmrem (Petis, Hrmus g Zmcmvrms Oikgxms) -_g`msteïi @idgc dis _mktis - Gdetirm Murirm- Om`mcm (M trmdeèïi Gsitåreom di Ioedgktg) -Armkoesoi Qmcdiberi Cirgkz - Gdetirm Zgksmbgk-ti- M Qedm Iouctm km Bmèikmrem - O.X. Cgmd`gm-tgr ??i - Gdetirm Zgksmbgkti

–_e ustgd ki sg prghuktm gc pirquå dg cms oisms,prikti gstmrí prghuktmdi gc pirquå dg ustgd‒(Mkÿkebi)

Zrÿxebm gktrghm> Gc treíkhuci dg iri, sghbgktisíurgis y cm deveseÿk dg uk sghbgkti gk rmzÿkbgdem y gxtrgbm.

KITM_

=.- Gstg trm`mni, cehgrmbgktg bideomdi, augirehekmcbgktg pu`ceomdi gk cm gdeoeÿk =51 (=?dg nukei dg 0::5) dgc sgbmkmrei gcgotrÿkeoiAICFM BMÈÔKEOM (aicfmbmoikeomJhbmec.oib ).

0.- Mdirki mrquetgotÿkeoi gk airbm dg rism< ve-trmc dg hrmk tmbmýi dg cms ehcgsems sebecmr m gsg

mdirki.

?.- Gstrgccm dg oekoi puktms rgmcezmdm dg uk sicitrmzi oiktekui, airbmkdi gk gc ogktri uk pgk-tíhiki rghucmr, y m cm oumc sg mtreùyg vertudgs

bíheoms y dg tmcesbík.

=:.- Cm dgbistrmoeÿk gs sebpcg. Oiksedgrg gcrgotíkhuci (Aehurm ? supgreir) oik cms debgksei-kgs =u y 0u dikdg u gs cm ukedmd dg cikhe

_i rg gc mutir

Gc Q.¸.F.¸. Mqueceki Pgmc gs ireukdi dg Gs-pmým (^mbirm), pgri rgsedg gk @rmsec (Cebm Dumr -tg - Bekms Hgrmes) dgsdg deoegb`rg dg =570.Ekhgkegri gcgotreoestm y priagsir ukevgrsetmrei, sggkougktrm nuècmdi.

Aug ekeoemdi gk cm Bmsikgrâm gc :? dg_gptegb`rg dg =581, gcgvmdi mc hrmdi oibpm-

ýgri gc 06 dg M`rec dg=586 y gxmctmdi m Bmgstrigc 0? dg Bmrzi dg =585.Gc :7 dg Nucei dg =566 ioupÿ gc omrhi dg Qgkg-rm`cg Bmgstri.

Gc Q.¸. F.¸. Mqueceki Pgmc aug aukdmdir dgcms cihems _gptgb Armtgres 57 (Pâi dg Nmkgeri) gc=:/:6/=56? y _tmkescms dg Humetm =17 (Pâi dg Nm-kgeri) gc 0:/:1/0::1. Mb`ms trm`mnmkdi gk gcPGMM

Zugdgk oiktmotmrcg pir bgdei dg su g-bmec>mquecekicgmcJr8.oib





Cis kþbgris smhrmdis gk cm trmdeoeÿk

petmhÿreom bmsÿkeom (E)Zir gc Q.¸. F.¸. Mrturi Pghfeke (=646-=541)

Ce` gr tm d vm uso m kd i, qug g s tmk q ugr ed m Oi bi sm` g q u egk p ir g ccm rgo fmzm cm v edm .

Dm ktg , Zurhm ti rei . E, 8=-80 \=R.

_ghþk cis mktehuis retumcgs y cms mktehumsoikstetuoeikgs bmsÿkeoms, gc k dg cm Armkobm-sikgrâm gs gc pgragooeikmbegkti dgc fib`rg.

Cis mktehuis bestgreis ocíseois ki tgkâmkitri i`ngti y oikagrâmk cm tåcåtî , pgragooeÿk eke-oeíteom. Gstg tårbeki tåokeoi gstm`m vekoucmdigtebicÿheombgktg oik cis trgs sgktedis dg k,bugrtg y pgragooeÿk, oibi ym ci fmog i`sgr -vmr gc petmhÿreoi Zcutmroi. Ngsþs utecezm tmbèåkcm pmcm`rm tåcgeis oumkdi gxfirtm m sus desoâ -pucis m sgr –p gra go ti s o ib i vugst ri Zmd rg q ug g stí gk ci s o egcis ‒, ekocusi se, pir ukm dg gsms arg-ougktgs ekoikhrugkoems dg cms _mktms Gsoreturms,mrbm qug –kmd eg g s p gra go ti gxog p ti b e Zm- d rg q ug g stí gk cis o eg ci s ‒.

Gsm dgkeoeÿk pidrâm pmrgogr gxpcâoetm yprgoesm< y sek gb`mrhi uk cehgri ombèi airbmcfm mctgrmdi hrmvgbgktg gc oikogpti. Tibg-bis oibi gngbpci gc deooeikmrei dg Zemkehemkequg mrbm qug gc k dg cm Armkobmsikgrâm gs

gc pgragooeikmbegkti dg cm fubmkedmd< hrmkomktedmd dg priamkis, mc ehumc qug kubgrisisbmsikgs, mogptmk gsm dgkeoeÿk. M prebgrm ves-tm pugdg pmrgogr qug pgragooeikmbegkti dgcfib`rg y pgragooeikmbegkti dg cm fubmkedmdsehkeomk ci besbi< dg fgofi, sg rggrgk m disoikogptis priaukdmbgktg destektis, y su mpm-rgktg sekikebem hgkgrm uk gquâvioi y iouctmukm ekoibprgkseÿk. Itris utecezmk cm gxprgseÿkpgragooeikmbegkti dg cis fib`rgs, gquâviompir ehumc. Gvedgktgbgktg, gs omse ebpise`cg dg-

orgtmr ouíc gs cm gxprgseÿk nustm, pirqug oumc-quegr armkobmsÿk pugdg dgocmrmr nustm cm qugbís dg mougrdi gstí oik sus prgagrgkoems, y

mþk oibpcmogrsg, quezís, gk gc gquâvioi. Zgrise sg trmtm dg dgtgrbekmr, festÿreom y trmdeoeikmc-bgktg, cm ektgrprgtmoeÿk oirrgotm y oikairbgoik gc sebìcesbi bmsÿkeoi, cm ougsteÿk omb-

èm dg mspgoti y ym ki sg trmtm dg prgagrgkoemspmrteoucmrgs.

Gc bmkusoreti gkoiktrmdi pir Ciolg(=151) gk cm @idcgemk Ce`rmry ‟y qug ki sg pu`ceoÿfmstm =846‟ sg mtreùyg m Gkrequg QE dg Ekhcmtg-rrm> dgkg cm Armkobmsikgrâm oibi –gc oikioe-begkti dg cm kmturmcgzm y cm oibprgkseÿk dg cmsaugrzms qug fmy gk gccm‒< gkukoem gxprgsmbgk-tg cm gxestgkoem dg uk vâkouci gktrg cm Bmsikgrâmy cm Gsougcm Etíceom, pugs mrbm qug Zetíhirms,uk hreghi, vemnÿ pmrm ekstruersg, m Ghepti, m _erem ym tidis cis pmâsgs gk dikdg cis Qgkgoemkis \cåm-sg cis AgkeoeisR fm`âmk ektriduoedi cm Bmsikgrâm.Mdbetedi gk tidms cms cihems dg cis Bmsikgs, md-quereÿ uk hrmk sm`gr, vicveÿ m cm Bmhkm Hrgoem...y aukdÿ ukm ebpirtmktg cihem gk Oritikm \0R .

M dgoer vgrdmd gc bmkusoreti fm`cm dgZgtgr Hiwgr< y, oibi gc kib`rg Hiwgr gxestggk Ekhcmtgrrm, Ciolg sg qugdÿ `mstmktg pgrpcg- ni mktg cm edgkteomoeÿk dg Hiwgr oik Zetíhi-rms. Zgri itris bmkusoretis y cms Oikstetuoeikgs

dg Mkdgrsik bgkoeikmk gxpcâoetmbgktg m Zetí-hirms. Gc bmkusoreti dg Oiilg deog qug cm Bm-sikgrâm gs cm pmrtg prekoepmc dg cm Hgibgtrâm, yqug aug Guocedgs, smèi y sutec ekvgktir, quegk deÿcms rghcms dg gstg mrtg y ci ccmbÿ Bmsikgrâm. Fmyitrms fugccms dg rgbekesogkoems petmhÿreoms tmk-ti gk cis –Icd Ofmrhgs‒ oibi gk gc bís mktehuidg cis retumcgs ebprgsis \?R (=804) qug mtreùygukm ebpirtmkoem pmrteoucmr m cis kþbgris ebpm-rgs, dg mougrdi gk gcci oik cm trmdeoeÿk petmhÿ-reom \4R.

Tidis cis mktehuis bmkusoretis bmsÿkeoisoikougrdmk mc sgýmcmr gc pgragooeikmbegkti

Cis kþbgris smhrmdis gk cm trmdeoeÿk...



?7Pgtmcgs dg Bmsikgrâm

dgc fib`rg, gc dgc sebpcg ekdevedui, oibi þke-oi i`ngtevi dg cm armkobmsikgrâm. Cms prug`msekeoeíteoms, cis vemngs seb`ÿceois, gc trm`mni dgcmprgkdez y dgc oibpmýgri tegkgk uk omríotgr bmkegstmbgktg ekdevedumc y ki oicgotevi.

_ghþk cm bís mktehum oikogpoeÿk bm-sÿkeom, cm –h rmk i` rm‒ dgc pgragooeikmbegkti,sg rgmcezm trm`mnmkdi si`rg cm –p egd rm ru tm ‒, gsdgoer si`rg gc ekdevedui, dgs`mstmkdi, pucegkdiy gsoumdrmkdi cm pegdrm `rutm fmstm trmksair -bmrcm gk –p eg d rm o þ` eo m d g cm B m g strâm ‒, hr m - o em s m cm s rgh cm s t rm d eo ei km cg s d gc – Mrtg Pgmc‒bmsÿkeoi dg gdeomoeÿk gsperetumc. Gxestg ukmpgragotm mkmcihâm oik ukm trmdeoeÿk pmrmcgcm,cm trmdeoeÿk fgrbåteom qug, pir ci bgkis dgs-dg =1::, sg gkougktrm ekngrtmdm gk gccm y gk-

sgým qug cm –hrmk i` rm ‒ sg rgmcezm trm`mnmkdisi`rg cm –b m tgrem p reb m ‒ y trmksairbíkdicm gk–pegdrm cisiamc‒ sghþk cms rghcms dgc –Mrtg Pgm c fg rbåteo i ‒. Ipgrmoeÿk qug rgsubg cm bíxebmdg @msecei Qmcgkteki> Q.E.T.P.E.I.C. (Qesetm EktgreirmTgrrmg Pgoteomkdi Ekvgkegs Ioouctub Cmpedgb2 Qesetm gc ektgreir dg cm Tegrrm, pir rgoteomoeÿkgkoiktrmrís cm pegdrm iouctm) i cm Tm`cm dg Gs-bgrmcdm, qug bidgrkis mrmèstms mtreùygk mcpetmhÿreoi Mpicikei dg Temkm. Zir gc oiktrmrei,sghþk cm oikogpoeÿk bmsÿkeom priamkm y bís

bidgrkm, gc trm`mni dg pgragooeikmbegktidg`g sgr rgmcezmdi si`rg cm oicgotevedmd fubm-km, gs cm fubmkedmd i cm sioegdmd cm qug fmyqug trmksairbmr y pgragooeikmr< y dg gsg bidim cm msogses gsperetumc dgc ekdevedui sg cm su`stetu-yg oik cm picâteom oicgotevm. Cis trm`mnis bmsÿke-ois mom`mk pir tgkgr gktikogs ukm bgtm y ukomríotgr prebgrmbgktg sioemc, m vgogs þkeom-bgktg sioemc. Gc vgrdmdgri k dg cm armkobmsi-kgrâm ‟gc pgragooeikmbegkti dgc ekdevedui‟ pmsmm sghukdi pcmki oumkdi ki gs armkombgktg

dgsouedmdi, icvedmdi g ehkirmdi.

Trmdeoeikmcbgktg gs cm prebgrm oikogp-oeÿk sek dudm cm oirrgotm, y gk cm cetgrmturm bm-sÿkeom dgc sehci VQEEE gstuvegrik buy dg bidmcms oibpmrmoeikgs g edgkteomoeikgs gxmhgrm-dms y amktmseisms gktrg cis bestgreis dg Gcguses ycm Armkobmsikgrâm. Gs ekdesoute`cg qug gc pmtre-bikei retumc y seb`ÿceoi dg cm Irdgk bmsÿkeomsicmbgktg mrbikezm oik cm oikogpoeÿk bísmktehum dgc k dg cm bmsikgrâm< gagotevmbgk-

tg, gc tgstmbgkti dgc omkdedmti m cm ekeoemoeÿk,cis vemngs seb`ÿceois, cms tgrre`cgs prug`ms, gc km-oebegkti m cm Cuz ekeoeíteom, cm bugrtg y cm rgsu-

rrgooeÿk dg Fermb, ki pugdgk oibprgkdgrsggk rgcmoeÿk oik cis trm`mnis bmsÿkeois y gc kdg cm Armkobmsikgrâm se tidi dg`g rgduoersg mki fmogr itrm oism qug picâteom.

Festÿreombgktg, gc ektgrås y cm ektgrvgk-oeÿk dg cm Armkobmsikgrâm gk cms ougsteikgspicâteoms y sioemcgs ki sg bmkegstmk bís qugfmoem =8?:, y þkeombgktg gk mchukms rgheikgsguripgms, oik cm ektriduooeÿk dg cm Armkobm-sikgrâm ekhcgsm gk gc oiktekgktg. Ci pioi qugpir itrm pmrtg sg sm`g dg cms mktehums cihems dgmktgs dgc sehci VQEE bugstrm cm prgsgkoem y gc usigk cis trm`mnis bmsÿkeois dg uk sebìcesbi dgioei, mrquetgotÿkeoi, hgibåtreoi, kubåreoi,qug, tgkegkdi pir su kmturmcgzm uk omríotgr uke-vgrsmc, ki sg gkougktrm cehmdi ke m ukm oevecezm-

oeÿk dgtgrbekmdm ke m ukm cgkhum gk pmrteoucmr y pgrbmkgog ekdgpgkdegktg dg tidi orgdi dgirdgk picâteoi y rgceheisi< gs pir gsm rmzÿk qug gcbmsÿk, dg mougrdi oik gc retumc, ki sm`g cggr kegsore er.

Oik cm cgygkdm dg Fermb y cm oikstruo-oeÿk dgc Tgbpci fmog su mpmreoeÿk uk gcgbgktifg`rmeoi< y cms pmcm`rms smhrmdms dgc mprgkdez ydgc oibpmýgri (cms þkeoms hrmdumoeikgs i hrm-dis gktikogs gxestgktgs) qug sg rggrgk m gstm

cgygkdm sik fg`rgms. Zgri gstm cgygkdm ki pgr -tgkgog mc pmtrebikei trmdeoeikmc dg cm Irdgk<cm bugrtg dg Fermb ki hurm gk cis mktehuisbmkusoretis bmsÿkeois, y cms Oikstetuoeikgsdg Mkdgrsik ehkirmk gc tgrogr hrmdi. Dg tidmsbmkgrms ki fmy kmdm dg gxtrmirdekmrei gk cmprgsgkoem dg gcgbgktis y pmcm`rms fg`rgms gkukm åpiom gk qug gc fg`rgi grm oiksedgrmdioibi ukm cgkhum smhrmdm, cm cgkhum smhrmdm,mqugccm qug Deis fm`âm utecezmdi pmrm fm`cmrcgmc fib`rg gk gc Zmrmâsi Tgrrgstrg< sg trmtm dg uk

fgofi ouym ebpirtmkoem y sehkeomdi ki fmyqug gxmhgrmr y qug dg kekhukm bmkgrm `mstmpmrm nusteomr cm mrbmoeÿk dgc omríotgr fg`rgidg cm Armkobmsikgrâm. Cm cgtrm H dgc mcam`g-ti hrgoi-cmteki, ekeoemc dg hgibgtrâm y dg Deis(Hid) gk ekhcås, qug mpmrgog gk cm Gstrgccm Acm-bâhgrm i gk gc Dgctm bmsÿkeoi, pmrgog ki sgr seki ukm ekkivmoeÿk (sek utecedmd pmrm quegk kism`g cggr ke gsoreèr), begktrms qug cis dis sâbì-cis aukdmbgktmcgs dg cm Irdgk sik cis dis bísebpirtmktgs dgc petmhiresbi> gc pgktmcam i pgk-

tmhrmbm y cm tgtrmltys petmhÿreom. Gc mrtg bmsÿ-keoi i mrtg rgmc, tårbekis utecezmdis pir gc kgi-pcmtÿkeoi Bíxebi dg Teri \4R, grm edgkteomdi





oik cm hgibgtrâm, ukm dg cms oegkoems dgc qum-dreveub petmhÿreoi, y gs deaâoec oibprgkdgr oÿbiuk Iswmcd Xertf, bmsÿk grudeti y fgrbgtestm, fmpidedi gsoreèr qug cis bmsikgs dgc sehci VQEE \7Rsg priocmbm`mk mdgptis dgc Mrtg rgmc pirqug

gk itri tegbpi fuì rgygs qug sg ektgrgsmrikgk cm i`rm dg cms prevecghemdms oirpirmoeikgs dgcis oikstruotirgs dg cm Gdmd Bgdem. Cis gcgbgk-tis dg puri omríotgr bmsÿkeoi oikstetuygk nuk-ti oik gc sebìcesbi kubåreoi y hgibåtreoi gcpmtrebikei seb`ÿceoi y retumc mromeoi y mutåkteoidg cm armtgrkedmd. Ki dgoebis su pmtrebikei om-rmotgrâsteoi, pirqug gstis gcgbgktis mpmrgogktmbèåk, mc bgkis pmroemcbgktg, gk gc Oibpm-ýgrmzhi, buy ogromki pir ci dgbís m cm Armko-bmsikgrâm.

Zistgreirbgktg, gktrg cis sehcis VQEE y VQEEE,oumkdi cms cihems ekhcgsms oibgkzmrik m rgoeèr oibi fgrbmkis m cis m o o g p t g d bm si k s , pgrsi-kms qug ki gngroâmk cm priagseÿk dg mrquetgoti igc ioei dg mc`mýec, fmogk su mpmreoeÿk gcgbgk-tis fgrbåteois y riseoruoemkis, oibi pir gngb-pci Gcems Msfbicg (=1=8-=150), tmc oibi sgýmcmHiucd gk su festirem dg cm Armkobmsikgrâm. Gcoiktmoti gktrg cm trmdeoeÿk fgrbåteom y cm bm-sÿkeom augrm dg Ekhcmtgrrm sg priduni ehumcbgk-tg omse fmoem cm besbm åpiom, ci qug, gvedgk-

tgbgktg, ebpceom cm gxestgkoem gk gc oiktekgktgdg cihems bmsÿkeoms ekdgpgkdegktgs dg cm HrmkCihem Ekhcgsm. Gc ariktespeoei dg uk tgxti fgrbå-teoi ebpirtmktg, gdetmdi gk =1=6 \1R, rgpriduog nukti m cis sâbìcis fgrbåteois (gc Pgès) cis sâb-ìcis gstreotmbgktg bmsÿkeois dg cm gsoumdrmy gc oibpís< iourrg ci besbi gk uk ipþsoucietmcemki dg mcquebem \8R , ebprgsi gk cíbekms dgpcibi y qug sg rgbiktm príoteombgktg m gsmåpiom.

Gk gstg ipþsouci sg vg, gktrg itrms oisms,m Tu`mcomâk oik ukm gsoumdrm y uk oibpís gksus bmkis. Mfirm ègk, gk cm @e`cem sg oiksedgrmm Tu`mcomâk oibi gc prebgr fgrrgri. Wk grrir dggtebicihâm, gk mqugc gktikogs buy gxtgkdedi,y qug rgtibÿ gc grudeti Qisseus, ci edgkteoÿ oikQucomki, gc fgrrgri dg cis Deisgs y Deis dgc aug-hi, quegk, sghþk cis mcquebestms y cis fgrbgtestms,prgsedâm gc aughi fgrbåteoi (i mrdir gsperetumc),aughi qug rgmcezm`m cm hrmk i`rm dg cm trmksbu-tmoeÿk. Gk ukm dg kugstrms i`rms dg nuvgktud

\6R debis ukm ektgrprgtmoeÿk grrÿkgm dg cm pm-cm`rm dg pmsi Tu`mcomâk, pugs ehkirí`mbis cmgqueviomdm edgkteomoeÿk dg Qucomki oik Tu -

mcomâk qug mogptm`mk cis fgrbgtestms y grudetisdg cis sehcis VQEE y VQEEE. Fiy kis pmrgog gvedgktgqug gstm pmcm`rm dg pmsi y mchukms itrms veg-kgk dgc fgrbgtesbi, y qug pri`m`cgbgktg fmksedi ektriduoedms gk cm Armkobmsikgrâm y mým-

dedms m cms pmcm`rms smhrmdms, oikstetuygkdiprug`ms dgc oiktmoti qug sg fm`âm gstm`cgoe-di gktrg cm trmdeoeÿk fgrbåteom y cm bmsÿkeom.Cms pmcm`rms dg pmsi dgc 0º y ?gr hrmdi ki gxes-tgk gk gc retumc dg Zreofmrd (=8?:). Fgrbgtesbi yBmsikgrâm tegkgk oibi k cm –hrmk i`rm dg cmtrmksbutmoeÿk‒ y mb`ms trmdeoeikgs trmksbetgkgc sgorgti dg uk mrtg, mc qug dgsehkmk oik gctårbeki dg mrtg rgmc utecezmdi ym pir Bíxebi dgTeri. Gs pugs kmturmc qug sg fmymk sgktedi buyprÿxebms cm ukm dg cm itrm. I`sgrvgbis qug cmmdipoeÿk dgc sebìcesbi fgrbåteoi ki sg gago-tþm gk dgtrebgkti dg cm ukevgrsmcedmd bmsÿke-om ke dg su ekdgpgkdgkoem argktg m cm rgceheÿky cm picâteom, pugs gc sebìcesbi fgrbåteoi i mc-quâbeoi gs, tmbèåk, mngki pir su kmturmcgzm mtidi orgdi rgceheisi i picâteoi. Gc mrtg bmsÿkeoiy gc mrtg fgrbåteoi, i sebpcgbgktg gc mrtg, gs ukmrtg y ki ukm diotrekm i ukm oikagseÿk.

Fmstm =8=8 omdm cihem, dg fgofi, grm ce-`rg y mutÿkibm< cis fgrbmkis dg uk tmccgr grmkrgoeèdis oibi vesetmktgs gk cis dgbís tmccgrgs m

oikdeoeÿk dg smtesamogr gc rgtgnmdi (ukm gspg-oeg dg gxmbgk qug pgrbetâm rgoikiogr qug ukfgrbmki ci grm gk vgrdmd)< pgri sicmbgktg gcQgkgrm`cg dg uk tmccgr dgtgktm`m cm mutiredmdþkeom y suprgbm gktrg cis fgrbmkis dgc besbi.Gk =8=8, sg priduni uk ombèi oik cm oikstetu-oeÿk dg cm prebgrm Hrmk Cihem, cm Hrmk Cihem dgCikdrgs, y pioi dgspuås gc pmstir pritgstmktgMkdgrsik rgdmotm`m cms Oikstetuoeikgs bmsÿ-keoms pmrm cms Cihems `mni cm I`gdegkoem dg cmHrmk Cihem dg Cikdrgs< y, se ègk tgÿreombgktg

uk tmccgr pidâm y pugdg oiksgrvmr su mutikibâmi mdsoreèrsg m cm I`gdegkoem dg ukm Hrmk Ci-hem \5R , gk cm príoteom sÿci sg oiksedgrmk fiycihems rghucmrgs mqugccms qug, dergotm i ekdergo-tmbgktg, sik gbmkmoeikgs i dgrevmoeikgs dgcm Hrmk Cihem dg Cikdrgs, gk gc supugsti dg quggstm dgrevmoeÿk, y sicmbgktg gccm, pugdm oikag-rer cm –rghucmredmd‒.

Mfirm ègk gs buy ebpirtmktg i`sgrvmr qug cms Oikstetuoeikgs dg Mkdgrsik mrbmk gx-

pcâoetmbgktg qug pmrm sgr ekeoemdi y pgrtgkgogr m cm Armkobmsikgrâm cm þkeom oikdeoeÿk gs cmdg sgr uk fib`rg ce`rg dg oistub`rgs errgpri-





ofm`cgs, y gxmctmk (mc oiktrmrei qug cms devgrsmssgotms orestemkms) gc prekoepei dg cm ticgrmkoem dgomdm quegk pir cis orgdis dg cis dgbís, mhrg-hmkdi sicmbgktg qug uk bmsÿk ki sgrí kuk-om uk –mtgi gstþpedi‒. Zidrâm pgksmrsg qug

Mkdgrsik mdbetg qug gc armkobmsÿk pugdg sgr uk mtgi ektgcehgktg, pgri gs bís vgrisâbec qug,oibi ùgk orestemki, pegksg qug uk mtgi gsi`cehmtirembgktg uk eb`åoec, sghþk cm bíxebmqug deog> Dexet stuctus ek oirdg sui> Kik gst Dgus,(Gc gstþpedi deog gk su oirmzÿk> Deis ki gxestg).Mquâ, sgrâm kgogsmrei fmogr ukm dehrgseÿk y i`-sgrvmr qug gk gstm desputm tmkti gc qug mrbmoibi gc qug keghm ki pisgg gk hgkgrmc kekhu-km kioeÿk dg mqugcci qug mrbm gxestg i ki yqug cm pmcm`rm Deis sg gbpcgm fmètumcbgktggk uk sgktedi tmk vmhi qug tidm desouseÿk dg-

vegkg ekþtec. _gm oibi augrg, cms Oikstetuoeikgsdg cm Armkobmsikgrâm sik gxpcâoetmbgktg tgâs-tms< y cis priamkis, qug mousmk m cm armkobmsi-kgrâm dg mtgâsbi, i ègk ci fmogk dg bmcm agi ehkirmk qug trm`mnm pmrm cm hcirem dgc HrmkMrquetgoti dgc Wkevgrsi. I`sgrvgbis mþk quggstm dgsehkmoeÿk, qug mrbikezm oik gc omríotgr dgc sebìcesbi bmsÿkeoi, tegkg ehumcbgktg uksgktedi prgoesi g ektgcehe`cg mc oiktrmrei qug oegr -tms dgsehkmoeikgs vmhms i omrgktgs dg sgktedioibi cms dg –Kugstri _gýir‒, –Zmdrg dg tidis

cis fib`rgs‒, gto.

Cm oumcedmd dg fib`rg ce`rg, gxehedm mcpriamki pmrm ekeoemrci i mc bmsÿk pmrm oikse-dgrmrci oibi fgrbmki, gs dg hrmk ektgrås. Mk-dgrsik ki dgnm dg ccmbmr Armkobmsikgs m cisArgg Bmsiks, y ki qugdm seki gxmbekmr gk quåoiksestg gsm arggdib dg cis Arggbmsiks. ¹_gtrmtm sicmbgktg dg cm armkqueoem goikÿbeomy sioemc qug gxocuyg m cis gsocmvis y segrvis, ydg cms armkqueoems y prevecgheis dg qug desarutm-

`m cm oirpirmoeÿk dg cis armko-bmsikgs argktgm cis hiègrkis dg cis gstmdis y dg cms destektmsrgheikgs dikdg gngroâm su motevedmd9 ¹I gsmdgkibekmoeÿk dg bmsikgs armkois i ce`grmdisfm dg tibmrsg gk itri sgktedi, gc dg pgrsikmsqug ki sik gsocmvms dg cis prgnueoeis ke dg cisorgdis, ce`grtmd qug sgrâm ekþtec smomr m cm cuz9_e gsti grm msâ, rgsuctmrâm vmki qugrgr ùsomr cmsprug`ms dioubgktmcgs, y cm prghuktm qugdmrâmpgkdegktg. _ek gb`mrhi pugdg mpirtmrsg ukmmocmrmoeÿk hrmoems m uk dioubgkti dg =7:5

ouym gxestgkoem i ouym ebpirtmkoem ki fm sedi,mc pmrgogr, su`rmymdm fmstm gc prgsgktg.

_g trmtm dg ukm omrtm gsoretm gc 4 dg ag-`rgri dg =7:5 m Oirkgceus Mhreppm \=:R pir sumbehi etmcemki, Cmkdicai, pmrm rgoibgkdmrcg ukekeoemdi. Cmkdicai cg gsore`g > –Gs mcgbík oibitþ, irehekmrei dg Kurgb`grh, pgri qug vevg gk

Cyik. Ekvgstehmdir oureisi gk cis mromkis dg cmkmturmcgzm, gs uk fib`rg ce`rg, oibpcgtmbgk-tg ekdgpgkdegktg dg cis dgbís, qug dgsgm, momusm dg cm rgputmoeÿk qug pisggs ym, gxpci-rmr tmbèåk tu mèsbi... Cíkzmci pugs pmrm pri-`mrci mc gspmoei< y ccgvmdi gk cms mcms dg Bgr -ourei vugcm dg cms rgheikgs dgc Mustri m cms dgcMquecÿk, tibm tmbèåk gc ogtri dg Nþpetgr< y sekugstri kgÿti quegrg nurmr kugstris gstmtutis,msÿoemci m kugstrm armtgrkedmd‒. _g trmtm`m dgukm msioemoeÿk sgorgtm fgrbåteom orgmdm pir Mhreppm, y fmy ukm gvedgktg mkmcihâm gktrg cmprug`m dgc gspmoei qug dg`g mariktmr gc eke-oemdi y cms tgrre`cgs prug`ms y vemngs seb`ÿceoisdg cm ekeoemoeÿk bmsÿkeom, ekocusi se cm prug`m,mquâ, sg fmog gk cms mcms dg Fgrbgs. FgrbgsZseoipibpi, gc pmdrg dg cis cÿsiais sghþk cmtrmdeoeÿk fgrbåteom, gs gc huâm dg cms mcbms gkgc bís mccí ocíseoi y gk cis bestgreis ekeoeíteois.Tmbèåk gk gstm omrtm, sg kiteom cm oumcedmddg fib`rg ce`rg, gk tmkti qug suoegktg pmrmm`rer mc priamki cm pugrtm dgc tgbpci mc qug ccm-bm< tmbèåk mquâ, sg bmkegstm gk su`stmkoem

gc prekoepei dg cm ce`grtmd dg oikoegkoem y mc pmr cm ticgrmkoem. Mb`ms trmdeoeikgs pmrmcgcms, fgr -båteom y bmsÿkeom, pikgk edåkteom oikdeoeÿkmc priamki m ekeoemr> cm dg sgr uk fib`rg ce`rg< dgci qug pugdg prgsubersg qug gccm ki sg rgagrâmm cms armkqueoems pmrteoucmrgs dg cms oirpirmoei-kgs dg ioei, qug pir itrm pmrtg fuègsg gstmdiaugrm dg cuhmr pgder m cis moogptgd Bmsiks qugki grmk mc`mýecgs dg priagseÿk seki armkobmsi-kgs.

Gc omríotgr aukdmbgktmc dg cms Oikstetu-oeikgs dg Mkdgrsik rgsedg pugs gk gc prekoepeidg cm ce`grtmd dg oikoegkoem y dg ticgrmkoem,qug pgrbetg tmbèåk m cis ki orestemkis pgrtg-kgogr m cm Irdgk. Gk cms Oikstetuoeikgs dg Mk-dgrsik cm Armkobmsikgrâm oiksgrvm su omríotgr ukevgrsmc, ki gstí suìrdekmdm m kekhþk orgdicisÿoi pmrteoucmr ke m kekhukm sgotm rgceheism,y ki bmkegstm kekhukm ekocekmoeÿk pir trm`m- nis dg irdgk sioemc i picâteoi< pugdg qug gstgomríotgr m-oikagseikmc y ce`rg fmym ekspermdi

ehumcbgktg m cm Bmsikgrâm mktgreir m =8=8 y qugMkdgrsik ki fmym fgofi bís qug rmteomrci gkcms Oikstetuoeikgs.





Mc ebpcmktmrsg gk Mbåreom y gk gc oik-tekgktg guripgi, cm Armkobmsikgrâm oiksgrvÿgk hgkgrmc su omríotgr ukevgrsmc dg ticgrmkoemrgceheism y cisÿom y pgrbmkgoeÿ mngkm m tidibivebegkti picâteoi y sioemc, ekocusi mogktumk-

di m vgogs, oibi gk Mcgbmkem, su ektgrås pir gc fgrbgtesbi. Mcrgdgdir dg =84:, oibgkzmrikm buctepceomrsg cis kugvis retis y cis mctis hrmdis,pgri oiksgrvmkdi ouedmdismbgktg cis retumcgsy gc reti dg cis trgs prebgris hrmdis, cis dg cm vgr -dmdgrm armkobmsikgrâm, ccmbmdm ehumcbgktgbmsikgrâm seb`ÿceom i mzuc.

Cis retumcgs dg gstis mctis hrmdis sik gkiomseikgs uk dgsmrricci dg cm cgygkdm dg Fermb,i sg rgcmoeikmk oik cis Pismoruogs, gc fgrbgtes-bi, cis Tgbpcmreis, gc hkisteoesbi, cis oítmris...,y ki tegkgk ym uk mutåkteoi omríotgr bmsÿkeoi<dgsdg gc pukti dg vestm dg cm ekeoemoeÿk bmsÿ-keom, sik m`sicutmbgktg supgruis. Cm Armko-bmsikgrâm gstí oibpcgtm gk cis trgs prebgrishrmdis, rgoikioedis pir tidis cis retis, y si`rgcis oumcgs sg `msmk cis mctis hrmdis y cms cihemssupgreirgs dg cis deagrgktgs retis. Gc oibpmýgriarmkobmsÿk, ukm vgz qug fm ccghmdi m bmgs-tri, fm mom`mdi seb`ÿceombgktg su hrmk i`rm.Cis mctis hrmdis sÿci pidrâmk tgkgr ukm aukoeÿkvgrdmdgrmbgktg bmsÿkeom se oiktreùygsgk m

ukm ektgrprgtmoeÿk oirrgotm dg cm trmdeoeÿk bm-sÿkeom y m ukm oibprgkseÿk y mpceomoeÿk bísektgcehgktg dgc reti, gs dgoer dgc mrtg rgmc.

Dgsdg cughi gsti ki sehkeom qug fmymqug mìcer cis mctis hrmdis, ym qug cis fgrbm-kis qug oik gccis gstík dgoirmdis sik ce`rgs, yqug quegkgs hustmk dg rgukersg gk retis y ougr -pis pmrm gagotumr trm`mnis qug ki sg ipikgk mcms i`rms bmsÿkeoms dg`gk tgkgr cm ce`grtmd dgfmogrci. _ek gb`mrhi, dgsdg gc pukti dg vestm

gstreotmbgktg bmsÿkeoi, su pgrtgkgkoem m itrisretis y m itrms cihems supgreirgs ki cis pikg pir gkoebm dg cis bmgstris qug ki gxpgrebgktmkitrm kgogsedmd qug gagotumr gc trm`mni dg cmbmsikgrâm ukevgrsmc dg cis trgs prebgris hrmdis.Mdgbís, gs gvedgktg qug retis destektis oibi gcdg _wgdgkìrh, cis Gsoiogsgs, cis dg cm GstreotmI`sgrvmkoem, dg Bgbpfes..., mc sgr deagrgktgs, ymki sik ukevgrsmcgs, i ki ci sik bís qug gk cmbgdedm gk qug sg `msmk si`rg cis trgs prebg-ris hrmdis. Icvedmrci i ektgktmr dgskmturmcezmr gc

omríotgr ukevgrsmc, ce`rg y ticgrmktg dg cm Armko-bmsikgrâm, pmrm ebpikgr m cis fgrbmkis dg cmsCihems puktis dg vestm u i`ngtevis pmrteoucmrgs,

sgrâm er oiktrm gc gspâretu dg cm trmdeoeÿk bmsÿke-om y oiktrm cm cgtrm dg cms Oikstetuoeikgs dg cmArmtgrkedmd.

Gs gk Armkoem dikdg mpmrgog cm prebgrm

mctgrmoeÿk, mc besbi tegbpi qug cm irmoeÿk dgcis mctis hrmdis. Cm gagrvgsogkoem dg cms edgmsgk gsm åpiom, gc bivebegkti dg cm Gkoeocipg-dem, rgpgroutgk gk cm Armkobmsikgrâm qug sgdeaukdg mbpcem y rípedmbgktg< y pir prebgrmvgz, gc ektgrås dg cm Irdgk sg derehg fmoem y sgoikogktrm gk cms ougsteikgs picâteoms y sioem-cgs. Mrbmr qug cm rgvicuoeÿk armkogsm sgm i`rmdg cm Armkobmsikgrâm kis pmrgog oumkdi bg-kis gxmhgrmdi< pir oiktrm gs ekkghm`cg qug cmArmkobmsikgrâm suareÿ gk Armkoem, y fuègrm sedideaâoec qug gcci ki sg pridungsg, cm ekugkoem dgchrmk bivebegkti priamki qug oikduni m cm rg-vicuoeÿk y oucbekÿ gk gc ebpgrei. Cm Armkobmsi-kgrâm armkogsm dgveki gktikogs y sehueÿ segkdidgsdg gsg bibgkti ukm bmsikgrâm oibpri-bgtedm g ektgrgsmdm gk cms ougsteikgs picâteomsy sioemcgs< mchukis quesegrik oiksedgrmrcm oibi–trmdeoeikmc‒ oumkdi m ci subi rgprgsgktm cmtrmdeoeÿk bmsÿkeom armkogsm, ègk destektm dg cmmktehum trmdeoeÿk. Gstm dgsvemoeÿk y gstg oib-pribesi gs cm omusm prekoepmc, se ki cm þkeom, dgcm ipiseoeÿk qug sghuedmbgktg kmoeÿ gktrg cm

bmsikgrâm mkhcismnikm y cm armkogsm< gk Etmcem,orgÿ cms desgkseikgs dg gstis þctebis oekougktmmýis, qug tuvegrik oibi oiksgougkoem su dgs-ukeÿk y gc dgècetmbegkti mktg cis mtmqugs y cmpgrsgouoeÿk dg cis ngsuetms y cis amsoestms. _gmoibi augrg, ekocusi cis fgrbmkis qug sehugk cmtrmdeoeÿk bmsÿkeom armkogsm ki fmk icvedmdigc prekoepei dg ticgrmkoem, y gk cms cihems bmsÿ-keoms etmcemkms, buofi mktgs dg cm pgrsgouoeÿkamsoestm, fm`âm fgrbmkis dg tidms cms orggkoemsrgceheisms y dg tidis cis pmrtedis picâteois, oib-

prgkdedis omtÿceois y bikírqueois.

Aek dg cm prebgrm pmrtg

Zrÿxebi kþbgri> Cis kþbgris smhrmdis gk cmtrmdeoeÿk petmhÿreom bmsÿkeom (EE y þctebm)





KITM_

=.- Ce`grtê vm ogromkdi of―æ se omrm. Oibg sm

ofe pgr cge vetm reutm. (Dmktg, Zurhmtirei. E, 8=-80.)0.- Futofeksik, _peret ia Bmsikry< Zrgstik, Eccustrm-teiks ia Bmsikry< H. Dg Omstri, Bikdi sghrgti,EQ, 5=< M. Pghfeke, Kitgrgccg ekezemteofg, _ucc―irehekgdgc sebìcesbi, gk Pmssghkm Bmssikeom, nukei- nucei =50?.

?.- Tfg Hrmkd Bystgry ia Argg-bmsiks desoi-vgrgd wfgrgek mrg tfg sgvgrmc qugsteiks put titfgb mt tfger Bggtekhs mkd ekstmccmteik, Cikdrgs=804.

4.- Qerhecei, @uoÿceoms, Åhcihm QEEE.

7.- Bíxebi dg Teri, Desoiurs pfecisipfequgs, trm-duooeÿk Airbgy, Cgydgk, =814> Desoursi VE, píh.=8?.

1.- Oa. Iswmcd Xertf, Cg Cevrg du Bmëtrg, =50?,píh. 8.

8.- Nifmkkgs Dmkegc Byceus, @mseceom Zfecisipfeom,

Armkoairt, =1=6.

6- Oa. Zegtri Kghre \2 M. PghfekeR, Wk oideog pcub-`gi mcofgbeoi etmcemki, gk WP, kþbgris 5 y =:,=508.

5.- Oa. M. Pghfeke, Cg pmricg smorg g de pmssi gd ecbmssebi bestgri bmssikeoi, Tide =500.

=:.- I. Xertf gxprgsm omtghÿreombgktg gstm ipe-keÿk, oa. Cg Cevrg du Bmëtrg, píh. =65.

==.- Oirkgceus Mhreppm, Omrtms. Oa. tmbèåk cmbikihrmaâm dg M. Pghfeke, prgamoei dg cm vgrseÿketmcemkm dg cm Aecisiaâm Iouctm dg Mhreppm.

_i rg gc mutir

Mrturi Pghfeke (=686-=541), bmtgbíteoi y cÿci-hi, ioupÿ uk mcti omrhi gk cm Bmsikgrâm etmcem-

km (_uprgbi Oiksgni dgc Peti Gsoioås Mktehuiy Mogptmdi, y begb`ri fikirmrei dg _uprgbisOiksgnis dg itris pmâsgs). Bmktuvi oirrgspik-dgkoem oik Pgkå Huåkik, aukdÿ y dereheÿ cms rg-vestms Mtmkðr -dikdg gstg þctebi pu`ceoÿ gk pre-bgrm vgrseÿk Gc Gsitgresbi dg Dmktg y Gc Pgy dgcBukdi- g Ehkes (=504-07) y oiktre-ùyÿ m cm dgWr (=508-06)< gsoreèÿ kubgrisis mrtâoucis, y augtmbèåk ngag dg rgdmooeÿk dg Pmssghkm Bms-sikeom. Gktrg sus i`rms, Omhceistri, dioubgktsgt åtudgs< Kitgs `rævgs sur cg Oisbipicetg<Oiksedårmteiks sur cg Petugc dg c―Mpprgkte Armko-Bmèik< Cgs Bits smorås gt dg pmssg dgs tries prg-begrs hrmdgs gt cg pcus hrmkd bystærg bmèik-kequg< Mretbisim< Cgs Kib`rgs _morås dmks cmTrmdeteik Zytfmhireoegkkg Bmèikke-qug, tidisgdetmdis fiy pir Mrofæ, Becmki, y ukm i`rm ek-ådetm gk segtg tibis> Dge Kubgre Zetmhireoe.





NWZM DG

Is prgsgktmbis cm ekeoemtevm NWZM^DG, priygoti dgc qug fm sedi kib`rmdi Oiirdekmdir gk Gspmýmgc Q.¸.F.¸. Bmrei Cÿpgz Peoi (m cm smzÿk tmbèåk suaredi oiirdekmdir dgc stmaa dg gstm rgvestm).

Cis i`ngtevis dg NWZM^DG sik cis sehuegktgs>

M. Dgsmrriccmr g ebpcgbgktmr prihrmbms, picâteoms y pcmkgs gk motevedmdgs dg priygooeÿksioemc, gduomtevms, dgbioríteoms y goicÿheoms, pribivegkdi motevedmdgs gduomtevms, dg pgrago-oeikmbegkti momdåbeoi, airbmoeÿk cmìrmc, gbprgsmremc y mrtâsteom derehedm m ekogktevmr cm pmrteoe -pmoeÿk dg priagseikmcgs vekoucmdis mc i`ngtevis sioemc, m cm pi`cmoeÿk gk hgkgrmc, cm keýgz y mdi -cgsogkoem gk regshi y cm pi`cmoeÿk dg cis ogktris pgketgkoemreis dgc pmâs, mooeikgs qug pgrbetmk gcbgnirmbegkti dg su gktirki y gcgvmr su omcedmd dg vedm.

@. Pgmcezmr mooeikgs ciomcgs, rgheikmcgs i kmoeikmcgs tgkdegktgs m airnmr m cmrhi pcmzi, ukmveseÿk dgc Zgrþ oibi uk pmâs prÿspgri gk gc oumc sg rgspgtg cm ekeoemtevm dg cis pi`cmdirgs pgrumkisgspgoemcbgktg cms pgrsikms vuckgrmdms gk sus dgrgofis pir gc gstmdi y cis qug gstík prevmdis dgsu ce`grtmd pritghegkdi sus dgrgofis aukdmbgktmcgs, oiksicedmkdi cm oucturm dgc åxeti, cm pcurm-cedmd dg pgksmbegkti, orggkoems, edgms y gk hgkgrmc, cis vmcirgs birmcgs, åteois y dgbioríteoisukevgrsmcgs.

O. Dgsmrriccmr g ebpcgbgktmr priygotis, prihrmbms, picâteoms, pcmkgs y motevedmdgs qug pri-bugvmk cms fmècedmdgs kgogsmrems pmrm ekorgbgktmr y gcgvmr gc rgspgti m cm pgrsikm fubmkm y

su dehkedmd rgsmctmkdi cis vmcirgs y rgspiksmècedmdgs dg cm pi`cmoeÿk m kevgc sioemc, gduomtevi ygbprgsmremc, ùsomkdi cm mutisuoegkoem gk gc dgsmrricci dg gstms mooeikgs m amvir dg cis `gkg-oemreis dg cm sioegdmd pgrumkm gk hgkgrmc y dg cis ekdeveduis prevmdis dg su ce grtmd gk pmrteoucmr,bgdemktg deícihis y oiirdekmoeikgs oik gktedmdgs mkgs qug ebpucsgk gc rgspgti m cm pgrsikmfubmkm y sus ompmoedmdgs oik ce`grtmdgs dg mooeÿk y orgmoeÿk ki pgrdedms ekocusi pir cm oikde-oeÿk dg ektgrkis, ekogktevmkdi cm prgpmrmoeÿk, ompmoetmoeÿk, gktrgkmbegkti y gduomoeÿk `íseom,sgoukdmrem, tåokeom y supgreir , msâ oibi prgpmrmrcis pmrm gc trm`mni y cm priduooeÿk dg ègkgs ysgrveoeis, mdgbís dg motevedmdgs rgcmoeikmdms oik cm prgsgrvmoeÿk dgc bgdei mbègktg.

D. Mpiymr, oicmìrmr pribivgr g ekogktevmr gc dgsmrricci dg priygotis dg ekvgstehmoeÿk oegk-tâom, pþ`ceois i prevmdis, m trmvås dg oikoursis, oikagrgkoems, airis, tmccgrgs, depcibmdis, oursisi gvgktis sioemcgs gduomtevis y oucturmcgs mkgs, oibi gstrmtghems dg oikoegktezmoeÿk, pmrteoepm-

oeÿk y trmksairbmoeÿk sioemc m k dg mcomkzmr gc dgsmrricci y ègkgstmr dg cm sioegdmd pgrumkm gkhgkgrmc.G. Zritghg cis dgrgofis aukdmbgktmcgs dg cis oeudmdmkis, ebpucsm cm gduomoeÿk gk tidis

sus kevgcgs y bidmcedmdgs y oimdyuvm m cm pritgooeÿk ektghrmc dgc bgdei mbègktg y cm èidevgrse-dmd.

A. Pgmcezm motevedmdgs dg ompmoetmoeÿk, oiksuctirâms, mkíceses, msgsirmbegkti, priygotis gekvgstehmoeikgs, msâ oibi gvgktis dg sgkseècezmoeÿk vekoucmdis m cis kgs dg cm msioemoeÿk.

Zmrm bís ekairbmoeÿk pidåes vesetmr cm wg`> www.nupmzdg.irh




Cis Hrmdis Oicmtgrmcgs mkhcismnikgs

Cis Hrmdis oicmtgrmcgs

bmsÿkeois mkhcismnikgsZu`ceomdi oik pgrbesi dgc wg`bmstgr dgc `cih –Cm ebprgktm dg @gknmbek

Tetuci irehekmc> Bmrom, Pgmc Mroi, Orâpteois… ukmveseÿk dg cis –hrmdis cmtgrmcgs‒ dg cm bmsikgrâmmkhcismnikmGxtrmoti dgc mrtâouci pu`ceomdi gk cm Ebprgktm

dg @gknmbâk(fttp>//bmsikgremcmebprgktmdg`gknmbek.`cihs -pit.oib.gs ) gk vmrems pmrtgs, mquâ ukedms, gktrggc 04 dg bmrzi 0:=? mc 0= dg m`rec dg 0:=?.

Gc pripÿseti dg gstm gxpiseoeÿk gk cm dgprgsgktmris uk –si`rgvugci‒ dg cis sestgbms bm-sÿkeois prmoteomdis gk Ekhcmtgrrm bís mccí dgcis ? prebgris hrmdis.

Ki cebetmrgbis m Ekhcmtgrrm mukqug pi-drâm pgragotmbgktg rgagrersg m Ercmkdm, GsoioemArmkoem u itris iregktgs bís. Ki pidrgbis mìr -dmr mquâ cms gspgoeoedmdgs dg tidms sus Oikste-tuoeikgs qug sik m vgogs buy deagrgktgs.

Tidis cis sestgbms pisggk uk oiknukti dghrmdis bís mccí dg cis trgs prebgris. Oibi se gchgkei bmsÿkeoi dg uk reti ki pudegrm smtesamogr -sg sici oik trgs hrmdis pmrm pidgr gxprgsmrsg…

- PGP (Peti Gsoioås Pgoteomdi)> oiktekum oikBG_M, GK, O@O_ y bms…(Bmgstri Gsoioås dg_mk Mkdrås, Gsoudgri Kiveoei, Om`mccgri @egk-fgofir dg cm Oeudmd _mktm)- Peti Armkoås> pisgg dg 4 m 7 ÿrdgkgs dgspuåsdg cis ? prebgris hrmdis.- PGMM> ?: hrmdis dgspuås dg cis ? prebgris.- Bgbs-Bezrmeb> pugdg ccghmr m cis 55 hrmdis,ombpgÿk dg tidms cms omtghirâms!- Peti dg _wgdgbìrh> 1 hrmdis- Peti _ugoi> =0 hrmdis

Gk gc bukdi mkhcismnÿk

Ekhcmtgrrm, oibi itris pmâsgs pisgg tmb-

èåk mchukis sestgbms bmsÿkeois – @gyikd tfgormat) ( bís mccí dgc Ioei).

Gk Ekhcmtgrrm ki sg fm`cm dg Mctis Hrmdis,gsm gs ukm gxprgseÿk tâpeombgktg oiktekgktmc,

y cis pripeis ekhcgsgs oumkdi fm`cmk dg kugs-tris Mctis Hrmdis, cgs ccmbmk dg gsm airbm, pgripmrm cis hrmdis ekhcgsgs sg fm`cm dg mdeoeikm-cgs, gxtrm ioei, hrmdis cmtgrmcgs.

Gk gagoti, gc tårbeki dg –hrmdis cmtg-rmcgs‒ (sedg dghrggs) ki gs gc bís usmdi, pgripmrm Armkoem pmrgog qug gsg tårbeki gs buygxpcâoeti y qug bugstrm egk qug gsis hrmdis gs-tík – m uk cmdi‒ y ki – pir gkoebm dg‒.

Fmy uk oikogpti qug gk rgmcedmd kisg tegkg gk Armkoem y gs gc oikogpti dg Ioei.Zmrm cis ekhcgsgs, cm bmsikgrâm sik cis trgs prebg-ris hrmdis y sicmbgktg cis trgs prebgris! U gccisusmk uk tårbeki> Tfg Ormat, gc Ioei. Gc rgsti gstí–bís mccí dgc Ioei‒!

Tidis gsis hrmdis sik oibpcgbgktmreisy oiktreùygk m mùkdmr, gsocmrgogr m cis trgsprebgris y qug gk tidi omsi ki sg setþmk pir gkoebm dg gstis!

Gsg gs uk oikogpti qug gs ebpirtmktgrgtgkgr pirqug dgtgrbekm ukm vgrdmdgrm deag-rgkoem gk cm bmkgrm dg mìrdmr gsis hrmdis gkEkhcmtgrrm y cis pmâsgs mkhcismnikgs gk hgkgrmc,y gc oiktekgktg.

Zir itrm pmrtg, gk sus oibegkzis, tidis cismctis hrmdis qug oikiogbis ki grmk –mctis‒ yki augrik irdgkmdis gk ngrmrquâm dg airbm buymrètrmrem, fmstm gc sehci VEV, gk su bmyir pmrtg.

Gc sehci VQEEE aug buy pricâoi gk orgmoeÿkdg hrmdis, pugs gs gk gsg bibgkti qug mpm-rgog cm bmyir pmrtg dg gccis. _g augrik sicede-




h rm d i s y ki bís, gs d g o er ci s d g Mp rg kd ez Ekh rg - smdi, Oibpmýgri dg Ioei y Bmgstri Bmsÿk,eko cuygkd i cm I rd gk _up rgb m d gc _m kti Pgm c Mro i . Gstg m rtâo uci ki t eg kg cm ektg ko eÿk d g eb - pg d er qug ukm cih em i o mp et u ci b mk t gkhm ukm

rguk eÿk gk m ch uki d g cis h rm d is d g cms irdg kgs d g O m ` m ccg râm sg h þk cm s o i kst etuo ei kg s d g cm s d e- o fm s ÿrd gk gs‒.

Gstg gs uk mrtâouci qug pmrgog oibioiksgksumc gk cm bgdedm gk qug ektghrm oik ukpmsi rgtÿreoi mc Pgmc Mroi m cis trgs prebgris hrm-dis y pmrgog mutirezmr cm príoteom dg cis hrmdisom`mccgrgsois.

Cm rgmcedmd gs buy deagrgktg. _e ègk gcPgmc Mroi gagotevmbgktg sg vm m `gkgoemr dguk råhebgk dg amvir, gsg ki sgrí gc omsi dg cisdgbís hrmdis. _e sg cgg ègk gc mrtâouci, pugdgvgrsg qug ki airbmk pmrtg dg cm –purm y mkte-hum bmsikgrâm‒. Zgri ci qug ki sg deog gs quggc Duqug dg _ussgx fm`âm dgoededi oiciomrcis`mni su aårucm.

¹Oÿbi9 _ebpcgbgktg oikverteåkdisg gkgc Hrmk _upgrektgkdgktg dgc Hrmk Oÿkocmvg dgcis Om`mccgris Tgbpcmreis y ki rgukegkdi mc Oÿk-ocmvg bís qug ukm vgz gk ?: mýis. Zir itrm pmr -

tg uèom`m m sus fib`rgs dikdg augrm pise`cgoiktricmr cm bmyir pmrtg dg cis dgbís hrmdis.

¹Zmrm quå9 Cm bmkei`rm dg _ussgx gstíocmrm.

=. Dgspuås dg 1: mýis dg cuofm armtre-oedm gktrg cms dis Hrmkdgs Cihems revmcgs y dgkghioemoeikgs qug ki ccghm`mk m uk mougrdi,ki fm`âm pgcehri mfirm qug cm bmsikgrâm fm`âmoiksghuedi cm ukedmd, dg pgrdgr oiktric si`rg

tidi ci qug pudegrm suogdgr. _ussgx tgkâm tidmscms pmcmkoms gk su bmki. Tidms.0. Gk gsg ekeoei dgc sehci VEV, fm`âm ccghm-

di gc bibgkti dg uker. Gc Pgeki Wkedi ci fm`âmtgkedi gk =6:= oumkdi rgmhrupÿ m Ekhcmtgrrm,gc pmâs dg Hmcgs, Gsoioem g Ercmkdm< ukm ukeÿkdeouctism pgri qug kmcbgktg sg rgmcezÿ.

Zir itrm pmrtg, hrmoems m su ebpgrei oici-kemc, gc Pgeki Wkedi sg oikverteÿ gk cm kmoeÿk bíspidgrism dgc bukdi.

Gktikogs tgkgbis pir ukm pmrtg, uk rgekirgoegktgbgktg ukedi qug rgmhrupm mkhceomkis,

omkdi oik gc oursi dgc tegbpi y oik argougkoem–ektghrmkdi‒ m uk sestgbm- i m vmreis.

Gktikogs, ¹pir quå sgbgnmktg irmoeÿk dghrmdis gk gsg sehci9

Gk gagoti, gk cm bmyirâm dg cis mctis hrm-dis ki sg trmtm tmkti dg ekvgkoeikgs, fm`cmkdioik pripegdmd, seki dgc surhebegkti dg príote-oms deagrgktgs, dg cgygkdms qug ki fm`âmk sedirgtgkedms pir cis sestgbms dgc bibgkti gk qugsg oikstetuygrik gk hrmdis pmrm pidgr gxester

Gk cm Ekhcmtgrrm dgc sehci VQEEE, mc ehumc quggk tidis cis cuhmrgs gk qug cm bmsikgrâm sg eks-tmcÿ (Armkoem, Mcgbmkem, tidm Guripm y cis Gstm-

dis Wkedis), cis hrmdis vmk m irgogr.Zgri vm m tgkgr qug tgkgr gk ougktm uk

oibpikgktg qug ekuerí kitm`cgbgktg gk gc se-hci>

Cm –Hrmk Cihezmoeik‒ dg cm bmsikgrâmqug orgmrí gstruoturms dg pidgr qug ektgktmríkoiktricmr gstm bmsikgrâm, y mpmrgogrí gc gkargk-tmbegkti. Tmc sgrí gc omsi dg cms Hrmkdgs Cihemsdg Mktehuis y Bidgrkis qug gstmrík gkargktm-dms pir omse 8: mýis. Pgtgkhmbis tmbèåk gcomsi dgc Pgmc Mroi> cis bidgrkis sg ipusegriktgkmzbgktg mc Pgmc Mroi pribivedi pir cis Mkte-huis, ci qug ki ebpedeÿ qug kubgrisis HrmkdgsIoemcgs dg cis Bidgrkis argougktmrmk cis Om-pâtucis dgc Pgmc Mroi, ci qug bugstrm ègk quggsg rgofmzi tgkâm bís dg maík dg oiktric qugdg pri`cgbm purmbgktg bmsÿkeoi.

Cms –príoteoms deagrgktgs‒ gkoiktrmríkomdm vgz bís deaâoec ioupmr su cuhmr. U ci sgrímþk bgkis oik cm ccghmdm dgc Duqug dg _ussgx,

hrmk mrquetgoti dg cm Wkeÿk dg =6=? mc pugstidg Hrmk Bmgstrg dg cm Hrmk Cihem Wkedm (mfi-rm) dg Ekhcmtgrrm, qug bmkgnmrí oik bmki dgfegrri durmktg ?: mýis.

Gsm Wkeÿk dg cms dis Hrmkdgs Cihems gk=6=? vm m tgkgr ki sici ukm priaukdm ekugkoemsi`rg cis hrmdis mzucgs ekhcgsgs seki tmbèåk si-`rg tidis cis dgbís hrmdis bís mccí dg cis trgsprebgris.

Qicvmbis m cggr gc mrtâouci 0 dg cm Wkeÿk dg =6=?>

–Cm p urm y m kt ehu m b m si kg râm o i ksestg g k trgs





prgsètgremkis y omtÿceois, tidis orestemkis, pgrioik ektgrprgtmoeikgs m vgogs buy deagrgktgs dgcKugvi Tgstmbgkti. U pir cm itrm pmrtg, uk rgekigk pcgkm gxpmkseÿk oicikemc gkhci`mkdi `mnisu gstmkdmrtg m nudâis, busucbmkgs, selfs, ùdes-

tms g fekduestms.

Ki grm ougsteÿk dg qug cm bmsikgrâm pu-degsg sgr uk agrbgkti dg dgsukeÿk. Mc oiktrmrei._ussgx mfirm vm m –dgsorestemkezmr‒ m cis retumcgsy oirtmrcg cms mcms m tidis cis hrmdis –ki dgsores-temkezm`cgs‒ oibi tmbèåk m cis om`mccgrgsois (muk m cis dgc PGMM dgc qug siceoetmrí y i`tgkdríukm pmtgktg- armkogsm- pmrm Hrmk @rgtmým, qugdgnmrí gk sugýi)

Cms rgagrgkoems bmsÿkeoms sgrík gk mdg-

cmktg omse gxocusevmbgktg vgtgri- tgstmbgktm-rem, oik ci sgrâmk mogptm`cgs pmrm tidis.

_g eksesterí gk cm orggkoem gk uk Hrmk Mr -quetgoti –sek dgkibekmoeÿk‒ m`regkdi cm pugrtmdg cms cihems m tidis cis ektghrmktgs dgc PgekiWkedi y su Ebpgrei. Oumkdi gc Duqug dg _ussgxbugrg gk =64?, dgnmrí ukm bmsikgrâm ekhcgsmaugrtg y ukeomdm. Oibi cm qugrâm.

Gc oikdg dg ^gtcmkd, qug cg suogdgrí gk

cm Hrmk Bmgstrâm ( dgspuås dg 01 mýis) oiksgr -vmrí hci`mcbgktg ukm câkgm gc m su prgdgog-sir, pgri cm bmsikgrâm ekhcgsm mfirm bís air -tmcgoedm, pidâm oikogdgr uk oegrti cuhmr m ciskubgrisi hrmdis qug sg fm`âmk irhmkezmdi gkgstruoturms ekdgpgkdegktgs mni cm bermdm oib-pcmoegktg ( pgri segbprg vehecmktg) dg cm HrmkCihem Wkedm dg Ekhcmtgrrm.

Dgspuås dg gstm `rgvg rgsgým festÿreompmsmrgbis rgvestm rípedmbgktg m cis prekoepmcgs

hrmdis cmtgrmcgs prgsgktgs gk Ekhcmtgrrm.

Gc Pgmc Mroi

Oibgkzmbis pir gc bgkis –cmtgrmc‒ dg cis –hrm-dis cmtgrmcgs‒> gc Pgmc Mroi. U gs gc bgkis cmtgrmcdg cis hrmdis cmtgrmcgs pirqug oibi deog gc mr -tâouci 0 dg cm Wkeÿk dg =6=?> –cm p urm y m kt eh um b m si kg râm o i ksestg d g trgs h rm d i s y ki bís, gs d g o er cis d g Mp rgk d ez Ekh rgsm d i, O ib p mýgri d g Ioei y Bmgstri bmsÿk, ekocuygkdi m cm Irdgk

_up rgb m d g c _m kti Pgm c Mro i ‒. Gc Pgm c Mroi , gk g ag o ti g stí m cm vg z –d g ktri ‒ y –bís m ccí‒ d g ci s h rm d i s m zucgs.

¹Oÿbi gs pise`cg9Zmrm oibprgkdgrci bgnir dg`gbis sm`gr bístmkti dg gsg hrmdi gk sâ besbi, oibi dg susaugktgs. Gc Pgmc Mroi gs fiy gk dâm gc ougrpi bm-sÿkeoi ekhcås bís pidgrisi mpmrtg dg cm HCWEoik bís dg =::.::: begb`ris. Cms ioekms dgc_uprgbg Hrmkd Ofmptgr ia Piymc Mrof Bmsiksia Gkhcmkd sg gkougktrmk gk 1i Hrgmt ]uggk_trggt dg Cikdrgs, gs dgoer gk cm besbm dergo-oeÿk qug cm HCWE, su kþbgri dg tgcåaiki gs gc+44 0: 86?= 56==, gs dgoer gc besbi dg cm HCWE.Gc Zrebgr Hrmk Zrekoepmc gs gc prâkoepg GdwmrdHgirhg Keoficms Zmuc Zmtreol, Duqug dg Lgkt,

m cm vgz Hrmk Bmgstrg dg cm HCWE. Gc Zri. Zrebgr Hrmk Zrekoepmc gs Zgtgr Hgiaargy Ciwkdgs, ZriHrmk Bmgstrg dg cm HCWE. Gc Hrmk Gsore`m Gsdrmsgs Kehgc @riwk, Hrmk _gorgtmrei dg cm HCWE…. Bgdgtgkhi mquâ…

Oiktrmrembgktg m buofms itrms oikstetu-oeikgs qug gxehgk m cis kugvis Oibpmýgris sgr Bmgstris Bmsikgs dg cm Bmrom y mþk sgr uk ZmstBmstgr, i Gxogcgktg Bmgstri ( pmsi dg cis vgcis),cm omceomoeÿk pmrm oikvgrtersg gk Oibpmýgri

dgc Pgmc Mroi gk Ekhcmtgrrm sg cebetmk m oumtrisgbmkms gk gc hrmdi dg Bmgstri, ci qug fmogairzismbgktg buy moogse`cg gsg hrmdi.

Ki gs ekiogktgbgktg qug cis ekhcgsgsuèomrik mc Pgmc Mroi gk cm oiktekuedmd ekbg-demtm dgc tgrogr hrmdi. Gc Pgmc Mroi gs prmoteom-di gk gagoti oibi cm –pricikhmoeÿk‒ dgc tgr -ogri dikdg sg rggkougktrm gsi qug sg pgrdeÿgk gc tgrogr hrmdi…

¹Ouíc gs gc mrhubgkti dg gsg hrmdi9Kis gkoiktrmbis gk cm oikstruooeÿk dgcsghukdi tgbpci, dgspuås dgc gxecei gk @mèci-





tg kâm k ci s b esb i s o i ktg kedi s q ug ci s h rm d i s ekh cgsgs. Gk g ago ti, gc hrmd i d g m p rgk d ez ercm k- dås eko cuâm cis h rmd i s d g m p rgk d ez y o ib p mýg - ri ekh cg sg s< gc h rm d i d g o ib p mýg ri sg râm g c d g b m gst ri y g c d g b m gst ri o ib p rgk d âm cm ekstm cm -

o eÿk sgo rgtm , g c Pgm c Mro i y uk h rup i d g h rm d is o ib i cm Oruz Pinm d g O ik stmk t eki.

Gstm gs ukm tgirâm qug ci gxpceomrâm tidiy qug fm sedi ccgvmdm bís mtrís, oibi se sg cmfuègrm rgdgsouègrti. Wkm tgirâm qug þctebm-bgktg sg pugdg gkoiktrmr gk Armkoem pir tidmspmrtgs, mþk gk cms rgvestms qug sg oiksedgrm`mkoibi bís sgrems.

Gc pri`cgbm gs qug kmdeg kukom bgkoei-km qug gsm tgirâm aug dg ekbgdemti rgautmdm gk=5?: pir Nifk Fgrik Cgppgr gk M]O. Kub.40.

U Nifk Cgppgr ki grm uk –ki ebpirtmqueåk‒. Aug aukdmdir y Zmst Bmstgr dg cm Cihemdg Ekvgstehmoeikgs OO dg cm Hrmk Cihem dg Er -cmkdm, Cm cihem dg ekvgstehmoeikgs ercmkdgsmspgri tmbèåk gc oisehkmtmrei oik gsg besbiZfecep Orisscg dg –Tfg Festiry ia tfg Hrmkd Cidhgia Argg mkd Moogptgd Bmsiks ia Ergcmkd‒, pu`ce-omdm gk =507.

Åc oikioâm ègk m Orisscg y gk gsg mrtâou-ci dg M]O dgsbiktm su tgirâm y dgkukoem qugOrisscg ki sg mpiym gk kekhþk dioubgkti yqug ki fmog bís qug prgsgktmr supiseoeikgsy oikngturms. Pgoikiog qug m pgsmr dg fm`gr cgâdi gc mrtâouci dg Orisscg, ki gkougktrm kmdmdg oikorgti pmrm mpiymr cms oikstruooeikgsbgktmcgs dg mqugc. Dgì mdbeter qug yi gstu-vg dgoededi m –si`rgvicmr‒ gsm tgirâm qug gk-oiktrå buy sgduotirm. Gs cmbgktm`cg qug fmymquegkgs fmk pripmhmdi gsm tgirâm gk Armkoem

sek fm`gr fgofi tidis cms þsqugdms pise`cgs….

@rgvgbgktg, qug cms augktgs dgc Pgmc Mroi kipmrgog qug mþk fmymk sedi vgrdmdgrmbgktgdgsouègrtms…

Cm bmsikgrâm dg cm Bmrom

Zmsgbis m itri dg cis –sedg-dghrgg‒ qugfm tgkedi ukm `gccm omrrgrm (sek nughi dg pmcm-`rms) gk Ekhcmtgrrm> cm bmsikgrâm dg cm Bmrom.

Cm Bmrom ougktm fiy gk dâm oik ukis47.::: begb`ris gk Ekhcmtgrrm. U gc Hrmk Bmgs-

kem. Gc omkdedmti, qug rghrgsi m Ngrusmcåk pmrmpmrteoepmr dg cis trm`mnis, fmog uk ebpirtmktgdgsou`rebegkti, sghþk cm cgygkdm dg Aecistirhei(uk mrremki), mutir dg ukm –Festirem gocgseíste-om‒.

Gc Ompâtuci gstí derehedi pir uk hrupi dg? prekoepmcgs qug rgprgsgktmk m îri`m`gc, gcPgy< Fmhhgi, gc Zriagtm y Nisuå, gc Hrmk _mogr -ditg. Oegrtmbgktg qug sg trmtm dg ukm dg cmsbís `gccms ogrgbikems dg tidi gc oirpus bmsÿ-keoi ekhcås.

U ki pir kmdm gs qug Cmurgkog Dgrbitt,gc mutir dg cm Mfebmk Pgzik ( Oikstetuoeikgs dgcis Mktehuis) derí ... – orgi priaukdmbgktg quggs cm rmâz, gc oirmzÿk y cm båducm dg cm Armkobm-

sikgrâm‒.( wfeof E rbcy `gcegvg ti `g tfg riit,fgmrt mkd bmrriw ia arggbmsikry) y ki gs pir kmdm qug cis Mktehuis dgagkdegrik oik uýmsy degktgs mc Pgmc Mroi pir bís dg 8: mýis gkEkhcmtgrrm, ccghmkdi m orgmr ukm Hrmk Cihem re-vmc…

Gxmotmbgktg, ¹dg dÿkdg vegkg gstg Pgmc Mroi9 Gk Ekhcmtgrrm ki sg fm`cm dg gsi fmstm -

kgs dg cis mýis =84: y pir pmrtg mqugccis qug nustmbgktg airbmrik bís tmrdg cm Hrmk Cihem

dg cis Mktehuis dikdg su prekoepmc rgpriofg mcm Hrmk Cihem qug dgkibekmrik –dg cis Bidgr -kis‒, grm prgoesmbgktg qug ki prmoteom`m gcPgmc Mroi.

Wk hrmk kþbgri dg gsis bmsikgs ki ek-tghrmdis m cm Hrmk Cihem dg Cikdrgs (oik Cmu-rgkog Dgrbitt m cm om`gzm) grmk dg irehgk er -cmkdås. U gs pir gsg cmdi qug dg`gbis ektgktmr gkoiktrmr cis pise`cgs irâhgkgs m kugstri PgmcMroi. Zmrgog gk gagoti qug gsis bmsikgs ercmk-

dgsgs ki gkoiktrmrik gk Cikdrgs cms príoteomsqug oikioâmk gk Ercmkdm.

Gktikogs, ¹ gk quå oiksestâm gsm príoteom ercmk-dgsm9

Zfecep Orisscg, Zmst _gkeir Hrmk Dgmoikdg cm Hrmk Cihem dg Ercmkdm gk su – Eresf Petg‒Xderehedi m cm Tfg Bmkofgstgr Mssioemteik air Bmsikeo Pgsgmrof pu`ceomdi gc ?= dg bmrzi dg=508 mvmkzm cm tgirâm sehuegktg>

Mukq ug sg p rm o t eo m `m gk Ercm kd m g k cis mýis =8?: uk sestgb m g k t rg s h rm d i s- Mp rg kd ez,O ib p mýg ri Bm gst ri . Gsm s p m cm ` rm s ki b m k-





trg gs…. Gc Duqug dg Lgkt.

_gýmcgbis mdgbís qug cm Tfg H rm kd Cid h g ia B m rl Bm stgrs Bm siks ia Gkh cm kd m kd Xm cg s m kd ets Destreo ts m kd Ci d h g s I vg rsg m s ,

moihg gk sus ciomcgs m itris kubgrisis –sedg-dghrggs‒> I rd g r i a Tfg _g o rg t B i ketir, Mc ceg d Bmsikeo Dghrggs, Lkehfts Tgbpcmr, Piymc & _g- orgt Bmstgrs, Lkehfts gkgogkt ia Tfg Ficy Oety,_o m rcg t Oi rd , Pgd O ri ss i a Oi kstm kt ekg, Pi ym c Irdgr ia _oitcmkd, Lkehft Bmsiks, y si`rg tidici s Pi ym c M rl Bm rekg rs qug gs uk hrmdi oikagredigk Ekhcmtgrrm pir cm Bmrom, pgri dg gsti fm`cm-rgbis bms mdgcmktg.

Oibi egk deni Nifk Imlcgy _betf, DZHBZrivekoemc dg Fgrgairdsferg>

–Cm H CWE, m keb m m cis B m gst ris b m sik gs m o ib - p cg tm r su tgrog r h rm d i p ir cm gxm ctmo eÿk m c Pgm c M ro i < ki fm o g suhg st eÿk m chukm o iko grk egk tg m

q ug uk O ib p mýgri d g` m o ib p cg tm r su sgh uk- di h rmd i m vmkzmkd i gk cm B mro m . M pgsm r dg tid i, gsp grmb is q ug tid is cisBm gst ris B m sikgs vgm k o ib i uk seb p cg m o o ed gk tg d g cm f est i - rem g c q ug fm o g q ug g k Ekh cm tgrrm y g k g c Zm âs d g H m cgs, m q ugc qug fm sed i g xm ctmd i m c Pgm c Mro i ki fm ym rgo e` ed i p rgv em b gk tg cm B m ro m ‒ .

_â, gc hrmdi dg cm Bmrom gstí ègk pise-oeikmdi oibi oibpcgbgkti dgc sghukdi hrm-di. Gs bís, gk Gsoioem gs prmoteomdi gk cm cihem

mzuc oibi oibpcgbgkti dgc hrmdi dg oibpm-ýgri. Fmy qug dgoer tmbèåk qug cm Bmrom kifm pidedi sgr ektghrmdm m cm HCWE.

Gk gagoti, gk bmrzi dg =671 ( mchukismýis dgspuås dg cm bugrtg dg _ussgx) cm HrmkCihem prgsgktm ukm bioeÿk pmrm qug cm Bmrompmsg m sgr – uk ùgk oibpcgbgkti dgc Hrmdi

dg Oibpmýgri dg Ioei‒, pir dgshrmoem gk cmsgseÿk dg nukei, cm bioeÿk ki aug mogptmdm.

Gktikogs, gk gsg besbi bgs dg nukei sgorgÿ ukm Hrmk Cihem dg Bmsikgs dg cm Bmrom.

Cm Bmrom ccgvm sus rmâogs m cms bís mkte-hums príoteoms dg cm bmsikgrâm. _g gkougktrmkbmroms dg bmsikgs gk kubgrisis bikubgktispir tidm Guripm, qug sgrvâmk pmrm edgkteomr mctmccmdir dg cm pegdrm.

Gk =756, Xeccemb _ofmw, Bmgstri dg I`rmdgc Pgy Nmoiì QE dg Gsoioem, qug irhmkezmrícms cihems gsoiogsms, kitm gk cis ambisis gstm-tutis qug ccgvmk su kib`rg ( mrtâouci VEEE)>

–Gc d âm d g cm rg o g p o eÿk d g c d eo fi O ib p mýg ri dg Ioei i Bmgstri sgrí dgèdmbgktg rghestrm- d i su ki b ` rg y su b m ro m y sgrí ekso rep ti gk gc ce` ri o ik cis kib ` rgs d g sg es q ug ci m d b et eg rik y cis mp rg kd eo gs ekh rg sm d i s‒.

Pi`grt Birmy, gs gc prebgr ekeoemdi oi-

kioedi gk AB, segkdi hgkgrmc, gk sugci ekhcås (Kgwomstcg) y ci aug gc 0: dg bmyi dg =14= pgripir ukm dgcghmoeÿk dg cm cihem dg Gdebùrhi.Oegktâoi gsoioås pgri tmbèåk depcibíteoi,gspãm y cÿsiai. Gs uki dg cis aukdmdirgs dg cmPiymc _ioegty, gktgrrmdi gk cm M`mdâm dg Xgst-bekstgr< su bmrom aug uk pgktmhrmbm qug oik-sgrvmrí tidm su vedm.

Fm`rí qug ccghmr m =876 pmrm qug mpm-rgzom gk uk rghcmbgkti dg cm Cihem Direo Le-

cwekkekh, uk mrtâouci bgkoeikmkdi cis oistis dgmdbeseÿk dg uk – Gktred Mpprgkteog, pmssekh ti mAgciw Ormat‒, Pmesekh ti Bmstgr y – bmdg m Bmrl Bmstgr‒.

Gk =815 cis priogsis vgr`mcgs dgc Ompâtu-ci dgc Pgmc Mroi Zfigkex dg Zirstbiutf bgkoei-kmk ocmrmbgktg ukm rgogpoeÿk m cm Bmrom.

–Gc H rm k B m g st rg Zri veko em c fm ` egk d i rgo e` ed i

rgo egk tgb gktg cm Bm ro m , f ezi fg rb m kis b m - sik gs d g cm Bm ro m y Bm gst ris d g cm Bm ro m . U o m d m uk i g ceh eÿ su B m ro m . Tm b ` eåk k i s g ksgýÿ





gk @mtf. Wk Hrmkd Bmstgr´s Piymc Mrl Oiukoec sgorgÿ gk =680 `mni cm pritgooeÿk dg cm HC dg cmBmrom.

Cis Hrmdis Orâpteois

Gsis hrmdis grmk prmoteomdis mukqug–oikdgkoemcbgktg‒ gk Ekhcmtgrrm m kgs dgc se-hci VQEEE, pgri gc Hrmk Oiksgni ki sg orgÿ sekifmstm =68? gk vertud dg ukm omrtm gbetedm pir gcHrmk Oiksgni dg Kugvm Uirl. Gc hrmdi gs mdbe-kestrmdi dgsdg gc Bmrl Bmsik´s Fmcc dg Cikdrgs.

Gsis hrmdis orâpteois oikioegrik uk vgr -dmdgri åxeti gk Ekhcmtgrrm. Cis omkdedmtis dg-`gk sgr m cm vgz Bmgstri dg cm Bmrom y Oibpm-ýgri Pgmc Mroi.

Gstm irdgk tegkg 4 hrmdis qug ecustrmk gpe-sideis `â`ceois qug fm`râmk tgkedi cuhmr gktrg gc

584 y gc 7?4 mktgs dg NO. _g setþmk gktrg gc gpe-sidei dg cm Bmrom (prebgr tgbpci) y gc Pgmc Mroi(sghukdi tgbpci) > gsis hrmdis sik>

=. _gcgot Bmstgr> Gc hrmdi sg dgdeom m cms bgde-dms tibmdms pir cis Trgs Hrmkdgs Bmgstrgs pmrmprgsgrvmr cis mutåkteois sgorgtis dgc bmgstribmsÿk.0. Piymc Bmstgr> Fmog rgagrgkoem m cms tgktmtevmsdg uk oegrti oibpmýgri dg ioei pmrm i`tgkgr cis sgorgtis. Zioi tegbpi mktgs dg su bugrtg,

Fermb Mèa gxpceom qug oik pmoegkoem g ekdus-trem, gk gc auturi pidrík rgoeèrcis. Gsg desoursi gsoiksedgrmdi oibi uki dg cis bís `gccis bi-

gc bi d i d g g so re` er gk o ea rm s o ib i sg g st ecm gk gsg h rm d i…‒.

Fmy qug dgstmomr qug cis dis hrmdis dgcm Bmrom ym gstm`mk prgsgktgs. Gc retumc dg cm

Bmrom prmoteomdi fiy dâm gs uk retumc qug oik-sgrvm mspgotis buy ipgrmtevis. Gc omkdedmtigstí gkomrhmdi dg tmccmr su pegdrm. Cm ogrgbi-kem gs sirprgkdgktg. Wki dg sus mspgotis prekoe-pmcgs gs qug ki aug titmcbgktg dgsorestemkezmdmy sus rmâogs msibmk buy ocmrmbgktg.

Piymc Mrl Bmrekgrs(Kmutms dgc Mrom Pgmc)

Oibi sg deni mktgs, gk Ekhcmtgrrm gspgoâ -ombgktg, cm Bmrom oikgrg tmbèåk gc hrmdidg Piymc Mrl Bmrekgr. Omdm cihem dg PMB gstísegbprg msioemdm m ukm cihem dg cm Bmrom dg cmoumc ccgvm su besbi kib`rg \=R.

Gc tgbm dg gsg hrmdi dgsmrriccm cm festiremdg Kiå y su Mrom.

Dg`g sgýmcmrsg qug cm cgygkdm kimque-tm gs buy mktehum. Cm cgygkdm bís prÿxebm mcm dg Fermb sg bgkoeikm ym gk =80?, gk gc Bm-kusoreti Hrmfmb. Tgstebikem ym cm gxestgkoem dgukm cgygkdm qug prgsgktm buofis puktis gkoibþk oik cm cgygkdm dg Fermb, pgri mquâ gsKiå quegk tegkg gc cuhmr ogktrmc, gspgoemcbgktgdg ukm `þsqugdm m su dgogsi msâ oibi dg cm

tgktmtevm dg sus trgs fenis pir cgvmktmr gc ougrpi.Cm prebgrm bgkoeÿk dgc hrmdi gstí mtgstehumdmgk =85: gk cms motms dg ukm rgukeÿk bmktgkedm





bgktis dg uk retumc bmsÿkeoi.?. Bist Gxogccgkt Bmstgr> Gdeomoeÿk dgc tgbpciy cm ekstmcmoeÿk dgc Mrom dg cm Mcemkzm gk gc _mk-ti dg cis _mktis.4. _upgr Gxogccgkt Bmstgr>Cm dgstruooeÿk dgc pre-

bgr tgbpci pir Kmùoidikisir y gc gktgrrm-begkti dg cis sgorgtis `mni cis gsoib`ris.

Gc Biketir _gorgti i Fgrbmkdmd dg Dm-ved y Nikmtfmk.

Gstg hrmdi gstí `msmdi gk cm gcihem`cgmbestmd gktrg Dmved y Nikmtfmk.. Zugdg sgr ire-hekmrei dg Gsoioem, pgri sg dgsmrriccÿ gk Kug-vm Uirl dgsdg dikdg vugcvg m Hrmk @rgtmým ym Ekhcmtgrrm pmrm kgs dgc sehci =6. Durmktg uktegbpi gc hrmdi dgpgkdâm dgc Hrmk Oiksgni dgHrmdis Bmsÿkeois Msioemdis, pgri gk =5?=, gc

Hrmk Oiksgni dg cm Irdgk dgc Biketir _gorgtitibi su ekdgpgkdgkoem. Cm Irdgk gs mdbekes-trmdm dgsdg gc Bmrl Bmsik´s Fmcc. Cis omkdedm-tis dg`gk sgr Bmgstris Bmsikgs dg ùgkm rg-putmoeÿk. Cm irdgk suareÿ gk gsg bibgkti ukpri`cgbm dg fibikebem oik Dmved y Nikmtfmk,qug gs uk bivebegkti orestemki fibisgxumc

Mccegd Bmsikeo Dghrggs(Hrmdis bmsÿkeois msioemdis i mcemdis)

Gc Hrmk Oiksgni dg cm Irdgk dg cis Hrm-dis Bmsÿkeois mcemdis aug orgmdm gk gc mýi=68: y su msegkti gs gc Bmrl Bmsik´s Fmcc. Cm km-cedmd grm, pmrm buofis hrmdis pioi prmoteom-dis, cm dg uker sus augrzms gk ukm besbm irdgk.M pmrter dg =5=7, cm Irdgk oikgrg 7 hrmdis>

=. _mk Cirgkzi gc bírter. Gsg hrmdi gksgým gc vm-cir dg cm augrzm y dg cm fubecdmd argktg m cm md-vgrsedmd oibi ci tgstebikem gc bmrterei dg _mkCirgkzi.0. Om`mccgri dg Oikstmktekipcm> Gc hrmdi sg rg-grg mc rgekmdi dgc gbpgrmdir Oikstmkteki gcHrmkdg. Gksgým cms vertudgs dg cm fubecdmd y dgcm ehumcdmd.?. Hrmkdgs Oustideis dg _mcibÿk i Bmsikgsgcghedis dg cis vgektesegtg. Gstg hrmdi prgsgktmukm oegrtm sgbgnmkzm oik gc hrmdi orâpteoi dgc_gcgot Bmstgr. Zikg gk humrdem oiktrm cis pgce-hris dg cm kghcehgkoem y dgc nueoei mprgsurmdi.

4. Oruz Pinm dg @mècikem. Gstg hrmdi gs pri`m-`cgbgktg uki dg cis bís mktehuis, pri`m`cg-bgktg dg prekoepeis dgc sehci VQEEE (vgr bís mrre-`m). Gs priaukdmbgktg bâsteoi y hgkgrmcbgktgmsioemdi mc Pgmc Mroi. _u`rmym cm ebpirtmkoemdg cm dgcedmd, cm ektghredmd y cm vgrdmd.7. Irdgk _mhrmdm dgc _ubi _mogrditg. Gs tmb-èåk uk hrmdi mktehui ( dgc besbi tepi dg cmOruz Pinm dg @mècikem) g ehumcbgktg msioemdimc Pgmc Mroi. Cm ogrgbikem gs drmbíteom y dgukm kmturmcgzm priaukdmbgktg gsperetumc. Cis

omkdedmtis m cm irdgk dg`gk sgr m cm vgz Bmgs-tris dg cm bmrom y Oibpmýgris dgc Pgmc Mroi.





Pgmc Mroi.

Lkehfts Tgbpcmr Tfg Wketgd Pgceheius,Becetmry mkd Bmsikeo Irdgrs ia tfg Tgb-

pcg mkd _t. Nifk ia Ngrusmcgb, Zmcgstekg,Pfidgs mkd Bmctm, ia Gkhcmkd mkd Xmcgsmkd Zrivekogs Ivgrsgms.

(Om`mccgris tgbpcmreis, rgceheisis ukedis, ÿrdg-kgs becetmrgs y bmsÿkeoms dgc Tgbpci y _mk Numkdg Ngrusmcåk, Zmcgstekm, Pidms y Bmctm, dg Ekhcm-tgrrm y Hmcgs y privekoems dg uctrmbmr.)

Cm irdgk, irehekmrem dg Armkoem, gstuvimotevm dgsdg =888. _g irhmkezmrí gk Hrmk Oÿk-ocmvg gk =85=. Zgri (vgr bís mrre`m) gc Duqugdg _ussgx cm tibÿ `mni su oiktric. Oikioeÿ ukpgrâidi dg sugýi durmktg bís dg trgektm mýisy si`rgveveÿ hrmoems m cm pgrsestgkoem dg mchukmsZrgogptirâms errgduote`cgs. _g oibpikg dg dishrmdis>

= Lkehfts Tgbpcmr gt Lkehfts ia Bmctm (Om m-ccgris Tgbpcmreis y Om`mccgris dg Bmctm)

Gc omkdedmti mc prebgr hrmdi gstí gk cmpiseoeÿk dg uk pgrghreki qug vemnm seb`ÿceom-bgktg m trmvås dg deouctmdgs y pgcehris mktgsdg sgr rgoe`edi oibi uk om`mccgri. Gsg hrmdigksgým fubecdmd y dgbmkdm mc omkdedmti mqug vevm su vedm oibi uk om`mccgri orestemki. Gcsghukdi hrmdi sg setþm gk gc bibgkti gk qugcis om`mccgris vgkedis dg pmcgstekm mcomkzmk sudgsteki kmc gk Bmctm.cms gksgýmkzms eksestgk gkcms vertudgs orestemkms. Cms ogrgbikems sik buygspgotmoucmrgs y gc gspcgkdir dg cm sicgbkedmd

gs rgmczmdi pir gc mpmrmti retumc.

0. O@O_ Om`mccgri @gkgamotir dg cm Oeudmd_mktm- Lkehft @gkgvicgkt ia tfg Ficy Oety

Gk Ekhcmtgrrm gxestg ukm airbm dg Påhe-bgk Gsoioås Pgoteomdi. Cm irdgk gs gvedgktg-bgktg dg omríotgr‒ oikdgkoemc‒ pgri prgsgk-tg. Oikgrg cis hrmdis dg>

-_oit. Bmstgr ia _t.Mkdrgw (Bmgstri Gsoioås dg

_mk Mkdrås)-Zgra. Bmstgr ia _t. Mkdrgw (Zgragoti Bmgstri dg_mk Mkdrås)

Tfg Ipgrmtevgs>

Tfg Xirpsfepauc _ioegty ia Argg Bmsiks, PiuhftBmsiks, Xmclgrs, _cmtirs, Zmv-eirs, Zcmekstgrgs,

mkd @reolcmygrs .

(Pgspgtm cg _ioegdmd dg bmsikgs ce rgs, bm-sikgs rþsteois, mb`ucmktgs, tgofestms dg pezmrrm,cmnms i `mcdisms y mc`mýecgs dg cmdrecci)

Gstm –sioegdmd‒ tegkg ukm festirem sir -prgkdgktg. Gk =5:5, Ocgbgkt _trgttik, bmsÿkbuy motevi dg cm HCWE mkukoeÿ qug fm`âm sedimdbetedi gk =618, oumtri mýis mktgs dgsu eke-oemoeÿk, gk ukm cihem gktgrmbgktg ipgrmtevm ysgorgtm dg cm oumc gstm sioegdmd sgrâm cm oikte-kumoeÿk.

Gc retumc gs bís mromeoi qug gc dg cm bm-sikgrâm seb`ÿceom, oiktegkg ekstruooeikgs príote-oms qug cg dmk uk oicir augrtgbgktg ipgrmtevi.Tegkg cis sehuegktgs hrmdis, m sm`gr>

=. Ekdgkturgd Mpprgkteog (Mprgkdez mni oiktrm-ti)0. Agcciw ia tfg ormat( Oibpmýgri dg Ioei)?. _upgr agcciw, Aettgr & Bmrlgr ( Biktmdir y Bmr -omdir).4. _upgr Agcciw, Aettgr & Bmrlgr& ekstmccgr. ( Bik-tmdir, Bmromdir g Ekstmcmdir).7. Ekdgktgkdgt, Ivgrsggr, _upgr Ektgkdgkt &Xmrdgk ( Ektgkdgktg, _upgrvesir y Qehecmktg).1. Bmstgr Bmsik.8. Hrmkd Bmstgr

Wk omkdedmti m cm _ioegdmd dg`g sgr Bmgstri Bmsÿk dg cm Bmrom y Oibpmýgri dgc





-Gsquerg Kiveog Lkehft @gkgvicgkt ia Tfg FicyOety.(Gsoudgri Kiveoei Om`mccgri @gkgamotir dg

cm Oeudmd _mktmZmrm rgoe`er gsis hrmdis fmy qug sgr Lkehft Tgb-pcmr (Om`mccgri Tgbpcmrei).

Ficy Piymc Mrof Lkehft Tgbpcmr Zregst-Irdgk dg cis Om`mccgris _mogrditgs dgcTgbpci y dgc _mkti Pgmc Mroi .

Gc msegkti dg cm irdgk gstí gk Uirl dgs-dg dikdg sg mdbekestrm pmrm Ekhcmtgrrm, Gsoi-oem, Zmâs dg Hmcgs, pmrtgs dg Guripm, Omkmdí,Mustrmcem, Kugvm ^gcmkdm y itris dgc Oibbik-wgmctf y Mbåreom dgc _ud.

_g trmtm dg ukm irdgk orestemkm y gc omk-

dedmti dg`g sgr Bmgstri Ekstmcmdi, Oibpmýgridgc Pgmc Mroi y Om`mccgri dgc Tgbpci.

Cm irdgk tegkg ?: hrmdis, dg cis oumcgs cis bísmktehuis (ercmkdgsgs) dmtmk dgc k dgc sehci VQEEE.Cm pmrtg bís ebpirtmktg dg cis trm`mnis rgmcezm-dis gk gc tm`grkíouci durmktg cms ogrgbikems,oiksestg gk cm cgoturm dg cms Gsoreturms. Cm vgs-

tebgktm dg pmrmdm sg oibpikg dg ukm tþke-om `cmkom (cm besbm dg cm dg uk Om`mccgri dgcTgbpcg), ukm ompm tmb`eåk cmkom y ukm betrm.

Pgd Oriss ia OikstmktekgOruz Pinm dg Oikstmkteki

Tfg Bmsikeo mkd Becetmry Irdgr ia tfg PgdOriss ia Oikstmktekg mkd tfg Irdgrs ia tfg Ficy_gpucorg mkd ia _t. Nifk tfg Gvmkhgcest.( Irdgkbmsÿkeom y becetmr dg cm Oruz Pinm dg Oikstmkte-ki , dgc _mkti _gpucori y dg _mk Numk Gvmkhgces-tm).

Mþk se gstí mtgstehumdi qug mc ekeoei dgcsehci VEV cis hrmdis ym sg prmoteom`mk, cm irdgkki sg airbÿ fmstm =617. Cm irdgk gs uk hrmdi dgOm`mccgrâm orestemkm.

Cis omkdedmtis dg`gk sgr bmgstris bm-sikgs y oibpmýgris Pgmc Mroi. Durmktg su eks-tmcmoeÿk, tibmk pmrtg gk cm veotirem becmhrismdg Oikstmkteki gc Hrmkdg si`rg gc gbpgrmdir Bíxebi y su oikvgrseÿk uctgreir mc orestemkesbi.

Gc omkdedmti dg`g dgsou`rer m oiktekumoeÿk gccí`mri dg Oikstmkteki dgspuås dg su veseÿk gkgc oegci, y sg oikvegrtg gk om`mccgri dg cm Oruz





om bís qug dg grudeoeÿk gk sgktedi mbpcei- Cmmdbeseÿk m cm sioegdmd gstí cebetmdm m Bmgstrisbmsikgs qug orgmk gk cis prekoepeis aukdmbgk-

tmcgs dg cm ag treketmrem orestemkm.

Piymc Irdgr ia _oitcmkd(Irdgk Pgmc dg Gsoioem)

Cm Piymc Irdgr ia _oitcmkd airbm pmr -tg dg cms bms mktehums Irdgkgs bmsÿkeoms. _upríoteom gstí mtgstehumdm gk Cikdrgs ym pmrm

=84:. Cm Hrmk Cihem dg Gdeb`urhi oiktricm cms5: Hrmkdgs Cihems Zrivekoemcgs setumdms gk vm-rems rgheikgs dgc bukdi. Cm Irdgk segbprg fmpriocmbmdi qug gc rgy dg Gsoioem grm gc HrmkBmgstrg fgrgdetmrei

Cm Piymc Irdgr ia _oitcmkd ougktm oikdis hrmdis, m sm`gr>

=. Fgrgdib dg Lecwekkekh,oikagredi pir gc HrmkOmpâtuci Zrivekoemc.

0. Lkehftfiid ia tfg Pisy Oriss (Om`mccgri dgcm Pismoruz), oikagredi pir cm Hrmk Cihem Zrivek-oemc.

Pinm dg Oikstmkteki.

Dgspuås gc omkdedmti gs oikduoedi muk smktumrei dg Om`mccgris dgc _mkti _gpucoridikdg msestg mc dgsou`rebegkti dg cm vgrdmdgrm

oruz pir _mktm fgcgkm, bmdrg dg Oikstmktekigk gc pgreidi gktrg cm oruoexeÿk y cm rgsurrgo-oeÿk dg Oresti. Cm þctebm pmrtg dg cm ogrgbikemoikoegrkg mc dgsou`rebegkti dg uk ce`ri dg eb-pirtmkoem sekhucmr y cm airbmoeÿk dg cis Om`m-ccgris dg _mk Numk Gvmkhgcestm mc bibgkti dgcgbpgrmdir ribmki Nucemki gc mpÿstmtm.

Tfg Mkoegkt mkd Moogptgd Petg Petg Gois-

smes Mkoegk gt Moogptå - Pisg+Oriex

(Peti Gsoioås Mktehui y Mogptmdi+ Pismoruz)

Gc _uprgbi Oiksgni pmrm Ekhcmtgrrm y Zmâsdg Hmcgs sg orgÿ gk =647 gk vertud dg ukm pm-tgktg dgc Oiksgni _uprgbi dg cm Nuresdeooeÿkbmsÿkeom dgc Kirtg dg cis Gstmdis Wkedis dgMbåreom.. Gc reti sg oibpikg dg ?? hrmdis pgrisici sg prmoteomk gc =6, gc ?:, ?=, ?0 y ??. Cis hrm-

dis 4 m =8 y =5 m 05 sg dmk –pir oibukeomoeÿk‒.Cis omkdedmtis dg`gk sgr orestemkis.

_ioegtms Piseoruoemkm ek Mkhcem(_ioegdmd Pismoruoemkm dg Ekhcmtgrrm) \0R

Cm sioegdmd gstí irhmkezmdm gk kugvghrmdis. Gstm « sioegdmd ¼ gs buy mtâpeom gk Ek-hcmtgrrm. Mdgbís dg trm`mnmr cms ogrgbikems, cisbegb`ris sik ekvetmdis m tibmr ukm pmrtg mote-

vm gk cm rggxeÿk si`rg cis hrmkdgs pri`cgbmsdg cm vedm. Msâ, gc i`ngti dg cm sioegdmd gs dgrguker m cis armkobmsikgs gk ukm ÿpteom cisÿ-





Cg Piymc Irdgr ia _oitcmkd mrbm qugsus retumcgs fmk pgrbmkgoedi sek omb`eis dgsdgfmog bís dg 01: mýis Gc retumc gs rgoetmdi gk sutitmcedmd `mni cm airbm dg omtgoesbis rebmdis.

Cm mdfgseÿk m gstm irdgk orestemkm sici pugdgfmogrsg `mni ekvetmoeÿk. Gc omkdedmti dg`g sgr Bmgstri Bmsÿk dgsdg mc bgkis oekoi mýis y sgr begb`ri dg cm Pisg-Oriex y / i dg cm Oruz-Pinmdg Oikstmkteki y / i dg cis Om`mccgris dgc Tgb-pcg.

Irdgr ia tfg Pgd @rmkof ia GPE

Gstm irdgk deog dgsogkdgr dg itrm bísmktehum dg Ercmkdm pmtrioekmdm pir cis rgygs dggsg pmâs. Aug oibpugstm pir gc buy ekhgkeisi F.Nifk Umrlgr (=6??-=5=?).

Oibprgkdg ? hrmdis>

=. Bmk-mt mrbs ( Fib`rg dg mrbms)0. Gsquerg (Gsoudgri)?. Lkehft(Om`mccgri)

Gc tgbm dgc hrmdi gstí rgagredi m cm festi-rem dgc fårig Ercmkdås @remk @iru.

Peti dg @mcdwek i reti dg cis 8 hrmdis

Gc reti dg @mcdwykk tegkg ukm piseoeÿkbuy pmrteoucmr gk cm bmsikgrâm ekhcgsm pugs kisg prmoteom bís qug gk @restic.

(Gc tgbm dg gstudei gs cm festirem dg cis oekoi ir -dgkgs dg om`mccgrâm rgmc).

KITM_

=.- Kitm dgc _tmaa> Gsti ki segbprg gs msâ.

0.- Kitm dgc _tmaa> Gk rgmcedmd, ki sg pidrâm ek-ocuer m cm _PEM dgktri dg cms ÿrdgkgs bmsÿkeoms,seki qug sg dg`grâm ekocuer gk gc hrupi dg cms ÿr -dgkgs i hrupis gk cis qug gs kgogsmrei sgr bm-

sÿk.





Bivedis pir gc dgsgi dg oibprgkdgr cm

I`rm Wkevgrsmc, i`vembgktg cebetmdis pir kugs-trm pgqugým ompmoedmd pgrsikmc dg rmzikmr mc

sgkter cm hrmk debgkseÿk dgc i`ngti m trmtmr< kispripusebis, muk msâ, dgdeomrkis mc gstudei dgcoibpceomdi msukti, gxtmseíkdikis dgcmktg dgsu `gccgzm m bgdedm qug ci â`mbis dgsmrriccmk-di.

Oegrtmbgktg, buofi sg pugdg gsoreèr sekmhitmr gc tgbm, vestm su vmstm ebpceomoeÿk gk cmdebgkseÿk ekoikbgksurm`cg dgc Wkevgrsi.

Tmkhgkoemrgbis ukm pgqugým pmrtg dg

gstm ekbgksm rgmcedmd. Mprgoegk qug, begktrmstmkti, vgkoedm gk sus câbetgs y deouctmdgs cisprebgris pmsis, sg mtes`m uk priogsi oibþk ysebpcg qug sg rgpetg dgsdg cm bís pgqugým bi-cåoucm mkmcezmdm gk uk beorisoipei fmstm gc he-hmktgsoi sestgbm gstgcmr.

Gc Oikioebegkti sg agoukdm gk kugs-trm Mcbm y, dg su dgsmrricci, sg tirkm pise`cg cmoibprgkseÿk, buofi bís mccí dg cm ompmoedmddg rmzikmr.

Zgri cm Cgy kmturmc dg cm Armtgrkedmd sgebpikg y kis vgbis dgcmktg dg cm kgogsedmddg rgpceomr cis `gkgoeis dg gstm oibprgkseÿkgk tidis mqugccis qug –ùsomk‒. Cm pi`rgzm dgccgkhumng fubmki sg oikvegrtg, gk gstg bibgk-ti, gk gc bmyir i`stíouci m sgr vgkoedi.

_mèis ekvgstehmdirgs y gstudeisis gsitå-reois dg cis tegbpis bís rgbitis, dgcmktg dg cmsbesbms deouctmdgs dg bmtgremcezmr su oibprgk-seÿk, gofmrik bmkis dg cis kþbgris y dg cms

airbms oibi rgoursi dg gxprgseÿk mc sgr gstg ukcgkhumng m`sicuti g ekketi.

Dg tidi gsti surhg cm Hgibgtrâm _mhrm-dm. Gs gc cgkhumng bís ogromki mc dg cm Orgm-oeÿk, tmbèåk oikioedi oibi gc –Cgkhumngdg cm Cuz‒. _g vugcvg gc bgdei bís gomz pmrm

ecustrmr cm ukedmd dg tidms cms oisms dgktri dgkugstrm bgktg cÿheom.

Oumkdi cm gksgýmkzm dg cm hgibgtrâm sgutecezm pmrm bistrmr cm vgrdmd mkogstrmc dg qugtidm cm vedm surhg dg uk besbi pmdrÿk, pidg-bis vgr ocmrmbgktg qug cm vedm irgog dg ukmaugktg þkeom> cm augrzm orgmtevm ektgcehgktg ymbirism qug mchukis ccmbmk –Deis– y qug, ki-sitris cis bmsikgs, rgprgsgktmbis oibi HrmkMrquetgoti dgc Wkevgrsi.

Cm pmcm`rm Hgibgtrâm gs dg irehgk hreg-hi, airbmdm pir HGI (Tegrrm) y Bgtrem (Bgdedm).Fmog 7.::: mýis, grm cm oegkoem dg bgder cis tg-rrgkis, sus pgrâbgtris y sus írgms. Oik gc tegbpisg vicveÿ pmrtg dg cm Bmtgbíteom, gk tmkti gkoumkti sg dgdeom mc gstudei dg cms hurms oikrgotíkhucis, ouìs, gsagrms, gto

¹]uå gs cm Hgibgtrâm _mhrmdm9

Tidi dgktri dg kugstrm rgmcedmd, cms gs-trgccms, cis pcmkgtms, gc _ic, kugstri ougrpi, tidici qug gxestg dgktri dg gstg bukdi sg bmkegs-tm pir cms pripiroeikgs dg cm Hgibgtrâm _mhrm-dm< y ki fmy kekhukm, m`sicutmbgktg kekhukmgxogpoeÿk m deofm rghcm. Tidi ci qug sg bmke-gstm, ekocusi cms pripems pmcm`rms gk se besbms,vegkgk dg cm Hgibgtrâm _mhrmdm. Fmstm ekocu-si cis edeibms y oisms qug ki sicgbis ebmhekmr oibi cms gbioeikgs y cis sgktebegktis smcgk dgcm Hgibgtrâm _mhrmdm.

Dgsdg cm mktehógdmd, cis ghepoeis, cishreghis, cis bmyms, gto, bmkeagstmrik y bistrm-rik gstg oikioebegkti. Gstms rgcmoeikgs dg air -

Cm Hgibgtrâm _mhrmdm y cm bmsikgrâm

Zir gc Q.¸. F.¸. Mcargdi Pi`grti Kgtti - Cihem –Wkeïi g _icedmregdmdg‒ k¾ ?68 ‟ _ïi Zmuci - @rmsecEdeibm irehekmc> Zirtuhuås dgc @rmsec

Trmduotir> Q.¸. F.¸. Bmrei Cÿpgz





bm y pripiroeikgs oiksedgrmdms smhrmdms gk cmhgibgtrâm y gk cm mrquetgoturm< tmbèåk suogdggk itrms írgms dgc oikioebegkti fubmki oibicm Bþseom y cm Zekturm. Mrtestms oibi Cgikmrdidm Qekoe i gc pektir Hgirhgs _gurmt, rgoikioâmk

gk cm kmturmcezm airbms y pripiroeikgs gspgoem-cgs, qug ekdeom`mk ukm mrbikâm y ukm ukedmd.

Cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒

Cis desgýis dg Cgikmrdi dm Qekoe augrik dgs-prgoemdis pir cis ekvgstehmdirgs dgc pmsmdi pir

su ekompmoedmd pmrm gktgkdgr cis bgksmngs vg-cmdis qug humrdm`mk. Cgikmrdi y cis mktehuisbmsikgs gstm`mk âktebmbgktg oikgotmdis oikcm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒

Oumkdi cis mrqugÿcihis rgbivegrik cmspegdrms mkhucmrgs dg cis prebgris tgbpcis oiks-truedis pir cis bmsikgs gkoiktrmrik gk su pmrtgiouctm cms rbms dg cis mrquetgotis rgspiksm`cgsdg cm oikstruooeÿk dg deofis tgbpcis

Bís dg uk oegkti dg gsms gxtrmýms rbmsaugrik mkmcezmdms y tidms pri`mrik sgr armh-bgktis dg cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒ gkomníkdisg pgr -agotmbgktg gk gccm.

Cms gvedgkoems dgbugstrmk qug cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒ grm buy oikioedm gk tidi gc buk-di fmog bís dg 1::: mýis mktgs dg Oresti. _uhurm aug gkoiktrmdm gk cms pmrgdgs dg cmsoikstruooeikgs dg Ghepti g eksperÿ cis mktehuissâbìcis zidemomcgs y cms rukms.

Cms ruekms dgc prebgr oibpcgni qug cisGsgkeis oikstruygrik dgspuås dg smcer dg Ghep-

ti, fmog mprixebmdmbgktg 7::: mýis mktgs dgOresti, Bmssmdm, tegkg cis rgstis dg ukm Ehcgsemoikstruedm gk gc ogktri dg cms besbms y gk surgheÿk ogktrmc gxestg ukm hurm dg cm –Acir dg cmQedm‒

Zir tidm Hrgoem sg gkoiktrmrik tmbèåkbitevis oik cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒, gk gc sugci dgcms omsm, gk cms vgktmkms y pmrgdgs dg uk bi-kmstgrei hreghi, gktgrmbgktg pektmdi dg `cmk-oi y oeroukdmkdi pir ukm hrmk burmccm `cmkomdikdg sg pektÿ cm hurm omdm ?: bgtris.

Mdirkis mktehuis dg iri gktgrmbgktgtmccmdis `msmdis gk cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒ augrikgkoiktrmdis gk devgrsis cuhmrgs dgc bukdi, eke-oemcbgktg gk Ghepti, pgri tmbèåk gk Ekhcmtg-

rrm, Armkoem, Ercmkdm i Esrmgc.

Mc mkmcezmr cms mktehums ruekms dg _ugoem y Ki-rughm, sg i`sgrvÿ qug gkomnm`mk pgragotm-bgktg gk cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒ y cm besbm hurm

sg gkoiktrÿ ekorustmdm gk uk oiarg mktehui dgTurquâm y gk itris =6 cuhmrgs desgbekmdis pir gcBgdetgrríkgi.

Gs gk Ofekm qug cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒ gstíprgsgktg, tmkti gk cm oucturm mktehum oibi gkcm bidgrkm. Zugdg vgrsg argougktgbgktg gktidis cis cuhmrgs y, gspgoemcbgktg, gk gc ZmcmoeiZrifeèdi. Gkargktg mc triki dgc Gbpgrmdir fmydis cgikgs m omdm cmdi, gc dgc cmdi ezquegrdigs ukm fgb`rm oik uk omofirri `mni su pmtm y

gc dgc cmdi dgrgofi, bmofi, tegkg `mni su pmtmukm hurm tredebgkseikmc dg cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒.





Gc sehkeomdi trmksogkdgktmc dg gstms -hurms aug icvedmdi gk gc pmsmdi, ke sequegrm cisbmsikgs y cis bikngs sektiâstms bidgrkis oiki-ogk su sehkeomdi i vmcir.

Cis bmsikgs i oikstruotirgs mktehuis oi-kioâmk cms cgygs dg cm mrbikâm y cm pripiroeÿk ycms usm`mk gk cis tgbpcis y gk cms omtgdrmcgs.

Msâ, gsgs bikubgktis augrik oiciomdisy priygotmdis sghþk ukm piseoeÿk y hgibg-trâm gspgoâoms pmrm qug pudegsgk rggnmr gk gcbukdi aâseoi (beori ukevgrsi) cms airbms y pri-piroeikgs oirrgspikdegktgs mc bukdi oÿsbeoi(bmori ukevgrsi). Dg cms pripiroeikgs utecezmdmsgk cms gstruoturms rgceheisms, cm rmzÿk íurgm gsuki dg cis gngbpcis bís oikioedis dg pripir -oeÿk edgmc, usmdm gk cm mrquetgoturm smhrmdm ygk gc mrtg dgsdg gc mktehui Ghepti.

Cm rgcmoeÿk gktrg gc beori y gc bmori ois-bis aug gxpcirmdm pir cis oikstruotirgs dg ti-dms cms gstruoturms rgceheisms, dgc pmhmkesbi mcorestemkesbi, tmkti gk Iregktg oibi Iooedgktg.U cm prgsgkoem dg cm Hgibgtrâm, dgkibekmdmsmhrmdm, sg rggnm gk tidms cms oikstruooeikgsdg airbm, buofms vgogs, eksuctmktg oibi gk cisoâroucis dg cms pegdrms, gk cms períbedgs, gk gc

Zmrtgkÿk, gk cm Omtgdrmc dg Ofmrtrgs, gk cm dg_t. Dgkes y gk cm bmyirâm dg cms Omtgdrmcgs Hÿte-oms.

Pi`grt Cmwcir mrbm qug gktrg cis oik-

ogptis dg cis cÿsiais dg cm mktehógdmd, qug teg-kgk uk omríotgr smhrmdi, y cis dg cis bidgrkis,purmbgktg rmoeikmcgs, gxestg ukm deagrgkoem

aukdmbgktmc. Cis mktehuis vgâmk cm Bmtgbíteomy cm Hgibgtrâm oibi ukm bgdetmoeÿk si`rg gc–Wki Bgtmaâseoi‒, uk gsaugrzi gk oiktgbpcmr yvesumcezmr gc irdgk puri y sebåtreoi qug `ritm dgcm Wkedmd, ukeÿk dg ci qug gs cm Bmtgrem y ci qug

gs gc Gspâretu, dg ci qug gs Deveki.Drukvmci Bgcofezgdgl, uk hrmk gstudeisi

dg cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒ kis prgsgktm ektgrgsmktgsi`sgrvmoeikgs si`rg gc tgbm>

–Mc i`sgrvmr cm airbm dg cm –Acir dg cmQedm‒ sg pugdg vgr qug gxestgk =5 oâroucis gk suektgreir qug sik ogrrmdis pir dis oâroucis gxtgr -kis. Gstis þctebis ki sik ukm sebpcg tgrbekmoeÿkdg desgýi, sik gxtrgbmdmbgktg ebpirtmktgsdgktri dgc oiktgxti hci`mc. @egk gk gc bgdei dgcm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒ sg pugdg vgr uk oârouci bg-kir oik sges påtmcis, nukti oik sges oâroucis bísqug cm oeroukdm. Gstm besbm hurm aug gkoik-trmdm gk cm tmpm dg ukm omnm dg bmdgrm ireuk-dm dgc Tâ`gt qug oiktgkâm uk ekstrubgkti pmrmpcmktmr sgbeccms, y si`rg cm hurm gstm`m gsoreti>–_ebegktg dg cm Qedm‒

Cis tårbekis qug gbpcgi mquâ ki augrik ekvgk-tmdis pir bâ, sik cis tårbekis gxmotis utecezmdispir kugstris mktgpmsmdis pmrm dgsore`er omdmhurm. Orgi qug dgkibekmrik m cm hurm oib-pcgtm oibi –Acir dg cm Qedm‒ pir pmrgogrsg mukm ir y, mc besbi tegbpi pir gc fgofi dg rg-prgsgktmr cms cgygs y pripiroeikgs dg tidi ci

qug vevg y fmstm dg ci qug ki vevg, tidi ci bm -keagstmdi gk gstg bukdi.





Gstg pmtrÿk pidrâm ou`rer tidi ukm pmrgdy oiktekumr ekketmbgktg, pgri gk tidi gc buk-di cm hurm sg cebetÿ m cis =5 oâroucis oik cis disoâroucis bmyirgs ogrríkdicis.

¹Zir quå cm hurm sg bmktegkg sici oik=5 oâroucis9 ¹Zir quå ki sg oiktekuÿ mbpcemkdicm hurm i pirqug sg rgduni cm hurm m su bâke-bi9

Cm gxpceomoeÿk pmrm gsti gs qug, oumkdigc gspâretu smcg dgc vmoâi, orgm cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒pir bgdei dg uk bivebegkti ritmoeikmc dg vÿr -teog.

U se sg oibpcgtmk cis oâroucis ekoibpcgtisdgc ìrdg gxtgrki dg cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒, itrisoâroucis mpmrgogk bmromkdi cis cuhmrgs dikdgsg airbmrík cis vÿrteogs sehuegktgs.

Gc pmtrÿk dg =? oâroucis oirrgspikdegktg,dgkibekmdi –Aruti dg cm Qedm‒ grm mchi qug cismktehuis smèis ki qugrâmk qug cms pgrsikms oi-bukgs pudegrmk vgr ym qug grm gxtrgbmdmbgk-tg smhrmdm. Fmog ?::: mýis gstg pmtrÿk ki sgpidrâm gksgýmr pþ`ceombgktg, cis mktehuis bm-

tmrâmk m quegk ismsg fmogrci.

Tibmz Tmycir mrbm qug –_ÿci pidrí gktgkdgr ègk cm Hgibgtrâm (Devekm) quegk dgsmrriccg cm ek-tgcehgkoem m`strmotm‒…‒Cm Hgibgtrâm pgrbetgm su dgviti, oibi uk pugktg, armkqugmr cm is-ouredmd dg cm kmturmcgzm bmtgremc, oibi se augrm

uk bmr isouri, fmoem cms rgheikgs cubekisms dgcm rgmcedmd pgragotm.

I`sgrvgk qug –oibi gs mrre`m gs m`mni‒(Fgrbgs Trebghestri), cm gvicuoeÿk dg uk ÿvucidgsdg cm agoukdmoeÿk fmstm gc gstmdi dg bÿru-cm gk gc dgsmrricci dgc gb`reÿk fubmki gs sebecmr m cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒ Gs cm Hgibgtrâm _mhrmdmgk gc bibgkti dg cm airbmoeÿk dg cm Qedm Aâse-om.

Zir bgdei dg cm betises, kis devedebis gkgsagrms, sehuegkdi ukm sgougkoem dg deveseÿk og-cucmr sebecmr m cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒

Cm _gougkoem dg Ae ikmooe

Cgikmrdi Zesmki i Cgikmrdi dg Zesm,tmbèåk oikioedi oibi Aeìkmooe, gs oiksedg-rmdi pir buofis oibi gc bmtgbíteoi oik bístmcgkti dg cm Gdmd Bgdem. _g fezi ambisi pir dgsou`rer cm –_gougkoem dg Aeìkmooe‒ y pir su

pmpgc gk cm ektriduooeÿk dg cis mchiretbis írm-`gs gk Guripm.

Cm _gougkoem dg Aeìkmooe sg airbmoiksedgrmkdi cis dis prebgris tårbekis dg ukmsgougkoem cis vmcirgs : y =, y dgsmrriccmkdi gcrgsti dg cis tårbekis pir bgdei dg cm subm dgcis dis mktgogsirgs, gs dgoer> :, =, =, 0, ?, 7, 6, =?,0=, ?4, 77, 65, =44, 0??, ?88, 1=:, 568, gto...

Dg gstm sgougkoem pidgbis gxtrmgr gc

kþbgri trmksogkdgktmc oikioedi oibi gc –Ku-bgri dg Iri‒

Cm _gougkoem dg Aeìkmooe gs ekorgâ`cgdg ukm airbm ebpise`cg dg ebmhekmr. Zir gngb-pci, buofis oikiogk gc treíkhuci dg Zmsomc,orgmdi pir gc bmtgbíteoi armkoås @cmesg Zmsomc(=10?-=110). Gc treíkhuci dg Zmsomc gs ukm sg-ougkoem dg kþbgris qug sg oikstruyg oibgk-zmkdi y tgrbekmkdi omdm kugvm cm oik ukuki< cis itris kþbgris sg airbmk submkdi cis

kþbgris setumdis si`rg gc besbiOmdm cm rgprgsgktm cis oigoegktgs dgc





èkibei (m + `) gcgvmdis m ukm dgtgrbekmdmpitgkoem

Cm sgougkoem dg Aeìkmooe gs cm gspermc devekmdg cm vedm, tidi herm sg oikstetuyg y sg oikstruygm trmvås dg cm argougkoem dg Aeìkmooe, tmktidgktri oibi augrm.

Ektriduoegkdi cm _gougkoem Aeìkmooegk cm kmturmcgzm pidgbis i`sgrvmr qug deofmsgougkoem sg mpceom gk devgrsis moiktgoebegk-tis y gcgbgktis oibi gc oibpirtmbegkti dgcm rgarmooeÿk dg cm cuz, dg cis ítibis, dgc orgoe-

begkti dg cms pcmktms, gk cms gspermcgs dg cms hm-cmxems, gk gc bmrc dg cis gcgamktgs, gk cms ikdmsdgc ioåmki, gk cis furmomkgs, gk cis mkíceses dgctegbpi, gc bidi oibi sg destreùygk cms sgbeccmsgk gc ogktri dg buofms irgs, gto.

Oegrtms pcmktms bugstrmk cis kþbgrisdg Aeìkmooe gk cms deveseikgs dg sus rmbms mcorgogr. _upikhmbis qug kmog uk `ritg kugviomdm bgs, segkdi qug omdm `ritg prgoesm dgdis bgsgs pmrm hgkgrmr m su vgz su prebgr ritg.

Gxestgk vmrems pcmktms ouyi orgoebegkti sg pmrg-og m ci mquâ dgsoreti. Cm pcmktm Mofeccgm ptmrbe-om pisgg gstms omrmotgrâsteoms

Gc kmutecus gs uk bicusoi qug vevg gk gcsudigstg dgc ioåmki pmoâoi. Gc kmutecus gs ukidg cis sgrgs vevis qug prgsgktm cm rmzÿk murgmgk su pripei ougrpi dg bidi bís qug vese`cgpir bgdei dg ci qug sg oikiog oibi Gspermc dgIri.

Cm oikstruooeÿk dg cm Gspermc dg Iri mtrmvås dg cm _gougkoem dg Aeìkmooe gs sgkoeccm.Mkgxmkdi dis oumdrmdis dg cmdi uketmrei, tgk-





drgbis uk rgotíkhuci dg 0 x =, segkdi gc cmdibmyir ehumc m cm subm dg cis dis cmdis dg cisoumdrmdis mktgreirgs. Mkgxmbis mfirm itrioumdrmdi dg cmdi ehumc m dis ukedmdgs (cmdibmyir dgc rgotíkhuci mktgreir) y tgkdrgbis uk

rgotíkhuci dg ? x 0. Zidgbis sghuer msâ ekdgke-dmbgktg y kis dmrgbis ougktm qug cm sgougk-oem dg cis cmdis m er mkgxmkdi sik ?, 7, 6, =?…qug gs cm –_gougkoem dg Aeìkmooe‒.

Cm –_gougkoem dg Aeìkmooe‒ gxprgsmukm rgcmoeÿk buy oibþk gk cm kmturmcgzm quggc sgr fubmki dgkibekm oibi –‒ i –rmzÿk íu-rgm‒ y ouyi vmcir kubåreoi gs =,1=6.

Cm rmzÿk íurgm gxprgsm cm `þsqugdm dgcm kmturmcgzm gk oumkti m cm gogkoem. Zidg-

bis dgoer qug cm –_gougkoem dg Aeìkmooe‒ gsuk pmtrÿk armotmc buy oibþk gk gc Wkevgrsi,dgsdg cm gxpmkseÿk dg cms hmcmxems m cm airbm-oeÿk dg tirkmdis…

Gk cm Hgibgtrâm _mhrmdm, ukm câkgm rgotm seb-ìcezm mc bmsouceki. @mstm oik nmrsg gk gc ougr -pi dgc fib`rg y dg cm bungr pmrm dmrsg ougktmqug gc ougrpi dgc fib`rg gs rgoti y gc dg cmbungr ourvecâkgi.

Cm pripiroeÿk íurgm i kþbgri dg iri ikþbgri íurgi gs ukm oikstmktg rgmc mchg`rmeomerrmoeikmc ouyi vmcir rgdikdgmdi mc tgrogr dg-oebmc gs =,1=6. _g trmtm dg uk kþbgri qug fmogbuofi tegbpi qug sg gbpcgm gk gc mrtg y mpm-

rgog gk devgrsms airbms gk cm kmturmcgzm. Tmb-èåk sg cg dgkibekm oibi rmzÿk murgm, rmzÿkdg iri, devekm pripiroeÿk, pripiroeÿk gk rmzÿkgxtrgbm, deveseÿk dg rmzÿk gxtrgbm.

Gc kþbgri íurgi pugdg sgr mprixebmdioik cm deveseÿk dgc gkåsebi tårbeki dg cm –_g-ougkoem dg Aeìkmooe‒ oik gc tårbeki mktgreir.Gstm deveseÿk gs oikvgrhgktg fmoem gc kþbgriíurgi bgdedm qug k sg fmog bmyir \=R

Gstm sgougkoem mpmrgog gk cm kmturmcg-zm, gk gc oibpirtmbegkti dg cm rgarmooeÿk dg cmcuz, dg cis ítibis, dgc orgoebegkti dg cms pcmk-tms, gk cms gspermcgs dg cms hmcmxems, gk gc bmrcdg cis gcgamktgs, gk cms ikdms dgc ioåmki, gk cisfurmomkgs, gto.

Dmdi qug cm câkgm rgotm rgprgsgktm mcbmsouceki, oumcquegr câkgm qug ki sgm rgotm, kiebpirtm ouíc sgm gc tepi dg ourvm, gs oiksedgrm-dm agbgkekm.

Cm airbm bís sebpcg y i`vem dg oibè-kmr cms rgotms bmsoucekms oik cms ourvms agbg-





kekms gs uker cis ogktris dg cis oâroucis dgc –Arutidg cm vedm \0R ‒ oik câkgms rgotms gk tidms cmsdergooeikgs pise`cgs fmstm oiksghuer gc dgkibe-kmdi Ouì Bgtmtrik.

Gktikogs, mc bermr cm hurm dgc Aruti dg cm Qedm,pidgbis pgroeèr qug gs titmcbgktg agbgke-km, ki fmy mtesì mchuki dg câkgm rgotm, ki fmykmdm bmsouceki. Zgri gxestgk =? airbms deagrgk-tgs dg supgrpikgr ci bmsouceki m ci agbgkekipir bgdei dg cm ukeÿk dg omdm ogktri gsaåreoioik cm rgotm. U, omdm ukm dg gstms supgrpiseoei-

kgs, orgm uk vmstâsebi sestgbm dg oikioebegktiqug sg gxpmkdg dg bidi ekketi.

Hgibgtrâm ki tmk ocíseom

Gk cm hgibgtrâm oibþk i ocíseom gxestgkbuofis picegdris i airbms tredebgkseikmcgs qugsg ektgroikgotmk. Oekoi dg gstms airbms sik þke-oms, ki gxestgk itrms ehumcgs i sgbgnmktgs m gccms,sik cis ccmbmdis _icedis Zcmtÿkeois. Mukqug gstgkib`rg aug dmdi m cis sÿcedis oibi fibgkmng

m Zcmtÿk, quegk fm`cÿ si`rg gccis gk cm åpiomhreghm, ki aug åc quegk cis –ekvgktÿ‒. Oegrtmbgk-tg, cis _ÿcedis Zcmtÿkeois augrik oegktâombgktgrmstrgmdis fmstm ogrom dgc 0:.::: m.O.

Ekvgstehmoeikgs y dgsou`rebegktis mr -

qugicÿheois dgbugstrms qug gstgs oekoi sÿcedisaugrik gsoucpedis tredebgkseikmcbgktg m ci cmr -hi dg dis beccmrgs dg mýis dg kugstrm festirem.

Cis sÿcedis Zcmtÿkeois, airbms `íseoms dg

cm Hgibgtrâm _mhrmdm, sik oekoi airbms trede-bgkseikmcgs hgibåtreoms, gk cms qug tidms susomrms sik ehumcgs. Omdm sÿcedi pcmtÿkeoi rgprg-sgktm uki dg cis oekoi gcgbgktis dg cm orgm-oeÿk, oibi sehug>

=. Tgtrmgdri ‟ Aughi0. Ouì ‟ Tegrrm?. Iotmgdri ‟ Merg4. Didgomgdri ‟ Gtgr 7. Eoismgdri - Mhum

Cis pug`cis dg cm mktehógdmd deg-rik kib`rgs m cis oekoi _icedis Zcmtÿkeois \?R . GcTgtrmgdri grm ccmbmdi aughi, gc ouì sg ccmbm-`m Tegrrm, gc Iotmgdri grm gc Merg y gc Eoismgdrigc Mhum, tmc oibi ym fgbis deofi, m tidis gccissg ukâm gc Didgomgdri qug rgprgsgktm`m gcGtgr, gc prmkm, cm augrzm Qetmc, gc Ofe, sghþk cms de-agrgktgs oucturms. Cm oibèkmoeÿk dg gstms oek-oi airbms i prekoepeis fezi surher cm Mcquebem oikgc k dg oibprgkdgr oibi gc Aughi, cm Tegrrm, gcMerg, gc Mhum y gc Gtgr pugdgk orgmr tidi ci qug

kis ridgm, pmrm gktgkdgr pir quå gstis oekoigcgbgktis sik cm `msg dg cm Orgmoeÿk besbm.

Wkm cgygkdm mktehum ougktm qug Mpicicg dei m Iragi ukm Cerm qug mc sgr tiomdm pridu-oâm uk gstmdi dg mrbikâm qug fmoâm qug tidici qug cg ridgm`m sg ccgkmsg dg pmz y mcghrâm.Ekspermdi quezís gk gstm trmdeoeÿk ÿrom dg cmbþseom y dg cm oegkoem, Zetíhirms dg _mbis rgm-cezÿ, quezís, gc prebgr gxpgrebgkti aâseoi dgc buk-di. Mrrmkoÿ ougrdms dg cikhetudgs deagrgktgs y

dgsou`reÿ qug cms ve`rmoeikgs dg sikedis sg su-ogdgk gk ukm sgougkoem dg tikis gktgris qugsg rgpetgk gk uk pmtrÿk dg segtg ukedmdgs.

Dgc besbi bidi, gc mroi eres gs ukm sg-ougkoem dg segtg oicirgs, cm gsomcm dg moirdgs ‟ gk rgmcedmd tidm cm Orgmoeÿk - gs uk omkti mukm bmtrez dg argougkoems qug pugdg sgr gxpgre-bgktmdm oibi sikedi, oicir, bmtgrem i gstmdisdg oiksoegkoem.

Beofmgc Fgceis, ambisi bþseoi bidgr -ki, dgsou`reÿ cms pripiroeikgs buseomcgs y gs-omcms dg tikis oirrgspikdegktgs m omdm ukm





dg cms oekoi airbms pcmtÿkeoms, m trmvås dg sutgocmdi, pmrm argougkoems gspgoâoms qug i`-

tuvegsgk pripiroeikgs gxmotms. Tidis cis sÿcedispcmtÿkeois augrik oirrgotmbgktg edgkteomdis,sgktedis y –vestis‒ gk omdm ukm dg cms oekoi bg-deoeikgs buseomcgs. Gsti gs nusti ci qug cis mkte-huis bâsteois y oegktâois fm`âmk mrbmdi.

Gc didgomgdri sg oibpikg oik diogomrms pgktmhikmcgs y rgprgsgktm gc quekti gcg-bgkti smhrmdi, cm pitgkoemcedmd devekm oikioe-dm oibi –Gtgr \4R‒

_e oiksedgrmbis qug gc didgomgdri gstíoibpugsti pir omrms dg oekoi cmdis, ekvgstehm-dirgs dg aâseom ouíkteom dg cis GGWW y Armkoem,fms oikocuedi rgoegktgbgktg qug, `msíkdisggk bgdeoeikgs dg ikdms oÿsbeoms rgbmkgktgsdgc ccmbmdi –@ekh @mkh‒, gc ukevgrsi gk sâ besbigs uk Didgomgdri, y ki ukm gsagrm, gk gxpmk-seÿk.

Bís mccí dgc fgofi dg qug gxestmk oekoi

sÿcedis pcmtÿkeois y oekoi gcgbgktis `íseois dgcm vedm gk oirrgspikdgkoem, gs pise`cg dgbis-

trmr qug tidm cm rmzm fubmkm pisgg gstms bes-bms pripiroeikgs smhrmdms.

Zmrm gc ougrpi aâseoi, pir gngbpci, oik cis`rmzis y cms pegrkms mègrtms, y si`rgpugsti m ukZgktmhrmbm, oik gc quekti pukti oiciomdi gkcm om`gzm y cis ÿrhmkis rgpriduotevis gk gc ogk-tri gxmoti. Aíoecbgktg sg pugdg dgbistrmr quggc kþbgri dg iri airbm pmrtg dg tidi kugstrisgr .

Um sg sm`g qug tidis cis gcgbgktis oiks-tmktgs dg cm tm`cm pgreideom sik aukoeikgs dguk þkeoi sÿcedi Zcmtÿkeoi> gc ouì. Gsti aug gs-tm`cgoedi oegktâombgktg. Dgc fedrÿhgki mc fg-cei, pmsmkdi pir cm pcmrm, gc iri, gto, tidis cisgcgbgktis tegkgk mc ouì oibi `msg y, priauk-dezmkdi mþk bís, tidms cms airbms pir cms qugcis gcgo trikgs sik o iciomdis u irdgkmdis gk cisítibis tmbègk sik aukoeik oþèom. Cis oegktâ-ois oikocuygk qug cm airbm dgc ouì dgtgrbekmcis gcgbgktis y gc irdgk dg cis ítibis. Dg gstg

bidi sg pugdg oikocuer qug gc kevgc mtÿbevidg tidi ci qug sg bmkegstm gk cm kmturmcgzm gsaukoeÿk dg uki dg cis oekoi sÿcedis Zcmtÿkeois.

Zir itrm `mkdm, cm ¸Irdgk Devekm‒ sg bm-kegstm dg buctepcgs airbms y cm oegkoem oibegk-zm m dgsou`rer ektgrrgcmoeikgs gktrg gc sikedi y cmbmtgrem. Gc cmkzmbegkti dg ukm kugvm oegkoem,cm Oebíteom \7R , pir pmrtg dgc ekvgtehmdir sueziFmks Ngkky ( =5:4-=580). Gk cm ebmhgk pidgbisvgr oibi gc sikedi mpceomdi m cm bmtgrem fmogmpmrgogr airbms deagrgktgs sghþk cm argougkoemdgc besbi, gs dgoer, gc sikedi bideom cm bmtg-rem. Gstis gxpgrebgktis bugstrmk qug cis bgdeis





pmstisis y câquedis, mc sgr –mtmomdis‒ pir bg-dei dgc sikedis puris bugstrmk pmtrikgs dg aucnisebåtreois y puris oibi cis gkoiktrmdis gk cmkmturmcgzm, gk gc mrtg i gk cm mrquetgoturm bis-trmkdi ukm oirrgcmoeÿk gktrg gc sikedi y cm air -

bm i`tgkedm. Oumkdi cis sikedis ki sik puriscms airbms tmbpioi ci sik. Cm oikocuseÿk bâste-om dg tidi gsti, qug ki oegktâom ym qug ki gsmogptmdm pir cm oegkoem, gs qug gc Wkevgrsi gsukm bmkeagstmoeÿk aâseom dg cm ve`rmoeÿk devekm._ghþk cis trmtmdis iouctis, mc gstudemr cms airbmsmcomkzmbis gc didgomgdri, gc Wkevgrsi y cm Air -bm Fubmkm.

Mchi dg oí`mcm

Begktrms tmkti, gc oârouci gs gc sâbìciprekoepmc dg tidm i`rm devekm y dgktri dg suírgm y debgkseikgs sg dgsmrriccm tidi gc mrtg dgcm –hgibgtrâm devekm‒.

Kis deogk cis tgxtis iouctis qug cm I`rmDevekm sg bmtgremcezm pir cms bmkis dg cis gspâ -

retus gngoutirgs dg cm oikstruooeÿk bmtgremc, cisi`rgris dg cm oikstruooeÿk gk sus deagrgktgspcmkis i debgkseikgs. Mc ehumc qug cis fib`rgs,gccis gvicuoeikmk gk deagrgktgs oeocis dg trm`mniy mcomkzmk cm gsagrm mkhgceomc gk su bmyir hrm-di gvicutevi \1R.

–Ci s Mroíkh g cg s si k b m keag stm o ei kg s d gc Orgm d ir y ki t egkg k kekh ukm vi cuktmd ce- ` rg o ib i ki sit ris. _ik g c rm zi d grgo fi d gc

O rg m d i r. Gstm s b m keag stm o ei kg s d erg o tm s, ci s Mr- oíkh g cg s, ki g stík g vi cuo ei km kd i , ki g stík o rgo egkd i , gxo gp t i gk g c sgk t edi dg qug t idi

o rgo g o umkd i g c O rgm di r o rgo g . Aug rik o rgm - d is d ergo tmb gktg p m rm cm s gstms tmrgm s p m rt eo u- cm rg s y cms fm o g k m cm p g rago o eÿk, sek am cci s, sek deouctmdgs, sek rgsestgkoem, sek ipekeikgs amcsms,sek kg o gsed m d gs d g t ep i m ch uki , ci d gsgm k y cm

quegrgk ‒ Dnwfmc Lfuc ‟ Gc bmgstri Te`gtmki.

DNwfmc usm gc írìc dg cm vedm y cis sgrgsmkhgceomcgs oibi uk pukti dg rgagrgkoem dgsus gksgýmkzms. Gs ukm gspgoeg dg oegkoem gspe-retumc, gs cm Hgibgtrâm _mhrmdm

Cm ekairbmoeÿk si`rg gc írìc dg cm vedmkis ccghm dg åpioms mktehums y fm ccghmdi m ki-sitris m trmvås dg cm Oí`mcm. Omdm ukm dg cms=: gsagrms oikioedms oibi _gpferms airbmk gc

írìc y su oiknukti sg oikiog oibi _gpferit.

Cis tårbekis _gpferm y Ofmlrm sik mb-ìs mdgoumdis pmrm gsocmrgogr cis agkÿbgkisgsperetumcgs dgktri dg uki besbi y gc ukevgrsi.Oumkdi sg motevmk sg trmksairbmk gk gc kþocgidg cm orgmoeÿk dg cm Cuz dgc ougrpi

Gc írìc dg cm vedm sg gkougktrm gk cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒ qug sg gkougktrm m su vgz dgktri dgcm –Acir dgc _gr‒. Qmbis m dmr ukms pekogcmdms mtidi gsti.

–Qi y m g ksgým r si ` rg ci s d eg z Mroíkh g cg s





d g c írì c o m ` m câsteo i d g cm ved m . Gsti s M roíkh g - cgs p isgg k , o m d m uki , ukm tgkd gko em p ri aukdm fm o em o m d m uki d g cis m sp go tis d gc ír` ic , y o m d m m sp go ti , i _gp f erm f , o ib i sik d gki b e- kmd is, gs o ib i uk p cmkg t m i uk M ro mkh g c gk

p m rt eo u cm r q ug sg m sio em m c b esb i.

Qmb is m o ib gkzmr pir g c q ug sg g k- o ug ktrm gk ci bís m cti d gc ír` i c \Kitm d gc o ii r- dekmdir. Zmrm bmyir ocmredmd, mc kmc dgc tgxti sg fm ekocuedi uk írìc dg cm vedm m gsomcm su- o egk tg p mrm p id gr m p rgo em r tid is cis kib ` rgs rg agred isR . _u kib ` rg g s Bg tm t rÿk y sg o ik i o g o ib i gc m ro íkh gc d g cm p rgsgk o em . _e ustgd sg nm, Bgtmtrÿk gstí gk Lgtfgr, gk ci mcti dgc írìcy _m kd m cp fi k g stí gk B m co utf , g k ci b ís m ni d g c ír` ic . Mb ` is t rm ` m nm k a rgo ugk tgb gktg nuk- tis.

B gtm t rÿk gs uk rgp rgsgktm ktg d ergo ti d gc O rgm d i r q ug amb ecem rezm m ci s ekd ev ed ui s o i k su d ev ek ed m d , p grb etg q ug cm d ev ek ed m d reccg m su trm - vås, t rm g gsm d ev ek ed m d gk cm s gtm p m s d g cm o rgm - oeÿk y pgrbetg qug sg bmkegstg.Dg Lgtfgr ecubekm, kmturmcbgktg, cm cuz dergotm,p urm y ik e tm d g cm augktg . Oi b egkzm cm d est re` u- oeÿk dg cm cuz m cis su`dgpmrtmbgktis dg Lgtfgr q ug g stík b ís m ` m ni g k g c ír` i c fm o em _m kd m c- pfik ‒

Gc Mroíkh gc q ug seh ug sg m si o em m c m sp go - ti d gki b ekm d i O filbm f, y su kib ` rg g s Pm - tzegc.

Gc Mroíkh gc seh uegk tg sg o ik go tm m c tgro gr mspgoti dgc írìc, @ekmf, y su kib`rg gs Tzmpf- legc.

Gc o um rti m sp go ti d gc ír` ic gs O fg sgd y gc Mroíkh g c m si o em d i p isg g g c b m rm vecci si ki b - ` rg d g Tzm d leg c.

Gc q uekti m sp go ti gs H g` urm f y su M roík- hgc gs Lfmbmgc.

Gc sg xti m sp g o ti g s Tep fm rg tf y g c Mroík- h gc gs o ik io ed i p ir tid is ustgd gs p ugs sg t rm tm dg B eo fmg c.

Gc såp tebi m sp g o ti g s Kg tzm o f y su M r- oíkh g c Mu reg c.

Gc m sp go ti seh ueg ktg , gc io tm vi , g s Fid y tgkg b is m i t ri Mroíkh gc o iki o ed i, Pm p fm gc .

Cm _gp ferm seh uegktg g s Ug si d (kþb g ri kug vg ) y g c bm rm vecci si Mroíkh gc H m ` reg c .

_m kd m cp fi k segb p rg g stí trm ` m nm kd i o i k cm s g kg rhâm s d g cm Teg rrm, trm ksai rbíkd i cm s

m c kevg c bís gcgvm d i p i se` cg, prio urm kd i h uem r cm t eg r rm y su b m keagstmo eÿk d ergo tmb gktg gk uk ombeki cesi y uygkdi begktrms kis bivgbis

fm o em ukm kug vm grm. Aio m cezm gc såp t eb i rm yi y p rio urm eb p cm ktm rci b ís augr tgb gk tg g k cm t eg- rrm ‒(Dnwfmc Lfuc)

Oikocuygkdi

Gc Írìc dg cm Qedm gs ukm pmrtg dgcm Hgibgtrâm _mhrmdm y ukm sudeveseÿk dg cm Acir dg cm Qedm. _e priygotmbis gc Írìc dg cm Qedmsi`rg cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒ gkoiktrmrgbis ukmairbm dg oibèkmr buy cÿheom.

Cm Hgibgtrâm _mhrmdm gs ukm bgtíairm dg cmirdgkmoeÿk dgc Wkevgrsi> gs gc gstudei dg cmspripiroeikgs, pmtrikgs, sestgbms, oÿdehis y sâb-ìcis qug su`ymogk oibi gtgrkm augktg dg cm

vedm, dg cm Bmtgrem y dgc Gspâretu. Cm Hgibgtrâm_mhrmdm gs gc –murm‒ dehetmc dg cm orgmoeÿk. Gchåkgses dg tidms cms airbms. Gs uk ombeki pmrmoibprgkdgr quegkgs sibis, dg dÿkdg vgkebisy m dÿkdg vmbis.

I`sgrvgbis gk cm hurm oÿbi sg dgsm-rriccm cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒. Gc Írìc dg cm Qedm sggkougktrm dgktri dg cm Acir dg cm Qedm, oibiym vebis, pgri cm Acir dg cm Qedm sg gkougktrmdgktri dg cm –Acir dgc _gr‒.

Cm hurm dg cm –Acir dgc _gr‒, qug sg pug-dg pricikhmr ekdgkedmbgktg, gs cm bmkeagstm-oeÿk dg cm rgsikmkoem dgc Mroíkhgc suprgbi,Bgtmtrik. Cis oâroucis sik rgmcbgktg gsagrms dgBgtmtrik qug gs gc ogktri dg tidis gccis.

Gs cm rgprgsgktmoeÿk dg cis pcmkis qug sggkcmzmk, gc gcgbgktmc y ci fubmki, gk gc oiks-tmktg prihrgsi fmoem cm cuz.

Fmètmbis gk uk Wkevgrsi sgbeÿteoi, gsdgoer, oikstruedis m pmrter dg priogsis dg sehke-omoeÿk. Gcmìrmbis gstis sehkeomdis oik `msg





gk oÿdehis, gstruoturms, cgkhumngs y sâbìcis.

Gc oÿdehi dg cm Acir dg cm Qedm oiktegkg tidm cmsmèdurâm dg bidi sebecmr m oibi gc oÿdehi hg-kåteoi oiktgkedi gk kugstri MDK. Gstg oÿdehihgkåteoi vm bís mccí dg cms airbms oibukgs dggksgýmkzm y sg gkougktrm gk cm `msg dg tidmgstruoturm dg cm pripem rgmcedmd.

Oibpcgtmkdi kugstri pgqugýi y pioiprgtgkseisi gstudei si`rg cm Hgibgtrâm _m-hrmdm, y vekoucmkdi oik cis trm`mnis bmsÿke-ois, cgmbis cms i`sgrvmoeikgs dg Ofmrcgs X.Cgmd`gmtgr, qug tuvg cm ipirtukedmd dg trm-duoer gk su ce`ri –Cm vedm iouctm dg cm Bmsikg-râm‒, sus gxpgregkoems trmsogkdgktmcgs dg cis retisbmsÿkeois, dgtmccmkdi, dgktri dg ci pise`cg, cismoiktgoebegktis iouctis qug suogdgk durmktg

gc dgsmrricci dg kugstris trm`mnis.

Kmdm gk kugstri Zcmki Aâseoi dgnm dg tg-kgr su irehgk gk gc Zcmki Gsperetumc.

Mc dgsoreèr cis trm`mnis dg cms Cihems ghep-

oems gk gc ompâtuci dåoebi dg su i`rm, gvedgk-oem cm prgsgkoem dg gcgbgktmcgs mkhgceomcgs gkcis trm`mnis bmsÿkeois, dgsore`g, gk uk dgtgrbe-kmdi bibgkti, cm airbmoeÿk dgc Tgbpci dg cisÍkhgcgs, ouyi airbmti íureoi gxprgsm`m cms air -bms dg oibpikgk gc 48 tgirgbm dg Guocedgs.

Gs cm dgbistrmoeÿk dg qug tidm orgmoeÿksg gxprgsm dgktri dg uk prekoepei þkeoi, sgm gkgc Bmori oibi gc Beori Oisbis.

Om`g, pir ci tmkti, m cm Bmsikgrem oibi dgpi-

setmrem dg cms Hrmkdgs Qgrdmdgs y Bestgreis qugfmk dg sgr dgsvgcmdis m cm fubmkedmd, fmogrcidg ukm airbm Nustm y Zgragotm.

Gk gc prÿxebi kþbgri pu`ceomrgbis su i`rm> –CmGhrghirm‒





KITM_

=.- Kitm dg oiirdekmdir> Gs dgoer, qug gc kþbg-ri dg iri pugdg rgprgsgktmrtg oibi uk câbetgtgkdegktg m ekketi

0.- Kitm dgc oiirdekmdir> Oikvegkg rgoirdmr qug gc –Aruti dg cm vedm‒ pisgg =? gsagrms gkvgz dg cms =5 dg cm –Acir dg cm Qedm‒. _e gc cgotir sg tibm cm bicgstem dg oiciomr ukm gsagrm gk cisvese`cgs fugois dg cm hurm dgc Ouì Bgtrmtrikpidrí oibpri`mr qug mpmrgogk cms =5 gsagrms.

?.- Kitm dgc oiirdekmdir> Aângsg gc mbm`cg cgotir qug tidis gccis pugdgk sgr deùnmdis gkoebmdgc Aruti dg cm Qedm, gs dgoer, qug pugdgk sgr hgkgrmdis pir gc besbi

4.- Kitm dgc oiirdekmdir> Dikdg cis oegktâoismotumcgs deogk qug gxestg vmoâi, cis bâsteois de-ogk qug gstm gc –åtgr‒. Gs dgoer, gc vmoâi ki gxes-tg, tidi gstí ccgki dg mchi, pgri gs tmk sutec qugcm oegkoem ki gs ompmz dg dgtgotmrci.

7.- Kitm dgc oiirdekmdir> Gc tårbeki hgkåreoi

pmrm gstg ombpi dg cm oegkoem gs gc gstudeidg cis agkÿbgkis bidmcgs, rgtetucmdi oebíteompir Fmks Ngkky, bådeoi suezi y peikgri gk gstgombpi, pmrm dgsoreèr cis gagotis pgreÿdeoisqug gc sikedi y cm ve`rmoeÿk tegkgk si`rg cm bm-tgrem..

1.- Kitm dgc oiirdekmdir> Oik gc k dg fmogr bís gktgkde`cg gc tgxti fg iptmdi pir gc usidg tårbekis m cis oumcgs gstmbis moistub`rm-dis oibi gspâretu i mkhgcgs gk vgz dg tårbekis

oibi gcgbgktmcgs (gspâretus qug orgmk).

_i rg gc mutir

Gc ].¸. F.¸. Mcargdi Pi`grti Kgtti, kmoeÿ gc ?: dgDeoegb`rg dg =57= y aug ekeoemdi gk cm Bmsikg-râm gc :0 dg bmrzi dg 0::4 y, gk cm motumcedmd,istgktm gc hrmdi ?: dgc P.¸. G.¸. M.¸. M.¸. ..

Gs bådeoi y gsperetumcestm.

Zrgsedgktg dg cm Msioemoeÿk dg Bådeois Bmsi-kgs<

Begb`ri Gagotevi dgc Oerouci Fgrbåteoi Isvmc-di Irtghm.

Trm`mnm gk cm cihem –Wkeïi g _icedmregdmdg‒ k¾?68 ‟ _ïi Zmuci - @rmsec

Gdetir dgc Ce`ri - –Wb Gstudi si`rg m Aeseicihemdm Mcbm‒Zugdgk oiktmotmrcg gk gc gbmec> ri`grttekgttiJuic.oib.`r





Momoem

Gs smèdi qug gk omse tidms cms trmdeoei-kgs sg c. Gk cm bmsikgrâm iooedgktmc, cm momoemgs prgkdm dg rgsurrgooeÿk g ekbirtmcedmd. _etum-dm seb`ÿceombgktg gk cm Oíbmrm dgc bgdei,

dgsgbpgým gc besbi pmpgc qug gc- smuog gkcms cihems dg cms sio egdmdgs sgo rgtms ofekms.

Wkm trmdeoeÿk prgtgkdg qug cm oirikm dg gs-pekms dg Oresti fm`âm sedi fgofm dg gspekmsdg momoem. Åstms pmrgogk dgsgbpgýmr gk gsgomsi gc pmpgc dg rmyis cubekisis (Huåkik) yrgsmctmrâmk pugs uk sebìcesbi sicmr. Gc mrom dgcm mcemkzm gstm`m fgofm dg bmdgrm dg momoemrgvgstedm dg iri>

@gsmcgc fezi gc mrom gk bmdgrm dg momo=m Tgkâmdg cmrhi dis oidis y bgdei, dg mkofi uk oidiy bgdei, dg mcti uk oidi y bgdei. Cm dirÿ oikiri puri. pir dgktri y pir augrm. y humrkgoeÿ suoiktirki oik ukm bicdurm dg iri. Aukdeÿ, pmrmgc mrom. oumtri mkeccis dg iri y cis nÿ m sus oum-tri pegs,> dis mkeccis dg uk cmdi. y dis mkecci, dgcitri….. (gxtrmâdi dgc ce`ri dgc Åxidi)

0. Gk cm Ofekm mktehum, cm momoem gs gc írìc dgckirtg y dgc ekvegrki. Gstm`m gk prekoepei, pcmktm-di si`rg gc mctmr dgc _ic oirrgspikdegktg m gstmiregktmoeÿk. Tmc ektgrprgtmoeÿk ki gstí kgogsm-rembgktg gk oiktrmdeooeÿk oik cm dg Iooedgk-tg, se sg oiksedgrm qug gc sicsteoei dg ekvegrki gsgc irehgk dg cm rgstmurmoeÿk dgc prekoepei ymkh.

?. Cm momoem gstmrâm tmbèåk gk gc irehgk dgcribì. Oumkdi gc prebgr fgrrgri, mþk keýi, tm-ccm`m ukm bísomrm, sghþk ukm cgygkdm `mb-`mrm, «ukm gsquercm dg bmdgrm dg momoem sgdgsprgkdeÿ y smctÿ m ci cgnis priduoegkdi ukzubèdi pmrgoedi mc ruhedi dgc cgÿk. Gc keýi ccm-

bÿ m dis dg sus ombmrmdms, oiheÿ gc armhbgk-ti dg bmdgrm. Tmcmdrÿ uk mhungri gk ukm gxtrg-bedmd. pmsÿ uk `rmbmktg y cg fezi dmr vugctms¼

(_GPF, =0= ).

Gstm cgygkdm mareomkm rgougrdm ukm príoteomvådeom mþk gk vehir> Gk uk desoi dg momoem sgm`rg uk ireoei< oik uk pmci dg bmdgrm dg fe-hugrm, rípedmbgktg hermdi gk gc ireoei, sg pri-

duog pir gagoti dg cm areooeÿk gc aughi smhrmdiqug sgrverí pmrm gc smoreoei. Cm momoem sebìce-zmrâm mquâ gc prekoepei agbgkeki< gc pmci gc prekoe-pei bmsouceki.

Gk cm Ekdem gc ouofmrÿk dg smoreoei (srul) mtre-ùedi m @rmfbm gs dg bmdgrm dg momoem

_g vg pugs pir tidms pmrtgs m cm momoem, írìcduri oik irgs pgraubmdms y tgbe`cgs gspekms,cehmdi m vmcirgs rgceheisis, oibi ukm sugrtg dgsipirtg dg ci deveki.

4. Írìc dg ukm durgzm prgsube`cgbgktg ebpu-tre`cg, dg cuz dirmdm, gviom tmbèåk gc sic y gcrmbi dg iri. _g cg oikogdgk pripegdmdgs qugcm ìtíkeom ki segbprg rmteomrâm>

Cm momoem. ( bebism dgc dgsegrti). rgsestg m cmdgsgomoeÿk< su vgrdir pgrsestgktg bmkegstmukm vedm qug ki quegrgs mpmhmrsg,. dg dikdgsu omríotgr dg gb`cgbm dg gspgrmkzm gk cm ek-birtmcedmd. Gk cm cgygkdm dg Fermb. gstm pcmktm

fmog dgsou`rer cm tub`m dgc Bmgstri. Dgtgktm-dir dg cm trmdeoeÿk pgrdedm… (XEPT. 0=6-0=5).

KITM_

=.- _g usmk, ekdestektmbgktg, gc deooeikmrei seb-`ÿceoi dg cm bmsikgrâm y gc dg tårbekis Hugki-kemkis.

DEOOEIKMPEIBM_ßKEOI

Gxtrmâdi dg cis deooeikmreis \=R despike`cgs gk gcOgktri dg Pgoursis Dehetmcgs dg cm HCG

DEOOEIKMPEI BM_ßKEOI




Ogktri dg Pgoursis Dehetmcgs

Hrmk Cihem dg Gspmýmfttp>//www.hcg-ord.oib

Deooeikmrei Bmsÿkeoi DEOOEIKMPEI BM_ßKEOI




¹Gk quå cuhmr gstí gktgrrmdi _er Ofrestipfgr Xrgk, oiksedgrmdi oibi gc þcte-bi Hrmk Bmgstri ipgrmtevi dg cm Armkobmsikgrâm9

_e ustgd sm`g cm rgspugstm ki dgng dg gkvemrcm y cm pu`ceomrgbis gk gc sehuegktg kþbgri.Gsore`m m rgtmcgsdgbmsikgremJhbmec.oib

Pgspugstm mc kþbgri mktgreir

Dgspuås dg cm bugrtg dgc Hgkgrmc Armkoi, cm bmsikgrâm vicveÿ m sgr cghmc gk Gspmým,

¹sm`g ustgd oumktis Hrmkdgs Bmgstris fm tgkedi cm Hrmk Cihem dg Gspmým dgsdg gktik-ogs9

Dgsdg gc mýi =56=, cm Hrmk Cihem dg Gspmým fm sedi derehedm pir oekoi Hrmkdgs Bmgstris>

=. Cues _mcmt Hussecs> =56=-=5540. Tibís _mri`g Zeýgeri> =554-0::0?. Nisgp Oiribekms e @usqugtm> 0::0-0::1 (deputmdi dgc Z_IG)4. Niså Omrrgtgri Dibåkgof> 0::1-0:=:

7. Isomr dg Mcaiksi Irtghm> 0:=: -

KITM> Cm bmyirâm dg cms prghuktms dg gstm sgooeÿk sg `msmk gk gc ce`ri –Orikicihâm bmsÿkeom‒dgc Q.¸. F.¸. Gtfegc Ibmr Omrtgs.fttp>//www.arggbmsiks-arggbmsikry.oib/orikicihemYbmèikeom.ftbc

ZPGHWKTM_ DG BM_IKGPÂM

ikm dg rgcmx




AITI_ U DIOWBGKTI_ MKTEHWI_

Bmkdec dg @gketi Numrgz

^ikm dg rgcmx




MHPMDGOEBEGKTI_Gstm pu`ceomoeÿk ki sgrâm pise`cg sek cm oicmìrmoeÿk dg buofis Fgrbmkis qug kis fmk pgrbetedi

usmr sus trm`mnis gk cm besbm, ehumcbgktg, mchukis airis y rgvestms kis fmk mutirezmdi m rgpu`ceomr mquâ sus trm`mnis, qug bgkis qug dmr ougktm dg su armtgrkedmd y pu`ceomr sus kib`rgs y bidi dgmoogsi.

Dgsdg ym, buofms hrmoems pir vugstri mpiyi

fttp>//aecfisdimrquetgti.`cihspit.oib.`r/

fttp>//www.aecfisdgfermk.`cihspit.oib.gs

fttp>//fermbmèa.irh fttp>//demcihi-gktrg-bmsikgs.`cihspit.oib.gs/

fttp>//pu`ceomoeikgsfgr`grtirg.`cihspit.oib.gs/ fttp>//hrmkè`ceitgomfgr`grtirg.`cihspit.oib.gs/

fttp>//bmsikgremcmebprgktmdg`gknmbek.`cihspit.oib.gs/ / fttp>//bmrekidgmrbms.`cihspit.oib.gs

fttp>//gcombekidgcmbmsikgrem.`cihspit.oib.gs/ fttp>//aicfmbmoikelm.`cihspit.oib.gs/

ikm dg rgcmx

Retales de Masoneria Numero 029 - Agosto-Septiembre 2013

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Transcript of Retales de Masoneria Numero 029 - Agosto-Septiembre 2013