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Realidades 3 textbookLeyenda y cuentoEl Iztaccihuatl y El Popocatepetl

Iztaccíhuatl Popocatépetl

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-el Iztaccíhuatl y el

El volcán Popocatépetl está situado en México a apenas 70 kilómetros del DF, cerca

de Puebla desde donde se puede apreciar a esta imponente elevación de 5,420 metros sobre el nivel del mar, el cual permanece cubierto la mayor parte del año de nieve en las partes más altas.

Se presume que la última erupción volcánica del Popocatepetl (Montaña Humeante, traducido del Nahuat) fue en a finales del año 2000 y continua activo al dia de hoy En México hay muchas leyendas prehispánicas. Una de las más bonitas es sobre la formación de los volcanes Iztaccihuatl y Popocatepetl en el Valle de México

  

Iztaccíhuatl (náhuatl: Iztac, cíhuatl, blanco(a), mujer) es decir "mujer blanca".

Es un volcán extinto ubicado en el centro de México, es la tercera montaña más alta del país, después del Pico de Orizaba (5.610 msnm) y el Popocatépetl (5.500 msnm).Se localiza en los límites territoriales de los estados de México y Puebla. Su nombre proviene de una princesa de la mitología azteca que se convirtió en Diosa. 

PopocatepetlSu nombre, viene del náhuatl compuesto por

Popo-ca (que humea) y te-petl (montaña o monte), significa "Montaña que humea", debido que desde tiempos Prehispánicos, ha permanecido activo.En la mitología azteca, Popocatépetl fue un valiente guerrero quien amaba a la doncella Iztaccíhuatl. El padre de Iztaccíhuatl mandó a Popocatépetl a la guerra y le dijo que si regresaba victorioso, le entregaba a su hija, la leyenda completa del Popocatépetl la encuentras aquí, te aseguro que es muy romántica. 

Hay dos versiones de esta leyenda:En una cuentan que Iztaccíhuatl por ser una mujer muy bella seria sacrificada a los dioses para obtener buenas cosechas. Popocatépetl para poderlo evitar decide huir con ella, pero al momento de escapar los guardias los descubren y lanzaron flechas para detenerlo. Popocatépetl logra salir ileso pero la princesa

no corrió con esa misma suerte ya que una flecha la alcanza y le ocasiona la muerte, Popocatépetl al percatarse de esto la carga y sigue corriendo hasta que llega a un campo donde la recuesta y el se inca a su lado y le jura que la cuidara para siempre, velando su sueño, hasta que ella despierte. La otra versión cuenta que el padre de Iztaccíhuatl (Tezozómoc) mando a Popocatépetl a la guerra en Oaxaca, prometiéndole la mano de su hija si regresaba victorioso (lo cual no creía posible, ya que sus intenciones era que el muriera en batalla).Iztaccíhuatl recibió noticias de que Popocatépetl había muerto (algunas versiones dicen que fue confundido con otro guerrero o invento de su padre), ella al enterarse no puedo con ese sufrimiento así que ella murió a los pocos dias. Cuando Popocatépetl regreso y se enteró del trágico destino de Iztaccíhuatl, él también murió de tristeza por haberla perdido. Los dioses se conmovieron de ellos y los cubrieron con nieve para transformarlos en montañas.La montaña Iztaccíhuatl fue llamada “La mujer durmiente” ya que su perfil asemeja a una mujer que yace acostada. Popocatépetl fue convertido en un volcán, que arroja fuego sobre la tierra con una rabia por la pérdida de su amada.Otra versión dice que el al enterarse, lleva a Iztaccíhuatl a lo alto de una colina, la recuesta en la cumbre y el se arrodilla a su lado con una

antorcha encendida. 

otra vesión... Cuenta la leyenda…que cuando los aztecas dominaban a los demás pueblos del Valle de México, el cacique de Tlaxcala, cansado de tanta opresión, decidió declararles la guerra. En medio de este caos bélico surgió el amor entre el guerrero Popocatepetl, y la princesa Iztaccihuatl. Antes de partir a la guerra el

valiente guerrero pide la mano de la princesa. Un rival guerrero de Popocatepetl, y enamorado también de la princesa, inventa que Popocatepetl ha muerto. La princesa al conocer la noticia muere de pena. Popocatepetl regresa triunfante de las batallas, sólo para saber la muerte de su amada. El inconsolable guerrero cogió a la princesa en brazos y se la llevó a las montañas. Mandó construir con 20000 esclavos una gran tumba frente al sol amontonando diez cerros, y formando así una gran montaña. Depositó ahí a su amada y la lloró durante varios días y noches, hasta que se quedó dormido del cansancio y dolor. Los dioses tuvieron compasión de ellos, los cubrieron de nieve y los convirtieron en dos grandes volcanes. Iztaccihuatl proviene de iztac, que significa blanco y cihuatl que significa mujer. El monte se conoce como mujer dormida, porque la silueta del volcán asemeja esa forma. Popocatepetl viene de popoa : humo y tepetl que significa cerro. Se puede traducir como monte humeante, y así es ya que el volcán a veces despierta, y ve a su amada muerta junto a él. Abrumado por el dolor vuelve a gritar y se ve desde lejos su dolor.

The Legend of Popocatépetl & Iztaccíhuatl A Love Story

The view that adorns the world’s largest city – Mexico City – is enhanced by the majesty of two of the highest volcanoes in the hemisphere: Popocatepetl and Iztaccíhuatl. 

The presence of these enormous millennial volcanoes has been of great significance for the different societies that have admired and revered them, being a source of inspiration for the many legends about their origin and creation. Among these, the best known are two that we will relate below.

Thousands of years ago, when the Aztec Empire was in its heyday and dominated the Valley of Mexico, it was common practice to subject neighboring towns, and to require a mandatory tax.  It was then that the chief of the Tlaxcaltecas, bitter enemies of the Aztecs, weary of this terrible

oppression, decided to fight for his people’s freedom.

The chief had a daughter named Iztaccihuatl: the most beautiful of all the princesses, who had professed her love for young Popocatepetl, one of her father’s people and the most handsome warrior.

Both professed a deep love for each other, so before leaving for war, Popocatepetl asked the chief for the hand of Princess Iztaccihuatl.

The father gladly agreed and promised to welcome him back with a big celebration to give him his daughter’s hand if he returned victorious from the battle.

The brave warrior accepted, prepared everything and departed keeping in his heart the promise that the princess would be waiting for him to consummate their love.

Soon afterward, a love rival of Popocatepetl, jealous of the love they professed to each other, told Princess Iztaccihuatl that her beloved had died in combat.Crushed by such tragedy and overwhelmed by sadness the princess died, without even imagining it could be a lie. 

 Popocatepetl returned victorious to his people, hoping to find his beloved princess.   Upon arrival, he received the terrible news of the death of Iztaccihuatl. Devastated by the news, he wandered about the streets for several days and nights, until he decided he had to do something to honor her love and to assure that the princess would not ever be forgotten.

He ordered a great tomb built under the sun, piling up ten hills together to form a huge mountain.He carried the dead Princess in his arms, took her to the summit and laid her on the great mountain. The young warrior lovingly kissed her cold lips, took a smoking torch and knelt in front of his beloved to watch over her eternal sleep.From then on, they continue together, facing each other.  Eventually the snow covered their bodies, forming two majestic volcanoes that would remain joined till the end of time.

The legend goes on to say that when the warrior Popocatepetl remembers his beloved, his heart – that preserves the fire of eternal passion – shakes and his torch smokes.

That’s why, even today; the Popocatepetl volcano continues spewing fumaroles.

As for the coward, Tlaxcala, who lied to Iztaccihuatl, overcome with repentance for the tragedy that ensued, he went off to die very near his land.  He also became a mountain, Pico de Orizaba, another of the region’s volcanoes and now, from afar, watches the eternal dream of the two lovers, never again to be separated.

This legend has been passed on from generation to generation since the time of the Aztec Empire, in the XIV century, and the importance given to them is clear, for the names that they have today were given to them since that time. fin

Te regalo otra leyenda :Leyenda de los TembloresPor estas tierras se cuenta que, hace mucho tiempo, hubo una serpiente de colores, brillante y larga.Era de cascabel y para avanzar arrastraba su cuerpo como una víbora cualquiera. Pero tenía algo que la hacía distinta a las demás: una cola de manantial, una cola de agua transparente.Sssh sssh... la serpiente avanzaba. Sssh sssh... la

serpiente de colores recorría la tierra. Sssh sssh... la serpiente parecía un arcoiris juguetón, cuando sonaba su cola de maraca. Sssh sssh...Dicen los abuelos que donde quiera que pasaba dejaba algún bien, alguna alegría sobre la tierra.Sssh sssh... ahí iba por montes y llanos, mojando todo lo que hallaba a su paso. Sssh sssh... ahí iba por montes y llanos, dándoles de beber a los plantíos, a los árboles y a las flores silvestres. Sssh sssh... ahí iba por el mundo, mojando todo, regando todo, dándole de beber a todo lo que encontraba a su paso.Hubo un día en el que los hombres pelearon por primera vez. Y la serpiente desapareció. Entonces hubo sequía en la tierra.Hubo otro día en el que los hombres dejaron de pelear. Y la serpiente volvió a aparecer. Se acabó la sequía, volvió a florecer todo. Del corazón de la tierra salieron frutos y del corazón de los hombres brotaron cantos.Pero todavía hubo otro día en el que los hombres armaron una discusión grande, que terminó en pelea. Esa pelea duró años y años. Fue entonces cuando la serpiente desapareció para siempre.  

    somos dos extraños que nos conocemos muy biensomos tan parecidos y a la vez tandiferentes...Tú eres lo que eres,cuando nadie te mira.Hay amores que trascienden.....!!Dios ilumine tu corazón.. 

The Legend of Popocatépetl & Iztaccíhuatl A Love StoryEn Inglés

The view that adorns the world’s largest city – Mexico City – is enhanced by the majesty of two of the highest volcanoes in the hemisphere: Popocatepetl and Iztaccíhuatl. 

The presence of these enormous millennial volcanoes has been of great significance for the different societies that have admired and revered them, being a source of inspiration for the many legends about their origin and creation. Among these, the best known are two that we will relate below.

Thousands of years ago, when the Aztec Empire was in its heyday and dominated the Valley of Mexico, it was

common practice to subject neighboring towns, and to require a mandatory tax.  It was then that the chief of the Tlaxcaltecas, bitter enemies of the Aztecs, weary of this terrible oppression, decided to fight for his people’s freedom.

The chief had a daughter named Iztaccihuatl: the most beautiful of all the princesses, who had professed her love for young Popocatepetl, one of her father’s people and the most handsome warrior.

Both professed a deep love for each other, so before leaving for war, Popocatepetl asked the chief for the hand of Princess Iztaccihuatl.

The father gladly agreed and promised to welcome him back with a big celebration to give him his daughter’s hand if he returned victorious from the battle.

The brave warrior accepted, prepared everything and departed keeping in his heart the promise that the princess would be waiting for him to consummate their love.

Soon afterward, a love rival of Popocatepetl, jealous of the love they professed to each other, told Princess Iztaccihuatl that her

beloved had died in combat.Crushed by such tragedy and overwhelmed by sadness the princess died, without even imagining it could be a lie. 

 Popocatepetl returned victorious to his people, hoping to find his beloved princess.   Upon arrival, he received the terrible news of the death of Iztaccihuatl. Devastated by the news, he wandered about the streets for several days and nights, until he decided he had to do something to honor her love and to assure that the princess would not ever be forgotten.

He ordered a great tomb built under the sun, piling up ten hills together to form a huge mountain.He carried the dead Princess in his arms, took her to the summit and laid her on the great mountain. The young warrior lovingly kissed her cold lips, took a smoking torch and knelt in front of his beloved to watch over her eternal sleep.From then on, they continue together, facing each other.  Eventually the snow covered their bodies, forming two majestic volcanoes that would remain joined till the end of time.

The legend goes on to say that when the warrior Popocatepetl remembers his beloved, his heart – that preserves the fire of eternal passion – shakes and his torch smokes.That’s why, even today; the Popocatepetl volcano continues spewing fumaroles.

As for the coward, Tlaxcala, who lied to Iztaccihuatl, overcome with repentance for the tragedy that ensued, he went off to die very near his land.  He also became a mountain, Pico de Orizaba, another of the region’s volcanoes and now, from afar, watches the eternal dream of the two lovers, never again to be separated.

This legend has been passed on from generation to generation since the time of the Aztec Empire, in the XIV century, and the importance given to them is clear, for the names that they have today were given to them since that time. fin

El Camino de SantiagoRe Realidades 3 Página 48-Página 49

Camino de Santiago

Route of Santiago de CompostelaName as inscribed on the World Heritage List

Type CulturalCriteria ii, iv, viReference 669UNESCO region Europe and North AmericaInscription historyInscription 1993 (17th Session)

The Camino de Santiago, also known by the English names Way of St. James, St. James's Way, St. James's Path, St. James's Trail, Route of Santiago de Compostela,[1] and Road to Santiago,[2] is the name of any of the pilgrimage routes (most commonly the Camino Francés or French route) to the shrine of the apostle St. James the Great in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia in northwestern Spain, where tradition has it that the remains of the saint are buried. Many take up this route as a form of spiritual path or retreat for their spiritual growth.

The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela

The Way of St. James was one of the most important Christian pilgrimages during the Middle Ages, together with those to Rome and Jerusalem, and a pilgrimage route on which a plenary indulgence could be earned;[3] other major pilgrimage routes include the Via Francigena to Rome and the pilgrimage to Jerusalem.Legend holds that St. James's remains were carried by boat from Jerusalem to northern Spain, where he was buried on what is now the city of Santiago de Compostela. (The name Santiago is the local Galician evolution of Vulgar Latin Sanctu Iacobu, "Saint James".)The Way can take one of dozens of pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela. Traditionally, as with most pilgrimages, the Way of Saint James began at one's home and ended at the pilgrimage site. However, a few of the routes are considered main ones. During the Middle Ages, the route was highly travelled. However, the Black Death, the Protestant Reformation, and political unrest in 16th century Europe led to its decline. By the 1980s, only a few pilgrims per year arrived in Santiago. Later, the route attracted a growing number of modern-day pilgrims from around the globe. In October 1987, the route was declared the first European Cultural Route by the Council of Europe; it was also named one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites.Whenever St. James's Day (25 July) falls on a Sunday, the cathedral declares a Holy or Jubilee Year. Depending on leap years, Holy Years occur in 5, 6, and 11 year intervals. The most recent were 1982, 1993, 1999, 2004, and 2010. The next will be 2021, 2027, and 2032.[4]

History[edit]

Monument of the pilgrims, BurgosThe pilgrimage to Santiago has never ceased from the time of the

discovery of St. James's remains, though there have been years of fewer pilgrims, particularly during European wars.Pre-Christian history[edit]The main pilgrimage route to Santiago follows an earlier Roman trade route, which continues to the Atlantic coast of Galicia, ending at Cape Finisterre. Although it is known today that Cape Finisterre, Spain's westernmost point, is not the westernmost point of Europe (Cabo da Roca in Portugal is farther west), the fact that the Romans called it Finisterrae (literally the end of the world or Land's End in Latin) indicates that they viewed it as such. At night, the Milky Way overhead seems to point the way, so the route acquired the nickname "Voie lactée" – the Milky Way in French.[5]

Scallop symbol[edit]

St. James pilgrim accessories

St. James the Moor SlayerSee also: Shell of Saint James and Pilgrim's hatThe scallop shell, often found on the shores in Galicia, has long been

the symbol of the Camino de Santiago. Over the centuries the scallop shell has taken on mythical, metaphorical and practical meanings, even if its relevance may actually derive from the desire of pilgrims to take home a souvenir.Two versions of the most common myth about the origin of the symbol concern the death of Saint James, who was martyred by beheading in Jerusalem in 44 AD. According to Spanish legends, he had spent time preaching the gospel in Spain, but returned to Judaea upon seeing a vision of the Virgin Mary on the bank of the Ebro River.[6][7]

Version 1: After James's death, his disciples shipped his body to the Iberian Peninsula to be buried in what is now Santiago. Off the coast of Spain, a heavy storm hit the ship, and the body was lost to the ocean. After some time, however, it washed ashore undamaged, covered in scallops.[citation needed]

Version 2: After James's death his body was transported by a ship piloted by an angel, back to the Iberian Peninsula to be buried in what is now Santiago. As the ship approached land, a wedding was taking place on shore. The young groom was on horseback, and on seeing the ship approaching, his horse got spooked, and horse and rider plunged into the sea. Through miraculous intervention, the horse and rider emerged from the water alive, covered in seashells. [8]

The scallop shell also acts as a metaphor. The grooves in the shell, which meet at a single point, represent the various routes pilgrims traveled, eventually arriving at a single destination: the tomb of James in Santiago de Compostela. The shell is also a metaphor for the pilgrim: As the waves of the ocean wash scallop shells up onto the shores of Galicia, God's hand also guides the pilgrims to Santiago.[citation needed]

As the symbol of the Camino de Santiago, the shell is seen very frequently along the trails. The shell is seen on posts and signs along the Camino in order to guide pilgrims along the way. The shell is even more commonly seen on the pilgrims themselves. Wearing a shell denotes that one is a traveler on the Camino de Santiago. Most pilgrims receive a shell at the beginning of their journey and either attach it to them by sewing it onto their clothes or wearing it around their neck or by simply keeping it in their backpack.[9]

The scallop shell also served practical purposes for pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago. The shell was the right size for gathering water to drink or for eating out of as a makeshift bowl.[citation needed]

The pilgrim's staff is a walking stick used by pilgrims to the shrine of Santiago de Compostela in Spain.[10] Generally, the stick has a hook on it so that something may be hung from it, and may have a crosspiece on it.[11]

Medieval route[edit]The pilgrim route is a very good thing, but it is narrow. For the road which leads us to life is narrow; on the other hand, the road which leads to death is broad and spacious. The pilgrim route is for those who are good: it is the lack of vices, the thwarting of the body, the increase of virtues, pardon for sins, sorrow for the penitent, the road of the righteous, love of the saints, faith in the resurrection and the reward of the blessed, a separation from hell, the protection of the heavens. It takes us away from luscious foods, it makes gluttonous fatness vanish, it restrains voluptuousness, constrains the appetites of the flesh which attack the fortress of the soul, cleanses the spirit, leads us to contemplation, humbles the haughty, raises up the lowly, loves poverty. It hates the reproach of those fuelled by greed. It loves, on the other hand, the person who gives to the poor. It rewards those who live simply and do good works; And, on the other hand, it does not pluck those who are stingy and wicked from the claws of sin.

Codex Calixtinus

Saint James with his pilgrim's staff. The hat is typical, but he often wears his emblem, the scallop shell, on the front brim of the hat or elsewhere on his clothes

(it may have been lost due to deterioration of the painting).

Way of St. James pilgrims (1568)The earliest records of visits paid to the shrine dedicated to St. James at Santiago de Compostela date from the 9th century, in the time of the Kingdom of Asturias. The pilgrimage to the shrine became the most renowned medieval pilgrimage, and it became customary for those who returned from Compostela to carry back with them a Galician scallop shell as proof of their completion of the journey. This practice was gradually extended to other pilgrimages. [citation needed]

The earliest recorded pilgrims from beyond the Pyrenees visited the shrine in the middle of the 11th century, but it seems that it was not until a century later that large numbers of pilgrims from abroad were regularly journeying there. The earliest records of pilgrims that arrived from England belong to the period between 1092 and 1105. However, by the early 12th century the pilgrimage had become a highly organized affair.One of the great proponents of the pilgrimage in the 12th century was Pope Callixtus II, who started the Compostelan Holy Years.[12] The official guide in those times was the Codex Calixtinus. Published around 1140, the 5th book of the Codex is still considered the definitive source for many modern guidebooks. Four pilgrimage routes listed in the Codex originate in France and converge at Puente la Reina. From there, a well-defined route crosses northern Spain, linking Burgos, Carrión de los Condes, Sahagún, León, Astorga, and Compostela.The daily needs of pilgrims on their way to and from Compostela were met by a series of hospitals and hospices.[citation needed] These had royal protection and were a lucrative source of revenue. Romanesque architecture, a new genre of ecclesiastical architecture, was designed with massive archways to cope with huge devout crowds. There was also the sale of the now-familiar paraphernalia of tourism, such as badges and souvenirs. Since the Christian symbol for James the Greater was the scallop shell, many pilgrims wore one as a sign to anyone on the road that they were a pilgrim. This gave them privileges to sleep in churches and ask for free meals, but also attempted to ward off thieves with limited success, thus needing

another hospital in the next town. Pilgrims often prayed to Saint Roch who's numerous depictions with the Cross of St James can be seen along the way even today.The pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela was possible because of the protection and freedom provided by the Kingdom of France, where the majority of pilgrims originated. Enterprising French (including Gascons and other peoples not under the French crown) settled in towns along the pilgrimage routes, where their names appear in the archives. The pilgrims were tended by people like Domingo de la Calzada, who was later recognized as a saint himself.Pilgrims walked the Way of St. James, often for months, to arrive at the great church in the main square of Compostela and pay homage to St. James. So many pilgrims have laid their hands on the pillar just inside the doorway of the church that a groove has been worn in the stone.The popular Spanish name for the astronomical Milky Way is El Camino de Santiago. According to a common medieval legend, the Milky Way was formed from the dust raised by traveling pilgrims. [13] Compostela itself means "field of stars". Another origin for this popular name is Book IV of the Book of Saint James which relates how the saint appeared in a dream to Charlemagne, urging him to liberate his tomb from the Moors and showing him the direction to follow by the route of the Milky Way.As penance[edit]

Saint-Guilhem-le-DésertThe Church employed a system of rituals to atone for temporal punishment due to sins known as penance. According to this system, pilgrimages were a suitable form of expiation for some temporal punishment, and they could be used as acts of penance for those who were guilty of certain crimes. As noted in the Catholic Encyclopedia:[14]

In the registers of the Inquisition at Carcassone...we find the four following places noted as being the centres of the greater pilgrimages to be imposed as penances for the graver crimes: the tomb of the Apostles at Rome, the shrine of St. James at Compostella [sic], St. Thomas' body at Canterbury, and the relics of the Three Kings at Cologne.There is still a tradition in Flanders of pardoning and releasing one prisoner every year[15] under the condition that this prisoner walks to Santiago wearing a heavy backpack, accompanied by a guard.Enlightenment Era[edit]During the war of American Independence, John Adams was ordered by Congress to go to Paris to obtain funds for the cause. His ship started leaking and he disembarked with his two sons in Finisterre in 1779. From there he proceeded to follow the Way of St. James in the reverse direction of the pilgrims' route, in order to get to Paris overland. He did not stop to visit Santiago, which he later came to regret. In his autobiography, Adams gave an accurate description of the customs and lodgings afforded to St. James's pilgrims in the 18th century, as well as mentioned the legend as it was then told to travellers:[16]

I have always regretted that We could not find time to make a Pilgrimage to Saintiago de Compostella. We were informed, ... that the Original of this Shrine and Temple of St. Iago was this. A certain Shepherd saw a bright Light there in the night. Afterwards it was revealed to an Archbishop that St. James was buried there. This laid the Foundation of a Church, and they have built an Altar on the Spot where the Shepherd saw the Light. In the time of the Moors, the People made a Vow, that if the Moors should be driven from this Country, they would give a certain portion of the Income of their Lands to Saint James. The Moors were defeated and expelled and it was reported and believed, that Saint James was in the Battle and fought with a drawn Sword at the head of the Spanish Troops, on Horseback. The People, believing that they owed the Victory to the Saint, very cheerfully fulfilled their Vows by paying the Tribute. ...Upon the Supposition that this is the place of the Sepulchre of Saint James, there are great numbers of Pilgrims, who visit it, every Year, from France, Spain, Italy and other parts of Europe, many of them on foot.Adams' great-grandson, the historian Henry Adams later visited Leon, among other Spanish cities, during his trip through Europe as a

youth, although he did not follow the entire pilgrimage route, and that particular book was published posthumously.[17] Another Enlightenment-era traveler on the pilgrimage route was the naturalist Alexander von Humboldt

Modern-day pilgrimage

The modern symbol of the way

Today, hundreds of thousands (over 200,000 in 2014)[19] of Christian pilgrims and many others set out each year from their front doorsteps or from popular starting points across Europe, to make their way to Santiago de Compostela. Most travel by foot, some by bicycle, and a few travel as some of their medieval counterparts did, on horseback or by donkey (for example, the British author and humorist Tim Moore). In addition to those undertaking a religious pilgrimage, many are hikers who walk the route for other reasons: travel, sport, or simply the challenge of weeks of walking in a foreign land. Also, many consider the experience a spiritual adventure to remove

themselves from the bustle of modern life. It serves as a retreat for many modern "pilgrims".[20]

Routes

A post marking the wayPilgrims on the Way of St. James walk for weeks or months to visit the city of Santiago de Compostela. Some Europeans begin their pilgrimage on foot from the very doorstep of their homes, just as their medieval counterparts did.

They follow many routes (any path to Santiago can be considered a pilgrim's path), but the most popular is Via Regia and its last part, the French Way (Camino Francés). Historically, due to the Codex Calixtinus, most of the pilgrims came from France: typically from Arles, Le Puy, Paris, and Vézelay; some from Saint Gilles. Cluny, site of the celebrated medieval abbey, was another important rallying point for pilgrims and, in 2002, it was integrated into the official European pilgrimage route linking Vézelay and Le Puy.

The Spanish consider the Pyrenees a starting point. Along the French border, common starting points are Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port or Somport, on the French side of the Pyrenees, and Roncesvalles or Jaca, on the Spanish side. (The distance from Roncesvalles to Santiago de Compostella through León is about 800 km.). An alternative is the Northern Route nearer the Spanish coast along the Bay of Biscay, which was first used by pilgrims to avoid travelling through the territories occupied by the Muslims in the Middle Ages.Another popular route is the Portuguese Way, which starts either at the cathedral in Lisbon (for a total of about 610 km) or at the cathedral in Porto in the north of Portugal (for a total of about 227 km), crossing into Galicia Valença

Accommodation

St. James's shell, a symbol of the route, on a wall in León, Spain

A marker in the pavement indicates the route of the Way of St. James through Navarrete, La Rioja, Spain.

In Spain, France and Portugal, pilgrim's hostels with beds in dormitories dot the common routes, providing overnight accommodation for pilgrims who hold a credencial (see below). In Spain this type of accommodation is called a refugio or albergue, both of which are similar to youth hostels or hostelries in the French system of gîtes d'étape.Staying at pilgrims' hostels, known as albergues, usually costs between 6 and 10 euros per night per bed, although a few hostels known as donativos operate on voluntary donations. (Municipal albergues cost 6 euros, while private albergues generally cost between 10 and 15 euros per night.) Pilgrims are usually limited to one night's accommodation and are expected to leave by eight in the morning to continue their pilgrimage.Hostels may be run by the local parish, the local council, private

owners or pilgrims' associations. Occasionally these refugios are located in monasteries, such as the one run by monks in Samos, Spain and the one in Santiago de Compostela.The final hostel on the route is the famous Hostal de los Reyes Catolicos, which lies across the plaza from the Cathedral of Santiago de Campostela. It was originally constructed by Ferdinand and Isabel, the Catholic Monarchs. Today it is a luxury 5-star Parador hotel, which still provides free services to a limited number of pilgrims daily.Credencial or pilgrim's passport

St. James pilgrim passport stamps in Spain for the Camino Frances

St. James pilgrim passport stamps in France on the Via Turonensis (Tours route) for the Chemin de St. Jacques de Compostelle. The World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France lists the major French towns with

stamps.Most pilgrims carry a document called the credencial, purchased for a few euros from a Spanish tourist agency, a church or parish house on the route, a refugio, their church back home, or outside of Spain through the national St. James organization of that country. The credencial is a pass which gives access to inexpensive, sometimes free, overnight accommodation in refugios along the trail. Also known as the "pilgrim's passport", the credencial is stamped with the official St. James stamp of each town or refugio at which the pilgrim has stayed. It provides pilgrims with a record of where they ate or slept, and serves as proof to the Pilgrim's Office in Santiago that the journey was accomplished according to an official route, and thus that the pilgrim qualifies to receive a compostela (certificate of completion of the pilgrimage).Most often the stamp can be obtained in the refugio, cathedral, or local church. If the church is closed, the town hall or office of tourism can provide a stamp, as can nearby youth hostels or private St. James addresses. Many of the small restaurants and cafes along the

Camino also provide stamps. Outside Spain, the stamp can be associated with something of a ceremony, where the stamper and the pilgrim can share information. As the pilgrimage approaches Santiago, many of the stamps in small towns are self-service due to the greater number of pilgrims, while in the larger towns there are several options to obtain the stamp.

Compostela

The compostela is a certificate of accomplishment given to pilgrims on completing the Way. To earn the compostela one needs to walk a minimum of 100 km or cycle at least 200 km. In practice, for walkers, the closest convenient point to start is Sarria, as it has good bus and rail connections to other places in Spain. Pilgrims arriving in Santiago de Compostela who have walked at least the last 100 km, or cycled 200 km to get there (as indicated on their credencial), and who state that their motivation was at least partially religious are eligible for the compostela from the Pilgrim's Office in Santiago. At the Pilgrim's Office the credencial is examined for stamps and dates, and the pilgrim is asked to state whether the motivation in traveling the Camino was "religious", "religious and other", or "other". In the case of "religious" or "religious and other" a compostela is available; in the case of "other" there is a simpler certificate in Spanish.The compostela has been indulgenced since the Early Middle Ages and remains so to this day.[21] The full text of the certificate is in Latin and reads:

CAPITULUM huius Almae Apostolicae et Metropolitanae Ecclesiae Compostellanae sigilli Altaris Beati Jacobi Apostoli custos, ut omnibus Fidelibus et Perigrinis ex toto terrarum Orbe, devotionis affectu vel voti causa, ad limina Apostoli Nostri Hispaniarum Patroni ac Tutelaris SANCTI JACOBI convenientibus, authenticas visitationis litteras expediat, omnibus et singulis praesentes inspecturis, notum facit : (Latin version of name of recipient)Hoc sacratissimum Templum pietatis causa devote visitasse. In quorum fidem praesentes litteras, sigillo ejusdem Sanctae Ecclesiae munitas, ei confero.Datum Compostellae die (day) mensis (month) anno Dei (year)

Canonicus Deputatus pro Peregrinis

English translation:The CHAPTER of this holy apostolic and metropolitan Church of Compostela, guardian of the seal of the Altar of the blessed Apostle James, in order that it may provide authentic certificates of visitation to all the faithful and to pilgrims from all over the earth who come with devout affection or for the sake of a vow to the shrine of our Apostle St. James, the patron and protector of Spain, hereby makes known to each and all who shall inspect this present document that [Name]has visited this most sacred temple for the sake of pious devotion. As a faithful witness of these things I confer upon him [or her] the present document, authenticated by the seal of the same Holy Church.

Given at Compostela on the [day] of the month of [month] in the year of the Lord [year].Deputy Canon for PilgrimsThe simpler certificate of completion in Spanish for those with non-religious motivation reads:La S.A.M.I. Catedral de Santiago de Compostela le expresa su bienvenida cordial a la Tumba Apostólica de Santiago el Mayor; y desea que el Santo Apóstol le conceda, con abundancia, las gracias de la Peregrinación.

English translation:The Holy Apostolic Metropolitan Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela expresses its warm welcome to the Tomb of the Apostle St. James the Greater; and wishes that the holy Apostle may grant you, in abundance, the graces of the Pilgrimage.The Pilgrim's Office gives more than 100,000 compostelas each year to pilgrims from more than 100 different countries.Pilgrim's Mass[edit]

Pilgrims finishing the Camino 1985–

Green bars are holy years

A Pilgrim's Mass is held in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela each day at noon for pilgrims. Pilgrims who received the compostela the day before have their countries of origin and the starting point of their pilgrimage announced at the Mass. The musical and visual highlight of the Mass is the synchronisation of the beautiful "Hymn to Santiago" with the spectacular swinging of the huge Botafumeiro, the famous thurible kept in the cathedral. Incense is burned in this swinging metal container, or censer. As the last chords die away, the multitude of pilgrims jostle happily as they crowd forward to reach the spiritual highlight of the Mass, the rite of communion. Priests administer the Sacrament of Penance, or confession, in many languages, permitting most pilgrims to complete the indulgence attached to the pilgrimage upon satisfying the other canonical conditions. In the Holy Year of 2010 the Pilgrim's Mass was exceptionally held four times a day, at 10:00 a.m., noon, 6:00 p.m., and 7:30 p.m., catering for the greater number of pilgrims arriving in the Holy Year.

As tourismThe Xunta de Galicia (Galicia's regional government) promotes the Way as a tourist activity, particularly in Holy Compostelan Years (when 25 July falls on a Sunday). Following the Xunta's considerable investment and hugely successful advertising campaign for the Holy Year of 1993, the number of pilgrims completing the route has been steadily rising. The next Holy Year will occur in 2021, 11 years after the last Holy Year of 2010. More than 272,000 pilgrims made the trip during the course of 2010.

 EL FUTURO

orms of the future tense. Endings. The endings for all verbs are: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án Note that every one except the nosotros form requires a written accent. Stem. Normally, the infinitive is used as the stem (exceptions will be given below). Samples:

hablar comer vivirhablaré hablaremos comeré comeremos viviré viviremoshablaráshablaréis comeráscomeréis vivirásviviréishablará hablarán comerá comerán vivirá viviránVerbs with irregular future stems: (Remember that this same stem is used to form the conditional.) decir dir- to sayhaber habr- there to be [impersonal]; hacer har- to make, do

poder podr- to be ableponer pondr- to put, place, setquerer querr- to want, lovesaber sabr- to know [a fact], know howsalir saldr- to leave, go outtener tendr- to havevaler valdr- to be worthvenir vendr- to comeEnrique nos dirá la verdad. Enrique will tell us the truth¿Quiénes vendrán conmigo? Who will come with me?Pondré la mesa en seguida. I'll set the table right away.

Usage. There are two main ways in which the future tense is used in Spanish:

It indicates future time, the same as in English.Mañana saldremos para Madrid. Tomorrow we will leave for Madrid.El lunes iré al hospital. I'll go to the hospital on Monday.NOTE: The present tense is often

used instead of the future for near future actions:

Esta noche miramos la televisión. Tonight we'll watch TV.Lo hago en dos minutos. I'll do it in two minutes.

The future tense is also used to indicate conjecture or probability in the present time. In English, expressions such as “probably”, “must”, “I/you think” are usually used rather than the future tense.

¿Dónde estará María? Where do you think Mary is (right now)?Estará en casa. She is probably at home.

¿Qué hora es? What time is it?Serán las ocho. It must be 8:00. (Or: It is probably 8:00, The periphrastic future: Ir a + the infinitive. A present tense form of

the verb ir (to go) plus the preposition a plus an infinitive is often used as a substitute for the future tense in Spanish. The same phenomenon also occurs in English:

¿Vas a estudiar mañana? Are you going to study tomorrow?No voy a hacer nada. I'm not going to do anything.

When “will” is used in the sense of “to be willing to” it is normally translated by the verb querer (to want), not the future tense. This frequently occurs in requests which suggest the idea “would you like to” or “would you be willing to”:

¿Quiere Ud. apagar el cigarrillo? Will you put out your cigarrette?¿Quieres sacar la basura, Juan? Will you take out the trash, John?

Faitelson: "Seguimos esperando"

http://www.spanish.cl/vocabulario/deportes.htm

Picante: Fue un cambioMás Videos »

end vertical•

Título Sub 17•

Balón de Oro

Preolímpico•

México-EE.UU.

Contraproducente

Palabras : “los Deportes”Anillas

Rings

Atletismo

Athletics

Balón de fútbol

Football

Baloncesto

Basketball

Balonmano

Handball

Balonvolea

Volleyball

Béisbol

Baseball

Boxeo

Boxing

Campeón/ona

Champion

Campeonato

Championship

Carrera

Race

Carrera de velocidad

Race

Coche de carreras

Racing car

Deportes

Sports

Deportes acuáticos

Water sports

Deportes de invierno

Winter sports

Entrenador

Trainer

Equitación

Riding

Esgrima

Fencing

Espalderas

Wall bars

Esquí (actividad)

Skiing

Esquí (plancha)

Ski

Esquí náutico

Water skiing

Estadio

Stadium

Fútbol

Football

Gimnasia

Gymnastics

Golf

Golf

Halterofilia

Weight-lifting

Hipódromo

Racecourse ; Racetrack

Hockey

Hockey

Hockey sobre hielo

Ice hockey

Jockey ; Jinete

Jockey ; Rider

Judo

Judo

Juegos Olimpicos ; Olimpiada

Olympic Games ;Olympics

Jugador/ra

Player

Manager

Manager

Maratón

Marathon

Marcha

Walk

Motorismo

Motoring

Natación

Swimming

Patinaje sobre hielo

Ice skating

Patinaje sobre ruedas

Roller skating

Piloto de carreras

Racing driver

Piscina

Swimming pool

Pista

Track

Rallye

Rally

Regata

Boat race

Ring ; Cuadrilátero

Ring

Rugby

Rugby

Salto con pértiga

Pole vault

Salto de altura

High jump

Salto de longitud

Long jump (U.K.) ; Broad jump (USA)

Sprint

Sprint (U.K) ; Dash (USA)

Tenis

Tennis

Trapecio

Trapeze

Velódromo

Cycling stadium ; Velodrome

Water-polo

Water polo

El ImperfectoImperfect tense:

The Imperfect

The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly.I used to walk every day.Yo caminaba cada día.

The imperfect tense is also used to refer to actions in the past that occurred over an extended period of time.

I used to eat paella frequently.Yo comía frecuentemente paella.

The imperfect tense is also used to "set the stage" for an event that occurred in the past.We were coming home when we saw Juan.Veníamos para casa cuando vimos a Juan.

Actions which are not physical, that is feelings and mental actions, usually use the imperfect tense.Juan was feeling sick.Juan estaba enfermo.

The imperfect is frequently associated with phrases that describe the frequency of past actions.a menudooften

a vecessometimes

cada díaevery day

cada añoevery year

con frecuenciafrequently

de vez en cuandofrom time to time

en aquella épocaat that time

frecuentementefrequently

generalmenteusually

muchas vecesmany times

muchoa lot

nuncanever

por un ratofor awhile

siemprealways

tantas vecesso many times

todas las semanasevery week

todos los díasevery day

todo el tiempoall the time

varias vecesseveral times

Regular forms of the imperfect are formed by adding the following endings to the stem of the verb:

-ar verbs example: hablar

abaabasabaábamosabaisaban

hablabahablabashablabahablábamoshablabaishablaban

-er verbs, -ir verbs example: vivir

íaíasíaíamosíaisían

vivíavivíasvivíavivíamosvivíaisvivían

Only three verbs are irregular in the imperfect:ser ver ir

eraeraseraéramoseraiseran

veíaveíasveíaveíamosveíaisveían

ibaibasibaíbamosibaisiban

Leccion de culturaCapitulo I Realidades 3

Gramatica intense- Cumplimentos Directos e indirectosReflexivos

Grammar Review

Reflexive Verbs: Part IA reflexive verb is a verb in which the subject is the direct recipient of the action of the verb in active voice.

There is no object!The subject is “ the object”

Notes:

A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same.

I wash myself.

subject: I

verb: wash

object: myself

Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.

I wash the car.

subject: I

verb: wash

object: car

Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.

Here's another example of how a verb can be either reflexive or non-reflexive.

I scratch myself.

subject: I

verb: scratch

object: myself

Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.

I scratch the dog.

subject: I

verb: scratch

object: dog

Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.

When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se."

lavar

to wash (non-reflexive)

lavarse

to wash oneself (reflexive)

rascar

to scratch (non-reflexive)

rascarse

to scratch oneself (reflexive)

There is one reflexive verb you have been using since you began studying Spanish.

llamarse - to call oneself

¿Cómo se llama usted?

What do you call yourself?

Me llamo Juan.

I call myself Juan.

Note: A more "natural" translation would be "What is your name?" and "My name is Juan."

When you learned to conjugate regular verbs, you needed to learn a set of pronouns called "subject

pronouns."

lavar

yo lavo

tú lavas

él, ella, usted lava

nosotros/as lavamos

vosotros/as laváis

ellos, ellas, ustedes lavan

Ella lava el coche.

To learn to conjugate reflexive verbs, you need to learn a different set of pronouns called "reflexive

pronouns." These pronouns are positioned before the verb, while the ending "se" is dropped and the verb is

conjugated normally.

lavarse

yo me lavo

I wash (myself)

tú te lavas

you wash (yourself) (informal)

él se lava

he washes (himself)

ella se lava

she washes (herself)

usted se lava

you wash (yourself) (formal)

nosotros nos lavamos

we wash (ourselves)

nosotras nos lavamos

we wash (ourselves) (feminine)

vosotros os laváis

you-all wash (yourselves) (informal)

vosotras os laváis

you-all wash (yourselves) (informal, feminine)

ustedes se lavan

you-all wash (yourselves)(formal)

ellos se lavan

they wash (themselves)

ellas se lavan

they wash (themselves) (feminine)

Ella se lava.

Ella lava el coche, y despues se lava.

The reflexive pronouns are not subject pronouns; rather they are object pronouns.

me (myself)

te (yourself)

se (himself, herself, yourself) itself

nos (ourselves)

os (yourselves)

se (themselves, yourselves)

The purpose of the reflexive object pronouns is to show that the action of the verb remains with the subject.

Juan se lava la cara.Juan washes his face. (reflexive)

Juan lava su carro. (non-reflexive)

Juan washes his car.

Note: When referring to body parts, use the definite article, thus "la cara" not "su cara."

Note that many, many verbs can be made reflexive. All it means when a verb is reflexive is that the action

remains with the subject.

wash the dog (non-reflexive)

wash your face (reflexive)

raise the book (non-reflexive)

raise your arm (reflexive)

put the baby to bed (non-reflexive)

go to bed (reflexive)

wake up your son (non-reflexive)

wake up yourself (reflexive)

...and so on

Now add a flashcard for reflexive verbs:

lavarse to wash oneself

yo me lavo

tú te lavas

él se lava

ella se lava

usted se lava

nosotros nos lavamos

nosotras nos lavamos

vosotros os laváis

vosotras os laváis

ustedes se lavan

ellos se lavan

ellas se lavan

Reflexive Verbs: Part II

In the previous lesson, you learned that a verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same.

I wash myself.

subject: I

verb: wash

object: myself

Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.

I wash the car.

subject: I

verb: wash

object: car

Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.

You also learned that when a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se."

lavar

to wash (non-reflexive)

lavarse

to wash oneself (reflexive)

rascar

to scratch (non-reflexive)

rascarse

to scratch oneself (reflexive)

You should have memorized a set of pronouns called "reflexive pronouns."

me (myself)

te (yourself)

se (himself, herself, yourself)

nos (ourselves)

os (yourselves)

se (themselves, yourselves)

You learned to conjugate reflexive verbs like this:

lavarse

yo me lavo

I wash (myself)

tú te lavas

you wash (yourself) (informal)

él/ella se lava

he/she washes (him/herself)

usted se lava

you wash (yourself) (formal)

nosotros/as nos lavamos

we wash (ourselves)

vosotros/as os laváis

you-all wash (yourselves) (informal)

ustedes se lavan

you-all wash (yourselves) (formal)

ellos/as se lavan

they wash (themselves)

In the lesson titled Direct Object Pronouns Part III you learned that when there are two verbs, you have two

options on where to place the pronoun: before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive.

Great Law of Position of Object PronounsI want to see it. (querer, ver)

Lo quiero ver.

Quiero verlo.Lo debemos comprar.

Debemos comprarlo.

We should buy it.

María nos debe visitar.

María debe visitarnos.

Mary should visit us.

Juan lo necesita lavar.

Juan necesita lavarlo.

John needs to wash it.

The same is true regarding reflexive pronouns. When the sentence has two verbs, the pronoun can be

placed directly before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive.

I want to see myself.

Me quiero ver.

Quiero verme.

John needs to wash his hair.

Juan se necesita lavar el pelo.

Juan necesita lavarse el pelo.

More pronouns and POSITION LAWMaria can wash her face now.

Ahora María se puede lavar la cara.

Ahora María puede lavarse la cara.

I have just gone to bed.

Acabo de acostarme.

Me acabo de acostar.

We prefer to wash with scented soap.

Preferimos lavarnos con jabón perfumado.

Nos preferimos lavar con jabón perfumado.

Whenever a verb directly follows a preposition, it remains in the infinitive form. For reflexive verbs, the

ending -se changes to agree with the subject. Observe the differences in the following sentences, all of

which are about counting burros before falling asleep.

ANTES + DE + infinitive

Antes de dormirme, yo cuento burros.

Antes de dormirte, tú cuentas burros.

Antes de dormirse, la chica cuenta burros.

Antes de dormirnos, nosotros contamos burros.

Antes de dormiros, vosotros contáis burros.

Antes de dormirse, los chicos cuentan burros.

In English, many verbs can be used transitively (with a direct object) or intransitively (without a direct object).

The sun dried the clothes. (transitive)

The clothes dried in the sun. (intransitive)

In Spanish, these intransitive constructions frequently employ the reflexive form.

The sun dried the clothes. (transitive)

El sol secó la ropa.

The clothes dried in the sun. (intransitive)

La ropa se secó al sol.

Sometimes, the reflexive construction is used merely to emphasize who is performing the action of the

sentence.

The cake? Maria ate it.

¿La torta? María se la comió.

For some verbs, the meaning changes when they are used reflexively.

aburrir - to bore

aburrirse - to be bored

acordar - to agree

acordarse de - to remember

acostar - to put to bed

acostarse - to go to bed

casar - to perform a marriage ceremony

casarse con - to become married to someone

despedir - to fire

despedirse de - to say goodbye

dormir - to sleep

dormirse - to fall asleep

ir - to go

irse - to go away, to leave

morir - to die (abruptly, as of an accident, war, etc.)

morirse - to die (as from natural causes; also "to die" figuratively)

negar - to deny

negarse a - to refuse

parecer - to seem

parecerse a - to resemble

poner - to put

ponerse - to put on

probar - to try, to taste

probarse - to try on

quitar - to take away

quitarse - to take off

A few verbs are always used reflexively.

arrepentirse (e:ie) - to repent

atreverse a - to dare

darse cuenta de - to realizejactarse de - to boast

quejarse de - to complain about

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Object Pronouns

Basic Spanish Pronouns

Direct Object PronounsFirst of all you must remember that a direct object in a sentence is the person, event or thing affected by the verb. The main difference between the use of the direct object pronouns in Spanish and English is their placement. While in English they substitute the direct object (and

its article) and are placed where the original object was, in Spanish this pronoun is placed in front of the verb, replacing also any article used with the object previously.

 Singular PluralMe (me) Nos (us)

Te (you) Os (you [all])

*Lo/la (him/her/it) *Los/las (them: masculine/feminine/neuter)

Le= you to a male in many Spanish-speakiing countries!!!Ejemplo- Le conozco….

 *The pronouns 'le' are sometimes used as direct object pronouns. Its use carry some subtle differences in meaning.

 Spanish EnglishDirect object expressed (Tú) llevas el libro You take/carry the book

 Direct object pronoun  (Tú) lo llevas You take/carry it

 Direct object expressed  Ella rompe la silla She breaks the chair

 Direct object  Ella la rompe She breaks it

pronoun

 Direct object expressed

 Ustedes secuestran los perros You [all] kidnap the dogs

 Direct object pronoun  Ustedes los secuestran  You [all] kidnap them

 Direct object expressed  El interrumpe la fiesta He interrupts the party

 Direct object pronoun  El la interrumpe He interrupts it

Indirect Object Pronouns: Part I. The indirect object (IO) tells us where the direct object (DO) is going. The indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?" the action of the verb is performed. Sentences that have an indirect object usually also have a direct object.

Indirect Object Pronouns: Part INotes:

The written lesson is below.Links to quizzes, tests, etc. are to the left.

The indirect object (IO) tells us where the direct object (DO) is going.He gives the book to María.DO=BookWhere is the book going?To María.IO=María

He gives María the book.DO=BookWhere is the book going?To María.IO=María

The indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?" the action of the verb is performed.He gives María the book.To whom does he give the book?To María.IO=MaríaHe buys me flowers.For whom does he buy the flowers?For me.IO=me

Sentences that have an indirect object usually also have a direct object. Remember, the IO tells us where the DO is going. Notice how the sentences below just wouldn't work without a direct object.He gives María . . .the book, the pen, the diamond, etc.He buys me . . .flowers, candy, an ironing board, etc.

Sometimes the direct object is not stated; rather it is implied, or understood.My mother writes me every week.DO=letter (understood)IO=me(My mother writes me a letter every week.)She told him.DO=it (understood)IO=him(She told it to him.)

To identify the indirect object use our two guidelines:• The IO tells us where the DO is going.• The IO answers the question "to whom?" or "for whom" the action of the verb is

performed.

When a pronoun takes the place of the name of the indirect object, use the following pronouns:me (me)

te (you-familiar)le (him, her, you-formal)nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)les (them, you-all-formal)

In an affirmative statement with one verb, the indirect object pronoun comes immediately before the conjugated verb.Juan me compra un regalo.John buys me a gift.John buys a gift for me.Juan te compra un regalo.John buys you a gift.John buys a gift for you.Juan le compra un regalo.John buys her a gift.John buys a gift for her.Juan nos compra un regalo.John buys us a gift.John buys a gift for us.Juan os compra un regalo.John buys you-all (familiar) a gift.John buys a gift for you-all.Juan les compra un regalo.John buys them a gift.John buys a gift for them.

Now, focus in on one part of each of the previous examples:Juan me compra un regalo.John buys (for) me a gift.Juan te compra un regalo.John buys (for) you a gift.Juan le compra un regalo.John buys (for) her a gift.Juan nos compra un regalo.John buys (for) us a gift.Juan os compra un regalo.John buys (for) you-all (familiar) a gift.Juan les compra un regalo.John buys (for) them a gift.

Let's extract the IO phrase and its English equivalent:me comprabuys (for) me

te comprabuys (for) youle comprabuys (for) hernos comprabuys (for) usos comprabuys (for) you-allles comprabuys (for) them

Just like with the direct object, the indirect object presents a problem if one tries to translate word-for-word:Juan me compra un regalo.John for me he buys a gift.

The key to learning to use the indirect object pronouns is the same as the key for direct object pronouns. You must learn to think in phrases, not words. The phrases consist of a pronoun and a conjugated verb. In the following examples, note that the IO remains the same, while the subject of the phrase changes.me comprahe buys meme compranthey buy meme comprasyou buy me

The IO pronouns le and les present a special problem because they are ambiguous. That is, they can stand for different things.leto (for) himto (for) herto (for) you-formallesto (for) themto (for) you-all-formal

The following sentences, while grammatically correct, are ambiguous:Ella le escribe una carta.Ella les escribe una carta.Out of context, there is no way we can know the meaning.Ella le escribe una carta.She writes him a letter.She writes her a letter.

She writes you (formal) a letter.Ella les escribe una carta.She writes them a letter.She writes you-all (formal) a letter.

Since le and les can mean more than one thing, a prepositional phrase is often added to remove the ambiguity.Ella le escribe a Juan una carta.Ella le escribe a su hermana una carta.Ella le escribe a usted una carta.Ella les escribe a sus padres una carta.Ella les escribe a ustedes una carta.

Sometimes a prepositional phrase is added not for clarity, but rather for emphasis.Juan me da a mí el dinero.John gives me the money.(emphasizing that the money is given to me and not to someone else)Juan te da a ti el dinero.John gives you the money. (emphasis on you)

There is no ambiguity in the following sentence. It can only mean one thing.Juan me da el dinero.John gives me the money.The addition of a prepositional phrase merely adds emphasis.Juan me da a mí el dinero.John gives me the money.

Let's sum up the important points of this lesson:• The IO tells us where the DO is going.• The IO answers the question "to whom" or "for whom."• Sentences that have an IO usually also have a DO• Sometimes the DO is not stated, but rather is implied, or understood.• The IO pronouns are: me, te, le, nos, os, les.• Place the pronoun before the conjugated verb.• Think in phrases, do not translate word-for-word.• Le and les are ambiguous.• Prepositional phrases are often used for clarity and for emphasis.

Direct and Indirect

Object Pronouns Used Together!Here are the direct object pronouns and the indirect object pronouns side by side:

DO Pronouns

IO Pronouns English Equivalent

me me me

te te you (familiar)

lo, la le him, her, it, you (formal)

nos nos us

os os you-all (familiar)

los, las les them, you-all (formal)

When you have both a direct object pronoun and an indirect object pronoun in the same sentence, the indirect object pronoun comes first.Ellos me los dan.They give them to me.IO pronoun: meDO pronoun: los

Ella te la vende.She sells it to you.IO pronoun: teDO pronoun: la

Whenever both pronouns begin with the letter "l" change the first pronoun to "se."le lo = se lole la = se lale los = se losle las = se las

les lo = se loles la = se lales los = se losles las = se las

The reason for changing "le lo" to "se lo" is merely to avoid the tongue-twisting effect of two short consecutive words that begin with the letter "l". To demonstrate this, first quickly say "les las" and then quickly say "se las." See how much easier it is to say "se las?"

In negative sentences, the negative word comes directly before the first pronoun.No se lo tengo.I don't have it for you.Nunca se los compro.I never buy them for her.

Because the pronoun se can have so many meanings, it is often helpful to clarify it by using a prepositional phrase.Él se lo dice.Ambiguous. He tells it to (whom?).Él se lo dice a Juan.He tells it to him. (to Juan)Él se lo dice a María.He tells it to her. (to María)Él se lo dice a ella.He tells it to her.

In sentences with two verbs, there are two options regarding the placement of the pronouns. Place them immediately before the conjugated verb or attach them directly to the infinitive.She should explain it to me.Ella me lo debe explicar.Ella debe explicármelo.I want to tell it to you.Te lo quiero decir.Quiero decírtelo.You need to send it to them.Se la necesitas enviar a ellos.Necesitas enviársela a ellos.Note that when attaching the pronouns to the infinitive, a written accent is also added to the final syllable of the infinitive. This preserves the sound of the infinitive.

When the pronouns are attached to the infinitive, make the sentence negative by placing the negative word directly before the conjugated verb.Ella debe explicármelo.Ella no debe explicármelo.Quiero decírtelo.No quiero decírtelo.Necesitas enviársela a ellos.No necesitas enviársela a ellos.

When the pronouns come before the conjugated verb, make the sentence negative by placing the negative word directly before the pronouns.Ella me lo debe explicar.Ella no me lo debe explicar.Te lo quiero decir.No te lo quiero decir.Se la necesitas enviar a ellos.No se la necesitas enviar a ellos.

Fin