Pacifics Cience Morale e Teologhy

7/27/2019 Pacifics Cience Morale e Teologhy

1/34


2/34


3/34


4/34


5/34


6/34


7/34

:';': .Pvic"


8/34


9/34

4-ieba UNIVERSITY LIBRARY,i SKELET. CALIftRNiA.

PAC] F I iSCI I*:\CE MONTHLY,M \k', ii.

American Earthquakes.H> Pr.,f Kit-hard Ovea I I. |.Ginj Ian or geiprinciple, regulating the distriba-

111 time .mil (pace, of Americanearthqoab udeavoriiig U>answer thie question. attention may bedirei tain papers leading to

alizations, ou IIi by the pre*nt writer, at varioui times, chiefly to

the A \ \ ( ; ami published in theirWithout specif) ing

their generalizations may beader mori iutelligible the

i. in. irk- .in Unericau carthquakiI Tbe earth deriving its existence on linuance h habitable plan

nerally think) fromthe sun, ii tlit t ,.,..should still be de-

pendent on solai manifestations midtli>'ir modifying iiifloen

II. As light, heat, eleclriii. chemi ami nety arc all convertible modecnlar motion, ami we derive our

lighl and heat from the sun, it -able that we derivi din lly or in-tlv, all th< ,rius oi motion

includingTV CoPat

mologicnl ImpiIM. In confirmation

ments, lei us examine the relation (continents, in their configuration, to

I rotation and that of revolu-tion or progression oi the earth in l*-rorbit [f we pass two great circlesthrough the poles "f rotation, andmake one of them cul also verticallvthrough the Caspian sea, and theother he at riglil angles to c 1 1 - f\ | ition, instead

ct with particles given off.In the process of combustion a

1 with phorphorus andother sul hich burn at ilow temperal hted by thi

produced by friction, then, as in thecandle, the heal whioh slowly melts

low, which in raise. 1 to the tlamcplllary attraction ; ami then the

atoms of carbon in the heated tallowclash with atoms of oxygen in the sur-rounding air ami the motion of trans-lation is changed to vibration, whichis heat. Of COUrM the power which

the atoms of carbon and oxtogether is not gravitation hut chemi-cal a.-tion, a force indefinitely greater,The slowness of combustion is becauseonlv a few of I mi can I

itherat the tame time, while inJune, powder, and other explosives,there is a previous mixing of the atin proper proportions, ready t" iwhen the spark is given.We talk ahout the power of steam;hut .team is only a convenient lever;

the power all comes from thimuscular powi from thedigestedburned in the stomach ;for the stomach of every animal Is afurnace, ami the heat of the furnaceproduces mechanical force, whether inthe locomotive -ir In the animal ; andheat and mechanical fore- n re conver-tible each into the other ami hackagain, without actual los*. Ami thinis analogous with what we see aroundu*. There it change everywhere, butnothing goes out of existence tee

mes water ; watei steam, and evenhydrogen and oxygen ; the form andqualilii - I atly change, hut not

iiom of the in It ; ami allmay bi changed hark ngsiin into water.

at in the locomotive is chsinto the forward motion f the train,and this sgain into heal when thebrske" are put on ;and mi thefriction of the axle-, tlthe air. and the heal pi stop-pinga train would -tart it again to the


14/34

PACIFIC SCIENCE MONTHLY.same speed in the same time, if allcould be used. The ratio of converti-bility is 772 foot-pounds ; that is, theheat which would raise one pound ofwater one degree (Fahr.) would lift it772 feet ; and a pound weight, by stop-ping from a fall of 772 feet, would pro-duce heat enough to warm a pound ofwater one degree, if all used. In 1844Mr. Joule, of Manchester, Eng., stirredwater, mercury and sperm oil by forceswhich could be measured, and noticedthe heat developed. He also causedpieces of cast iron to rnb together, andforced water through capillary tubes ;and in every case the ratio was sub-stantially the same ; and the figures"772" are the mean of 110 experiments,and are now universally accepted.With this ratio it has been figuredthat the mere stopping of the earthin its orbit would cause as much heatas the burning of 14 worlds of solidcoal as large as our earth. Then instarting us in our course around thesun, as much power as this was exerted,whether given at a separate impulse,or in common with the whole solarsystem according to the Nebular Hy-pothesis. And since such power wasexerted in starting our little speckhow much more was used in givingtheir motion to all planets, the sunand all the stars which the telescopereveals.

In practical matters, we see that theenormous capacity of water to storeaway heat explains why the oceannever freezes, and never becomes hotas the desert's burning sand. There-fore the mildness of our ocean climate,both in winter and in summer; andespecially when an ocean current likethat of the Gulf stream flows by thebanks of New Poundland, and wrapsthe British Isles, it gives off in that

high latitude the enormous healceived in the tropics. So with theJapan current of the Pacific Coast. Soalso of the "water protection" to fruiton the shores of eastern lakes. Butmore than this; water reaches itsgreatest density at 39 degrees, sevendegrees above freezing, and the surfacedrops cooling toward this point giveplace to warmer drops from below, andthus nearly all the. heat of the wholelake to its bottom is given oft' to warmthe fields around, before its tempera-ture falls to the freezing point. Thusspring buds are saved, and corn froma June frot, and the unripe grapes ofautumn. But further; in freezing,water gives off 143 degrees of heat. Sothat, a pound of water at 112 degrees inmerely changing into ice at 32 degreeswould warm 143 pounds of water onedegree. So steam in turning to waterat th same temperature, gives off beatenough to warm 907 pounds of waterone degree; and of course ice in tinn-ing to water consumes 143 degrees ofheat, and water in turning to steamconsumes 967 degrees . Therefore afire which quickly warms a kettle ofwater to boiling, must burn a longtime to boil it all away. True, boilingwater, is as hot as steam ; but it is stillwater, and an enormous amount ofwork must be done to pull its moleculesapart, and left them to occupy 770times their present room.Now all the world's work is done by

the sun. The power of every water-fall was given by the sun when it liftedwater from land and sea into theclouds to fall as rain and go over themill-dam and Niagara. The power ofevery steam engine came from the sunas it caused the wood to grow, and thevegetation which formed the coal. Allmuscular power of man and beast


15/34

PACIFK ' KWTHLY.And

the heat which our earth re-in the sun i- only aa one to

.khhhmi. Whew e come* to th.-uo the supply for all thisiii diameter,) and i

its win. I.- outer surface with a layer olIT mil< h thick ; and the burning

pf all this coal would supply the sunwith heat only one y-;tr. Whencecomes so much coal every year'.' Andextravagant ofita heat ever since the

in began ; and if the Nebu-[yphothesia is even substantially

indefinitely earlier thenthe earlii si geologic time Bui

the human race is especially concernedwith the future supply ; for if t ti > sun-hull have i" pi n :i littleecon-omy it may In- hard for the children ofin. ii Meteor* may possible give apartial supply. Stopping the earth in

it would prnduco as much beat. burning fourteen worldand if the earth should fall to

.:> produced would equalthai >al ; andthis would keep up the sun's heal

i, if -.li.-n. onci in 822 j world as beavj aa oon should fall to

in from our distanmiles, the supply would be furnished ;or. if u corresponding number ofsmaller m in our w. -

ug sky there is .1 f:iint briglilcalled the "zodiacal light," some

wide at the base and reaching al-te senith, which may l- the

ii.,n of thi 1 [lit from bellof meteoric ma undill'- Min ; and some have though) that

by falling to the sun mighiup its supply of heal Bui "revolvingaround" ia not "failing to;" and

though some might fall, as to th*earth, yet, Since our great met*shower of 1833 did not perceptiblyour temperature, we must lookfor sonn" mora promising sounSupply. Beside^, all meteoric mattermust he exhausted in the time, even if the sun is travelingthrough a universe full of it. inthe universe is absolutely infinite inextent. Then from the utter failureuf every effort to find an adequatesupply fur the sun'a heat, lei us litto the firm voice of analogy from theNebular Hypteni has been gradually cooling sincebefore the ti r t planet, Neptune.thrown off. Our human race, with itshistory of an hour,came intoexistenceat tin I cooling proci

- j ; andWe and our children and your chil-

s children to thousands of gener-ations may live and enjoy before thesun is perceptibly cooler Hut modern

ii tends no more strongly to anyconclusion than thai the sun rouststo|. shining, stop warming. The clockmust run down and Stop, and Byron's

tin of Darkness." be realised, un-less some hand, outside the clock,shall wind it. Hut if the sun mutout in tim . it begs 1 its shining intime, just aa a clock, which cannotrun forever, has not been riming for-

iie.1 men's id.the duration oftime back enormously ;and the Nebular Hypothesis taking onmore and more of the apnearanitruth, earned our ideas hack indefin-

further still. But whether ourclock is a day clock ..1 an eight-dayclock, or a clock of a thousand Jorof a thousand million years; if it isrunning down it has not been running

illy, or it would have run downlong ago, What must have an end.


16/34

8 PACIFIC SCIENCE MONTHLY.has had a beginning, It is not theenormous quantity of heat the sun isgiving off, but the fact that it is givingit off, which proves that it is goingout. The clock is runing down, some-body wound it once. Somebody madeit and wound it. If he made it sothat it would run 6,000 years, this iswonderful. If he made it so that itwould run 6,000 times the length ofall geologic timethis is almost infin-itely more wonderful. If he made itso that it would run well -ill this time,so we nee it is still running well, somuch the more wonderful his power,wisdom, goodness and righteousness.Now, if Darwin's development hy-pothesis, shall prove true, (as I have noidea it will.) Vet, if we shall find thatin making and endowing the nebulousmist the Creator planned it so skillfullythat not only the physical part of thesolar system should run smoothly tothe end, hut that when the world be-came fitted for vegetable and animallife, these appeared in their untoldvariety, each perfect after its kind,without his immediate hand ; and notonly vegetable and animal life, but al-so the mind, and especially the heartof man with his conscience and freewill, how much more utterly lost weshall he to express the greatness, wis-dom and goodness of the great firstcause, a personal God.

The Effect of Tobacco.Science has scrutinized boy smokersin France, and has discoveredthat the majority of them suffer fromdisturbed circulation, palpitation ofthe heart, "sluggishness of the intel-lect," and craving for alcoholic stimu-lants, while the rest were troubledwith intermittent pulse, sleeplessnessnose-bleeding, chronic nightmare and

all other ills, all of which disappearedwhere the boys were induced to giveup smoking. The investigation, saysthe San Diego Union, but confirmstheresults of many Other inquiries. Thecigarette seems harmless, because it isso small and dainty, and even fragilein appearance. But its smoke of min-gled tobacco and paper, drawn in uponthe lungs, will unucrmine the strengthof manhood; to youth it is deadly.The habit of cigarette smoking is in-creasing among the hoys of the landat an alarming rate, and threatens toendanger the manhood of the cominggenerations. There is need of a gooddeal of educational work in this direc-tion among the voting and it is a workdistinctively for parents to undertake.

Oauern Near Ventura.JN company with I). H. Bailey we vis-J ited a spot about two miles up thecoast, where it was sa ; d a cave hadbeen discovered some years ago. Inascending the ridge of the Coast Rangemountains about two hundred feetabove the ocean, we came 'o a descentto this subterranean vault, but found itsurrounded by perpendicular wallsfrom thirty to fifty feet high. Wetraced the cavern about one hundredyards further where we reached anotheropening surrounded by perpendicularwalls, but that on the west was but tenor twelve feet in height. Fasteninga rope to some bushes we let ourselvesdown and were enabled to penetratethe opening about 100 feet into themountain. We found the passagenarrow at the bottom, but wideningtoward the top toa dozen feet, or more.The roof or ceiling is nearly thirtyfeet high. Both walls and ceiling areof indurated clay, and with the sideexcavations seem to be a resort foi


17/34

PACIFIC S'C7i V / UOXTHLYHi.' main excavation

..t imi>sinc\ M-uctrating to

,f .me liundrul feet, weif about

j, which we found impossible'h., LL !> in I which we oommendt.. both the advocates and oppoeeri olthe theory of evolution :The manner In which this whole

SUbji I I is very farfrom edifying. Khst, the inncientists, from a few partially si

1 end \. i ectly c illatedfa.-is. |, .i | ,| i,, the ci inclusionthey had effectually overthrown ever]

>rm and degree of supernatur-nli-ni. an.l they

-proclaimed withundisguised pleasure \nd then the

friends of the Bible, biking the alarm,began t.i discredit, uol simply the eon-elu- nts, hut theirindubitable fact*, and the few clearly

ed piiiicij.l. deduced fromtliem. The result a a war of

- IJOl at all (I uilal.le to eitherpaiiy. Bill a third classneither in-

blinded - of tradi-l opinions I. ed to look

into these things in order to Sod whatthey do really teach. The full nof their studii iminations bat

Iprobably it n vnd complete aslo lougi ble of additions

but this much islinedthat all has been

arches made in theI nature has failed to east the

doubt opon any of the


18/34

10 VAC C SCIENCE MONTHLYgreat and saving truths of r ,inii, asthey are revealed in the Be iptures,and cherished in the hearts nelh v-ers, and conserved by t! livingChurch. Sor is there any cause formisgiving in respect to anything thatscience may hereafter deinonstnttfor tin plane of its operations and thatof the supernatural truth i 'ionare not the same, and by no pox bleextension can the former - intocollision with the latter. The high-way of faith is all its own ; the eagle'seye has not seen nor the lion's \\h Iptrod it .The worst so vice Hint can be done

for religion, in this business, is thatrendered by its incompet< nl would-bedefender-, who, with more zeal thandiscretion, rush into the contest againstmore expert antagonists, either to bediscomfited in attempting to defendwhat is not true, or to give sWay theircause by false concessions. A largehare of the discussions of these mat-ters, heard from the pulpit or found inthe newspapers, come within rang ofthis criticism. Only those thoroughlylearned in the points at issue can dis-

cuss them in thepulpit, except to he-tray the cause they would defend.and the lies! learned will notbe apt t" bring them there at all.There is reasons to believe that thisfolly is not much less in fashion thanit was a few years ago.The history of ecclesiastical proceed-

ing in respect to the finding of science

is not altogether an honorable one, asmay be seen in such cases as that ofGalileo. The literalistic theory of bib-lieu! interpretation which controlledthe thinking mind of Christendomfrom a very early age of the Churchdown to the immediate pastand isstill powerful to misleadhas com-pelled the Church, first to antagonizethe progress of science, and then tore-treat before it. So it fought theCoper-tiican system, but was compelled ailast to yield the j oint : and .-o, for along time, it held on longer. Perhapsit has not yet fully given it, up. Buia better method of thinking is now al-most universally accepted by thosewdio must dictate the opinions of tieChurch of the future, which demandsthat spiritual Christianity shall not besubjected to scientific test of modes ofthought. Such subjects as the methodsof creation, the age of the world, He?genesis of living things, and the devel-opment of speeies, all belong to thesame class with the laws of gravitation,the motion of the heavenly bodies, andthe precession of the equinoxes ; andnone of them fall within the sphere oftheology. They are all of the earthearthy, and should be left lor .secularmen to deal with. "We have a moresure word of prophecy."Society of Natural History Meetings

in February.Feb.6.The Society net at the Li-

brary rooms at 7 :30p. ni. Dr. Bowers,the president in the chair. The min


19/34

u ll \\

tpproved I

lor membership It was reeolvedbo invito I i >l John Murray

mertoinmeni under tl,.Mi \

,,, ..( hj Iraulicfrom Mi Tl "

Mrs. [da Mread a highly interestin* p-

,., on earthquake* in lb< Unitedm Prof I '' "'mony.lnd. Thii waa illoatra

,,,]! inthehai * 'nl All " ,,e " f ""'

ly d '"'*

and Prol i tdlalljthanked for hie able p*| v "

;.l paperting.

16th -day.) veni " P '" "' B ''

rnard pr

Pacifics Cience Morale e Teologhy

Documents

Transcript of Pacifics Cience Morale e Teologhy