PA-TAF [opción-1]

7/30/2019 PA-TAF [opción-1]

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pa-taf-opcion-1 1/150fttr8**g`jkfnkijgcgoitgddncdig.lcjm{rjt.kjo

http://www.nitropdf.com/

http://www.nitropdf.com/


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pa-taf-opcion-1 2/150

QRn||y G`dn|{j`# T|g`{ikij`n{ dn cg G`timóndgd gc en~dgci{oj# [imcj VVI dn N{rg÷g# 74.¨ ndikiû` n` kg{tnccg`j# Ogd|id# 7969_

QRçm. /;_

T\G@[IKIJ@N[ DN CG G@TIMÓNDGD GC EN^DGCI[OJ

rj|

RN\\Y G@DN\[J@

QRçm. /<_

T|gd~kkiû` dn

[G@TJ[ H^CIÇ

QRçm. /7_

Ï@DIKNR|ûcjmj..........................................................................................7

Gm|gdnkioin`tj{...........................................................................4

R\ION\G RG\TN

I. CG G@TIMÓNDGD KCÇ[IKG

7. Nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg...........................................72

<. M|nkig......................................................................................<;;. Nc o~`dj fncn`ï{tikj...............................................................42

4. \jog.......................................................................................46

II. CG T\G@[IKIÛ@

7. Nc og|kj mn|oç`ikj..............................................................72>

<. Cg{ i`ug{ij`n{.......................................................................772

;. Fgkig cg {ï`tn{i{.....................................................................7<=

[NM^@DG RG\TN

I. N^\JRG JKKIDN@TGC

7. Nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc..............................................74=

<. Tirjcjmïg dn cg{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{...................................7>>

;. Nc cnhg`j `j|tn.......................................................................7=>

4. Cg di`çoikg en~dgc................................................................76>

>. Cg k|i{i{ mn`n|gc....................................................................<27

< * 7>2



II. N^\JRG J\IN@TGC

7. Gc n{tn dnc Nclg.....................................................................<7=

<. Nc e|n`j `ûogdg....................................................................<<7

;. Nc ojdncj dn dn{g||jccj........................................................<;;

4. Cg k|i{i{ n` nc n{tn.................................................................<>7

>. Gc {~| dnc Dg`~lij................................................................<=7

Ï`dikn dn `jol|n{.....................................................................;2<

QRçm. 7_

R\ÛCJMJ

[j` `nkn{g|ig{ ~`g{ rgcgl|g{ rg|g nvrcikg| nc gckg`kn y cg i`tn`kiû` dn n{tn n`{gyj# kj`knlidj kjoj r|ûcjmj dn

~` n{t~dij oç{ gorcij k~yj tnog {n {itøg iòndigtgon`tn dn{r~é{8 Nc N{tgdj gl{jc~ti{tg. Golj{ cil|j{ n{tç`di|nktgon`tn g|tik~cgdj{ n`t|n {ï y# n` øctioj té|oi`j# rcg`tng` ~`g {jcg cï`ng g|m~on`tgc. Cg |ncgkiû` n`t|ngolj{ —G`timóndgd y en~dgci{oj n` ~`j# gl{jc~ti{oj n` jt|j— `j n{ iòndigtgon`tn rn|knrtilcn n` cgfglit~gc rn|{rnktiug dn cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cj{ n{t~dij{. @j|ogcon`tn# cg fi{tj|ig g`tim~g n{tç {nrg|gdg dn cgfi{tj|ig ondinugc rj| ~` gli{oj r|jen{ij`gc w~n o~y rjkg{ jl|g{ kj`tnorj|ç`ng{ r|ntn`dn` kjcog|8 cg{nrg|gkiû` n`t|n golg{ n{tç g||gimgdg i`{tit~kij`gcon`tn tg`tj n` cg n`{n÷g`xg kjoj n` cg iùn{timgkiû`. Cgdi{tg`kig kjùn`kij`gc n`t|n cg fi{tj|ig ondinugc y cg fi{tj|ig ojdn|`g n{ &º`gt~|gc j rg|gdûhikgon`tn:) o~kfjon`j|# g~`w~n n` tjdj kg{j fg {idj {~eikin`tn rg|g iorj{ilicitg| k~gcw~in| g`çci{i{ dnc en~dgci{oj y ncgl{jc~ti{oj dn`t|j dn ~`g oi{og rn|{rnktiug. Cg lg{n g|m~on`tgc dn n{tj{ n{t~dij{ i`tn|kj`nktgdj{ n{ w~n# n`dntn|oi`gdj{ g{rnktj{ iorj|tg`tn{# cg{ {~kn{iug{ ej|og{ rjcïtikg{ w~n kj`{tit~yn` {~ jlhntj kn`t|gc dnln`g`gcixg|{n dn n{n ojdj. Nc r|n{n`tn n`{gyj nvrcj|g nc o~`dj {jkigc y rjcïtikj dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg# cg

`gt~|gcnxg dn {~ t|g`{ikiû` fgkig nc o~`dj ondinugc y cg |n{~ctg`tn n{t|~kt~|g y nujc~kiû` dnc en~dgci{oj n`N~|jrg1 ~`j dn {~{ tnog{ kn`t|gcn{ {n|ç nc dn cg{ diui{ij`n{ |nmij`gcn{ dnc Onditn||ç`nj y dn N~|jrg. Nc cil|j{im~in`tn g`gcixg|ç nc gl{jc~ti{oj n` kj`ti`~g |nen|n`kig gc en~dgci{oj y g cg G`timóndgd# kjoj cnmïtiojfn|ndn|j rjcïtikj dn golj{. Cg{ |gxj`n{ rg|g iìkig| ~` n{t~dij kjorg|gdj dnc N{tgdj gl{jc~ti{tg kj` ~`gi`k~|{iû` n` cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg y nc en~dgci{oj {n fg|ç` nuidn`tn{ g cj cg|mj dnc {nm~`dj cil|j y {n |n{~oi|ç`n` {~{ kj`kc~{ij`n{# w~n i`tn`tg|ç` {it~g| cg n{rnkieikidgd dnc kj`h~`tj dn cg nvrn|in`kig n~|jrng n` ~` og|kji`tn|`gkij`gc oç{ gorcij# g cg c~x dn cj{ g`çci{i{ dn golj{ ujcøon`n{.

QRçm. <_

N{ r|nki{j# {i` nolg|mj# i`{i{ti| dn{dn nc kjoin`xj n` nc kg|çktn| cioitgdj y r|jui{ij`gc dn cj{ g`çci{i{r|n{n`tgdj{ n` kgdg ~`j dn n{tj{ cil|j{. Cg n|~dikiû` y nc |imj| gkgdéoikj dnc fi{tj|igdj| r|jen{ij`gc n{tç`

g~{n`tn{ dn nccj{. N` {~ {n`tidj n{rnkïeikj# n{k|ili| fi{tj|ig n{ i`{nrg|glcn dn iùn{timg| di|nktgon`tn cj{ogtn|igcn{ j|imi`gcn{ dnc rg{gdj# yg {ng` g|w~njcûmikj{# nrim|çeikj{ j dn g|kfiuj{. Cj{ n{t~dij{ w~n {im~n` `jg{ri|g g n{g dimìdgd. Oç{ w~n un|dgdn|j{ n{k|itj{ dn fi{tj|ig# n{tj{ cil|j{ {n lg{g` {iorcnon`tn n` cg cnkt~|gdn cg{ jl|g{ di{rjìlcn{ dn cj{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ ojdn|`j{# cj w~n n{ ~` g{~`tj o~y dien|n`tn. Rj| kj`{im~in`tn# ncgrg|gtj dn |nen|n`kig{ w~n gkjorg÷g gc tnvtj n{ cj kj`t|g|ij dn cj w~n dn`jtg ~`g jl|g dn fi{tj|ijm|geïggkgdéoikg. W~in` rj{nn g~tj|idgd `j `nkn{itg kitg|cg8 cg{ r|jrig{ e~n`tn{ —cj{ ogtn|igcn{ r|iog|ij{ dnc rg{gdj— fglcg` rj| éc. Nc tirj y cg gorcit~d dn cg{ `jtg{ w~n grjyg` nc tnvtj dn n{tj{ dj{ cil|j{ i`dikg` {iorcnon`tnnc ìunc {nk~`dg|ij n` nc w~n n{tç` {it~gdj{. @gt~|gcon`tn# cj{ oi{oj{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ r|jd~kn` g unkn{ jl|g{kjorg|gtiug{ j dn {ï`tn{i{ {i` rj{nn| {inor|n ì `nkn{g|igon`tn ~` kj`jkioin`tj r|je~`dj dn tjdg cg mgog dntn{tiojìj{ |ncgtiuj{ gc tnog dn {~ t|glghj# g~`w~n nc h~ikij dn n{j{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ n{tg|ç `j|ogcon`tn ogtixgdjrj| nc djoiìj dn {~ n{rnkigcidgd. N` {ï oi{oj# nc n{e~n|xj rg|g dn{k|ili| j kjor|n`dn| n{t|~kt~|g{ j érjkg{

fi{tû|ikg{ o~y gorcig{ `j `nkn{itg nvkn{iug{ di{k~crg{ ì h~{tieikgkij`n{1 {i` éc# cg{ iùn{timgkij`n{ n{rnkïeikg{ ycjkgcn{ |nd~kn` {~ r|jrij gckg`kn rjtn`kigc. Dn tjdg{ ej|og{# n{ kin|tj tgolié` w~n ì`m~`g i`tn|r|ntgkiû` n{tg` egcilcn kjoj cg w~n {n lg{g n` kj`kc~{ij`n{ jltnìdg{ e~n|g dn {~{ e~n`tn{ lç{ikg{# r~n{ {inor|n n{

; * 7>2



{~{knrtilcn dn {n| iùgcidgdg rj| cj{ `~nuj{ dn{k~l|ioin`tj{ j cg{ |nui{ij`n{ dn `~nug{ iùn{timgkij`n{r|iog|ig{. Cj w~n mn`n|gcon tn gknrtg ~`g mn`n|gkiû` dn fi{tj|igdj|n{ r~ndn {n| dn{nkfgdj rj| cgiùn{timgkiû` dn cg {im~in`tn. Rj| tg`tj# k~gcw~in| tn`tgtiug dn ej|o~cg| gei|ogkij`n{ mn`n|gcn{ lg{gdg{ n` cg{jriìj`n{ nvi{tn`tn{# rj| o~y n|~ditg{ w~n é{tg{ {ng`# tin`n w~n {n| i`nuitglcnon`tn r|nkg|ig y kj`dikij`gc. [in{tj n{ g{ï# cg{ cioitgkij`n{ dn n{tj{ n`{gyj{ {j` n{rnkigcon`tn m|g`dn{# dnlidj g cg gorcit~d dnc tinorj w~nglg|kg`. N` nenktj# k~g`tj oç{ gorcij {ng nc tinorj fi{tû|ikj g`gcixgdj# oç{ kjor|ioidj tn`dn|ç g {n| nct|gtgoin`tj dgdj g kgdg ~`g dn {~{ eg{n{. N` n{tn {n`tidj# tjdg cg dieïkic kjorcnhidgd dnc rg{gdj —w~n {ûcjr~ndn gr|nfn`dn|{n n` nc |ikj cin`xj ri`tgdj rj| nc fi{tj|igdj|— rn|og`nkn n` l~n`g ondidg e~n|g dnc gckg`kndn n{tj{ n{t~dij{. Cj{ g`çci{i{ w~n n` nccj{

QRçm. ;_

{n n`k~n`t|g` {j`# rj| |gxj`n{ dn n{rgkij y dn kjorntn`kig# digm|gog{ |~dion`tg|ij{1 `gdg oç{. Gc {n| l|nun{n{ljxj{ rg|g jt|g fi{tj|ig# cj w~n r|ntn`dn` n{ r|jrj`n| gcm~`j{ ncnon`tj{ dn di{k~{iû` oç{ w~n nvrj`n| tn{i{kn||gdg{ j kjor|nfn`{iug{.

Cg di{k~{iû` g cg w~n n{tç` dn{ti`gdj{ {n {itøg r|i`kirgcon`tn n` nc kgorj dnc ogtn|igci{oj fi{tû|ikj. Cj{jlhntiuj{ dnc oétjdj ncnmidj n` cg ~ticixgkiû` dnc og|vi{oj {n nvrcikg` n` nc r|ûcjmj g Nc N{tgdj gl{jc~ti{tg#

dj`dn {n fg|ç` ui{ilcn{ kj` oç{ kcg|idgd n` cg n{t|~kt~|g ej|ogc dn cg jl|g. Gfj|g {ûcj n{ `nkn{g|ij nvrj`n| cj{r|i`kirij{ w~n fg` |nmidj nc norcnj dn cg{ e~n tn{ n` golj{ n{t~dij{. Kjoj n` tjdg iùn{timgkiû`n{n`kigcon`tn kjorg|gtiug# cg{ g~tj|idgdn{ n` cg{ w~n {n lg{g n{tn n{t~dij {j` o~y diun|{g{ y o~y ug|igdg{#tg`tj n` {~ kg|çktn| i`tncnkt~gc kjoj n` nc rjcïtikj. @j {n fg kj`kndidj ì`mø` r|iuicnmij n{rnkigc g cgfi{tj|ijm|geïg og|vi{tg kjoj tgc. G rn{g| dn cj{ kgolij{ nvrn|ion`tgdj{ n` cg{ dékgdg{ |nkin`tn{# cg iòn`{gogyj| rg|tn dn cg{ jl|g{ fi{tû|ikg{ |im~|j{g{ dnc {imcj VV fg` {idj n{k|itg{ rj| fi{tj|igdj|n{ ghn`j{ gcog|vi{oj. Nc ogtn|igci{oj fi{tû|ikj `j n{ ~`g kin`kig gkglgdg ì tjdj{ {~{ g~tj|n{ fg` rj{nïdj ~`g kgtnmj|ïg{ioicg|. Gcm~`j{ kgorj{ dn cg fi{tj|ijm|geïg n{tç` djoi`gdj{ rj| cg iùn{timgkiû` og|vi{tg1 n` jt|j{ o~kfj{#cg{ kj`t|il~kij`n{ `j og|vi{tg{ {j` {~rn|ij|n{ n` kg`tidgd y n` kgcidgd g cg{ og|vi{tg{# y fgy# w~ixç# oç{kgorj{ n` cj{ w~n `j nvi{tn ì`m~`g i`tn|un`kiû` og|vi{tg. N` ~` n{t~dij kjorg|gtiuj w~n dnln tn`n| n`k~n`tg jl|g{ r|jkndn`tn{ dn tg` diun|{j{ fj|ixj`tn{# nc øìkj k|itn|ij rn|oi{ilcn dn di{k|ioi`gkiû` n{ {~ {jcidnx

y {~ kjfn|n kig i`t|ï`{nkg. Cg oçviog kj`{idn|gkiû` y |n{rntj fgkig cg n|~dikiû` dn cj{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ {it~gdj{e~n|g dn cg{ e|j`tn|g{ dnc og|vi{oj `j n{ i`kjorgtilcn kj` cg lø{w~ndg |im~|j{g dn ~`g iùn{timgkiû` fi{tû|ikgog|vi{tg# {i`j w~n# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# n{ {~ kj`dikiû`. Y g cg iùn|{g# Og|v y N`mnc{ `~`kg r~ndn` {n| tjogdj{ gcrin dn cg cnt|g8 cj{ n||j|n{ dn {~{ n{k|itj{ fi{tû|ikj{ `j r~ndn` {n| nc~didj{ ì im`j|gdj{# {i`j w~n n{ r|nki{jidn`tieikg|cj{ y k|itikg|cj{. Fgkn| n{tj `j n{ gcnhg|{n dnc ogtn|igci{oj fi{tû|ikj# {i`j ujcun| g éc. N` nckj`jkioin`tj |gkij`gc# w~n n{ `nkn{g|igon`tn gk~o~cgtiuj# `j fgy ì`mø` c~mg| rg|g ì`mø` tirj dn eidnï{oj# ycg m|g`dnxg dn cj{ e~`dgdj|n{ dn cg{ `~nug{ kin`kig{ `~`kg fg kj`{tit~idj ~`g r|~nlg kj`t|g cg{ nw~iujkgkij`n{j cj{ oitj{# dnc oi{oj ojdj w~n `~`kg fg {idj dntn|ij|gdg rj| nccj{. N` n{tn {n`tidj# tjog|{n ¡ciln|tgdn{± kj`nc `jol|n dn Og|v {imìeikg {iorcnon`tn n`t|g| n` cg ciln|tgd dnc og|vi{oj.

QRçm. 4_

GM\GDNKIOIN@TJ[

Dn{ng|ïg nvr|n{g| oi gm|gdnkioin`tj g G`tfj`y Lg|`nt# \jln|t L|j}ì`m# H~ditf Fn||i`# Uiktj| Ain|`g`# Tjo@gi|`# L|ig` Rng|kn y Mg|ntf [tndog` Hj`n{ rj| {~{ kjon`tg|ij{ k|ïtikj{ g é{tn y gc {im~in tn n`{gyj. Dgdg cg`gt~|gcnxg dn golj{# `j n{ ~`g on|g `nkn{idgd kjùn`kij`gc gl{jcun|cj{ dn k~gcw~in| |n{rj`{glicidgd rj| cj{n||j|n{ dn fnkfj j dn i`tn|r|ntgkiû` w~n n{tj{ n`{gyj{ kj`tn`mg`.

QRçm. >_

R\ION\G RG\TN

I. CG G@TIMÓNDGD KCÇ[IKG

QRçm. =_

4 * 7>2



Cg diui{iû` dn N~|jrg n` N{tn y Jn{tn fg {idj# dn{dn fgkn tinorj# gcmj kjùn`kij`gc n`t|n cj{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ y{n |noj`tg# dn fnkfj# gc e~`dgdj| dn cg ojdn|`g fi{tj|ijm|geïg rj{itiug# Cnjrjcd \gàn. Cg rind|g g`m~cg| dncg r|ion|g jl|g iorj|tg`tn dn \gàn# n{k|itg n` 76<4# e~n ~` ¡N{ljxj dn cg ~ìdgd dn cg{ `gkij`n{ cgti`g{ ymn|oçìkg{±# n` nc w~n t|gxû ~`g cï`ng w~n kj|tglg nc kj`ti`n`tn y nvkc~ïg g cj{ n{cguj{ dnc N{tn dnc kjoø`dn{ti`j dn cg{ ¡m|g`dn{ `gkij`n{± dnc Jn{tn# w~n {n|ïg` nc tnog dn {~ cil|j. ¡@j r~ndn gei|og|{n w~n n{j{r~nlcj{ rn|tn`nxkg` tgolié` g cg ~ìdgd dn `~n{t|g{ `gkij`n{1 {~{ kj{t~ol|n{ y {~ kj`{tit~kiû` cj{ fg`{nrg|gdj dn{dn {inor|n dn nccg. N` n{tg érjkg `j nhn|kin|j` ì`mø` ièc~hj i`dnrn`din`tn# {i`j w~n grg|nkn`kjoj on|j{ {~lj|di`gdj{ j g`tgmjì{tg{. Gfj|g y {inor|n# n{j{ r~nlcj{ n{tç` lg÷gdj{# rj| g{ï dnki|# rj| cg{jcg{ |nec~n`tn{ dn cj{ ojuioin`tj{ mn`n|gcn{ dn cg fi{tj|ig±7. [ûcj Jkkidn`tn rg|tikirû n` cg{ oim|gkij`n{lç|lg|g{# cg{ k|~xgdg{ ondinugcn{ y cg{ ojdn|`g{ kj`w~i{tg{ kjcjìgcn{ w~n n|g`# rg|g \gàn# cj{ d|ni m|j{{nGtnoxómn din{n{ ~ùn|mcnikfcikfn` Un|ni`{ 8 ¡cj{ t|n{ m|g`dn{ fçcitj{ {~|midj{ dn n{tg ~ìû` i`kjorg|glcn± <.Rjkj{ g÷j{ dn{r~é{# Fnmnc {n÷gcglg w~n ¡n` kin|tg ondidg# cj{ n{cguj{ fg` {idj gt|gïdj{ g cg n{en|g dn cg \gxû`jkkidn`tgc±# r~n{ ¡n` jkg{ij`n{# y n` kgcidgd dn m~g|dig gug`xgdg —kjoj `gkiû` i`tn|ondig—# tjog|j` rg|tnn` cg c~kfg n`t|n cg N~|jrg k|i{tig`g y nc G{ig `j k|i{tig`g±. Rn|j nc onjccj dn {~ ui{iû` dn cg fi{tj|ig dn cg|nmiû` j|in`tgc dnc kj`ti`n`tn n|g o~y {nonhg`tn gc dn \gàn. ¡Kj` tjdj# n{tn kj`h~`tj dn r~nlcj{ w~ndgnvkc~idj dn `~n{t|g kj`{idn|gkiû`# rj|w~n fg{tg gfj|g `j fg` grg|nkidj kjoj ~` ncnon`tj i`dnrn`din`tn n` cg{n|in dn eg{n{ w~n fg g{~oidj cg \gxû` n` nc o~`dj±;. [imcj y ondij dn{r~é{# cj{ fi{tj/

7 Cnjrjcd uj` \gàn# Mn{kfikftn dn| |jogì{kfn` ~`d mn|ogì{kfn` Uõcan| uj` 7494 li{ 7>74# Cnirxim# 766># r. VIV.< \gàn# jr. kit.# r. VVV.; M. ]. E. Fnmnc# Tfn rficj{jrfy je fi{tj|y# Cj`d|n{# 76=6# r. ;5;. QEicj{jeïg dn cg fi{tj|ig# Ogd|id# M|ndj{# 79=<._

QRçm. 6_

|igdj|n{ kj`tnorj|ç`nj{ nuitg` `j|ogcon`tn n{n tj`j. Cg{ kgtnmj|ïg{ étìkg{ fg` dgdj rg{j g cj{ té|oi`j{mnjm|çeikj{# rn|j cg di{ti`kiû` n`t|n N{tn y Jn{tn y {~ dgtgkiû` g rg|ti| dn cg Ndgd J{k~|g rn|og`nkn`r|çktikgon`tn idé`tikg{. Dikfj dn jt|g ej|og# {~ grcikgkiû` kjoin`xg kj` cg grg|ikiû` dnc en~dgci{oj# n`gw~nccg n|g fi{tû|ikg n` w~n kjon`xû g iùn|ti|{n dn ej|og dnki{iug cg |ncgkiû` kcç{ikg dn cg{ |nmij`n{ dncIorn|ij |jog`j8 nc N{tn gug`xgdj y nc Jn{tn gt|g{gdj. N{tn kgolij dn {im`j r~ndn jl{n|ug|{n n` kg{i tjdj{ cj{n{t~dij{ {jl|n cg t|g`{ikiû` dn cg G`timóndgd g cg Ndgd Ondig. G{ï# cg{ nvrcikgkij`n{ dn cg kgïdg dnc Iorn|ij

r|jr~n{tg{ n` nc oç{ |nkin`tn y oj`~on`tgc n{t~dij {jl|n cg dnkgdn kig dn cg G`timóndgd —Tfn cgtn| \jog`Nori|n# dn Hj`n{— mi|g` kj`ti`~gon`tn n` tjoj g cg{ dien|n`kig{ n{t|~kt~|gcn{ n`t|n nc N{tn y nc Jn{tn n` nc{n`j dnc Iorn|ij. Nc N{tn# kj` {~{ |ikg{ y `~on|j{g{ ki~dgdn{# {~ nkj`joïg dn{g||jccgdg# {~ rnw~n÷jkgorn{i`gdj# {~ |ncgtiug ~ìdgd kïuikg y {~ cnhg`ïg mnjm|çeikg dn cj{ oç{ d~|j{ gtgw~n{ lç|lg|j{# {jl|nuiuiû1 ncJn{tn# kj` {~ rjlcgkiû` oç{ di{rn|{g y {~{ ki~dgdn{ oç{ délicn{# {~ g|i{tjk|gkig dn ogm`gtn{ y {~ kgorn{i`gdjjr|ioidj rj| cg{ |n`tg{# {~ g`g|w~ïg rjcïtikg y {~ u~c`n|glicidgd n{t|gtémikg e|n`tn g cg{ iùg{ij`n{ mn|oçìkg{#{~k~oliû4. Nc ei` dn cg G`timóndgd w~ndû {nccgdj n`tj`kn{ rj| cg{ kj`w~i{tg{ ç|gln{ w~n diuidin|j` cg{ dj{j|iccg{ dnc Onditn||ç`nj. Nc Iorn|ij j|in`tgc {n kjùi|tiû n` Lixg`kij# ~` {i{tnog rjcïtikj y {jkigc dien|n`tn gc |n{tj dnc kj`ti`n`tn n~|jrnj. N` n{tn `~nuj n{rgkij mnjm|çeikj w~n {~|miû n` cg Ndgd J{k~|g# cg rjcg|idgd n`t|nJ|in`tn y Jkkidn`tn iùi|tiû {~ kj``jtgkiû`. Lcjkf noitiû nc g~tj|ixgdj h~ikij dn w~n ¡g rg|ti| dnc {imcj UIIInvi{tiû ~` m|~rj kcg|gon`tn dncioitgdj dn {jkindgdn{# n` cg N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc y kn`t|gc k~yj{ ncnon`tj{# rj|

o~y. diun|{j{ w~n e~n{n # n{tglg` {ûcidgon`tn kion tgdj{ n` r|je~`dg{ {ioicit~dn{ y n` |ncgkij`n{kj`{tg`tn{±. N{tg |nmiû` e~n cg w~n dij j|imn` g cg N~|jrg ondinugc8 ¡Cg nkj`joïg n~|jrng dn cg Ndgd Ondig—n` cg ondidg n` w~n n{tn gdhntiuj# tjogdj dn cg uinhg `jon`kcgt~|g mnjm|çeikg dn cg{ –ki`kj rg|tn{ dnco~`dj‟# r~ndn ~{g|{n rg|g dn{im`g| g ~`g un|dgdn|g |ngcidgd f~og`g— n{ cg dnc lcjw~n cgti`j y mn|og`j#lj|dngdj rj| ~`j{ rjkj{ i{cjtn{ knctg{ y rj| ~`g{ k~g`tg{ e|g`hg{ n{cgug{# y kj`d~kidj m|gd~gcon`tn fgkig ~`gk~ct~|g kjoø` Q..._ G{ï kjo/

4 G. F. O. Hj`n{# Tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# <6</52<# Jvej|d# 7954# ujc. II# rçmi`g{ 72<5/56.

QRçm. 9_

r|n`didg y g{ï dncioitgdg# N~|jrg n{ ~`g k|ngkiû` dn cg Gctg Ndgd Ondig±>. Lcjkf nvkc~yû nvr|n{gon`tn dn {~

dneiìkiû` {jkigc dnc kj`ti`n`tn g cg{ |nmij`n{ w~n fjy ej|og` cg N~|jrg j|in`tgc8 ¡Cg ogyj| rg|tn dnc J|in`tnn{cguj `j rn|tn`nkn n` ojdj gcm~`j g nccg Q..._ N{ iorj{ilcn g`gcixg| h~`tg{# n` nc oi{oj jlhntj dn ~` n{t~dijkin`tïeikj# {~{ kj`dikij`n{ nkj`ûoikg{ y cg{ dn {~{ unki`j{ jkkidn`tgcn{. [~ n{t|~kt~|g {jkigc |gdikgcon`tn

> * 7>2



dien|n`tn y {~ n{rnkigcï{iog uïg dn dn{g||jccj ioridn` n` gl{jc~tj n{n tirj dn kjè~{iû`. Kgn| n` nccg {n|ïgkjoj onxkcg| g N~|jrg y cj{ rgï{n{ n~|jrnixgdj{ kj` Kfi`g j Rn|{ig n` ~`g fi{tj|ig nkj`ûoikg dnc {imcjVIV±5. Cj{ {~kn{j|n{ dn Lcjkf fg` |n{rntgdj {~{ û|dn`n{. Cg ej|ogkiû` dn N~|jrg y cg mn|oi`gkiû` dncen~dgci{oj {n fg` kjèi`gdj mn`n|gcon`tn g cg fi{tj|ig dn cg oitgd jkkidn`tgc dnc kj`ti`n`tn# nvkc~yn`dj dnn{tn g`çci{i{ g cg oitgd j|in`tgc. Nc g~tj|ixgdj n{t~dij dn D~ly {jl|n cg nkj`joïg en~dgc tnor|g`g# w~nkjoin`xg n` nc {imcj IV# {n tit~cg yg C’ékj`join |~|gcn nt cg uin dn{ kgorgm`n{ dg`{ c’Jkkidn`t oédiéugc =. Cg{ej|og{ k~ct~|gcn{ y rjcïtikg{ k|ngdg{ rj| nc en~dgci{oj n` nc oi{oj rn|ïjdj —cg ¡{nk|ntg |nujc~kiû` dn n{tj{{imcj{±6— kj`{tit~yn` nc `økcnj r|i`kirgc dnc cil|j dn [j~tfn|` Tfn ogai`m je tfn Oiddcn Gmn{ . Cg gorcit~d dnctït~cj jk~ctg ~`g ncir{i{ rj| cg w~n {n idn`tieikg iorcïkitgon tn ~` tinorj n{rnkïeikj kj` ~` n{rgkijdntn|oi`gdj. Cg r|ion|g e|g{n dnc cil|j dnkcg|g8 ¡Nc tnog dn n{tn cil|j n{ cg ej|ogkiû` dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgcdn{dn ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj V fg{tg r|i kirij{ dnc VIII±9. Gw~ï# nc o~`dj ondinugc {n kjùin|tn n` N~|jrgjkkidn`tgc tj~t kj~|t . G{ï r~n{# cg di{ti`kiû` n`t|n J|in`tn y Jkkidn`tn {n |necnhg n` cg fi{tj|ijm|geïg ojdn|`gdn{dn nc oi{oj kjoin`xj dn cg n|g rj{kcç{ikg. [~{ j|ïmn`n{# n` nenktj# {j` kjntç`nj{ g cj{ dnc oi{ojen~dgci{oj. Rj| kj`{im~in`tn# tjdj n{t~dij og|vi{tg dn cg{ dien|n`tn{ nujc~kij`n{ fi{tû|ikg{ dnc kj`ti`n`tn dnlng`gcixg| g`tn tjdj cg ogt|ix mn`n|gc dnc en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj. [ûcj k~g`dj {n fgyg fnkfj n{tj {n|ç rj{ilcnkj`{idn|g| fg{tg w~é r~`tj y n` w~é di|nkkiû` n{ rj{ilcn t|gxg| ~`g fi{tj|ig diun|mn`tn dn {~{ |nmij`n{jkkidn`tgc y j|in`tgc.

> Og|k Lcjkf# Oécg`mn{ fi{tj|iw~n{ # Rg|ï{# 795;# ujc. I# rr. 7<;/4.5 Lcjkf# jr. kit.# r. 7<4.= Mnj|mn{ D~ly# C’ékj join |~|gcn nt cg uin dn{ kgorgm n{ dg`{ c’Jkdn t oédiéugc # Rg|ï{# 795<1 t|gd~kkiû` i`mcn{g# Cj`d|n{# 7956.QNkj`joïg |~|gc y uidg kgorn{i`g n` nc Jkkidn`tn ondinugc # Lg|kncj`g# Rn`ï`{~cg# 79=;._6 \. ]. [j~tfn|`# Tfn ogai`m je tfn Oiddcn Gmn{ # Cj`d|n{# 79>;# r. 7;.9 [j~tfn|`# jr. kit.# r. 77.

QRçm. 72_

7. NC OJDJ DN R\JD^KKIÛ@ N[KCGUI[TG

Cg mé`n{i{ dnc kgritgci{oj fg {idj jlhntj dn o~kfj{ n{t~dij{ i`{ri|gdj{ n` nc ogtn|igci{oj fi{tû|ikj dn{dn ncoi{oj ojon`tj n` w~n Og|v cn dndikg|g gcm~`j{ egoj{j{ kgrït~cj{ dn Nc kgritgc . Cg mé`n{i{ dnc en~dgci{oj#rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# {n fg w~ndgdj kg{i {i` n{t~dig| dn`t|j dn cg oi{og t|gdikiû` y `~`kg fg {idj i`tnm|gdg n` nckj|r~{ mn`n|gc dn cg tnj|ïg og|vi{tg kjoj n{rnkïeikj tirj dn t|g`{ikiû` fgkig ~` `~nuj ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`. [i`nolg|mj# y kjoj tn`d|noj{ jkg{iû` dn un|# {~ iorj|tg`kig rg|g nc ojdncj mcjlgc dn fi{tj|ig w~ixç `j {ngon`j| w~n cg dn cg t|g`{ikiû` gc kgritgci{oj. Nc {jcno`n h~ikij dn Millj` {jl|n cg kgïdg dn \jog y nc ei` dn cgG`timóndgd grg|nkn fjy# rg|gdûhikgon`tn# w~ixç rj| unx r|ion|g n` tjdg {~ un|dgd8 ¡^`g |nujc~kiû` w~ntjdguïg {in`tn` y w~n {inor|n |nkj|dg|ç` tjdg{ cg{ `gkij`n{ dn cg Tin||g±7. G dien|n kig dnc kg|çktn|¡gk~o~cgtiuj± dn cg grg|ikiû` dnc kgritgci{oj# cg mé`n{i{ dnc en~dgci{oj n` N~|jrg {n dn|iuû dn ~` kjcgr{j¡kgtg{t|ûeikj± y kjùn|mn`tn dn dj{ g`tn|ij|n{ y dien|n`tn{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû`# k~yg |nkjoli`gkiû` dnncnon`tj{ dn{i`tnm|gdj{ ciln|û cg n{rnkïeikg {ï`tn{i{ en~dgc# w~n# n` kj`{nk~n`kig# {inor|n |nt~uj ~` kg|çktn|fïl|idj. Cj{ dj{ r|ndnkn{j|n{ dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc e~n|j`# `gt~|gcon`tn# nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`n{kcgui{tg# yg n` t|g`kn dn dn{kjorj{ikiû` y {jl|n k~yj{ kioin`tj{ {n fglïg cnug`tgdj n` jt|j tinorj tjdj nc

n`j|on ndieikij dnc Iorn|ij |jog`j# y cj{ dicgtgdj{ y dnej|ogdj{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû`7 Tfn fi{tj|y je tfn dnkci`n g`d egcc je tfn \jog` Nori|n# ujc. I# 7695 &ndikiû` L~|y)# r. 7. Millj` {n |nt|gktû dn n{tn h~ikij n` ~`g `jtgog`~{k|itg dn{ti`gdg g ~`g |nui{iû` dn {~ cil|j n` cg w~n cioitglg {~ |nen|n`kig {ûcj g cj{ rgï{n{ dn N~|jrg# y `j g cj{ dnc o~`dj.¡ºTin`n` G{ig y Çe|ikg# dn{dn Hgrû` g Og||~nkj{# gcmø` {n`tioin`tj j |nk~n|dj dnc Iorn|ij |jog`j:±# {n r|nm~`tglg & jr. kit.# r.VVVU). Millj` n{k|iliû dnog{igdj r|j tj rg|g un| n` w~é ondidg fgl|ïg dn ¡{n`ti|± nc |n{tj dnc o~`dj nc iorgktj dn N~|jrg y dn cg{kj`{nk~n`kig{ ei`gcn{ dn cg ¡|nujc~kiû`± w~n fglïg dn{k|itj. @i nc |nojtj Hgrû` ì nc unki`j Og||~nkj{ w~ndg|ïg` iò~`n{ g cg fi{tj|igw~n n{g |nujc~kiû` fglïg i`g~m~|gdj.

QRçm. 77_

r|ioitiuj{ dn cj{ iùg{j|n{ mn|og`j{ w~n {jl|nuiuin|j` n` {~{ r|jrig{ tin||g{ t|g{ cg{ kj`w~i{tg{ lç|lg|g{. N{tj{dj{ o~`dj{ |gdikgcon`tn di{ti`tj{ fglïg` {~e|idj ~`g cn`tg dn{i`tnm|gkiû` y ~`g {icn`kij{g i`tn|rn`nt|gkiû`d~|g`tn cj{ øctioj{ {imcj{ dn cg G`timóndgd.

Rg|g un| kûoj {n r|jd~hj tjdj n{tj n{ `nkn{g|ij ujcun| cg oi|gdg fgkig cg ogt|ix j|imi`g|ig dn tjdg cg

5 * 7>2



kiuicixgkiû` dnc o~`dj kcç{ikj. Cg G`timóndgd m|nkj||jog`g {inor|n kj`{tit~yû ~` ~ìun|{j kn`t|gdj n` cg{ki~dgdn{. Nc n{rcn`dj| y cg {nm~|idgd dn cg tnor|g`g rjci{ fncéìkg y dn cg tg|dïg |nrølcikg |jog`g# w~ng{jol|g|j` g tg`tg{ érjkg{ rj{tn|ij|n{# |nr|n{n`tglg` nc knìt dn ~` {i{tnog rjcïtikj y dn ~`g k~ct~|g ~|lg`gw~n `~`kg fg {idj im~gcgdj rj| ì`mø` jt|j oicnìj. Cg eicj{jeïg# cg kin`kig# cg rjn{ïg# cg fi{tj|ig# cgg|w~itnkt~|g# cg n{k~ct~|g1 nc dn|nkfj# cg gdoiì{t|gkiû`# cg oj`ndg# cj{ ior~n{tj{1 nc {~e|gmij# cj{ dnlgtn{# ncgci{tgoin`tj oicitg|8 tjdj n{j {~|miû y {n dn{g||jccû fg{tg ~`j{ ìuncn{ dn e~n|xg y dn kjorcnhidgd iìm~gcgdj{.Gc oi{oj tinorj# {i` nolg|mj# n{tn e|i{j dn kiuicixgkiû` ki~dgdg`g {inor|n t~uj {jl|n {~ rj{tn|idgd kin|tjnenktj dn egkfgdg n` t|jorn c’jnic # rj|w~n t|g{ n{tg k~ct~|g y n{tn {i{tnog rjcïtikj ~|lg`j{ `j nvi{tïg ì`m~`gnkj`joïg ~|lg`g w~n r~din|g ondi|{n kj` nccj{. Gc kj`t|g|ij# cg |iw~nxg ogtn|igc w~n {j{tn`ïg {~ uitgcidgdi`tncnkt~gc y kïuikg r|jkndïg n` {~ iòn`{g ogyj|ïg dnc kgorj. Nc o~`dj kcç{ikj e~n og{iug n iùg|iglcnon`tn|~|gc n` {~{ lç{ikg{ r|jrj|kij n{ k~g`titgtiug{. Cg gm|ik~ct~|g |nr|n{n`tû d~|g`tn tjdg {~ fi{tj|ig nc çolitjgl{jc~tgon`tn djoi`g`tn dn r|jd~kkiû` y r|jrj|kij`û dn ej|og iùg|iglcn cg{ r|i`kirgcn{ ej|t~ g{ dn cg{ki~dgdn{. Cg{ ki~dgdn{ m|nkj||jog`g{ `~`kg e~n|j` r|ndjoi`g`tnon`tn kjo~ìdgdn{ dn og`~egkt~|n|j{#kjon|kig`tn{ j g|tn{g`j{# {i j w~n n` {~ j|imn` y r|i`kirij kj`{tit~yn|j` gm|~rgkij`n{ ~|lg g{ dntn||gtnìn`tn{. Tjdj{ cj{ û|dn`n{ o~ìkirgcn{# dn{dn cg dnojk|çtikg Gtn`g{ g cg N{rg|tg jcimç|w~ikg j cg \jog{n`gtj|igc# n{t~uin|j` djoi`gdj{ n{rnkigcon`tn rj| r|jrintg|ij{ gm|ïkjcg{. [~{ i`m|n{j{ r|jun`ïg` dn cj{kn|ngcn{# nc gknitn y nc ui`j# cj{ t|n{ r|jd~ktj{ lç{ikj{ dnc o~`dj g`tim~j# k~ctiugdj{ n` fgkin`dg{ y ei`kg{{it~gdg{ e~n|g dnc rn|ïont|j eï{ikj dn cg r|jrig ki~dgd. Dn`t|j dn é{tg# cg{ og`~egkt~|g{ n|g` n{kg{g{ y

|~dion`tg|ig{8 cg mgog `j|ogc dn on|kg`kïg{ ~|lg`g{ `~`kg {n nvtn`diû o~kfj oç{ gccç dn cj{ tnvticn{# cgkn|çoikg# cj{ o~nlcn{ y cj{ jl/

QRçm. 7<_

hntj{ dn k|i{tgc. Cg tékìkg n|g {n`kiccg# cg dnog`dg cioitgdg y nc t|g`{rj|tn n`j|onon`tn kg|j. Nc |n{~ctgdj dnnccj e~n w~n n` cg G`timóndgd cg{ og`~egkt~|g{ {n dn{g||jccg|j` dn ej|og kg|gktn|ï{tikg `j g kg~{g dn ~`gk|nkin`tn kj`kn`t|gkiû`# kjoj jk~||i|ïg n` érjkg{ rj{tn|ij|n{# {i`j rj| cg dn{kj`t|gkkiû` y cg di{rn|{iû`# ygw~n cg di{tg`kig# oç{ w~n cg diui{iû` dnc t|glghj# diktglg cj{ kj{tn{ |ncgtiuj{ dn r|jd~kkiû`. ^`g idng m|çeikg dncrn{j kjorg|gtiuj dn cg{ nkj`joïg{ |~|gc y ~|lg`g n` nc o~`dj kcç{ikj cg r|jrj|kij`g` cj{ |n{rnktiuj{ i`m|n{j{ei{kgcn{ r|jd~kidj{ rj| kgdg ~`g nccg{ n` nc Iorn|ij |jog`j dnc {imcj IU d. K.# k~g`dj nc kjon|kij ~|lg`j

w~ndû dneiìtiugon`tn {jontidj rj| unx r|ion|g g ~` ior~n{tj iorn|igc kj` cg kjccgtij c~{t|gci{ dn Kj`{tg`ti`j8cj{ i`m|n{j{ r|jkndn`tn{ dn n{tn ior~n{tj n` cg{ ki~dgdn{ `~`kg {~rn|g|j` nc > rj| kin`tj dn cj{ ior~n{tj{{jl|n cg tin||g<.

@gt~|gcon`tn# cg di{t|il~kiû` n{tgdï{tikg dnc r|jd~ktj dn golj{ {nktj|n{ `j lg{tg rg|g |n{tg| iorj|tg`kignkj`ûoikg g cg{ ki~dgdn{ dn cg G`timóndgd# rj|w~n n` ~` o~`dj ~ìej|onon`tn gm|ïkjcg nc ln`neikij l|~tj dnckjon|kij ~|lg`j tgc unx `j {ng o~y lghj# rn|j cg {~rn|ij|idgd `ntg w~n r~ndn r|jrj|kij`g| g ~`g nkj`joïggm|g|ig {jl|n tjdg{ cg{ dnoç{ tgc unx {ng dnki{iug. Cg kj`dikiû` r|nuig dn n{tn |g{mj di{ti`tiuj dn cg kiuicixgkiû`kcç{ikg e~n {~ kg|çktn| kj{tn|j;. Cg G`timóndgd m|nkj||jog`g e~n w~i`tgn{n`kigcon`tn onditn||ç ng n` {~ oç{r|je~`dg n{t|~kt~|g# rj|w~n nc kjon|kij i`tn|cjkgc w~n cg ~`ïg {ûcj rjdïg |ngcixg|{n rj| og|. Nc kjon|kijog|ïtioj n|g nc øìkj ondij uiglcn dn i`tn|kgolij on|kg`tic rg|g di{tg`kig{ ondig{ j cg|mg{. Cg iorj|tg`kigkjcj{gc dnc og| rg|g nc kjon|kij r~ndn gr|nkig|{n rj| nc {iorcn fnkfj dn w~n n` cg érjkg dn Dijkcnkig`j n|goç{ lg|gtj nùig| t|imj rj| lg|kj dn{dn [i|ig g N{rg÷g —dn ~` nvt|noj g jt|j dnc Onditn||ç`nj— w~nt|g`{rj|/

< G. F. O. Hj`n{# Tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# ujc. I# r. 45>. Nc ior~n{tj n|g rgmgdj rj| cj{ `nmjtigtj|n{ # n{ dnki|# r|çktikgon`tn rj| tjdj{cj{ w~n {n dndikglg` g k~gcw~in| tirj dn r|jd~kkiû` kjon|kigc n` cg{ ki~dgdn{# yg e~n{n` on|kgdn|n{ j g|tn{g`j{. G rn{g| dn {~ oïìoj|n`dioin`tj# n{tn ior~n{tj {n |nuncû kjoj gcmj r|je~`dgon`tn jr|n{iuj n iorjr~cg| rg|g cg rjlcgkiû ~|lg`g1 fg{tg tgc r~`tj n|g e|çmiccg nkj`joïg dn cg{ ki~dgdn{.; Ogv ]nln| e~n nc r|ion| iùn{timgdj| w~n fixj fi`kgrié n` n{tn fnkfj e~`dgon`tgc# n` {~{ dj{ m|g`dn{ y jcuidgdj{ n{t~dij{#¡Gm|g|un|fäctì{{n io Gctn|t~o± y ¡Din [jxigcn` M|ó`dn dn{ ^`tn|mg`m{ dn| G`tian` A~ct~|±. Uég{n Mn{goonctn G~e{ätxn x~| [jxigc~`d ]i|t{kfget{mn{kfikftn# T~li`mg# 79<4# rr. 4 {{.# <9< {{.

QRçm. 7;_

tg|cj 7<2 aicûont|j{ n` kg||ntg{4. G{ï# `j n{ kg{~gc w~n cg xj`g dnc Nmnj —cgln|i`tj dn i{cg{# r~n|tj{ yr|joj`tj|ij{— fgyg {idj nc r|ion| fjmg| dn cg ki~dgd/N{tgdj1 ì w~n Gtn`g{# {~ r|i`kirgc nhnorcj# fgyglg{gdj {~ ej|t~`g kjon|kigc n` nc t|g`{rj|tn og|ïtioj1 ì w~n# k~g`dj cg kjcjìxgkiû` m|inmg {n nvtn`diû fgkig

= * 7>2



nc J|in`tn R|ûvioj n` cg érjkg fncn`ï{tikg# nc r~n|tj dn Gcnhg`d|ïg {n kjùi|tin|g n` cg ogyj| ki~dgd dn Nmirtjy e~n|g cg r|ion|g kgritgc og|ïtiog dn {~ fi{tj|ig1 ì w~n \jog# ei`gcon`tn# {n kjùi|tin|g g {~ unx# gm~g{ g||ilgdnc Tïln|# n` ~`g ont|ûrjci kj{tn|g. Nc gm~g n|g nc ondij i`{~{tit~ilcn dn kjo~ìkgkiû` y kjon|kij w~n fgkïgrj{ilcn ~` k|nkioin`tj dn ~`g kj`kn`t|gkiû` y kjorcnhidgd o~y {~rn|ij| gc ondij |~|gc w~n cj {j{tn`ïg. Nc og|e~n nc unfïk~cj dnc ior|nui{ilcn n{rcn`dj| dn cg G`timóndgd. Cg n{rnkïeikg kjoli`gkiû` dn ki~dgd y kgorj w~nkg|gktn|ixû gc o~`dj kcç{ikj e~n jrn|gtiug# n` øctioj té|oi`j# dnlidj øìkgon tn gc cgmj {it~gdj n` {~ kn`t|j.Nc Onditn||ç`nj n{ nc øìkj m|g` og| i`tn|ij| n` tjdg cg ki|k~èn|n`kig dn cg Tin||g8 {ûcj éc je|nkïg g ~`giorj|tg`tn xj`g mnjm|çeikg cg uncjkidgd dnc t|g`{rj|tn og|ïtioj h~`tj kj` cj{ |ne~mij{ tn||n{t|n{ kj`t|g cj{uin`tj{ y nc jcnghn. Cg rj{ikiû` øìkg dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg n` cg fi{tj|ig `j r~ndn {nrg|g|{n dn n{tnr|iuicnmij eï{ikj.

N` jt|g{ rgcgl|g{# nc Onditn||ç`nj r|jrj|kij`û nc `nkn{g|ij og|kj mnjm|çeikj g cg kiuicixgkiû` g`tim~g# rn|j {~kj`tnìdj y `jundgd fi{tû|ikg{ |gdikg`# {i` nolg|mj# n` cg lg{n {jkigc dn cg |ncgkiû` n`t|n ki~dgd y kgorj w~n{n n{tglcnkiû n` {~ i`tn|ij|. Nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg e~n cg iùn`kiû` dnki{iug dnc o~`djm|nkj||jog`j y cj w~n r|jrj|kij`û cg lg{n øctiog tg`tj dn {~{ |ngcixgkij`n{ kjoj dn {~ nkcir{n. N{ r|nki{j{~l|gyg| cg j|imi`gcidgd dn n{tn ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`. Cg n{kcguit~d yg fglïg nvi{tidj n` ej|og{ dien|n`tn{d~|g`tn tjdg cg G`timóndgd n` nc J|in`tn R|ûvioj# kjoj fgl|ïg dn nvi{ti| oç{ gdncg`tn n` tjdg G{ig1 rn|j{inor|n fglïg {idj ~`g kj`dikiû` h~|ïdikgon`tn ior~|g —w~n kj` e|nk~n`kig tjoglg cg. ej|og dn {n|uid~ol|n

rj| dn~dg{ j dé t|glghj ej|xgdj—# n`t|n jt|j{ tirj{ oivtj{ dn {n|uid~ol|n# y ej|ogdj {ûcj ~`g kgtnmj|ïg o~y|nd~kidg n` ~` kj`ti`~j goj|ej dn dnrn`dn`kig y egctg dn ciln|tgd w~n ccnmglg fg{tg o~y g||ilg n` cg n{kgcg{jkigc>. Cg n{kcguit~d `~`kg e~n nc tirj r|ndjoi`g`tn dn nvt|gkkiû` dn nv/

4 Hj`n{# Tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# II# rr. 647/<.> O. I. Ei`cny# ¡Lnt}nn` {cgun|y g`d e|nndjo±# Kjorg|gtiun [t~din{ i` [jkinty g`d Fi{tj|y # UI# 795;# rr. <;=/6.

QRçm. 74_

kndn`tn n` n{tg{# oj`g|w~ïg{ r|nfncéìkg{# {i`j ~` en`ûon`j |n{id~gc w~n nvi{tïg gc og|mn` dn cg r|i`kirgcog`j dn jl|g |~|gc. Cj{ iorn|ij{ {~on|ij# lglicûìkj# g{i|ij y nmirkij —N{tgdj{ ec~uigcn{# lg{gdj{ n` ~`ggm|ik~ct~|g i`tn`{iug y dn |nmgdïj w~n kj`t|g{tg kj` nc k~ctiuj dn tin||g{ cimn|g{ y dn {nkg`j dnc o~`dj

onditn||ç`nj rj{tn|ij|— `j e~n|j` nkj`joïg{ n{kcgui{tg{# y {~{ {i{tnog{ cnmgcn{ kg|nkïg` dn ~`g kj`knrkiû`n{t|iktgon`tn dneiìdg dn cg r|jrindgd dn lin`n{ o~nlcn{. Cg{ ki~dgdn{/N{tgdj m|inmg{ e~n|j` cg{ r|ion|g{ n`fgkn| dn cg n{kcguit~d gcmj gl{jc~tj n` {~ ej|og y djoi`g`tn n` {~ nvtn`{iû`# t|g`{ej|oç`djcg g{ï dn r~|ji`{t|~on tj {nk~`dg|ij n` ~` {i{tnoçtikj ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`. @gt~|gcon`tn# nc o~`dj fncé ikj kcç{ikj `j {nlg{û `~`kg dn ej|og nvkc~{iug n` cg ~ticixgkiû` dnc t|glghj dn n{kcguj{. N` cg{ dien|n`tn{ ki~dgdn{/N{tgdj dnM|nkig# cj{ kgorn{i j{ cil|n{# cj{ g||n dgtg|ij{ dnrn`din`tn{ y cj{ g|tn{g`j{ dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ {inor|nkjnvi{tin|j` n` diun|{g{ ej|og{ kj` cj{ n{kcguj{. [~ r|jrij dn{g||jccj i`tn|`j j nvtn|`j rjdïg kgolig|`jtglcnon`tn cg r|jrj|kiû` dn golj{ dn ~` {imcj g jt|j8 kgdg ej|ogkiû` {jkigc kj`k|ntg n{ {inor|n ~`gn{rnkïeikg kjoli`gkiû` dn dien|n`tn{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû`# y cg{ dn cg G`timóndgd `j kj`{tit~yn|j` ~`gnvknrkiû`5. Rn|j nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` djoi`g`tn n` cg M|nkig kcç{ikg# nc w~n |imiû cg g|tik~cgkiû` kjorcnhg dnkgdg nkj`joïg cjkgc n ior|ioiû {~ {nccj g tjdg cg kiuicixgkiû` dn cg ki~dgd/N{tgdj# e~n nc dn cg n{kcguit~d. N{tj

oi{oj fgl|ïg dn jk~||i| tgolié` n` \jog. Nc o~`dj g`tim~j `~`kg n{t~uj og|kgdj n` {~ tjtgcidgd y dn ej|ogkj`ti`~g y joìr|n{n`tn rj| nc r|ndjoiìj dnc t|glghj n{kcguj. Rn|j cg{ m|g`dn{ érjkg{ kcç{ikg{ n` cg{ w~necj|nkiû cg kiuicixgkiû` dn cg G`timóndgd —M|nkig n` cj{

5 G cj cg|mj dn n{tn cil|j mn`n|gcon`tn {n r|nen|i|ç nc té|oi`j ¡ej|ogkiû` {jkigc± gc dn ¡{jkindgd±. N` nc ~{j og|vi{tg# nc r|jrû{itj dnckj`knrtj dn ej|ogkiû` {jkigc kj`{i{tn r|nki{gon`tn n` {~l|gyg| cg rc~|gcidgd y fntn|jmn`nidgd dn cj{ rj{ilcn{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû`dn`t|j dn ~`g tjtgcidgd fi{tû|ikg y {jkigc dgdg. Rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# cg |nrntikiû` gk|ïtikg dnc té|oi`j ¡{jkindgd± kj`ccnug kj` dnog{igdge|nk~n`kig cg r|n{~`kiû dn ~`g ~ìdgd {~lygkn`tn dn cj nkj`ûoikj# cj rjcïtikj y cj k~ct~|gc dn`t|j dn ~` kj h~`tj fi{tû|ikj# k~g`dj dnfnkfj n{tg {iorcn ~ìdgd n idn`tidgd `j nvi{tn`. G `j {n| w~n {n n{rnkieiw~n cj kj`t|g|ij# cg{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ {j`# r~n{# n` n{tncil|j kjoli`gkij n{ kj`k|ntg{ dn dien|n`tn{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû` j|mgìxgdj{ lghj nc r|ndjoiìj dn ~`j dn nccj{. Rg|g n{tg di{ti`kiû`#uég{n @ikj{ Rj~cg`txg{# Rj~uji| rjcitiw~n nt kcg{{n{ {jkigcn{ # Rg|ï{# 7956# rr. 72/7<. QRjdn| rjcïtikj y kcg{n{ {jkigcn{ n` nc N{tgdjkgritgci{tg# Ogd|id# [imcj VVI# 79=<# rr. 4/=_ ^`g unx gkcg|gdj n{tj# {n|ïg ~`g rndg`tn|ïg nuitg| rj| kjorcntj nc egoicig| té|oi`j dn¡{jkindgd± y gw~ï `j |ngcixg|noj{ ì`mø` n{e~n|xj rj| nuitg|cj.

QRçm. 7>_

{imcj{ U y IU g. K. y \jog dn{dn nc {imcj II g. K. fg{tg nc {imcj II d. K. — e~n|j` gw~nccg{ n` cg{ w~n cg

6 * 7>2



n{kcguit~d e~n og{iug y mn`n|gc n`t|n cj{ jt|j{ {i{tnog{ dn t|glghj. Nc {jc{tikij dn cg k~ct~|g ~|lg`g kcç{ikg{inor|n r|n{n`kiû tgolié` nc knìt dn cg n{kcguit~d# y cg dnkgdn`kig dn cg r|ion|g# n` cg M|nkig fncn`ï{tikg j n`cg \jog k|i{tig`g# {n kg|gktn|ixû iùg|iglcnon`tn rj| cg |nd~kkiû` dn cg {nm~`dg.

G egctg dn n{tgdï{tikg{ eiglcn{# n{ iorj{ilcn kgck~cg| kj` nvgktit~d cg r|jrj|kiû` mcjlgc dn rjlcgkiû` n{kcgug n`cg tin||g j|imi`g|ig dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg# cg M|nkig rj{g|kgikg. Cg{ n{tiogkij`n{ oç{ dim`g{ dnk|éditj ug|ïg` n`j|onon`tn# rn|j ~`g |nkin`tn ugcj|gkiû` n{ w~n cg r|jrj|kiû` dn n{kcguj{*ki~dgdg`j{ cil|n{ n`cg Gtn`g{ dn Rn|ikcn{ n|g gr|jviogdgon`tn dn ; g <=1 n` érjkg{ diun|{g{# nc `øon|j |ncgtiuj dn n{kcguj{ n`W~ïj{# Nmi`g j Kj|i`tj e~n r|jlglcnon`tn ogyj|# oin`t|g{ w~n n` N{rg|tg cg rjlcgkiû` icjtg {inor|n {~rn|ûkj` k|nkn{ g cg ki~dgdg g. N` nc {imcj IU g. K.# G|i{tûtncn{ rjdïg n{k|ili| {i` dg|cn ogyj| iorj|tg`kig w~n ¡cj{N{tgdj{ n{tç` jlcimgdj{ g tn`n| ~` m|g` `øon|j dn n{kcguj{±# oin`t|g{ w~n Hn`jej`tn ncglj|glg ~` rcg` rg|g|n{tg~|g| cg |iw~nxg dn Gtn`g{ n` nc w~n ¡nc N{tgdj rj{nn|ïg n{kcguj{ rølcikj{ fg{tg w~n f~lin|g t|n{ rj| kgdgki~dgdg`j gtnìn`{n±6. G{ï r~n{# n` cg M|nkig kcç{ikg cj{ n{kcguj{ e~n|j` ~ticixgdj{ rj| r|ion|g unx y dn ej|ogfglit~gc n` cg g|tn{g`ïg# cg i`d~{t|ig y cg gm|ik~ct~/

= G. G`d|n}n{# M|nna {jkinty# Cj`d|n{# 795=# r. 7;># w~in` gei|og w~n nc tjtgc dn og`j dn jl|g n{kcgug n|g n` n{tg xj`g dn 62 g 722.222fjol|n{ n` nc {imcj U. k~g`dj nc `øon|j dn ki~dgdg`j{ g{kn`dïg w~ixç g ~`j{ 4>.222. N{tn j|dn` dn ogmìt~d nvimn r|jlglcnon`tn ~`kj`{n`{j oç{ gorcij w~n jt|g{ n{tiogkij n{ oç{ lghg{ j oç{ ncnugdg{. Rn|j tjdg{ cg{ ojdn|`g{ fi{tj|ig{ dn cg G`timóndgd {n |n{in`tn`dn cg egctg dn ~`g ièj|ogkiû` dim`g dn k|éditj {jl|n nc ujc~on` dn cg{ rjlcgkij`n{ y dn cg{ kcg{n{ {jkigcn{. Hj`n{ r~dj kgck~cg| cg

r|jrj|kiû` dn n{kcguj{ y ki~dgdg`j{ n` nc {imcj IU# k~g`dj yg fglïg di{oi`~idj cg rjlcgkiû` dn Gtn`g{# n` 787 {jl|n cg lg{n dn cg{iorj|tgkij`n{ dn m|g`j n` cg ki~dgd8 Gtfnìg` dnojk|gky# Jvej|d# 79>=# rr. =5/9. Ei`cny# rj| {~ rg|tn# fg g|m~on`tgdj w~n n{gr|jrj|kiû` r~dj ccnmg| g {n| dn ; û 487 n` cj{ rn|ïjdj{ r~`tg dn cj{ {imcj{ U y IU8 ¡]g{ M|nna kiuicixgtij` lg{nd j` {cgun cglj~|:±#Fi{tj|ig# UIII# 79>9# rr. >6/9. Cg oj`jm|geïg ojdn|`g oç{ nvtn`{g# g~`w~n i`kjorcntg# {jl|n nc tnog dn cg n{kcguit~d g`tim~g nc cil|jdn ]. C. ]n{tn|og``# Tfn {cgun {y{tno{ je M|nna g`d \jog` g`tiw~ity# Eicgdnceig# 79>># r. 9# ccnmg g ~` `øon|j mcjlgc {nonhg`tn gcgknrtgdj rj| G`d|n}n{ y Ei`cny# n{tj n{# n`t|n 52 y 62.222 n{kcguj{ g kjoin`xj{ dn cg m~n||g dnc Rncjrj`n{j.6 G|i{tûtncn{# Rjcitik{ # UII# iu# 4 QRjcïtikg# Ogd|id# N{rg{g/Kgcrn# 79=<_. Hn`jej`tn# ]gy{ g`d ong`{ # IU# 7=. QCg nkj`joïg y cj{ ondij{ dn g~on`tg| cg{ |n`tg{ ._

QRçm. 75_

|g n` ~`g n{kgcg {~rn|ij| g cg djoé{tikg. Gc oi{oj tinorj# y oin`t|g{ nc ~{j dn cg n{kcguit~d {n fgkïg mn`n|gc#{~ `gt~|gcnxg {n fixj kj||ncgtiugon`tn gl{jc~tg8 yg `j kj`{i{tïg n` ~`g ej|og |ncgtiug dn {n|uid~ol|n n`t|n

jt|g{ o~kfg{# {it~gdg g cj cg|mj dn ~` kj`ti`~j m|gd~gc# {i`j n` ~`g kj`dikiû` nvt|nog dn ré|didg kjorcntg dnciln|tgd# w~n {n y~vtgrj`ïg g ~`g ciln|tgd `~nug y {i` t|glg{. Cg ej|ogkiû` dn ~`g {~lrjlcgkiû` n{kcgug`ïtidgon`tn dncioitgdg e~n# r|nki{gon`tn# cj w~n ncnuû cg ki~dgdg`ïg dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ m|inmg{ g kiog{ fg{tgn`tj`kn{ dn{kj`jkidg{ dn ciln|tgd h~|ïdikg kj`{kin`tn. Cg ciln|tgd y cg n{kcguit~d fncéìkg{ n|g` i`diui{ilcn{8kgdg ~`g dn nccg{ n|g cg kj`dikiû` n{t|~kt~|gc dn cg jt|g# n` ~` {i{tnog diçdikj w~n `j t~uj r|nkndn`tn ìnw~iugcn`tn n` cg{ hn|g|w~ïg{ {jkigcn{ dn cj{ iorn|ij{ dnc J|in`tn R|ûvioj# w~n `j kj`jkin|j` ì cg `jkiû` dnki~dgdg ïg cil|n ì cg dn r|jrindgd {n|uic9. N{tn r|je~`dj kgolij h~|ïdikj e~n n` {ï oi{oj nc kj||ncgtj {jkigc nidnjcûmikj dnc ¡oicgm|j± nkj`ûoikj r|jd~kidj rj| cg grg|ikiû` dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg.

Cg kiuicixgkiû` dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg |nr|n{n`tglg# kjoj yg fnoj{ {n÷gcgdj# cg {~r|nogkïg g`ûogcg dn cgki~dgd {jl|n nc kgorj n` nc og|kj dn ~`g nkj`joïg r|ndjoi`g`tnon`tn |~|gc8 n|g cg g`tïtn{i{ dnc r|ion|

o~`dj en~dgc w~n cn {~kndiû. G egctg dn ~`g i`d~{t|ig o~ìkirgc# cg kj`dikiû` dn rj{ilicidgd dn n{tg m|g`dnxgont|jrjcitg`g n|g cg nvi{tn`kig dn t|glghj n{kcguj n` nc kgorj# rj|w~n {ûcj cj{ n{kcguj{ rjdïg` ciln|g| dn {~{lg{n{ |~|gcn{ g cj{ oinol|j{ dn ~`g kcg{n tn||gtnìn`tn tg` |gdikgcon`tn w~n ccnmg|g` g t|g`{o~tg|{n n`ki~dgdg`j{ n{n`kigcon`tn ~|lg`j{# rj| oç{ w~n {im~in|g` nvt|gyn`dj dn cg tin||g {~ |iw~nxg lç{ikg. G|i{tûtncn{nvr|n{û cg |n{~ctg`tn idnjcjmïg {jkigc dn cg tg|dïg M|nkig kcç{ikg kj` n{tg jkg{ij`gc r|n{k|irkiû`8 ¡N` k~g`tj gcj{ w~n dnln` k~ctiug| cg tin||g# {i kgln ncnmi|# dnln` r|nen|i|{n cj{ n{kcguj{# y tn`n| k~idgdj dn w~n `j {ng`tjdj{ dn cg oi{og `gkiû`# y r|i`kirgcon`tn dn w~n `j {ng` lncikj{j{. Kj` n{tg{ dj{ kj`dikij`n{ {n|ç`nvkncn`tn{ rg|g nc t|glghj y `j rn`{g|ç` n` |nlncg|{n. Dn{r~é{ n{ kjùnìn`tn onxkcg| kj` cj{ n{kcguj{ gcm~`j{lç|lg|j{ w~n {ng` {in|uj{ y w~n tn`mg` cg{ oi{og{ k~gcidgdn{ w~n gw~éccj{± c2. N` nc kgorj |jog`j e~nkg|gktn|ï{tikj dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg kjorcntgon`tn dn{g||jccgdj nc fnkfj dn w~n i`kc~{j cg{e~`kij`n{ dn

9 ]n{tn|og``# Tfn {cgun {y{tno{ je M|nna g`d \jog` g`tiw~ity# rçmi`g{ 4</;1 Ei`cny# ¡Lnt}nn` {cgun|y g`d e|nndjo±# rr. <;5/9.72 Rjcitik{ # IU# iv# 9. QRjcïtikg# IU# iv._

9 * 7>2



QRçm. 7=_

di|nkkiû` e~n|g` dncnmgdg{ n` i`{rnktj|n{ y gdoiì{t|gdj|n{ n{kcguj{# w~n rj`ïg` g t|glghg| n` cj{ kgorj{ gk~gd|iccg{ dn n{kcguj{77. G dien|n`kig dnc {n÷j|ïj en~dgc# cg ei`kg kj` n{kcguj{ rn|oitïg ~`g rn|og`n`tndi{y~`kiû` n`t|n cg |n{idn`kig y cg |n`tg1 nc nvkndn`tn kj` nc w~n {n gog{glg` cg{ ej|t~`g{ dn cg kcg{n rj{nndj|grjdïg nvt|gn|{n {i` {~ r|n{n`kig n` cg{ tin||g{. Nc uï`k~cj n`t|n nc r|jd~ktj| |~|gc iòndigtj y nc gr|jrigdj|~|lg`j dn {~ r|jd~ktj `j n|g kj`{~nt~di`g|ij ì n{tglg kj`dikij`gdj rj| cg cjkgcixgkiû` dn cg tin||g# kjojjk~||i|ïg oç{ tg|dn kj` cg {n|uid~ol|n gd{k|irtikig. Gc kj`t|g|ij# n{n uï`k~cj n|g nc gktj kjon|kigc ~ìun|{gc dncg kjor|g dn on|kg`kïg{ w~n {n |ngcixglg n` cg{ ki~dgdn{# dj`dn nc kjon|kij n{kcgui{tg tn`ïg {~{ tïrikj{on|kgdj{. Nc t|glghj n{kcguj dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg n`kg|`glg# r~n{# dj{ gt|il~tj{ kj`t|gdiktj|ij{ n` k~yg~ìdgd |gdikg nc {nk|ntj dn cg rg|gdûhikg r|nkjkidgd ~|lg`g dnc o~`dj m|nkj||jog`j. Rj| ~`g rg|tn# cgn{kcguit~d |nr|n{n`tglg cg oç{ |gdikgc dnm|gdgkiû` |~|gc iogmi`glcn dnc t|glghj# n{tj n{# cg kjùn|{iû` dn cj{fjol|n{ n` ondij{ i`n|tn{ dn r|jd~kkiû` ondig`tn {~ r|iugkiû` dn tjdj{ cj{ dn|nkfj{ {jkigcn{ y {~ g{ioicgkiû`cnmgc g cg{ ln{tig{ dn kg|mg. Cg tnj|ïg |jog`g dnei`ïg gc n{kcguj gm|ïkjcg kjoj i`{t|~on`t~o ujkgcn# fn||goin`tgw~n fglcg# y cj {it~glg ~` m|gdj rj| n`kiog dnc mg`gdj# w~n kj`{tit~ïg ~` i`{t|~on`t~o {noiujkgcn# y dj{m|gdj{ rj| n`kiog dn cj{ grn|j{# w~n n|g` nc i`{t|~on`t~o o~t~o. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# cg n{kcguit~d n|g{io~ctç`ngon`tn cg oç{ d|ç{tikg kjon|kigcixgkiû` ~|lg`g kj`knlilcn dnc t|glghj# n{ dnki|# cg |nd~kkiû` dn tjdgcg rn|{j`g dnc t|glghgdj| g ~` jlhntj n{tg`dg|ixgdj dn kjor|g y un`tg n` cj{ on|kgdj{ ont|jrjcitg`j{ dn

i`tn|kgolij dn on|kg`kïg{. Nc dn{ti`j dn cg iòn`{g ogyj|ïg dn cj{ n{kcguj{ n` cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg n|g nct|glghj gm|ïkjcg &g~`w~n `j e~n|g g{ï {inor|n ì n` tjdg{ rg|tn{# {ï cj e~n n` kj`h~`tj)8 {~ kj`kn`t|gkiû`#|nrg|tj y nùïj {n nenkt~glg `j|ogcon`tn dn{dn cj{ on|kgdj{ dn cg{ ki~dgdn{# n` cg{ w~n o~kfj{ dn nccj{#`gt~|gcon`tn# tgolié` n{tglg` norcngdj{. Cg n{kcg/

77 Cg oi{og ~lik~idgd dnc t|glghj n{kcguj n` nc knìt dn cg |nrølcikg y nc r|i`kirgdj |jog`j{ t~uj nc nenktj rg|gdûhikj dn r|jojun| gdntn|oi`gdg{ kgtnmj|ïg{ dn n{kcguj{ g rj{ikij`n{ gdoiì{t|gtiug{ j r|jen{ij`gcn{ dn |n{rj`{glicidgd# cj w~n g {~ unx egkicitû cgog`~oi{iû y cg {~l{im~in`tn i`tnm|gkiû` dn cj{ fihj{ dn cj{ ciln|tj{ k~gcieikgdj{ n` cg kcg{n dn cj{ ki~dgdg`j{. N{tn r|jkn{j j e~n tg`tj~` rgcigtiuj f~ogìtg|ij dn cg n{kcguit~d kcç{ikg# k~g`tj ~`g `~nug r|~nlg dn cg gl{tn`kiû` |gdikgc dn cg kcg{n di|imn`tn |jog`g dnk~gcw~in| ej|og dn t|glghj r|jd~ktiuj# i`kc~{j dn tirj nhnk~tiuj.

QRçm. 76_

uit~d n|g# r~n{# nc mjx`n nkj`ûoikj w~n ~`ïg g cg ki~dgd y nc kgorj# kj` ~` dn{j|litgdj ln`neikij rg|g cg rjci{ .Og`tn`ïg gw~nccg gm|ik~ct~|g kg~tiug w~n rn|oitïg cg dien|n`kigkiû` |gdikgc dn ~`g kcg{n di|imn`tn ~|lg`g dn {~{j|ïmn`n{ |~|gcn{ y g cg unx r|jojuïg nc kjon|kij n`t|n cg{ ki~dgdn{ w~n n|g nc kjorcnon`tj dn n{tg gm|ik~ct~|gn` nc Onditn||ç`nj. N`t|n jt|g{ un`tghg{# cj{ n{kcguj{ n|g` ~`g on|kg`kïg noi`n`tnon`tn oûuic n` ~` o~`djn` w~n cj{ jl{tçk~cj{ n` nc t|g`{rj|tn tn`ïg` ~`g iorj|tg`kig kgritgc rg|g cg n{t|~kt~|g dn tjdg cg nkj`joïg 7<.Cj{ n{kcguj{ rjdïg` {n| nùigdj{ rj| lg|kj dn ~`g |nmiû` g jt|g {i` ì`m~`g dieik~ctgd1 rjdïg` {n| gdin{t|gdj{n` `~on|j{j{ y diun|{j{ jeikij{1 gdnoç{# n` cg{ érjkg{ dn jen|tg gl~`dg`tn# cj{ n{kcguj{ i`tn|un`ïg` rg|gog`tn`n| lghj{ cj{ kj{tn{ gccï dj`dn t|glghglg` jl|n|j{ g{gcg|igdj{ j g|tn{g`j{ i`dnrn`din`tn{# dnlidj gct|glghj gctn|`gtiuj w~n r|jrj|kij glg`. Cg |iw~nxg y nc lin n{tg| dn cg kcg{n ~|lg g r|jrintg|ig dn cgG`timóndgd kcç{ikg —y# {jl|n tjdj# cg dn Gtn`g{ y \jog n` nc ojon`tj dn {~ n{rcn`dj|— {n lg{g|j` n` ncgorcij nvkndn`tn r|jd~kidj rj| cg joìr|n{n`kig dn n{té {i{tnog dn t|glghj# w~n `j dnhû i`tgktj ì`mø` jt|j.

Nc r|nkij rgmgdj rj| n{tn i`{t|~on`tj l|~tgc y c~k|gtiuj e~n# {i` nolg|mj# o~y gctj. N` cg érjkg kcç{ikg# cg{|ncgkij`n{ n{kcgui{tg{ dn r|jd~kkiû` eihg|j` gcm~`j{ cïoitn{ i`{~rn|glcn{ g cg{ e~n|xg{ dn r|jd~kkiû` dn cgG`timóndgd. [jl|n tjdj# n{g{ |ncgkij`n{ tn`din|j` n` øctioj té|oi`j g rg|gcixg| cg r|jd~ktiuidgd dn cggm|ik~ct~|g y dn cg i`d~{t|ig. N` cg nkj`joïg dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg {n r|jd~hn|j` tgolié`# rj| {~r~n{tj#gcm~`g{ onhj|g{ tékìkg{. @i`mø` ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{tç dn{r|jui{tj dn r|jm|n{j{ ogtn|igcn{ n` {~ eg{ng{kn`dn`tn# y nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg |nmi{t|û# n` {~ onhj| ojon`tj# gcm~`j{ gug`kn{ iorj|tg`tn{ n`nc nw~irgoin`tj nkj`ûoikj dn{g||jccgdj n` nc og|kj dn {~ `~nug diui{iû` {jkigc dnc t|glghj. N`t|n nccj{ {nr~ndn {n÷gcg| cg nvrg`{iû` dn cj{ k~ctiuj{ ui`ïkjcg{ y jcnïkjcg{ oç{ |n`tglcn{1 cg i`t|jd~kkiû` dn ojci`j{mi|gtj|ij{ rg|g nc m|g`j y cg onhj|g n` cg kgcidgd dnc rg`. Gdnoç{# {n di{n÷g|j` `~nug{ r|n`{g{ dn f~{iccj# {ndn{g||jccg|j` oétjdj{ dn {jrcgdj dn uid|ij y {n rn|enkkij`g|j` cj{ {i{tnog{ dn kgcnegkkiû`. N{ r|jlglcn w~n

gug`xg|g` tgolié` cg kjoli`gkiû` dn k~ctiuj{# cj{ kj`jkioin`tj{ ljtçìkj{ y nc d|n`ghn dn cj{ kgorj{7;

. N` nco~`dj kcç{ikj# rj| tg`tj# `j {n

7< ]nln|# ¡Gm|g|un|fäctì{{n io Gctn|t~o±# rr. >/5.

72 * 7>2



7; Uég{n n{rnkigcon`tn E. Ainkfcn# [acgun`g|lnit ~`d tnkfì{kfn| Ej|t/

QRçm. 79_

r|jd~hj ~`g {iorcn rg|gcixgkiû` ei`gc dn cg tékìkg# rn|j# gc oi{oj tinorj# `~`kg {n r|jd~hj ~`g iorj|tg`tnmgog dn iùn`kij`n{ w~n nor~hg|g` g cg nkj`joïg g`tim~g fgkig ~`g{ e~n|xg{ dn r|jd~kkiû` k~gcitgtiugon`tn`~nug{. N` ~`g rn|{rnktiug kjorg|gdg# `j fgy `gdg oç{ {j|r|n`dn`tn w~n nc mcjlgc n{tg`kgoin`tj tnk`jcûmikj

dj cg G`timóndgd74. [n|ç {~eikin`tn kjorg|g| nc fi{tj|igc dn {~{ jkfj {imcj{ dn nvi{tn`kig# dn{dn nc g{kn`{j dnGtn`g{ fg{tg cg kgïdg dn \jog# kj` nc nw~iugcn`tn rn|ijdj dn tinorj dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc w~n cn{~kndiû# rg|g rn|kili| cg dien|n`kig n`t|n ~`g nkj`joïg |ncgtiugon`tn n{tçtikg y jt|g di`çoikg. Oç{ ccgogtiujtjdguïg e~n# rj| {~r~n{tj# nc kj`t|g{tn dn`t|j dnc r|jrij o~`dj kcç{ikj n t|n {~ uitgcidgd k~ct~|gc y{~rn|n{t|~kt~|gc y {~ noljtgoin`tj iè|gn{t|~kt~|gc. Cg tnk`jcjmïg og`~gc dn cg G`timóndgd e~n nvim~g yr|ioitiug# `j {ûcj {i {n oidn rj| nc rgt|û` nvtn|`j dn ~`g fi{tj|ig rj{tn|ij|# {i`j# {jl|n tjdj# {i {n kjorg|g kj`{~ r|jrij ei|ogon`tj i`tncnkt~gc# w~n n` o~kfj{ g{rnktj{ e~`dgon`tgcn{ {inor|n {n og`t~uj rj| n`kiog dncdn cg Ndgd Ondig. [i` d~dg# cg n{t|~kt~|g dn cg nkj`joïg n{kcgui{tg e~n# n` cj e~`dgon`tgc# cg |n{rj`{glcn dnn{tg nvt|gj|di`g|ig dn{r|jrj|kiû`. G|i{tûtncn{# w~n rg|g cg{ érjkg{ rj{tn|ij|n{ e~n nc rn`{gdj| oç{ iorj|tg`tn y|nr|n{n`tgtiuj dn cg G`timóndgd# |n{~oiû cgkûìkgon tn n{tn r|i`kirij {jkigc kj` cg e|g{n8 ¡Nc N{tgdj rn|enktj`j gdoiti|ç `~`kg gc t|glghgdj| og`~gc n`t|n cj{ ki~dgdg`j{# rj|w~n cg ogyj| rg|tn dn nccj{ {j` fjy n{kcguj{ j

nvt|g`hn|j{±7>

. N{n N{tgdj |nr|n{n`tglg cg `j|og idngc dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg# w~n `~`kg {n |ngcixûn` ì`m~`g ej|ogkiû` {jkigc dnc o~`dj g`tim~j. Rn|j {~ cûmikg {inor|n n{t~uj r|n{n`tn dn ej|og iòg`n`tn n`cg `gt~|gcnxg dn cj{ {i{tnog{ nkj`ûoikj{ kcç{ikj{.

^`g unx w~n nc t|glghj og`~gc w~ndglg r|je~`dgon`tn g{jkigdj g cg egctg dn ciln|tgd# `j nvi{tïg ì`mø` n{rgkij{jkigc cil|n rg|g cg iùn`kiû`. Cj{ {jejkg`tn{ nenktj{ dn cg n{kcguit~d {jl|n cg tékìkg `j e~n|j` ~` {iorcnr|jd~ktj dn cg lghg r|jd~ktiuidgd ondig dnc r|jrij t|glghj n{kcgui{tg y ì {iw~in|g dnc

{kf|itt io |õoi{kfn` \nikf# ]in{lgdn`# 7959# rr. 7</7741 C. G. Oj|itx# M|gi`/oiic{ g`d ecj~| i` kcg{{ikgc G`tiw~ity# Jvej|d# 79>61 A. D.]fitn# \jog` eg|oi`m# Cj`d|n{# 79=2# rr. 7<;/4# 74=/=<# 766/97# <52/7# 4><.74 Nc r|jlcnog mn`n|gc n{tç rcg`tngdj n`é|mikgon`tn# kjoj dn kj{t~ol|n# rj| Ei`cny# ¡Tnkfìkgc i``jugtij` g`d nkj`joik r|jm|n{{ i`tfn g`kin`t }j|cd±# Nkj`joik Fi{tj|y \nuin}# VUIII# `øo. 7# 79>># rr. <9/4>. Rg|g cg{ |ngcixgkij`n{ n{rnkïeikg{ dnc Iorn|ij |jog`j#uég{n E. ]. ]gclgà# Tfn g}e~c |nujc~tij`# Ciun|rjjc# 7959# rr. 42/7# 45/=# 726/72.7> Rjcitik{ # III# iu# <. QRjcïtikg# III# iii# <._

QRçm. <2_

ujc~on` dn {~ ~ticixgkiû`# {i`j w~n genktg|j` {~ticon`tn g tjdg{ cg{ ej|og{ dn t|glghj. Og|v i`tn`tû nvr|n{g| nctirj dn gkkiû` w~n nhn|kin|j` n` ~`g e|g{n egoj{g# g~`w~n tnû|ikgon`tn k|ïrtikg8 ¡N` tjdg{ cg{ ej|og{ dn{jkindgd nvi{tn ~`g dntn|oi`gdg r|jd~kkiû` w~n g{im g g tjdg{ cg{ jt|g{ {~ kj||n{rj`din`tn |g`mj n ièc~n`kigy k~yg{ |ncgkij`n{# rj| cj tg`tj# g{im`g` g tjdg{ cg{ jt|g{ nc |g`mj y cg ièc~n`kig. N{ ~`g ic~oi`gkiû` mn`n|gc n`cg w~n {n lg÷g` tjdj{ cj{ kjcj|n{ y w~n ojdieikg cg{ rg|tik~cg|idgdn{ dn é{tj{. N{ kjoj ~` étn| rg|tik~cg| w~ndntn|oi`g nc rn{j n{rnkïeikj dn tjdg{ cg{ ej|og{ dn nvi{tn`kig w~n gccï tjog` |ncinun±75. Kjoj n{ nuidn`tn# cj{n{kcguj{ gm|ïkjcg{ tn`ïg` o~y rjkj{ i`kn`tiuj{ rg|g |ngcixg| {~{ tg|ng{ nkj`ûoikg{ dn ej|og kjorntn`tn y

kj`kin`x~dg k~g`dj {n |ncghglg cg uimicg`kig1 {~ norcnj ûrtioj tn`ïg c~mg| n` cj{ ui÷ndj{ y cj{ jciug|n{. Rj|jt|g rg|tn# o~kfj{ g|tn{g`j{ y gcm~`j{ gm|ik~ctj|n{ n{kcguj{ rj{nïg` g on`~dj ~`g dn{t|nxg `jtglcn# dn`t|j dncj{ cïoitn{ dn cg{ tékìkg{ djoi`g`tn{. Cg kjor~c{iû` n{t|~kt~|gc dn cg n{kcguit~d {jl|n cg tékìkg `j |n{idïgtg`tj n` ~`g kg~{gcidgd i`t|gnkj`ûoikg &g~`w~n é{tg n|g iorj|tg`tn n` {ï oi{og) k~g`tj n` cg ondigtgidnjcjmïg {jkigc w~n |jdnglg g cg tjtgcidgd dnc t|glghj og`~gc n` nc o~`dj kcç{ikj y kj`tgoi`glg gc t|glghjg{gcg|igdj n i`kc~{j gc i`dnrn`din`tn kj` nc n{timog dn cg dn{fj`|g 7=. N` mn`n|gc# nc t|glghj n{kcguj `j n|gon`j{ r|jd~ktiuj w~n nc cil|n n i`kc~{j n` gcm~`j{ kgorj{ {~ r|jd~ktiuidgd n|g {~rn|ij|# rn|j {n`tû cg{ lg{n{dn golj{# dn tgc ej|og w~n n`t|n nccj{ `~`kg {n dn{g||jccû ~`g m|g` diun|mn`kig n` ~` n{rgkij nkj`ûoikjkjoø` w~n nvkc~ïg cg grcikgkiû` dn cg k~ct~|g g cg tékìkg rg|g r|jd~ki| iùn`tj{. Nc diuj|kij n`t|n nc t|glghjogtn|igc y cg n{en|g dn cg ciln|tgd n|g tg` |ïmidj w~n cj{ m|inmj{ `j tn`ïg` {iw~in|g ~`g rgcgl|g n` {~ idijog rg|gnvr|n{g| nc kj`knrtj dn t|glghj# ì kjoj e~`kiû` {jkigc ì n` k~g`tj kj`d~ktg rn|{j`gc. Éc t|glghj gm|ïkjcg y ncg|tn{g`gc {n kj`{idn|glg` n{n`kigcon`tn kjoj ¡gdgrtgkij`n{±

75 M|~`d|i{{n dn| A|itia dn| rjciti{kfn` Õaj`join# Ln|cï`# 79>;# r. <=. QNcnon`tj{ e~`dgon`tgcn{ rg|g cg k|ïtikg dn cg nkj`joïg rjcïtikg #Ogd|id# [imcj VVI# 79=<# rr. <=/6_.

77 * 7>2



7= Ei`cny {n÷gcg w~n nc té|oi`j m|inmj rnìg# w~n fglit~gcon`tn {n jrj`n g rcj~tj{ kjoj ¡rjl|nxg± g ¡|iw~nxg±# tin`n n` |ngcidgd nc{n`tidj rnyj|gtiuj oç{ gorcij dn ¡t|glghj rn`j{j± j dn ¡jlcimgkiû` dn t|glghg|±# y r~ndn glg|kg| i`kc~{j g cj{ rnw~n÷j{ y r|û{rn|j{g||n`dgtg|ij{# {jl|n k~yj t|glghj {n kin|`n tgolié` cg oi{og {jol|g k~ct~|gc8 O. I. Ei`cny# Tfn g`kin`t nkj`joy# Cj`d|n{# 79=;# r. 47.QCg nkj`joïg dn cg G`timóndgd # Ogd|id# EKN# 79=>._

QRçm. <7_

g cg `gt~|gcnxg y `j kjoj t|g`{ej|ogkij`n{ dn é{tg1 golj{ n|g` ej|og{ dn {n|uikij. Rcgtû` tgolié` dn{tn||ûiorcïkitgon`tn g cj{ g|tn{g`j{ dn cg rjci{ 1 rg|g éc ¡nc t|glghj n{ gcmj ghn`j g cj{ ugcj|n{ f~og`j{ y n` gcm~`j{g{rnktj{ i`kc~{j rg|nkn {n| cg g`tïtn{i{ dn cj w~n n{ n{n`kigc gc fjol|n± 76. Cg tékìkg# kj`{idn|gdg kjoji`{t|~on`tgkiû` r|nonditgdg y r|jm|n{iug dnc o~`dj `gt~|gc rj| nc fjol|n# n|g i`kjorgtilcn kj` cgg{ioicgkiû` mcjlgc dnc fjol|n gc o~`dj `gt~|gc kjoj {~ ¡i`{t|~on`tj rg|cg`tn±. Cg r|jd~ktiuidgd w~ndglgeihgdg rj| cg rn|n``n |~ti`g dnc i`{t|~on`t~o ujkgci{ # w~n dnugc~glg tjdj t|glghj gc iorndi| cg r|njk~rgkiû`rn|og`n`tn rj| cj{ {i{tnog{ dn nkj`joïg. Cg uïg tïrikg dn nvrg`{iû` rg|g k~gcw~in| N{tgdj dn cg G`timóndgd{inor|n e~n# r~n{# ~`g uïg ¡cgtn|gc± —cg kj`w~i{tg mnjm|çeikg— y `j nc gug`kn nkj`ûoikj. N` kj`{nk~n`kig# cgkiuicixgkiû` kcç{ikg t~uj ~` kg|çktn| i`fn|n`tnon`tn kjcjìgc 8 cg ki~dgd/N{tgdj knc~cg| {n |nr|jd~kïgiùg|iglcnon`tn g {ï oi{og# n` cg{ eg{n{ dn g~mn# rj| ondij dnc rjlcgoin`tj y cg m~n||g. Cj{ {gw~nj{# cj{t|il~tj{ y cj{ n{kcguj{ n|g` cj{ jlhntj{ e~`dgon`tgcn{ dnc n`m|g`dnkioin`tj# ondij{ y g cg unx ei`n{ dn cgnvrg`{iû` kjcjìgc. Nc rjdn|ïj oicitg| n{tglg w~ixç o~kfj oç{ cimgdj gc k|nkioin`tj nkj`ûoikj w~n n` ì`mø`

jt|j ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` g`tn|ij| j rj{tn|ij|# dnlidj g w~n cg r|i`kirgc e~n`tn dnc t|glghj n{kcguj n|g`j|ogcon`tn cg kgrt~|g dn r|i{ij`n|j{ dn m~n||g# oin`t|g{ w~n cg ej|ogkiû` dn t|jrg{ cil|n{ ~|lg`g{ kj`dn{ti`j g cg m~n||g dnrn`dïg dnc og`tnìoin`tj dn cg r|jd~kkiû` i`tn|`g rj| cj{ n{kcguj{. Cj{ kgorj{ dnlgtgccg r|jrj|kij`glg` og`j dn jl|g rg|g cj{ kgorj{ dn kn|ngcn{ y# uiknun|{g# cj{ t|glghgdj|n{ kg~tiuj{rn|oitïg` cg k|ngkiû` dn

76 H. R. Un|`g`t# Oytfn nt rn`{én kfnx cn{ M|nk{ # Rg|ï{# 795># rr. 79<# 79=/9# <7=. QOitj y rn`{goin`tj n` cg M|nkig g`tim~g# Lg|kncj`g#G|inc# 79=4._ Cj{ dj{ n`{gyj{ dn Un|`g`t# ¡R|joétfén nt cg ej ktij` tnkfìw~n± y ¡T|gugic nt gt~|n dg`{ cg M|ækn g`kin``n± je|nkn ~`g`çci{i{ {~tic dn cg{ di{ti`kij`n{ n`t|n rjin{i{ y r|gvi{ # y dn cg{ |ncgkij`n{ dnc gm|ik~ctj|# nc g|tn{g`j y nc r|n{tgoi{tg kj` cg rjci{ .Gcnvg`d|n Ajy|é i`tn`tû dnoj{t|g| n` ~`g jkg{iû w~n nc n{tg`kgoin`tj tékìkj dn cg kiuicixgkiû m|inmg `j {n dnliû g cg r|n{n`kig dn cgn{kcguit~d j g cg dnugc~gkiû` dnc t|glghj# {i`j g cg g~{n`kig dn cg eï{ikg# w~n {n fixj iorj{ilcn rj| cg i`kgrgkidgd dn cj{ m|inmj{ rg|ggrcikg| cg{ ondidg{ ogtnoçtikg{ gc o~`dj tn||n{t|n8 ¡D~ oj`dn dn c’â rn~ r|æ{ â c’~ìun|{ dn cg r|éki{ij`±# K|itiw~n# {nrtinol|n dn

7946# rr. 625/6. Gc fgkn| n{tj# Ajy|é i`tn`tglg nvrcïkitgon`tn nuitg| ~`g nvrcikgkiû` {jkijcûmikg dnc en`ûon`j1 rn|j# kjoj nc oi{ojAjy|é gdoitiû iorcïkitgon`tn n` jt|j c~mg|# cg Ndgd Ondig tgorjkj kj`jkiû cg eï{ikg y# {i` nolg|mj# r|jd~hj ~`g tnk`jcjmïg di`çoikg8`j e~n nc iti`n|g|ij dn cg kin`kig# {i`j nc k~|{j dn cg{ |ncgkij`n{ dn r|jd~kkiû # cj w~n og|kû nc dn{ti`j dn cg tékìkg.

QRçm. <<_

nhé|kitj{ dn ki~dgdg`j{. N` cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg r~ndn` jl{n|ug|{n t|n{ m|g`dn{ kikcj{ dn nvrg`{iû` iorn|igc#k~yj{ |g{mj{ {~kn{iuj{ y kgolig tn{ n{t|~kt~|g|j` nc ojdncj mcjlgc dnc o~`dj m|nkj||jog`j8 nc kikcjgtnìn`{n# nc ogkndjìj y nc |jog`j. Kgdg ~`j dn nccj{ |nr|n{n`tû ~`g {jc~kiû` n{rnkïeikg g cj{ r|jlcnog{rjcïtikj{ y j|mgìxgtiuj{ dn cg kj`w~i{tg ~ct|gog|i`g# {jc~kiû` w~n w~ndû i`tnm|gdg y {~rn|gdg rj| cg {im~in`tn#{i` w~n `~`kg {n t|g`{m|ndin|g` cg{ lg{n{ {~ltn||ç`ng{ dn ~`g kjoø` kiuicixgkiû` ~|lg`g.

QRçm. <;_<. M\NKIG

Cg grg|ikiû` dn cg{ ki~dgdn{/N{tgdj fncn`g{ n` cg xj`g dnc Nmnj n{ g`tn|ij| g cg érjkg kcç{ikg# y kj` cg{ e~n`tn{di{rjìlcn{# `j n{k|itg{# {ûcj r~ndn` gr|nkig|{n {~{ |g{mj{ mn`n|gcn{. T|g{ nc kjcgr{j dn cg kiuicixgkiû` oikéìkgfgkig nc g÷j 7<22 g. K.# M|nkig {~e|iû ~`g r|jcj`mgdg ¡Ndgd J{k~|g± n` cg w~n cg n{k|it~|g dn{grg|nkiû y cguidg nkj`ûoikg |nt|jkndiû g ~` n{tgdij djoé{tikj |~dion`tg|ij8 n{ nc o~`dj r|ioitiuj y |~|gc |necnhgdj n` cgérikg dn Fjon|j. E~n n` cg {im~in`tn érjkg dn cg M|nkig g|kgikg# dnc 622 gc >22 g. K.# k~g`dj k|i{tgcixû rj| unxr|ion|g y o~y cn`tgon`tn nc ojdncj ~|lg`j dn cg kiuicixgkiû` kcç{ikg. N` gcmø` ojon`tj g`tn{ dn cg grg|ikiû`dn cj{ djk~on`tj{ fi{tû|ikj{# cg{ oj`g|w~ïg{ cjkgcn{ e~n|j` dn||jkgdg{ rj| cg{ g|i{tjk|gkig{ t|ilgcn{ y# lghj ncdjoiìj dn n{tg{ `jlcnxg{# {n e~`dg|j` j dn{g||jccg|j` gcm~`g{ ki~dgdn{. Nc mjlin|`j g|i{tjk|çtikj dn cg M|nkig

g|kgikg kji`kidiû kj` cg |ngrg|ikiû` dnc kjon|kij dn cg|mg di{tg`kig &r|i`kirgcon`tn kj` [i|ig y kj` nc J|in`tn)#kj` cg{ r|ion|g{ gk~÷gkij`n{ dn oj`ndg &iùn`tgdg{ n` Cidig n` nc {imcj UII) y kj` cg n{k|it~|g gceglétikg&dn|iugdg dn En ikig). Cg ~|lgìxgkiû` r|jm|n{û iì tn||~oridgon`tn# nvtn`dié`dj{n g ~ct|gog| rj| nc

7< * 7>2



Onditn||ç`nj y nc N~vi`j# fg{tg w~n g ei`gcn{ dnc rn|ïjdj dn cg kjcjìxgkiû`# g ondigdj{ dnc {imcj UI# fglïggc|ndndj| dn 7>22 ki~dgdn{ m|inmg{ n` cg rgt|ig fncéìkg y n` nc nvt|g`hn|j# r|çktikgon`tn ì`m~`g dn nccg{gcnhgdg oç{ dn 42 aicûont|j{ dn cg kj{tg. N` cj n{n`kigc# n{tg{ ki~dgdn{ n|g` `økcnj{ |n{idn`kigcn{ dj`dn {nkj`kn`t|glg` cj{ gm|ik~ctj|n{ y cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{. N` cg rnw~n÷g ki~dgd tïrikg dn n{tg érjkg# cj{ gm|ik~ctj|n{uiuïg` dn`t|j dn {~{ o~|gccg{ y kgdg dïg {gcïg` g t|glghg| g cj{ kgorj{# ujcuin`dj dn `jkfn# g~`w~n nc tn||itj|ijdn cg{ ki~dgdn{ {inor|n i`kc~ïg ~`g ki|k~èn|n`kig gm|g|ig kj` ~`g rjlcgkiû` n`tn|gon`tn |~|gc g{n`tgdg n` nccg.Cg j|mgìxgkiû` {jkigc dn n{tg{ ki~dgdn{ tjdguïg |necnhglg l~n`g rg|tn dnc rg{gdj t|ilgc dnc w~n fglïg` {~|midj8{~ n{t|~kt~|g i`tn|`g n{tglg g|tik~cgdg n` ~ìdgdn{ fn|nditg|ig{ k~yg `jon`kcgt~|g dn rg|n`tn{kj |nr|n{n`tglg~`g t|g{cgkiû` ~|lg`g dn

QRçm. <4_

cg{ t|gdikij`gcn{ diui{ij`n{ |~|gcn{. G{ï# cj{ fglitg`tn{ dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ n{tglg` `j|ogcon`tn j|mgìxgdj{ —n`j|dn` dn{kn`dn`tn dn tgog÷j y rn|tn`n`kig— n` ¡t|il~{±# ¡e|gt|ïg{± y ¡kcg`n{±. Cj{ kcg`n{ n|g` m|~rj{nvkc~{iugon`tn g|i{tjk|çtikj{ y cg{ ¡e|gt|ïg{± w~ixç e~n|g` j|imi`gcon`tn {~{ kcin`tncg{ rjr~cg|n{ 7. Dn cg{kj`{tit~kij`n{ rjcïtikg{ ej|ogcn{ dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ m|inmg{ n` cg n|g g|kgikg {n kj`jkn rjkj# yg w~n —g dien|n`kigdn cg{ dn \jog n` ~` n{tgdij nw~iugcn`tn dn dn{g||jccj— `j {jl|nuiuin|j` n` cg érjkg kcç{ikg# rn|j n{ nuidn`tnw~n n{tglg` lg{gdg{ n` nc djoiìj r|iuicnmigdj dn ~`g `jlcnxg fn|nditg|ig {jl|n nc |n{tj dn cg rjlcgkiû` ~|lg`g#

djoiìj w~n {n nhn|kïg `j|ogcon`tn rj| ondij dnc mjlin|`j {jl|n cg ki~dgd dn ~` kj`{nhj nvkc~{iugon`tng|i{tjk|çtikj.

Cg |~rt~|g dn n{tn j|dn` mn`n|gc gkgnkiû n` nc øctioj {imcj dn cg n|g g|kgikg# kj` cg grg|ikiû` dn cj{ ¡ti|g`j{±&kg. 5>2/>72 g`tn{ dn K|i{tj). N{tj{ g~tûk|gtg{ |jorin|j` nc djoiìj dn cg{ g|i{tjk|gkig{ g`kn{t|gcn{ {jl|n cg{ki~dgdn{1 |nr|n{n`tglg` g cj{ `~nuj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ y g ~`g |iw~nxg oç{ |nkin`tn# gk~o~cgdg d~|g`tn nc.k|nkioin`tj nkj`ûoikj dn cg érjkg r|nkndn`tn# y lg{glg` {~ rjdn|# n` ~`g ondidg o~kfj ogyj|# n` cg{kj`kn{ij`n{ fnkfg{ g cg og{g `j r|iuicnmigdg dn cj{ fglitg`tn{ dn cg ki~dgd. Cg{ ti|g`ïg{ dnc {imcj UIkj`{tit~yn|j`# n` nenktj# cg k|ïtikg t|g`{ikiû` fgkig cg rjci{ kcç{ikg# rj|w~n n` n{tn rn|ïjdj dn {gk~didg{ e~nk~g`dj {n nkfg|j` cj{ kioin`tj{ nkj`ûoikj{ y oicitg|n{ dn cg kiuicixgkiû` kcç{ikg dn M|nkig. Cj{ ti|g`j{ e~n|j`nc r|jd~ktj dn ~` djlcn r|jkn{j w~n t~uj c~mg| n` cg{ ki~dgdn{ fncéìkg{ dn ei`gcn{ dnc rn|ïjdj g|kgikj. Cg

ccnmgdg dn cg oj`ndg y cg nvrg`{iû` dn ~`g nkj`joïg oj`ntg|ig e~n|j` gkjorg÷gdg{ dn ~` |çridj g~on`tj n`nc kjon|kij y cg rjlcgkiû` mcjlgc dn M|nkig. Cg jcg dn kjcjìxgkiû` ~ct|gog|i`g dn cj{ {imcj{ UIII gc UI e~n cgnvr|n{iû` oç{ jluig dn n{tg nujc~kiû`. Oin`t|g{ tg`tj# cg {~rn|ij| r|jd~ktiuidgd dn cj{ k~ctiuj{ fncéìkj{ dnui`j y jciuj# oç{ i`tn`{iuj{ w~n cg kjntç`ng gm|ik~ct~|g kn|ngci{tg# r|jrj|kij`û w~ixç g M|nkig ~`g un`tghg|ncgtiug n` cj{ i`tn|kgolij{ kjon|kigcn{ dn`t|j dn cg xj`g onditn||ç`ng<. Cg{ jrj|t~ìdgdn{ nkj`ûoikg{jkg{ij`gdg{ rj| n{tn k|nkioin`tj k|ng|j` ~` n{t|gtj dn r|jrintg|ij{ gm|ïkjcg{ n`|iw~nkidj{ n` enkfg |nkin`tn#w~n `j r|jkndïg` dn cg{ eicg{ dn cg `jlcnxg t|gdikij`gc y {n ln`neikiglg` r|jlglcnon`tn n` gc/

7 G. G`d|n}n{# M|nna {jkinty# Cj`d|n{# 795=# rr. =5/6<.< Uég`{n cg{ r|~nlg{ n` ]iccigo Ok@nicc# Tfn |i{n je tfn ]n{t # Kfikgmj# 795;# rr. <27# <=;. QCg kiuicixgkiû` dn Jkkidn`tn# Lg|kncj g#Uj{mj{# 79=;._

QRçm. <>_

m~`j{ kg{j{ dn cg{ nor|n{g{ kjon|kigcn{ g~vicig|n{. Cg `~nug |iw~nxg dn n{tn m|~rj `j ilg norg|nhgdg g ~`rjdn| nw~iugcn`tn n` cg ki~dgd. Gc oi{oj tinorj# nc g~on`tj dn cg rjlcgkiû` y cg nvrg`{iû` y di{cjkgkiû` dn cgnkj`joïg g|kgikg r|jujkg|j` r|je~`dg{ tn`{ij`n{ {jkigcn{ n`t|n cg kcg{n |~|gc oç{ rjl|n# w~n n|g {inor|n cgoç{ {~{knrtilcn dn un|{n dnm|gdgdg

j {jontidg g cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ `jlcn{ y w~n gfj|g n{tglg nvr~n{tg g `~nug{ r|n{ij`n{ n i`kn|tid~ol|n{;. Cgr|n{iû` kjoli`gdg dnc dn{kj`tn`tj |~|gc rj| glghj y dn cg{ `~nug{ ej|t~`g{ rj| g||ilg w~nl|g|j` nc n{t|nkfjkï|k~cj dnc djoiìj g|i{tjk|çtikj n` cg{ ki~dgdn{. Nc |n{~ctgdj kg|gktn|ï{tikj dn cj{ cnug`tgoin`tj{ rjcïtikj{ w~nt~uin|j` c~mg| n` cg{ ki~dgdn{ e~n cg grg|ikiû` dn cg{ e~mgkn{ ti|g`ïg{ dn ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj UII y dnc UI. Cj{ti|g`j{ n|g` `j|ogcon`tn ~`j{ g||ili{tg{ dn kj`{idn|glcn |iw~nxg# k~yj rjdn| rn|{j`gc {ioljcixglg nc gkkn{j

dnc m|~rj {jkigc dnc w~n r|jkndïg` g cj{ fj`j|n{ y cg{ rj{ikij`n{ ncnugdg{ dn`t|j dn cg ki~dgd. [~ uiktj|ig# {i`nolg|mj# e~n rj{ilcn mn`n|gcon`tn {ûcj rj| cg ~ticixgkiû` w~n fikin|j` dn cg{ |niui`dikgkij`n{ |gdikgcn{ dn cj{rjl|n{# y {~{ |ngcixgkij`n{ oç{ d~|gdn|g{ e~n|j` cg{ |nej|og{ nkj`ûoikg{ n` eguj| dn cg{ kcg{n{ rjr~cg|n{ w~n

7; * 7>2



t~uin|j` w~n kj`kndn| j tjcn|g| rg|g g{nm~|g| {~ rjdn|. N` kjèciktj kj` cg `jlcnxg t|gdikij`gc# cj{ ti|g`j{lcjw~ng|j` jlhntiugon`tn cg oj`jrjcixgkiû` dn cg r|jrindgd gm|g|ig# w~n n|g cg tn`dn`kig ei`gc dnc djoiìjicioitgdj dn gw~éccg y w~n gon`gxglg kj` kg~{g| tn`{ij`n{ {jkigcn{ k|nkin`tn{ n` cg M|nkig g|kgikg. Kj` cgøìkg nvknrkiû` dn cg ccg`~|g i`tn|ij| dn Tn{gcig# cg{ rnw~n÷g{ r|jrindgdn{ gm|g|ig{ e~n|j` kj`{n|ugdg{ ykj`{jcidgdg{ d~|g`tn n{tg érjkg n` tjdg M|nkig. Dgdg cg kg|n`kig dn tn{tiojìj{ djk~on`tgcn{ dnc rn|ïjdjr|nkcç{ikj# cg{ dien|n`tn{ ej|og{ n` cg{ w~n t~uj c~mg| n{tn r|jkn{j tin`n` w~n {n| |nkj`{t|~idg{ g rg|ti| dn {~{nenktj{ rj{tn|ij|n{. Cg r|ion|g |nlnciû` iorj|tg`tn kj`t|g nc djoiìj g|i{tjk|çtikj w~n dn{noljkû n` cgiorcg`tgkiû` dn ~`g ti|g`ïg# grjygdg n` cg{ kcg{n{ lghg{# t~uj c~mg| g ondigdj{ dnc {imcj UII n` Kj|i`tj# dj`dncg egoicig dn cj{ Lgw~ïgdg{ e~n dn||jkgdg dn {~ t|gdikij`gc kj`t|jc {jl|n cg ki~dgd# ~`j dn cj{ r|ion|j{ kn`t|j{kjon|kigcn{ w~n ecj|nkiû n` M|nkig. Rn|j {j` cg{ |nej|og{ {jcûìkg{ dn Gtn`g{ cg{ w~n je|nkn` nc nhnorcj

; ]. M. Ej||n{t# Tfn non|mn`kn je M|nna dnojk|gky# Cj`d|n{# 7955# rçmi`g{ >># 7>2/5 QCg dnojk|gkig m|inmg# Ogd|id# M~gdg||gog#795=_# w~n i`{i{tn n` nc `~nuj k|nkioin`tj nkj`ûoikj dnc kgorj1 G. G`d|n}n{# Tfn M|nna ty|g`t{ # Cj`d|n{ 79>5# rr. 62/7# w~n gkn`tøgcg dnr|n{iû` {jkigc dn cg kcg{n dn cj{ rnw~n÷j{ gm|ik~ctj|n{.

QRçm. <5_

oç{ kcg|j y onhj| djk~on`tgdj dn cj w~n r|jlglcnon`tn e~n nc ojdncj mn`n|gc dn cg érjkg. [jcû`# w~n `j n|g~` ti|g`j# e~n iùn{tidj dnc rjdn| {~r|noj rg|g w~n {i|uin|g dn ondigdj| n` cg{ n`kg|ìxgdg{ c~kfg{ {jkigcn{

n`t|n |ikj{ y rjl|n{ w~n n{tgccg|j` n` nc Çtikg g kjoin`xj{ dnc {imcj UI. [~ ondidg oç{ dnki{iug kj`{i{tiû n`gljci| cg gd{k|irkiû` rj| dn~dg{ g cg tin||g# onkgì{oj tïrikj rj| nc w~n cj{ rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{ n|gùïktiog{ dn cj{ m|g`dn{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ y {n kjùn|tïg` n` {~{ g||n`dgtg|ij{ dnrn`din`tn{# j cj{ g||n`dgtg|ij{ {nkjùn|tïg` n` kg~tiuj{ dn cj{ r|jrintg|ij{ g|i{tûk|gtg{ 4. Nc |n{~ctgdj e~n iorndi| nc k|nkioin`tj dn cg{ ei`kg{`jlicig|ig{ y n{tglicixg| nc ojdncj dn cg{ rnw~n÷g{ y ondig g{ r|jrindgdn{# w~n g rg|ti| dn n tj`kn{kg|gktn|ixg|j` gc kgorj dnc Çtikg.

N{tn j|dn` nkj`ûoikj e~n gkjorg÷gdj dn ~`g `~nug gdoiì{t|gkiû` rjcïtikg. [jcû` r|iuû g cg `jlcnxg dn {~oj`jrjcij dn cj{ kg|mj{ gc diuidi| g cg rjlcgkiû` dn Gtn`g{ n` k~gt|j kcg{n{ dn |n`tg{. G cg{ dj{ kcg{n{{~rn|ij|n{ cn{ kj kndiû nc dn|nkfj g cg{ {~r|nog{ ogmi{t|gt~|g{1 g cg tn|kn|g# nc gkkn{j g cj{ kg|mj{gdoiì{t|gtiuj{ ièn|ij|n{# y g cg k~g|tg y øctiog# ~` ujtj n` cg g{golcng dn ki~dgdg`j{# w~n g rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{

{n kjùi|tiû n` ~`g i`{tit~kiû` |nm~cg| dn cg ki~dgd. Rn|j n{tg{ di{rj{ikij`n{ `j n{tglg` dn{ti`gdg{ g d~|g|. N`cj{ t|ni`tg g÷j{ {im~in`tn{# Gtn`g{ nvrn|ion`tû ~` |çridj k|nkioin`tj kjon|kigc kj` cg k|ngkiû` dn ~`g oj`ndgdn cg ki~dgd y cg o~ctircikgkiû` dnc kjon|kij cjkgc. Cj{ kjèciktj{ {jkigcn{ n`t|n cj{ ki~dgdg`j{ {n |n`jug|j` ygm|gug|j` |çridgon`tn# k~coi`g`dj n` cg tjog dnc rjdn| rj| nc ti|g`j Ri{ï{t|gtj. Lghj {~ djoiìj# cg ej|ogkiû`{jkigc gtnìn`{n gdjrtû {~ kjèim~|gkiû` dneiìtiug. Ri{ï{t|gtj rgt|jki`û ~` r|jm|gog dn kj`{t|~kkij`n{ w~nr|jrj|kij`û t|glghj g cj{ g|tn{g`j{ y t|glghgdj|n{ ~|lg`j{ y r|n{idiû nc ecj|nkin`tn dn{g||jccj dnc t|çeikjog|ïtioj oç{ gccç dnc Ri|nj. Rn|j# {jl|n tjdj# Ri{ï{t|gtj je|nkiû ~`g g{i{tn kig ei g`kin|g di|nktg gckgorn{i`gdj gtnìn`{n n` ej|og dn k|éditj{ rølcikj{ w~n geig`xg|j` {~ g~tj`joïg y {nm~|idgd> n` uï{/

4 @j {n {gln kj` kn|tnxg {i cj{ kgorn{i`j{ rjl|n{ dnc Çtikg n|g` g||n`dgtg|ij{ j r|jrintg|ij{ dn {~{ tin||g{ g`tn{ dn cg{ |nej|og{ dn[jcû`. G`d|n}n{ gei|og w~n w~ixç e~n|g` cj r|ion|j &M|nna {jkinty# rçmi`g{ 725/=)# rn|j cg{ mn`n|gkij`n{ rj{tn|ij|n{ `j kj`{n|ug`ì`mø` |nk~n|dj dn ~`g di{t|il~kiû` dn tin||g{ nenkt~gdg rj| [jcû`. Cg tn{i{ dn G`d|n}n{ rg|nkn# r~n{# ior|jlglcn.>

O. I. Ei`cny# Tfn g`kin`t M|nna{ # Cj`d|n{# 795;# r. ;; QCj{ m|inmj{ dn cg G`timóndgd # Lg|kncj`g# Cglj|# 79=;_ kj`{idn|g cg rjcïtikg dnRi{ï{t|gtj oç{ iorj|tg`tn rg|g cg i`dnrn`dn`kig nkj`ûoikg dnc kgorn{i`gdj çtikj w~n cg{ |nej|og{ dn [jcû`.

QRçm. <=_

rn|g{ dn cg rjci{ kcç{ikg. Cg {~rn|uiun`kig i`kj`dikij`gc dn cj{ rnw~n÷j{ y ondig`j{ gm|ik~ctj|n{ n{tglgmg|g`tixgdg. N{tn r|jkn{j nkj`ûoikj —k~yg iùn|{g g~{n`kig fgl|ïg dn dneiì| oç{ tg|dn cg fi{tj|ig {jkigc dn\jog— rg|nkn w~n e~n {ioicg| n` tjdg M|nkig# g~`w~n cj{ fnkfj{ n` w~n {n grjyû `j n{tç` n` rg|tn gcm~`g tg`djk~on`tgdj{ kjoj n` Gtn`g{. N` nc |n{tj dn M|nkig# nc tgog÷j ondij dn cg{ r|jrindgdn{ |~|gcn{ rj{ilcnon`tnn|g ogyj|# rn|j {ûcj n` Tn{gcig r|ndjoi`glg` cg{ m|g`dn{ ei`kg{ dn cg g|i{tjk|gkig. Cg lg{n nkj`ûoikg dn cgki~dgdg`ïg fncn`g fgl|ïg dn {n| cg ojdn{tg r|jrindgd gm|ïkjcg. Gr|jviogdgon`tn gc oi{oj tinorj n` w~n {nccnmglg g n{tn gh~{tn {jkigc# n` cg n|g dn cg{ ti|g`ïg{# t~uj c~mg| ~` kgolij {imìeikgtiuj n` cg j|mgìxgkiû` oicitg|

dn cg{ ki~dgdn{. G rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{# cj{ nhé|kitj{ {n kjor~{in|j` n{n`kigcon`tn dn fjrcitg{# ièg`tn|ïg rn{gdgw~n kj`{tit~yû ~`g i``jugkiû` m|inmg n` nc o~`dj onditn||ç`nj. Kgdg fjrcitg {n nw~irglg# g {~{ nvrn`{g{# kj`g|og{ y g|ogd~|g8 ~`g {jcdgdn{kg dn n{tn tirj r|n{~rj`ïg ~` |gxj`glcn ìunc nkj`ûoikj y# dn fnkfj# cj{

74 * 7>2



{jcdgdj{ fjrcitg{ {inor|n r|jkndïg` dn cg kcg{n ondig gm|g|ig dn cg{ ki~dgdn{. [~ neikgkig oicitg| fgl|ïg dnoj{t|g|{n n` cg{ {j|r|n`dn`tn{ uiktj|ig{ m|inmg{ {jl|n cj{ rn|{g{ n` nc {imcj {im~in`tn# rn|j cj oç{ iorj|tg`tne~n# n` dneiìtiug# {~ rj{ikiû` kn`t|gc dn`t|j dn cg n{t|~kt~|g rjcïtikg dn cg{ ki~dgdn{/N{tgdj. Cg kj`dikiû`r|nuig dn cg rj{tn|ij| ¡dnojk|gkig± m|inmg j dn cg nvtn`didg ¡jcimg|w~ïg± e~n ~`g ièg`tn|ïg dn ki~dgdg`j{ w~n{n g|oglg` g {ï oi{oj{.

N{rg|tg e~n cg r|ion|g ki~dgd/N{tgdj w~n n`kg|`û cj{ |n{~ctgdj{ {jkigcn{ dnc {i{tnog oicitg| fjrcitg. [~nujc~kiû` n` cg érjkg r|nkcç{ikg kj`{tit~yn ~` k~|ij{j kj`t|grn{j dn cg dn Gtn`g{. N{rg|tg# n` nenktj# `jkj`jkiû ì`m~`g ti|g`ïg# y cg egctg dn n{tn fglit~gc nri{jdij t|g`{ikij`gc r|n{tû ~` kg|çktn| rnk~cig| g {~{i`{tit~kij`n{ nkj`ûoikg{ y rjcïtikg{# onxkcg`dj n` ~` ojcdn {~i mn`n|i{ |g{mj{ gug`xgdj{ y g|kgikj{. Cg ki~dgddn N{rg|tg kj`w~i{tû dn{dn enkfg tnor|g`g ~` fi`tn|cg`d |ncgtiugon`tn gorcij n` nc Rncjrj`n{j# r|ion|j fgkignc n{tn# n` Cgkjìg# y dn{r~é{ fgkig nc jn{tn# n` On{nìg# y n{kcguixû g cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cj{ fglitg`tn{ dngolg{ |nmij n{# w~n {n kjùi|tin|j` n` ¡icjtg{± dnc N{tgdj. N{tn n`m|g`dnkioin`tj mnjm|çeikj y n{tn{jontioin`tj {jkigc dn cg rjlcgkiû` dn cj{ gc|ndndj|n{ {n kj`{im~in|j` lghj nc djoiìj oj`ç|w~ikj. N` nct|g`{k~|{j dnc {imcj UII# {i` nolg|mj# y t|g{ cg kj`w~i{tg iìkigc dn On{nìg j cg rj{tn|ij| |nr|n{iû` dn ~`g|nlnciû` on{nìg# y kjoj kj`{nk~n`kig dn nccg# t~uin|j` c~mg| n` cg {jkindgd n{rg|/

QRçm. <6_

tg`g gcm~`j{ kgolij{ |gdikgcn{# gt|il~idj{ t|gdikij`gcon`tn g cg eim~|g oïtikg dnc |nej|ogdj| Cik~|mj. Dngk~n|dj kj` cg cnyn`dg m|inmg# cg tin||g {n diuidiû n` rg|tn{ im~gcn{ w~n {n di{t|il~yn|j` n`t|n cj{ n{rg|tg`j{ nàcn|ji j rg|kncg{# k~ctiugdg{ rj| cj{ icjtg{# w~n n|g` r|jrindgd kjcnktiug dnc N{tgdj. Oç{ tg|dn# n{g{ r|jrindgdn{¡g`tim~g{± {n kj`{idn|g|j` i`gcin`glcn{# oin`t|g{ w~n cj{ tn||n`j{ oç{ |nkin`tn{ {n kj`{idn|glg` r|jrindgdr|iugdg w~n rjdïg un`dn|{n y kjor|g|{n5. Tjdj{ cj{ ki~dgdg`j{ tn`ïg` w~n glj`g| kg`tidgdn{ eihg{ n` n{rnkin gcg {y{{itig j on{g kjoø` {n|uidg rj| kjki`n|j{ y kgog|n|j{ icjtg{1 w~in`n{ e~n|g` i`kgrgkn{ dn k~orci| n{gjlcimgkiû` rn|dïg` g~tjoçtikgon`tn cg ki~dgdg`ïg y {n kjùn|tïg` n` ¡ièn|ij|n{±# dn{m|gkig kj`t|g cg w~nrj{ilcnon`tn e~n n{tglcnkidg cg rj{n{iû` dn cjtn{ i`gcin`glcn{. Nc |n{~ctgdj ei`gc dn n{tn {i{tnog e~n cg k|ngkiû`dn ~`g i`tn`{g ~ìdgd kjcnktiug n`t|n cj{ n{rg|tg`j{# w~n {n ccgoglg` g {ï oi{oj{ kj` tjdj j|m~ccj fji fjojiji #cj{ ¡im~gcn{±# g~`w~n cg kjorcntg im~gcdgd nkj`ûoikg `j e~n n` ì`mø` ojon`tj ~` un|dgdn|j |g{mj dn cg

ki~dgdg`ïg n{rg|tg`g

=

.Nc {i{tnog rjcïtikj w~n {~|miû {jl|n cg lg{n dn cj{ acn|ji e~n kj||ncgtiugon`tn `~nuj rg|g {~ tinorj. Cgoj`g|w~ïg `~`kg dn{grg|nkiû rj| kjorcntj# kjoj {~kndiû n` cg{ jt|g{ ki~dgdn{ m|inmg{# rn|j w~ndû |nd~kidg g~` mn`n|gcgtj fn|nditg|ij y cioitgdg rj| ~`g djlcn tit~cg|idgd# iùn{tidg n` dj{ egoicig{ |ngcn{ 6. N` cj{ dnoç{g{rnktj{# cj{ ¡|nyn{± n{rg|tg`j{ n|g` {iorcnon`tn oinol|j{ dn cg g|i{tjk|gkig y rg|tikirglg` {i` r|iuicnmij{n{rnkigcn{ n` nc kj`{nhj dn cj{ t|ni`tg g`kig`j{ j mn|j~{ig w~n mjln|`glg j|imi`g|igon`tn g cg ki~dgd. Nckjèciktj tïrikj n`t|n oj`g|w~ïg y `jlcnxg n` cg r|ion|g érjkg g|kgikg {n |n{jcuiû gw~ï rj| ondij dn ~`kjor|joi{j i`{tit~kij`gc n`t|n golj{. [i` nolg|mj# d~|g`tn nc {imcj UII cg og{g dn cj{ ki~dgdg`j{ ccnmû gkj`{tit~i| ~`g g{golcng rcn`g|ig dn cg ki~dgd# kj` dn|nkfj g dnkidi| {jl|n cg rjcïtikg w~n cn r|n{n`tglg nckj`{nhj dn g`kig`j{# w~n# g {~ unx# {n kjùi|tiû n` ~` k~n|rj

5 [n fg r~n{tj n` d~dg cg |ngcidgd dn ~`g j|imi`g|ig diui{iû` dn tin||g{ n i`kc~{j dn ~`g rj{tn|ij| i`gcin`glicidgd dn cj{ acn|ji 1 uég{n# rj|nhnorcj G. F. O. Hj`n{# [rg|tg# Jvej|d# 795=# rr. 42/;. G`d|n}n{# g~ w~n kj` r|nkg~kiû`# kj`kndn oç{ k|éditj g cg{ k|nn`kig{m|inmg{8 M|nna {jkinty# rr. 94/>.= Cg nvtn`{iû` dn cj{ acn|ji w~n gr~`tgcglg` cg {jcidg|idgd {jkigc dn N{rg|tg fg {idj o~y dnlgtidg# kj` n{tiogkij`n{ w~n ug|ïg` dn{dn 6 g;5 fnktç|ng{ dn tin||g k~ctiuglcn1 uég{n R. Jciug# [rg|tg g`d fn| {jkigc r|jlcno{ # Ço{tn|dgo/R|gmg# 79=7# rr. >7/<.6 Rg|g cg n{t|~kt~|g dn cg kj`{tit~kiû`# uég{n Hj`n{# [rg|tg# rr. 7;/4;.

QRçm. <9_

ncnktiuj# oin`t|g{ w~n cj{ ki`kj ogmi{t|gdj{ g`~gcn{ j éej|j{ t~uin|j` n` gdncg`tn cg {~r|nog g~tj|idgdnhnk~tiug rj| ncnkkiû` di|nktg dn tjdj{ cj{ ki~dgdg`j{. Cg{ dnki{ij`n{ dn cg g{golcng rjdïg` {n| |nkfgxgdg{ rj|nc untj dn cg mn|j~{ig# y cj{ éej|j{ di{rj`ïg` dn ~`g nvknrkij`gc kj`kn`t|gkiû` dn rjdn| g|lit|g|ij# rn|j g rn{g|dn nccj cg kj`{tit~kiû` n{rg|tg`g w~n k|i{tgcixû n` cg érjkg r|nkcç{ikg n|g n` cj {jkigc cg oç{ gug`xgdg dn {~tinorj. N{g kj`{tit~kiû` |nr|n{n`tglg# n` nenktj# nc r|ion| dn|nkfj dn ujtj fjrcitg w~n {n kj`w~i{tû n` M|nkig 9#y {~ i`t|jd~kkiû` {n {itøg g on`~dj n` nc rgrnc dn{norn÷gdj rj| cg `~nug ièg`tn|ïg rn{gdg n` cg kj`w~i{tg j ncgrcg{tgoin`tj dn cg rjlcgkiû` {jontidg dn On{nìg. G rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{# N{rg|tg {inor|n e~n egoj{g rj| cg

7> * 7>2



iìm~gcgdg di{kirci`g y nc ugcj| dn {~{ {jcdgdj{ fjrcitg{. Cg{ {i`m~cg|n{ k~gcidgdn{ oicitg|n{ dn cj{ n{rg|tg`j{e~n|j` kj`{nk~n`kig# g {~ unx# dn cg mn`n|gcixgkiû` dnc t|glghj dn cj{ icjtg{# w~n ciln|û g cj{ ki~dgdg`j{ dn tjdge~`kiû` r|jd~ktiug di|nktg y cn{ rn|oitiû n`t|n`g|{n r|jen{ij`gcon`tn rg|g cg m~n||g kj` ~`g dndikgkiû` rcn`g.Nc |n{~ctgdj e~n cg k|ngkiû` dn ~` k~n|rj dn ~`j{ jkfj j `~nun oic ki~dgdg`j{ dn N{rg|tg# nkj`ûoikgon`tng~tj{~eikin tn{ y rjcïtikgon tn cil|n{# o~kfj oç{ gorcij n im~gcitg|ij w~n k~gcw~in| jt|g g|i{tjk|gkig kjntç`ngj k~gcw~in| jt|g jcimg|w~ïg rj{tn|ij| n` M|nkig. Nc nvt|noj kj`{n|ugd~|i{oj dn cg ej|ogkiû` {jkigc y nc {i{tnogrjcïtikj n{rg|tg`j{ n` cg érjkg kcç{ikg# w~n cn{ fgkn rg|nkn| jl{jcntj{ y gt|g{gdj{ n` nc {imcj U# e~n n` |ngcidgdnc r|jd~ktj dn cj{ `jtglcn{ évitj{ dn {~{ t|g`{ej|ogkij`n{ i``jugdj|g{ dnc {imcj UII. E~n nc r|ion| N{tgdjm|inmj w~n gckg`xû ~`g kj`{tit~kiû` fjrcitg y nc øctioj w~n cg ojdieikû8 nc ojdncj r|ioimnìj dn cg n|g g|kgikg{jl|nuiuiû fg{tg cg oi{og uï{rn|g dn cg dneiìtiug nvti`kiû` dn N{rg|tg# ondij oicnìj dn{r~é{.

N` nc |n{tj dn M|nkig# kjoj yg fnoj{ ui{tj# cg{ ki~dgdn{/N{tgdj nujc~kij`g|j` oç{ cn`tgon`tn fgkig {~ ej|ogkcç{ikg. @j|ogcon`tn# cg{ ti|g`ïg{ e~n|j` cg{ `nkn{g|ig{ eg{n{ i`tn|ondig{ dn dn{g||jccj. [~ cnmi{cgkiû` gm|g|ig j{~{ i``jugkij`n{ oicitg|n{ r|nrg|g|j` cg rjci{ fncéìkg dnc {imcj U. Rn|j tjdguïg e~n `nkn{g|ig ~`g `~nug ykjorcntgon`tn dnki{iug i``jugkiû` rg|g cg ccnmgdg dn cg kiuicixgkiû` m|inmg kcç{ikg. [n t|gtg# `gt~|gcon`tn# dn cgi`t|jd~kkiû` n` m|g` n{kgcg dn cg n{kcguit~d. Cg kj`{n|ugkiû` dn cg rnw~n÷g y ondig`g r|jrindgd dn cg tin||gfglïg |n{~nctj n` nc Çtikg y n` tjdg M|nkig ~`g k|nkin`tn

9

G`d|n}n{# Tfn M|nna ty|g`t{ # rr. =>/5.

QRçm. ;2_

k|i{i{ {jkigc# rn|j rj| {ï oi{og fgl|ïg kj`d~kidj g cg rg|gcixgkiû` dnc dn{g||jccj rjcïtikj y k~ct~|gc dn cgkiuicixgkiû` m|inmg n` ~` ìunc ¡lnjkij± gc iorndi| cg grg|ikiû` dn ~`g diui{iû` {jkigc dnc t|glghj y dn ~`g{~rn|n{t|~kt~|g ~|lg`g oç{ kjorcnhg{. Cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ |ncgtiugon`tn im~gcitg|ig{ dn kgorn{i`j{ r~ndn`kj`m|nmg|{n eï{ikgon`tn n` ki~dgdn{# rn|j cj w~n `j r~ndn` k|ng|# n` cg {iorcikidgd dn {~ n{tgdj# n{ ~`gl|iccg`tn kiuicixgkiû` ki~dgdg g dnc tirj w~n cg G`timóndgd ilg g r|n{n kig| gfj|g rj| unx r|ion|g. Rg|g n{j {n|nw~n|ïg cg mn`n|gcixgkiû` dn ~`g e~n|xg dn t|glghj nvkndn`tn y kg~tiug w~n nog`kirg|g gc n{t|gtj di|imn`tn y cnrn|oitin|g kj`{t|~i| ~` `~nuj o~`dj kiuic n i`tncnkt~gc. ¡N` mn`n|gc# cg n{kcguit~d e~n e~`dgon`tgc rg|g cgkiuicixgkiû` m|inmg n` nc {n`tidj dn w~n {~ gljcikiû` y {~{tit~kiû` rj| t|glghj cil|n —{i g gcm~in` {n cn f~lin|g

jk~||idj i`tn`tg|cj— fgl|ïg di{cjkgdj tjdg cg {jkindgd y gkglgdj kj` nc jkij dn cg{ kcg{n{ gctg{ dn Gtn`g{ yN{rg|tg±72.

G{ï r~n{# `j e~n gcmj r~|gon`tn ej|t~itj w~n cg {gcugkiû` dnc kgorn{i`gdj i`dnrn`din`tn y cg kg`kncgkiû` dn cg{n|uid~ol|n rj| dn~dg{ e~n|g` |çridgon`tn {nm~idg{# n` cg{ ki~dgdn{ y n` nc kgorj dn cg M|nkig kcç{ikg# dn ~``~nuj y nvt|gj|di`g|ij g~on`tj n` nc ~{j dnc t|glghj dn n{kcguj{. N` nenktj# k~g`dj cj{ nvt|noj{ dn cgrjcg|ixgkiû` {jkigc w~ndg|j` lcjw~ngdj{ dn`t|j dn cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ fncn`g{# cg kcg{n djoi`g`tn |nk~||iûcûmikgon`tn g cg iorj|tgkiû` dn n{kcguj{ rg|g |n{jcun| cg n{kg{nx dn og`j dn jl|g. Nc r|nkij dn cj{ n{kcguj{ —n` {~ ogyj|ïg t|gkij{# e|imij{ y {i|ij{— n|g lghï{ioj# `j o~y {~rn|ij| gc kj{tj dn ~` g÷j dn og`tnìoin`tj 771 cjw~n rn|oitiû w~n {~ norcnj {n mn`n|gcixg{n n` tjdg cg {jkindgd m|inmg fg{tg nc r~`tj dn w~n i`kc~{j cj{ oç{f~oicdn{ g|tn{g`j{ j cj{ rnw~n÷j{ gm|ik~ctj|n{ kj` e|nk~n`kig rjdïg` rj{nn|cj{. N{tg nujc~kiû` nkj`ûoikg

tgolié` {n fglïg g`tikirgdj n` N{rg|tg# rj|w~n cg r|nuig k|ngkiû` dn ~`g og{g |~|gc dn icjtg{ n` Cgkjìg yOn{nìg e~n cj w~n rn|oitiû cg grg|ikiû` dn cg e|gtn|ìdgd dn cj{ n{rg|tg`j{# cg r|ion|g rjlcgkiû` n{kcgug`~on|j{g dn cg M|nkig r|nkcç{ikg y cg r|ion|g kcg{n cil|n dn fjrcitg{. Rn|j n` n{tn kg{j# kjoj n` tjdj{ cj{dnoç{# cg r|ij|idgd n{rg|tg`g lcjw~nû cg rj{tn|ij| nujc~kiû`8 cg kj`dikiû` dn cj{ icjtg{ {n dnt~uj n` ~`g ¡ej|og{~ldn{g||jccgdg± dn n{kcguit~d7<# rj|w~n cj{

72 G`d|n}n{# M|nna {jkinty# r. 7;;. Kjorç|n{n kj` U. Nf|n`l~|m# Tfn M|nna {tgtn# Cj`d|n{# 7959# r. 958 ¡[i` ontnkj{ j n{kcguj{#dieïkicon`tn fgl|ïg nvi{tidj cg rjci{ .±77 G`d|n}n{# M|nna {jkinty# r. 7;>.7< Jciug# [rg|tg g`d fn| {jkigc r|jlcno{ # rr. 4;/4. Cj{ icjtg{ rj{nïg`

QRçm. ;7_

icjtg{ `j rjdïg` {n| kjor|gdj{# ì un`didj{# ì og`~oitidj{# y n|g` r|jrindgd kjcnktiug n` unx dn r|iugdg. Cgn{kcguit~d rcn`gon`tn on|kg`tic# |nmidg rj| cg{ cnyn{ dnc on|kgdj# e~n i`t|jd~kidg n` M|nkig n` cg{ ki~dgdn{/N{tgdj w~n fgl|ïg` dn {n| cj{ |iugcn{ dn N{rg|tg. N` nc {imcj U# d~|g`tn nc grjmnj dn cg rjci{ kcç{ikg# Gtn`g{#

75 * 7>2



Kj|i`tj# Nmi`g y r|çktikgon`tn tjdg{ cg{ ki~dgdn{ dn gcm~`g iorj|tg`kig tn`ïg` ~`g `~on|j{g rjlcgkiû`n{kcgug w~n kj` e|nk~n`kig {~rn|glg g cg dn ki~dgdg`j{ cil|n{. E~n cg iorcg`tgkiû` dn n{tg nkj`joïg n{kcgui{tg—n` cg{ oi`g{# cg gm|ik~ct~|g y cg g|tn{g`ïg— cj w~n rn|oitiû nc |nrn`ti`j ecj|nkioin`tj dn cg kiuicixgkiû`~|lg`g dn M|nkig. @gt~|gcon`tn# {~ iorgktj —kjoj yg fnoj{ i`dikgdj g`tn{— `j {n cioitû g cj nkj`ûoikj.¡Cg n{kcguit~d `j n|g# rj| {~r~n{tj# ~`g on|g `nkn{idgd nkj`ûoikg# {i`j w~n n|g uitgc rg|g nc kj`h~`tj dn cguidg {jkigc y rjcïtikg dn cj{ ki~dgdg`j{±7;. Cg rjci{ kcç{ikg n{tglg lg{gdg n` nc `~nuj dn{k~l|ioin`tj kj`knrt~gcdn cg ciln|tgd# rj{ilicitgdj rj| cg i`{tit~kiû` {i{tnoçtikg dn cg n{kcguit~d8 e|n`tn g cj{ t|glghgdj|n{ n{kcguj{# ncki~dgdg`j cil|n grg|nkïg gfj|g n` tjdj {~ n{rcn`dj|. Cg{ r|ion|g{ i`{tit~kij`n{ ¡dnojk|çtikg{± dn cg M|nkigkcç{ikg grg|nkin|j` n` W~ïj{ g ondigdj{ dnc {imcj UI1 cg t|gdikiû` gei|og tgolié` w~n W~ïj{ e~n cg r|ion|gki~dgd m|inmg w~n iorj|tû n` m|g` n{kgcg n{kcguj{ r|jkndn`tn{ dnc lç|lg|j J|in`tn 74. N` Gtn`g{# cg{ |nej|og{dn [jcû` e~n|j` {nm~idg{ rj| ~` un|timi j{j g~on`tj dn cg rjlcgkiû` n{kcgug n` cg érjkg dn cg ti|g`ïg# g cg w~n{im~iû# g {~ unx# ~`g `~nug kj`{tit~kiû` ncglj|gdg rj| Kcï{tn`n{ w~n gljciû cg{ t|gdikij`gcn{ diui{ij`n{ t|ilgcn{dn cg rjlcgkiû`# kj` {~{ jrj|t~ìdgdn{ rg|g nc kcin`tnci{oj g|i{tjk|çtikj# |nj|mgìxû g cj{ ki~dgdg`j{ n`¡dnoj{± cjkgcn{ y tn||itj|igcn{ n i`{tit~yû cg ncnkkiû` rj| {j|tnj rg|g ~` gorcigdj Kj`{nhj dn cj{ W~iìn`tj{#w~n di|imi|ïg cj{ g{~`tj{ dn cg ki~dgd n` kjoli`gkiû` kj` cg g{golcng rjr~cg|. D~|g`tn nc {imcj U t~uj c~mg| cgmn`n|gcixgkiû` dn n{tg eû|o~cg rjcïtikg ¡r|jl~cé~tikg± n` cg{ ki~dgdn{/N{tgdj dn M|nkig8 ~` kj`{nhj |nd~kidjr|jrj`ïg cg{ dnki{ij`n{ rølcikg{ g ~`g g{golcng oç{ gorcig w~n cg{ ujtglg# rn|j w~n kg|nkïg dn dn|nkfj dniìkigtiug &g~`w~n n` cj{ N{tgdj{ oç{ rjr~cg|n{ cg g{golcng kj`w~i{tg|ïg oç{ gdncg`tn n{n dn|nkfj). Cg{

ug|igkij`n{ n` cg kjorj{ikiû` dnc kj`{nhj y cg g{golcng# y n` cg ncnkkiû` dn cj{ ogmi{t|gdj{ dnc N{tgdj w~ndi|imïg` {~ gdoi/

tgolié` {~{ r|jrig{ egoicig{ y n` jkg{ij`n{ e~n|j` ~ticixgdj{ rg|g |ngcixg| tg|ng{ oicitg|n{.

7; Uiktj| Nf|n`l~|m# Tfn M|nna {tgtn# r. 9=.74 Ei`cny# Tfn g`kin`t M|nna{ # r. ;5.

QRçm. ;<_

ì{t|gkiû`# dnei`ïg` nc m|gdj |ncgtiuj dn ¡dnojk|gkig± j dn ¡jcimg|w~ïg± dn`t|j dn kgdg rjci{ . Nc {i{tnogn{rg|tg`j# djoi`gdj rj| ~` nej|gdj g~tj|itg|ij# e~n nc nuidn`tn g`tïrjdg dnc gtnìn`{n# w~n ccnmû g n{tg|

kn`t|gdj n` cg g{golcng rcn`g|ig dn ki~dgdg`j{. Rn|j cg cï`ng n{n`kigc dn dnog|kgkiû` `j rg{glg rj| cgki~dgdg`ïg kj`{tit~yn`tn dn cg rjci{ # rj| oç{ w~n é{tg n{t~uin|g j|mgìxgdg y n{t|gtieikgdg# {i`j w~n {nrg|glg gcj{ ki~dgdg`j{ —yg e~n{n` cj{ 6.222 n{rg|tg`j{ j cj{ 4>.222 gtnìn`{n{— dn cj{ `j ki~dgdg`j{ y dn cj{ `jcil|n{. Cg kjo~ìdgd dn cg rjci{ kcç{ikg# i`dnrn`din`tnon`tn dn {~{ diui{ij`n{ dn kcg{n i`tn|`g{# n{tglg n|imidg{jl|n ~`g og`j dn jl|g n{kcguixgdg dn cg w~n |nkilïg tjdg {~ ej|og y tjdg {~ {~{tg`kig.

N{tg{ ki~dgdn{/N{tgdj dn cg M|nkig kcç{ikg {n n`xg|xg|j` n` kj`{tg`tn{ |iugcidgdn{ y gm|n{ij`n{ o~t~g{.Dn{r~é{ dn w~n nc r|jkn{j dn kjcjìxgkiû` f~lin{n ccnmgdj g {~ ei` gc tn|oi`g| nc {imcj UI# cg uïg tïrikg dnnvrg`{iû` e~n cg kj`w~i{tg y nc t|il~tj oicitg|. Kj` cg nvr~c{iû` dn cg{ e~n|xg{ rn|{g{ dn M|nkig g r|i`kirij{ dnc{imcj U# Gtn`g{ kj`w~i{tû dn ej|og m|gd~gc nc rjdn| r|nnoi`n`tn n`t|n cg{ ki~dgdn{ |iugcn{ dnc og| Nmnj. NcIorn|ij gtnìn`{n cnug`tgdj n` cg mn`n|gkiû` w~n ug dn Tnoï{tjkcn{ g Rn|ikcn{ rg|nkïg kj`tn`n| cg r|jon{g# j cg

gon`gxg# dn cg ~ìeikgkiû` rjcïtikg dn M|nkig lghj nc mjlin|`j dn ~`g {jcg rjci{ . [~ lg{n ogtn|igc {n g{n`tglg n`cg {it~gkiû` y cj{ |g{mj{ rnk~cig|n{ dn cg r|jrig Gtn`g{# w~n tn||itj|igc y dnojm|çeikgon`tn n|g cg ogyj| ki~dgd/N{tgdj fncn`g# g~`w~n {ûcj t~uin{n ~`j{ <.>22 aicûont|j{ k~gd|gdj{ dn nvtn`{iû` y ~`j{ <>2.222 fglitg`tn{. Nc{i{tnog gm|g|ij dnc Çtikg nhnorcieikglg nc ojdncj mn`n|gc dn cg érjkg# g~`w~n w~ixç dn ~`g ej|ogn{rnkigcon`tn r|j`~`kigdg. [nmø` cg{ ondidg{ fncn`g{# cg m|g` r|jrindgd gm|g|ig n|g cg ei`kg dn 42 g 62fnktç|ng{7>. N` nc Çtikg fglïg o~y rjkg{ ei`kg{ m|g`dn{# n i`kc~{j cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ |ikj{ rj{nïg` kin|tj `øon|jdn ei`kg{ rnw~n÷g{ oç{ w~n cgtie~`dij{ kj`kn`t|gdj{. Cg{ r|jrindgdn{ dn ;2 n i`kc~{j <2 fnktç|ng{ {n {it~glg`rj| n`kiog dn cg ondig# oin`t|g{ w~n cg{ rg|kncg{ oç{ rnw~n÷g{ `j {~rn|glg` r|jlglcnon`tn cg{ dj{ fnktç|ng{.Fg{tg ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj U# cg{ t|n{ k~g|tg{ rg|tn{ dn cj{ ki~dgdg`j{ cil|n{ rj{nïg` gcm~`g r|jrindgd |~|gc 75. Cj{n{kcguj{ g{nm~|glg` nc {n|uikij djoé{tikj# nc t|glghj dnc kgorj —dj`dn k~ctiuglg` `j|ogcon`tn cg{ fgkin`dg{dn cj{ |ikj{— y nc t|glghj g|tn{g`j. R|jlglcnon`tn {~ `øon|j n|g ièn|ij| gc

7> Ej||n{t# Tfn non|mn`kn je M|nna dnojk|gky# r. 45.75 O. I. Ei`cny# [t~din{ i` cg`d g`d k|ndit i` g`kin`t Gtfn`{# >22/<22 l.K.# @n} L|~`{}ika# rr. >6/9.

7= * 7>2



QRçm. ;;_

dn cj{ t|glghgdj|n{ cil|n{ n` cg gm|ik~ct~|g y w~ixç n` cg g|tn{g`ïg# rn|j ej|oglg` ~` m|~rj o~kfj ogyj| w~n nctjtgc dn cj{ ki~dgdg j{. N` nc {imcj U w~ixç f~lin|g n` Gtn`g{ dn 62.222 g 722.222 n{kcguj{ rj| ~`j{ ;2.222 g42.222 ki~dgdg`j{7=. ^` tn|kij dn cg rjlcgkiû` cil|n uiuïg n` cg oi{og ki~dgd y cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cj{ |n{tg`tn{n` cg{ gcdng{ dn cj{ iòndigtj{ gc|ndndj|n{. Cg iòn`{g ogyj|ïg dn cj{ ki~dgdg`j{ n{tglg ej|ogdg rj| cg{kcg{n{ dn cj{ ¡fjrcitg{± y cj{ ¡tfntn{ ±# w~ixç n` ~`g r|jrj|kiû` |n{rnktiug dn 7 g <. N{tj{ øctioj{ kj`{tit~ïg` nc{nktj| oç{ rjl|n dn cg rjlcgkiû`# {in`dj i`kgrgkn{ dn nw~irg|{n g {ï oi{oj{ rg|g cj{ dnln|n{ dn cg ièg`tn|ïgrn{gdg. Cnmgcon`tn# cg diui{iû` n`t|n fjrcitg{ y tfntn{ {n fgkïg rj| cj{ i`m|n{j{# rn|j `j rj| cg jk~rgkiû` j cg|n{idn`kig8 cj{ fjrcitg{ n|g` rj{ilcnon`tn g|tn{g`j{ ~|lg`j{# oin`t|g{ w~n w~ixç cg oitgd dn cj{ tfntn{ n|g`kgorn{i`j{ rjl|n{. Rj| n`kiog dn n{tg{ dj{ kig{n{ ièn|ij|n{ fglïg dj{ û|dn`n{ o~kfj oç{ |nd~kidj{ dnki~dgdg`j{ gkjojdgdj{# k~yg écitn ej|oglg ~` `økcnj dn ~`g{ ;22 egoicig{ |ikg{# {it~gdg{ n` cg kiog dn cg{jkindgd gtnìn`{n76. N{tg n{t|~kt~|g {jkigc# kj` {~ |nkj`jkidg n{t|gtieikgkiû`# rn|j tgolié` kj` {~ egctg dngli{oj{ |gdikgcn{ dn`t|j dnc k~n|rj dn cj{ ki~dgdg`j{# {n`tû cg{ lg{n{ dn cg dnojk|gkig rjcïtikg dn Gtn`g{.

G ondigdj{ dnc {imcj U# nc Kj`{nhj dn cj{ W~iìn`tj{# w~n {~rn|ui{glg cg gdoiì{t|gkiû` dn Gtn`g{# {n{ncnkkij`glg rj| {j|tnj dnc kj`h~`tj dn ki~dgdg`j{# rg|g nuitg| cj{ rncim|j{ dnc r|ndjoiìj y nc kcin`tnci{ojg~tjk|çtikj{# g{jkigdj{ kj` cg{ ncnkkij`n{. Dn cj{ r~n{tj{ iorj|tg`tn{ dnc N{tgdj# cj{ øìkj{ ncnktiuj{ n|g` cj{

dinx mn`n|gcgtj{ oicitg|n{ w~n# cûmikgon`tn# |nkgïg` {inor|n n` nc n{t|gtj {~rn|ij| dn cg ki~dgd. Nc kj`{nhj dnhûdn r|n{n`tg| |n{jc~kij`n{ kj`t|jun|tidg{ g cg g{golcng dn ki~dgdg`j{ —w~n gfj|g kj`kn`t|glg yg cg rcn`g{jln|g`ïg y cg iìkigtiug rjcïtikg— y {n cioitglg g r|nrg|g| nc j|dn` dnc dïg y g {jontn|cn cj{ tnog{ dnki{iuj{rg|g {~ gr|jlgkiû`. Cg g{golcng kncnl|glg ~` oïìoj dn 42 {n{ij`n{ g`~gcn{# g cg{ w~n rj{ilcnon`tn g{i{tïg`rj| té|oi`j ondij oç{ dn >.222 ki~dgdg`j{# yg w~n {n `nkn{itglg ~` w~j|~o dn 5.222 rg|g cg ciln|gkiû` dno~kfj{ tnog{ |~ti`g|ij{. Cg g{golcng dnlgtïg y dntn|oi`glg di|nktgon`tn tjdg{ cg{ k~n{tij`n{ rjcïtikg{iorj|tg`tn{. Nc {i{tnog h~dikigc w~n ecg`w~nglg gc `økcnj cnmi{cgtiuj dn cg rjci{ n{tglg kjor~n{tj rj| h~|gdj{#{ncnkkij`gdj{ rj| {j|tnj n`t|n

7= ]n{tn|og``# Tfn {cgun {y{tno{ je M|nna g`d \jog` G`tiw~ity# rçmi`g 9.76 G. F. O. Hj`n{# Gtfnìg` dnojk|gky# Jvej|d# 79>=# rr. =9/97.

QRçm. ;4_

cj{ ki~dgdg`j{# w~n |nkilïg` ~`g rgmg rj| {~{ jlcimgkij`n{ rg|g rn|oiti| nc {n|uikij dn cj{ rjl|n{# kjoj n` nckg{j dn cj{ kj`{nhn|j{. N{tn r|i`kirij {n nvtn`diû d~|g`tn nc {imcj IU g cg g{i{tn`kig g cg oi{og g{golcng. R~ndndnki|{n w~n `j nvi{tïg ì`mø` e~`kij`g|igdj rn|og`n`tn# yg w~n cj{ kg|mj{ gdoiì{t|gtiuj{ {n di{t|il~ïg` rj|{j|tnj n`t|n cj{ kj`{nhn|j{# y cg dioi`~tg e~n|xg dn rjcikïg n{tglg kjor~n{tg rj| n{kcguj{ n{kitg{.@gt~|gcon`tn# cg dnojk|gkig rjr~cg| di|nktg dn cg kj`{tit~kiû` gtnìn`{n {n dic~ïg n` cg r|çktikg rj| ncr|ndjoi ij ièj|ogc {jl|n cg g{golcng dn cj{ rjcïtikj{ r|jen{ij`gcn{# r|jkndn`tn{ dn cg{ egoicig{ dn cg ki~dgdt|gdikij`gcon`tn |ikg{ y dn gctg k~`g &j oç{ tg|dn dn cj{ `~nuj{ |ikj{). Rn|j n{tn r|ndjoiìj {jkigc `~`kg {ngeig`xû j {jcidieikû cnmgcon`tn y {inor|n n{t~uj nvr~n{tj g t|g{tj|`j{ y nè|n`tgoin`tj{ g kg~{g dn cg`gt~|gcnxg dnoûtikg dnc {i{tnog rjcïtikj n` nc w~n tn`ïg w~n nhn|kn|{n. Cg kj`t|gdikkiû` n`t|n golj{ e~n

e~`dgon`tgc rg|g cg n{t|~kt~|g dn cg rjci{ gtnìn {n y n`kj`t|û ~` {j|r|n`dn`tn |necnhj n` cg kj`dn`g ~`çìondn cg i`{ûcitg dnojk|gkig dn cg ki~dgd# nenkt~gdg rj| cj{ rn`{gdj|n{ w~n n`kg|`g|j` {~ iìm~gcgdg k~ct~|g8T~kïdidn{# [ûk|gtn{# Rcgtû`# G|i{tûtncn{# I{jk|gtn{ j Hn`jej`tn. Gtn`g{ `~`kg r|jd~hj ~`g. tnj|ïg rjcïtikgdnojk|çtikg8 r|çktikgon tn tjdj{ cj{ eicû{jej{ n fi{tj|igdj|n{ çtikj{ dn gcm~`g iorj|tg kig t~uin|j`kjùikkij`n{ jcimç|w~ikg{79. G|i{tûtncn{ kj`dn`{û cg w~i`tgn{n`kig dn {~{ jriìj`n{ n` {~ l|nun y {imìeikgtiugr|j{k|irkiû` dn cj{ t|glghgdj|n{ og`~gcn{ dn cg ki~dgdg`ïg dnc N{tgdj idngc<2. Nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tgw~n {~lygkïg g cg kiuicixgkiû` gtnìn`{n n`kj`t|û `nkn{g|igon`tn {~ nvr|n{iû` idnjcûmikg oç{ r|ï{ti`g n` ncn{t|gtj {jkigc r|iuicnmigdj dn cg ki~dgd# k~yg{ kiog{ i`tncnkt~gcn{ e~n|j` rj{ilcn{ m|gkig{ gc rc~{t|glghj |ngcixgdjn` cj{ gli{oj{ {icn`kij{j{ dn cg rjci{ .

Cg n{t|~kt~|g dn cg ej|ogkiû` {jkigc gtnìn`{n# g{ï kj`{tit~idg# `j e~n rj| {ï oi{og {~eikin`tn rg|g mn`n|g| {~{~r|nogkïg iorn|igc n` M|nkig. Rg|g kj`{nm~i| n{tj e~n|j` `nkn{g|ij{ jt|j{ dj{ |g{mj{ n{rnkïeikj{ dn cg

nkj`joïg y cg {jkindgd gtnìn`{n{# w~n cg {it~g|j` grg|tn dn k~gcw~in| jt|g ki~dgd/N{tgdj fncn`g dnc {imcj U. N`r|ion| c~mg|# nc Çtikg tn`ïg n` Cg~|iû` cg{ oi`g{ dn rcgtg oç{ |ikg{ dn M|nkig. Nvt|gïdj r|i`kirgcon`/

76 * 7>2



79 Hj`n{# Gtfnìg` dnojk|gky# rr. 47/=<# djk~on`tg n{tg diun|mn`kig# rn|j `j {n rn|kgtg dn {~{ iorcikgkij`n{ rg|g cg n{t|~kt~|g dnckj`h~`tj dn cg kiuicixgkiû` gtnìn`{n# kj`tn`tç`dj{n kj` dnen`dn| cg dnojk|gkig dn cg rjci{ kj`t|g cj{ rn`{gdj|n{ dn cg ki~dgd.<2 Rjcitik{ # III# iu# <# g`tn{ kitgdj.

QRçm. ;>_

tn rj| m|g`dn{ m|~rj{ dn n{kcguj{ —gc|ndndj| dn ;2.222—# nc oi`n|gc dn n{tg{ oi`g{ ei`g`kiû cg kj`{t|~kkiû`

dn cg ecjtg gtnìn`{n w~n un`kiû n` [gcgoi`g g cj{ lg|kj{ rn|{g{. Cg rcgtg gtnìn`{n e~n dn{dn nc r|i`kirij cgkj`dikiû` dnc rjdn|ïj `gugc dn Gtn`g{. Gdnoç{# fixj rj{ilcn cg grg|ikiû` dn ~`g oj`ndg çtikg w~n# kg{jnvknrkij`gc n t|n cg{ oj ndg{ m|inmg{ dn cg érjkg# e~n gorcigon tn gknrtgdg n` nc nvt|g hn|j kjoji`{t|~on tj dnc kjon|kij i`tn|cjkgc# kj`t|il~yn`dj g{ï dnki{iugon`tn g cg r|j{rn|idgd kjon|kigc dn cg ki~dgd.N{tg r|j{rn|idgd {n uij eguj|nkidg tjdguïg oç{ rj| cg nvknrkij`gc kj`kn`t|gkiû` n` Gtn`g{ dn nvt|g`hn|j{¡ontnkj{±# g w~in`n{ n{tglg r|jfilidg cg r|jrindgd dn cg tin||g# rn|j w~n ccnmg|j` g djoi`g| cg gktiuidgdkjon|kigc n i`d~{t|igc dn cg ki~dgd# g cg w~n kjùi|tin|j` n` r~`tj kn`t|gc dnc Nmnj. Cg fnmnoj`ïg og|ïtiog w~ng{ï {n gk~o~cû n` Gtn`g{ n{tglg |ncgkij`gdg e~`kij`gcon`tn kj` cg j|mgìxgkiû` rjcïtikg dn cg ki~dgd. Cg kcg{nfjrcitg dn gm|ik~ctj|n{ ondig`j{# w~n r|jrj|kij`glg cg ièg`tn|ïg dn cg rjci{ # g{kn`dïg g ~`j{ 7;.222# n{ dnki|#~` tn|kij dn tjdj{ cj{ ki~dgdg`j{. Cg ecjtg gtnìn {n# {i` nolg|mj# n{tglg t|ir~cgdg rj| og|i`n|j{ r|jkndn`tn{dn cg kcg{n oç{ rjl|n dn cj{ tfntn{ 1 g cj{ |non|j{ {n cn{ rgmglg ~` {gcg|ij y n{tglg` dn {n|uikij jkfj on{n{ gcg÷j. [~ `øon|j n|g r|çktikgon`tn im~gc gc dn cj{ {jcdgdj{ dn g rin &7<.222)# y {~ r|n{n`kig kj`t|il~yû gg{nm~|g| cg gorcig lg{n dnojk|çtikg dnc {i{tnog rjcïtikj gtnìn`{n# g dien|n`kig dn cg{ jt|g{ ki~dgdn{/N{tgdj dnM|nkig n` cg{ w~n {ûcj cg kgtnmj|ïg fjrcitg r|jrj|kij`glg cg lg{n {jkigc dn cg rjci{ <7. Cg {~rn|ij|idgd oj`ntg|igy `gugc dn Gtn`g{ e~n cj w~n dij e~n|xg g {~ iorn|igci{oj# dnc oi{oj ojdj w~n eguj|nkiû {~ dnojk|gkig. Cj{ki~dgdg`j{ dn Gtn`g{ n{tglg` nvn`tj{ kg{i rj| kjorcntj dn tjdg ej|og dn ior~n{tj{ di|nktj{. N` n{rnkigc# cgr|jrindgd dn cg tin||g —w~n n{tglg cnmgcon tn cioitgdg g cj{ ki~dgdg`j{— `j {jrj|tglg ì`m~`g kg|mg ei{kgc#cj w~n kj`{tit~ïg ~`g kj`dikiû` lç{ikg rg|g cg g~tj`joïg kgorn{i`g dn`t|j dn cg rjci{ . Cj{ i`m|n{j{ rølcikj{i`tn|ij|n{ dn Gtn`g{ r|jkndïg` dn cg{ r|jrindgdn{ n{tgtgcn{# dn cj{ ior~n{tj{ i`di|nktj{ &tgcn{ kjoj cj{dn|nkfj{ rj|t~g|ij{) y dn cg{ jlcimgtj|ig{ ¡cit~|mig{± ei`g`kin|g{ je|nkidg{ g cg ki~dgd rj| cj{ |ikj{. N{tglnìm`g ei{kgcidgd {n kjorcnon`tglg kj` cg rgmg

<7 Cg t|gdikiû` gei|og w~n cg uiktj|ig dn cj{ og|i`j{ n` [gcgoi`g fixj w~n cg{ dnog`dg{ dn dn|nkfj{ rjcïtikj{ rj| cj{ tfntn{ e~n{n`

i||n{i{tilcn{# dnc oi{oj ojdj w~n cg{ kgorg÷g{ dn cj{ {jcdgdj{ kj`t|g On{nìg r|jlglcnon`tn fglïg` kj`w~i{tgdj rg|g cj{ fjrcitg{n{rg|tg`j{ {~ ki~dgdg`ïg.

QRçm. ;5_

rølcikg rj| cj{ {n|uikij{ dn cj{ h~|gdj{ y kj` ~` gorcij norcnj `gugc# kjoli`gkiû` w~n gy~dû g mg|g`tixg| nc`jtglcn m|gdj dn rgx rølcikg w~n kg|gktn|ixû g cg uidg rjcïtikg dn Gtn`g{ <<. Cj{ kj{tn{ nkj`ûoikj{ dn n{tgg|oj`ïg rjr~cg| {n dn{rcgxg|j` fgkig cg nvrg`{iû` nvtn|ij| dn Gtn`g{.

Nc Iorn|ij gtnìn`{n w~n {~|miû g |gïx dn cg{ m~n||g{ rn|{g{ e~n ~` {i{tnog n{n`kigcon`tn og|ïtioj# dn{ti`gdj g{~ly~mg| kjn|kitiugon tn g cg{ ki~dgdn{/N{tgdj m|inmg{ dnc Nmnj. Cg kjcjìxgkiû` r|jrigon`tn dikfgdn{norn÷û n` {~ n{t|~kt~|g ~` rgrnc {nk~`dg|ij# g~`w~n n` ojdj gcm~`j dn{dn÷glcn. N{ {imìeikgtiuj w~n

Gtn`g{ e~n{n nc øìkj N{tgdj m|inmj w~n k|nû ~`g kcg{n n{rnkigc dn ki~dgdg`j{ n` nc nvt|g`hn|j j ¡kcn|~kj{±# gw~in`n{ {n din|j` tin||g{ kjcjìgcn{ kjèi{kgdg{ g cj{ |nlncdn{ gcigdj{ nvt|g`hn|j{ y w~n —g dien|n`kig dnc |n{tjdn cj{ kjcj`j{ fncn`j{— kj`{n|uglg` tjdj{ cj{ dn|nkfj{ h~|ïdikj{ n` cg ont|ûrjci. Nc kj`ti`~j n{tglcnkioin`tjdn kcn|~w~ïg{ y kjcjìg{ ~ct|gog|i`g{ d~|g`tn tjdj nc {imcj U rn|oitiû g cg ki~dgd cg r|jojkiû` dn oç{ dn72.222 gtnìn`{n{ dn cg kj`dikiû` dn tfntn{ g cg dn fjrcitg{ rj| ondij dn cg kj`kn{iû` dn tin||g{ n` nc nvtn|ij|#kj` cj w~n gc oi{oj tinorj |nej|xû n`j|onon`tn {~ rjdn|ïj oicitg|. [i` nolg|mj# cg lg{n e~`dgon`tgc dnciorn|igci{oj gtnìn`{n `j |gdikglg n` n{tg{ kjcjìg{. Nc g~mn dnc rjdn|ïj dn Gtn`g{ n` nc Nmnj k|nû ~` j|dn`rjcïtikj k~yg un|dgdn|g e~`kiû` kj`{i{tiû n` kjj|di`g| y nvrcjtg| cg{ kj{tg{ n i{cg{ yg ~|lgìxgdg{ rj| ondij dn~` {i{tnog dn t|il~tj{ oj`ntg|ij{ |nkg~dgdj{ rg|g nc og`tnìoin`tj dn ~`g ecjtg rn|og`n`tn# w~n n|g`joi`gcon`tn nc kjoø` dnen`{j| dn cg{ ciln|tgdn{ m|inmg{ e|n`tn g cg{ gon`gxg{ j|in`tgcn{# rn|j w~n dn fnkfjn|g nc i`{t|~on`tj kn`t|gc dn cg jr|n{iû` iorn|igci{tg dn Gtn`g{ {jl|n {~{ ¡gcigdj{±. N` nc g÷j 4>4# nc tn{j|j

kn`t|gc dn cg Cimg dn Dncj{# k|ngdg n` r|i`kirij rg|g c~kfg| kj`t|g Rn|{ig# e~n t|g`{en|idj g Gtn`g{1 n` nc 4>2# cg`nmgtiug dn Gtn`g{ g rn|oiti| cg di{jc~kiû` dn cg cimg t|g{ cg rgx kj` Rn|{ig kjùi|tiû g gw~éccg n` ~` iorn|ij dn egktj. N` nc ojon`tj dn {~ n{rcn`dj|# d~|g`tn cg dékgdg dn 442# nc {i{tnog iorn|igc gtnìn`{n glg|kglg g ~`g{7>2 ki~dgdn{# r|i`kirgcon`tn hûìkg{# w~n rgmglg` ~`g {~og g`~gc n` di`n|j gc tn{j|j kn`t|gc dn Gtn`g{ y `j

79 * 7>2



rjdïg` og`tn`n| ecjtg{ r|jrig{. Nc t|il~tj tjtgc r|jkndn`tn dnc iorn|ij n|g# {nmø` cj{ kçck~cj{# ~` >2 rj| kin`tj{~rn|ij| g cj{ i`m|n{j{ i`tn|ij|n{ dnc Çtikg# n i`d~dglcnon`tn

<< O. I. Ei`cny# Dnojk|gky g`kin`t g`d ojdn|`# Cj`d|n{# 79=;# rr. 4># 46/91 uég`{n tgolié` {~{ jl{n|ugkij`n{ n` Tfn g`kin`t nkj`joy#rçmi`g{ 95# 7=;.

QRçm. ;=_

ei`g`kiû cg {~rn|gl~`dg`kig kiuic y k~ct~|gc dn cg rjci{ dn Rn|ikcn{<;. N` Gtn`g{# cg g|ogdg w~n rgmglg nciorn|ij r|jrj|kij`glg norcnj{ n{tglcn{ g cg kcg{n oç{ `~on|j{g y on`j{ r|iuicnmigdg dn cj{ ki~dgdg`j{# y cg{jl|g{ rølcikg{ w~n ei`g`kiglg —n`t|n nccg{ nc Rg|tn`û`— kj`{tit~yn|j` cj{ oç{ i`{im`n{ nolnccnkioin`tj{ dn cgki~dgd. N` nc nvtn|ij|# cj{ n{k~gd|j`n{ gtnìn`{n{ uimicglg` cg{ gm~g{ dnc Nmnj# oin`t|g{ w~n cj{ dncnmgdj{rjcïtikj{# cj{ kjog`dg`tn{ oicitg|n{ y cj{ kjoi{g|ij{ ujcg`tn{ mg|g`tixglg` cg djkicidgd dn cg{ ogmi{t|gt~|g{ n`cj{ N{tgdj{ {jontidj{. Cj{ t|il~`gcn{ gtnìn`{n{ nhn|kïg` cj{ rjdn|n{ dn cg |nr|n{iû` h~dikigc {jl|n cj{ki~dgdg`j{ dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ gcigdg{ {j{rnkfj{j{ dn dn{cngctgd<4.

Rn|j cj{ cïoitn{ dnc rjdn|ïj nvtn|ij| dn Gtn`g{ {n gckg`xg|j` o~y r|j`tj. R|jlglcnon`tn# n{n rjdn|ïj n{tio~cûnc kjon|kij y cg{ og`~egkt~|g{ n` nc Nmnj —dj`dn {n nvtn`diû rj| dnk|ntj nc ~{j dn cg oj`ndg çtikg y {n{~r|ioiû cg ri|gtn|ïg—# g~`w~n cj{ ogyj|n{ ln`neikij{ dnc k|nkioin`tj kjon|kigc {n gk~o~cg|j` n` cgkjo~ìdgd ontnkg dn cg r|jrig Gtn`g{. Nc {i{tnog iorn|igc mjxglg tgolié` dn cg{ {iorgtïg{ dn cg{ kcg{n{ oç{rjl|n{ dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ gcigdg{# rj|w~n cg t~tncg gtnìn`{n {imìeikglg rj| cj mn`n|gc cg i`{tgcgkiû` cjkgc dn|nmïon`n{ dnojk|çtikj{# gkj|dn{ kj` cj{ dn cg r|jrig ki~dgd iorn|igc# y cg kg|mg ei`g`kin|g dn cj{ t|il~tj{|nkgïg {jl|n cg{ kcg{n{ gctg{<>. Rn|j Gtn`g{ e~n i`kgrgx dn kj`{nm~i| ~`g i`tnm|gkiû` i`{tit~kij`gc dn n{tj{gcigdj{ n` ~` {i{tnog rjcïtikj ~ìeikgdj. Cg ki~dgdg`ïg gtnìn`{n n|g tg` gorcig n` nc i`tn|ij| w~n ì {iw~in|ge~n rj{ilcn nvtn`dn|cg n` nc nvtn|ij| g cj{ `j gtnìn`{n{# yg w~n n{tj fgl|ïg {idj e~`kij`gcon`tn kj`t|g|ij g cgdnojk|gkig |n{idn`kigc di|nktg dn cg g{golcng dn og{g{# |ngcixglcn øìkgon`tn dn`t|j dn ~` n{rgkij mnjm|çeikjo~y rnw~n÷j. G{ï r~n{# y g rn{g| dn cj{ gkn tj{ rjr~cg|n{ dnc mjlin|`j gtnìn`{n# cj{ e~`dgon tj{¡dnojk|çtikj{± i`tn|ij|n{ dnc iorn|igci{oj dn Rn|ikcn{ mn`n|g|j` `nkn{g|igon`tn cg nvrcjtgkiû` ¡diktgtj|igc±dn {~{ gcigdj{ hûìkj{# w~n tn`din|j` i`nuitglcnon`tn g {n| g||jhgdj{ kj` |grgkidgd fgkig cg {n|uid~ol|nkjcjìgc1 y n{tj e~n

<; \. Onimm{# Tfn Gtfnìg` Nori|n# Jvej|d# 79=<# rr. 7><# <>6/52.<4 Onimm{# ilid .# rr. 7=7/4# <2>/=# <7>/5# <<2/;;.<> M. N. O. dn [tn. K|jiv dno~n{t|g dn ej|og kjùi`kn`tn n{tg {iorgtïg8 ¡Tfn kfg|gktn| je tfn Gtfnìg` Nori|n±# Fi{tj|ig# ujc. UIII#79>4/79>># rr. 7/47. N` cg Cimg dn Dncj{ fglïg gcm~`j{ gcigdj{ jcimç|w~ikj{ —Oiticn n# W~ïj{ j [goj{— y Gtn g{ `j i`tn|ui`j{i{tnoçtikgon`tn n` cg kj`{tit~kiû` dn {~{ ki~dgdn{# rn|j cj{ kjèciktj{ cjkgcn{ {n gr|junkfg|j` `j|ogcon`tn kjoj jrj|t~ìdgdn{ rg|gnc n{tglcnkioin`tj ej|xj{j dn {i{tnog{ rjr~cg|n{.

QRçm. ;6_

g{ï rj|w~n `j fglïg ì`m~`g lg{n rg|g cg im~gcdgd j cg endn|gkiû`# w~n w~ixç fgl|ïg rn|oitidj ~`g kj`{tit~kiûòç{ jcimç|w~ikg. Gc oi{oj tinorj# {i` nolg|mj# cg `gt~|gcnxg dnojk|çtikg dn cg rjci{ gtnìn`{n —k~yjr|i`kirij `j n|g cg |nr|n{n`tgkiû`# {i`j cg rg|tikirgkiû` di|nktg— iorj{ilicitglg cg k|ngkiû` dn ~`g ogw~i`g|igl~|jk|çtikg kgrgx dn {jontn| rj| ondij dn cg kjn|kiû` gdoiì{t|gtiug g ~` nvtn`{j iorn|ij tn||itj|igc. Grn`g{nvi{tïg ~` grg|gtj dn N{tgdj {nrg|gdj j r|jen{ij`gc n` cg ki~dgd# k~yg n{t|~kt~|g rjcïtikg {n dnei ïgn{n`kigcon`tn rj| {~ |nkfgxj dn k~n|rj{ n{rnkigcixgdj{ dn e~`kij`g|ij{ —kiuicn{

j oicitg|n{— {it~gdj{ grg|tn dn cj{ ki~dgdg`j{ j|di`g|ij{8 cg dnojk|gkig gtnìn`{n {imìeikglg# r|nki{gon`tn#nc |nkfgxj dn {nonhg`tn diui{iû` n`t|n ¡N{tgdj± y ¡{jkindgd±<5. Rj| tg`tj# tgorjkj nvi{tïg ì`m~`g lg{n rg|g~`g l~|jk|gkig iorn|igc. Nc nvrg`{ijì{oj gtnìn`{n# n` kj`{nk~n`kig# {n dn||~olû |ncgtiugon`tn r|j`tjdnlidj tg`tj g cg{ kj`t|gdikkij`n{ dn {~ r|jrig n{t|~kt~|g kjoj g cg |n{i{tn`kig —w~n {~ n{t|~kt~|g egkicitglg—dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ oç{ jcimç|w~ikg{ dn cg M|nkig i`tn|ij|# n`kglnxgdg{ rj| N{rg|tg. Cg cimg n{rg|tg`g rj{nïg cg{un`tghg{ kj`t|g|ig{ dn cg{ dnlicidgdn{ gtnìn`{n{8 ~`g kjèndn|gkiû` dn jcimg|w~ïg{# k~yg e~n|xg {n lg{glgdi|nktgon`tn n` cj{ r|jrintg|ij{ fjrcitg{ oç{ w~n n` ~`g onxkcg kj` cj{ og|i`n|j{ dnoûtikj{ y k~yg ~ìdgd `j

n`t|g÷glg# rj| tg`tj# ì t|il~tj{ oj`ntg|ij{ ì nc oj`jrjcij oicitg| dn cg oi{og ki~dgd fnmnoûìkg dn N{rg|tg#k~yj rjdn| {inor|n e~n i`t|ï`{nkgon`tn on`j{ gon`gxgdj| rg|g cg{ jt|g{ ki~dgdn{ m|inmg{ w~n nc dn Gtn`g{.Cg egctg dn ~` iorj|tg`tn fi`tn|cg`d fgkïg w~n nc rjdn|ïj oicitg| dn Gtn`g{ —tg`tj n` |nkc~tgoin`tj kjoj n`

<2 * 7>2



|nk~|{j{— e~n{n dnog{igdj délic rg|g |n{i{ti| ~`g kjgcikiû` dn |iugcn{ tn||n{t|n{<=. Cg m~n||g dnc Rncjrj`n{j~ìû nc gtgw~n dn {~{ rg/

<5 Rg|g Nf|n`l~|m# é{tg n|g {~ m|g` dnlicidgd. Cg idn`tidgd n`t|n N{tgdj y {jkindgd n|g `nkn{g|igon`tn ~`g kj`t|gdikkiû`# rj|w~n ncN{tgdj tn`ïg w~n {n| øìkj oin`t|g{ w~n cg {jkindgd {inor|n n|g rc~|gc g kg~{g dn {~ diui{iû` n` kcg{n{. Dn gfï w~n j lin` nc N{tgdj|nr|jd~kïg n{g{ diui{ij n{ {jkigcn{ &jcimg|w~ïg) j lin` cg {jkindgd gl{j|lïg gc N{tgdj &dnojk|gkig)8 i`m~`g dn n{tg{ {jc~kij n{ |n{rntglg~`g di{ti`kiû` i`{tit~kij`gc# w~n rg|g Nf|n`l~|m n|g iò~tglcn# y dn gfï w~n golg{ ccnug|g` n` {ï oi{og{ nc mn|on` dn {~ r|jrigdn{t|~kkiû`8 Tfn M|nna {tgtn# r. 69. @gt~|gcon`tn# rg|g Og|v y N`mnc{ cg m|g`dnxg dn cg dnojk|gkig gtnìn`{n |n{idïg r|nki{gon`tn n`n{tn |nkfgxj n{t|~kt~|gc.<= N` mn`n|gc# cg{ cï`ng{ diui{j|ig{ n`t|n ¡jcimg|w~ïg± y ¡dnojk|gkig± kj||n{rj`dïg` kj` lg{tg`tn nvgktit~d n` cg M|nkig kcç{ikg g cg{di{k|nrg`kig{ n`t|n cg{ j|in`tgkij`n{ fgkig nc og| y cg{ j|in`tgkij`n{ fgkig tin||g ei|on. Cj{ oi{oj{ egktj|n{ og|ïtioj{ w~n r|nugcnkïg`n` Gtn`g{ tgolié` n{tglg` r|n{n`tn{ n` {~ xj`g dn ièc~n`kig hûìkg# oin`t|g{ w~n

QRçm. ;9_

|n{ g cg |nlnciû` dn {~{ {ølditj{# k~yg{ kcg{n{ r|jrintg|ig{ {n ~ìn|j` g cg{ jcimg|w~ïg{ kj`ti`n`tgcn{ ~`g unxkjon`xgdg cg m~n||g. [i` nolg|mj# y g rn{g| dn tjdj# e~n `nkn{g|ij nc j|j dn Rn|{ig rg|g ei`g`kig| ~`g ecjtgn{rg|tg g kgrgx dn gkglg| kj` nc djoiìj gtnìn`{n dnc og| g`tn{ dn w~n nc Iorn|ij gtnìn`{n e~n{n dn||jtgdjdneiìtiugon`tn n` tin||g rj| Ci{g`d|j. G rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{# `j nvi{tiû ì`m~`g rj{ilicidgd dn w~n cg{ ki~dgdn{fncn`g{ mn n|g{n` ~` N{tgdj iorn|igc ~ìeikgdj dn{dn {~ kn`t|j# g rn{g| dn cg |ncgtiugon tn |çridg

|nk~rn|gkiû` nkj`ûoikg dn cj{ nenktj{ dn cg cg|mg m~n||g dnc Rncjrj`n{j8 cg oi{og rg|idgd y o~ctircikidgd dncj{ kn`t|j{ ~|lg`j{ dn M|nkig cj{ `n~t|gcixglg kjcnktiugon`tn rg|g ~`g nvrg`{iû` nvtn|ij|. Cg{ ki~dgdn{ m|inmg{dnc {imcj IU {n f~`din|j` n` nc gmjtgoin`tj g ondidg w~n cg rjci{ kcç{ikg nvrn|ion`tglg k|nkin`tn{ dieik~ctgdn{n` cg{ ei`g`xg{ y n` nc |nkc~tgoin`tj oicitg|# {ï`tjog{ dn ~` iòi`n`tn g`gk|jì{oj.

cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cj{ gcigdj{ dn N{rg|tg n` nc Rncjrj`n{j y n` Lnjkig n{tglg` oç{ r|je~`dgon`tn gei`kgdj{ n` cg tin||g. Cg r|i`kirgcnvknrkiû` e~n# `gt~|gcon`tn# Kj|i`tj# nc kn`t|j kjon|kigc t|gdikij`gcon`tn |iugc dn Gtn`g{.

QRçm. 42_

;. NC O^@DJ FNCN@I[TIKJ

Nc {nm~`dj m|g` kikcj dn cg kj`w~i{tg kjcjìgc t~uj {~ j|imn` n` cg rn|ien|ig |~|gc {nrtn`t|ij`gc dn cg kiuicixgkiû`m|inmg# w~n rj{nïg ~`g {~rn|ij| |n{n|ug dnojm|çeikg y kgorn{i`g. N` ~` r|ion| ojon`tj# nc Iorn|ijogkndjìj e~n ~`g oj`g|w~ïg t|ilgc dn cg{ oj`tg÷g{ dnc i`tn|ij|# xj`g gt|g{gdg w~n fglïg kj`{n|ugdj o~kfg{dn cg{ |ncgkij`n{ {jkigcn{ dn cg M|nkig rj{oikéìkg. Nc N{tgdj oj`ç|w~ikj dn Ogkndjìg# dnlidj g w~noj|ejcûmikgon`tn n|g o~kfj oç{ r|ioitiuj w~n cg{ ki~dgdn{/N{tgdj dnc {~|# `j {n fglïg ontidj kj` nccg{ n` ~`kgccnhû` {i` {gcidg y {n oj{t|û kgrgx dn {~rn|g| {~{ cïoitn{ n` cg `~nug érjkg dn dnkgdn`kig dn gw~éccg{. Cglg{n tn||itj|igc y rjcïtikg dn Ogkndjìg cn rn|oitiû ~`g kjfn|n`tn nvrg`{iû` i`tn|`gkij`gc# ~`g unx w~n {n f~ljgcigdj g cg kiuicixgkiû` o~kfj oç{ dn{g||jccgdg dn M|nkig. Cg oj`g|w~ïg ogkndjìg n|g fn|nditg|ig# g~`w~nn{tglg {~hntg g cg kjèi|ogkiû` dn ~`g g{golcng oicitg| dn cj{ m~n||n|j{ dnc |ni`j. Cnmgcon`tn# tjdg cg tin||gn|g r|jrindgd dnc oj`g|kg# rn|j n` cg r|çktikg ~`g `jlcnxg t|ilgc w~n gei|oglg tn`n| rg|n`tn{kj kj` nc |nyrj{nïg ei`kg{ dn é{tn# ej|og`dj ~` kj|tnhj dn ¡kjorg÷n|j{± |ngcn{ dnc w~n r|jkndïg` {~{ kj`{nhn|j{ y

mjln|`gdj|n{. Cg ogyj|ïg dn cg rjlcgkiû` n{tglg ej|ogdg rj| kgorn{i`j{ g||n`dgtg|ij{ cil|n{ y fglïg rjkj{n{kcguj{7. Cg ~|lgìxgkiû` n|g n{kg{g y cg r|jrig kgritgc# Rnccg# n|g o~y rnw~n÷g y dn |nkin`tn k|ngkiû`. Nc g~mndnc rjdn|ïj dn Ogkndjìg n` cj{ Lgckg`n{ d~|g`tn nc |ni`gdj dn Eicirj II |nkiliû ~` tnor|g`j y dnki{iujior~c{j kj` cg g`nviû` dn cg{ oi`g{ g~|ïen|g{ dn T|gkig —nw~iugcn`tn{ g cg{ oi`g{ dn rcgtg dnc Çtikg n` nc {imcjg`tn|ij|—# w~n r|jrj|kij`g|j` g Ogkndjìg cg ei`g`kigkiû` i`di{rn`{glcn rg|g cg gm|n{iû` nvtn|ij| <. Nc évitj dncj{ nhé|kitj{ dn Eicirj gc un`kn| g cg{ ki~/

7 @. M. C. Fgooj`d# G fi{tj|y je M|nnkn tj ;<< l.K.# Jvej|d# 79>9# rçmi`g{ >;>/5.< Cj{ i`m|n{j{ r|jkndn`tn{ dn cg{ oi`g{ dn j|j dn T|gkig e~n|j` {~rn|ij|n{ g cj{ dn cg{ oi`g{ dn rcgtg dn Cg~|iû`# n` nc Çtikg1 G|`gcdjOjoimcig`j# Eicirrj ic Ogkndj`n# Ecj|n`kig# 79;4# rr. 49/>;# Fgkn nc n{/

QRçm. 47_

dgdn{/N{tgdj dn M|nkig y gc ~ìeikg| cg rn`ï`{~cg fncéìkg e~n dnlidj n{n`kigcon`tn g {~{ i``jugkij`n{oicitg|n{# w~n |necnhglg` cg dien|n`tn kjorj{ikiû` {jkigc dnc i`tn|ij| t|ilgc dn cg M|nkig dnc `j|tn. Cg kglgccn|ïg—g|og g|i{tjk|çtikg w~n n` M|nkig {inor|n n{t~uj {~lj|di`gdg g cj{ fjrcitg{— e~n |n`jugdg y ui`k~cgdg

<7 * 7>2



ncç{tikgon`tn g cg ièg`tn|ïg# w~n# g {~ unx# glg`dj`û rg|tn dn cg rn{gdg g|ogd~|g fjrcitg g kgolij dn ~`gogyj| ojuicidgd y dnc ~{j og{iuj dn cg cg`xg n` nc kgorj dn lgtgccg. Nc |n{~ctgdj e~n cg egoj{g egcg`mnogkndjìg# ecg`w~ngdg rj| cg kglgccn|ïg# y uiktj|ij{g dn{dn Tnlg{ g Agl~c. Cg nvrg`{iû` dn Ogkndjìg `j {ndnliû øìkgon`tn# kjoj n{ cûmikj# g cg dn{t|nxg dn {~{ kjog`dg tn{ y {jcdgdj{ j g {~ di{rjìlicidgd iìkigc dnontgcn{ r|nkij{j{. Cg r|ion|g kj`dikiû` dn {~ i||~rkiû` n` G{ig e~n cg r|nuig gl{j|kiû` dn cg r|jrig M|nkig. Cgoj`g|w~ïg ogkndjìg kj`{jcidû {~{ gug`kn{ n` cg rn`ï`{~cg k|ng`dj `~nuj{ ki~dgdg`j{# m|inmj{ j `j# n` cg{|nmij`n{ kj`w~i{tgdg{ y ~|lgìxg`dj {~ r|jrij fi`tn|cg`d |~|gc# kj` cj w~n dnoj{t|û {~ kgrgkidgd rg|g cggdoiì{t|gkiû` dn nvtn`{j{ tn||itj|ij{. Nc ior~c{j k~ct~|gc y rjcïtikj w~n |nkiliû dn cg i`tnm|gkiû` dn cj{ kn`t|j{~|lg`j{ oç{ gug`xgdj{ dn cg érjkg cn rn|oitiû |ngcixg| n` ~`j{ rjkj{ g÷j{# lghj nc |ni`gdj dn Gcnhg`d|j# cgg{jol|j{g kj`w~i{tg dn tjdj nc J|in`tn R|ûvioj. [iolûcikgon`tn# cg ecjtg i`{~{tit~ilcn w~n t|g`{rj|tû yguit~gccû g cg{ iùn`kilcn{ t|jrg{ dn G{ig {inor|n e~n m|inmg. Nc Iorn|ij ogkndjìj ~ìtg|ij w~n {~|miû t|g{Mg~mgoncg y w~n {n nvtn`dïg dn{dn nc Gd|içtikj fg{tg nc jkég`j I`dikj `j {jl|nuiuiû gc r|jrij Gcnhg`d|j# w~no~|iû g`tn{ dn rjdn| dg|cn ~` og|kj i`{tit~kij`gc kjfn|n`tn. Cj{ r|jlcnog{ {jkigcn{ y gdoiì{t|gtiuj{ w~nrcg`tnglg nc iorn|ij r~ndn` ui{c~ol|g|{n n` cj{ i`tn`tj{ dn Gcnhg`d|j rg|g e~{ij`g| g cg{ `jlcnxg{ ogkndûìkgy rn|{g rj| ondij dn ogt|iojìj{ jeikigcn{1 rn|j nc fgccgxmj dn {jc~kij`n{ g gw~nccj{ r|jlcnog{ w~ndû rg|g {~{{~kn{j|n{. Cg{ c~kfg{ i`tn{ti`g{ n`t|n cj{ mn`n|gcn{ ogkndjìj{ —cj{ diçdjkj{— tn|oi`g|j` kj` nc |nrg|tj dnciorn|ij n` k~gt|j xj`g{ r|i`kirgcn{8 On{jrjtgoig# Nmirtj# G{ig On`j| y M|nkig. G rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{# cg{ t|n{r|ion|g{ gun`tghg|j` `ntgon`tn g cg øctiog n` iorj|tg`kig rjcïtikg y nkj`ûoikg. Cg di`g{tïg {ncé~kidg mjln|`û

[i|ig y On{jrjtgoig1 Tjcjonj e~`dû nc |ni`j cçmidg n` Nmirtj1 ondij {imcj dn{r~é{# nc |ni`j gtçcidg dnRé|mgoj {n kjùi|tiû n` cg rjtn`kig djoi`g`tn dnc G{ig On`j| jkkidn`tgc. Cg kiuicixgkiû`

t~dij oç{ cøkidj dn cg r|ion|g eg{n dn cg nvrg`{iû` ogkndjìg# w~n n` mn`n|gc fg gt|gïdj |ncgtiugon`tn rjkj g cg ojdn|`g iùn{timgkiû`.

QRçm. 4<_

Cj{ N{tgdj{ fncn`ï{tikj{ n|g` k|ngkij`n{ fïl|idg{ w~n din|j` ej|og# {i` nolg|mj# gc ojdncj fi{tû|ikj mcjlgc dncOnditn||ç`nj j|in`tgc d~|g`tn cj{ {imcj{ {im~in`tn{. Rj| ~`g rg|tn# r|n{idin|j` nc oç{ ior|n{ij`g`tn g~mn dne~`dgkij`n{ ~|lg`g{ `~`kg ui{tj n` cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg8 rj| iìkigtiug n{rj`tç`ng

j rj| rgt|jkiìj |ngc l|jtg|j` m|g`dn{ ki~dgdn{ m|inmg{ rj| tjdj nc J|in`tn R|ûvioj# kkùi|tié`djcj n` cg

|nmiû` oç{ dn`{gon`tn ~|lgìxgdg dnc o~`dj g`tim~j y fncnìxg`dj dn ej|og rn|d~|glcn g tjdg{ cg{ kcg{n{di|imn`tn{ cjkgcn{ dn cg{ xj`g{ n` w~n {n k|ng|j`;. [i nc `øon|j dn n{tg{ e~`dgkij`n{ e~n ièn|ij| gc dn cgkjcjìxgkiû` dn cg M|nkig g|kgikg# {~ tgog÷j e~n ièiìtgon`tn {~rn|ij|. Cg ogyj| ki~dgd dn cg M|nkig kcç{ikge~n Gtn`g{# kj` ~`g rjlcgkiû` tjtgc dn ~`j{ 62.222 fglitg`tn{ n` nc {imcj U g. K. Cj{ t|n{ kn`t|j{ ~|lg`j{ogyj|n{ dnc o~`dj fncn`ï{tikj —Gcnhg`d|ïg# G`tijw~ïg y [ncn~kig— w~ixç ccnmg|g` g cj{ >22.222 fglitg`tn{.Cg di{t|il~kiû` dn n{tg{ `~nug{ e~`dgkij`n{ e~n dn{im~gc# yg w~n nc kn`t|gcixgdj N{tgdj cçmidg dn Nmirtj|nkncglg dn cg g~tj`joïg dn cg rjci{ y `j rgt|jki`û o~kfg{ `~nug{ ki~dgdn{# oin`t|g{ w~n nc N{tgdj {ncé~kidgcg{ o~ctircikû gktiugon`tn y n` G{ig On`j| cg `jlcnxg k|nû {~{ r|jrig{ ki~dgdn{ ioitg`dj nc nhnorcj fncéìkj 4.N{tg{ `~nug{ e~`dgkij`n{ ~|lg`g{ e~n|j` rjlcgdg{ rj| djw~in| kj` {jcdgdj{# gdoiì{t|gdj|n{ y kjon|kig`tn{m|inmj{ y ogkndjìj{ w~n r|jrj|kij`g|j` nc n{t|gtj {jkigc djoi`g`tn n` cg{ oj`g|w~ïg{ nrimj`gcn{ dn cj{diçdjkj{. Cg r|jcien|gkiû` dn ki~dgdn{ m|inmg{ n` J|in`tn n{t~uj gkjorg÷gdg rj| ~` gcxg `jtglcn dnc kjon|kij

i`tn|`gkij`gc y dn cg r|j{rn|idgd kjon|kigc. Gcnhg`d|j fglïg dn{gtn{j|gdj cg{ g|kg{ |ngcn{ rn|{g{# i`ynktg`dj n`nc {i{tnog dn kgolij{ dnc J|in`tn R|ûvioj cj{ tn{j|j{ gw~noéìdg{ gk~o~cgdj{ y ei`g`kig`dj g{ï ~` |çridji`k|non`tj n` nc ujc~on` dn t|g`{gkkij`n{ on|kg`ticn{ n` nc Onditn||ç`nj. Nc {i{tnog oj`ntg|ij dnc Çtikg {nmn`n|gcixû rj| tjdj nc o~`dj fncn`ï{tikj

; Cg ogyj|ïg dn cg{ `~nug{ ki~dgdn{ e~n|j` k|ngdg{ dn{dn glghj rj| cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ cjkgcn{1 rn|j cg{ ogyj|n{ y oç{ iorj|tg`tn{e~n|j`# `gt~|gcon`tn# e~`dgkij`n{ jeikigcn{ dn cj{ `~nuj{ {jln|g`j{ ogkndjìj{. G. F. O. Hj`n{# Tfn M|nna kity e|jo Gcnvg`dn| tjH~{tiìg # Jvej|d# 7942# rçmi`g{ <=/>2.4 Rg|g cg{ dien|n`kig{ n`t|n cg rjcïtikg dn cj{ Cçmidg{ y cj{ [ncé~kidg{# uég{n O. \j{tjut{nu# Tfn {jkigc g`d nkj`joik fi{tj|y je tfnFnccnì{tik }j|cd # Jvej|d# 7947# ujc. I# rr. 4=5 {{. QFi{tj|ig {jkigc y nkj`ûoikg dnc o~`dj fncn`ï{tikj# Ogd|id# N{rg{g# 79=;._

QRçm. 4;_

—kj` cg nvknrkiû` dnc Nmirtj tjcnogikj—# egkicitg`dj nc kjon|kij y cg `gunmgkiû` og|ïtiog i`tn|`gkij`gcn{ >.Cg |~tg og|ïtiog t|ig`m~cg| n`t|n \jdg{# G`tijw~ïg y Gcnhg`d|ïg {n kjùi|tiû n` nc nhn dnc `~nuj n{rgkijon|kg`tic k|ngdj rj| nc J|in`tn fncn`ï{tikj. Cg gdoiì{t|gkiû` cçmidg dn Nmirtj dn{g||jccû cg gktiuidgd lg`kg|ig

<< * 7>2



fg{tg ~`j{ ìuncn{ dn kjorcnhidgd `~`kg {~rn|gdj{ n` cg{ érjkg{ rj{tn|ij|n{ dn cg G`timóndgd. Cg noim|gkiû` ync nhnorcj m|inmj{ iorcg`tg|j` kj` tjdj évitj# r~n{# nc ojdncj ~|lg`j dnc Onditn||ç`nj j|in`tgc.

Gc oi{oj tinorj# {i` nolg|mj# cg{ g`tn|ij|n{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ dnc J|in`tn R|ûvioj —kj` {~{ t|gdikij`n{nkj`ûoikg{ y rjcïtikg{ o~y dien|n`tn{— je|nkin|j` ~`g iorn|onglcn |n{i{tn`kig g cj{ ojdncj{ m|inmj{ n` nckgorj. G{ï# nc t|glghj n{kcguj `j r~dj nvtn`dn|{n rj| cg{ xj`g{ |~|gcn{ dnc i`tn|ij| dnc J|in`tn fncn`ï{tikj.Kj`t|g|igon`tn g cg cnyn`dg rjr~cg|# cg{ kgorg÷g{ dn Gcnhg`d|j `j e~n|j` gkjorg÷gdg{ rj| ~`g n{kcguit~d nòg{g# y cg r|jrj|kiû` dn n{kcguj{ `j rg|nkn fgln| g~on`tgdj dn ej|og gr|nkiglcn gc kjorç{ dn cg{ kj`w~i{tg{ogkndjìg{5. N` kj`{nk~n`kig# cg{ |ncgkij`n{ gm|g|ig{ dn r|jd~kkiû` w~ndg|j` |ncgtiugon`tn gc og|mn` dncdjoiìj m|inmj. Cj{ {i{tnog{ gm|ïkjcg{ t|gdikij`gcn{ dn cg{ m|g`dn{ k~ct~|g{ ec~uigcn{ dnc J|in`tn R|ûviojkjoli`glg` cg nvi{tn`kig dn tn||gtnìn`tn{# g||n`dgtg|ij{ dnrn`din`tn{ y kgorn{i`j{ r|jrintg|ij{ kj` ~`gr|jrindgd oj`ç|w~ikg øctiog j iòndigtg dn cg tin||g. Cg n{kcguit~d |~|gc `~ kg fglïg tnìdj o~kfgiorj|tg`kig nkj`ûoikg. Cg{ r|ntn`{ij`n{ |nmig{ gc oj`jrjcij dn cg tin||g dgtglg` dn fgkïg {imcj{. Cj{ `~nuj{N{tgdj{ fncn`ï{tikj{ fn|ndg|j` n{tn ojdncj# kjorcntgon`tn nvt|g÷j gc dn cg rgt|ig m|inmg# y cj kj`{n|ug|j` kj`rjkj{ kgolij{. Cg{ r|i`kirgcn{ diun|mn`kig{ n`t|n nccj{ {n |nei|in|j` gc m|gdj n` w~n cg{ di`g{tïg{ dn kgdg |ni`jior~{in|j` cg r|jrindgd |nmig dn cg tin||g. Nc N{tgdj cçmidg dn Nmirtj —cg oç{ |ikg y oç{ |ïmidgon`tnkn`t|gcixgdg dn cg{ `~nug{ oj`g|w~ïg{— nvimiû ~` oj`jrjcij cnmgc gl{jc~tj dn cg tin||g {it~gdg e~n|g dn cg{e|j`tn|g{ dn cg{ rjkg{ rjcni{ . Cj{ oj`g|kg{ cçmidg{ g||n`dg|j` r|çktikgon`tn tjdg cg tin||g# diuididg n`

rnw~n÷g{ rg|kncg{ y kj` g||n`dgoin`tj{ g kj|tj rcgxj# g ~` kgorn{i`gdj oi{n|glcn# nvrcjtgdj di|nktgon`tnrj| nc N{tgdj# {i` ì`m~`g {nm~|idgd n` cg tit~cg|idgd dn {~ tin||g y jlcimgdj gc t|glghj ej|xgdj n` cg{

> E. O. Fnikfncfnio# G` g`kin`t nkj`joik fi{tj|y# ujc. III# Cnydn`# 79=2# r. 72.5 ]n{tn|og``# Tfn {cgun {y{tno{ je M|nna g`d \jog` G`tiw~ity# rçmi`g{ <6/;7.

QRçm. 44_

jl|g{ dn |nmgdïj=. Cg di`g{tïg {ncé~kidg dn On{jrjtgoig y [i|ig# w~n |nmïg ~` kjorcnhj tn||itj|igc o~kfj oç{nvtn`{j y nòg|g÷gdj# `~`kg i`tn`tû ~` kj`t|jc tg` |ïmidj dn cg nvrcjtgkiû` gm|g|ig. Cg{ tin||g{ |ngcn{ dn cg{r|jui`kig{ {n kj`kndin|j` g `jlcn{ j gdoiì{t|gdj|n{ y {n tjcn|g|j` cg{ gcdng{ g~tû`jog{ dn kgorn{i`j{r|jrintg|ij{ h~`tj kj` cj{ cgji # g||n`dgtg|ij{ dnrn`din`tn{ w~n kj`{tit~ïg` nc m|~n{j dn cg rjlcgkiû` |~|gc.

[imìeikgtiugon`tn# {ûcj nc Ré|mgoj gtçcidg# nc oç{ jkkidn`tgc dn cj{ `~nuj{ N{tgdj{ fncn`ï{tikj{# {it~gdj gc jt|jcgdj dnc Nmnj n` cg oi{og M|nkig# ~ticixû nc t|glghj gm|ïkjcg dn n{kcguj{ n` cg{ ei`kg{ dn cj{ |nyn{ y cj{g|i{tûk|gtg{6. Cj{ cïoitn{ mnjm|çeikj{ dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` iùn`tgdj n` cg M|nkig kcç{ikg e~n|j` cj{ dn cg{|nmij`n{ gdygkn`tn{ dnc G{ig On`j|.

[i cg{ ki~dgdn{ t~uin|j` ~` ojdncj m|inmj oin`t|g{ nc kgorj kj`{n|uglg nc j|in`tgc# cg n{t|~kt~|g dn cj{ N{tgdj{w~n i`tnm|glg` g golj{ e~n i`nuitglcnon`tn {i`k|étikg# kj` ~`g onxkcg dn ej|og{ fncéìkg{ y g{içtikg{ n` cg{w~n nc cnmgdj {nk~cg| dn cg{ øctiog{ t~uj ~` r|ndjoiìj i``nmglcn. Cj{ oj`g|kg{ fncn`ï{tikj{ fn|ndg|j` cg{t|gdikij`n{ gl|~ogdj|gon`tn g~tjk|çtikg{ dn cg{ kiuicixgkij`n{ ec~uigcn{ dnc J|in`tn R|ûvioj. Cj{ oj`g|kg{diçdjkj{ mjxg|j` dn ~` rjdn| rn|{j`gc icioitgdj# kjoj nc w~n t~uin|j` {~{ iòndigtj{ r|ndnkn{j|n{ j|in`tgcn{.Cg{ `~nug{ di`g{tïg{ m|inmg{ g÷gdin|j`# gdnoç{# ~`g {jl|nkg|mg idnjcûmikg gc rn{j w~n yg tn`ïg cg g~tj|idgd |ngc

n` cg xj`g# kj` nc n{tglcnkioin`tj dn cg gdj|gkiû` g cj{ mjln|`g`tn{# dnk|ntgdg dn ej|og jeikigc. Cg diuiìdgd dncj{ |nyn{ `~`kg fglïg {idj ~`g djkt|i`g dnc Iorn|ij rn|{g dn||jtgdj rj| Gcnhg`d|j# {i`j w~n e~n ~`g i``jugkiûògkndûìkg# i`{tit~idg rj| unx r|ion|g rj| Tjcjonj n` Nmirtj# dj`dn fglïg nvi{tidj ~` g`tim~j k~ctj g cj{eg|gj`n{ g`tn{ dn cg gl{j|kiû` rn|{g y w~n je|nkïg dn ej|og `gt~|gc ~` {~ncj enk~`dj rg|g nc k~ctj g cj{oj`g|kg{. Cg diuiìxgkiû` dn cj{ |nyn{ {n kjùi|tiû n` ~`g `j|og idnjcûmikg mn`n|gc n` tjdj nc o~`djfncn`ï{tikj. Nc ojcdn gdoiì{t|gtiuj tïrikj dn cj{ `~n/

= Rg|g gcm~`g{ dn{k|irkij`n{ dn n{tn {i{tnog# uég{n \j{tjut{nu# Tfn {jkigc g`d nkj`joik fi{tj|y je tfn Fnccnì{tik }j|cd # ujc. I# rr. <=4/;221 fgy tgolié` ~` n{t~dij g`gcïtikj dn cg{ diun|{g{ ej|og{ dn ~ticixgkiû` dnc t|glghj n` nc Nmirtj cçmidg# n` A. A. Xnc’i` y O. A.T|jeiojug# Ej|oi Xgui{ioj{ti u Uj{tjkf`jo [|ndixno`joj|’n Nccnì{tikfn{ajuj Rn|ijdg# Oj{kø# 7959# rr. >=/72<.6 \j{tjut{nu# Tfn {jkigc g`d nkj`joik fi{tj|y je tfn Fnccnì{tik }j|cd # ujc~on` II# rr. 625# 7725# 77>6# 7757. Cj{ n{kcguj{ tgoliéè~n|j` o~y norcngdj{ n` cg{ oi`g{ n i`d~{t|ig{ |ngcn{ dn Ré|mgoj. \j{tjut{nu rin`{g w~n {nm~ïg fglin`dj m|g` gl~`dg`kig dn n{kcguj{n` cg{ tin||g{ m|inmg{ d~|g`tn cg érjkg fncn`ï{tikg &jr. kit.# rr. 5<>/5# 77<=).

QRçm. 4>_

<; * 7>2



uj{ n{tgdj{ oj`ç|w~ikj{ nvrn|ion`tû ~`g nujc~kiû` {ioicg|8 ~`g n{t|~kt~|g e~`dgon`tgcon tn j|in`tgc#|nei`gdg kj` gcm~`g{ onhj|g{ m|inmg{. Nc gctj rn|{j`gc kiuic y oicitg| dnc N{tgdj r|jkndïg dn cj{ iòim|g`tn{ogkndjìj{ j m|inmj{ y dn {~{ dn{kn`din`tn{. @j f~lj ì`mø` i`tn`tj dn kj`{nm~i| cg e~{iû` étìkg kj` cg{g|i{tjk|gkig{ i`dïmn`g{ tgc kjoj Gcnhg`d|j fglïg r|ntn`didj d~|g`tn gcmø` tinorj9. [n k|nû ~`g l~|jk|gkigkj`{idn|glcn —i`{t|~on`tj iorn|igc dnc w~n kg|nkiû rj| kjorcntj cg M|nkig kcç{ikg—# g cg w~n {n g{im`g|j`kj` e|nk~n`kig golikij{g{ tg|ng{ gdoiì{t|gtiug{# {jl|n tjdj n` nc Nmirtj cçmidg# dj`dn |nkgyû {jl|n nccg cgdi|nkkiû` dn cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cg nkj`joïg |~|gc y ~|lg`g. Cg i`tnm|gkiû` dnc |ni`j {ncé~kidg {inor|n e~n oç{délic y {~ gdoiì{t|gkiû` kjor|n`diû ~`g r|jrj|kiû` dn `j m|inmj{ {~rn|ij| g cg dn cg{ l~|jk|gkig{ gtçcidg ycçmidg721 {~ kg|çktn| {inor|n e~n tgolié` oç{ oicitg|# kjoj kj||n{rj`dïg g {~ ogyj| nvtn`{iû`# g dien|n`kig dncj{ e~`kij`g|ij{ n{k|ilg{ dé Ré|mgoj y dn Nmirtj. Rn|j n` tjdj{ n{tj{ N{tgdj{# cg nvi{tn`kig dn cg{ l~|jk|gkig{|ngcn{ kn`t|gcixgdg{ e~n gkjorg÷gdg dn ~`g g~{n`kig dn {i{tnog{ cnmgcn{ dn{g||jccgdj{ w~n n{tglicixg|g` j~ìun|{gcixg|g` {~{ e~`kij`n{. Dj`dn cg ujc~`tgd g|lit|g|ig dnc {jln|g`j n|g cg øìkg e~n`tn dn tjdg{ cg{dnki{ij`n{ rølcikg{# `j rjdïg {~|mi| ~` dn|nkfj iorn|{j`gc. Cg gdoiì{t|gkiû` fncn`ï{tikg dnc J|in`tn R|ûvioj`~`kg r|jd~hj ~`j{ kûdimj{ cnmgcn{ ~ìeikgdj{ y {n cioitû g ior|jui{g| {jl|n cj{ {i{tnog{ kjnvi{tn`tn{ dn j|imn`m|inmj j cjkgc# tjdj{ nccj{ {~hntj{ g cg i`tn|un`kiû` rn|{j`gc dnc oj`g|kg 77. Cg ogw~i`g|ig l~|jk|çtikg dncN{tgdj n{tglg kj`dn`gdg# rj| n{g oi{og |gxû`# g tn|oi`g| n` ~`g kø{ridn ièj|ogc y gcngtj|ig dn ¡goimj{ dnc|ny±# m|~rj ec~idj dn kj|tn{g`j{ y kjog`dg tn{ w~n ej|oglg nc {éw~itj iòndigtj dnc {jln|g j. Cgkj`{tit~kiû` goj|eg dn cj{ {i{tnog{ dn N{tgdj fncn`ï{tikj{ {n |necnhglg n` {~ kg|n`kig dn dn`joi`gkij`n{

tn||itj|igcn{8 n|g` {iorcnon`tn cg{ tin||g{ dn cg di`g{tïg w~n cg{ nvrcjtglg y w~n r|jrj|kij`glg {~ øìkgdn{im`gkiû`.

N` n{tg{ kj`dikij`n{ `j rjdïg rcg`tng|{n nc r|jlcnog dn ~`g

9 Kj` o~kfg e|nk~n`kig {n fg nvgmn|gdj nc kj{ojrjciti{oj dn Gcnhg`d|j# lg{ç`djcj n` r|~nlg{ délicn{1 rg|g ~`g k|ïtikg neikgx dn cj{g|m~on`tj{ n` {~ eguj|# uég{n N. Lgdig`# ¡Gcnvg`dn| tfn M|ngt g`d tfn ~ìty je ogài`d±# n` M. T. M|ieeitf# Gcnvg`dn| tfn M|ngt1 tfnogi` r|jlcno{ # Kgol|idmn# 7955# rr. <6=/;25.72 Dn fnkfj# cj{ i|gìj{ w~ixç {~rn|g|g` g cj{ m|inmj{ y cj{ ogkndjìj{ n` cg{ i`{tit~kij`n{ dnc N{tgdj {ncé~kidg1 K. L|gdej|d ]nccn{#Gcnvg`dn| g`d tfn Fnccnì{tik }j|cd # Tj|j`tj# 79=2# r. 6=.77 R. Rntit# Cg kiuici{gtij` fnccéì{tiw~n# Rg|ï{# 795<# r. 91 U. Nf|n`l~|m# Tfn M|nna [tgtn# rr. <74/=.

QRçm. 45_

mn`~i`g i`dnrn`dn`kig rjcïtikg dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ dnc J|in`tn fncn`ï{tikj8 cj{ dïg{ dn cg rjci{ kcç{ikg w~ndglg` o~ycnhj{. Cg{ ciln|tgdn{ o~ìkirgcn{ dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ m|inmg{ dn J|in`tn `j n|g` dn{dn÷glcn{ {i {n kjorg|g` kj` ncdn{rûtikj og|kj nvtn|ij| n` nc w~n n{tglg` i`{n|tg{. Rn|j n{tg{ `~nug{ e~`dgkij`n{ {n {it~glg` n` ~` ondij o~ydien|n`tn gc dn {~ ogd|n rgt|ig y# rj| kj`{im~in`tn# `~`kg gdw~i|in|j` cg g~tj`joïg ì cg uitgcidgd dn {~{g`tnkn{j|g{. Nc kgorj# rj| glghj# y nc N{tgdj# rj| g||ilg# ej|oglg` ~` ondij w~n lcjw~nglg {~ di`goi{oj ycg{ gdgrtglg g cj{ |~olj{ {nk~cg|n{ dn cg |nmiû`. W~ixç onhj| w~n n` ì`mø` jt|j kg{j# {~ dn{ti`j n{tçnhnorcieikgdj rj| Gcnhg`d|ïg# w~n {n kjùi|tiû n` cg `~nug kgritgc og|ïtiog dnc Nmirtj cçmidg y ccnmû g {n| n` ncn{rgkij dn ~`g{ rjkg{ mn`n|gkij`n{ cg ogyj| y oç{ ecj|nkin`tn ki~dgd m|inmg dnc o~`dj g`tim~j# nc nhnnkj`ûoikj n i`tncnkt~gc dnc Onditn||ç`nj j|in`tgc. Rn|j cg |iw~nxg y cg k~ct~|g dn Gcnhg`d|ïg lghj nc djoiìj dncj{ Tjcjonj{ {n jlt~uj g ~` kj{tn o~y ncnugdj. N` ~` kgorj rjlcgdj rj| kgorn{i`j{ dnrn`din`tn{ & cgji ) y n`

~` |ni`j djoi`gdj rj| ~`g joìr|n{n`tn l~|jk|gkig |ngc `j rjdïg` {~|mi| ki~dgdg`j{ cil|n{. I`kc~{j n` cgoi{og ki~dgd# cg{ gktiuidgdn{ ei`g`kin|g{ n i`d~{t|igcn{ —w~n n` cg Gtn`g{ kcç{ikg e~n|j` kjorntn`kig dn cj{ontnkj{— `j {n uin|j` eguj|nkidg{ rj| cg dn{grg|ikiû` dn cg g`tim~g n{t|~kt~|g dn cg rjci{ # rj|w~n cg ogyj|ïgdn cg{ r|i`kirgcn{ og`~egkt~|g{ ~|lg`g{ —gknitn# tnvticn{# rgri|j{ j kn|unxg— n|g` oj`jrjcij{ |ngcn{. Cj{ior~n{tj{ n|g` g||n`dgdj{ g nor|n{g|ij{ r|iugdj{# rn|j lghj ~` kj`t|jc n{t|iktj dnc N{tgdj. Cg kg|gktn|ï{tikgrjcg|ixgkiû` kj`knrt~gc n`t|n ciln|tgd y n{kcguit~d# w~n fglïg dneiìdj g cg{ ki~dgdn{ dn M|nkig n` cg érjkgkcç{ikg# n{tglg e~`dgon`tgcon`tn g~{n`tn dn Gcnhg`d|ïg. Dn ej|og {~mn|n`tn# cg kgritgc cçmidg e~n gc oi{ojtinorj nc n{kn`g|ij dnc nri{jdij oç{ enk~`dj n` cg fi{tj|ig dn cg tnk`jcjmïg g`tim~g8 nc O~{nj gcnhg`d|i`j e~n ncr|jmnìtj| dn kg{i tjdg{ cg{ rjkg{ i``jugkij`n{ {imìeikgtiug{ dnc o~`dj kcç{ikj# y {~ rn`{ijì{tg Ktn{ilij e~n~`j dn cj{ n{kg{j{ iùn`tj|n{ `jtglcn{ dn cg G`timóndgd. Rn|j i`kc~{j n` n{tn kg{j nc r|i`kirgc ojtiuj dn cgoj`g|w~ïg gc e~`dg| nc O~{nj y r|jojun| {~{ iùn{timgkij`n{ e~n cg lø{w~ndg dn onhj|g{ oicitg|n{ y onkçìkg{

y `j dn i`{t|~on`tj{ nkj`ûoikj{ j w~n {i|uin|g` rg|g gfj||g| t|glghj# y cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cg{ gktiuidgdn{ dncO~{nj |necnhglg` n{tn nèjw~n {i`m~cg|. Cj{ iorn|ij{ fncn`ï{tikj{ —onxkcg{ nkcéktikg{ dn ej|og{ m|inmg{ yj|in`tgcn{— nvtn`din|j` nc n{rgkij dn cg kiuicixgkiû` ~|lg`g dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg dic~yn`dj {~ {~{tg`kig#

<4 * 7>2



rn|j e~n|j` i`kgrgkn{# rj| n{g oi{og |gxû`# dn {~/

QRçm. 4=_

rn|g| {~{ cioitgkij`n{ g~tûktj`g{7<. G rg|ti| dnc g÷j <22 g. K.# nc rjdn|ïj iorn|igc dn \jog gug`xglg g {~{nvrn`{g{ fgkig nc n{tn# y g ondigdj{ dnc {imcj II {~{ cnmij`n{ fglïg` dn||ilgdj tjdg{ cg{ lg||n|g{ dn |n{i{tn`kign` nc J|in`tn. [iolûcikgon`tn# Ré|mgoj e~n nc r|ion| |ni`j fncn`ï{tikj w~n {n i`kj|rj|û gc `~nuj Iorn|ij

|jog`j k~g`dj {~ øctioj {jln|g`j gtçcidg di{r~{j dn éc# {nmø` {~ ujc~`tgd# kjoj je|n`dg g cg Ki~dgd Ntn|`g.

7< Nc {i`k|nti{oj dn cj{ N{tgdj{ fncn`ï{tikj{ `j h~{tieikg cj{ diti|golj{ dn Fnikfncfnio# rg|g w~in` |nr|n{n tg` ¡oicgm|j{ dnj|mgìxgkiû` nkj`ûoikg y gdoiì{t|gtiug±# k~yg gl{~|dg dn{t|~kkiû` rj| ~`g \jog lç|lg|g dnt~uj cg fi{tj|ig d~|g`tn cj{ r|ûvioj{ oicw~iìn`tj{ g÷j{. Uég{n G` g`kin`t nkj`joik fi{tj|y# ujc. III# rr. 76>/5# <25/=. \j{tjut{nu n{ gcmj oç{ kjondidj# rn|j tgolié` gun`t~|gnc h~ikij dn w~n cg kj`w~i{tg |jog`g dnc Onditn||ç`nj j|in`tgc e~n ~` cgon`tglcn dn{g{t|n w~n cj dn{i`tnm|û y cj ¡dn{fncnìxû±#kjor|jontin`dj ¡g`ti`gt~|gcon`tn± cg i`tnm|idgd dn cg oi{og kiuicixgkiû` |jog`g8 Tfn {jkigc g`d nkj`joik fi{tj|y je tfn Fnccnì{tik }j|cd # ujc. II# rr. =2/;. Cj{ g`tnrg{gdj{ cnhg`j{ dn n{tg{ gktit~dn{ {n |noj`tg`# dn{dn c~nmj# g ]i`kancog`` y gc k~ctj g M|nkig dn cgIc~{t|gkiû gcnog`g# k~g`dj tn`ïg` gcm~`g iorj|tg`kig i`tncnkt~gc.

QRçm. 46_

4. \JOG

Nc g~mn dn \jog |nr|n{n`tû ~` `~nuj kikcj dn cg nvrg`{iû` ~|lg`j/iorn|igc# w~n {imìeikû `j {ûcj ~`dn{rcgxgoin`tj mnjm|çeikj dnc kn`t|j dn m|gundgd dnc o~`dj g`tim~j fgkig Itgcig# {i`j ~` dn{g||jccj{jkijnkj`ûoikj dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` iìkigdj n` M|nkig w~n fixj rj{ilcn ~` di`goi{oj o~kfj ogyj| yoç{ d~|gdn|j w~n nc r|jd~kidj n` cg érjkg fncn`ï{tikg. Cj{ r|ion|j{ rg{j{ dn cg \nrølcikg |jog`g {im~in|j` nck~|{j `j|ogc dn k~gcw~in| ki~dgd/N{tgdj kcç{ikg n` {~ eg{n dn g{kn`{iû`8 m~n||g{ cjkgcn{ kj` cg{ ki~dgdn{|iugcn{# g`nviû` dn tin||g{# {jontioin`tj dn cj{ ¡gcigdj{±# e~`dgkiû` dn kjcjìg{. [i` nolg|mj# n` ~` g{rnktje~`dgon`tgc# nc nvrg`{ijì{oj |jog`j {n di{ti`m~iû dn{dn nc kjoin`xj dn cg nvrn|in`kig m|inmg. Cg nujc~kiû`kj`{tit~kij`gc dn cg ki~dgd kj`{n|uû nc rjdn| rjcïtikj g|i{tjk|çtikj fg{tg cg oi{og eg{n kcç{ikg dn {~ kiuicixgkiû`~|lg`g. Cg oj`g|w~ïg g|kgikg e~n dn||jkgdg rj| ~`g `jlcnxg n` cg r|ion|ï{iog eg{n dn {~ nvi{tn`kig# g ei`gcn{dnc {imcj UI g. K.# n` ~` kgolij n{t|iktgon`tn kjorg|glcn gc ojdncj fncéìkj. Rn|j g rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{# y g

dien|n`kig dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ m|inmg{# \jog `~`kg kj`jkiû cg{ {gk~didg{ dnc mjlin|`j dn cj{ ti|g`j{ w~n |jorin|g`nc r|ndjoiìj dn cg g|i{tjk|gkig y kj`d~hn|g` g ~`g rj{tn|ij| dnojk|gtixgkiû` dn cg ki~dgd# lg{gdg n` ~`gei|on gm|ik~ct~|g dn rnw~n÷j{ y ondig`j{ r|jrintg|ij{. N` c~mg| dn nccj# ~`g `jlcnxg fn|nditg|ig og`t~uji`tgktj {~ rjdn| rj| ondij dn ~`g kj`{tit~kiû` kiuic nvt|nogdgon`tn kjorcnhg# w~n {~e|iû iorj|tg`tn{ojdieikgkij`n{ rjr~cg|n{ n` nc t|g`{k~|{j dn ~`g r|jcj`mgdg y en|jx c~kfg {jkigc dn`t|j dn cg ki~dgd# rn|j w~n`~`kg e~n gl|jmgdg ì {~{tit~idg. Cg \nrølcikg n{t~uj djoi`gdg rj| nc [n`gdj# w~n# g {~ unx# n{t~uj kj`t|jcgdjd~|g`tn cj{ dj{ r|ion|j{ {imcj{ dn {~ nvi{tn`kig rj| ~` rnw~n÷j m|~rj dn. kcg`n{ rgt|ikij{. Cg rn|tn`n`kig gc[n`gdj# gc w~n {n gkkndïg rj| kjjrtgkiû`# n|g uitgcikig. Cj{ ogmi{t|gdj{ g`~gcn{# g k~yg kglnxg n{tglg` cj{ dj{kû`{~cn{# n|g` ncnmidj{ rj| cg{ ¡g{golcng{ dnc r~nlcj±# w~n kjor|n`dïg` g tjdj{ cj{ ki~dgdg`j{ dn \jog#g~`w~n j|mgìxgdj{ n` ~ìdgdn{ ¡kn`t~/

QRçm. 49_

|igdg{± dn rn{j dn{im~gc rg|g mg|g`tixg| ~`g ogyj|ïg dn cg{ kcg{n{ rj{nndj|g{. Cj{ kj`{~cgdj{ n|g` cj{ kg|mj{nhnk~tiuj{ {~r|noj{ dnc N{tgdj y n{t~uin|j` cnmgcon`tn oj`jrjcixgdj{ fg{tg nc g÷j ;55 g. K. rj| nc j|dn`kn||gdj dn cj{ rgt|ikij{.

N{tg n{t|~kt~|g r|ioimnìg n`kg|`glg nc djoi ij rjcïtikj dn cg r~|g y {iorcn g|i{tjk|gkig t|gdikij`gc.Rj{tn|ij|on`tn e~n ojdieikgdg y t|g`{ej|ogdg n` dj{ g{rnktj{ iorj|tg`tn{# t|g{ cg{ {~kn{iug{ c~kfg{ w~nj|imi`g|j` nc nw~iugcn`tn |jog`j oç{ kn|kg`j g cg{ eg{n{ m|inmg{ dn ¡ti|g`ïg± y ¡dnojk|gkig±# rn|j w~n n` kgdgjkg{iû` {n w~ndg|j` |gdikgcon`tn kj|tg{ |n{rnktj gc dn{n`cgkn ei`gc dn M|nkig. G`tn tjdj# cj{ ¡rcnlnyj{± |nkié`n`|iw~nkidj{ jlcimg|j` g cg `jlcnxg ¡rgt|ikig± g kj`kndn|cn{ nc gkkn{j g ~`j dn cj{ dj{ kj`{~cgdj{ g`~gcn{ grg|ti| dnc g÷j ;55 g. K.# g~`w~n {ûcj kn|kg dn dj{kin`tj{ g÷j{ dn{r~é{# n` nc 7=< g. K.# golj{ kû`{~cn{ e~n|j`

rcnlnyj{ rj| unx r|ion|g. N{tn kgolij cn`tj kj`d~hj g ~`g gorcigkiû` n` cg kjorj{ikiû` dnc oi{oj [n`gdj#rj|w~n cj{ g`tim~j{ kû`{~cn{ rg{glg` g {n| g~tjoçtikgon`tn {n`gdj|n{. Nc |n{~ctgdj dn nccj e~n cg ej|ogkiû`{jkigc dn ~`g gorcig `jlcnxg# w~n i`kc~ïg tg`tj g egoicig{ ¡rgt|ikig{± kjoj g ¡rcnlnyg{±# y `j nc dn||jkgoin`tj

<> * 7>2



rjcïtikj dnc {i{tnog dn mjlin|`j g|i{tjk|çtikj# kjoj fglïg jk~||idj n` M|nkig d~|g`tn cg érjkg dn cj{ ti|g`j{.K|j`jcûmikg y {jkijcûmikgon`tn {~rn|r~n{tg g n{tg r~m`g n`t|n cj{ n{t|gtj{ oç{ |ikj{ dn cg \nrølcikg t~uj c~mg|~`g c~kfg dn cg{ kcg{n{ oç{ rjl|n{ rg|g kj`{nm~i| ogyj|n{ dn|nkfj{ dn`t|j dn nccg. Cg r|n{iû` dn n{tg{ kcg{n{dn{noljkû o~y r|j`tj n` cg k|ngkiû` dnc t|il~`gdj dn cg rcnln# |nr|n{n`tgkiû` kj|rj|gtiug dn cg{ og{g{rjr~cg|n{ dn ki~dgdg`j{. Cj{ t|il~`j{ n|g` ncnmidj{ tjdj{ cj{ g÷j{ rj| ~`g g{golcng dn ¡t|il~{± w~n# gdien|n`kig dn cg g{golcng ¡kn`t~|igdg±# e~n n` r|i`kirij mn`~i`gon`tn im~gcitg|ig. Cg{ ¡t|il~{± n|g` |ngcon`tntn||itj|igcn{# kjoj n` cg M|nkig g|kgikg# y `j diui{ij`n{ dn cg rjlcgkiû` n` |gxû` dnc rg|n`tn{kj1 fglïg k~gt|j n`cg r|jrig ki~dgd y 7= e~n|g dn nccg &cj w~n n{ ~` ï`dikn dnc m|gdj dn ~|lgìxgkiû` dn cg érjkg). Nc t|il~`gdjej|oglg ~` j|mgì{oj nhnk~tiuj {nk~`dg|ij y rg|gcncj# dn{ti`gdj g r|jtnmn| g cj{ rjl|n{ kj`t|g cg jr|n{iû` dncj{ |ikj{. Ei`gcon`tn# g r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj III# cg{ g{golcng{ t|ilgcn{ w~n ncnmïg` g cj{ t|il~`j{ jlt~uin|j`dn|nkfj{ cnmi{cgtiuj{# y cj{ oi{oj{ t|il~`j{ kj`{im~in|j` nc dn|nkfj `joi`gc dn untj {jl|n cj{ gktj{ dn cj{kû`{~cn{ y cj{ dnk|ntj{ dnc [n`gdj.

Nc {n`tidj dn n{tg nujc~kiû` kj||n{rj`dïg gc r|jkn{j w~n yg fglïg kj`d~kidj g cg rjci{ dnojk|çtikg dn M|nkig.Rn|j nc r|jkn{j {n dnt~uj# tgolié` n` n{tg jkg{iû`# g`tn{ dn w~n ccnmg|g

QRçm. >2_

g gon`gxg| kj` ~`g `~nug kj`{tit~kiû` rjcïtikg rg|g cg ki~dgd. Nc t|il~`gdj y cg g{golcng t|ilgc {n g÷gdin|j`{iorcnon`tn g cg{ i`{tit~kij`n{ kn`t|gcn{ yg nvi{tn`tn{ dnc [n`gdj# cj{ kj`{~cgdj{ y cg g{golcng kn`t~|igdg. G{ï#`j n`t|g÷g|j` ~`g gljcikiû` i`tn|`g dnc kjorcnhj jcimç|w~ikj dn rjdn| w~n di|imïg g cg \nrølcikg# {i`j ~`j{g÷gdidj{ nvtn|ij|n{ k~yg iorj|tg`kig r|çktikg e~n kj` e|nk~n`kig o~kfj on`j| w~n {~ rjtn`kigc ej|ogc. N`nenktj# cg c~kfg dn cg{ kcg{n{ oç{ rjl|n{ e~n di|imidg mn`n|gcon`tn rj| rcnlnyj{ |ikj{# w~n {n fgkïg` kgornj`n{dn cg kg~{g rjr~cg| rg|g dnen`dn| {~{ r|jrij{ i`tn|n{n{ dn g||ili{tg{# y n{tj kj`ti`~û {in`dj un|dgd i`kc~{jdn{r~é{ dn w~n cj{ `~nuj{ |ikj{ f~lin|g` kj`{nm~idj nc gkkn{j gc r|jrij j|dn` {n`gtj|igc. Cj{ t|il~`j{# w~n`j|ogcon tn n|g` fjol|n{ dn kj`{idn|glcn ej|t~`g# {n kjùn|tïg` g{ï d~|g`tn cg|mj{ rn|ïjdj{ n` i`{t|~on`tj{dûkicn{ dnc [n`gdj7. Cg {~r|nogkïg g|i{tjk|çtikg dn`t|j dn cg \nrølcikg `j |nkiliû ì`m~`g e~n|tn {gk~didg1{iorcnon`tn# ~`g rc~tjk|gkig dn |ikj{ n`m|j{û cg{ eicg{ dn ~`g `jlcnxg dn `gkioin`tj# ~ticixg`dj golg{ ~`j{gorcij{ {i{tnog{ dn ¡kcin`tnci{oj± rg|g g{nm~|g|{n nc kjorcgkin`tn {nm~idi{oj dn cg{ og{g{ ~|lg`g{ y

r|jdimg`dj nc {jlj|`j fglit~gc rg|g mg|g`tixg| cg ncnkkiû` g cg{ ogmi{t|gt~|g{ g`~gcn{ g t|gué{ dn cg g{golcngkn t~|igdg. Cg \nrølcikg |jog g og`t~uj# r~n{# nc djoiìj jcimç|w~ikj t|gdikij`gc# rj| ondij dn ~`gkjorcnhg kj`{tit~kiû`# fg{tg cg érjkg kcç{ikg dn {~ fi{tj|ig.

Cg |n{~ctg`tn n{t|~kt~|g {jkigc dn cj{ ki~dgdg`j{ |jog`j{ e~n# rj| tg`tj# i`nuitglcnon`tn di{ti`tg dn cg w~nfglïg kg|gktn|ixgdj g cg M|nkig kcç{ikg. Cg `jlcnxg rgt|ikig. fglïg c~kfgdj dn{dn o~y r|j`tj rg|g kj`kn`t|g| n`{~{ og`j{ cg r|jrindgd dn cg tin||g# |nd~kin`dj g cj{ kgorn{i`j{ cil|n{ oç{ rjl|n{ g cg {n|uid~ol|n rj| dn~dg{&kjoj n` M|nkig) y gr|jriç`dj{n nc gmn| r~lcik~{ j tin||g{ kjo~`gcn{ w~n é{tj{ ~ticixglg` rg|g rg{tj{ yk~ctiuj{. Cg tn`dn`kig g |nd~ki| gc kgorn{i`gdj# rj| ondij dn cg {n|uid~ol|n rj| dn~dg{# g cg kj`dikiû` dng||n`dgtg|ij{ dnrn`din`tn{ e~n dntnìdg# g~`w~n rn|{i{tin|g nc r|jlcnog dn cg{ dn~dg{<# rn|j `j cj e~n cgnvr|jrigkiû` dnc gmn|

7 R. G. L|~`t# [jkigc kjècikt{ i` tfn \jog` \nr~lcik # Cj`d|n{# 79=7# rçmi`g{ >6# 55/=. N{tn cil|itj n{ ~` g`çci{i{ ogmi{t|gc dn cg{ c~kfg{dn kcg{n{ d~|g`tn cg \nrølcikg g cg c~x dn cg ojdn|`g iùn{timgkiû` fi{tû|ikg.< L|~`t# [jkigc kjècikt{ i` tfn \jog` \nr~lcik # rr. >>/=. Cg i`{tit~kiû` cnmgc dn cg {n|uid~ol|n rj| dn~dg{ —nc `nv~o— e~n gljcidg n`nc g÷j ;<5 g. K. L|~`t w~ixç oiìoixg ~` rjkj cg{ kj`{nk~n`kig{ dn n{tg gljcikiû` gc i`{i{ti| n` nc fnkfj dn w~n nc `nv~o r~dj |n{~kitg|dn{r~é{ n` jt|g{ un|{ij`n{ dn kg|çktn| ièj|ogc. Cg fi{tj|ig dn cg ej|ogkiû` {jkigc |jog`g fgl|ïg {idj kin|tgon`tn o~y di{ti`tg {id~|g`tn cg \nrø/

QRçm. >7_

r~lcik~{ ì cg dnr|n{iû` dn cj{ rnw~n÷j{ y ondig`j{ gm|ik~ctj|n{. Rg|g n{tglicixg| cg r|jrindgd |~|gc dn cj{ki~dgdg`j{ j|di`g|ij{ dn \jog `j {n r|jd~hj ì`m~`g i`{~||nkkiû` nkj`ûoikg j rjcïtikg kjorg|glcn g cg w~nfglïg jk~||idj n` Gtn`g{ j# dn ej|og dien|n`tn# n` N{rg|tg. K~g`dj# ei`gcon`tn# cj{ M|gkj{ i`tn`tg|j` {nm~i| nckgoi`j dn [jcû` y Ri{ï{t|gtj n|g yg dnog{igdj tg|dn. Rj| n`tj`kn{ —{imcj II g. K.— {n `nkn{itglg` ondidg{.o~kfj oç{ |gdikgcn{ w~n cg{ gdjrtgdg{ n` Gtn`g{ rg|g {gcug| cg {it~gkiû` dn cj{ rjl|n{ —`gdg on`j{ w~n ~`g|ndi{t|il~kiû` dn cg tin||g# nvimidg rj| cj{ fn|og`j{ M|gkj— kj` cg rj{ilicidgd tg`tj on`j| dn w~n r~din|g`ccnug|{n g kglj kj`t|g cg jrj{ikiû` g|i{tjk|çtikg. Dn fnkfj# n` cg \nrølcikg |jog`g `~`kg t~uj c~mg| ~`g

<5 * 7>2



|nej|og gm|g|ig d~|gdn|g j {~{tg`kigc# g rn{g| dn cg kj`{tg`tn gmitgkiû` y t~|l~cn`kig n` tj|`j g n{tg k~n{tiû`d~|g`tn cg érjkg ei`gc dn {~ nvi{tn`kig. Nc djoiìj rjcïtikj dn cg `jlcnxg lcjw~nû tjdj{ cj{ n{e~n|xj{ w~n {nfikin|j` rg|g iùn|ti| cg i`kn{g`tn rjcg|ixgkiû` {jkigc dn cg r|jrindgd dn cg tin||g. Nc |n{~ctgdj e~n cg kj`ti`~gn|j{iû` dn cg kcg{n dn gm|ik~ctj|n{ ojdn{tj{ w~n fglïg kj`{tit~idj nc n{w~ncntj dn cg rjci{ m|inmg. Nc nw~iugcn`tn|jog`j dn cg kgtnmj|ïg dn cj{ fjrcitg{ —fjol|n{ w~n rjdïg` nw~irg|{n g {ï oi{oj{ kj` cg{ g|ogd~|g{ y g|og{`nkn{g|ig{ rg|g nc {n|uikij dn ièg`tn|ïg n` cg{ cnmij`n{— n|g` cj{ g{{id~i # n{ dnki|# ¡cj{ g{n`tgdj{ n` cg tin||g±#w~n rj{nïg` cj{ `nkn{g|ij{ |nw~i{itj{ dn r|jrindgd rg|g rj|tg| {~{ r|jrig{ g|og{. Rj| dnlghj dn nccj{ n{tglg`cj{ r|jcntg|ii # ki~dgdg`j{ {i` r|jrindgdn{# k~yj øìkj {n|uikij gc N{tgdj kj`{i{tïg {iorcnon`tn n` tn`n| fihj{& r|jcn{ ). Cg k|nkin`tn oj`jrjcixgkiû` dn cg tin||g rj| cg g|i{tjk|gkig {n t|gd~hj# r~n{# n` ~` kj`ti`~j dn{kn`{jdnc `øon|j dn g{{id~i y n` ~` i`nvj|glcn g~on`tj n` cg nvtn`{iû` dn cg kcg{n dn cj{ r|jcntg|ii . Rj| jt|g rg|tn# ncnvrg`{ijì{oj oicitg| dn \jog tgolié` tn`diû g |nd~ki| cg{ eicg{ dn cj{ g{{id~i # dn cg{ w~n r|jkndïg` cj{{jcdgdj{ y cg{ lghg{ n` cj{ nhé|kitj{ w~n cj ccnuglg` g kglj. G kj`{nk~n`kig dn tjdj n{tj# fgkig ei`gcn{ dnc {imcjIII g. K.# cj{ r|jcntg|ii yg kj`{tit~ïg` r|jlglcnon`tn cg ogyj|ïg gl{jc~tg dn cj{ ki~dgdg`j{ y e~n r|nki{jccgog|cj{ rg|g kj`tn`n| cg gon`gxg dn cg iùg{iû` dn Itgcig rj|

lcikg {n f~lin|g kj`{jcidgdj ~` kgorn{i`gdj h~|ïdikgon`tn dnrn`din`tn lghj ~`g kcg{n {jkigc dn tn||gtnìn`tn{. Dn fnkfj# ncn`dn~dgoin`tj |~|gc kj`d~hj g cg kj`kn`t|gkiû` dn cg r|jrindgd gm|ïkjcg n` og`j{ dn cg `jlcnxg# rn|j `j g ~`g e~n|xg cglj|gc gd{k|itg gc{~ncj y r~n{tg g {~ di{rj{ikiû`. Cg n{kcguit~d fgl|ïg dn r|jrj|kij`g| cg og`j dn jl|g rg|g {~{ ei`kg{# r|jd~kin`dj ~`g kjèim~|gkiû`{jkigc o~y dien|n`tn.

QRçm. ><_

G`ïlgc1 oin`t|g{ cj{ |nw~i{itj{ dn r|jrindgd dn cj{ g{{id~i {n |nd~kïg` g cg oitgd# fg{tg w~n n` nc {imcj {im~in`tngw~éccj{ dn{kn`din|j` rj| dnlghj dnc oïìoj dn {~l{i{tn`kig;.

Cj{ rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{ `~`kg dn{grg|nkin|j` rj| kjorcntj n` Itgcig# rn|j e~n|j` gcnhgdj{ r|jm|n{iugon`tnfgkig cj{ |i`kj`n{ oç{ |nojtj{ y r|nkg|ij{ dnc rgï{# fgkig cg{ |nmij`n{ rg`tg`j{g{ j oj`tg÷j{g{ w~n `j gt|gïg`g cj{ m|g`dn{ r|jrintg|ij{. G{ï# cg n{t|~kt~|g dnc {i{tnog rjcïtikj |jog`j n` cg érjkg |nr~lcikg`g gkglûdien|n`kiç`dj{n r|je~`dgon`tn dn tjdj r|nkndn`tn m|inmj# rj|w~n oin`t|g{ nc kgorj {n ccn`glg dn m|g`dn{djoiìj{ `jlicig|ij{# cg ki~dgd {n rjlcglg dn ~`g og{g r|jcntg|ixgdg# dn{r|jui{tg dn tin||g{ j dn k~gcw~in| jt|g

r|jrindgd. N{tg gorcig y dn{n{rn|gdg {~lkcg{n# ~`g unx kjorcntgon`tn ~|lgìxgdg# rn|diû tjdg ujc~`tgd dn|ntj|`g| g cg kj`dikiû` dnc rnw~n÷j r|jrintg|ij y r~dj {n| ogìr~cgdg kj` e|nk~n`kig rj| cg{ kgog|iccg{g|i{tjk|çtikg{ kj`t|g cj{ r|jynktj{ dn |nej|og gm|g|ig grjygdj{ rj| cj{ gm|ik~ctj|n{ g{{id~i 4. [~ rj{ikiû`n{t|gtémikg n` cg kgritgc dn ~` iorn|ij n` nvrg`{iû` jlcimû# n` øctioj té|oi`j# g cg kcg{n di|imn`tn |jog`g grgkieikg| {~{ iòndigtj{ i`tn|n{n{ ogtn|igcn{ rj| ondij dn di{t|il~kij`n{ rølcikg{ dn m|g`j. N{j{ |nrg|tj{e~n|j`# n` |ngcidgd# nc onxw~i`j {~{tit~tj dn cg di{t|il~kiû` dn cg tin||g# w~n `~`kg t~uj c~mg|. Rg|g cg jcimg|w~ïg{n`gtj|igc w~n kj`t|jcglg cg \nrølcikg n|g r|nen|ilcn ~` r|jcntg|igdj rg{iuj y kj`{~oi{tg g ~` kgorn{i`j|nkgckit|g`tn y r|jd~ktiuj.

Gfj|g yg n{ rj{ilcn g`gcixg| cg{ |nrn|k~{ij`n{ w~n n{tg kjèim~|gkiû` {jkigc t~uj {jl|n nc k~|{j n{rnkïeikj dncnvrg`{ijì{oj |jog`j. Nc dn{g||jccj dnc rjdn|ïj kiuic |jog`j {n di{ti`m~iû dn cj{ nhnorcj{ m|inmj{ n` dj{g{rnktj{ e~`dgon`tgcn{# di|nktgon`tn |ncgkij`gdj{ golj{ kj` cg n{t|~kt~|g i`tn|`g dn cg ki~dgd. N` r|ion|c~mg|# \jog {n oj{t|û kgrgx dn gorcig|

; L|~`t# [jkigc kjècikt{ i` tfn \jog` \nr~lcik # rr. 7;/4. I`kc~{j dn{r~é{ dn w~n Og|ij gljcin|g cj{ |nw~i{itj{ dn r|jrindgd rg|g cgkj`{k|irkiû`# cg{ cnmij`n{ kj`ti`~g|j` tnìn`dj ~`g kjorj{ikiû` ogyj|itg|igon`tn |~|gc. L|~`t8 ¡Tfn g|oy g`d tfn cg`d i` tfn \jog`\nujc~tij`±# Tfn Hj~|`gc je \jog` [t~din{ # 795<# r. =4.4 Tiln|ij M|gkj# t|il~`j dnen`{j| dn ~`g Cnv Gm|g|ig# dn`~`kiû nc norjl|nkioin`tj dn cj{ rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{8 ¡Cj{ fjol|n{ w~nc~kfg` y o~n|n` rj| Itgcig kjorg|tn` {~ gi|n y {~ c~x# rn|j `gdg oç{ Q..._ C~kfg` y o~n|n` rg|g og`tn`n| cg |iw~nxg y cj{ c~hj{ dn jt|j{#y g~`w~n |nkiln` nc tït~cj dn d~n÷j{ dnc o~`dj# `j tin`n` ì ~` {iorcn rndgxj dn tin||g w~n {ng {~yj±. &Rc~tg|kj# Tiln|i~{ g`d Kgi~{ M|gkkf~{ # IV# >). Tiln|ij M|gkj# ïdjcj dnc rnw~n÷j kgorn{i`gdj# e~n ci`kfgdj rj| ~`g o~ctit~d ~|lg`g iècgogdg kj`t|g éc rj| cj{rgt|j`j{ {n`gtj|igcn{.

QRçm. >;_

{~ r|jrij {i{tnog rjcïtikj rg|g i`kc~i| g cg{ ki~dgdn{ itgcig`g{ w~n {~ly~mû n` nc t|g`{k~|{j dn {~ nvrg`{iû`rnì`{~cg|. G dien|n`kig dn Gtn`g{# \jog nvimiû g {~{ gcigdj{# dn{dn nc r|i`kirij# {jcdgdj{ rg|g {~{ nhé|kitj{ y`j di`n|j rg|g {~ tn{j|j# kj` cj w~n gciuiglg nc rn{j dn {~ djoiìj n` tinorj{ dn rgx y cj{ gtglg ei|onon`tn g

<= * 7>2



nccg n` tinorj{ dn m~n||g. N` n{tj# \jog {im~iû nc nhnorcj dn N{rg|tg# g~`w~n {~ kj`t|jc oicitg| kn`t|gcixgdj{jl|n cg{ t|jrg{ gcigdg{ e~n {inor|n o~kfj ogyj|. Rn|j# gdnoç{# \jog e~n kgrgx dn kj {nm~i| w~n n{tj{gcigdj{ {n i`tnm|g|g` n` {~ r|jrij {i{tnog rjcïtikj dn ~`g ej|og g cg w~n `~`kg r~dj g{ri|g| ì`m~`g ki~dgdm|inmg. Cj w~n rn|oitiû n{tn fnkfj e~n cg rnk~cig| n{t|~kt~|g {jkigc dn \jog. I`kc~{j cg oç{ jcimç|w~ikg dn cg{

rjcni{ m|inmg{ dn cg érjkg kcç{ikg n{tglg lg{gdg e~`dgon`tgcon`tn n` ~`g kcg{n ondig dn ki~dgdg j{r|jrintg|ij{ w~n fgkïg iorj{ilcn{ cg{ nvt|nog{ di{rg|idgdn{ nkj`ûoikg{ n`t|n |ikj{ y rjl|n{ dn`t|j dn cgki~dgd. Nc g~tj|itg|i{oj rjcïtikj dn N{rg|tg —kg{j nhnorcg| dn cg jcimg|w~ïg fncéìkg— `j {imìeikû ~`grjcg|ixgkiû` dn kcg{n{ n`t|n cj{ ki~dgdg`j{# {i`j w~n# kjoj yg fnoj{ ui{tj# e~n gkjorg÷gdj n` cg érjkg kcç{ikgdn ~` {n÷gcgdj im~gcitg|i{oj nkj`ûoikj# w~n r|jlglcnon`tn i`kc~ïg cg kj`kn{iû` g tjdj{ cj{ n{rg|tg`j{ dnr|jrindgdn{ n{tgtgcn{ i`gcin`glcn{# r|nki{gon`tn rg|g {gcug| g cj{ fjrcitg{ dnc tirj dn ¡r|jcntg|ixgkiû`± w~n{~e|in|j` n` \jog>. Cg rjci{ kcç{ikg dn M|nkig kj`{n|uû# k~gcw~in|g w~n

> Cg dnkgdn`kig dn N{rg|tg t|g{ cg m~n||g dnc Rncjrj`n{j e~n gkjorg÷gdg# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# dn ~` n`j|on gli{oj nkj`ûoikj n`t|n cj{ki~dgdg`j{ |ikj{ y cj{ norjl|nkidj{# n` nc og|kj dn ~`g kj`t|gkkiû` dnojm|çeikg y ~`g dn{oj|gcixgkiû` rjcïtikg. Rn|j cg{ t|gdikij`n{dn im~gcdgd og|kigc {n og`t~uin|j` tg` i`tn`{g y r|je~`dgon`tn w~n n` nc {imcj II g`tn{ dn K|i{tj# n` nc oi{oj r~`tj ei`gc dn {~fi{tj|ig# N{rg|tg r|n{n`kiû cj{ {j|r|n`dn`tn{ nri{jdij{ dn cj{ |nyn{ |gdikgcn{ Gmi{ II# Kcnûon`n{ III y# {jl|n tjdj# @gli{. Nc r|jm|gog{jkigc dn @gli{ rg|g cg |ngktiugkiû` dn N{rg|tg i`kc~ïg nc nvicij dn cj{ `jlcn{# cg gljcikiû` dnc nej|gdj# cg kj`kn{iû` dn ki~dgdg`ïg g cj{{ølditj{ cjkgcn{# cg nog`kirgkiû dn cj{ n{kcguj{ y cg di{t|il~kiû` g cj{ rjl|n{ dn cg{ tin||g{ kjèi{kgdg{. N|g r|jlglcnon`tn nc kj`h~`tjdn ondidg{ |nujc~kij`g|ig{ oç{ kjfn|n`tn y dn oç{ gorcij gckg`kn hgoç{ ej|o~cgdj n` cg G`timóndgd. N{tg øctiog nvrcj{iû` dn cg

uitgcidgd rjcïtikg fncé ikg {n jk~ctg kj` dnog{igdg e|nk~n`kig kjoj {i {n t|gtg|g dn ~`g rj{dgtg gln||g`tn j og|mi`gc g cg M|nkig kcç{ikg.N` |ngcidgd# g||jhg ~`g |nuncgdj|g y |nt|j{rnktiug c~x {jl|n cg `gt~|gcnxg dnc {i{tnog rjcïtikj n{rg|tg`j n` nc ojon`tj dn {~ n{rcn`dj|.N` ~`g dn cg{ kjè|j`tgkij`n{ oç{ d|goçtikg{ dn cg G`timóndgd# n` nc r~`tj nvgktj dn cg i`tn|{nkkiû` n`t|n nc nkcir{n dn M|nkig y cgg{kn`{iû` dn \jog# @gli{ {n nè|n`tû g W~i`tj Ecgoiìj —hnen dn cj{ nhé|kitj{ nùigdj{ rg|g nvti|rg| nc nhnorcj dn cg {~lun|{iû`n{rg|tg`g— kj` n{tg{ {imìeikgtiug{ rgcgl|g{8 ¡@j nvihçi{ w~n N{rg|tg {n rcinm~n g u~n{t|g{ r|jrig{ cnyn{ n i`{tit~kij`n{ Q..._ Uj{jt|j{n{kjméi{ u~n{/

QRçm. >4_

e~n{n {~ m|gdj |ncgtiuj dn dnojk|gkig y jcimg|w~ïg# ~`g ~ìdgd kïuikg n`|gixgdg n` cg r|jrindgd |~|gc dn {~iòndigtg unki`dgd1 rj| n{tg oi{og |gxû`# cg rjci{ m|inmg n|g tn||itj|igcon`tn i`ncç{tikg n i`kgrgx dn nvtn`dn|{n{i` rn|dn| {~ r|jrig idn`tidgd. Cg kj`{tit~kiû` |jog`g# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# `j n|g {ûcj ej|ogcon`tn jcimç|w~ikg#{i`j w~n {~ kj`tnìdj n|g o~kfj oç{ r|je~`dgon`tn g|i{tjk|çtikj# rj|w~n {n lg{glg n` ~`g n{t|gtieikgkiû`

nkj`ûoikg dn cg {jkindgd |jog`g dn ~` j|dn` kjorcntgon`tn di{ti`tj. N{tj fixj rj{ilcn cg gorcigkiû` dn cgki~dgdg`ïg |jog`g g cg{ kcg{n{ di|imn`tn{ {ioicg|n{ dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ gcigdg{ dn Itgcig# w~n n|g` {jkigcon`tng`çcjmg{ g cg oi{og `jlcnxg |jog`g y {n fglïg` ln`neikigdj dn cg{ kj`w~i{tg{ ~ct|gog|i`g{ dn \jog. Cg{ki~dgdn{ itgcig`g{ {n |nlncg|j` ei`gcon`tn kj`t|g \jog n` nc g÷j 97 g. K.# k~g`dj e~n |nkfgxgdg {~ rntikiû` dnki~dgdg`ïg |jog`g# gcmj w~n ì`mø` gcigdj dn Gtn`g{ j dn N{rg|tg fglïg rndidj hgoç{. Rn|j i`kc~{j n` n{tgjkg{iû`# nc jlhntiuj dn {~ m~n||g e~n ~` N{tgdj rnì`{~cg| itgcig`j kj` ~`g kgritgc y ~` [n`gdj# n` kj`{kin`tnioitgkiû` dnc j|dn` ~ìtg|ij |jog`j# y `j ~`g u~nctg g cg{ di{rn|{g{ i`dnrn`dn`kig{ o~ìkirgcn{ 5. Cg |nlnciûìtgcig`g e~n {jejkgdg oicitg|on`tn n` cg cg|mg y n`kg|ìxgdg c~kfg dn cg ccgogdg m~n||g {jkigc. Rn|j n` ondijdnc rj{tn|ij| tj|lncci`j dn cg{ m~n||g{ kiuicn{ dn`t|j dn cg \nrølcikg# n`t|n cg{ egkkij`n{ dn Og|ij y [icg# nc[n`gdj r~dj kj`kndn| cg{ |niui`dikgkij`n{ rjcïtikg{ lç{ikg{ dn cj{ gcigdj{# rj|w~n nc kg|çktn| dn cg kcg{ndi|imn`tn |jog`g y dn {~ Kj`{tit~kiû` egkicitglg` ~`g gorcigkiû` uiglcn dn cg ki~dgdg`ïg g cg{ jt|g{ ki~dgdn{

itgcig`g{# mjln|`gdg{ rj| ~` rgt|ikigdj ~|lg`j dn kg|çktn| {ioicg| gc dn cg kcg{n {n`gtj|igc# kj` cg |iw~nxg y ncjkiû `nkn{g|ij{ rg|g rg|tikirg|# i`kc~{j dn{dn cnhj{# n` nc {i{tnog rjcïtikj dn cg \nrølcikg. Cg `jlcnxg itgcig`g`j {gti{eixj dn ej|og iòndigtg tjdg{ {~{ g{ri|gkij`n{ rjcïtikg{ dn kg|mj{ kn`t|gcn{ n` nc N{tgdj |jog`j y#

t|g kglgccn|ïg n ièg`tn|ïg dn gk~n|dj kj` {~{ |nw~i{itj{ dn r|jrindgd y dn{nçi{ w~n ~`j{ rjkj{ {jl|n{gcmg` n` |iw~nxg y w~n cg{ mn`tn{dnc kjoø` n{té` {jontidg{ g nccj{. @~n{t|j cnmi{cgdj| `j w~i{j w~n nc N{tgdj n{t~uin|g n` og`j{ dn ~`j{ rjkj{# g w~in`n{ uj{jt|j{ccgoçi{ [n`gdj# ì w~n ì`m~`g kcg{n t~uin|g {~r|nogkïg n` nc N{tgdj. @~n{t|j cnmi{cgdj| k|nïg w~n rj| cg im~gcdgd dn ej|t~`g y dndimìdgd fgl|ïg o~kfj{ w~n nor~÷g|ïg` cg{ g|og{ rj| {~ rgï{± &Ciuij# Fi{tj|in{ # VVVIU# vvvi# 7=/76).5 R. G. L|~`t# ¡Itçcig` gio{ gt tfn tion je tfn [jkigc ]g|±# Tfn Hj~|`gc je \jog` [t~din{ # 795># rr. 92/729. L|~`t k|nn w~n nc {imcj dnrgx n` Itgcig t|g{ cg dn||jtg dn G`ïlgc e~n ~`g dn cg{ |gxj`n{ w~n kjùn`kin|j` g cj{ gcigdj{ dn cg{ un`tghg{ dn cg ~ìdgd rjcïtikg.

QRçm. >>_

t|g{ cg kj`kn{iû` dn cg ki~dgdg`ïg# {~{ ~ctn|ij|n{ golikij`n{ fgl|ïg` dn kj`{tit~i| ~`g rjdn|j{g e~n|xg rg|g cg{t|g`{ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ dn ~`g érjkg rj{tn|ij|. Rn|j {~ i`tnm|gkiû` rjcïtikg |nr|n{n`tû# g rn{g| dn tjdj# ~`rg{j dnki{iuj n` cg e~t~|g n{t|~kt~|g dn tjdj nc Iorn|ij |jog`j. Cg |ncgtiug ecnvilicidgd i`{tit~kij`gc w~n n{g

<6 * 7>2



tg{ rj{nyn|g` ~` m|g` `øon|j dn ei`kg{ j uiccgn dn ondig`g nvtn`{iû`# g unkn{ kj`tim~j{# rn|j w~ixç n` jt|g{tg`tg{ jkg{ij`n{ di{t|il~idj{ rj| tjdj nc rgï{ y rcgìeikgdj{ dn tgc ojdj w~n ug|ij{ gdoiì{t|gdj|n{ y gmn`tn{nhn|kin|g` ~`g uimicg`kig ûrtiog. Rn|j i`kc~{j n{tg{ r|jrindgdn{ di{rn|{g{ n|g` o~kfj oç{ nvtn`{g{ w~n {~{r|ndnkn{j|g{ m|inmg{ y kj` e|nk~n kig {~rn|glg cg{ 7<2 fnktç|ng{ &>22 i~mn|g) dn nvtn`{iû`# oin`t|g{ w~n cg{ei`kg{ kj`kn`t|gdg{# kjoj cg {ndn dn Rciìj nc Hjun` n` Tj{kg`g# rjdïg` gckg`xg| j {~rn|g| cg{ 7. <22fnktç|ng{72. Nc g~mn dn cj{ cgtie~`dij{ itgcig`j{ kj`d~hj g ~`g m|g` nvtn`{iû` dn cj{ |g`kfj{ mg`gdn|j{ y g cgkjoli gkiû` dnc k~ctiuj dn ui`j y gknit~`g kj` nc dn cj{ kn|ngcn{. Nc ièc~hj dnc t|glghj n{kcguj n|g tg` m|g`dnw~n g ei`gcn{ dn cg \nrølcikg `j {ûcj cg gm|ik~ct~|g itgcig`g dnrn`dïg dn éc# {i`j w~n fglïg iùgdidj tgolié` cgogyj| rg|tn dnc kjon|kij y cg i`d~{t|ig fg{tg nc r~`tj dn w~n w~ixç nc 92 rj| kin`tj dn cj{ g|tn{g`j{ dn \jogn|g` dn j|imn` n{kcguj77. Cg `gt~|gcnxg dn cg mimg`tn{kg {gk~didg {jkigc w~n n`t|g÷û cg nvrg`{iû` iorn|igc dn\jog y cg lç{ikg e~n|xg ojt|ix w~n cg {j{t~uj r~ndn` gr|nkig|{n g rg|ti| dn cg r|je~`dg t|g`{ej|ogkiû`dnojm|çeikg w~n gkg||nû. L|~`t kgck~cg w~n n` nc g÷j <<> g. K. fglïg n` Itgcig ~`j{ 4. 422.222 rn|{j`g{ cil|n{e|n`tn g 522.222 n{kcguj{1 n` nc g÷j 4; g. K. fglïg w~ixç gc|ndndj| dn 4.>22.222 fglitg`tn{ cil|n{ e|n`tn g;.222.222 dn n{kcguj{# n i`kc~{j n{ rj{ilcn w~n {n nvrn|ion`tg|g ~` dn{/

og`# A|ixi{ \gljucgdnc’kfn{ajuj [t|jig u Xrgdìh R|jui`t{igh \io{aji Iorn|ii # Oj{kø# 79>=. Tjdj nc g`çci{i{ dn [ftgn|og` {jl|n cgfi{tj|ig {jkigc dnc {imcj III {n lg{g n` ~÷g kj`t|grj{ikiû` i||ngc n`t|n cg uiccg dn ondig`g nvtn`{iû` y nc m|g` cgtie~`di~o1 g cg r|ion|g cgdn`joi`g ¡cg ej|og dn r|jrindgd g`tim~g± y cg idn`tieikg kj` cg{ jcimg|w~ïg{ o~ìkirgcn{ dn cg érjkg# y gc {nm~`dj cj kjùin|tn n` ~èn ûon`j ¡r|jtjen~dgc±# kg|gktn|ï{tikj dn ~`g g|i{tjk|gkig nvt|go~ìkirgc. Uég{n A|ixi{ \gljucgdnc’kfn{ajuj [t|jig# rr. ;4/4># 775/=.N` |ngcidgd# cj{ cgtie~`dig {inor|n n{t~uin|j kjor~n{tj{ r|i`kirgcon`tn dn uiccgn# y cg{ cioitgkij`n{ ¡o~ìkirgcn{± {jl|n cg r|jrindgddn cg tin||g `~`kg t~uin|j` m|g` iorj|tg`kig1 rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# cj{ {gct~{ j ei`kg{ nvt|gtn||itj|igcn{# {it~gdg{ e~n|g dn cj{ cïoitn{o~ìkirgcn{# |nr|n{n`tg|j` {inor|n# r|jlglcnon`tn# ~`g r|jrj|kiû` i`{imìeikg`tn dn tjdj nc tn||itj|ij iorn|igc. &Rg|g n{tj øctioj# n` cjw~n [ftgn|og` rj`n ~` éèg{i{ nvgmn|gdj# uég{n Hj`n{# Tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# II# rr. =7</;.)72 Uég{n A. D. ]fitn# ¡Cgtie~`dig±# L~ccnti` je tfn I`{tit~tn je Kcg{{ikgc [t~din{ # 795=# `øo. 74# rr. =5/=. ]fitn i`{i{tn n` w~n cj{cgtie~`dij{ rjdïg` {n| j lin` ei`kg{ oivtg{ n` m|g` n{kgcg# kjoj cg dn Rciìj n` Tj{kg`g# j |g`kfj{ rg|g cg mg`gdn|ïg. N{tg{ øctiog{e~n|j` oç{ e|nk~n`tn{ n` nc {~| dn Itgcig# oin`t|g{ cg{ r|ion|g{ cj e~n|j` n` cg{ tin||g{ oç{ eé|ticn{ dnc kn`t|j y nc j|tn.77 L|~`t# [jkigc kjècikt{ i` tfn \jog` \nr~lcik # rr. ;4/>.

QRçm. >6_

kn`{j `ntj n` cg rjlcgkiû` cil|n oin`t|g{ {n w~i`t~rcikglg cg rjlcgkiû` n{kcgug 7<. N` nc o~`dj g`tim~j `~`kg {nfglïg ui{tj `gdg {nonhg`tn. Nc rjtn`kigc rcn`j dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg {n dn{rcnmû rj| unx r|ion|gn` \jog# w~n cj j|mgìxû y cj ccnuû g cg kj`kc~{iû` cûmikg w~n M|nkig `~`kg fglïg nvrn|ion`tgdj. Ncoicitg|i{oj dnr|ndgdj| dn cg \nrølcikg |jog`g e~n {~ r|i`kirgc rgcg`kg dn gk~o~cgkiû` nkj`ûoikg. Cg m~n||ggrj|tû tin||g{# t|il~tj{ y n{kcguj{1 cj{ n{kcguj{# cj{ t|il~tj{ y cg{ tin||g{ r|jrj|kij`g|j` nc ogtn|igc rg|g cgm~n||g.

Rn|j cg t|g{kn`dn`kig fi{tû|ikg dn cg{ kj`w~i{tg{ |jog`g{ n` cg k~n`kg onditn||ç`ng `j r~ndn |nd~ki|{n nòjdj gcm~`j g cg{ ej|t~`g{ n{rnktgk~cg|n{ dn cg jcimg|w~ïg {n`gtj|igc. Nc gug`kn dn cg{ cnmij`n{ |ngcixû n` nckj`h~`tj dn cg fi{tj|ig dn cg G`timóndgd ~` kgolij o~kfj oç{ r|je~`dj w~n é{n. Nc rjdn|ïj dn \jog i`tnm|ûgc Onditn||ç`nj jkkidn`tgc y g {~ fi`tn|cg`d dnc `j|tn n` nc o~`dj kcç{ikj. N{tg e~n cg dnki{iug |ngcixgkiû` dn cg\nrølcikg w~n# g dien|n`kig dn {~{ kg~tncg{ dircjoçtikg{ n` J|in`tn# di|imiû dn{dn nc r|i`kirij {~ e~n|xgg`nvijì{tg e~`dgon`tgcon`tn fgkig Jkkidn`tn. Cg nvrg`{iû` kjcjìgc m|inmg n` nc Onditn||ç`nj j|in`tgc# kjoj

fnoj{ ui{tj# gdjrtû cg ej|og dn ~`g r|jcien|gkiû` dn e~`dgkij`n{ ~|lg`g{# k|ngdg{ n` r|ion| c~mg| dn{dn g||ilgrj| cj{ oi{oj{ {jln|g`j{ dn Ogkndjìg n ioitgdj{ n`{nm~idg dn{dn glghj rj| cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ cjkgcn{ dn cgxj`g# y tjdj n{tj gkgnkïg n` ~`g xj`g kj` ~`g r|nuig fi{tj|ig# nvt|gj|di`g|igon`tn cg|mg# dn kiuicixgkiû`dn{g||jccgdg# w~n {n |noj`tglg o~kfj oç{ gccç w~n cg dn cg oi{og M|nkig. Cg nvrg`{iû` kjcjìgc |jog`g n` ncOnditn||ç`nj jkkidn`tgc t~uj ~` kj`tnvtj y ~` kg|çktn| lç{ikgon`tn di{ti`tj. Fi{rgìg y cg Mgcig —y oç{ tg|dnnc @û|ikj# cg \nkig y L|itgìg— n|g` tin||g{ |nojtg{ y r|ioitiug{# rjlcgdg{ rj| kjo~ìdgdn{ t|ilgcn{ knctg{ yo~kfg{ dn nccg{ {i` ì`mø` kj`tgktj fi{tû|ikj kj` nc o~`dj kcç{ikj. [~ i`tnm|gkiû` n` éc rcg`tnglg r|jlcnog{dn ~` j|dn` kjorcntgon`tn di{ti`tj gc dn cg fncnìxgkiû` dnc J|in`tn R|ûvioj# rj|w~n n{tg{ tin||g{ `j {ûcjn{tglg` gt|g{gdg{ {jkigc y k~ct~|gcon`tn# {i`j w~n |nr|n{n`tglg`# gdnoç{# xj`g{ i`tn|ij|n{ dn ~` tirj w~n cgG`timóndgd kcç{ikg `~`kg fglïg {idj kgrgx fg{tg n`tj`kn{ dn j|mgìxg| nkj/

7< L|~`t# Itgcig` og`rj}n| # rr. 7<7/># 7;7. Rg|g cg n`j|on ogmìt~d dnc tn{j|j w~n cg kcg{n di|imn`tn |jog`g {gw~nû n` nc nvt|g`hn|j#grg|tn dn cg gk~o~cgkiû` dn n{kcguj{# uég{n G. F. O. Hj`n{# ¡\jon±# T|ji{iæon Kjèn|n`kn I`tn|`gtij`gcn d’Fi{tji|n Nkj`joiw~n&O~ìkf# 795>)# ;# Rg|ï{# 79=2# rr. 67/<. N{tg rj`n`kig un|{g {jl|n nc kg|çktn| nkj`ûoikj dnc iorn|igci{oj |jog`j.

;2 * 7>2



QRçm. >9_

`ûoikgon`tn. Cg ogt|ix r|ioimnìg dn cg ki~dgd/N{tgdj e~n cg n{t|nkfg e|g`hg dnc citj|gc y nc og|# y cg M|nkigkcç{ikg `~`kg cg glg`dj`û. Cg érjkg fncn`ï{tikg fglïg kj`jkidj cg ~|lgìxgkiû` i`tn`{iug dn cg{ k~ct~|g{|iln|n÷g{ dnc J|in`tn R|ûvioj# lg{gdg{ dn{dn fgkïg o~kfj tinorj n` cj{ |nmgdïj{ ec~uigcn{ y |nj|in`tgdg{gfj|g rg|kigcon`tn fgkig nc og| &ojdieikgkiû` {ioljcixgdg rj| nc kgolij dn Onèi{ g Gcnhg`d|ïg). Rn|j ncdn{in|tj kjon`xglg iòndigtgon`tn dnt|ç{ dn tjdg cg cï`ng kj{tn|g dnc {~| y nc n{tn dnc Onditn||ç`nj# dn tgcej|og w~n cg r|je~`didgd dn cg kjcjìxgkiû` `~`kg e~n o~y m|g`dn n` Çe|ikg dnc @j|tn ì n` nc J|in`tn. NcOnditn||ç`nj jkkidn`tgc `j je|nkïg# {i` nolg|mj# ì ~` citj|gc ì ~` {i{tnog dn |nmgdïj{ g cg{ `~nug{ e|j`tn|g{dn \jog. Gw~ï# rj| unx r|ion|g# cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg {n nè|n`tglg g m|g`dn{ nvtn`{ij`n{ dnc i`tn|ij|#dn{r|jui{tg{ dn ~`g r|nuig kiuicixgkiû` ~|lg`g. Cg ki~dgd/N{tgdj |jog`g# w~n fglïg dn{g||jccgdj nc cgtie~`dij|~|gc n{kcgui{tg# e~n cg w~n {n oj{t|û kgrgx dn djoi`g| n{g{ tin||g{. Cg{ |~tg{ ec~uigcn{ dn Fi{rgìg y cg Mgcige~n|j` tn{timj{ dn n{tg rn`nt|gkiû`. Rn|j nc ïornt~ i||n{i{tilcn w~n ccnuû g cg{ cnmij`n{ fg{tg nc Tghj# nc Cji|g# ncTçon{i{ y nc \i` e~n nc dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg rcn`gon`tn iorcg`tgdj n` nc kgorj# {i` ì`mø`cïoitn ì iorndion`tj. N` n{tg érjkg e~n k~g`dj {n |nmi{t|û r|jlglcnon`tn nc ogyj| gug`kn dn cg G`timóndgdkcç{ikg n` nc çolitj dn cg tnk`jcjmïg gm|g|ig8 nc dn{k~l|ioin`tj dnc ojci`j mi|gtj|ij rg|g ojcn| nc m|g`j k~yj{r|ion|j{ tn{tiojìj{# n` {~{ dj{ ej|og{ r|i`kirgcn{# {n n`k~n`t|g` n` Itgcig y N{rg÷g g ondigdj{ dnc {imcj II g.K. 7;# kjntç`nj{ dn cg nvrg`{iû` |jog`g n` nc Onditn||ç`nj jkkidn`tgc y {ïoljcj{ dn {~ di`goi{oj |~|gc. Nc

évitj n` cg j|mgìxgkiû` dn cg r|jd~kkiû` gm|ïkjcg g m|g` n{kgcg rj| og`j dn jl|g n{kcgug e~n cg kj`dikiû`r|nuig dn cg kj`w~i{tg y cg kjcjìxgkiû` rn|og`n`tn{ dn cj{ m|g`dn{ fi`tn|cg`d{ dnc jn{tn y nc `j|tn. Fi{rgìg ycg Mgcig e~n|j`# h~`tj g Itgcig# cg{ r|jui`kig{ |jog`g{ oç{ r|je~`dgon`tn og|kgdg{ rj| cg n{kcguit~d fg{tg ncdneiìtiuj ei`gc dnc Iorn|ij74. Nc kjon|kij m|inmj fglïg rn`nt|gdj n` J|in`tn1 cg

7; C. G. Oj|itx# M|gi`/oicc{ g`d ecj~| i` kcg{{ikgc G`tiw~ity# Jvej|d# 79>6# rr. =4# 72># 77>/5.74 Hj`n{# ¡[cgun|y i` tfn G`kin`t }j|cd±# rr. 795# 796. Rj{tn|ij|on`tn# Hj`n{ tn`diû g {~r|ioi| cg Mgcig y g cioitg| cg{ xj`g{ dn gctgdn`{idgd dn n{kcguit~d g Fi{rgìg n Itgcig8 Tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# II# rr. =9;/4. Rn|j n` |ngcidgd nvi{tn` l~n`g{ |gxj`n{ rg|g og`tn`n|{~ gei|ogkiû` j|imi`gc. G rg|ti| dnc r|ion| rn|ïjdj iorn|igc# cg Mgcig dnc {~| n{t~uj kg|gktn|ixgdg rj| {~ kn|kg`ïg g Itgcig n` cg n{t|~kt~|gnkj`ûoikg y {jkigc8 Rciìj cg kj`{idn|glg kg{i kjoj ~`g nvtn`{iû` dn cg rn`ï`{~cg# Itg/

QRçm. 52_

gm|ik~ct~|g cgti`g ¡gl|iû± Jkkidn`tn. @gt~|gcon`tn# cj{ |jog`j{ tgolié` e~`dg|j` ki~dgdn{ n` nc Onditn||ç`njjkkidn`tgc y# {imìeikgtiugon`tn# cg{ kj`{t|~yn|j` g j|iccg{ dn cj{ |ïj{ `gunmglcn{. Cg oi{og k|ngkiû` dn ~`gnkj`joïg |~|gc n{kcgui{tg dnrn`dïg dn cg iorcg`tgkiû` dn ~`g r|û{rn|g |nd dn ki~dgdn{ w~n |nr|n{n`tg|g` cj{r~`tj{ tn|oi`gcn{ dn {~{ nvkndn`tn{ y {~ r|i`kirij n{t|~kt~|gc dn g|tik~cgkiû` y kj`t|jc. N` n{tg érjkg {nkj`{t|~yn|j` Kû|djlg# Cyj`# Goin`{# T|éun|i{ y kin`tj{ dn ki~dgdn{ oç{. [~ `øon|j `~`kg im~gcû gc dn cg{jkindgd dnc Onditn||ç`nj j|in`tgc# o~kfj oç{ uinhg y oç{ dn`{gon`tn rjlcgdg# rn|j e~n o~y {~rn|ij| gc dncg{ ki~dgdn{ e~`dgdg{ rj| \jog n` J|in`tn.

Nenktiugon`tn# cg nvrg`{iû` |jog`g n` cg xj`g fncn`ï{tikg {im~iû ~` k~|{j o~y dien|n`tn gc dn {~ ojdncj n` cg{tin||g{ knctg{ dn Jkkidn`tn. D~|g`tn o~kfj tinorj e~n oç{ d~litgtiug n i`kin|tg y {n di|imiû g lcjw~ng| cg{i`tn|un`kij`n{ w~n r~din|g` kg~{g| iorj|tg`tn{ dn{nw~icil|ij{ n` nc {i{tnog dn N{tgdj{ uimn`tn &Eicirj U#

G`tïjkj III) y g k|ng| |ni`j{ kcin`tn{ oç{ w~n r|jui`kig{ kj`w~i{tgdg{7>. G{ï# e~n o~y {imìeikgtiuj w~n i`kc~{jdn{r~é{ dn cg dn||jtg dnc øctioj m|g` nhé|kitj {ncé~kidg n` Ogm`n{ig# n` nc g÷j 796# d~|g`tn cj{ ki`k~n`tg g÷j{{im~in tn{ `j {n g`nvij`g|g ì`mø` tn||itj|ij j|in`tgc y w~n Ré|mgoj `j rg{g|g rgkïeikgon tn g cggdoiì{t|gkiû` |jog`g fg{tg nc g÷j 7<9 g. K.# m|gkig{ gc tn{tgon`tj dn {~ cngc oj`g|kg oç{ w~n g ~`g dnki{iû`{n`gtj|igc y {n kjùi|tin|g g{ï n` cg r|ion|g r|jui`kig g{içtikg dnc Iorn|ij. G rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{# k~g`dj \jog{n rn|kgtû dn cg{ n`j|on{ |iw~nxg{ w~n n{tglg` di{rjìlcn{ n` J|in`tn y cj{ hnen{ oicitg|n{ kj`{im~in|jògyj|n{ rjdn|n{ iorn|igcn{ n` nc nvt|g hn|j —n` nc {imcj I g. K. —# cg gm|n{iû` {n fixj oç{ |çridg y{i{tnoçtikg. Rn|j cj{ |nmïon`n{ |nr~lcikg`j{ gdoiì{t|g|j` mn`n|gcon`tn cg{ |n`tglcn{ r|jui`kig{ g{içtikg{# w~n{~{ mn`n|gcn{ g||nlgtglg` gfj|g g {~{ {j/

cig un|i~{ w~go r|jui`kig# ¡oç{ Itgcig w~n r|jui`kig±. Cg tn{i{ dn cj{ cgtie~`dij{ n{kcgui{tg{ n` cg @g|lj`n`{n rg|nkn# rj| tg`tj# w~n `jr|n{n`tg r|jlcnog{. Cg Mgcig dnc `j|tn# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# tn`ïg ~` kg|çktn| o~kfj oç{ r|ioitiuj y n{tglg on`j{ ~|lgìxgdg. Rn|j e~ngw~ï r|nki{gon`tn —n` cg |nmiû` dnc Cji|g— dj`dn n{tgccg|ïg` d~|g`tn nc Iorn|ij tg|dïj cg{ m|g`dn{ |nlncij`n{ dn cj{ lgmg~dn{ #dn{k|itg{ nvr|n{gon`tn rj| {~{ kj`tnorj|ç`nj{ kjoj cnug`tgoin`tj{ dn n{kcguj{ |~|gcn{ &uég{n rçmi`g 72<# `. 64). Rg|nkn cûmikj# rj|tg`tj# gci`ng| tjdg cg Mgcig# kj` N{rg÷g n Itgcig# kjoj ~`g iorj|tg`tn |nmiû` dn gm|ik~ct~|g n{kcgui{tg.7> N. Lgdig`# \jog` iorn|igci{o i` tfn cgtn \nr~lcik # Jvej|d# 7956# rçmi`g{ </7<# kjorg|g kj` m|g` rn`nt|gkiû` cg rjcïtikg |jog`g n`

;7 * 7>2



J|in`tn y Jkkidn`tn.

QRçm. 57_

ln|g`j{ fncn`ï{tikj{# kj` ~` oïìoj dn kgolij {jkigc j i`tn|en|n`kig rjcïtikg# dnkcg|g`dj fgln|cg{ ¡ciln|gdj±dn {~{ dé{rjtg{ y kj`tn`tç dj{n kj` cj{ nv~ln|g`tn{ i`m|n{j{ ei{kgcn{ dn cg |nmiû`. N` nc Onditn||ç nj j|in`tgc`j {n i`t|jd~hj cg n{kcguit~d gm|g|ig g m|g` n{kgcg y cj{ `~on|j{j{ r|i{ij`n|j{ dn m~n||g fnkfj{ n{kcguj{ n|g`

nolg|kgdj{ fgkig Jkkidn`tn rg|g {n| norcngdj{ n` cg oi{og Itgcig. Cj{ gdoiì{t|gdj|n{ y gun`t~|n|j{ |jog`j{{n gr|jrig|j` dn cg{ ei`kg{ dn cg oj`g|w~ïg# rn|j dnhg|j` i`tgktj{ {~{ {i{tnog{ dn t|glghj. Cg r|i`kirgci``jugkiû` dnc djoiìj |jog`j n` J|in`tn t~uj c~mg| n` cg{ ki~dgdn{ m|inmg{ dn cg xj`g# n` cg{ w~n {nior~{in|j` dntn|oi`gdj{ |nw~i{itj{ dn r|jrindgd rg|g gkkndn| g cj{ kg|mj{ o~ìkirgcn{# kj` jlhntj dnui`k~cg|cg{ oç{ n{t|nkfgon`tn g cg{ `j|og{ jcimç|w~ikg{ dn cg Ki~dgd Ntn|`g. N` cg r|çktikg# n{tn fnkfj {ûcjdij ~`g kjdieikgkiû` h~|ïdikg gc rjdn| dn egktj dn cj{ `jtglcn{ cjkgcn{ w~n yg djoi`glg` n{g{ ki~dgdn{75. Ké{g|y G~m~{tj k|ng|j` n` J|in`tn ~`g{ rjkg{ kjcjìg{ ~|lg`g{# n{rnkïeikgon`tn |jog`g{# rg|g g{n`tg| g r|jcntg|ij{y untn|g`j{ cgti`j{ n` G{ig. Rn|j n{tg{ kjcjìg{ dnhg|j` o~y rjkj |g{t|j. [imìeikgtiugon`tn# k~g`dj {nkj`{t|~yû ~`g `~nug {n|in dn ki~dgdn{ d~|g`tn nc r|i`kirgdj &{jl|n tjdj n` cg érjkg dn cj{ G`tjì`j{) e~n|j`n{n`kigcon`tn e~`dgkij`n{ m|inmg{# kjfn|n`tn{ kj` nc r|nuij kg|çktn| k~ct~|gc dn |nmiû`. @~`kg f~lj ì`møì`tn`tj dn |jogìxg| cg{ r|jui`kig{ j|in`tgcn{1 w~in` {~e|iû tjdg cg kg|mg dn cg cgtiìxgkiû` e~n Jkkidn`tn. Cg

e|j`tn|g ci`móï{tikg —w~n ilg dn{dn Ici|ig g cg Ki|n`gikg— dncioitglg cg{ dj{ xj`g{ lç{ikg{ dnc `~nuj j|dnìorn|igc.

Cg kj`w~i{tg |jog`g dnc Onditn||ç`nj n` cj{ dj{ øctioj{ {imcj{ dn cg \nrølcikg# y cg t|non`dg nvrg`{iû` dn cgnkj`joïg {n`gtj|igc w~n r|jojuiû# e~n gkjorg÷gdg n` nc i`tn|ij| dn ~` dn{g||jccj {~rn|n{t|~kt~|gc {i`r|nkndn`tn{ n` nc o~`dj g`tim~j. E~n n` n{tn rn|ïjdj# nenktiugon`tn# k~g`dj nc dn|nkfj kiuic |jog`j grg|nkiûn` tjdg {~ ~ìdgd y {i`m~cg|idgd. Dn{g||jccgdj m|gd~gcon`tn dn{dn nc g÷j ;22 g. K.# nc {i{tnog cnmgc |jog`j {nr|njk~rû n{n`kigcon`tn dn |nm~cg| cg{ |ncgkij`n{ ièj|ogcn{ dn kj`t|gtj n i`tn|kgolij n`t|n ki~dgdg`j{r|iugdj{. [~ j|in`tgkiû` e~`dgon`tgc {n lg{glg n` cg{ t|g`{gkkij`n{ nkj`ûoikg{ —kjor|g# un`tg# gcw~icn|#g||n`dgoin`tj# fn|n`kig# eig`xg— y n` {~{ kj`kjoitg`tn{ dn tirj egoicig|# ogt|iojìgcn{ j tn{tgon`tg|ij{. Cg{|ncgkij`n{ rølcikg{ dnc ki~dgdg`j kj` nc N{tgdj y cg |ncgkiû` rgt|ig|kgc dnc kglnxg dn egoi/

75 Hj`n{# Tfn M|nna kitin{ e|jo Gcnvg`dn| tj H~{tiìg`# rr. >7/6# 752.

QRçm. 5<_

cig kj` {~{ {~lj|di`gdj{ tn`ïg` ~`g iorj|tg`kig {nk~`dg|ig |n{rnktj gc dn{g||jccj kn`t|gc dn cg tnj|ïg y cgr|çktikg cnmgc1 cg{ r|ion|g{ {n kj {idn|glg` dnog{igdj o~dglcn{ rg|g {n| jlhntj dn ~`g h~|i{r|~dn`kig{i{tnoçtikg# oin`t|g{ w~n cg {nm~`dg glg|kglg cg ogyj| rg|tn dnc çolitj ièn|ij| dnc k|ion` 7=. Cg un|dgdn|giorj|tg`kig dn cg h~|i{r|~dn`kig |nr~lcikg`g `j |gdikglg n` ì`m~`g dn nccg{. Cj w~n kj`{tit~yû nc tn||n`jrnk~cig| dn {~ `jtglcn gug`kn `j e~n nc dn|nkfj rølcikj j k|ioi`gc# {i`j nc dn|nkfj kiuic w~n |nmïg cj{ rcnitj{{jl|n cg r|jrindgd n`t|n cg{ rg|tn{ n` citimij. Nc dn{g||jccj dn ~`g tnj|ïg cnmgc dn kg|çktn| mn`n|gc n|gkjorcntgon`tn `~nuj n` cg G`timóndgd. N{n dn{g||jccj `j e~n ~`g k|ngkiû` dn e~`kij`g|ij{ n{tgtgcn{ j dn

gljmgdj{ n` nhn|kikij# {i`j dn h~|i{tg{ n{rnkigcixgdj{ y g|i{tjk|çtikj{ w~n rn|og`nkïg` gc og|mn` dnc r|jkn{j dncitimgkiû` y grj|tglg` jriìj`n{ {jl|n k~n{tij`n{ dn r|i`kirij cnmgc oç{ w~n dn g{~`tj{ dn fnkfj g cg h~dikgt~|gw~n unïg cj{ kg{j{ |ngcn{. Cj{ h~|i{tg{ dn cg \nrølcikg# w~n kg|nkïg` dn n{tgt~{ jeikigc# dn{g||jccg|j` ~`g {n|in dn¡eim~|g{ kj`t|gkt~gcn{± gl{t|gktg{# grcikglcn{ gc g`çci{i{ dn gktj{ rg|tik~cg|n{ dn cg{ |ncgkij`n{ kjon|kigcn{ y{jkigcn{. [~ i`kci`gkiû` i`tncnkt~gc n|g oç{ g`gcïtikg w~n {i{tnoçtikg# rn|j nc |n{~ctgdj gk~o~cgtiuj dn {~ t|glghje~n cg grg|ikiû`# rj| unx r|ion|g n` cg fi{tj|ig# dn ~` k~n|rj j|mgìxgdj dn h~|i{r|~dn`kig kiuic kjoj tgc. Ncdn{g||jccj nkj`ûoikj dnc i`tn|kgolij on|kg`tic w~n gkjorg÷û n` Itgcig g cg kj`{t|~kkiû` dnc {i{tnog iorn|igc|jog`j# lg{gdj n` cg ~ticixgkiû` mn`n|gcixgdg dn cg n{kcguit~d# n`kj`t|û g{ï {~ |necnhj h~|ïdikj g ei`gcn{ dn cg\nrølcikg n` cg k|ngkiû` dn ~` dn|nkfj kjon|kigc {i` r|nkndn`tn{. Cg dnki{iug y m|g` fgxg÷g dnc `~nuj dn|nkfj|jog`j e~n# r~n{# kjoj n|g cûmikj# {~ dn{k~l|ioin`tj dnc kj`knrtj dn ¡r|jrindgd gl{jc~tg± j djoiì~o nv i~|n W~i|iti~o76. @i`mø` {i{tnog cnmgc g`tn|ij| fglïg kj`jkidj `~`kg cg `jkiû` dn ~`g r|jrindgd r|iugdg {i`|n{t|ikkij`n{. N` M|nkig# n` Rn|{ig j n` Nmirtj# cg r|jrindgd {inor|n e~n ¡|ncgtiug± j# dikfj dn jt|g ej|og#

{inor|n n{t~uj kj`dikij`gdg rj| cj{ dn|nkfj{ {~rn|ij|n{ j kjcgtn/

7= Rg|g ~` n{t~dij kcg|j {jl|n cg grg|ikiû` y cg `gt~|gcnxg dn cg h~|i{r|~dn`kig dn n{tn rn|ïjdj# uég{n E. F Cg}{j`# ¡\jog` Cg}±# n` H.

;< * 7>2



R. Lgc{dj` &kjor.)# Tfn \jog`{ # Cj`d|n{# 795># rr. 72</72 {{.76 Nc onhj| n{t~dij ojdn|`j {jl|n nc dn|nkfj |jog`j dg cg dnlidg iorj|tg`kig g n{tn fgccgxmj8 F. E. Hjcj}ikx# Fi{tj|ikgc i`t|jd~ktij` tjtfn {t~dy je \jog` Cg}# Kgol|idmn# 79><# rr. 74</;# 4<5. Cg rcn`g r|jrindgd r|iugdg n|g ¡w~i`tg|ig± rj|w~n n|g ~` gt|il~tj dn cgki~dgdg`ïg |jog`g n` k~g`tj tgc8 {n t|gtglg dn ~`g r|jrindgd gl{jc~tg# rn|j j ~ìun|{gc.

QRçm. 5;_

|gcn{ dn jt|g{ g~tj|idgdn{ j rg|tn{# j lin` rj| cg{ jlcimgkij`n{ |n{rnktj g nccg{. Cg h~|i{r|~dn`kig |jog`g e~n cgr|ion|g w~n nog`kirû g cg r|jrindgd r|iugdg dn tjdg cioitgkiû` nvt|ï`{nkg# dn{g||jccg`dj cg `~nug di{ti`kiû`n`t|n cg on|g ¡rj{n{iû`± j kj`t|jc eçktikj dn cj{ lin`n{ y cg ¡r|jrindgd± j tït~cj cnmgc gl{jc~tj {jl|n nccj{. Ncdn|nkfj |jog`j dn r|jrindgd —n` nc w~n ~` {nktj| o~y {~{tg`kigc n{tglg dn{ti`gdj cûmikgon`tn g cg r|jrindgddn n{kcguj{— |nr|n{n`tû cg r|ï{ti`g dn{ticgkiû` kj`knrt~gc dn cg r|jd~kkiû` kjon|kigcixgdg y dnc i`tn|kgolijdn on|kg`kïg{ n` nc og|kj dn ~` gorcij {i{tnog dn N{tgdj{ w~n fglïg fnkfj rj{ilcn nc iorn|igci{oj|nr~lcikg`j. Dnc oi{oj ojdj w~n cg kiuicixgkiû` m|inmg e~n cg r|ion|g n` dn{r|n`dn| nc rjcj gl{jc~tj dn cg¡ciln|tgd± dnc kj`ti`~j rjcïtikj dn kj`dikij`n{ y dn|nkfj{ |ncgtiuj{ w~n {inor|n fglïg r|ndjoi`gdj g`tn{ dnnccg# g{ï tgolié` cg kiuicixgkiû` |jog`g e~n cg r|ion|g n` {nrg|g| nc kjcj| r~|j dn cg ¡r|jrindgd± dnc n{rnkt|jnkj`ûoikj dn cg rj{n{iû` jrgkg n i`dntn|oi`gdg w~n cg fglïg r|nkndidj. Cg r|jrindgd w~i|itg|ig# cgkj`{~ogkiû` cnmgc dn cg nvtn`{iug nkj`joïg n{kcgui{tg dn \jog# {imìeikû ~` r~`tj dn ccnmgdg t|g{kn`dn`tgc#dn{ti`gdj g rn|d~|g| oç{ gccç dnc o~`dj y cg n|g w~n cj fglïg` n`mn`d|gdj.

Cg \nrølcikg fglïg kj`w~i{tgdj rg|g \jog ~` iorn|ij# rn|j {~{ r|jrig{ uiktj|ig{ cg fikin|j` g`gk|ûìkg. Cgjcimg|w~ïg dn ~`g {jcg ki~dgd `j rjdïg og`tn`n| ~ìdj gc Onditn||ç`nj n` ~` {jcj {i{tnog rjcïtikj8 cg oi{ogogmìt~d dn {~ évitj cg fglïg dnhgdj rnw~n÷g. Nc øctioj {imcj dn kj`w~i{tg{ |nr~lcikg`g{# w~n ccnug|j` g cg{cnmij`n{ fg{tg nc É~e|gtn{ y nc kg`gc dn cg Og`kfg# e~n gkjorg÷gdj dn un|timi`j{g{ tn`{ij`n{ {jkigcn{ dn`t|j dncg r|jrig {jkindgd |jog`g# |n{~ctgdj di|nktj dn cj{ oi{oj{ t|i~èj{ jltnìdj{ kj` |nm~cg|idgd n` nc nvt|g`hn|j.Cg gmitgkiû` kgorn{i`g n` dnog`dg dn tin||g{ fglïg {idj gfjmgdg kj` cg {~r|n{iû` dn cj{ M|gkj# rn|j|ngrg|nkïg gfj|g# dn`t|j dnc r|jrij nhé|kitj# gdjrtg`dj ej|og{ `~nug{ y gon`gxgdj|g{. Cg kj`ti`~g ccgogdg geicg{ fglïg dnlicitgdj y |nd~kidj iì`tn||~oridgon`tn gc kj`h~`tj dn cg kcg{n dn rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{# rn|j {~{g{ri|gkij`n{ nkj`ûoikg{ {n og`t~uin|j` y n`kj`t|g|j` gfj|g {~ nvr|n{iû` n` cg{ k|nkin`tn{ r|n{ij`n{ |ngcixgdg{g rg|ti| dn cg érjkg dn Og|ij n` dnog`dg dn kj`kn{ij`n{ dn tin||g rg|g cj{ untn|g`j{ cikn`kigdj{# gog|mgdj{

{~rn|uiuin`tn{ dn cj{ dnln|n{ oicitg|n{ w~n |nkgïg` kj` tg`tg e~n|xg {jl|n nc kgorn{i`gdj |jog`j. Cgg|i{tjk|gkig {n`gtj|igc {n fglïg ln`neikigdj n`j|onon`tn dnc {gw~nj ei`g`kin|j dnc Onditn||ç`nj w~n {im~iû gcg{ r|jm|n{iug{ g`nvij`n{ |ngcixgdg{ rj|

QRçm. 54_

\jog# fgkin dj ej|t~`g{ iòn {g{ n` t|il~tj{# nvtj|{ij`n{# tin||g{ y n{kcguj{# rn|j `j t~uj ì`m~`gr|njk~rgkiû` rj| r|jrj|kij`g| ì {iw~in|g ~`g oûdikg kjorn`{gkiû` g cg t|jrg# k~yg{ lgtgccg{ cn fglïg`r|jk~|gdj n{g{ i`g~ditg{ |iw~nxg{. Cj{ cnmij`g|ij{ |nkilïg` ~`g f~oicdn rgmg y n|g cikn`kigdj{ {ikj`tnorcgkij`n{ y {i` ì`m~`g |nkjorn`{g rj| cj{ cg|mj{ rn|ïjdj{ dn {n|uikij n` cj{ w~n `j {ûcj g||in{mglg`{~{ uidg{# {i`j w~n rn|dïg` tgolié` kj` e|nk~n`kig {~{ r|jrindgdn{. Fgln|cn{ rgmgdj ~`g r|iog gc cikn`kig|cj{fgl|ïg {imìeikgdj n{tglcnkn| ~` ior~n{tj —rj| o~y cimn|j w~n e~n{n— {jl|n cg{ kcg{n{ rj{nndj|g{# kj{g w~ncg g|i{tjk|gkig di|imn`tn {n `nmû g kj`{idn|g|. Nc |n{~ctgdj e~n cg k|ngkiû` dn ~`g tn`dn`kig i`fn|n`tn g cj{nhé|kitj{ dnc øctioj rn|ïjdj dn cg \nrølcikg g |nti|g| {~ cngctgd oicitg| dnc N{tgdj y di|imi|cg fgkig cj{ mn`n|gcn{uiktj|ij{j{ w~n rjdïg` mg|g`tixg| g {~{ {jcdgdj{# rj| {~ rjdn| rn|{j`gc# ljti`n{ j dj`gtiuj{. Nc uï`k~cj n`t|n nccnmij`g|ij y nc hnen oicitg| {n fixj kgdg unx oç{ rg|nkidj gc w~n nvi{tïg n`t|n rgt|û` y kcin`tn n` cg uidg kiuic. Grg|ti| dn cg érjkg dn Og|ij y [icg# cj{ {jcdgdj{ oi|glg` g {~{ mn`n|gcn{ n` l~{kg dn |nkjorn`{g{ nkj`ûoikg{ ycj{ mn`n|gcn{ ~ticixglg` g {~{ {jcdgdj{ rg|g {~ n{kgcgdg rjcïtikg. Cj{ nhé|kitj{ {n kjùi|tin|j` n` i`{t|~on`tj{dn cj{ kjog`dg`tn{ rjr~cg|n{ y cg{ m~n||g{ nornxg|j` g t|g`{ej|og|{n n` gun`t~|g{ r|iugdg{ dn cj{ kû`{~cn{golikij{j{. Rjornyj# K|g{j y Ké{g| dntn|oi`g|j` {~{ r|jrij{ rcg`n{ n{t|gtémikj{ dn kj`w~i{tg y gm|n{iû` n`Litiìg# Rg|tig y Mgcig79. Cg{ |iugcidgdn{ egkkij`gcn{ w~n t|gdikij`gcon`tn fglïg` diuididj cg rjcïtikg o~ìkirgc{n t|g`{ei|in|j`# rj| kj`{im~in`tn# gc tngt|j oicitg|# o~kfj oç{ ug{tj w~n cj{ n{t|nkfj{ cïoitn{ dn \jog. Cgkj`{nk~n`kig i`nuitglcn fgl|ïg dn {n| cg grg|ikiû` dn cg{ m|g`dn{ m~n||g{ kiuicn{.

Gc oi{oj tinorj# {i cg oi{n|ig kgorn{i`g e~n nc {~l{~ncj dnc dn{j|dn` y dn cg t~|l~cn`kig oicitg| g ei`gcn{ dn cg\nrølcikg# cg dieïkic {it~gkiû` dn cg{ og{g{ ~|lg`g{ gm~dixû n`j|onon`tn cg k|i{i{ dnc rjdn| {n`gtj|igc. Kj` cg

;; * 7>2



nvtn`{iû` dnc Iorn|ij# cg kgritgc dn \jog g~on`tû {~ tgog÷j dn ej|og i`kj`t|jcglcn. Nc k|nkin`tn évjdj |~|gc{n kjoli`û kj` cg{ og{iug{ iorj|tgkij`n{ dn n{kcguj{ y r|jd~hn|j` n`t|n golj{ ~`g ug{tg ont|ûrjci. N`tinorj{ dn Ké{g|# \jog tn`ïg r|jlglcnon`tn ~`g rjlcgkiû` dn ~`j{ =>2.222 fglitg`tn{# kj` cj w~n {~rn|glgi`kc~{j g cg{ ogyj|n{ ki~dgdn{ dnc o~`dj fncn`ï{tikj. Nc fgo/

79 Lgdig` {~l|gyg cg `jundgd dn n{tg nujc~kiû` n` \jog` iorn|igci{o i` tfn cgtn \nr~lcik # rr. ==/92.

QRçm. 5>_

l|n# cg nèn|ondgd y cg rjl|nxg {n knlglg` n` cj{ gtn{tgdj{ {~l~|lij{ dn cg kgritgc# n` cj{ w~n r~c~cglg` cj{g|tn{g`j{# t|glghgdj|n{ y rnw~n÷j{ tn`dn|j{# yg e~n{n` n{kcguj{# og`~oitidj{ j cil|n{ <2. Cg{ o~ctit~dn{ ~|lg`g{fglïg` {idj ojuicixgdg{ g{t~tgon`tn rj| cj{ ogìjl|n|j{ dn cg `jlcnxg kj`t|g cj{ |nej|ogdj|n{ gm|g|ij{ n` nc{imcj II# jrn|gkiû` w~n {n |nritiû ~`g unx oç{ kj` nc glg`dj`j dn Kgtici`g rj| cg rcnln |jog`g# w~n {~k~oliûn` cg ej|og kcç{ikg g cg r|jrgmg`dg jcimç|w~ikg kj`t|g ~` n`noimj ¡i`kn`dig|ij± dnc N{tgdj# g w~in` {ûcjrn|og`nkin|j` eincn{ fg{tg nc ei`gc cj{ rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{ dn Nt|~|ig. Rn|j é{tn e~n nc øctioj dn {nonhg`tn{nri{jdij{. G rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{# nc r|jcntg|igdj |jog`j rg|nkn fgln|{n ciln|gdj dneiìtiugon`tn dn cg t~tncg{n`gtj|igc. N` cj{ øctioj{ g÷j{ dn cg \nrølcikg# {~ di{rj{ikiû` dn çìoj {n fixj kgdg unx oç{ gon`gxgdj|g yfj{tic fgkig nc j|dn` rjcïtikj t|gdikij`gc. Dnlidj g cg g~{n`kig ui|t~gc dn ~`g e~n|xg dn rjcikïg {ûcidg y neikgx n`

~`g ki~dgd |nlj{g tn dn t|n{ k~g|tj{ dn oiccû` dn fglitg tn{# cg iòndigtg r|n{iû` og{iug w~n. cg{i`{~||nkkij`n{ ~|lg`g{ rjdïg` r|jujkg| n` cg{ k|i{i{ dn cg \nrølcikg n|g kj`{idn|glcn. J|w~n{tgdj rj| nct|il~`j Kcjdij# w~n g|oû g gcm~`j{ {nktj|n{ dn cj{ rjl|n{ dn \jog n` cj{ g÷j{ >2# nc r|jcntg|igdj ~|lg`jjlt~uj rj| unx r|ion|g ~` |nrg|tj cil|n dn t|imj n` nc g÷j >; g. K.# w~n g rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{ {n kjùi|tiû n` ~`fnkfj rn|og`n`tn dn cg uidg rjcïtikg |jog`g8 nc `øon|j dn {~{ ln`neikig|ij{ {n fglïg ncnugdj g ;<2.222 n` ncg÷j 45 g. K. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# nc kcgoj| rjr~cg| e~n cj w~n dij g Rjornyj nc og`dj nvt|gj|di`g|ij dnc nhé|kitjw~n r~{j n` og|kfg cg dn{i`tnm|gkiû` oicitg| dneiìtiug dnc j|dn` {n`gtj|igc1 nc n`t~{ig{oj rjr~cg|# cj w~n fixjg Ké{g| tg` rncim|j{j rg|g cg g|i{tjk|gkig ~`g dékgdg oç{ tg|dn# y nc |nkilioin`tj rjr~cg| cj w~n cn mg|g`tixû {~|nknrkiû` t|i~ègc n` \jog dn{r~é{ dn rg{g| nc \~likû`. T|g{ cg o~n|tn dn Ké{g|# e~n ~`g unx oç{ nc t~o~ctjrjr~cg| n` cg{ kgccn{ dn \jog g`tn cg g~{n`kig dn {~ fn|ndn|j cj w~n jlcimû gc [n`gdj g rndi| g G~m~{tj w~ngknrtg|g cg |n`jugkiû` dn cj{ rjdn|n{ kj`{~cg|n{ y diktgtj|igcn{ n` cj{ g÷j{ <</79 g. K.# érjkg dnc dneiìtiujn`tin||j dn cg \nrølcikg.

Ei`gcon`tn# g~`w~n w~ixç {ng cj oç{ iorj|tg`tn dn tjdj# nc iòjuici{oj g~tjr|jtnktj| y nc gxg|j{j dn{mjlin|`jdn cg `jlcnxg |jog`g n` cg di|nkkiû` dn cg{ r|jui`kig{ cg fixj kgdg unx oç{ i`kjorntn`tn rg|g di|imi| ~ìorn|ij kj{ojrjcitg. [~{

<2 R. G. L|~`t# ¡Tfn \jog` ojl±# Rg{t g`d R|n{n`t # 7955# rr. 9/75.

QRçm. 55_

r|iuicnmij{ nvkc~{iuj{ n|g` i`kjorgtilcn{ kj` cg r|jm|n{iug ~ìeikgkiû` dn {~{ kj`w~i{tg{ ~ct|gog|i`g{. Cg{r|jui`kig{ kjoj tgcn{ n|g` tjdguïg iorjtn`tn{ rg|g jrj`n| ~`g {ûcidg |n{i{tn`kig g {~ nmjï{oj |grgx. Rn|j cgr|jrig Itgcig —cg r|ion|g r|jui`kig w~n kj`{im~iû cg rg|idgd ej|ogc dn dn|nkfj{ kiuicn{ n` cg mn`n|gkiû`g`tn|ij|# dn{r~é{ dn ~`g |nlnciû` uijcn`tg— `j cj n|g. Cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ itgcig`j{ fglïg` kj`w~i{tgdj cgi`tnm|gkiû` h~|ïdikg n` cg kjo~ìdgd |jog`g# rn|j tjdguïg `j fglïg` rn`nt|gdj n` nc `økcnj kn`t|gc dnc rjdn| ydn cj{ kg|mj{ {n`gtj|igcn{. [~ jrj|t~ìdgd rg|g i`tn|unì| dnki{iugon`tn n` cg rjcïtikg ccnmû kj` nc n{tgccidj dncg |j`dg ei`gc dn m~n||g{ kiuicn{ n`t|n cj{ t|i~ùi|j{. Cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ dn cg{ r|jui`kig{ itgcig`g{ gk~din|j` n`t|jrnc n` grjyj dn G~m~{tj# dnen`{j| dnkcg|gdj dn {~{ t|gdikij`n{ y r|n||jmgtiug{ kj`t|g nc joi`j{j ynvt|gugmg tn j|in`tgci{oj dn Og|kj G`tjìj y {~ rg|tidj<7. [~ gdfn{iû` g cg kg~{g dn G~m~{tj# kj` nc egoj{jh~|gon`tj dn eidncidgd r|n{tgdj rj| ¡tjtg Itgcig± n` nc g÷j ;<# cn g{nm~|û cg uiktj|ig dn Gkkij. N{ {imìeikgtiujw~n kgdg ~`g dn cg{ t|n{ m~n||g{ kiuicn{ w~n dntn|oi`g|j` nc dn{ti`j dn cg \nrølcikg {im~in|g` cg oi{og rg~tgmnjm|çeikg8 tjdg{ e~n|j` mg`gdg{ rj| nc lg`dj w~n kj`t|jcglg Jkkidn`tn y rn|didg{ rj| nc rg|tidj g{n`tgdj n`J|in`tn# g rn{g| dn {~ {~rn|ij| |iw~nxg y |nk~|{j{. Cg{ lgtgccg{ dn Eg|{gcig# Eicirj{ y Gkkij {n cil|g|j` n`M|nkig# gug`xgdg dnc fnoi{en|ij dn||jtgdj. ^`g unx oç{ {n r~{j dn ogìein{tj w~n nc kn`t|j di`çoikj dnc

{i{tnog iorn|igc |jog`j n{tglg n` nc Onditn||ç`nj jkkidn`tgc. Rn|j oin`t|g{ cg r|ioimnìg lg{n tn||itj|igc dnKé{g| n{t~uj n` cg{ r|jui`kig{ lç|lg|g{ dn cg Mgcig# Jktguig`j ej|hû {~ lcjw~n rjcïtikj n` cg oi{og Itgcig y# n`kj`{nk~n`kig# {~ uiktj|ig e~n on`j{ r|ntj|ig`g y oç{ d~|gdn|g.

;4 * 7>2



Nc `~nuj G~m~{tj |nkjmiû nc rjdn| {~r|noj ~ìn`dj t|g{ dn {ï g cg{ oøctircn{ e~n|xg{ dnc dn{kj`tn`tj y cgdn{i`tnm|gkiû` nvi{tn`tn{ n` cg \nrølcikg dn cg øctiog érjkg. G~m~{tj e~n kgrgx dn |n~ì| g ~`g rcnln ~|lg`gdn{n{rn|gdg y g ~`g{ fg{tigdg{ t|jrg{ kgorn{i`g{ kj`t|g ~`g rnw~n÷g y jdigdg écitn mjln|`g`tn# k~yj jr~cn`tjkj`{n|ugd~|i{oj cg nvrj`ïg g ~`g kj`t~oncig rjr~cg| kgdg unx ogyj|1 rn|j# {jl|n tjdj# G~m~{tj {n grjyû n`cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ dn cg r|jui`kig itgcig`g w~n l~{kglg` gfj|g {~ rg|tikirgkiû` n` cj{ kg|mj{ y cj{ fj/

<7 Nc rgrnc dn cg kcg{n tn||gtnìn`tn itgcig`g n` cg {~lidg dn G~m~{tj gc rjdn| n{ ~`j dn cj{ tnog{ kn`t|gcn{ dnc oç{ egoj{j n{t~dij {jl|n

n{tn rn|ïjdj8 \. [yon# Tfn \jog` |nujc~tij`# Jvej|d# 7952# rr. 6# <65/92# ;>9/5># ;64# 4>;.

QRçm. 5=_

`j|n{ dnc {i{tnog w~n fglïg` gy~dgdj g kj`{t|~i|. Dn Gkkij {~|miû ~`g oj`g|w~ïg n{tglcn y ~ìun|{gc# rj|w~n{ûcj nccg rjdïg {~rn|g| nc n{t|nkfj o~ìkirgci{oj dn cg jcimg|w~ïg {n`gtj|igc dn \jog. Cg oj`g|w~ïgogkndûìkg {n fglïg {~rn|r~n{tj |nrn`ti`gon`tn g ~` ug{tj y nvt|g÷j kj`ti`n`tn y e~n i`kgrgx dn r|jd~ki| ~`gkcg{n di|imn`tn ~ìeikgdg w~n r~din|g mjln|`g|cj rj{t egktj# g rn{g| dn w~n rj{ilcnon`tn Gcnhg`d|j {n rn|kgtg|gdn w~n é{n n|g nc r|jlcnog n{t|~kt~|gc lç{ikj kj` nc w~n {n nè|n`tglg. Cg oj`g|w~ïg |jog`g dn G~m~{tj# rj|nc kj`t|g|ij# ccnmû r~`t~gcon`tn k~g`dj {j`û {~ fj|g# ì dnog{igdj r|j`tj ì dnog{igdj tg|dn8 nc dieïkic rg{jdn cg ki~dgd/N{tgdj gc iorn|ij ~ìun|{gc —egoicig| t|g`{ikiû` kïkcikg dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg— {n |ngcixû kj`~` évitj `jtglcn lghj nc r|i`kirgdj.

Cg{ tn`{hj`n{ oç{ rncim|j{g{ dnc øctioj rn|ïjdj |nr~lcikg`j e~n|j` |nd~kidg{ m|gkig{ g ~`g {n|in dn ondidg{rjcïtikg{ g{t~tg{# dn{ti`gdg{ g n{tglicixg| dn `~nuj nc j|dn` {jkigc |jog`j. G`tn tjdj# G~m~{tj kj`kndiûrg|kncg{ dn tin||g g cj{ oicn{ dn {jcdgdj{ dn{ojuicixgdj{ dn{r~é{ dn cg{ m~n||g{ kiuicn{# rgmg`dj g o~kfj{ dnnccj{ kj` {~ ej|t~`g rn|{j`gc. N{tg{ kj`kn{ij`n{ —kjoj cg{ w~n [icg fglïg fnkfj g`tn{— r|jlglcnon`tn {nfikin|j` n` {~ ogyj|ïg g kj{tg dn jt|j{ rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{# w~n e~n|j` dn{gcjhgdj{ rg|g dnhg| {itij g cj{untn|g`j{ w~n ujcuïg` g {~{ kg{g{# y# rj| tg`tj# `j {i|uin|j` rg|g onhj|g| o~kfj cg {it~gkiû` {jkigc dnc kj`h~`tjdnc kgorn{i`gdj ì rg|g t|g`{ej|og| nc ojdncj mn`n|gc dé cg r|jrindgd gm|ïkjcg n` Itgcig <<1 rn|j {ï {i|uin|j`rg|g kgcog| cg{ dnog`dg{ dn cg

<< Nc r|jlcnog dn cg{ tin||g{ kj`kndidg{ g cj{ untn|g`j{ dn m~n||g rj| Ké{g|# nc t|i~ùi|gtj y G~m~{tj fg dgdj c~mg| g ug|ig{

i`tn|r|ntgkij`n{ dien|n`tn{. Hj`n{ k|nn w~n n{g{ kj`kn{ij n{ |ndi{t|il~yn|j dn fnkfj cg r|jrindgd gm|g|ig n`t|n cj{ {jcdgdj{/kgorn{i`j{n` ~`g ondidg {~eikin`tn rg|g grgkim~g| nc dn{kj`tn`tj |~|gc n` Itgcig g rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{# y dn gfï cg |ncgtiug rgx {jkigc dnc r|i`kirgdjdn{r~é{ dn cg{ tj|on`tg{ dn cg øctiog eg{n dn cg \nrølcikg8 G. F. O. Hj`n{# G~m~{t~{ # Cj`d|n{# 79=2# rr. 747/<. L|~`t {j{tin`n# rj| nckj`t|g|ij# dn ej|og rn|{~g{iug# w~n cg{ kj`kn{ij`n{ dn tin||g{ e~n|j` g on`~dj on|g{ kjèi{kgkij`n{ dn rnw~n÷g{ rg|kncg{ dn {jcdgdj{ jrg|tidg|ij{ dn cj{ nhé|kitj{ dn||jtgdj{ n` cg{ m~n||g{ kiuicn{# t|g`{en|idg{ g cg{ t|jrg{ dn cj{ nhé|kitj{ uiktj|ij{j{# {i` diuidi| rj| nccj cg{m|g`dn{ ei`kg{ —gkgrg|gdg{ rj| cj{ jeikigcn{ tn||gtnìn`tn{— i kgolig| {~{tg`kigcon`tn nc ojdncj mcjlgc dn cg r|jrindgd n` nc kgorj.¡R|jlglcnon`tn# cg |nujc~kiû` |jog`g `j r|jd~hj ì`mø` kgolij rn|og`n`tn n` cg {jkindgd gm|g|ig dn Itgcig.± Uég{n ¡Tfn g|oy g`dtfn cg`d i` tfn \jog` |nujc~tij`±# r. 641 [jkigc kjècikt{ i` tfn \jog` \nr~lcik # rr. 749/>2.

QRçm. 56_

iorj|tg`tn oi`j|ïg dnc kgorn{i`gdj n` g|og{# w~n kj`{tit~ïg nc {nktj| kcgun dn cg rjlcgkiû` |~|gc. Ké{g| ygfglïg d~rcikgdj cg rgmg dn w~in`n{ n{tglg` n` {n|uikij gktiuj# y n{n g~on`tj {n og`t~uj lghj nc r|i`kirgdj.

Oç{ iorj|tg`tn tjdguïg e~n w~n# g rg|ti| dnc g÷j 5 d. K.# cj{ untn|g`j{ |nkilin|j` ~`g r|iog n` ontçcikj gccikn`kig|{n# w~n nw~iugcïg gc {gcg|ij dn t|nkn g÷j{ y {n rgmglg kj` kg|mj g ~`g tn{j|n|ïg oicitg| k|ngdgn{rnkigcon`tn rg|g nccj y ei`g`kigdg rj| rnw~n÷j{ ior~n{tj{ {jl|n cg{ un`tg{ y cg fn|n`kig kj` w~n {n m|guû gcg{ kcg{n{ rj{nndj|g{ dn Itgcig. Cg jcimg|w~ïg {n`gtj|igc {n jr~{j n`kgoixgdgon`tn# rg|g {~ r|jrig rn|dikiû # gcg iorcg`tgkiû` dn n{tg{ ondidg{# r~n{ kj` cg i`g~m~|gkiû` dnc `~nuj {i{tnog cg di{kirci`g y cg cngctgd ujcuin|j`gc nhé|kitj# w~n e~n |nd~kidj dn >2 g <6 cnmij`n{ y kjùn|tidj n` ~`g e~n|xg rn|og`n`tn y r|jen{ij`gc <;. Tjdjn{tj fixj rj{ilcn nc kgolij oç{ iorj|tg`tn dn tjdj{8 n` cg érjkg dn Tiln|ij {n |nd~hj cg ccgogdg g eicg{ y {nciln|û g{ï g cj{ rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{ dn Itgcig dn cg kg|mg {nk~cg| w~n fglïg r|jujkgdj ~`j{ {~e|ioin`tj{ tg`nvtn`didj{ d~|g`tn cg \nrølcikg# cj w~n r|jlglcnon`tn kj`{tit~yû ~` ln`neikij oç{ tg`milcn w~n tjdj{ cj{rcg`n{ dn |nrg|tj dn tin||g{.

N` cg kgritgc# nc r|jcntg|igdj ~|lg`j e~n grcgkgdj kj` di{t|il~kij`n{ dn t|imj w~n {~rn|g|j` cj{ ìuncn{gckg`xgdj{ n` tinorj{ dn Ké{g| y w~n rjdïg` mg|g`tixg|{n onhj| kj` cg i`kj|rj|gkiû` gc Iorn|ij dnc m|g`n|j dnNmirtj. Gdnoç{# {n r~{j n` r|çktikg ~` golikij{j r|jm|gog dn kj`{t|~kkij`n{# w~n je|nkiû g cj{ rcnlnyj{kj`{idn|glcn{ jrj|t~ìdgdn{ dn norcnj# y {n onhj|g|j` `jtglcnon`tn cj{ {n|uikij{ o~ìkirgcn{ dn cg ki~dgd kj`

;> * 7>2



cg k|ngkiû` dn ~` neikgx k~n|rj dn ljoln|j{ y glg{tnkioin`tj dn gm~g. Gc oi{oj tinorj# cg{ kjfj|tn{r|ntj|ig`g{ y cg rjcikïg ~|lg`g {n n{tgkij`g|j` rn|og`n`tnon`tn n` \jog rg|g {jejkg| cj{ t~o~ctj{. N` cg{r|jui`kig{# oin t|g{ tg tj# {n glg dj g|j` cg{ gcngtj|ig{ n i`kj`t|jcgdg{ nvtj|{ij`n{ |ngcixgdg{ rj| cj{g||n`dgdj|n{ dn ior~n{tj{ d~|g`tn cg \nrølcikg —~`j dn cj{ rnj|n{ gl~{j{ dnc uinhj |émion`— y {n n{tglcnkiû~` {i{tnog ei{kgc ~ìej|on# w~n {n kjorj`ïg dn ~` ior~n{tj {jl|n cg tin||g y ~`g kgritgkiû` y n{tglg lg{gdj n`kn`{j{ o~y nvgktj{. G kj`{nk~n`kig dn nccj g~on`tg|j` cj{ i`m|n{j{ dnc N{tgdj kn`t|gc oin`t|g{ w~n cg{|nmij`n{ rn|ieé|ikg{ dnhg|j` dn {~e|i| nc riccghn dn cj{ r~lcikg`j{. Cj{ mjln|`gdj|n{ r|jui`kigcn{ |nkilin|j` grg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{ {gcg|ij{ |nm~cg|n{. Nc {i{tnog h~dikigc e~n |nn{t|~kt~|gdj kj` jlhntj dn

<; Hj`n{# G~m~{t~{ # rr. 772/77 {{.

QRçm. 59_

gorcig| `jtglcnon`tn —tg`tj rg|g cj{ itgcig`j{ kjoj rg|g cj{ fglitg tn{ dn cg{ r|jui`kig{— cg{ rj{ilicidgdn{dn |nk~||i| kj`t|g cg{ dnki{ij`n{ g|lit|g|ig{. Tgolié` {n k|nû ~` {n|uikij rj{tgc iorn|igc w~n n`cgxû rj| unxr|ion|g g t|gué{ dn ~` {i{tnog |nm~cg| dn kjo~ìkgkij`n{ g tjdg{ cg{ di{rn|{g{ r|jui`kig{ dnc Iorn|ij <4. N` cg{xj`g{ oç{ |nojtg{ {n n{tglcnkin|j` kjcjìg{ y o~ìkirij{ |jog`j{ y kjo~ìdgdn{ cgti`g{# kj` ~`g e~n|tnkj`kn`t|gkiû` n` cg{ r|jui`kig{ jkkidn`tgcn{. T|g{ ~`g mn`n|gkiû` dn dn{t|~ktj|g{ c~kfg{ kiuicn{ {n |n{tglcnkiû cg

rgx i`tn|ij| y kj` nccg cg r|j{rn|idgd dn cg{ r|jui`kig{. Rj| cj w~n |n{rnktg g cg{ e|j`tn|g{# cg uiktj|ij{gkj`w~i{tg n i`tnm|gkiû` dn cj{ iorj|tg`tn{ kj||ndj|n{ {it~gdj{ n`t|n nc n{tn y nc jn{tn —cg \nkig# nc @û|ikj#Rg`jìg n Ici|ig— cjm|g|j` cg dneiìtiug i`tnm|gkiû` mnjn{t|gtémikg dnc Iorn|ij. Ici|ig# n` rg|tik~cg|# e~n g rg|ti|dn n`tj`kn{ nc `~dj oicitg| oç{ iorj|tg`tn dnc {i{tnog iorn|igc n` nc Onditn||ç`nj <>.

Dn`t|j dn cg{ `~nug{ e|j`tn|g{# cg ccnmgdg dnc r|i`kirgdj {imìeikû cg r|jojkiû` dn cg{ egoicig{ o~ìkirgcn{itgcig`g{ g cg{ eicg{ dnc j|dn` {n`gtj|igc y g cg gctg gdoiì{t|gkiû`# dj`dn kj`{tit~yn|j` gfj|g ~`j dn cj{lg{tij`n{ dnc rjdn| dn G~m~{tj. Nc [n`gdj dnhû dn {n| cg g~tj|idgd kn`t|gc dnc N{tgdj |jog`j# `j rj|w~n e~n|gr|iugdj dn rjdn| j dn r|n{timij# {i`j rj|w~n g rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{ {n kjùi|tiû n` i`{t|~on`tj jlndin`tn y{~lj|di`gdj dn cj{ {~kn{iuj{ norn|gdj|n{# ujcuin`dj g cg uidg rjcïtikg øìkgon`tn d~|g`tn cj{ i`tn||nm`j{ j cg{di{r~tg{ di`ç{tikg{. Rn|j oin`t|g{ cg i`{tit~kiû` dnc [n`gdj {n kjùn|tïg n` ~` iorj`n`tn kg{kg|û` dn {~g`tn|ij| idn`tidgd# nc j|dn` {n`gtj|igc —r~|mgdj y |n`jugdj rj| cg{ |nej|og{ dnc r|i`kirgdj— kj`ti`~û {in`dj

cg kcg{n di|imn`tn dnc Iorn|ij y djoi`g`dj cg ogw~i`g|ig iorn|igc dnc N{tgdj i`kc~{j dn{r~é{ dn w~n {nfikin|g` `j|ogcn{ cj{ `jol|goin`tj{ dn nw~itn{ rg|g ~` `øon|j ogyj| dn kg|mj{ dn`t|j dn nccg. [~ kgrgkidgdrg|g g{ioicg| g {~{ eicg{ k~ct~|gc n idnjcûmikgon`tn g cj{ |nkié` ccnmgdj{ e~n `jtglcn8 ì`mø` |nr|n{n`tg`tn dn cguinhg jlcnxg

<4 Hj`n{# G~m~{t~{ # rr. 9>/5# 77=/<2# 7<9/;2# 742/7.<> [yon# Tfn \jog` |nujc~tij`# r. ;92. Cg tn`tgtiug dn G~m~{tj dn kj`w~i{tg| Mn|ogìg n` ~`g érjkg n` cg w~n n{tglg` ccnmg`dj gc rgï{cg{ m|g`dn{ oim|gkij`n{ tn~tûìkg{ r|jkndn`tn{ dnc Lçctikj# e~n nc øìkj e|gkg{j nvtn|ij| iorj|tg`tn dnc |ni`gdj1 kj`t|g|igon`tn g cg{nvrnktgtiug{ jeikigcn{ dn cg érjkg# cg e|j`tn|g dnc \i` e~n dneiìtiug. Rg|g ~`g |nkin`tn |nnugc~gkiû` dn cj{ jlhntiuj{ n{t|gtémikj{ |jog`j{dn n{tn tinorj# uég{n K. O. ]ncc{# Tfn Mn|og` rjciky je G~m~{t # Jvej|d# 79=<# rr. 7/7;# 749/57# <45/>2.

QRçm. =2_

rgt|ikig dn cg \nrølcikg dij `~`kg ~`g nvr|n{iû` tg` rjdn|j{g g {~ ui{iû` dnc o~`dj kjoj Tçkitj# w~n e~n ~òjdn{tj r|jui`kig`j dn cg Mgcig dnc [~| n` cg érjkg dn T|ghg`j. Cg jrj{ikiû` {n`gtj|igc {jl|nuiuiû d~|g`tn{imcj{ dn{r~é{ dn cg k|ngkiû` dnc Iorn|ij# n` i`gktiug |n{n|ug j |nkfgxj dn cg g~tjk|gkig iorcg`tgdg rj| ncr|i`kirgdj. Gtn`g{# w~n fglïg kj`jkidj cg dnojk|gkig oç{ cil|n dnc o~`dj g`tim~j# `j r|jd~hj ì`mø` tnû|ikjì dnen`{j| iorj|tg`tn dn nccg. Rg|gdûhikg g~`w~n cûmikgon`tn# \jog# w~n {ûcj fglïg kj`jkidj ~`g n{t|nkfg yjr|n{j|g jcimg|w~ïg# dij j|imn` g cj{ kg`tj{ rj| cg ciln|tgd oç{ ncjk~n`tn{ dn cg G`timóndgd. @~`kg nvi{tiûì`mø` nw~iugcn`tn m|inmj dnc k~ctj cgti`j g cg Ciln|tg{ # i`tn`{j j i|ûìkj n` cg{ rçmi`g{ dn Kikn|û` j Tçkitj <5.Cg |gxû` n{ nuidn`tn {i {n kj`{idn|g cg diun|{g n{t|~kt~|g dn cg{ dj{ {jkindgdn{ r|jrintg|ig{ dn n{kcguj{. N`\jog `j nvi{tiû ì`mø` kjèciktj {jkigc n`t|n cg citn|gt~|g y cg rjcïtikg8 nc rjdn| y cg k~ct~|g n{tglg`kj`kn`t|gdj{# lghj cg \nrølcikg y nc Iorn|ij# n` ~`g g|i{tjk|gkig o~y {ûcidg. K~g`tj oç{ |nd~kidj e~n nckï|k~cj w~n mjxglg dn cg kg|gktn|ï{tikg ciln|tgd o~ìkirgc dn cg G`timóndgd# oç{ r~|g e~n cg dnen`{g dn cgciln|tgd w~n cnmû g cg rj{tn|idgd# tjdguïg onoj|glcn n ior|n{ij`g`tn dn{r~é{ dn oic w~iìn`tj{ g÷j{.

@gt~|gcon`tn# nc idngc {n`gtj|igc dn ciln|tg{ e~n |nr|ioidj y `nmgdj rj| cg g~tjk|gkig iorn|igc dnc r|i`kirgdj# y

;5 * 7>2



cg |n{im`gdg gw~in{kn`kig dn cg{ kcg{n{ rj{nndj|g{ dn Itgcig g`tn cg `~nug gdoiì{t|gkiû` `j e~n oç{ w~n ncnvt|g÷j |j{t|j w~n gdjrtû {~ r|jrij djoiìj n` cg érjkg unìdn|g. Rn|j n{n idngc `~`kg e~n g`~cgdj rj|kjorcntj# yg w~n cg n{t|~kt~|g rjcïtikg dn cg oj`g|w~ïg |jog`g w~n gfj|g glg|kglg g tjdj nc o~`djonditn||ç`nj `~`kg e~n cg dn cg{ oj`g|w~ïg{ fncn`ï{tikg{ dnc J|in`tn m|inmj w~n cn r|nkndin|j`. Nc N{tgdjiorn|igc |jog`j {n lg{glg n` ~` {i{tnog dn cnyn{ kiuicn{# y `j n` nc on|j kgr|ikfj |ngc# y {~ gdoiì{t|gkiû`rølcikg `~`kg i`tn|ei|iû m|gunon`tn n` nc og|kj cnmgc lç{ikj n{tglcnkidj rj| cg \nrølci/

<5 Rg|g cg{ kgolig`tn{ kj``jtgkij`n{ dn n{tn kj`knrtj uég{n Kf. ]i|{x~l{ai# Ciln|tg{ g{ g rjcitikgc idng gt \jon d~|i`m tfn cgtn \nr~lcik g`d ng|cy Nori|n# Kgol|idmn# 79>2# w~n t|gxg cg nujc~kiû` dn cg ciln|tg{ dn{dn Kikn|û`# k~g`dj tjdguïg n|g ~` idngc uiuj# rølcikj# fg{tg{~ o~n|tn ei`gc n` cg étikg {~lhntiug y w~inti{tg dn Tçkitj. ]i|{x~l{ai {n÷gcg cg{ diun|mn`tn{ kj``jtgkij`n{ dn ciln|tg{ y ncn~tfn|ig# rr.7;/74. N{tg øctiog n{tglg ièikij`gdg rj| cg idng dn mjlin|`j rjr~cg| y `~`kg e~n kjorgtilcn kj` cg dimìdgd g|i{tjk|çtikg# w~n n|gi`{nrg|glcn dn cg r|ion|g1 n` kj`{nk~n`kig# ~`kg |nkiliû ~` fj`j| {ioicg| n` nc rn`{goin`tj rjcïtikj m|inmj.

QRçm. =7_

kg. N` |ngcidgd# nc r|i`kirgdj ncnuû rj| unx r|ion|g g cj{ h~|i{tg{ |jog`j{ g rj{ikij`n{ jeikigcn{ dn`t|j dncN{tgdj# k~g`dj G~m~{tj ncimiû n` kgcidgd dn kj`{nhn|j{ g gcm~`j{ r|joi`n`tn{ h~|i{kj`{~ctj{ y kjèi|iûg~tj|idgd iorn|igc g {~{ i`tn|r|ntgkij`n{ dn cg cny. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# cj{ oi{oj{ norn|gdj|n{ t~uin|j` w~n cnmi{cg|g rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{ rj| ondij dn ndiktj{# gdh~dikgkij`n{ y |n{k|irtj{ rg|g |n{rj`dn| g cg{ k~n{tij`n{ j g cg{

rntikij`n{ dn {~{ {ølditj{. Nc dn{g||jccj dn ~` dn|nkfj rølcikj g~tjk|çtikj g t|gué{ dn cj{ dnk|ntj{ iorn|igcn{fixj g cg cnmgcidgd |jog`g o~kfj oç{ kjorcnhg y kjorcikgdg dn cj w~n fglïg {idj d~|g`tn cg \nrølcikg. Cgdi{tg`kig rjcïtikg |nkj||idg dn{dn nc cnm~o {n|ui {~o~{ ~t ciln|i n{{n rj{{io~{ &¡{joj{ {in|uj{ dn cg cny rg|grjdn| {n| cil|n{±) dn Kikn|û` fg{tg nc w~jd r|i`kiri rcgk~it cnmi{ fglnt uikno &¡cg ujc~`tgd dnc r|ï`kirn tin`ne~n|xg dn cny±) dn ^crig`j fglcg rj| {ï {jcg<=. Rn|j cj{ r|i`kirij{ e~`dgon`tgcn{ dnc dn|nkfj kiuic —{jl|n tjdjcj{ w~n |nmïg` cg{ t|g`{gkkij`n{ nkj`ûoikg{— w~ndg|j` {~{tg`kigcon`tn i`tgktj{ t|g{ n{tg nujc~kiû` g~tj|itg|igdnc dn|nkfj rølcikj# w~n n` ojdj gcm~`j iùgdiû nc çolitj i`tn|ki~dgdg`j. Cj{ r|nknrtj{ n{tglcnkidj{ d~|g`tncg \nrølcikg kj`ti`~g|j` r|jtnmin`dj h~|ïdikgon`tn cg r|jrindgd dn cg{ kcg{n{ rj{nndj|g{. N` ~` rcg`jièn|ij|# nc dn|nkfj k|ioi`gc# n{n`kigcon`tn dn{ti`gdj g cg{ kcg{n{ lghg{# {im~iû {in`dj tg` g|lit|g|ij y |nr|n{j|kjoj {inor|n cj fglïg {idj# n{tj n{# {im~iû {in`dj ~`g {gcugm~g|dig {jkigc rg|g tjdj nc j|dn` djoi`g`tn. Ncr|i kirgdj kj {n|uû# r~n{# nc kcç{ikj {i{tnog cnmgc dn \jog# g~`w~n cn {~rn|r~{j cj{ `~nuj{ rjdn|n{

i``jugdj|n{ dnc norn|gdj| n` nc çolitj dnc dn|nkfj rølcikj. ^crig`j ej|o~cg|ïg oç{ tg|dn# kj` {~kg|gktn|ï{tikg kcg|idgd# cg di{ti`kiû` w~n g|tik~cglg lghj nc Iorn|ij g tjdj nc kj|r~{ h~|ïdikj8 nc dn|nkfj r|iugdj#w~jd gd {i`m~cj|~o ~ticitgtno rn|ti`nt # n{tglg {nrg|gdj n{rnkïeikgon`tn dnc dn|nkfj rølcikj# w~jd gd {tgt~o |ni |jog`gn {rnktgt . Nc r|ion|j `j {~e|iû ì`mø` nkcir{n rj| cg nvtn`{iû` dnc {nm~`dj<6. G`tn{ lin`# e~n nc Iorn|ijnc w~n r|j/

<= N{ iorj|tg`tn `j gdncg`tg| cg{ eg{n{ {~kn{iug{ dn n{tg nujc~kiû`. Cg oçviog kj`{tit~kij`gc dn w~n nc norn|gdj| n{tglg cnmil~{ {jc~t~{ `j {imìeikglg w~n n{t~uin|g rj| n`kiog dn tjdg{ cg{ cnyn{ d~|g`tn nc r|i`kirgdj# {i`j w~n rjdïg rg{g| rj| gctj gw~nccg{ |n{t|ikkij`n{ k~ygdi{rn`{g n|g cnmgcon`tn rj{ilcn. Cg e|g{n {ûcj gdw~i|iû ~` {im ieikgdj oç{ gorcij lghj nc djoi gdj. Uég{n Hjcj}ikx# Fi{tj|ikgc i`t|jd~ktij` tj tfn {t~dy je \jog` Cg}# r. ;;=.<6 Rj| {~r~n{tj# gcm~`j{ norn|gdj|n{ i`diuid~gcn{# kjoj @n|û`# kjèi{kg|j` g|lit|g|igon`tn ej|t~`g{ {n`gtj|igcn{. N{g{ nvgkkij`n{kj`{tit~ïg cg og|kg dn cj{ {jln|g`j{ oç{ dntn{tgdj{ rj| cg g|i{tjk|gkig# rn|j

QRçm. =<_

d~hj n` nc {imcj III cg{ m|g`dn{ {i{tnogtixgkij`n{ dn cg h~|i{r|~dn`kig kiuic n` cg jl|g dn Rgriìg`j# ^crig`j yRg~cj# r|nenktj{ dn cj{ [nun|j{# w~n t|g`{oitin|j` g cg{ érjkg{ rj{tn|ij|n{ nc dn|nkfj |jog`j kjoj ~` k~n|rjkjdieikgdj. Cg {jcidnx y cg n{tglicidgd dnc N{tgdj iorn|igc |jog`j# tg` dien|n`tn dn tjdj cj w~n fglïg r|jd~kidjnc o~`dj fncn`ï{tikj# tn`ïg {~{ |gïkn{ n` n{tn cnmgdj.

Cg fi{tj|ig rj{tn|ij| dnc r|i`kirgdj e~n# n` l~n`g ondidg# cg dn ~`g k|nkin`tn ¡r|jui`kigìxgkiû`± dnc rjdn|kn`t|gc dn`t|j dnc Iorn|ij. ^`g unx |jtj nc oj`jrjcij dn cj{ kg|mj{ rjcïtikj{ kn`t|gcn{# rj{nïdj fg{tg n`tj`kn{rj| cg g|i{tjk|gkig |jog`g# ~` r|jkn{j m|gd~gc dn die~{iû` i`tnm|û n` nc {i{tnog iorn|igc g ~` {nktj| kgdg unxoç{ gorcij dn cg{ kcg{n{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ jkkidn`tgcn{ |n{idn`tn{ e~n|g dn Itgcig <9. Nc j|imn` dn cg{ {~kn{iug{di`g{tïg{ dnc r|i`kirgdj n{ ~` tn{tiojìj di|nktj dn n{tg nujc~kiû`. Cg kg{g rgt|ikig |jog`g H~cij/Kcg~dig &dnG~m~{tj g @n|û`) e~n {nm~idg rj| cg di`g{tïg o~ìkirgc itgcig`g dn cj{ Ecguij{ &dn Un{rg{ig`j g Djoikig j)# gcg w~n {~kndiû ~`g {n|in dn norn|gdj|n{ kj` g`tnkndn`tn{ r|jui`kig`j{# dn Fi{rgìg j cg Mgcig on|idij`gc &dnT|ghg`j g Og|kj G~|ncij). Fi{rgìg y cg Mgcig `g|lj`n`{n n|g` cg{ oç{ g`tim~g{ kj`w~i{tg{ |jog`g{ n`

;= * 7>2



Jkkidn`tn y# rj| tg`tj# {~{ n{t|~kt~|g{ {jkigcn{ n|g` cg{ oç{ kn|kg`g{ g cg{ dn Itgcig. Cg kjorj{ikiû` dnc [n`gdj|necnhglg tgolié` cg{ oi{og{ rg~tg{# kj` ~`g k|nkin`tn gdoi{iû` dn dim`gtg|ij{ |~|gcn{ r|jkndn`tn{ dn cg Itgcigt|g`{rgdg`g# cg Mgcig on|idij`gc y cg Fi{rgìg onditn||ç`ng. Cg ~ìeikgkiû` iorn|igc kj` w~n fglïg {j÷gdjGcnhg`d|j rg|nkïg {iolûcikgon`tn |ngcixgdg n` cg érjkg dn Gd|ig j# r|ion| norn|gdj| w~n |nkj||iûrn|{j`gcon`tn {~{ iòn`{j{ djoiìj{ dn ~`j g jt|j kjèï`. Ej|ogcon`tn e~n kj`{~ogdg kj` nc dnk|ntj dnKg|gkgccg dnc g÷j <7< d. K. rj| nc w~n {n kj`kndïg cg ki~dgdg`ïg |jog`g g kg{i tjdj{ cj{ fglitg`tn{ cil|n{ dncIorn|ij. Cg ~ìeikgkiû` rjcïtikg y gdoiì{t|gtiug e~n gkjorg÷gdg dn cg {nm~|idgd nvtn|ij| y cg r|j{rn|idgdnkj`ûoikg. Nc |ni`j dn Dgkig e~n kj`w~i{tgdj y g`nvij`gdg{ {~{ oi`g{ dn j|j1 {n nvtn`din|j` y kj`{jcidg|j`cg{ e|j`tn|g{ g{içtikg{. Cg{ tékìkg{ gm|ïkjcg{ y g|tn{g`gcn{ onhj|g|j` ~` rjkj8 cg{ r|n`{g{ dn f~{iccj ejon`tg|j`cg r|jd~kkiû` dn gknitn1 cg{ oçw~i`g{ gog{gdj|g{ egkicitg|j` cg og`~egkt~|g dnc rg` y {n fixj mn`n|gc nc

`~`kg t~uin|j` ~`g ej|og kj`ti`~g j i`{tit~kij`gc y `j genktg|j` {~{tg`kigcon`tn g cg gt~|gcnxg kjcnktiug dn cg kcg{n tn||gtnìn`tn.<9 \. [yon# Tgkit~{ # II# Jvej|d# 79>6# rr. >6>/525# djk~on`tg n` nc r|ion| {imcj dnc Iorn|ij ¡nc g~mn dn cj{ r|jui`kig`j{±.

QRçm. =;_

oétjdj dn {jrcgdj dnc uid|ij;2. Cg `~nug rgv |jog`g e~n gkjorg÷gdg# {jl|n tjdj# dn ~`g n{rcé`didg jcngdg dn|iugcidgd o~ìkirgc y dn kj`{t|~kkij`n{ ~|lg`g{ n` kg{i tjdg{ cg{ r|jui`kig{ dnc Iorn|ij# w~n nvrcjtg|j` ncdn{k~l|ioin`tj g|w~itnktûìkj |jog`j dnc g|kj y cg lûundg. Cg érjkg g`tjì`g e~n w~ixç nc rn|ïjdj k~coi`g`tndn cg{ kj`{t|~kkij`n{ ~|lg`g{ n` cg G`timóndgd. Nc dn{g||jccj nkj`ûoikj e~n gkjorg÷gdj dnc ecj|nkioin`tj dncg k~ct~|g cgti`g n` nc r|i`kirgdj# k~g`dj cg rjn{ïg# cg fi{tj|ig y cg eicj{jeïg fikin|j` nkcj{iû` dn{r~é{ dn cg|ncgtiug g~{tn|idgd i`tncnkt~gc y n{tétikg dn cg \nrølcikg. N{tg e~n# rg|g cg Ic~{t|gkiû`# cg Ndgd dn J|j# ¡ncrn|ïjdj dn cg fi{tj|ig dnc o~`dj n` nc w~n e~n oç{ encix y r|û{rn|g cg kj`dikiû` dn cg |gxg f~og`g±# {nmø` cg{rgcgl|g{ dn Millj`;7.

D~|g`tn kn|kg dn dj{ {imcj{# cg {j{nmgdg ogmìeikn`kig dn cg kiuicixgkiû` ~|lg`g dnc Iorn|ij |jog`j jk~ctû cj{cïoitn{ y cg{ tn`{ij`n{ {~lygkn`tn{ g cg lg{n r|jd~ktiug {jl|n cg w~n {n g{n`tglg. Nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`n{kcgui{tg dn cg G`timóndgd# g dien|n`kig dnc {i{tnog nkj`ûoikj en~dgc w~n cn {~kndiû# `j di{rj`ïg dn ì`møònkgì{oj `gt~|gc n i`tn|`j dn g~tj||nr|jd~kkiû`# rj|w~n {~ e~n|xg dn t|glghj `~`kg rjdïg n{tglicixg|{nfjonj{tçtikgon`tn dn`t|j dnc {i{tnog. T|gdikij`gcon`tn# cg jen|tg dn n{kcguj{ dnrn`dïg n` l~n`g ondidg dn

cg{ kj`w~i{tg{ nvt|g`hn|g{# yg w~n r|jlglcnon`tn cj{ r|i{ij`n|j{ dn m~n||g {inor|n |nr|n{n`tg|j` cg r|i`kirgce~n`tn dn t|glghj {n|uic n` cg G`timóndgd. Cg \nrølcikg fglïg {gw~ngdj tjdj nc Onditn||ç`nj n` l~{kg dn og`jdn jl|g rg|g i`{tgcg| nc {i{tnog iorn|igc |jog`j. Nc r|i`kirgdj dnt~uj cg nvrg`{iû` n` cj{ t|n{ {nktj|n{ w~nw~ndglg` rg|g ~` rj{ilcn gug`kn8 Mn|ogìg# Dgkig y On{jrjtgoig. Kj` nc kin||n ei`gc dn cg{ e|j`tn|g{iorn|igcn{# dn{r~é{ dn T|ghg`j# nc og`g`tigc dn cj{ kg~tiuj{ dn m~n||g {n {nkû dn ej|og i`nuitglcn. Nc kjon|kijdn n{kcguj{ `j r~dj {~rci| cg n{kg{nx |n{~ctg`tn# rj|w~n {~{ r|jrig{ |n{n|ug{ {inor|n fglïg` dnrn`didj dn cg{jrn|gkij`n{ oicitg|n{. Cg rn|ien|ig lç|lg|g w~n |jdnglg g tjdj nc Iorn|ij kj`ti`~û {~oiì{t|g`dj n{kcguj{#kjor|gdj{ n` cg e|j`tn|grj| cj{ on|kgdn|n{# rn|j `j n` kg`tidgdn{ {~eikin tn{ rg|g |n{jcun| nc r|jlcnog dn cgjen|tg n` {it~gkij`n{ dn rgx. N` kj`{nk~n`kig# cj{ r|nkij{

;2 E. Ainkfcn# [acgun`g|lnit ~`d tnkfì{kfn| Ej|t{kf|itt # rr. <2/52# 72;72>. Nc cil|j dn Ainkfcn i`tn`tg |ne~tg| cg{ tnj|ïg{ og|vi{tg{ {jl|ncg n{kcguit~d n` cg G`timóndgd# rn|j# n` |ngcidgd# cg{ r|~nlg{ |n~ìdg{ y gcmj nvgmn|gdg{ rj| éc n`t|g` rn|enktgon`tn n` cj{ kç`j`n{ dnc

ogtn|igci{oj fi{tû|ikj.;7 Tfn fi{tj|y je tfn dnkci`n g`d egcc je tfn \jog` Nori|n # I# r. =6.

QRçm. =4_

kjon`xg|j` g. {~li| d|ç{tikgon`tn8 n` cj{ {imcj{ I y II d. K. n|g` dn jkfj g dinx unkn{ oç{ gctj{ w~n n` cj{{imcj{ II y I g`tn{ dn K|i{tj;<. N{tg gcxg |gdikgc n` cj{ kj{tn{ r~{j kgdg unx oç{ dn ogìein{tj cg{kj`t|gdikkij`n{ y cj{ |in{mj{ dnc t|glghj n{kcgui{tg rg|g {~{ r|jrintg|ij{. N` nenktj# kgdg n{kcguj gd~ctj|nr|n{n`tglg ~`g iùn|{iû` rn|nkndn|g dn kgritgc rg|g nc r|jrintg|ij dn n{kcguj{# w~n tn`ïg w~n rn|dn|{n i` tjtj g{~ o~n|tn# dn tgc ej|og w~n cg |n`jugkiû` dn cg og`j dn jl|g {n|uic &g dien|n`kig dn cg og`j dn jl|g g{gcg|igdg)nvimïg ~`g e~n|tn iùn|{iû` r|nuig n` ~` on|kgdj w~n {n fglïg fnkfj kgdg unx oç{ |ïmidj. Rj|w~n# kjoj Og|vyg fglïg {n÷gcgdj# ¡nc kgritgc glj`gdj n` cg kjor|g dnc n{kcguj `j rn|tn`nkn gc kgritgc ondig`tn nc k~gc {nnvt|gn dnc n{kcguj cg mg`g`kig# nc rc~{t|glghj. Rj| nc kj`t|g|ij. N{ kgritgc w~n nc rj{nndj| dn n{kcguj{ fgn`ghn gdj# dnd~kkiû` dnc kgritgc dnc w~n di{rj`n n` cg r|jd~kkiû` |ngc±;;. Gdnoç{# kcg|j n{tç# ncog`tnìoin`tj dn cg r|jcn dn cj{ n{kcguj{ n|g ~`g kg|mg ei`g`kin|g ior|jd~ktiug rg|g nc r|jrintg|ij w~n

;6 * 7>2



i`nuitglcnon`tn tn`dïg g oiìoixg| j g dn{k~idg|. Cj{ n{kcguj{ gm|ïkjcg{ uiuïg` n` n|mg{t~cg {nonhg`tn{ glg||gkj`n{# n` kj`dikij`n{ o~y kn|kg`g{ g cg{ dn cg{ r|i{ij`n{ |~|gcn{. Cg{ o~hn|n{ n{kcgug{ n|g` o~y rjkg{# ygw~n mn`n|gcon`tn |n{~ctglg` ior|jd~ktiug{ rg|g cj{ r|jrintg|ij{ dnlidj g cg egctg dn norcnj{ di{rjìlcn{ rg|gnccg{# grg|tn dn cg{ tg|ng{ djoé{tikg{;4. Dn gfï w~n cg kjorj{ikiû` {nv~gc dn cg rjlcgkiû` n{kcgug |~|gc {inor|nn{t~uin|g |gdikgcon`tn dn{nw~icil|gdg y {n kg|gktn|ixg|g rj| cg g~{n`kig ui|t~gc dn kj`y~mgcidgd. Nc |n{~ctgdjw~ixç fgyg {idj ~` ï`dikn fglit~gcon`tn lghj dn |nr|jd~kkiû` w~n r~ndn fgln| di{oi`~idj nc ujc~on` dn cgog`j dn jl|g dn mn`n|gkiû` n` mn`n|gkiû`;>. Rg|g kj`t|g||n{tg| n{tn dn{kn`{j# rg|nkn w~n cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{r|gktikg|j` cg k|ig`/

;< Hj`n{# ¡[cgun|y i` tfn g`kin`t }j|cd±# rr. 797/4.7; Og|v# Kgritgc # Oj{kø# 795<# III# rr. =66/9. QNc kgritgc # Ogd|id# [imcj VVI# 79=9# cil|j III# ujc. 6# rr. 72<6/9._ Og|v {n |nen|ïg gc ~{jdn cg n{kcguit~d n` nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` kgritgci{tg dnc {imcj VIV# y# kjoj di|noj{ oç{ gdncg`tn# n{ rncim|j{j nvt|grjcg| {~{jl{n|ugkij`n{ g cg G`timóndgd {i` oç{. Rn|j# n` n{tn kg{j# cg {~{tg`kig dn {~ kjon`tg|ij {n r~ndn grcikg| o~tgti{ o~tg`di{ gc ojdj dnr|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg n` k~g`tj tgc. Oç{ gdncg`tn# ]nln| gei|og|ïg cj oi{oj n` ¡Gm|g|un|fäctì{{n io Gctn|t~o±# rr. 76 {{.;4 L|~`t# Itgcig` og`rj}nu# rr. 74;/4# =2=/6.;> ]nln| i`{i{tiû kj` e~n|xg n` n{tn r~`tj8 ¡Din {jxigcn` M|ó`dn dn{ ^`tn|mg`m{ dn| g`tian` A~ct~|±# rr. <9=/91 ¡Gm|g|un|fäctì{{n ioGctn|t~o± r. 79. ¡Nc kj{tn dn og`tn`n| o~hn|n{ y k|ig| ì÷j{ fgl|ïg |nr|n{n`tgdj ~` cg{t|n rg|g n' kgritgc dn{ti`gdj g cg iùn|{iû` dncr|jrintg|ij.±

QRçm. =>_

xg dn n{kcguj{ dn ej|og k|nkin`tn gc ei`gc dnc r|i`kirgdj# kj`kndin`dj r|noij{ g cg{ n{kcgug{ rj| tn`n| fihj{ ;5.G~`w~n nvi{tn rjkj{ tn{tioj ij{ {jl|n nc ujc~on` dn cg k|ig`xg dn n{kcguj{ n` nc Iorn|ij# n{tn |nk~|{j dnliûdn oitimg| d~|g`tn kin|tj tinorj cg k|i{i{ nvrn|ion`tgdg rj| tjdj nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` dn{r~é{ dnc kin||n dncg{ e|j`tn|g{# rn|j `j r~dj grj|tg|cn ~`g {jc~kiû` g cg|mj rcgxj. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# cg rjlcgkiû` |~|gc cil|n `jk|nkiû cj {~eikin`tn rg|g kjorn`{g| cg{ ré|didg{ dnc {nktj| n{kcgui{tg. Cg r|njk~rgkiû` iorn|igc rj| cg {it~gkiû`dnojm|çeikg n` nc kgorj cg r~{j dn ogìein{tj T|ghg`j n` érjkg o~y tnor|g`g kj` cg i`{tit~kiû` dn k|éditj{rølcikj{ g cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ rg|g gtn`dn| gc og`tnìoin`tj dn cj{ f~é|eg`j{ cjkgcn{# r|n{gmij dn cg iòi`n`tnn{kg{nx.

Nc dnk|nkin`tn ujc~on` dn cg og`j dn jl|g `j rjdïg {n| kjorn`{gdj tgorjkj kj` cj{ g~on`tj{ n` {~

r|jd~ktiuidgd. Cg gm|ik~ct~|g n{kcgui{tg dn ei`gcn{ dn cg \nrølcikg y r|i`kirij{ dnc Iorn|ij e~n oç{ |gkij`gc y|n`tglcn rg|g cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ w~n k~gcw~in| jt|g ej|og dn nvrcjtgkiû` dn cg tin||g# dnlidj n` rg|tn g w~n cj{n{kcguj{ rjdïg` {n| ~ticixgdj{ tjdj nc tinorj oin`t|g{ w~n cj{ g||n`dgtg|ij{ n|g` ior|jd~ktiuj{ d~|g`tn

;5 Kjc~oncg |nkjon`dglg dg| r|noij{ dn ogtn|ìdgd g cg{ n{kcgug{ n` nc {imcj I d. K.# rn|j fgy rjkj{ kg{j{ djk~on`tgdj{ dn ~`gk|ig`xg {i{tnoçtikg dn n{kcguj{. Ei`cny fg g|m~on`tgdj w~n dnc oi{oj ojdj w~n cj{ rcg`tgdj|n{ dnc {~| dn cj{ N{tgdj{ ^ìdj{r|gktikg|j` kj` évitj cg k|ig`xg dn n{kcguj{ d~|g`tn nc {imcj VIV# dj`dn cg rjlcgkiû` n{kcgug g~on`tû dn{r~é{ dn cg gljcikiû` dnckjon|kij dn n{kcguj{# `j fgy ì`m~`g |gxû` rg|g w~n n{g oi{og kjùn|{iû` `j fgyg tnìdj c~mg| n` nc Iorn|ij |jog`j dn{r~é{ dnckin||n dn cg{ e|j`tn|g{8 uég{n Tfn Hj~|`gc je \jog` [t~din{ # VCUIII# 79>6# r. 7>6. Rn|j cg kjorg|gkiû` `j n{ rn|ti`n`tn. Cj{rcg`tgdj|n{ {~|n÷j{ dn gcmjdû` {~oiì{t|glg` cg ogtn|ig r|iog g cg r|i`kirgc i`d~{t|ig og`~egkt~|n|g dn ~`g nkj`joïg kgritgci{tgo~`digc8 {~{ kj{tn{ dn t|glghj rjdïg` ncnug|{n fg{tg cj{ ìuncn{ i`tn|`gkij`gcn{ dn ln`neikij# dn ~`g{ dion`{ij`n{ {i` r|nkndn`tn{#|ngcixgdj{ rj| n{tn ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` kgritgci{tg dn{r~é{ dn cg |nujc~kiû` i`d~{t|igc dn r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj VIV. G~` g{ï# cg kj`dikiûdn cg k|ig`xg dn n{kcguj{ e~n r|jlglcnon`tn cg i`tnm|gkiû` `gkij`gc dnc {~| n` cg oç{ gorcig nkj`joïg g{gcg|igdg dnc kj`h~`tj dn cj{

N{tgdj{ ^ìdj{. N` Goé|ikg Cgti`g# dj`dn cg oj|tgcidgd dn cj{ n{kcguj{ e~n gl{jc~tgon`tn kgtg{t|ûeikg# `j {n gckg`xû ~` ï`dikn{nonhg`tn dn |nr|jd~kkiû`. N` nc kg{j dnc L|g{ic# cg rjlcgkiû` fglïg dn{kn`didj g ~` w~i`tj dn {~ ìunc dn 76>2 n` cg érjkg n` w~n cgn{kcguit~d e~n ej|ogcon`tn gljcidg. Uég{n nc i`{t|~ktiuj n`{gyj dn K. ug` ]jjd}g|d# ¡Nog kirgtij` g`d |nkj {t|~ktij . Gkjorg|gtiun {t~dy±# 7;tf I`tn|`gtij`gc Kj`m|n{{ je Fi{tj|ikgc [kin`kn{ # Oj{kø# 79=2# rr. 5/6. Cg n{kcguit~d n` cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg e~n#rj| {~r~n{tj# o~kfj oç{ r|ioitiug w~n cg dn Goé|ikg dnc [~|. @j nvi{tn ì`m~`g rj{ilicidgd jlhntiug dn w~n fgyg r|nkndn`tn{ dn cgnvrn|in`kig dnc {~| dn N{tgdj{ ^ìdj{.

QRçm. =5_

kj`{idn|glcn{ rn|ïjdj{ dnc g÷j;=. Kgtû` y Kjc~oncg n`~on|g|j` k~idgdj{gon`tn tjdg{ cg{ diun|{g{ tg|ng{ g cg{w~n rjdïg` dndikg|{n lghj tnkfj y e~n|g dn n{tgkiû` k~g`dj `j fglïg kgorj{ w~n k~ctiug| ì kj{nkfg{ w~n|nkjcnktg|. Cj{ g|tn{g`j{ n{kcguj{ n|g` tg` fglicidj{j{ kjoj cj{ cil|n{# yg w~n nccj{ n|g` w~in`n{ tn`dïg` gdntn|oi`g| nc ìunc mn`n|gc dn dn{t|nxg dn tjdj{ cj{ jeikij{ rj| {~ norcnj n` nccj{. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# cg neikgkig dn

cj{ cgtie~`dig dnrn`dïg dn cg kgrgkidgd dn {~ gdoiì{t|gdj| j uicik~{ &nc n{cglû` délic dnc e~`d~{ ) y gdnoç{ cg{~rn|ui{iû` dn cj{ t|glghgdj|n{ n{kcguj{ n|g `jtglcnon`tn dieïkic n` cj{ nvtn`{j{ kgorj{ dn kn|ngcn{ ;6. Rn|j{jl|n tjdj `~`kg r~din|j` {~rn|g|{n kin|tj{ cïoitn{ i`fn|n`tn{ g cg r|jd~ktiuidgd n{kcgui{tg. Nc ojdj dn

;9 * 7>2



r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg `j n{t~uj dn{r|jui{tj n` gl{jc~tj dn r|jm|n{j{ tékìkj{1 kjoj yg fnoj{ ui{tj# {~nvrg {iû` n` Jkkidn`tn {n kg|gktn|ixû rj| gcm~ g{ iorj|tg tn{ i``jugkij`n{ gm|ïkjcg{# n`t|n nccg{ cgi`t|jd~kkiû` dnc ojci`j mi|gtj|ij y dn cg r|n`{g dn f~{iccj. Rn|j {~ di`çoikg n|g o~y cioitgdg# yg w~n {n lg{glgn{n`kigcon`tn n` cg i`kj|rj|gkiû` dn t|glghj oç{ w~n n` cg nvrcjtgkiû` dn tin||g j n` cg gk~o~cgkiû` dn kgritgc.G{ï# g dien|n`kig dn cj{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc j kgritgci{tg w~n cn {~kndin|j`# nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`n{kcgui{tg rj{nïg o~y rjkg tn`dn`kig jlhntiug gc gug`kn tnk`jcûmikj# yg w~n {~ tirj dn k|nkioin`tj rj| gdikiû`dn t|glghj kj`{tit~yû ~` kgorj n{t|~kt~|gc |n{i{tn`tn# n` øctioj té|oi`j# g cg{ i``jugkij`n{ tnk`jcûmikg{#g~`w~n n` r|i`kirij `j cg{ nvkc~yn|g. Rj| tg`tj# y g~`w~n `j {ng kjorcntgon`tn un|ïdikj dnki| w~n cgtnk`jcjmïg gcnhg`d|i`g kj`ti`~û {in`dj cg lg{n

;= A. D. ]fitn# ¡Tfn r|jd~ktiuity je cglj~| i` \jog` gm|ik~ct~|n±# G`tiw~ity# vvVIV# 795># rr. 72</=.;6 N` n{g{ ei`kg{ k~ctiuglcn{ n{ dj`dn cj{ kjon`tg|ij{ dn Og|v {jl|n cg neikgkig dn cj{ n{kcguj{ n`k~n`t|g` w~ixç {~ ogyj| h~{tieikgkiû 8¡Gc t|glghgdj| {n cj di{ti`m~n gw~ï# {nmø` cg kn|tn|g nvr|n{iû` dn cj{ g`tim~j{# {ûcj kjoj i`{t|~on`t~o ujkgcn Qi`{t|~on`tj fglcg`tn_ dncg iogc kjoj i`{t|~on`t~o {noiujkgcn Qi {t|~on tj {noio~dj_ y dn cg fn||goin`tg i`g iogdg kjoj i`{t|~on t~o o~t~~oQi`{t|~on`tj o~dj_# Rn|j éc oi{oj fgkn {n`ti| gc gìogc y cg fn||goin`tg w~n j n{ {~ im~gc# {i`j fjol|n. Gdw~in|n nc {n`tioin`tj dn cgr|jrig dimìdgd# dn cg dien|n`kig w~n cj {nrg|g dn nccj{# ogct|gtç`djcj{ y dn{t|jxç`djcj{ kj` goj|n.± Kgritgc # Oj{kø# 7957# I# r. 795.QNc kgritgc # Ogd|id# [imcj VVI# 79=># cil|j I# ujc~on` I# r. <;6._ Dnln |nkj|dg|{n# {i` nolg|mj# w~n# n` Nc kgritgc # Og|v {n |nen|ïgn{n`kigcon`tn gc ~{j dn n{kcguj{ n` nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` kgritgci{tg &N{tgdj{ {~di{tg{ dn Goé|ikg) y `j gc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`n{kcgui{tg kjoj tgc. @~`kg ej|o~cû ~`g tnj|ïg gkglgdg dn cg e~`kiû` dn cg n{kcguit~d n` cg G`timóndgd. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# cg iùn{timgkiûòjdn|`g fg |nui{gdj |gdikgcon`tn o~kfg{ dn {~{ gei|ogkij`n{ {jl|n cg n{kcguit~d gon|ikg`g.

QRçm. ==_

i`gojuilcn dn cj{ r|jkn{j{ dn t|glghj n` nc Iorn|ij |jog`j# ì w~n n` cj{ k~gt|j {imcj{ dn {~ nvi{tn`kig `~`kg{n i`t|jd~hj ì`mø` tirj dn i`{t|~on`tj{ w~n gfj||g|g` og`j dn jl|g# {ï n{ un|dgd w~n cj{ cïoitn{ dn cgnkj`joïg gm|ïkjcg |jog`g {n gckg`xg|j` o~y r|j`tj y {n og`t~uin|j` |ïmidgon`tn.

Cj{ i`{~rn|glcn{ jl{tçk~cj{ {jkigcn{ g ~` ogyj| r|jm|n{j tékìkj y cg{ cioitgkij`n{ e~`dgon`tgcn{ dnc ojdj dnr|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg |nkilin|j` {~ oç{ {j|r|n`dn`tn ic~{t|gkiû` n` nc dn{ti`j dn cj{ dj{ iùn`tj{ oç{iorj|tg`tn{ jk~||idj{ lghj nc r|i`kirgdj8 nc ojci`j dn gm~g &n` Rgcn{ti`g# g kjoin`xj{ dnc {imcj I d. K.) y cgoçw~i`g {nmgdj|g &n` cg Mgcig# d~|g`tn nc {imcj I d. K.). Nc iòn`{j rjtn`kigc dnc ojci`j fid|ç~cikj —lç{ikj

rg|g cg rj{tn|ij| gm|ik~ct~|g en~dgc— n{ nuidn`tn# yg w~n |nr|n{n`tglg cg r|ion|g ~ticixgkiû` r|çktikg dn cge~n|xg i`j|mçìkg g cg r|jd~kkiû` nkj`ûoikg. Kjoj Og|v kjon`tg|ïg# ¡kj` nc ojci`j fid|ç~cikj# nc Iorn|ij|jog`j `j{ fglïg cnmgdj cg ej|og ncnon`tgc dn tjdg ogw~i`g|ig± ;9. Nc Iorn|ij# {i` nolg|mj# `j fixj ~` ~{jmn`n|gc dnc iùn`tj# w~n e~n r|çktikgon`tn im`j|gdj d~|g`tn nc r|i`kirgdj. N` nc Iorn|ij tg|dïj {~ i`kidn`kige~n gcmj oç{ e|nk~n`tn# g~`w~n `j rg|nkn fgln|{n kjùn|tidj `~`kg n` ~` i`{t|~on`tj `j|ogc dn cg gm|ik~ct~|gg`tim~g. G{ioi{oj# cg kj{nkfgdj|g kj` |~ndg{# i`t|jd~kidg rg|g gkncn|g| cg {inmg n` cj{ kciog{ cc~uij{j{ dnc`j|tn# `~`kg e~n gdjrtgdg e~n|g dn cg Mgcig42. N` n{tn kg{j# cg egctg dn i`tn|é{ n|g nc |necnhj dn ~`g i`kgrgkidgdoç{ mn`n|gc rg|g kgolig| cj{ oétjdj{ dn cg gm|ik~ct~|g onditn||ç`ng dn {nkg`j —kj` {~ g|gdj cimn|j y nc{i{tnog dn |jtgkiû` lin`gc— n` cg{ tin||g{ oç{ dn`{g{ y føondg{ dnc `j|tn dn N~|jrg# w~n `nkn{itglg` `~nuj{i`{t|~on`tj{ dn t|glghj rg|g {~ rcn`g nvrcjtgkiû`. Golj{ kg{j{ dno~n{t|g` w~n cg on|g tékìkg `~`kg n{ rj| {ïoi{og ~` r|ion| ojtj| dnc kgolij nkj`ûoikj8 cj{ iùn`tj{ fnkfj{ rj| i`diuid~j{ kj`k|ntj{ r~ndn`rn|og`nkn| gi{cgdj{ d~|g`tn {imcj{ fg{tg w~n `j {~|hg` cg{ |ncgkij`n{ {jkigcn{ w~n øìkgon`tn r~ndn` rj`n|cj{n` e~`kij`goin`tj kjoj tnk`jcjmïg kjcnktiug. Nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg je|nkïg rjkj n{rgkij y rjkjtinorj rg|g nc ojci`j j cg kj{nkfgdj|g8 cg gm|ik~ct~|g |jog`g cj{ im`j|û fg{tg nc ei`. [imìeikgtiugon`tn# cj{øìkj{ t|gtgdj{ iorj|tg`tn{ dn iùn`tj{ j

;9 Kgritgc # I# r. ;46. QNc kgritgc # cil|j I# ujc. ;# r. 4<4._42 Rg|g nc ojci`j fid|ç~cikj n` cg G`timóndgd tg|dïg# uég{n Oj|itx# M|gi`/oicc{ g`d ecj~| # rr. 7;=/91 Hj`n{# Tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# II#rçmi`g{ 724=/6. Rg|g cg kj{nkfgdj|g# uég{n ]fitn# \jog` eg|oi`m# rçmi`g{ >4</;.

QRçm. =6_

ték ikg{ grcikgdg{ w~n fg` {jl|nuiuidj gc Iorn|ij |jog`j {j` oicitg|n{ j g|w~itnktûìkj{# |ndgktgdj{n{n`kigcon`tn rg|g {~{ kjorcnhj{ dn g|ogon`tj y ej|tieikgkij`n{ y rg|g {~ |nrn|tj|ij dn j|`gon`tgkiû` kiuic.

Rg|g cg nèn|ondgd dnc kgorj `j nvi{tïg# {i` nolg|mj# ì`m~`g {gcugkiû` ~|lg`g. Nc r|i`kirgdj r|n{n`kiû ~`ggktiuidgd {i` r|nkndn`tn{ n` ogtn|ig dn kj`{t|~kkij`n{ ~|lg g{ n` nc Onditn||ç`nj# rn|j cg nvrg`{iû`

42 * 7>2



k~g`titgtiug n` nc `øon|j dn m|g`dn{ y ondig{ ki~dgdn{ d~|g`tn cj{ dj{ r|ion|j{ {imcj{ dnc Iorn|ij `~`kg {nuij gkjorg÷gdg rj| ~`g t|g`{ej|ogkiû` k~gcitgtiug dn cg n{t|~kt~|g dn cg r|jd~kkiû` mcjlgc. @i cg i`d~{t|ig ì nckjon|kij r~din|j` gk~o~cg| `~`kg ~` ujc~on` dn kgritgc j dn nvrn|in`kig rj| n`kiog dn cj{ cïoitn{ n{t|iktj{n{tglcnkidj{ rj| nc {i{tnog nkj`ûoikj dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg. Cg |nmij`gcixgkiû` dn cg{ og`~egkt~|g{# dnlidjg cj{ kj{tn{ dn t|g`{rj|tn# ioridiû cg kj`kn`t|gkiû` i`d~{t|igc y nc dn{g||jccj dn ~`g diui{iû` dnc t|glghj oç{gug`xgdg n` cg{ og`~egkt~|g{. ^`g rjlcgkiû` kjor~n{tg n` {~ iòn`{g ogyj|ïg rj| kgorn{i`j{ oï{n|j{#t|glghgdj|n{ n{kcguj{ y rjl|n{ ~|lg`j{ |nd~kïg cj{ on|kgdj{ dn kj`{~oj g ~`g n{kgcg o~y rnw~n÷g. Grg|tn dncj{ g||n`dgoin`tj{ dn ior~n{tj{ y dn cj{ kj`t|gtj{ rølcikj{ dn cg érjkg |nr~lcikg`g &k~yg iorj|tg`kigdn{kn`diû n`j|onon`tn n` nc r|i`kirgdj# dn{r~é{ dn cg{ |nej|og{ ei{kgcn{ dn G~m~{tj)# `~`kg {n dn{g||jccg|j`kjorg÷ïg{ kjon|kigcn{ ì nvi{tin|j` cg{ dn~dg{ kj`{jcidgdg{1 nc {i{tnog k|nditikij {im~iû {in`dj# r~n{# o~y|~dion`tg|ij. Cg{ kcg{n{ rj{nndj|g{ og`t~uin|j` {~ t|gdikij`gc dn{dé` fgkig nc kjon|kij. Cj{ kjon|kig`tn{kj`{tit~ïg` ~`g kgtnmj|ïg dn{r|nkigdg w~n {n |nkc~tglg kj` e|nk~n`kig n`t|n cj{ ciln|tj{# yg w~n cg og`~oi{iû`dn cj{ n{kcguj{ gdoiì{t|gtiuj{ y djoé{tikj{ e~n {inor|n ~`g r|çktikg o~y nvtn`didg w~n |nd~kïg kj`|nm~cg|idgd cj{ oç{ gctj{ |g`mj{ dn cg rjlcgkiû` n{kcgug dn cg{ ki~dgdn{# oin`t|g{ w~n cg kj`t|gkkiû` dn cgjen|tg nvtn|ij| r~dj fgln| di{oi`~idj m|gd~gcon`tn nc `øon|j dn g|tn{g`j{ {n|uicn{ n` cg{ ki~dgdn{. Cguitgcidgd nkj`ûoikg dn é{tg{ {inor|n e~n cioitgdg y dnrn`din`tn8 {~ k~|{j |necnhglg oç{ w~n kj`t|g||n{tglg ncdnc kgorj. N` cg{ ki~dgdn{ `j fglïg |nk~|{j{ w~n r~din|g` iùn|ti| cg |ncgkiû` n`t|n golj{. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# ~`gunx w~n nc r|i`kirgdj {n f~lj kj`{jcidgdj# nc kg|çktn| dnc r|jrij grg|gtj dn N{tgdj ioridiû nc dn{g||jccj dn cg{

nor|n{g{ kjon|kigcn{. N` nenktj# nc N{tgdj n|g kj` o~kfj nc ogyj| kj`{~oidj| dnc Iorn|ij y nc øìkjun|dgdn|j ejkj rg|g cg r|jd~kkiû` og{iug dn g|tïk~cj{ dn r|ion|g `nkn{idgd w~n rjd|ïg fgln| k|ngdj ~`di`çoikj {nktj| og`~egkt~|n|j. [i`

QRçm. =9_

nolg|mj# n{tg tn`dn`kig {n uij |nr|ioidg rj| cg rjcïtikg dn glg{tnkioin`tj{ y cg rnk~cig| n{t|~kt~|g dnc N{tgdjiorn|igc. D~|g`tn tjdg cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg# cg{ jl|g{ rølcikg{ j|di`g|ig{ —kg||ntn|g{# ndieikij{# gk~nd~ktj{#gckg`tg|iccg{— n|g` |ngcixgdg{ `j|ogcon`tn rj| t|glghgdj|n{ n{kcguj{. Nc Iorn|ij |jog`j# kj` {~ ogw~i`g|ign{tgtgc n`j|onon`tn g~on`tgdg# r|n{n`kiû cg kj||n{rj`din`tn nvtn`{iû` dn n{tn r|i`kirij# rj|w~n tjdj{ cj{g|ogon`tj{ y ~`g kj`{idn|glcn r|jrj|kiû` dn cj{ {~oiì{t|j{ rg|g {~ grg|gtj kiuic y oicitg| tn|oi`g|j` {in`dj

r|jd~kidj{ g~tç|w~ikgon`tn rj| {~{ r|jrig{ i`d~{t|ig{# og`nhgdg{ rj| ~` rn|{j`gc {~loicitg| j rj| n{kcguj{n{tgtgcn{ fn|nditg|ij{47. G{ï# nc øìkj {nktj| og`~egkt~|n|j un|dgdn|gon`tn iorj|tg`tn w~ndû {~{t|gïdj n`l~n`g ondidg gc i`tn|kgolij on|kg`tic. Cg ~ticixgkiû` rn|og`n`tn y di|nktg dnc t|glghj n{kcguj rj| nc N{tgdj|jog`j —|g{mj n{t|~kt~|gc w~n rn|d~|û fg{tg nc oi{oj Iorn|ij lixg`ti`j— e~n ~`j dn cj{ e~`dgon`tj{lç{ikj{ dn cg nkj`joïg rjcïtikg dn cg G`timóndgd tg|dïg. Cg iè|gn{t|~kt~|g dn cg n{kcguit~d n`kj`t|û ~`g dn {~{nvr|n{ij`n{ oç{ kj`kn`t|gdg{ dn`t|j dn cg r|jrig {~rn|n{t|~kt~|g iorn|igc. Dn n{tg ej|og r~dj nvrg`di|{n ncN{tgdj# rn|j cg nkj`joïg ~|lg`g jlt~uj rjkj{ ln`neikij{ dn n{tn dn{g||jccj1 g`tn{ lin`# {~ ogmìt~d y {~ rn{jtn`din|j` g gfjmg| cg iìkigtiug kjon|kigc r|iugdg y cg gktiuidgd nor|n{g|igc. Y ~`g unx w~n cg nvrg`{iû`nvtn|ij| f~lj kn{gdj yg `j {n r|jd~hj ì`mø` g~on`tj dn cg r|jd~kkiû` n` cg gm|ik~ct~|g ì n` cg i`d~{t|igdn`t|j dn cg{ e|j`tn|g{ iorn|igcn{ w~n r~din|g dntn`n| cg {icn`kij{g dnkgdn`kig dn {~ og`j dn jl|g {n|uic4<.

47 Rg|g gcm~`j{ kjon`tg|ij{ {jl|n cg t|gdikiû` dn cg ~ticixgkiû` dn n{kcguj{ n` cg{ jl|g{ rølcikg{# uég{n Ei`cny# Tfn G`kin`t nkj`joy# r.

=>. N` cg{ kg{g{ dn cg oj`ndg y egktj|ïg{ tnvticn{ iorn|igcn{ &w~n {~oiì{t|glg` cj{ ~ìej|on{ gc grg|gtj dn N{tgdj# jlcimgtj|ij{ tg`tjrg|g cj{ kiuicn{ kjoj rg|g cj{ oicitg|n{ g rg|ti| dn Kj`{tg`ti`j) t|glghglg` n{kcguj{ n{tgtgcn{. Cj oi{oj {~kndïg kj` cj{ m|g`dn{ k~n|rj{dn t|glghgdj|n{ og`~gcn{ n` nc k~|{~{ r~lcik~{ j {n|uikij rj{tgc iorn|igc# w~n ej|oglg nc {i{tnog kn`t|gc dn kjo~ìkgkij`n{ dnc Iorn|ij.Cj{ n{tglcnkioin`tj{ dn g|og{ {n og`tn`ïg` g lg{n dn t|glghgdj|n{ fn|nditg|ij{ kj` |g`mj oicitg|# w~n n|g` og|kgdj{ kj` fin||j rg|giorndi| w~n {n cil|g|g` dn {~ kj`dikiû`. N` cg r|çktikg# `j nvi{tïg ~`g m|g` dien|n`kig {jkigc n`t|n golj{ m|~rj{ {jkigcn{. Hj`n{# Tfncgtn| \jog` Nori|n# II# rçmi`g{ 6;2/=.4< Ei`cny fg r|jr~n{tj n` enkfg |nkin`tn ~`g i`mnìj{g |ni`tn|r|ntgkiû` dn cg |nkn{iû` dn cg n{kcguit~d fgkig ei`gcn{ dnc r|i`kirgdj. Ei`cnygei|og w~n nc i`tn|ugcj n`t|n nc kin||n dn cg{ e|j`tn|g{ &|ngcon`tn nc g÷j 74 d. K.) y nc kjoin`xj dn cg dnkgdn`kig dn cg n{kcguit~d&dn{r~é{ dnc <22 d. K.) n{ dnog{igdj cg|mj rg|g w~n nc r|ion|j r~ndg nvrcikg| gc {nm~`dj. [~min|n# r~n{# w~n nc onkgì{oj lç{ikj dnlnl~{kg|{n {jl|n tjdj

QRçm. 62_

Nc |n{~ctgdj dn tjdj nccj e~n ~`g i`kirin`tn k|i{i{# g r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj ì# n` nc {i{tnog nkj`ûoikj y {jkigc w~no~y r|j`tj {n t|g`{ej|oû n` ~` kjcgr{j mn`n|gc dnc j|dn` rjcïtikj t|gdikij`gc n` ondij dn uijcn`tj{ gtgw~n{nvtn|ij|n{ kj`t|g nc Iorn|ij. Cg |nrn`ti`g n{kg{nx dn e~n`tn{. —~`j dn cj{ {ï`tjog{ dn cg k|i{i{ dn ondigdj{

47 * 7>2



QRçm. 64_

{jcg ~ìdgd# kgck~cgdg {jl|n cg lg{n dn kn`{j{ `~nuj{ y nvfg~{tiuj{. Rj| unx r|ion|g n` nc o~`dj g`tim~j {ni`t|jd~hn|j` cj{ kçck~cj{ r|n{~r~n{tg|ij{ g`~gcn{# w~n r~din|j` gh~{tg| cj{ ìuncn{ dn ior~n{tj{ g cj{ mg{tj{kj||in`tn{ &w~n kjoj n|g dn n{rn|g| {n ncnug|j` i`kn{g`tnon`tn). Cg t|non`dg nvrg`{iû` ogtn|igc dn cgogw~i`g|ig dn N{tgdj w~n |n{~ctû dn tjdg{ n{tg{ ondidg{ kj`t|gdihj i`nuitglcnon`tn cj{ i`tn`tj{ idnjcûmikj{ dnDijkcnkig`j y dn {~{ {~kn{j|n{ rg|g n{tglicixg| m|gkig{ g nccg cg n{t|~kt~|g {jkigc dnc Iorn|ij tg|dïj. Cj{dnk|ntj{ w~n n`kn||glg` g m|g`dn{ m|~rj{ dn rjlcgkiû` n` m|noij{ fn|nditg|ij{ {ioicg|n{ g cg{ kg{tg{# dn{r~é{dn cg t~|l~cn`kig dnc ondij {imcj rg{gdj# rjdïg` tn`n| rjkj nenktj r|çktikj >21 cg ojuicidgd {jkigc r|jlglcnon`tng~on`tû gcmj dnlidj g cg gorcigkiû` dn cg{ `~nug{ uïg{ dn r|jojkiû` oicitg|n{ y l~|jk|çtikg{ dn`t|j dncN{tgdj>7. Cj{ e~mgkn{ n{e~n|xj{ rg|g eihg| cj{ r|nkij{ y cj{ {~ncdj{ gdoiì{t|gtiuj{ n` tjdj nc Iorn|ij e~n|j`tjdguïg on`j{ |ngci{tg{. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# cg oi{og g~tjk|gkig iorn|igc {~rn|û eçkicon`tn tjdj{ cj{ cïoitn{t|gdikij`gcn{ ior~n{tj{ rj| cg jriìû` {n`gtj|igc y rj| cg kj{t~ol|n gc nhn|kikij dnc rjdn| rn|{j`gc. Nc¡r|i`kirgdj± dij rg{j gc ¡djoi`gdj± k~g`dj cj{ norn|gdj|n{# g rg|ti| dn G~|ncig`j# {n g~tjdn`joi`g|j`djoi`~{ nt dn~{ n ior~{in|j` cg kn|nojìg j|in`tgc dn cg rj{t|gkiû` dn k~n|rj n`tn|j g`tn cg r|n{n`kig |ngc# cg

r|j{ay`n{i{ kj` cg w~n Gcnhg`d|j fglïg i`g~m~|gdj cj{ Iorn|ij{ fncn`ï{tikj{ dnc J|in`tn R|ûvioj.

Nc kg|çktn| rjcïtikj dnc djoi`gdj {n fg i`tn|r|ntgdj e|nk~n`tnon`tn kjoj ~` dn{rcgxgoin`tj dnc kn`t|j dn

m|gundgd dnc {i{tnog iorn|igc |jog`j fgkig nc Onditn||ç`nj j|in`tgc# w~n {n kj`{~og|ïg rjkj dn{r~é{ kj` ncg~mn dn Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg# cg `~nug \jog g j|iccg{ dnc Lj{ej|j. @j fgy d~dg dn w~n cg{ r|jui`kig{ j|in`tgcn{r|nugcnkïg` gfj|g dn`t|j dnc Iorn|ij n` dj{ g{rnktj{ e~`dgon`tgcn{. Nkj`ûoikgon`tn# cg k|i{i{ dnc

>2 \. Ogko~ccn`# ¡[jkigc ojlicity g`d tfn Tfnjdj{ig` Kjdn±# Tfn Hj~|`gc je \jog` [t~din{ # CIU# 7954# rr. 49/>;. Cg tn{i{ t|gdikij`gc&rj| nhnorcj# cg dn \j{tjut{nu) dn w~n Dijkcnkig`j ior~{j ~`g n{t|~kt~|g r|çktikgon`tn dn kg{tg{ n` nc Iorn|ij tg|dïj n{tçdn{gk|nditgdg. N{ nuidn`tn w~n cg l~|jk|gkig iorn|igc e~n i`kgrgx dn fgkn| k~orci| cj{ dnk|ntj{ iorn|igcn{ y dn uimicg| g cj{ m|noij{.>7 Nc onhj| g`çci{i{ l|nun dn cg g{kn`{iû {jkigc g t|gué{ dn cg oçw~i`g dnc N{tgdj n{ nc dn Anitf Fjrai`{# ¡Ncitn ojlicity i` tfn \jog`Nori|n±# Rg{t g`d R|n{n`t # `øo. ;<# dikinol|n dn 795># rr. 7</<5# w~n i`{i{tn n` cj{ cïoitn{ `nkn{g|ij{ dn n{tn r|jkn{j8 cg ogyj|ïg dncj{ ~nuj{ dim`gtg|ij{ dnc Iorn|ij tg|dïj {inor|n e~n|j` kjjrtgdj{ n`t|n cg kcg{n tn||gtnìn`tn dn cg{ r|jui kig{.

QRçm. 6>_

ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg tg|dïj genktû kj` oç{ e~n|xg g Jkkidn`tn# dj`dn n{tglg o~kfj oç{r|je~`dgon`tn g||gimgdj# y cj dnhû n` ~`g {it~gkiû` kjorg|gtiugon`tn rnj|# gc `j rj{nn| yg ~` di`goi{ojg~tûktj`j w~n cn rn|oitin|g kj`t|g||n{tg| cg t|gdikij`gc |iw~nxg dn J|in`tn# kj` cj w~n kjon`xû g f~`di|{nkjoj cg rg|tn oç{ rjl|n dnc Onditn||ç`nj. K~ct~|gcon`tn# {~ nor~hn {n dic~yû tgolié` dn ej|og k|nkin`tn. Gei`gcn{ dn cg érjkg dn cj{ G`tjì`j{ yg fglïg` |n`gkidj cg eicj{jeïg y cg fi{tj|ig m|inmg{8 nc cn`m~ghn citn|g|ij dnOg|kj G~|ncij# rj| `j fglcg| dn Diû` Kg{ij# yg `j n|g nc cgtï`. O~kfj oç{ iorj|tg`tn e~n# rj| {~r~n{tj# nccn`tj k|nkioin`tj dn cg `~nug |ncimiû` w~n fgl|ïg dn iorcg`tg|{n n` nc Iorn|ij. Nc k|i{tigì{oj fglïg `gkidj n`J|in tn y gccï {n nvtn`diû r|jm|n{iugon`tn d~|g tn tjdj nc {imcj III# oin`t|g{ Jkkidn`tn rn|og`nkïg|ncgtiugon`tn iò~`n n` kjorg|gkiû`. Rn|j# g rn{g| dn cg{ grg|in`kig{# n{tj{ kgolij{ e~`dgon`tgcn{ `j {n|necnhg|j` n` cg oi{og ondidg n` cg n{t|~kt~|g rjcïtikg dnc N{tgdj rj|w~n |ngcon`tn `j {n r|jd~hj ~`gfncn ixgkiû` dn cg kø{ridn di|imn`tn dnc {i{tnog rjcïtikj iorn|igc y tjdguïg on`j{ {~ kjorcntg j|in`tgcixgkiû`.

Cg |jtgkiû` j|litgc dnc rjdn| di`ç{tikj {n dnt~uj k~|ij{gon`tn g`tn{ dn ccnmg| gc J|in`tn m|nkjcnug`ti`j ><. Cgdi`g{tïg ge|ikg`g dn cj{ [nun|j{ rg|nkïg dn{ti`gdg g ccnug| g kglj ~`g {~gun t|g`{oi{iû` dnc kg|mj iorn|igc g ~`g`~nug |nmiû`# k~g`dj cg egoicig {i|ig n` cg w~n [nrtioij [nun|j fglïg kj`t|gïdj ogt|iojìj r|nrg|û cg {~lidg gct|j`j dn ~` hjun` cjkgc# r|n{n`tgdj egc{gon`tn kjoj {~ ìntj# w~n {n kjùi|tiû n` nc norn|gdj| Fncijmçlgcj n`nc g÷j <76. Nc nvjti{oj k~ct~|gc —|ncimij{j y {nv~gc— dn n{tn gdjcn{kn`tn fixj g {~ kj|tj |ni`gdj o~y kécnl|nn` tjdj{ cj{ rj{tn|ij|n{ |nk~n|dj{ |jog`j{. Fncijmçlgcj e~n |çridgon tn |nojuidj rj| ~`g jriìû` {n`gtj|igcr|je~`dgon`tn fj{tic# lghj k~yg t~tncg cn {~kndiû {~ dn{kjcj|idj r|ioj Gcnhg`d|j [nun|j —jt|j on`j|# w~nfglïg {idj nd~kgdj n` Itgcig— g`tn{ dn {n| g{n{i`gdj n` nc g÷j <;>. G rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{# {ûcj ~` j|in`tgc# ~`|nr|n{n`tg`tn nvt|nogdgon`tn gtïrikj dn gw~nccg |nmiû`# ccnmû g {n| norn|gdj| dn \jog8 H~cij

>< N{tn fnkfj e~`dgon`tgc fg {idj jcuidgdj kj` o~kfg e|nk~n`kig. Cg ci{tg ojdn|gdgon`tn nk~oéìkg dn cg{ {~kn{iug{ di`g{tïg{# fnkfgrj| Oiccg|# n{ n` |ngcidgd m|gunon`tn n`mg÷j{g8 Tfn \jog` Nori|n g`d it{ `nimflj~|{ # r. ;. Oç{ gdncg`tn# Oiccg| jl{n|ug w~n {ûcj

m|gkig{ g ~` ¡gkkidn`tn dnc dn{ti`j± Fncijmçlgcj y {~ r|ioj r~din|j` {n| cj{ r|ion|j{ norn|gdj|n{ r|jkndn`tn{ dnc J|in`tn m|inmj¡g`tn{ w~n ì`mø` {n`gdj| dn cg r|û{rn|g l~|m~n{ïg dn G{ig On`j|± &r. 49). N` |ngcidgd# ì`mø` m|inmj dn G{ig on`j| ccnmû g {n| `~`kgnorn|gdj| g`tn{ dn cg diui{iû` dnc Iorn|ij.

44 * 7>2



QRçm. 65_

Eicirj# ~` ç|gln r|jkndn`tn dnc dn{in|tj dn T|g`{hj|dgìg. [j|r|n`dn`tnon`tn# ì`mø` m|inmj dn G{ig On`j| ìdn cg oi{og M|nkig# ì`mø` jt|j {i|ij y ì ~` {jcj nmirkij kj`{im~in|j` `~`kg cg rø|r~|g iorn|igc. Cg{ |nmij`n{oç{ |ikg{ y ~|lgìxgdg{ dnc Iorn|ij e~n|j` i`kgrgkn{ dn mg|g`tixg| ~` uï`k~cj di|nktj kj` cg kiog dnc N{tgdjw~n cg{ mjln|`glg. N{g{ |nmij`n{ rn|og`nkin|j` og|mi`gdg{ rj| nc kg|çktn| i||nd~ktilcnon`tn |jog`j dncIorn|ij# e~`dgdj y kj`{t|~idj rj| Jkkidn`tn# w~n {inor|n e~n o~kfj oç{ fjojmé`nj w~n nc fntn|ûkcitjJ|in`tn# dj`dn rj| cj on`j{ t|n{ iorj|tg`tn{ k~ct~|g{ &cg m|inmg# cg {i|ig y cg nmirkig# rj| `j fglcg| dn cg{ jt|g{dn{tgkgdg{ oi`j|ïg{ dn cg |nmiû`) {n di{r~tglg` nc cnmgdj dn cg kiuicixgkiû` fncn`ï{tikg >;. N` nc {imcj III# cj{itgcig`j{ yg `j kj`{tit~ïg` ~`g ogyj|ïg n` nc [n`gdj# ~` tn|kij dnc k~gc r|jkndïg mn`n|gcon`tn dnc J|in`tnm|nkjrg|cg`tn. Rn|j oin`t|g{ nc [n`gdj t~uj gcmø` rjdn| n` cg {ncnkkiû` y kj`t|jc dn cj{ norn|gdj|n{# {inor|nncimiû g |nr|n{n`tg`tn{ dn cg{ kcg{n{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ dnc Jkkidn`tn cgti`j. Lgcli`j &Fi{rgìg) y Tçkitj &Itgcig)eim~|g|j` n`t|n cj{ øctioj{ kg`didgtj{ {n`gtj|igcn{ w~n gckg`xg|j` cg dimìdgd iorn|igc n` nc {imcj III.

Rj|w~n# gc oi{oj tinorj# nc kn`t|j dnc rjdn| rjcïtikj dnhû dn n{tg| n` cg kgritgc rg|g rg{g| gc kgorj oicitg| dncg{ xj`g{ e|j`tn|ixg{. Mgcin`j e~n nc øctioj {jln|g`j dn n{tg érjkg w~n |n{idiû n` \jog. G rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{cj{ norn|gdj|n{ fglïg` dn fgkn|{n y dn{fgkn|{n e~n|g dnc çolitj dn cg ièc~n`kig {n`gtj|igc# rj| ondij dnc~kfg{ egkkij`gcn{ n`t|n cj{ hnen{ oicitg|n{. N{tn kgolij rjcïtikj e~n gkjorg÷gdj dn ~` `~nuj y dnki{iuj

kgolij |nmij`gc n` cg kjorj{ikiû` di`ç{tikg. Dn{dn ondigdj{ dnc {imcj III# nc rjdn| iorn|igc rg{û kj`{j|r|n`dn`tn |nm~cg|idgd g cj{ mn`n|gcn{ r|jkndn`tn{ dn ~`g xj`g gt|g{gdg# g`tg÷j kj`jkidg kj` nc `jol|nmn`é|ikj dn Ici|ig# w~n gfj|g ej|oglg nc lcjw~n dn r|jui`kig{ kjor|n`didg{ rj| Rg`jìg# Dgcogkig y On{ig. Ncr|ndjoiìj dn n{tj{ norn|gdj|n{ dg`~lijlgckçìkj{ {n og`t~uj kjoj ~`g kj`{tg`tn fg{tg cg kgïdg dnc N{tgdj|jog`j n` Jkkidn`tn n i`kc~{j dn{r~é{ dn é{tg. Dnkij# Kcg~dij nc Mjdj# G~|ncig`j# R|jlj# Dijkcnkig`j#Kj`{tg ti`j# Mgcn|ij# Hjuig`j# Ugcn`ti ig`j y H~{tiìg`j {n k~n`tg` n`t|n nccj{>4 y {~ kjoø` j|imn` |nmij`gc n{tjdguïg

>; N` J|in`tn fglïg# r~n{# k~gt|j idijog{ citn|g|ij{ cjkgcn{ —m|inmj# {i|ij# kjrtj y g|gonj—# oin`t|g{ w~n n` Jkkidn`tn `j nvi{tïgì`mø` jt|j idijog n{k|itj grg|tn dnc cgtï`.>4 [yon {~min|n w~n Ogvioi`j nc T|gkij —w~n r|jlglcnon`tn n|g dn On{ig y `j dn T|gkig— y rj{ilcnon`tn tgolié` Tçkitj dnln|ïg`g÷gdi|{n

QRçm. 6=_

oç{ {j|r|n`dn`tn {i {n tin`n n` k~n`tg w~n n`t|n nccj{ `j nvi{tiû rg|n`tn{kj dn ì`mø` tirj. Fg{tg kjoin`xj{dnc {imcj UI# nc øìkj norn|gdj| iorj|tg`tn w~n `j r|jkndiû dn n{tg xj`g e~n ~` fi{rg`j# Tnjdj{ij# w~n un`ïgdnc cnhg`j jn{tn dnc Iorn|ij. Cg |gxû` oç{ jluig dnc g~mn dn n{tj{ mjln|`g`tn{ rg`jìj{ n §ci|ij{ |gdikg n` ncrgrnc dn{norn÷gdj rj| cg{ r|jui`kig{ dg`~lig`g{ y lgckçìkg{ n` nc {~oiì{t|j dn {jcdgdj{ rg|g nc nhé|kitj8golg{ xj`g{ n|g` yg n`tj`kn{ ~`g |n{n|ug t|gdikij`gc dn {jcdgdj{ y jeikigcn{ r|jen{ij`gcn{ rg|g cg{ cnmij`n{.Rn|j fglïg tgolié` gcm~`g{ |gxj`n{ oç{ r|je~`dg{ rg|g cg `~nug r|nnoi`n`kig dn n{tg |nmiû`. Rg`jìg yDgcogkig e~n|j` cg{ kj`w~i{tg{ kcgun dn cg nvrg`{iû` n` tinorj{ dn G~m~{tj# rj|w~n kjorcntg|j` nc lç{ikjkj|dû` mnjm|çeikj dnc Iorn|ij gc kn||g| nc gli{oj w~n nvi{tïg n`t|n {~{ {nktj|n{ j|in`tgc y jkkidn`tgc. Dn{dngw~nc ojon`tj# Rg`jìg y Dgcogkig {inor|n gkt~g|j` kjoj nc r~n`tn n{t|gtémikj kn`t|gc w~n ~`ïg g cg{ dj{oitgdn{ dnc tn||itj|ij iorn|igc. Tjdj{ cj{ ojuioin`tj{ dn t|jrg{ nenkt~gdj{ rj| tin||g g cj cg|mj dnc nhn n{tn/jn{tn tn`ïg` w~n rg{g| rj| n{tg xj`g# w~n# n` kj`{nk~n`kig# {n kjùi|tiû n` nc r~`tj dn grjyj dn o~kfg{iorj|tg`tn{ m~n||g{ kiuicn{ dnc Iorn|ij# g dien|n`kig dn cg{ tïrikg{ lgtgccg{ `gugcn{ n` M|nkig d~|g`tn cg érjkg|nr~lcikg`g. Nc kj`t|jc dn cj{ r~n|tj{ dn cj{ Gcrn{ H~cig`j{ rn|oitïg ~` |çridj dn{kn`{j y ~`g uncjx |n{jc~kiû`dn cj{ kjèciktj{ n` Itgcig. G rg|ti| dn Rg`jìg t~uj c~mg| cg uiktj|ig dn Un{rg{ig`j n` nc 59# nc t|i~èj dn[nrtioij n` nc 79;# cg ~{~|rgkiû` dn Dnkij n` nc <49# cg tjog dnc rjdn| rj| Dijkcnkig`j n` nc <6> y cg g{~`kiû`dn Kj`{tg`kij n` nc ;>7. Oç{ gccç dn cg iorj|tg`kig n{t|gtémikg dn n{tg xj`g n{tglg# {i` nolg|mj# {~ n{rnkigcrj{ikiû` {jkigc y k~ct~|gc dn`t|j dnc Iorn|ij. Rg`jìg# Dgcogkig y On{ig n|g` |nmij`n{ i`t|gtglcn{# k~ygr|jvioidgd kj` nc o~`dj m|inmj `~`kg fglïg kj`d~kidj g {~ i`tnm|gkiû` n` éc1 e~n|j` dn cg{ øctiog{ r|jui`kig{kj`ti`n`tgcn{ |jogìxgdg{ y {~ kjùn|{iû` g cg gm|ik~ct~|g kjùn`kij`gc dn cg uiccg {n r|jd~hj `nkn{g|igon`tno~kfj dn{r~é{ y e~n oç{ i`kjorcntg w~n cg dn Mgcig# Fi{rgìg j Çe|ikg >>. Nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg

`~`kg gckg`xû n` nccg{ cg oi{og ogm/

g n{tg ci{tg8 Norn|j|{ g`d lijm|grfy. [t~din{ i` tfn Fi{tj|ig G~m~{tg# Jvej|d# 79=7# rr. 76</5# <45/=. Cj{ jt|j{ rjkj{ norn|gdj|n{ dnn{tg érjkg rg|nkn` fgln| {idj tjdj{ jkkidn`tgcn{. T|nljìg`j Mgcj# Ugcn|ig`j y Mgcin`j n|g` dn Itgcig# Ogk|i`j n|g dn Og~|itgìg# y

4> * 7>2



Kg|j r|jlglcnon tn dn cg Mgcig on|idij`gc.>> R. Jciug# Rg``jìg g`d tfn j`{nt je k|i{i{ i` tfn \jog` Nori|n# R|gmg# 795<# rr. <46/>6# ;4>/>2.

QRçm. 66_

ìt~d w~n n` cg{ jt|g{ r|jui`kig{ cgti`g{ dnc kj`ti`n`tn jkkidn`tgc# g~`w~n n{ rj{ilcn w~n gc ei`gc |nmi{t|g|g gccïgcm~`j{ gug`kn{ oin`t|g{ |nt|jkndïg yg n` cg{ |nmij`n{ oç{ g`tim~g{8 n` ~` n{t~dij {jl|n nc Iorn|ij g ei`gcn{

dnc {imcj IU {n dn{k|iln g Rg`jìg kjoj iorj|tg`tn nvrj|tgdj| dn n{kcguj{>5

. Cg k|i{i{ dn cg gm|ik~ct~|gn{kcgui{tg `j e~n# rj| kj`{im~in`tn# tg` tnor|g`g j tg` |gdikgc# y nc `øon|j dn r|jrintg|ij{ cil|n{ yg||n`dgtg|ij{ e~n oç{ kj`{idn|glcn# dn gk~n|dj kj` ~` ojdncj |~|gc oç{ kn|kg`j gc dn J|in`tn.I`d~dglcnon`tn# cg uitgcidgd dn n{tg |nmiû`# n` ondij dn cg dnkgdn`kig dn Jkkidn`tn# `j n{t~uj dn{kj`nktgdgdn n{g di{ti`tg ej|ogkiû`. Rn|j# gc oi{oj tinorj# {~ e~`kiû` rjcïtikg e~`dgon`tgc n|g i`{nrg|glcn dn {~cgtiìdgd1 ci`móï{tikgon`tn# n|g |jog`g y `j m|inmg# cg oç{ k|~dg y j|in`tgc nvt|noidgd dn cg kiuicixgkiû` cgti`g.Rj| tg`tj# `j e~n {ûcj {~ {it~gkiû` tn||itj|igc n` nc r~`tj dn g|tik~cgkiû` kj`ti`n`tgc n`t|n J|in`tn y Jkkidn`tn cjw~n dntn|oi`û {~ iorj|tg`kig1 {~ rj{ikiû` n` nc cgdj kj||nktj dn cg e|j`tn|g k~ct~|gc e~n cj øìkj w~n fixjrj{ilcn {~ {j|r|n`dn`tn r|nnoi`n`kig n` ~` {i{tnog iorn|igc w~n n` {~ oç{ r|je~`dg `gt~|gcnxg y n` {~ j|imn`n|g tjdguïg ~` j|dn` |jog`j. Nc kgolij di`ç{tikj fgkig cg{ tin||g{ gt|g{gdg{ dnc Dg`~lij y cj{ Lgckg`n{|nr|n{n`tglg nc ogyj| ojuioin`tj rj{ilcn fgkig J|in`tn dnc {i{tnog rjcïtikj |jog`j# rg|g og`tn`n| ~ìdj gc

Iorn|ij# kjorgtilcn kj` cg kj`{n|ugkiû` dn {~ ï`tnm|j kg|çktn| cgti`j.Nc uimj| oicitg| y l~|jk|çtikj dn cj{ `~nuj{ di|imn`tn{ dn Rg`jìg n Ici|ig fglïg kj`{nm~idj n{tglicixg|`~nugon`tn nc N{tgdj iorn|igc g kjoin`xj{ dnc {imcj IU. Rn|j cg |n{tg~|gkiû` gdoiì{t|gtiug dnc Iorn|ij {n|ngcixû g kj{tg dn ~`g m|gun y k|nkin`tn ei{~|g dn`t|j dn cg n{t|~kt~|g mcjlgc dnc rjdn|. Cg ~ìeikgkiû` rjcïtikgdnc Onditn||ç`nj t|ghj kj`{imj ~`g unx oç{ cg diui{iû` {jkigc n` nc {n`j dn cg{ kcg{n{ djoi`g`tn{. Cgg|i{tjk|gkig {n`gtj|igc dn Itgcig# Fi{rgìg# cg Mgcig y Çe|ikg kj`ti`~û {in`dj nc n{t|gtj nkj`ûoikgon`tn oç{rjdn|j{j dn Jkkidn`tn dnlidj g cg t|gdikij`gc kj`kn`t|gkiû` dn {~{ |iw~nxg{. Rn|j gfj|g n{tglg {nrg|gdg dncgrg|gtj dnc og`dj oicitg|# w~n n|g cg e~n`tn dnc rjdn| rjcïtikj iorn|igc# nc k~gc fglïg rg{gdj e|nk~n`tnon`tn gjeikigcn{ g||ili{tg{ r|jkndn`tn{ dn cj{ norjl|nkidj{ Lgckg`n{. G{ï {n i`t|jd~hj n` nc j|dn` di|imn`tn dncdjoi`gdj ~` g`tgmjì{oj n{t|~kt~|gc# w~n `~`kg fglïg nvi{tidj n` nc r|i`kirgdj y w~n ei`gcon`tn fgl|ïg dntn`n| egtgcn{ kj`{nk~n`kig{. Dijkcnkig`j cj ccnuû g {~ nvt|noj kj` cg eé||ng

>5 [ftgn|og`# A|ixi{ \gljucgdnc’kfn{ajuj [t|jig# r. ;>4.

QRçm. 69_

di{k|ioi`gkiû` kj`t|g cj{ kg`didgtj{ {n`gtj|igcn{ rg|g r|çktikgon`tn tjdj{ cj{ kg|mj{ dn iorj|tg`kig# yg e~n{n`kiuicn{ j oicitg|n{. N` n{tg ej|og nvgkn|lgdg# nc kjèciktj `j rjdïg d~|g|8 Kj`{tg`ti`j iùi|tiû cg rjcïtikg dn {~r|ndnkn{j| fgkig cg `jlcnxg t|gdikij`gc dn Jkkidn`tn y cg kj|tnhû {i{tnoçtikgon`tn kj` `jol|goin`tj{ rg|g cj{mjlin|`j{ dn r|jui`kig{ y kj` fj`j|n{ gdoiì{t|gtiuj{# g~`w~n `j kj` hnegt~|g{ oicitg|n{# dn cg{ w~n fglïg {idjgcnhgdg dn ej|og rn|og`n`tn. Nc [n`gdj e~n gorcigdj y n` {~ {n`j {n k|nû ~`g `~nug écitn rgt|ikig. Gc oi{ojtinorj# cg kjorj{ikiû` dn cg g|i{tjk|gkig n` tjdg cg nvtn`{iû` dnc Iorn|ij {n t|g`{ej|oû |gdikgcon`tn dnlidj gcm|g` kgolij i`{tit~kij`gc dnc |ni`gdj dn Kj`{tg`ti`j8 cg k|i{tigìxgkiû` dnc N{tgdj dn{r~é{ dn cg kjùn|{iû` dncnorn|gdj| y dn {~ uiktj|ig {jl|n Oghn`kij n` nc r~n`tn Oicuij. [imìeikgtiugon`tn# cg `~nug |ncimiû` j|in`tgc{ûcj kj`w~i{tû nc Iorn|ij k~g`dj e~n gdjrtgdg rj| ~` ké{g| n` Jkkidn`tn. ^` nhé|kitj r|jkndn`tn dn Mgcig e~nnc w~n ior~{j ~` k|ndj j|imi`gdj n` Rgcn{ti`g# {ïoljcj y gkkidn`tn rg|gdûhikj# j {ï`tjog w~ixç# dnc djoiìjrjcïtikj dnc `økcnj cgti`j dnc {i{tnog iorn|igc |jog`j. Nc nenktj i`{tit~kij`gc iòndigtj oç{ iorj|tg`tn dnckgolij |ncimij{j e~n w~ixç cg r|jojkiû` {jkigc dn ~` m|g` `øon|j dn ¡e~`kij`g|ij{ k|i{tig`j{±# w~n fglïg`fnkfj {~{ kg||n|g{ gdoiì{t|gtiug{ m|gkig{ g {~ cngctgd g cg `~nug en# g cg{ nvtn`{g{ eicg{ dn cj{ kcg|i{{ioi dnc {imcjIU>=. Cg ogyj| rg|tn dn nccj{ r|jkndïg` dn J|in`tn# dj`dn ccnmg|j` g djoi`g| nc {nm~`dj [n`gdj n{tglcnkidjrj| Kj`{tg`kij II n` Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg. [~ i`tnm|gkiû` n` cg neikgx ogw~i`g|ig dnc djoi`gdj# kj` cg r|jcien|gkiû`dn `~nuj{ kg|mj{ l~|jk|çtikj{# |necnhû y |nej|xû nc iì`tn||~oridj k|nkioin`tj dn cg{ dion`{ij`n{ tjtgcn{ dncN{tgdj n` cg {jkindgd |jog`g tg|dïg. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# nc n{tglcnkioin`tj dnc k|i{tigì{oj kjoj Imcn{ig jeikigc dncIorn|ij g÷gdiû g rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{ ~`g n`j|on l~|jk|gkig kcn|ikgc —dj`dn r|nuigon`tn `j fglïg nvi{tidj

ì`m~`g— gc yg t|non`dj rn{j dnc grg|gtj {nk~cg| dnc N{tgdj. Dn`t|j dn cg oi{og Imcn{ig {n r|jd~hjr|jlglcnon`tn ~` r|jkn{j {ioicg| dn nvrg`{iû` dn cg ojuicidgd {jkigc# yg w~n cg hn|g|w~ïg nkcn{iç{tikg r|jkndïgr|i`kirgcon`tn dn cg kcg{n dn cj{ k~|igcn{. Cj{ {gcg|ij{ y n{tirn`dij{ dn n{tj{ dim`gtg|ij{ |ncimij{j{# nvt|gïdj{ dn

45 * 7>2



cg{ iòn`/

>= Rg|g n{tn en`ûon`j# uég{n Hj`n{# ¡Tfn {jkigc lgkam|j~`d je tfn {t|~mmcn lnt}nn` rgmgì{o g`d Kf|i{tigìty±# n` G. Ojoimcig`j&kjor.)# Tfn kjècikt lnt}nn` rgmgì{o g`d Kf|i{tigìty i` tfn ej~|tf kn`t~|y# Jvej|d# 795;# rr. ;>/=.

QRçm. 92_

{g{ |n`tg{ dnun`mgdg{ rj| cg |iw~nxg kj|rj|gtiug dn cg Imcn{ig# e~n|j` o~y r|j`tj {~rn|ij|n{ g cj{ dn cj{ |g`mj{nw~iugcn`tn{ dn cg l~|jk|gkig {nk~cg|. Kj`{tg`ti`j y {~{ {~kn{j|n{ di|imin|j` {~ `~nuj |nrg|tj kj` ~` r|ûdimjdn||jkfn rgcgti`j1 cg{ i`dikkij`n{ y cj{ ior~n{tj{ {~lin|j` dn ej|og i`nvj|glcn. Oin`t|g{ tg`tj# y {jl|n tjdj#Kj`{tg`ti`j g~on`tû nc tgog÷j dnc nhé|kitj kj` cg k|ngkiû` dn `~nug{ ~ìdgdn{ dn ièg`tn|ïg y kglgccn|ïg y cgkj`{t|~kkiû` dn {~{ |n{n|ug{ n{t|gtémikg{. G cj cg|mj dnc {imcj IU nc nhé|kitj ccnmû g {~og| kn|kg dn 5>2.222{jcdgdj{# kg{i k~gt|j unkn{ oç{ w~n g kjoin`xj{ dnc r|i`kirgdj. Nc Iorn|ij |jog`j dn cj{ {imcj{ IU y U {n uij#r~n{# m|gugdj kj` ~` ug{tj y nvgmn|gdj g~on`tj dn {~{ {~rn|n{t|~kt~|g{ oicitg|# rjcïtikg n idnjcûmikg.

Rj| jt|g rg|tn# cg nvrg {iû` dnc N{tgdj e~n gkjorg÷gdg dn ~`g kj`t|gkkiû` n` cg nkj`joïg. Cg{ ré|didg{dnojm|çeikg{ dnc {imcj III `~`kg {n ujcuin|j` g |nk~rn|g|. G~`w~n `j r~ndn kgck~cg|{n nc dn{kn`{j n{tgdï{tikjdn cg rjlcgkiû`# nc kj`ti`~j glg`dj`j dn cg{ tin||g{ k~ctiugdg{ &cj{ gm|i dn{n|ti dnc Iorn|ij tg|dïj) kj`{tit~yn cgr|~nlg i`nw~ïujkg dn ~`g k~|ug mn`n|gc dn{kn`dn`tn. N` nc {imcj IU# cg |n`jugkiû` rjcïtikg dnc {i{tnog iorn|igcr|jd~hj ~` kin|tj g~on`tj tnorj|gc n` cg kj {t|~kkiû` ~|lg`g y ~` |n{tglcnkioin`tj dn cg n{tglicidgdoj`ntg|ig kj` cg noi{iû` dnc {jcid~{ dn j|j. Rn|j n{tg{ dj{ |nk~rn|gkij`n{ e~n|j` cioitgdg{ y r|nkg|ig{. Nck|nkioin`tj ~|lg`j {n kj`kn`t|û n` l~n`g ondidg n` cj{ `~nuj{ kn`t|j{ oicitg|n{ y gdoiì{t|gtiuj{ {it~gdj{lghj nc rgt|jkiìj di|nktj dn cj{ norn|gdj|n{8 Oicç`# T|éun|i{ j [é|dikg y# {jl|n tjdj# Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg. @j e~n~` en`ûon`j nkj`ûoikj n{rj`tç nj y `j r~dj dntn`n| cg r|jm|n{iug dnkgdn`kig dn cg{ ki~dgdn{. Cg{jcimg|w~ïg{ o~ìkirgcn{# w~n n` érjkg{ g`tn|ij|n{ fglïg` r|n{ididj ~`g{ ki~dgdn{ j|m~ccj{g{ y ccn`g{ dn uidg#e~n|j` {jontidg{ g ~`g k|nkin`tn {~rn|ui{iû` n i`tn|en|n`kig g kjoin`xj{ dnc r|i`kirgdj# k~g`dj {n `jol|g|j`dn{dn \jog g ~`j{ k~|gtj|n{ iorn|igcn{ dn kg|çktn| n{rnkigc rg|g w~n uimicg{n` cg{ kgritgcn{ dn cg{ r|jui`kig{.Rn|j# g rg|ti| dn cg k|i{i{ dnc {imcj III# cg |ncgkiû` n`t|n nc kn`t|j y cg rn|ien|ig {n iùi|tiû dn ej|og k~|ij{g8 cj{norn|gdj|n{ t~uin|j` w~n n{ej|xg|{n kj`ti`~gon`tn rj| kjùn`kn| j kjgkkij`g| g cg kcg{n dn cj{ dnk~|ij`n{#n`kg|mgdg dn cg gdoiì{t|gkiû` o~ìkirgc rg|g w~n k~orcin|g` kj` {~{ jlcimgkij`n{ fn|nditg|ig{ n` cj{ kj`{nhj{

o~ìkirgcn{# oin`t|g{ n{tj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ cjkgcn{ glg`dj`glg` {~{ |n{rj`{glicidgdn{ kïuikg{ &y cj{ mg{tj{kj`{im~in`tn{) y cg{ ki~dgdn{ oj|ïg` rj| egctg dn ej`dj{ rølcikj{ j dn iùn|{ij`n{ r|iugdg{. Cg tïrikg

QRçm. 97_

¡f~idg dn cj{ dnk~|ij`n{± {n di|imïg fgkig cj{ |g`mj{ {~rn|ij|n{ dn cj{ kg|ci{{ioi y dn cg l~|jk|gkig kn`t|gc#dj`dn n{tglg` nvn`tj{ dn jlcimgkij`n{ o~ìkirgcn{. Oin`t|g{ tg`tj# n` cj{ ìuncn{ {jkigcn{ oç{ lghj{# cj{rnw~n÷j{ g|tn{g`j{ glg`dj`glg` cg{ ki~dgdn{ n` l~{kg dn {nm~|idgd y dn t|glghj n` cg{ ei`kg{ dn cj{ m|g`dn{ogm`gtn{ dnc kgorj# g rn{g| dn cj{ dnk|ntj{ jeikigcn{ w~n r|jfilïg` n{g{ oim|gkij`n{ >6. Cg m|g` |nd dnkg||ntn|g{ w~n ~`ïg g cg{ ki~dgdn{ dnc Iorn|ij —y w~n {inor|n e~n|j` kj`{t|~kkij`n{ n{t|gtémikg{ oç{ w~nkjon|kigcn{— w~ixç t~uin|g` n` gcm~`j{ kg{j{ ~` kg|çktn| `nmgtiuj rg|g cg{ nkj`joïg{ dn cg{ |nmij`n{ w~n

gt|gun{glg`# yg w~n e~n|j` on|g{ uïg{ dn gcjhgoin`tj dn {jcdgdj{ y dn |nkg~dgkiû` dn ior~n{tj{ oç{ w~n |~tg{dn kjon|kij j dn iùn|{iû`. N` n{tg{ kj`dikij`n{# cg n{tglicixgkiû` dn cg oj`ndg y cg |nkjùn|{iû` dn cj{ior~n{tj{ n` di`n|j n` nc {imcj IU `j |nr|n{n`tû ~`g g~té`tikg |nuitgcixgkiû` dn cg nkj`joïg ~|lg`g. G`tn{lin`# nc `~nuj {i{tnog oj`ntg|ij i`g~m~|gdj rj| Kj`{tg`ti`j kjoli`û oj`ndg{ {ncnktg{ dn j|j# rg|g ~{j dncN{tgdj y dn cj{ |ikj{# kj` ~ìdgdn{ dn kjl|n# kj`{tg`tnon`tn dnr|nkigdg{# rg|g cg{ `nkn{idgdn{ dn cj{ rjl|n{#{i` ì`m~`g n{kgcg dn ugcj|n{ n`t|n golg{# dn tgc ej|og w~n n` cg r|çktikg {n k|ng|j` dj{ {i{tnog{ oj`ntg|ij{{nrg|gdj{# nuidn`kig rgcog|ig dn cg rjcg|ixgkiû` {jkigc dnc Iorn|ij tg|dïj>9. N` cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cg{r|jui`kig{# nc kjon|kij y cg i`d~{t|ig ~|lg`g dnkgyn|j` r|jm|n{iugon`tn g cg unx w~n {n r|jd~kïg ~`g m|gd~gc ni`d~dglcn |~|gcixgkiû` dnc Iorn|ij.

@gt~|gcon`tn# cg k|i{i{ ei`gc dn cg G`timóndgd t~uj {~ j|imn` n` nc r|jrij kgorj. Oin`t|g{ cg{ ki~dgdn{ {nrg|gcixglg` j dnkgïg`# n` cg nkj`joïg |~|gc t~uin|j` c~mg| kgolij{ t|g{kn`dn`tgcn{ w~n r|n{gmiglg` cg

t|g`{ikiû` fgkig jt|j ojdj di{ti`tj dn r|jd~kkiû`. Yg fnoj{ {n÷gcgdj cj{ cïoitn{ i`nvj|glcn{ dnc ojdj dnr|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg k~g`dj cg{ e|j tn|g{ iorn|igcn{ dnhg|j` dn gug`xg|1 n{j{ cioitn{ r|nkndin|j` y{~lygkin|j` g cj{ t|g{tj|`j{ rjcïtikj{ y nkj`ûoikj{ dnc {imcj III. Gfj|g# n` cg{ kj`dikij`n{ |nkn{iug{ dnc Iorn|ij

4= * 7>2



i||nd~ktilcnon`tn kgtg{t|ûeikj dn cg kgïdg dnc Iorn|ij n` Jkkidn`tn kj`t|g cj{ `~on|j{j{ i`tn`tj{ n|~ditj{ dnr|n{n`tg|cj kjoj ~`g o~tgkiû` rgkïeikg n iorn|knrtilcn# dn cg w~n grn`g{ {n rn|kgtg|j` w~in`n{ cg uiuin|j` 59.Rn|j cg k|nn`kig dn w~n ¡cg dnlicidgd i`tn|`g dnc Iorn|ij `j r~dj fgln| {idj ~` egktj| iorj|tg`tn dn {~dnkgdn`kig± n{ kcg|gon`tn i`{j{tnìlcn=2. N{tg

56 ¡Nc Iorn|ij |jog`j j o~|iû dn o~n|tn gt~|gc1 e~n g{n{i`gdj±8 C’Nori|n kf|étin`# r. 4<<.59 Cg jriìû` nvt|nog e~n nvr|n{gdg rj| [~`d}gcc8 dg{ }n{t|õoi{kfn \nikf i{t jf`n N|{kfóttn|~`m ni`mn{kfcgen` &¡nc Iorn|ij |jog`j dn

Jkkidn`tn kgyû dj|oidj {i` kjù~c{ij`n{±)8 H. [~`d}gcc# ]n{t|õoi{kfn [t~din`# Ln|cï`# 797># r. 791 e|g{n o~y kitgdg dn{dn n`tj`kn{#n{rnkigcon`tn rj| Djr{kf# y |nkin`tnon`tn gdjrtgdg tjdguïg rj| A. E. [t|jfnan|# Mn|og`n`t~o ~`d [rätg`tian# Xø|ikf# 795># rr. 69/92. N{tj{ diun|{j{ h~ikij{ `j fg` n{tgdj cil|n{ dn cg i`t|joi{iû` dnc {n`tioin`tj `gkij`gc.=2 N{tg n{ cg øctiog e|g{n dn cg jl|g dn Hj`n{8 Tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# II# 7256# rn|j nc rn{j dn {~{ r|jrig{ r|~nlg{ kj`t|gdikn n{gkj`kc~{iû`. Cg m|g`dnxg y cj{ cïoitn{ dn Hj`n{ kjoj fi{tj|igdj| n{tç` |n{~oidj{ n` cg l|nun y {jln|lig `jtg dn Ojoimcig`j# W~g|tjkj`t|il~itj gccg {tj|ig dnmci {t~di kcg{{iki n dnc oj`dj g`tikj# \jog# 7959# rr. 54>/=# w~n k|itikg kj` h~{tikig n{tg kj`kc~{iû`.

QRçm. 95_

k|nn`kig `j je|nkn ~`g nvrcikgkiû` n{t|~kt~|gc dn cg{ |gxj`n{ rj| cg{ w~n nc Iorn|ij dn Jkkidn`tn {~k~oliû g`tncg{ lg`dg{ r|ioitiug{ dn iùg{j|n{ w~n cj |nkj||in|j` d~|g`tn nc {imcj U# oin`t|g{ w~n nc Iorn|ij dn J|in`tn —kj`t|g nc w~n {~{ gtgw~n{ fglïg` {idj iìkigcon`tn o~kfj oç{ rncim|j{j{— {n cil|û y {jl|nuiuiû. Cg |n{r~n{tg gn{tg k~n{tiû` |gdikg n` tjdj nc dn{g||jccj fi{tû|ikj r|nuij dn golg{ xj`g{ dnc {i{tnog iorn|igc |jog`j. Cj{g`çci{i{ j|tjdjvj{ {itøg` kg{i {inor|n {~ k|i{i{ ei`gc n` ~` og|kj tnorj|gc nvkn{iugon`tn kj|tj1 n` |ngcidgd# cg{|gïkn{ dn cj{ di{rg|n{ dn{ti`j{ dnc Onditn||ç`nj j|in`tgc y jkkidn`tgc n` nc {imcj U {n |noj`tg` fg{tg cj{j|ïmn`n{ dn {~{ |n{rnktiug{ i`tnm|gkij`n{ n` nc çolitj |jog`j g kjoin`xj{ dn cg nvrg`{iû` |nr~lcikg`g. Kjojfnoj{ ui{tj# nc Jkkidn`tn e~n nc un|dgdn|j kgorj dn r|~nlg{ dn cg nvrg`{iû` iorn|igc |jog`g# nc n{kn`g|ij dncg g~té`tikg y dnki{iug gorcigkiû` dn tjdj nc ~ìun|{j dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg. Gw~ï e~n dj`dn {n t|g`{rj|tûkj` évitj y {n iorcg`tû n` ~` tn||n`j {jkigc r|çktikgon`tn ui|mn` cg nkj`joïg n{kcgui{tg |nr~lcikg g#rn|enkkij`gdg n` Itgcig. Gw~ï e~n dj`dn {n e~`dg|j` cg iòn`{g ogyj|ïg dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ |jog`g{. Gw~ï e~ndj`dn {inor|n |n{idiû nc m|~n{j dn cg kcg{n di|imn`tn dn cg{ r|jui kig{ w~n {n ncnuû gc rjdn| kj` nc r|i`kirgdj.Gw~ï e~n dj`dn cg cn`m~g cgti`g {n kjùi|tiû —r|ion|j jeikigc y dn{r~é{ rjr~cg|on`tn— n` nc r|i`kirgc idijogfglcgdj. N` J|in`tn# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# cg kj`w~i{tg |jog`g øìkgon`tn {n {~rn|r~{j y kjj|di`û g ~`gkiuicixgkiû` fncn`ï{tikg gug`xgdg# w~n yg fglïg n{tglcnkidj cg ¡nkjcjmïg± {jkigc lç{ikg dn cg |nmiû`8 cg{ ki~dgdn{

m|inmg{# nc fi`tn|cg`d kgorn{i j*`jlicig|ij# cg oj`g|w~ïg j|in`tgc. Nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tgdn{g||jccgdj w~n ior~c{û gc {i{tnog iorn|igc |jog`j {n n{tglcnkiû# r~n{# dn{dn {~ j|imn`# r|i`kirgcon`tn n`Jkkidn`tn. Rj| tg`tj# n|g cûmikj y r|n{~oilcn w~n cg{ kj`t|gdikkij`n{ i`tn|`g{ dn n{tn ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`ccnmg|g tgolié g {~ kj`kc~{iû` oç{ nvt|nog n` Jkkidn tn# dj`dn `j e~n|j` goj|tim~gdg{ ì lcjw~ngdg{ rj|ì`m~`g ej|og fi{tû|ikg g`tn|ij| j gctn|`gtiug. Cj{ {ï`tjog{ e~n|j` oç{ nvt|noj{ gccï dj`dn nc ondij n|g oç{r~|j.

G{ï# rg|g nornxg|# nc dn{kn`{j n` cg rjlcgkiû` dnc Iorn|ij g rg|ti| dnc {imcj III t~uj w~n genktg| kj` oç{ |imj| gJkkidn`tn# o~kfj on`j{ dn`{gon`tn fglitgdj# w~n g J|in`tn. Cj{ kçck~cj{ nvgktj{ {j` iorj{ilcn{# g~`w~nr~ndn n{tiog|{n w~n n` nc Iorn|ij tg|dïj cg rjlcgkiû` dn Nmirtj g{kn`dïg r|jlglcnon`tn g ~`j{ =.>22.222fglitg`tn{# oin`t|g{ w~n cg Mgcig tn`ïg

QRçm. 9=_

w~ixç gc|ndndj| dn <.>22.222=7. Cg{ ki~dgdn{ dn J|in tn n|g`# dn{dn c~nmj# o~kfj oç{ `~on|j{g{ ykj`{n|ug|j` {~ uitgcidgd kjon|kigc n` ~` m|gdj o~y {~rn|ij|. Cg l|iccg`tn g{kn`{iû` dn Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg kjoj{nm~`dg kgritgc dnc Iorn|ij e~n nc ogyj| évitj ~|lg`j dn cj{ {imcj{ IU y U. G cg iùn|{g# `j e~n ~` gkkidn`tnw~n cj{ cgtie~`dij{ n{kcgui{tg{ n{t~uin|g` oç{ kj`kn`t|gdj{ fg{tg nc oi{oj ei`gc dnc Iorn|ij n` Itgcig# Fi{rgìgy cg Mgcig# n{ dnki|# dj`dn {n fglïg` n{tglcnkidj n` r|ion| c~mg|. N{ oç{ {j|r|n`dn`tn w~n nc ojdncj mnjm|çeikjdnc `~nuj {i{tnog dnc kjcj`gtj {im~in|g cg oi{og diui{iû` lç{ikg. Cg i`{tit~kiû` dnc kjcj`gtj r|jkndïg dnJ|in`tn# n{rnkigcon`tn dn Nmirtj# dj`dn grg|nkiû rj| unx r|ion|g. N{# rj| tg`tj# ccgogtiuj w~n {~ kjùn|{iû`n` ~` iorj|tg`tn {i{tnog |~|gc t~uin|g c~mg| n` Jkkidn`tn# dj`dn ccnmû g r|ndjoi`g| n` ~` m|gdj o~kfj ogyj|w~n n` cg gm|ik~ct~|g fncn`ï{tikg dnc Onditn||ç`nj j|in`tgc=<. G{ioi{oj# nc rgt|jkiì~o e~n n` {~ j|imn` ~`

en`ûon`j kjoø` g [i|ig y Nmirtj# dj`dn `j|ogcon`tn |nr|n{n`tglg cg kj`kn{iû` dn ~`g r|jtnkkiû` jeikigcoicitg| g cg{ ki~dgdn{ kj`t|g cj{ gl~{j{ kjontidj{ rj| cj{ rnw~n÷j{ e~`kij`g|ij{ dnc N{tgdj. Rn|j e~n n` Itgcig#cg Mgcig n Fi{rgìg dj`dn ccnmû g {imìeikg| cg n`t|nmg w~n ~` kgorn{i`j fgkïg dn {~{ tin||g{ g ~` tn||gtnìn`tn#

>2 * 7>2



nc rgt|û`# w~n dn{r~é{ {n cg{ kndïg dn `~nuj kjoj tn`n`kig tnorj|gc &nc ccgogdj r|nkg|ij)=;. N{tn tirj dnrgt|jkiìj `~`kg ccnmû g n{tg| tg` nvtn`didj n` J|in`tn# dj`dn cg{ gcdng{ cil|n{ kj`{n|ug|j` g on`~dj {~{r|jrij{ kj`knhj{ g~tû`joj{ y {~ i`dnrn`dn`kig kjoj kjo~ìdgdn{ |~|gcn{ d~|g`tn oç{ tinorj w~n cg{ oi{og{ki~dgdn{ o~ìkirgcn{=4# y dj`dn# rj| kj`{im~in`tn# cg rnw~n÷g r|jrindgd kgorn{i`g —kjoli`gdg kj` tn`n`kig{gd{k|irtikig{ y dnrn`din`tn{— {~l{i{tiû n` ~` m|gdj o~kfj ogyj| w~n n` Jkkidn`tn. Cg kg|mg iorj{itiugiorn|igc tgolié` rg|nkn fgln| {idj |ncgtiugon tn oç{ cimn|g n` J|in`tn8 n{ rj{ilcn w~n# gc on`j{ n` Itgcig# cg{nvgkkij`n{ ei{kgcn{ {jl|n cg tin||g g{kn`din|g` d~|g`tn nc {imcj U gc djlcn dn cg{ dn Nmirtj. Gdnoç{# cj{ ï`dikn{jeikigcon`tn gdoitidj{ dn nvtj|{iû` rj| rg|tn dn cj{ |nkg~dgdj|n{ dn ior~n{tj{# n` ej|og dn ¡fj`j|g|ij{± rj|{~{ {n|ui/

=7 Hj`n{# Tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# II# rr. 7242/7.=< Hj{nrf Ujmt# Tfn dnkci`n je \jon# Cj`d|n{# 795># rr. <7/<. QCg dnkgdn`kig dn \jog# Ogd|id# M~gdg||gog# 7956._=; O. T. ]. G|`fnio# Tfn {n`gtj|igc g|i{tjk|gky i` tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n # Jvej|d# 79=<# rr. 749/><1 Ujmt# Tfn dnkci`n je \jon# r.79=.=4 Hj`n{# Tfn M|nna kity e|jo Gcnvg`dn| tj H~{tiìg`# rr. <=</4.

QRçm. 96_

kij{# rg|nkn` fgln| {idj {ni{ unkn{ oç{ gctj{ n` Jkkidn`tn w~n n` J|in`tn=>.

Ei`gcon`tn# y {jl|n tjdj# golg{ |nmij n{ n{t~uin|j` djoi`gdg{ rj| ~`g{ kcg{n{ rj{nndj|g{ {imìeikgtiugon`tndien|n`tn{. N` J|in`tn# cj{ r|jrintg|ij{ |~|gcn{ kj`{tit~ïg` ~`g `jlcnxg ondig# lg{gdg n` cg{ ki~dgdn{ ygkj{t~ol|gdg g n{tg| nvkc~idg dnc rjdn| rjcïtikj kn`t|gc y g jlndnkn| cg{ û|dn`n{ |ngcn{ l~|jk|çtikg{8 e~n cgøìkg gcg dn cg kcg{n tn||gtnìn`tn dn r|jui`kig{ w~n `~`kg r|jd~hj ~`g di`g{tïg iorn|igc. Kj` nc g~on`tj dn cgojuicidgd g{kn`dn`tn n` nc Iorn|ij tg|dïj y Hg k|ngkiû` dn ~`g {nm~`dg kgritgc n` Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg# n{tn n{t|gtjr|jrj|kij`û nc m|~n{j dn cg gdoiì{t|gkiû` n{tgtgc dn J|in`tn. E~n|j` nccj{ w~in`n{ ej|og|j` cg iòn`{gogyj|ïg dn cj{ ¡e~`kij`g|ij{ k|i{tig`j{± y gtn{tg|j` nc `~nuj [n`gdj dn Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg# gorcigdj fg{tg <.222oinol|j{ rj| Kj`{tg`kij II y kjor~n{tj øìkgon`tn rj| e~`kij`g|ij{ y dim`gtg|ij{ g||ili{tg{ dn cg{ r|jui`kig{dn fglcg m|inmg. [~ |iw~nxg n|g oç{ cioitgdg w~n cg dn {~{ oç{ uinhj{ y oç{ gctj{ kjcnmg{ dn \jog# {~ rjdn|cjkgc n|g on`j{ jr|n{iuj y# n` kj`{nk~n`kig# {~ cngctgd gc N{tgdj n|g ogyj| =5. Dn{dn Dijkcnkig`j g Og~|ikijr|çktikgon`tn `j f~lj n` J|in`tn ì`m~`g m~n||g kiuic# oin`t|g{ Jkkidn`tn e~n g{jcgdj rj| cg{ |nrntidg{~{~|rgkij`n{ y cg{ c~kfg{ i`tn|`g{ n` nc {n`j dn cg kcg{n dn cj{ ogm`gtn{. N` rg|tn# n{tj {n dnliû g cg t|gdikiû`rjcïtikg dn cg un`n|gkiû` fncn`ï{tikg fgkig cj{ {gm|gdj{ {jln|g`j{ |ngcn{# tjdguïg e~n|tn n` gw~nccg |nmiû`# rn|je~n tgolié` ~` |necnhj dnc dien|n`tn nw~icil|ij {jkigc n`t|n nc N{tgdj y cg `jlcnxg. @i`mø` norn|gdj| dnJkkidn`tn i`tn`tû `~`kg e|n`g| cg nvrg`{iû` dnc rgt|jkiì~o# g rn{g| dn w~n {~{t|gïg m|g`dn{ ç|ng{ tn||itj|igcn{g cg uimicg`kig dn cj{ gmn`tn{ dnc N{tgdj1 {i` nolg|mj# cj{ {~kn{iuj{ norn|gdj|n{ dn J|in`tn cnmi{cg|j`|nrntidgon`tn kj`t|g éc d~|g`tn nc {imcj IU==.

Cg g|i{tjk|gkig {n`gtj|igc dn Jkkidn`tn |nr|n{n`tglg ~`g e~n|xg kjorcntgon`tn di{ti`tg. N` n{tj{ ojon`tj{ yg`j kjor|n`dïg g cg oi{og |nd dn egoicig{ dn cj{ kjoin`xj{ dnc r|i`kirgdj8 cj{ lghï{ioj{ ï`dikn{ dn `gtgcidgddn cg g|i{tjk|gkig

=>

Hj`n{# Tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# I# rr. <2>/=# 4561 III# r. 7<9. Rj{ilcnon`tn# n` Itgcig cj{ ior~n{tj{ {n ccnuglg` fg{tg cj{ dj{ tn|kij{ dncg kj{nkfg dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{. @gt~|gcon`tn# cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ `j rgmglg` ~`g rg|tn kjorg|glcn dn cg kg|mg ei{kgc. [~{ jlcimgkij`n{n|g` n{rnkigcon`tn nugdidg{ n` Jkkidn`tn. Rg|g [~`d}gcc# cg i`kgrgkidgd dnc N{tgdj iorn|igc rg|g m|gug| gdnk~gdgon`tn g cgg|i{tjk|gkig tn||gtnìn`tn e~n cg kg~{g dn {~ kjcgr{j ei`gc n` Jkkidn`tn1 ]n{t|õoi{kfn [t~din`# r. 727.=5 Rntn| L|j}`# Tfn }j|cd je cgtn G`tiw~ity# Cj`d|n{# 79=7# rr. 4;4.== Hj`n{# Tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# II# rr. ===/6.

QRçm. 99_

|jog`g y cg t~|l~cn`kig rjcïtikg dn cg érjkg rj{tn|ij| g cj{ G`tjì`j{ fglïg` ncnugdj gc. rjdn| g `~nuj{ ci`ghn{n` tjdj Jkkidn`tn. Cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ r|jui`kigcn{ dn cg Mgcig n Fi{rgìg rn|din|j` iorj|tg`kig rjcïtikg n` cgkgritgc g ondigdj{ dnc Iorn|ij=6. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# n{ dim`j dn on`kiû` w~n cg øìkg xj`g w~n r|jd~hj n` n{tgérjkg ~`g ¡di`g{tïg± {nrg|gti{tg e~n cg Mgcig# dj`dn ~`g {n|in dn ~{~|rgdj|n{ |nmij`gcn{ —Rû{t~oj# Uiktj|i`jy Tét|ikj— og`t~uin|j` ~` |émion` |ncgtiugon`tn n{tglcn# k~yj rjdn| {n nvtn`diû fg{tg Fi{rgìg# d~|g`tn oç{dn ~`g dékgdg. @gt~|gcon`tn# cg `jlcnxg itgcig`g {n fglïg og`tnìdj oç{ kn|kg dnc kn`t|j dnc {i{tnog rjcïtikjiorn|igc. [i` nolg|mj# cg ccnmgdg dn cg tnt|g|w~ïg |nkj|tû d|ç{tikgon`tn cg{ r|n||jmgtiug{ t|gdikij`gcn{ dn cg

>7 * 7>2



g|i{tjk|gkig |~|gc n` tjdj Jkkidn`tn# g~`w~n `j |nd~hj {~ e~n|xg nkj`ûoikg. G cj cg|mj dnc {imcj III# cg kcg{n{n`gtj|igc fglïg rn|didj {~{ og`dj{ oicitg|n{ y l~n`g rg|tn dn {~ ièc~n`kig rjcïtikg# rn|j `~`kg e~n r|iugdg dn{~{ tin||g{ y `~`kg jcuidû {~{ t|gdikij`n{8 cg{ ei`kg{# w~n {inor|n e~n|j` cg{ oç{ nvtn`{g{ dnc Iorn|ij# y cj{|nk~n|dj{ dn ~` rg{gdj g`tiiorn|igc. Dijkcnkig`j# dn j|ïmn`n{ nvt|nogdgon`tn f~oicdn{ y dn ui{iû`tj{kgon`tn k~g|tncn|g# fglïg r|iugdj gc j|dn` {n`gtj|igc dn kg{i tjdj{ cj{ mjlin|`j{ r|jui`kigcn{ y cj fglïgnvkc~idj {i{tnoçtikgon`tn dn cj{ gctj{ kg|mj{ gdoi i{t|gtiuj{ dn cg tnt|g|w~ïg. [i` nolg|mj# {~ {~kn{j|Kj`{tg`ti`j iùi|tiû n{g rjcïtikg g`tig|i{tjk|çtikg y gl|iû dn `~nuj gorcigon`tn cj{ gctj{ |g`mj{ dnc grg|gtjl~|jk|çtikj iorn|igc dn Jkkidn`tn g cg kcg{n {n`gtj|igc# gfj|g e~{ij`gdg kj` nc j|dn` nk~n{t|n rg|g ej|og| cgøìkg `jlcnxg dn cj{ kcg|i{{ioi . Lghj {~ mjlin|`j# cj{ r|gn{idn{ y uikg|ii {n`gtj|igcn{ {n o~ctircikg|j` ~`g unxoç{ rj| Itgcig# Fi{rgìg# nc `j|tn dn Çe|ikg y rj| nc |n{tj dn Jkkidn`tn =9. Nc ojtiuj dnc gkn|kgoin`tj dnKj`{tg`ti`j g cg g|i{tjk|gkig jkkidn`tgc r~ndn dnd~ki|{n dnc jt|j m|g` kgolij dn {~ |ni`gdj8 {~ kjùn|{iû` gck|i{tigì{oj. Nc j|dn` {n`gtj|igc dn Jkkidn`tn n|g `j {ûcj nc {nktj| nkj`ûoikg y rjcïtikgon`tn oç{ rjdn|j{j dncg `jlcnxg |~|gc dnc Iorn|ij# {i`j tgolié` nc |nd~ktj idnjcûmikj dnc rgmgì{oj t|gdikij`gc

=6 Rg|g gcm~`j{ g`çci{i{ dnc rgrnc dn cg{ `jlcnxg{ dn Fi{rgìg y cg Mgcig n` nc Iorn|ij tg|dïj# uég{n A. E. [t|jfnan|# ¡[rgì{kfn[n`gtj|n` dn| {rät|joi{kfn` ~`d }n{tmjti{kfn` Xnit±# Mn|og`n`t~o ~`d [rätg`tian# rr. >4/6=1 y Dn| {n`gtj|i{kfn Gdnc io {rätg`tian`Mgccin`# T~li`mg# 7946# rr. 7;/4<. [t|jfnan| i`{i{tn n` cg tg|dïg |nfglicitgkiû` rjcïtikg kj`{nm~idg rj| golg{# dn{r~é{ dn {~ nkcir{n n` nc{imcj III# n` cg érjkg dn M|gkig`j y Tnjdj{ij.=9 G|`fnio# Tfn {n`gtj|igc g|i{tjk|gky i` tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# rçmi`g{ <75/9# je|nkn kçck~cj{ n{tgdï{tikj{.

QRçm. 722_

y rjtn`kigcon`tn nc oç{ fj{tic g cg{ i``jugkij`n{ |ncimij{g{ dn Kj`{tg`ti`j. Cg |ni`tnm|gkiû` dn n{tg kcg{n n` cgécitn gdoiì{t|gtiug iorn|igc {n i`{ri|û r|jlglcnon`tn# g kj|tj rcgxj# n` cg `nkn{idgd dn kj`m|gkig|{n kj` nccgn` ondij dn cj{ rncim|j{ w~n |nr|n{n`tglg nc n{tglcnkioin`tj dnc k|i{tigì{oj kjoj |ncimiû` jeikigc dncIorn|ij62. Rn|j# g cg|mj rcgxj# cj w~n g{nm~|û {~ |nfglicitgkiû` rjcïtikg e~n|j` cg{ ej|t~`g{ y cg{ kj`nvij`n{ dncg{ m|g`dn{ egoicig{ rgt|ikig{ dn Jkkidn`tn8 cj{ kcg`n{ norg|n`tgdj{ dn cj{ Gìkij{# Lntikij{# N{kirij`n{#Knijìj{# Gkicij{ y jt|j{.

Rj|w~n# n` nenktj# cg g|i{tjk|gkig {n`gtj|igc dn Jkkidn tn# og|mi`gdg rjcïtikgon`tn lghj cg tnt|g|w~ïg# {n fglïg|nk~rn|gdj nkj`ûoikgon`tn fg{tg ~` ìunc i`k|nïlcn. Cj{ gctj{ ï`dikn{ dn gl{j|kiû` y cj{ lghj{ ï`dikn{ dn`gtgcidgd fglïg` kj`d~kidj g kj`kn`t|gkij`n{ kgdg unx ogyj|n{ dn r|jrindgd tn||itj|igc n` cg{ og`j{ dn ~``øon|j kgdg unx oç{ |nd~kidj dn ogm`gtn{# fg{tg nc r~`tj dn w~n cj{ i`m|n{j{ ondij{ dn cg g|i{tjk|gkigjkkidn`tgc d~|g`tn nc {imcj IU e~n|j` gr|jviogdgon`tn ki`kj unkn{ {~rn|ij|n{ g cj{ dn {~{ r|ndnkn{j|n{ dnc{imcj i67. Cj{ norn|gdj|n{ w~n {~kndin|j` g Kj`{tg`ti`j e~n|j` kj` e|nk~n`kig jeikigcn{ oicitg|n{ dn lghgnvt|gkkiû` {jkigc# |nkc~tgdj{ g on`~dj# dn{dn Hjuig`j n` gdncg`tn# n` cg{ {kfjcgn rgcgti`gn j m~g|dig{ dnrgcgkij6<# rn|j tjdj{ nccj{# i`kc~{j nc e|g`kgon`tn g`ti{n`gtj|igc Ugcn`tiìg`j I# gkglg|j` rj| kjèig| g cj{kcg|i{{ioi cj{ r~n{tj{ kiuicn{ kcgun{ dn cg gdoiì{t|gkiû` jkkidn`tgc# dn{dn cg r|nenkt~|g r|ntj|ig`g rg|g glghj.Cg dien|n`kig kj` J|in`tn n{ ior|n{ij`g`tn8 gccï# cg{ oi{og{ e~`kij`n{ l~|jk|çtikg{ n|g` jk~rgdg{ rj| rcnlnyj{#y gw~nccj{ rjkj{ g|i{tûk|gtg{ w~n kj`{nm~ïg` `jol|goin`tj{ n|g` g on`~dj —cj w~n

62 G|`fnio# jr. kit.# rr. >/5# 49/>7# =</;. Dnln tn`n|{n n` k~n`tg# {i` nolg|mj# w~n rj| o~kfg |n{i{tn`kig w~n cg kcg{n {n`gtj|igc dn

Jkkidn`tn jr~{in|g g cg k|i{tigìxgkiû` iorn|igc# dn`t|j dn {~{ r|jrig{ eicg{# y dn ojdj ièj|ogc# tjcn|glg cg diun|{idgd |ncimij{g n` cg{rg~tg{ dn kj`d~ktg y dn ogt|iojìj. Uég{n Rntn| L|j}`# \ncimij` g`d {jkinty i` tfn gmn je [t. Gm~{ti`n# Cj`d|n{# 79=<# rr. 757/6<.67 L|j}`# Tfn }j|cd je cgtn G`tiw~ity# r. ;4. D~|g`tn nc Iorn|ij tg|dïj —y n` ~` tinorj dn nvgkkij`n{ ei{kgcn{ {i` r|nkndn`tn{— cgg|i{tjk|gkig tn||gtnìn`tn r|jlglcnon`tn nvt|ghj n` |n`tg{ ~`g rg|tn dnc nvkndn`tn gm|ïkjcg {~rn|ij| g cg w~n nc N{tgdj iorn|igc jltn`ïgn` ior~n{tj{1 uég{n Hj`n{# ¡\jon±# T|ji{iæon Kjèn|n`kn I`tn|`gtij`gcn d’Fi{tji|n Nkj`joiw~n# r. 727.6< Hjuig`j# Ugcn`tiìg`j I# Ugcn`tn y Ogyj|ig`j e~n|j` jeikigcn{ dn cg{ {kfjcgn. Rg|g ~` g`çci{i{ rn`nt|g`tn dn cg e~`kiû` dn cg tg|dïg écitnoicitg| dnc Iorn|ij# uég{n \. I. E|gà# [kfjcgn Rgcgti`gn. Tfn rgcgkn m~g|d{ je tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# \jog# 7959# n{rnkigcon`tn rr.75=/94.

QRçm. 727_

n{ tjdguïg oç{ {j|r|n`dn`tn— jkkidn`tgcn{L;. Cg ogw~i`g|ig oicitg| dnc Iorn|ij dn Jkkidn`tn {n og`t~uje~n|g dnc kn`t|j dn cg |nd g|i{tjk|çtikg jkkidn`tgc. Rn|j kj` cg o~n|tn dn Ugcn`tiìg`j# n` nc g÷j ;=># cg

rc~tjk|gkig {n`gtj|igc |nk~rn|û r|jm|n{iugon`tn nc kg|mj iorn|igc dn og`j{ dnc nhé|kitj y kj` kinmj nmjï{ojrgt|ikij dn{t|jxû m|gd~gcon`tn tjdj nc grg|gtj dnen`{iuj w~n fglïg kj`{tit~idj cg r|njk~rgkiû` e~`dgon`tgc dncj{ norn|gdj|n{ oicitg|n{ dn{dn Dijkcnkig`j. Cg nug{iû` ei{kgc y cg `nmgtiug gc |nkc~tgoin`tj ej|xj{j fglïg`

>< * 7>2



|nmij`n{ e|j`tn|ixg{ fglïg kjcogdj m|gd~gcon`tn nc gli{oj w~n nvi{tïg n`t|n golg{# g~`w~n tjdguïg {~l{i{tin|gn` o~kfj{ g{rnktj{ iorj|tg`tn{5. Dn cg kjci{iû` y e~{iû` dn golg{ n` {~ kgtgkci{oj ei`gc fgl|ïg dn {~|mi|# n`øctioj té|oi`j# nc en~dgci{oj.

5 N` `~n{t|j {imcj# y kjoj |ngkkiû` kj`t|g cg{ kj`knrkij`n{ t|gdikij`gcn{# fg nvi{tidj gcm~`g{ unkn{ n`t|n cj{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ cg tn`dn`kig gnvgmn|g| nc m|gdj dn cg {iolij{i{ r|nuig n`t|n golj{ o~`dj{. ^` nhnorcj nvt|noj n{ cg tn{i{ dn Rj|{f`nu# {nmø` cg k~gc tjdg cgiè|gn{t|~kt~|g |jog`g {n lg{glg n` cg og`j dn jl|g n{kcgug dn cj{ kg~tiuj{ lç|lg|j{# y# rj| tg`tj# golj{ {i{tnog{ {jkigcn{ n{tglg`

dn{dn nc kjoin`xj n{t|~kt~|gcon`tn cimgdj{8 cg{ g{golcng{ dn m~n||n|j{ dn cj{ r|ion|j{ r~nlcj{ mn|oçìkj{ {n|ïg` {iorcnon`tn cg|n{r~n{tg dnen`{iug g cg{ nvrndikij`n{ |jog`g{ n` l~{kg dn n{kcguj{. Dn gk~n|dj kj` n{tg kj`knrkiû`# nc Iorn|ij [inor|n ej|oû ~`g¡~ìdgd kjorcnhg y g`tgmûìkg± kj` {~ rn|ien|ig lç|lg|g. Uég{n L. E. Rj|{f`nu# Enjdgcixo i @g|jdì Og{{in# Oj{kø# 7954# rr. >72/<.N{tg jriìû` nvgmn|g n`j|onon`tn nc rgrnc dn cg og`j dn jl|g n{kcgug n` nc Iorn|ij tg|dïj y r|jrj|kiû` dn n{kcguj{ t|gïdj{ dnc cion{ mn|oçìkj i`kc~{j g kjoin`xj{ dnc Iorn|ij.

QRçm. 772_

<. CG[ I@UG[IJ@N[

Cg{ iùg{ij`n{ mn|oçìkg{ w~n g{jcg|j` nc Iorn|ij dn Jkkidn`tn t~uin|j` c~mg| dj{ eg{n{ {~kn{iug{# kgdg ~`g dncg{ k~gcn{ {im~iû ~` ojdncj y ~`g di|nkkiû` dien|n`tn{. Cg r|ion|g m|g` jcngdg kjon`xû kj` cg t|g{kn`dn`tgcog|kfg rj| cj{ fincj{ dnc \i` dn ~`g i`kin|tg kjèndn|gkiû` dn {~nuj{# uç`dgcj{ y gcg`j{ n` cg `jkfn iùn|`gc

dnc ;7 dn dikinol|n dnc g÷j 425. N` ~`j{ rjkj{ g÷j{# n` nc 472# cj{ ui{imjdj{ fglïg` {gw~ngdj \jog gc og`djdn Gcg|ikj. Dj{ dékgdg{ dn{r~é{# n` nc 4;9# cj{ uç`dgcj{ fglïg` tjogdj Kg|tgmj. N` nc 462 yg {n fglïgn{tglcnkidj n` nc g`tim~j {~ncj |jog`j nc r|ion|j y tj{kj {i{tnog dn N{tgdj{ lç|lg|j{8 cj{ l~|m~`dij{ n`[gljyg# cj{ ui{imjdj{ n` Gw~itgìg# cj{ uç`dgcj{ n` nc `j|tn dn Çe|ikg y cj{ j{t|jmjdj{ n` nc `j|tn dn Itgcig. Nckg|çktn| dn n{tg rg{oj{g i||~rkiû` iìkigc —w~n {~oiì{t|û g cg{ érjkg{ rj{tn|ij|n{ {~{ ioçmn n{ g|w~ntïrikg{dn cj{ kjoin`xj{ dn cg Ndgd J{k~|g— e~n# n` |ngcidgd# o~y kjorcnhj y kj`t|gdiktj|ij# rj|w~n e~n gc oi{ojtinorj nc gtgw~n oç{ |gdikgcon`tn dn{t|~ktj| dn cj{ r~nlcj{ mn|oçìkj{ kj`t|g nc Jkkidn`tn |jog`j y nc oç{kcg|gon`tn kj`{n|ugdj| n` {~ |n{rntj fgkig nc cnmgdj cgti`j. Cg ~ìdgd oicitg|# rjcïtikg y nkj`ûoikg dncIorn|ij dn Jkkidn`tn w~ndû i||nun|{ilcnon`tn dn{t|jxgdg. ^`j{ rjkj{ nhé|kitj{ |jog`j{ dn kjoitgtn`{n{ {jl|nuiuin|j` d~|g`tn gcm~`g{ dékgdg{ dn{r~é{ dn w~n e~n|g` lg||idg{ cg{ dnen`{g{ e|j`tn|ixg{ dn cj{ cioitg`ni 1rn|j# gi{cgdg{ y |jdngdg{ rj| tn||itj|ij{ djoi`gdj{ rj| cj{ lç|lg|j{# cg{ ljc{g{ oicitg|n{ g~tû`jog{ kjoj cg

Mgcig dnc @j|tn {ûcj {n|uïg` rg|g rj`n| dn ogìein{tj cg kjorcntg di{cjkgkiû` dnc {i{tnog iorn|igc n` k~g`tjtgc. Gfjmgdg j g cg dn|iug {~ gdoiì{t|gkiû` t|gdikij`gc# cg{ r|jui`kig{ kgyn|j` n` nc dn{j|dn` y cg kjè~{iû`n`déoikj{1 nc lg`didghn y cg |nlnciû` {jkigc {n gd~n÷g|j` dn m|g`dn{ xj`g{1 cg{ k~ct~|g{ cjkgcn{# g|kgikg{ yn`tn||gdg{# |n{~|mïg` g ondidg w~n cg rçti`g |jog`g {n gm|intglg n` cg{ |nmij`n{ oç{ |nojtg{. N` cg r|ion|goitgd dnc {imcj U# nc j|dn` iorn|igc fglïg {idj g{jcgdj rj| cg i||~rkiû` dn cj{ lç|lg|j{ n` tjdj nc Jkkidn`tn.

QRçm. 777_

Kj` tjdj# cg{ t|il~{ mn|oçìkg{ w~n fikin|j` rndgxj{ gc Iorn|ij jkkidn`tgc `j n|g` kgrgkn{ dn {~{tit~i|cj rj|~` j|dn` rjcïtikj `~nuj j kjfn|n`tn. Cg dien|n`kig n` ¡cj{ ìuncn{ dn gm~g± n`t|n golg{ kiuicixgkij`n{ n|gtjdguïg dnog{igdj m|g`dn y# rg|g ~ì|cg{# {n `nkn{itglg ~` kj`h~`tj g|tieikigc dn n{kc~{g{. Cj{ r~nlcj{/lç|lg|j{rn|tn`nkin`tn{ g cg r|ion|g {n|in dn iùg{ij`n{ t|ilgcn{# g rn{g| dn {~ r|jm|n{iug dien|n`kigkiû` {jkigc# n|g`tjdguïg ~`g{ kjo~ìdgdn{ nvt|nogdgon`tn r|ioitiug{ n i`kirin`tn{ k~g`dj i||~orin|j` n` nc Jkkidn`tn|jog`j. @i`m~`j dn nccj{ fglïg kj`jkidj hgoç{ ~` N{tgdj tn||itj|igc d~|gdn|j1 n` cj |ncimij{j# tjdj{ n|g`g`kn{t|gcon`tn rgmg`j{1 cg ogyj| rg|tn kg|nkïg` dn n{k|it~|g1 rjkj{ rj{nïg` ~` {i{tnog dn r|jrindgd g|tik~cgdjj n{tglicixgdj. Cg ej|t~itg kj`w~i{tg dn ug{tg{ nvtn`{ij`n{ dé cg{ g`tim~g{ r|jui`kig{ |jog`g{ cn{ r|n{n`tû`gt~|gcon`tn ~`g {n|in dn r|jlcnog{ i`{jc~lcn{ dn gr|jrigkiû` y gdoiì{t|gkiû` iòndigtg{. N{tg{ dieik~ctgdn{i`t|ï`{nkg{ {n i`tn`{ieikg|j` g kg~{g dn cg rg~tg mnjm|çeikg {nm~idg rj| cg r|ion|g jcngdg dn iùg{ij`n{. Rj|w~nn` n{tg{ Uõcan|}g`dn|~`mn` r|jrigon`tn dikfg{ —w~n g on`~dj e~n|j` iòn`{g{ rn|nm|i`gkij`n{ g t|gué{ dntjdj nc kj`ti`n`tn— nc g{n`tgoin`tj ei`gc dn kgdg r~nlcj lç|lg|j w~ndû o~y cnhj{ dn {~ r~`tj dn rg|tidg. Cj{ui{imjdj{ {n t|g{cgdg|j` dn{dn cj{ Lgckg`n{ g N{rg÷g1 cj{ j{t|jmjdj{ dn{dn ^k|gìg g Itgcig1 cj{ uç`dgcj{ dn{dn[icn{ig g T~ìkig1 cj{ l~|m~`dij{ dn{dn Rjon|gìg g [gljyg. @j f~lj ì`mø` kg{j dn ~`g kjo~ìdgd lç|lg|gw~n {n cioitg|g g jk~rg| cg{ tin||g{ |jog`g{ di|nktgon`tn kj`tim~g{ g {~ j|imi`g|ig |nmiû` dn |n{idn`kig. Nc

|n{~ctgdj e~n w~n cj{ m|~rj{ dn kjcj`j{ mn|og`j{ n` nc {~| dn E|g`kig# Fi{rgìg# Itgcig y nc `j|tn dn Çe|ikgt~uin|j` dn{dn nc r|i`kirij ~` `øon|j `nkn{g|igon`tn |nd~kidj# dnlidj g cj{ cg|mj{ iti`n|g|ij{ |nkj||idj{ y g cgiorj{ilicidgd dn |nkili| |ne~n|xj{ rj| cg oim|gkiû` `gt~|gc7. Cj{ ior|jui{gdj{ di{rj{itiuj{ dn cj{ r|ion|j{

>5 * 7>2



N{tgdj{ lç|lg|j{ |necnhglg` n{tg {it~gkiû` dn |ncgtiug dnlicidgd

7 Nc øìkj dgtj dim`j dn kjèig`xg {jl|n nc ujc~on` dn cg{ r|ion|g{ iùg{ij`n{ n{ w~n cg kjo~ìdgd uç`dgcg# kj`tgdg rj| {~{ hnen{ g`tn{dn k|~xg| Çe|ikg dnc @j|tn# tn`ïg 62.222 oinol|j{# w~n ej|oglg` ~` nhé|kitj dn ~`j{ <2 g <>.222 fjol|n{8 uég{n K. Kj~|tji{# Cn{ ug`dgcn{ nt c’Ge|iw~n# Rg|ï{# 79>># rr. <7>/<7. Cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cj{ r~nlcj{ mn|oçìkj{ w~n i||~orin|j` rj| cg{ e|j`tn|g{ iorn|igcn{n` n{tg érjkg tn`ïg` r|jlglcnon`tn ~` tgog÷j {ioicg|# y {~{ nhé|kitj{ |g|g unx {~oglg` oç{ dn <2.222 fjol|n{. \~{{ncc n{tiog w~ngc|ndndj| dnc >22 d. K. cg oçviog rjlcgkiû` lç|lg|g rj{ilcn dn`t|j dnc g`tim~j Iorn|ij dn Jkkidn`tn `j g{kn`dïg g oç{ dn ~` oiccû`dn ~` tjtgc dn 75 oiccj`n{ dn fglitg`tn{. H. K. \~{{ncc# Rjr~cgtij` i` N~|jrn# >22/7>22# Cj`d|n{# 7959# r. <7.

QRçm. 77<_

y gi{cgoin`tj. N` kj`{nk~n`kig# {n grjyglg` e~n|tnon`tn n` cg{ r|nnvi{tn`tn{ n{t|~kt~|g{ iorn|igcn{# w~n dnej|og rg|gdûhikg kj`{n|ug|j`# {inor|n w~n e~n {~lhntiugon`tn rj{ilcn# n` kjoli`gkiû` kj` {~{ nw~iugcn`tn{mn|oçìkj{ rg|g ej|og| ~` {i{tnoçtikj d~gci{oj i`{tit~kij`gc.

Nc r|ion|j y oç{ t|g{kn`dn`tgc r|jlcnog w~n cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ t~uin|j` w~n dnkidi| dn{r~é{ dn {~{ uiktj|ig{ n`nc kgorj dn lgtgccg e~n nc dn cg di{rj{ikiû` nkj`ûoikg dn cg tin||g. Cg {jc~kiû` `j|ogcon`tn gdjrtgdg e~n ~òjdncj {ioicg| gc dn cg{ g`tn|ij|n{ r|çktikg{ |jog`g{# rg|tik~cg|on`tn egoicig|n{ g cj{ {jcdgdj{ mn|og`j{# y# gcoi{oj tinorj# ~`g |~rt~|g |gdikgc kj` nc rg{gdj t|ilgc# j|in`tç`dj{n fgkig ~` e~t~|j {jkigc kcg|gon`tn

dien|n`kigdj. Cj{ ui{imjdj{# l~|m~`dij{ y j{t|jmjdj{ ior~{in|j` g cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ cjkgcn{ |jog`j{ nc|émion` dn cg fj{ritgcitg{ . Dn|iugdj dnc g`tim~j {i{tnog iorn|igc dn gcjhgoin`tj# n` nc w~n fglïg` rg|tikirgdjo~kfj{ on|kn`g|ij{ mn|og`j{# kj`kndïg g cj{ ¡f~é{rndn{± lç|lg|j{ dj{ tn|kij{ dn cg nvtn`{iû` k~ctiugdg dn cg{m|g`dn{ ei`kg{ n` Lj|mj÷g y Gw~itgìg y ~` tn|kij n` Itgcig# k~yj ogyj| tgog÷j mcjlgc rn|oitïg w~n {n cn{g{im`g|g ~`g rg|tn on`j| dn cg{ uiccgn i`diuid~gcn{ y dj`dn# gdnoç{# cg{ ei`kg{ w~n `j n{t~uin{n` diuididg{rgmglg` ~` ior~n{tj n{rnkigc rg|g im~gcg| nc {i{tnog. Nc fj{rn{ l~|m~`dij |nkilïg tgolié` ~` tn|kij dn cj{n{kcguj{ |jog`j{ y cg oitgd dn cg{ tin||g{ ej|n{tgcn{<. N` Fi{rgìg# cj{ ui{imjdj{ tjog|ïg` oç{ tg|dn ~` tn|kijdn cg{ |n{n|ug{ {n÷j|igcn{ y dj{ tn|kij{ dn cg{ tn`n`kig{ n` tjdg{ cg{ ei`kg{. ^ìkgon`tn n` Çe|ikg dnc @j|tn# cj{uç`dgcj{ {n cioitg|j` g nvr|jrig| gc m|~n{j dn cg `jlcnxg cjkgc y dn cg Imcn{ig# {i` ì`mø` tirj dn kjor|joi{j{ jkj`kn{ij`n{# jrkiû` w~n g cg|mj rcgxj cn{ kj{tg|ïg o~y kg|g. Cg di{t|il~kiû` dn tin||g{ lghj nc {i{tnog dn¡fj{ritgcidgd± r|jlglcnon`tn genktû o~y rjkj g cg n{t|~kt~|g dn cg {jkindgd |jog`g cjkgc8 dgdj nc rnw~n÷j`øon|j dn kj`w~i{tgdj|n{ lç|lg|j{# cg{ {j|tn{ j rg|kncg{ w~n {n cn{ g{im`glg` `~`kg glg|kg|j` oç{ w~n g ~`grg|tn dn cj{ tn||itj|ij{ {it~gdj{ lghj {~ djoiìj. @j|ogcon`tn# n{tn djoiìj n{tglg o~y kj`kn`t|gdj dnlidj g{~ tnoj| g cg di{rn|{iû` oicitg| dn{r~é{ dn cg jk~rgkiû`8 cj{ g{n`tgoin`tj{ gm|~rgdj{ dn cj{ j{t|jmjdj{ n` ncugccn dnc Rj kj`{tit~yn|j` ~` ojdncj tïrikj @j fgy ì`m~`g {n÷gc dn w~n cg diui{iû` dn cg{ m|g`dn{ ei`kg{

< Cg dn{k|irkiû` oç{ kjorcntg dn cj{ diun|{j{ kjùnìj{ dn fj{ritgcitg{ n{ cg dn E. Cjt# ¡D~ |émion dn c’fj{ritgcité±# \nk~nic dn{ t|gug~v fi{tj|iw~n{ dn En|di`g`d Cjt # Mi`nl|g# 79=2# rr. 5;/991 uég{n tgolié` Hj`n{# Tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# II# rr. <49/>;1 III# r. 45.

QRçm. 77;_

t|jrnxg|g kj` ~`g |n{i{tn`kig uijcn`tg rj| rg|tn dn cj{ r|jrintg|ij{ cgti`j{. Rj| cj dnoç{# {~ nenktj {jl|n cg{kjo~ìdgdn{ mn|oçìkg{ t~uj w~n {n| `nkn{g|igon`tn o~y d|ç{tikj# rj|w~n cg{ {j|tn{ `j {n g{im`glgì`di{ti`tgon`tn g cj{ m~n||n|j{ mn|oçìkj{ |nkié` ccnmgdj{. Gc kj`t|g|ij# n` tjdj{ cj{ rgktj{ n`t|n |jog`j{ ylç|lg|j{ {jl|n cg{ diui{ij`n{ dn cg{ tin||g{ w~n fg` ccnmgdj fg{tg `j{jt|j{ i`tn|uin`n` øìkgon`tn dj{ rn|{j`g{8nc tn||gtnìn`tn r|jui`kigc y ~` mn|og`j# g~`w~n rj{tn|ij|on`tn cg{ {j|tn{ e~n|j` k~ctiugdg{ n` |ngcidgd rj|kin|tj `øon|j dn mn|og`j{. Rg|nkn r|jlglcn# rj| tg`tj# w~n {n gr|jrig|g` dn cg{ tin||g{ cj{ jrtiogtn{ dn cj{kcg`n{ w~n iòndigtgon tn g{n`tglg` n` nccg{ g cj{ fjol|n{ dn {~{ t|il~{ kjoj g||n`dgtg|ij{ j# rj{ilcnon`tn#kjoj rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{ rjl|n{;. [jkigcon`tn# cj{ r|ion|j{ {n kjùi|tin|j` dn mjcrn n` cj{ im~gcn{ dn cgg|i{tjk|gkig r|jui`kigc# oin`t|g{ w~n cj{ øctioj{ kgyn|j` di|nktg j i`di|nktgon`tn lghj {~ dnrn dn`kignkj`ûoikg. N{tn r|jkn{j —{ûcj tg`mn`kigcon`tn ui{ilcn g rg|ti| dn cj{ djk~on`tj{ dn cg érjkg— e~n oitimgdj{i` d~dg rj| cj{ |nk~n|dj{ tjdguïg |nkin`tn{ dnc im~gcitg|i{oj ej|n{tgc y rj| cg `gt~|gcnxg g|ogdg dn tjdg cgkjo~ìdgd iùg{j|g# w~n mg|g`tixglg gc m~n||n|j j|di`g|ij {~ kj`dikiû` dn cil|n. Iìkigcon`tn# cg{ {j|tn{ `je~n|j` r|jrindgd rcn`g j fn|nditg|ig# y cj{ {jcdgdj{ dnc kjoø` w~n cg{ k~ctiuglg` kj`{n|ug|j` r|jlglcnon`tn cgogyj| rg|tn dn {~{ dn|nkfj{ kj`{~nt~di`g|ij{. Rn|j cg cûmikg dnc {i{tnog n|g nuidn`tn8 gc kglj dn ~`g

mn`n|gkiû`# gr|jviogdgon`tn# yg {n fglïg kj`{jcidgdj {jl|n cg tin||g ~`g g|i{tjk|gkig mn|oçìkg# kj` ~`kgorn{i`gdj dnrn`din`tn {it~gdj rj| dnlghj dn nccg n i`kc~{j n` gcm~`j{ kg{j{ kj` n{kcguj{ i`dïmn`g{ 4. Cgn{t|gtieikgkiû` dn kcg{n{ k|i{tgcixû |çridgon`tn ~`g unx w~n cg{ endn|gkij`n{ t|ilgcn{ dn kg|çktn| `ûogdg {n

>= * 7>2



g{n`tg|j` tn||itj|igcon`tn dn`t|j dn cg{ g`tim~g{ e|j`tn|g{ iorn|igcn{.

Cg nujc~kiû` rjcïtikg dn cj{ r~nlcj{ mn|oçìkj{ dn{r~é{ dn

; N{tg n{ cg |nkj`{t|~kkiû` dn Tfjor{j`8 ¡Tfn Ui{imjtf{ e|jo E|itimn|` tj N~|ik±# Fi{tj|ig# ujc. VII# 795;# rr. 7<2/7# w~n n{ nc oç{gm~dj dn cj{ |nkin`tn{ g`çci{i{ dn cg{ kj`{nk~n`kig{ {jkigcn{ dn n{j{ g{n`tgoin`tj{. Lcjkf k|nïg w~n cg{ {j|tn{ {n di{t|il~ïg`# dn`t|j dn cgkjo~ìdgd t|ilgc# rj| |g`mj{ y dn ej|og dn{im~gc# g rg|ti| dn ~` e~`dj kjor~n{tj rj| tjdg{ cg{ tin||g{ kjèi{kgdg{# k|ng`dj g{ï# dn{dn ncr|i`kirij# m|g`dn{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ mn|oçìkj{ y rnw~n÷j{ kgorn{i`j{ oç{ w~n g||n`dgtg|ij{ dnrn`din`tn{1 rn|j# g~`w~n n{tg firûtn{i{ {ngkj||nktg# nc |n{~ctgdj ei`gc r|jlglcnon`tn `j fgl|ïg {idj o~y dien|n`tn8 Oécg`mn{ Fi{tj|iw~n{ # I# rr. 7;4/>.4 N. G. Tfjor{j`# ¡Tfn Lg|lg|ig` ai`mdjo{ i` Mg~c g`d [rgi`±# @jtti`mfgo Ondignugc [t~din{ # UII# 795;# r. 77.

QRçm. 774_

cg{ iùg{ij`n{ kjèi|oû y |necnhû n{j{ kgolij{ nkj`ûoikj{. Cg ej|ogkiû` dnc N{tgdj n|g gfj|g i`nc~ktglcn y#kj` éc# cg g~tj|idgd kn`t|gc kjn|kitiug {jl|n cg kjo~ìdgd dn m~n||n|j{ cil|n{. Nc rg{j dn ~`g g jt|j {nkj`{im~iû# n` gcm~`j{ kg{j{# øìkgon`tn dn{r~é{ dn cg|mg{ y tj|t~j{g{ kjù~c{ij`n{ i`tn|`g{. Cg nujc~kiû`rjcïtikg dn cj{ ui{imjdj{ g ondidg w~n {n gl|ïg` rg{j rj| N~|jrg# dn{dn Gd|ig`ûrjci{ fg{tg Tj~cj~{n# n`t|n cj{g÷j{ ;=> y 47=# n{ ~`g {nk~n`kig m|çeikg dn tgcn{ nri{jdij{# n` cj{ w~n ~` rjdn| |ngc g~tj|itg|ij —gktiugon`tngy~dgdj y eguj|nkidj rj| cg{ ièc~n`kig{ |jog`g{— g{nm~|û m|gd~gcon`tn {~ djoiìj {jl|n ~`g t~|l~cn`tg

{jcdgdn{kg t|ilgc# fg{tg w~n kj` cg ccnmgdg g Gw~itgìg# c~mg| dn dn{kg`{j tnorj|gc# r~dj gei|og|{n rj| ei` ~`N{tgdj di`ç{tikj i`{tit~kij`gcixgdj dn`t|j dnc og|kj iorn|igc>. Nc ¡Cil|j dn cg{ Kj`{tit~kij`n{± oj`ç|w~ikj#r|jo~cmgdj rj| nc `~nuj |ni`j dn Lj|mj÷g rjkj dn{r~é{# e~n kj`{gm|gdj rj| ~` rnw~n÷j m|~rj dn ;7 `jlcn{r|i`kirgcn{# k~yg g~tj|idgd fglïg ncioi`gdj yg dn ej|og ogìein{tg tjdj ièc~hj rjr~cg| n` cg{ cnyn{ dn cgkjo~ìdgd t|ilgc. Nc N{tgdj uç`dgcj dn Çe|ikg {n kjùi|tiû n` cg oç{ iorcgkglcn g~tjk|gkig# dnlicitgdgøìkgon`tn rj| ~` {i{tnog {~kn{j|ij nvknrkij`gcon`tn ior|ndnkilcn n i`{ûcitj 5. Y g{ï kjoj nc r|jynktjnkj`ûoikj dn cj{ r|ion|j{ g{n`tgoin`tj{ mn|oçìkj{ {n lg{glg n` ~` |nrg|tj ej|ogc dn cg{ tin||g{ |jog`g{# g{ïtgolié` cg ej|og rjcïtikg y h~|ïdikg dn cj{ `~nuj{ N{tgdj{ mn|oçìkj{ n{tglg e~`dgdg n` ~` d~gci{oj jeikigcw~n gdoiì{t|gtiug y cnmgcon`tn diuidïg gc |ni`j n` dj{ û|dn`n{ di{ti`tj{ r|~nlg nuidn`tn dn cg i`kgrgkidgd dncj{ iùg{j|n{ rg|g djoi`g| g cg uinhg {jkindgd y j|mgìxg| ~` {i{tnog rjcïtikj `~nuj y kjfn|n`tn w~n cgglg|kg|g. Cj{ |ni`j{ mn|oçìkj{ kg|gktn|ï{tikj{ dn n{tg eg{n n|g` tjdguïg oj`g|w~ïg{ |~dion`tg|ig{# kjì`{nm~|g{ `j|og{ {~kn{j|ig{# w~n {n lg{glg` n` cj{ k~n|rj{ dn cg m~g|dig |ngc j n` cj{ {éw~itj{ djoé{tikj{ =#{it~gdj{ g oitgd dn kgoi`j n`/

> Tfjor{j`# ¡Tfn Ui{imjtf{ e|jo E|itimn|` tj N~|ik±# rr. 72>/<5# je|nkn ~`g gdoi|glcn dn{k|irkiû` dn n{tn kjorcikgdj iti`n|g|ijmnjrjcïtikj.5 Rg|g nc r|jkn{j dn t|g`{ikiû` dn cj{ uç`dgcj{ dn{dn ~` t|ilgci{oj kj`kicig| g ~`g g~tjk|gkig |ngc# jl{tgk~cixgdg rj| nc {i{tnog {~kn{j|ijtgì{t|y# uég{n Kj~|tji{# Cn{ ug`dgcn{ nt c’Ge|iw~n# rr. <;4/46.= Cg k|nn`kig t|gdikij`gc n` cg nvi{tn`kig mn`n|gcixgdg dn {éw~itj{ mn|oçìkj{ fg{tg cg Gctg Ndgd Ondig fg {idj d~|gon`tn gtgkgdg rj|Fg`{ A~f`# ¡Din M|n`xn` dn| mn|ogì{kfn` Mnejcm{kfget±# Xnit{kf|iet dn| [guim y/[tiet~`m eó| \nkf{tmn{kfikftn &Mn|ogì{ti{kfnGltnic~`m)# CVVVUI# 79>5# rr. 7/6;# w~n gei|og# grjyç`dj{n gorcigon`tn n` r|~nlg{ eicjcûmikg{# w~é cj{ {éw~itj{ iil|n{ r|jrigon`tndikfj{ e~n|j` ~` en`ûon`j |ncgtiugon`tn |g|j# iìkigcon`tn cioitgdj gc {~| dn Gcnogìg# y `j dnln` kjè~`di|{n kj` cj{ {n|uidj|n{oicitg|n{ j cil|n{ j Din`{toä``n| # w~n n` {~

QRçm. 77>_

t|n cj{ {nk~gkn{ rn|{j`gcn{ dnc rg{gdj t|ilgc y cj{ `jlcn{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ dnc e~t~|j en~dgc. Dnlghj dn é{tj{ {n{it~glg` cj{ m~n||n|j{ y kgorn{i j{ dnc kjoø`# |n{idn`kigcon`tn {nm|nmgdj{# dj`dn n|g rj{ilcn —yn{rnkigcon`tn n` cg{ ki~dgdn{—# dnc |n{tj dn cg rjlcgkiû`.

Cg kjo~ìdgd |jog`g# rj| {~ rg|tn# kj`{n|uû `j|ogcon`tn {~ n{t|~kt~|g gdoiì{t|gtiug# kj` {~{ ~ìdgdn{ ye~`kij`g|ij{ kj`dgcn{# y {~ r|jrij {i{tnog h~|ïdikj# dn{norn÷gdj{ golj{ rj| cg kcg{n tn||gtnìn`tn dn cg{r|jui`kig{. N{tn d~gci{oj {n dn{g||jccû {jl|n tjdj n` cg Itgcig j{t|jmjdg# dj`dn {n y~vtgr~{in|j` ~` grg|gtjoicitg| mn|oçìkj y ~`g l~|jk|gkig kiuic |jog`g d~|g`tn nc mjlin|`j dn Tnjdj|ikj# w~n kj`{n|uû cg ogyj| rg|tndnc cnmgdj dn cg gdoi i{t|gkiû` iorn|igc. @j|ogcon tn# {~l{i{tin|j` dj{ kûdimj{ cnmgcn{ dien|n tn{#|n{rnktiugon tn grcikglcn{ g kgdg rjlcgkiû`8 ~` dn|nkfj mn|oç ikj dn|iugdj dn cg{ t|gdikij`n{

kj`{~nt~di`g|ig{ &o~ctg{ tg|iegdg{# h~|gdj{# uï`k~cj{ dn rg|n`tn{kj# h~|gon`tj{) y ~` dn|nkfj |jog`j w~n {nog`t~uj r|çktikgon`tn {i` kgolij{ dn{dn nc Iorn|ij. Cj{ {i{tnog{ cnmgcn{ mn|oçìkj{ oj{t|glg` g on`~dje~n|tn{ ièc~n`kig{ cgti`g{# i`nuitglcn{ ~`g unx w~n cg{ kj{t~ol|n{ j|gcn{ {n kjùi|tin|j` n` kûdimj{ n{k|itj{8 n`nc {imcj U# cj{ l~|m~`dij{ y cj{ ui{imjdj{ tjog|j` `~on|j{j{ ncnon`tj{ dnc kûdimj iorn|igc dn Tnjdj{ij II 6.

>6 * 7>2



Rj| jt|g rg|tn# nc n{rï|it~ dn n{tj{ ncnon`tj{ n|g mn`n|gcon`tn fj{tic g cj{ r|i`kirij{ dn rg|n`tn{kj y dn kcgì`{n|tj{ n` cg{ g`tim~g{ t|gdikij`n{ lç|/

jriìû` n{tglg` o~kfj oç{ nvtn`didj{. [i` nolg|mj# nc r|jrij A~f` ugkicg g`tn nc r|jlcnog dn {i cj{ {éw~itj{ t|ilgcn{ nvi{tin|j`d~|g`tn cg{ Uõcan|}g`dn|~`mn` # y ei gcon tn rg|nkn gdoiti| {~ r|n{n`kig &kjorç|n {n rr. 7>/75# 79/<2# =9# 6;). N` |ngcidgd# ncr|jlcnog dn cg Mnejcm{kfget `j r~ndn |n{jcun|{n un|dgdn|gon`tn |nk~||in`dj g cg eicjcjmïg8 nc oi{oj té|oi`j n{ dn gk~÷gkiû ojdn|`g.Cg ior~|nxg dn {~{ ej|og{ n|g i`fn|n`tn g cg i`n{tglicidgd dn cg{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ t|ilgcn{ w~n grg|nkin|j` n` Mn|ogìg g`tn{ ydn{r~é{ dn cg{ iùg{ij`n{8 cj{ {n|uidj|n{ `j cil|n{# k~yj{ rj{tn|ij|n{ dn{kn`din`tn{ e~n|j` cj{ oiì{tn|igcn{ ondinugcn{# r~din|j` dg| rg{jg {nm~idj|n{ cil|n{ kj` dn{rcgxgoin`tj{ n` cg{ |ncgkij`n{ {jkigcn{# y uiknun|{g. Cg{ ki|k~`{tg`kig{ dn cg érjkg rn|oitïg` e|nk~n`tnon`tnrjkg r|nki{iû` ntiojcûmikg j h~|ïdikg n` cg dneiìkiû` dn cj{ m|~rj{ g|ogdj{ w~n |jdnglg` g cj{ {~kn{iuj{ hnen{ t|ilgcn{. @gt~|gcon`tn#cg tn||itj|igcixgkiû` rjcïtikg w~n {im~iû g cg{ iùg{ij`n{ r|jd~hj# g {~ unx# oç{ j|mgì{oj{ oivtj{ y dn t|g`{ikiû` dnc tirj g||ilg n{ljxgdj.Rg|g ~`g uimj|j{g |ne~tgkiû` dn cg{ tn{i{ dn A~f`# uég{n ]gctn| [kfcn{i`mn|# ¡\g`dlnon|a~`mn` x~ d|ni G~e{ätxn` óln| [irrn#Mnejcm{kfget ~`d T|n~n±# Lnit|ämn x~| dn~t{kfn` Un|eg{{~`m{mn{kfikftn dn{ Oittncgctn|{ # ujc~on` I# Mjti`mg# 795;# rr. <95/;75.6 H. O. ]gccgkn/Fgd|iic# Tfn Lg|lg|ig` ]n{t# 422/7222# Cj`d|n{# 795=# rçmi`g ;<.

QRçm. 775_

lg|g{8 cg g~tj|idgd dn n{tj{ `~nuj{ N{tgdj{ oj`ç|w~ikj{ t~uj w~n kj`{t|~i|{n kj`t|g nc ièc~hj tn`gx dn n{tg{rg~tg{ dn rg|n`tn{kj oç{ g`tim~g{9. Gc oi{oj tinorj# f~lj rjkg{ j `~cg{ tn`tgtiug{ dn gctn|g| cg cnmgcidgdn{t|iktgon`tn cgti`g w~n |nmïg cg uidg dn cg rjlcgkiû` |jog`g. G{ï# n` o~kfj{ g{rnktj{ cg{ n{t|~kt~|g{ h~|ïdikg{

y rjcïtikg{ dn \jog w~ndg|j` i`tgktg{ dn`t|j dn n{tj{ r|ion|j{ |ni`j{ lç|lg|j{# yg w~n {~{ lg{tg|dj{ kj||ncgtj{mn|oçìkj{ {n g÷gdin|j` on|gon`tn g {~ cgdj. Cg rg~tg idnjcûmikg e~n {ioicg|. Tjdj{ cj{ m|g`dn{ iùg{j|n{mn|oçìkj{ n|g` tjdguïg rgmg`j{ n` uï{rn|g{ dn {~ i||~rkiû` n` nc Iorn|ij 72. Cg j|mgìxgkiû` {jkigc t|ilgc n|gi`{nrg|glcn dn cg |ncimiû` t|ilgc. Nc rg{j rjcïtikj g ~` {i{tnog tn||itj|igc dn N{tgdj{ e~n im~gcon`tn gkjorg÷gdjdn ej|og iùg|iglcn rj| cg kjùn|{iû` idnjcûmikg gc k|i{tigì{oj# w~n n` tjdj{ cj{ kg{j{ rg|nkn fgln|{nr|jd~kidj ~`g mn`n|gkiû` dn{r~é{ dnc k|~kn iìkigc dn cg{ e|j`tn|g{. N{tn fnkfj `j e~n nc e|~tj dnc kncjoi{ij`n|j dn cg Imcn{ig kgtûcikg# w~n im`j|û j dn{dn÷û g cj{ |nkié` ccnmgdj{ gc Iorn|ij 77# {i`j cg jl|g jlhntiug dncr|jkn{j |nojdncgdj| dnc r|jrij t|g{rcg`tn# k~yj {im`j i`tn|ij| e~n ~` kgolij dn en. Cg |ncimiû` k|i{tig`gkj`{gm|glg nc glg`dj`j dnc o~`dj {~lhntiuj dn cg kjo~ìdgd kiçìkg8 ~` j|dn` diui`j oç{ gorcij n|g nckjorcnon`tj n{ri|it~gc dn ~`g g~tj|idgd tn||n`gc oç{ {ûcidg. Tgolié` n` n{tn kg{j cg r|ion|g jcngdg dniùg{j|n{ mn|oçìkj{ |nr|jd~hj cg oi{og onxkcg dn |n{rntj y di{tg`kigoin`tj fgkig cg{ i`{tit~kij`n{ dnc

Iorn|ij. Cj{ iùg{j|n{ gdjrtg|j` ~`çìonon`tn nc g||igì{oj# y `j cg j|tjdjvig kgtûcikg# y g{nm~|g|j` n`kj`{nk~n`kig {~ di{ti`tg idn`tidgd |ncimij{g dn`t|j dnc kjoø` ~ìun|{j dnc k|i{tigì{oj. Cg

9 Tfjor{j`# ¡Tfn Lg|lg|ig` ai`mdjo{ i` Mg~c g`d [rgi`±# rr. 7>/75# <2.72 Ujmt ìnmg n{tj n` Tfn dnkci`n je \jon# rr. <76/<2. Rn|j cg{ r|~nlg{ gk~o~cgdg{ rj| Tfjor{j` n` {~ n`{gyj ¡Kf|i{tigìty g`d tfn@j|tfn|` Lg|lg|ig`{±# n` G. Ojoimcig`j &kjor.)# Tfn kjècikt lnt}nn` rgmgì{o g`d Kf|i{tigìty i` tfn ej~|tf kn`t~|y # Jvej|d# 795;#rr. >5/=6# rg|nkn` kjùi`kn`tn{. N` n{tg érjkg# cg øìkg nvknrkiû` rg|nkn fgln| {idj nc n{kg{j kj`ti`mn`tn dn |~mij{ kjùn|tidj{ n` cgLghg G~{t|ig g`tn{ dnc g÷j 46<.77 Cg r|ntn`{iû` dn Ojoimcig`j dn w~n ~`g dn cg{ |gxj`n{ dn cg iorj|tg`kig dnc k|i{tigì{oj n` nc tg|dïj Iorn|ij |jog`j e~n w~n tn`ïg~` r|jm|gog rg|g i`tnm|g| g cj{ lç|lg|j{ rj| ondij dn cg kjùn|{iû`# oin`t|g{ w~n nc rgmgì{oj kcç{ikj {ûcj je|nkïg cg nvkc~{iû`# rg|nknr~|g eg tg{ïg8 Tfn kjècikt lnt}nn` rgmgì{o g`d Kf|i{tigìty i` tfn ej~|tf kn`t~|y# rr. 74/>. N` |ngcidgd# cg Imcn{ig kgtûcikg `j fixjr|çktikgon tn i`m~`g cglj| r|j{nciti{tg jeikigc n`t|n cj{ r~nlcj{ mn|oçìkj{ n` n{tg{ enkfg{.

QRçm. 77=_

kj`{nk~n`kig e~n ~`g Imcn{ig mn|oçìkg ¡rg|gcncg± g cg Imcn{ig |jog`g n` tjdj{ cj{ r|ion|j{ |ni`j{ lç|lg|j{.@j {n r|jd~hj ì`m~`g rn|{nk~kiû` g||ig`g kj`t|g cg ogyj|ïg dn cg rjlcgkiû` kgtûcikg# nvknrtj n` nc Çe|ikguç`dgcg# dj`dn {n fglïg nvr|jrigdj g cg g`tim~g g|i{tjk|gkig y |nr|ioidj kj` e~n|xg g cg Imcn{ig. N` jt|g{ rg|tn{#cg{ dj{ en{ kjnvi{tin|j` rgkïeikgon`tn# y d~|g`tn nc {imcj U mn`n|gcon`tn e~n oïìoj nc r|j{nciti{oj n`t|ngolg{ kjo~ìdgdn{. N{ oç{# cj{ j{t|jmjdj{ n` Itgcig y cj{ ui{imjdj{ n` Fi{rgìg fikin|j` cnmgcon`tn dieïkicrg|g cj{ |jog`j{ cg gdjrkiû` dn {~ r|jrij k|ndj g||ig`j kj` jlhntj dn g{nm~|g| cg {nrg|gkiû` dn golg{rjlcgkij`n{7<. Nc g||igì{oj mn|oçìkj `j e~n ì ej|t~itj ì gm|n{iuj1 e~n# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# ~` {ïoljcj dn{nrg|gkiû` dn`t|j dn ~`g kin|tg ~ìdgd gknrtgdg.

Nc iorgktj nkj`ûoikj# rjcïtikj n idnjcûmikj dn cg r|ion|g jcngdg dn i ug{ij`n{ lç|lg|g{ w~ndû g{ï

|ncgtiugon`tn cioitgdj n` {~ gckg`kn rj{itiuj ~`g unx w~n f~lj k~coi`gdj cg r|ion|g n i||nun|{ilcn dnojcikiû`dn cg{ dnen`{g{ iorn|igcn{. Kj`{kin`tn{ dn cg di{rg|idgd n`t|n cj w~n fglïg` dn{t|~idj y cj w~n rjdïg` kj`{t|~i|#cg ogyj|ïg dn cj{ di|imn`tn{ mn|og`j{ {n geg`g|j` rj| |n{tg~|g| cg ogyj| rg|tn rj{ilcn dn cj{ ndieikij{ |jog`j{

>9 * 7>2



w~n iìkigcon`tn fglïg` dn||ilgdj. Nc ogyj| dn n{j{ di|imn`tn{# nc j{t|jmjdj Tnjdj|ikj# k|nû n` Itgcig ~òntik~cj{j kj`djoiìj gdoiì{t|gtiuj# gdj|`û {~ kgritgc# rgt|jki`û nc g|tn y cg eicj{jeïg rj{kcç{ikj{ y di|imiû cg{|ncgkij`n{ nvtn|ij|n{ dn gk~n|dj kj` ~` t|gdikij`gc n{ticj iorn|igc. N` mn n|gc# n{tj{ |ni`j{ lç|lg|j{ojdieikg|j` cg{ n{t|~kt~|g{ {jkigcn{# nkj`ûoikg{ y k~ct~|gcn{ dnc tg|dïj o~`dj |jog`j dn ej|og |ncgtiugon`tncioitgdg y oç{ rj| ei{iû` w~n rj| e~{iû`. [imìeikgtiugon`tn# {n og`t~uj cg n{kcguit~d gm|ïkjcg n` m|g` n{kgcgh~`tj kj` cg{ jt|g{ i`{tit~kij`n{ |~|gcn{ lç{ikg{ dnc Iorn|ij dn Jkkidn`tn# i`kc~yn`dj nc kjcj`gtj. Cj{ `~nuj{`jlcn{ mn|oçìkj{ `j oj{t|g|j`# cûmikgon`tn# ì`m~`g {iorgtïg rj| cj{ lgmg~dn{ # y n` jkg{ij`n{ e~n|j`~ticixgdj{ rj| cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ |jog`j{# w~n gfj|g n|g` {~{ im~gcn{ {jkigcn{# rg|g ciw~idg|cj{. Øìkgon`tn ncøctioj di|imn`tn j{t|jmjdj Tjticg# nè|n`tgdj kj` cj{ uiktj|ij{j{ nhé|kitj{ lixg`ti`j{# |nk~||iû i` nvt|noi{ g cgnog`kirgkiû` dn cj{ n{kcguj{ n` Itgcig —cj w~n r|~nlg {~ iorj|tg`kig— rg|g kj`{nm~i| nc grjyj rjr~cg| n` ~ì`tn`tj ei`gc y dn{n{rn|gdj g`tn{ dn {~ dn{t|~kkiû`7;. Grg|tn dn n{tn fn/

7< N. G. Tfjor{j`# ¡Tfn kjùn|{ij` je tfn Ui{imjtf{ tj kgtfjciki{o±# @jtti`mfgo Ondignugc [t~din{ # IU# 7952# rr. ;2/71 Hj`n{# Tfncgtn| \jog` Nori|n# II# r. <5;.7; [g`tj Ogxxg|i`j# ¡[i r~ü rg|cg|n di |iujc~xij`n {jkigcn gccg ei`n dnc

QRçm. 776_

kfj gi{cgdj# cj{ uç`dgcj{# l~|m~`dij{# j{t|jmjdj{ y ui{imjdj{ kj`{n|ug|j` cg{ k~gd|iccg{ dn n{kcguj{ n` cg{

m|g`dn{ ei`kg{ dj`dn cj{ fglïg` n`kj`t|gdj. N` nc Jkkidn`tn onditn||ç`nj# cg n{kcguit~d |~|gc kj`ti`~û {in`dj~` iorj|tg`tn en`ûon`j nkj`ûoikj. N` rg|tik~cg|# cg Fi{rgìg ui{imjdg rg|nkn fgln| tnìdj ~` `øon|jnvknrkij`gcon`tn gorcij dn n{j{ n{kcguj{# g h~xmg| rj| cg{ di{rj{ikij`n{ cnmgcn{ r~ìtiug{ |nen|n`tn{ g {~kj`t|jc y rj| nc fnkfj dn w~n rj{ilcnon`tn {~oiì{t|g|g` cg ogyj|ïg dnc |nkc~tgoin`tj ej|xj{j rg|g nc nhé|kitjrn|og`n`tn74. G{ï# oin`t|g{ cg{ ki~dgdn{ kj`ti`~glg` {~ dnkgdn`kig# nc kgorj {gciû kg{i i`dno`n dn cg r|ion|gjcg dn iùg{ij`n{# grg|tn dnc dn{j|dn` k|ngdj rj| cg m~n||g y rj| cg m~n||g kiuic y dn cg i`t|jd~kkiû` dn ei`kg{ ykgorn{i`j{ mn|og`j{ h~`tj g {~{ r|jtjtirj{ |jog`j{. Nc ï`dikn oç{ ncjk~n`tn dn cj{ cïoitn{ w~n n` n{tg eg{nt~uj cg rn`nt|gkiû` lç|lg|g e~n w~n n` ì`mø` {itij kgoliû cg e|j`tn|g ci`móï{tikg n`t|n nc o~`dj cgti`j y nctn~tûìkj8 ì`m~`g |nmiû` dnc Jkkidn`tn |jog`j e~n ci`móï{tikgon`tn mn|ogìxgdg rj| ì`m~`j dn n{tj{r|ion|j{ kj`w~i{tgdj|n{. N` nc onhj| dn cj{ kg{j{# {~ ccnmgdg {n cioitû g di{cjkg| nc r|ndjoiìj |jog`j n` cj{|i`kj`n{ oç{ |nojtj{ dn cg{ r|jui`kig{ dn tgc ej|og w~n rn|oitiû cg |ngrg|ikiû` dn cj{ idijog{ y cg{ k~ct~|g{

cjkgcn{ r|n||jog`g{8 nc ug{kj y nc knctg nvrn|ion`tg|j` oç{ gug`kn{ w~n nc mn|oçìkj g r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj U.

oj`dj g`tikj:±# Kn`t|j Itgcig`j di [t~di {~cc’Gctj Ondijnuj# [ntciogì di [rjcntj# IV# 5/7< dn gl|ic dn 7957# rr. 47>/5# 4<<. Ogxxg|i`jk|nn w~n cj{ kgorn{i`j{ i`{~|mn`tn{ dn Rg`jìg rg|tikirg|j` n` cg{ iùg{ij`n{ uç`dgcj/gcg`g{ dn Mgcig dnc g÷j 425# cj w~n |nr|n{n`tg|ïgnc øìkj kg{j dn gcig`xg lç|lg|j/kgorn{i`g kj`t|g nc N{tgdj iorn|igc. Rn|j cg nuidn`kig {~min|n w~n cg{ e~n`tn{ dnc {imcj U {n |nein|n` n`|ngcidgd g cj{ g`tim~j{ endn|gdj{ j{t|jmjdj{# g{n`tgdj{ tnorj|gcon`tn n` Rg`jìg n` ondij dn cg rjlcgkiû cjkgc. Uég{n Cg{xcj Ug|gdy#Dg{ cntxtn Hgf|f~`dn|t Rg``jìn`{ &;75/4=5)# Ço{tn|dgo# 7959# rr. <76 {{. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# cg i`dikgkiû` dn Tfjor{j` dn w~n cj{ui{imjdj{ y cj{ l~|m~`dij{ rjdïg` fgln| {idj g{n`tgdj{ fg{tg kin|tj r~`tj rj| cg{ g~tj|idgdn{ |jog`g{ n` Gw~itgìg y [gljyg rg|g{jejkg| nc rncim|j dn cg{ i`{~||nkkij`n{ cjkgcn{ dn cj{ lgmg~dn{ n{# rj{ilcnon`tn# ~`g {~rj{ikiû` i`kj||nktg8 ¡Tfn {nttcnon`t je tfnlg|lg|ig`{ i` [j~tfn|` Mg~c±# Tfn Hj~|`gc je \jog` [t~din{ # VCUI# 79>5# rr. 5>/=>.74 Tfjor{j`# ¡Tfn Lg|lg|ig` ai`mdjo{ i` Mg~c g`d [rgi`±# rr. <>/=1 \jln|t Lj~t|~kfn# [nim`n~|in nt eéjdgcité # Rg|ï{# 79>9# I# r. <;>.Q[n÷j|ïj y en~dgci{oj# L~n`j{ Gi|n{# [imcj VVI# 79=;._ Cj{ g{rnktj{ cnmgcn{ y oicitg|n{ dn cg n{kcguit~d ui{imjdg n{tç` djk~on`tgdj{ n`Tfjor{j`# Tfn Mjtf{ i` [rgi`# Jvej|d# 7959# rr. <5=/=4# ;76/79 QCj{ mjdj{ n` N{rg÷g# Ogd|id# Gcig`xg# 79=7_# y kj` ogyj|nvtn`{iû` n` Kfg|cn{ Un|ci`dn`# C’n{kcgugmn dg`{ c’N~|jrn oédiéugcn# I# L|~hg{# 79>># rr. 57/72<.

QRçm. 779_

Cg uidg dn n{tj{ r|ion|j{ N{tgdj{ lç|lg|j{ `j e~n o~y d~|gdn|g. Cg nvrg`{iû` e|g`kg {jh~xmû g cj{ l~|m~`dij{y nvr~c{û dn cg Mgcig g cj{ ui{imjdj{. Cg{ nvrndikij`n{ lixg`ti`g{ grcg{tg|j` g cj{ uç`dgcj{ n` Çe|ikg y# t|g{ ~`gcg|mg m~n||g dn dn{mg{tn# nvtn|oi`g|j` g cj{ j{t|jmjdj{ n` Itgcig. Ei`gcon`tn# cj{ iùg{j|n{ i{cçoikj{ g||jccg|j`g cj{ ui{imjdj{ n` Fi{rgìg. Dnt|ç{ w~ndg|j` o~y rjkj{ |g{t|j{ dn {~{ |n{rnktiuj{ g{n`tgoin`tj{# nvknrtj n`cj{ |nd~ktj{ oç{ `j|tn÷j{ dn Kg`tgl|ig. Cg {im~in`tn jcngdg dn oim|gkij`n{ mn|oçìkg{ e~n cg w~n dntn|oi`û#dn ej|og r|je~`dg y rn|og`n`tn# nc dneiìtiuj ogrg dnc en~dgci{oj jkkidn`tgc. Cj{ t|n{ nri{jdij{ r|i`kirgcn{dn n{tg {nm~`dg eg{n dn cg nvrg`{iû` lç|lg|g e~n|j`# rj| {~r~n{tj# cg kj`w~i{tg e|g`kg dn cg Mgcig# cg jk~rgkiû`g`mcj{ghj`g dn I`mcgtn||g y —~` {imcj dn{r~é{ y {im~in`dj ~`g di`çoikg r|jrig— nc dn{kn`{j cjolg|dj {jl|n

Itgcig. Nc kg|çktn| y r|jlglcnon`tn tgolié` cg ogmìt~d dn n{tg{ oim|gkij`n{ e~n|j` o~y dien|n`tn{ g cj{ dn cgr|ion|g jcngdg7># rj|w~n n` tjdj{ cj{ kg{j{ |nr|n{n`tg|j` ~`g nvtn`{iû` |ncgtiugon`tn ojdn{tg y ci`ngc dn{dn~`g lg{n mnjm|çeikg dn rg|tidg gdygkn`tn. Cj{ e|g`kj{ fglitglg` cj w~n gfj|g n{ Lécmikg g`tn{ dn ièict|g|{n

52 * 7>2



fgkig nc {~| n` cg Mgcig dnc @j|tn. Cj{ g`mcj{ y cj{ {ghj`n{ n{tglg` cjkgcixgdj{ n` cg{ kj{tg{ gcnog`g{ dnc og|dnc @j|tn# nè|n`tn dn cg{ i`mcn{g{. Cj{ cjolg|dj{ {n fglïg` kj`m|nmgdj n` cg Lghg G~{t|ig g`tn{ dn iùgdi|Itgcig. Cg{ cï`ng{ dn kjo~ìkgkiû` n`t|n cg{ `~nug{ |nmij`n{ kj`w~i{tgdg{ y cg{ rgt|ig{ |nkié` fglitgdg{ n|g` rj|tg`tj o~y kj|tg{# dn tgc ojdj w~n kj`{tg`tnon`tn rjdïg` ccnmg| `~nuj{ kj`ti`mn`tn{ dn t|il~{ idé`tikg{ jgcigdg{ rg|g |nej|xg| g cj{ r|ion|j{ noim|g`tn{. Nc |n{~ctgdj e~n ~` cn`tj y m|gd~gc gug`kn n` cg Mgcig# ~`gj{k~|g rcétj|g dn dn{nolg|kj{ n` I`mcgtn||g# y ~`g {n|in m|gd~gc dn dn{cixgoin`tj{ fgkig nc {~| n` Itgcig# w~nrjlcg|j` g n{tg{ g`tim~g{ r|jui`kig{ |jog`g{ o~kfj oç{ dn`{gon`tn w~n cg{ r|ion|g{ i||~rkij`n{ oicitg|n{ dncg érjkg dn cj{ f~`j{. Øìkgon`tn cg{ r|ion|g{ iùg{ij`n{ cjolg|dg{ kj`{n|ug|j` nc kg|çktn| érikj dn ~`gUõcan|}g`dn|~`m oicitg| r|jrigon`tn dikfg# rn|j i`kc~{j n` n{tn kg{j gecjhg|j` {~ og|kfg y {n kj`t~uin|j` gondidg w~n {n nvtn`dïg` oç{ cnhj{ y oç{ r|je~`dgon`tn w~n cg g`tn|ij| jk~rgkiû` j{t|jmjdg. Y g~`w~n nc rj/

7> Rg|g ~`g kjorg|gkiû` dn cg{ dj{ jcngdg{ dn oim|gkij`n{# uég{n C~kin` O~{{nt# Cn{ iùg{ij`{. Cn{ ugm~n{ mn|ogìw~n{ # Rg|ï{# 795>#rçmi`g{ 775/= {{. QCg{ iùg{ij`n{. Cg{ jcngdg{ mn|oçìkg{ # Lg|kncj`g# Cglj|# 795=._ Nc cil|j dn O~{{nt n{# kj` o~kfj# cg jl|g dn{ï`tn{i{ oç{ kcg|iuidn`tn {jl|n tjdj nc rn|ïjdj.

QRçm. 7<2_

dn| cjolg|dj fgl|ïg dn kn`t|g|{n n` cg{ ccg`~|g{ dnc `j|tn# kjoj e~n tgolié` nc kg{j dn {~{ r|ndnkn{j|n{# {~{g{n`tgoin`tj{ nvtn`din|j` rj| unx r|ion|g cg rn`nt|gkiû` lç|lg|g fg{tg nc {~| dn Itgcig. Cg{ oim|gkij`n{

e|g kg{ y g`mcj{ghj g{ e~n|j` kj ti`~j{ ojuioin`tj{ dn kjcjìxgkiû` g|ogdg fgkig |nmij n{ dj`dnr|nuigon`tn nvi{tïg ~` un|dgdn|j ugkïj rjcïtikj. Cg Mgcig dnc @j|tn n|g cg gug`xgdiccg dnc øctioj y dn{gorg|gdjnhé|kitj |jog`j {n{n`tg g÷j{ dn{r~é{ dn w~n nc {i{tnog iorn|igc f~lin|g kgïdj n` tjdj nc Jkkidn`tn. Nc rjdn|ïj|jog`j n` L|itgìg `~`kg e~n dn{geigdj n` nc kgorj dn lgtgccg# {i`j w~n nvri|û d~cknon`tn k~g`dj f~ljdn{grg|nkidj {~ kj|dû` ~olicikgc kj` nc kj`ti`n`tn# |nkgyn`dj tjdj nc rgï{ ~`g unx oç{ n` cg{ hnegt~|g{ojcnk~cg|n{ knctg{. Cg r|je~`didgd dn n{tg {nm~`dg jcg dn oim|gkij`n{ r~ndn gr|nkig|{n rj| cj{ kgolij{ci`móï{tikj{ w~n r|jujkû. I`mcgtn||g e~n mn|ogìxgdg n` lcjw~n g ondidg w~n {n nvtn`dïg cg kjcjìxgkiû`g`mcj{ghj`g y cg{ oç|mn`n{ knctg{ dn cg i{cg ì {iw~in|g {~oiì{t|g|j` ~`g dj{i{ dn ujkgl~cg|ij g cg cn`m~g dn cj{kj`w~i{tgdj|n{# r|~nlg dn cg tn`~n |jog ixgkiû` dn cg r|jui`kig oç{ {nrtn t|ij`gc dnc Iorn|ij# w~nnuidn`tnon`tn `~`kg genktû g cg og{g dn cg rjlcgkiû`. N` nc kj`ti`n`tn# cg e|j`tn|g dn cg{ cn`m~g{ |jog`kn{|nt|jkndiû fg{tg ~`g lg`dg dn tn||itj|ij dn 62 g 752 aicûont|j{ dn r|je~`didgd dn{dn D~`w~n|w~n g Lg{icng# y

dn 752 g ;<2 aicûont|j{ gc {~| dnc Gctj Dg`~lij75. Nc e|g`kj cnmû ~`g{ >22 rgcgl|g{ gc ujkgl~cg|ij e|g`ké{ y nccjolg|dj gc|ndndj| dn ;22 gc itgcig`j &oin`t|g{ w~n nc ui{imûtikj dnhû {ûcj 52 gc n{rg÷jc y nc {~nuj k~gt|j gcrj|t~m~é{). Cg {ndion`tgkiû` k~ct~|gc dn cg {nm~`dg jcg dn kj`w~i{tg{ e~n o~kfj oç{ r|je~`dg y d~|gdn|g w~ncg r|ion|g

^`g dn cg{ r|i`kirgcn{ |gxj`n{ dn n{tn en`ûon`j e~n# `gt~|gcon`tn# w~n cg r|ion|g jcg yg fglïg lg||idjkjorcntgon`tn tjdg |n{i{tn`kig j|mgìxgdg rj| nc {i{tnog iorn|igc n` Jkkidn`tn. [~{ r|jrig{ k|ngkij`n{ e~n|jòn|g{ ioitgkij`n{ y {n |nuncg|j` o~y e|çmicn{# y cg ogyj|ïg dn nccg{ ì {iw~in|g i`tn`tg|j` jk~rg| tjdj nc tn||n`jdi{rjìlcn. Cg{ oim|gkij`n{ {im~in`tn{ t~uin|j` yg nc rn{j y nc n{rgkij rg|g kj`{t|~i| n` Jkkidn`tn ej|og{{jkigcn{ oç{ gkglgdg{ y d~|gdn|g{. Nc |ïmidj y e|çmic d~gci{oj dnc {imcj U dn{grg|nkiû r|jm|n{iugon`tn n` nc UI&nvknrtj n` cg øctiog ej|tgcnxg dn cj{ N{tgdj{ dn cg r|ion|g mn`n|gkiû`# cg N{rg÷g ui{imjdg# dj`dn dn{grg|nkiû

n` nc {imcj UII). M|gd~gcon`tn t~uj c~mg| ~` cn`tj r|jkn{j dn e~{iû`75 O~{{nt# Cn{ iùg{ij`{. Cn{ ugm~n{ mn|ogìw~n{ # rr. 7=</67.

QRçm. 7<7_

w~n i`tnm|û g ncnon`tj{ mn|oçìkj{ y |jog`j{ n` ~`g `~nug {ï`tn{i{ w~n fgl|ïg dn {~{tit~i| g golj{. Nc oç{iorj|tg`tn dn n{tj{ gkj`tnkioin`tj{ —cg grg|ikiû` dn ~` `~nuj {i{tnog gm|g|ij— n{ dn{gej|t~`gdgon`tn ncw~n je|nkn ~`g c~x oç{ délic g cg fi{tj|ijm|geïg rj{tn|ij|. Cg nkj`joïg |~|gc dn cg Mgcig on|jui`mig y dn cgItgcig cjolg|dg n{ tjdguïg ~`j dn cj{ kgrït~cj{ oç{ j{k~|j{ n` cg fi{tj|ig dn cg gm|ik~ct~|g jkkidn`tgc. Kj` tjdj#n{tn rn|ijdj je|nkn tgolié` gcm~`j{ fnkfj{ nuidn`tn{. Yg `j {n fgkïg ~{j dnc {i{tnog dn fj{ritgcitg{ . @i cj{e|g`kj{ ì cj{ cjolg|dj{ &y g ej|tij|i tgorjkj cj{ g`mcj{ghj`n{) r|jkndin|j` g ~` |nrg|tj |nm~cgdj dn cg{

r|jrindgdn{ tn||itj|igcn{ |jog`g{. N` {~ c~mg| rg|nkn w~n {n ior~{j ~` ojdncj d~gc y oç{ goj|ej dng{n`tgoin`tj. Rj| ~`g rg|tn# cj{ di|imn`tn{ e|g`kj{ y cjolg|dj{ {n cioitg|j` g kjèi{kg| n` m|g` n{kgcg cj{cgtie~`dij{ cjkgcn{# g`nvij`ç`djcj{ gc tn{j|j |ngc j di{t|il~yé`djcj{ n`t|n {~{ {éw~itj{ `jlicig|ij{. Cg

57 * 7>2



g|i{tjk|gkig {n`gtj|igc w~n {jl|nuiuiû n` cg Mgcig dnc @j|tn fglïg |nt|jkndidj n` {~ ogyj| rg|tn gc {~| dnc Cji|gi`kc~{j g`tn{ dn w~n Kcjdjunj dn||jtg|g gc nhé|kitj dn [igm|ij n` nc g÷j 4=5 y tjog|g rj{n{iû` dn cj{ dn{rjhj{r|jui`kigcn{ dn {~ uiktj|ig. N` Itgcig# cj{ |nyn{ cjolg|dj{ `j |ngcixg|j` ì`mø` i`tn`tj dn kj`m|gkig|{n g cj{tn||gtnìn`tn{ |jog`j{# w~n e~n|j` gìw~icgdj{ y ncioi`gdj{ dj`dn w~in|g w~n r~{in|j` gcmø` jl{tçk~cj g cggr|jrigkiû` dn cg tin||g1 gcm~`j{ e~n|j` |nd~kidj{ i`kc~{j g cg kj`dikiû` dn n{kcguj{7=. G{ï r~n{# nc kgolij dnog`j{ dn cg m|g` r|jrindgd gm|g|ig e~n r|jlglcnon`tn o~kfj ogyj| n` cg {nm~`dg jcg dn iùg{ij`n{ w~n n` cgr|ion|g. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# {i nolg|mj# y kjoj cg og{g dnojm|çeikg dn cg{ øctiog{ oim|gkij`n{ e~nkj`{idn|glcnon`tn {~rn|ij| gc dn cg{ r|ion|g{ y nc |itoj dn {~ gug`kn g on`~dj oç{ cn`tj y kj`{tg`tn# nckjorj`n`tn rjr~cg| y kgorn{i`j dnc `~nuj j|dn` |~|gc e~n tgolié` oç{ {n÷gcgdj. N{rnkigcon`tn n` n{tnrn|ïjdj e~n k~g`dj cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ gcdng`g{# w~n fgl|ïg` dn kj`{tit~i| ~` |g{mj rj{tn|ij| tg` {jl|n{gcin`tn dncen~dgci{oj ondinugc# rg|nkn` fgln| g||gimgdj rj| unx r|ion|g y dn ej|og `jtglcn n` E|g`kig y n` jt|g{ rg|tn{.N` ondij dn cg i`{nm~|idgd y cg g`g|w~ïg dn cj{ tinorj{# cg{ gcdng{ {n o~ctircikg|j` oin`t|g{ dnkgïg` cg{ uiccgnkjoj ~ìdgdn{ j|mgìxgdg{ dn r|jd~kkiû`.

N{tn en`ûon`j r~ndn gt|il~i|{n# rj| cj on`j{ n` cg Mgcig# g dj{ r|jkn{j{ kjùn|mn`tn{. Nc dn||~oln dncdjoiìj |jog`j

7= C. O. Fg|tog``# Mn{kfikftn Itgcin`{ io Oittncgctn| # II*ii# Mjtfg# 792;# rçmi`g{ </;.

QRçm. 7<<_

{jkguû cg n{tglicidgd dnc i`{t|~on`tj lç{ikj dn cg kjcjìxgkiû` |~|gc cgti`g# nc {i{tnog dn uiccgn. G {~{ n{rgcdg{|n{~|miû gfj|g ~` rgi{ghn knctg oç{ g`tim~j# w~n oj{t|glg r|ioitiug{ gcdnf~ncg{ dn kglg÷g{ y uiuin`dg{kgorn{i`g{# jk~ctj rj| cg |jogìxgkiû` dn cg Mgcig. Gc oi{oj tinorj# cg{ oim|gkij`n{ dn cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{cjkgcn{ mn|oçìkg{ fgkig nc {~| y nc jn{tn —w~n yg `j t~uin|j` `nkn{g|igon`tn ~` kg|çktn| lécikj— ccnug|j`kj`{imj o~kfg{ t|gdikij`n{ gm|g|ig{ dn {~{ tin||g{ `gtiug{ t|ilgcn{# on`j{ n|j{ij`gdg{ rj| nc tinorj y nc uighnw~n n` cg érjkg dn cg{ r|ion|g{ y érikg{ Uõcan|}g`dn|~`mn . G{ï |ngrg|nkin|j` n` cj{ `~nuj{ g{n`tgoin`tj{ dncj{ noim|g`tn{ cg{ rg|kncg{ gcjdigcn{ kgorn{i`g{ y cg{ tin||g{ kjo~`gcn{ dn cg gcdng# cnmgdj{ di|nktj{ dn cj{lj{w~n{ `û|dikj{. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# nc rj{tn|ij| n{tgdj dn m~n||g dn cg érjkg on|jui`mig kj`d~hj g cg kgrt~|g dn`~nuj{ n{kcguj{# t|gïdj{ n{rnkigcon`tn dn cg{ xj`g{ e|j`tn|ixg{ dn N~|jrg kn`t|gc. N` cg kjè~{iû` y cg

j{k~|idgd dn n{tg érjkg n{ iorj{ilcn kgck~cg| cg{ r|jrj|kij`n{ dn cg kjoli`gkiû` ei`gc dn ei`kg{ dn `jlcn{mn|og`j{# tn`n kig{ dnrn`din`tn{# rnw~n÷g{ r|jrindgdn{ kgorn{i g{# tin||g{ kjo~`gcn{# uiccgn |jog`g{{~rn|uiuin`tn{ y n{kcguit~d |~|gc. N{tç kcg|j# {i` nolg|mj# w~n n` I`mcgtn||g# E|g`kig n Itgcig# ~` kgorn{i`gdj`gtiuj y cil|n e~n iìkigcon`tn ~`j dn cj{ ncnon`tj{ dn cg{ oim|gkij`n{ g`mcj{ghj`g# e|g`kg y cjolg|dg# g~`w~n{~ ujc~on` `j r~ndn dntn|oi`g|{n. N` Itgcig# cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ kgorn{i`g{ cjolg|dg{ n{tglg` j|mgìxgdg{ n`kjcjìg{ oicitg|n{# kj` {~ r|jrig gdoiì{t|gkiû` g~tû`jog. N` cg Mgcig# cg `jlcnxg e|g`kg |nkiliû tin||g{ ykg|mj{ n` tjdj nc kgorj {im~in`dj ~` ojdncj `jtglcnon`tn di{ti`tj dnc g{n`tgoin`tj |~|gc e|g`kj# cj w~n i`dikgkcg|gon`tn w~n cj{ noim|g`tn{ dnc kjoø` `j n|g` `nkn{g|igon`tn g||n`dgtg|ij{ dnrn`din`tn{ dnc g`tn|ij|n{t|gtj dn cj{ jrtiogtn{76. N` I`mcgtn||g# cg{ iùg{ij`n{ g`mcj{ghj`g{ r|jujkg|j` ~` kjcgr{j |çridj y tjtgc dnc{i{tnog dn uiccgn# w~n dn tjdg{ ej|og{ n|g oç{ r|nkg|ij w~n n` nc kj`ti`n`tn dnlidj g cg cioitgdg nvtn`{iû` dn cg|jogìxgkiû`. N` n{tn kg{j# {i` nolg|mj# cj{ {n÷j|n{ lç|lg|j{ y cj{ kgorn{i`j{ cil|n{ kjnvi{tin|j` tgolié` n`

dien|n`tn{ kjoli`gkij`n{ dn{r~é{ dn cg{ oim|gkij`n{# kj` ~`g tn`dn`kig mn`n|gc fgkig ~` g~on`tj dn cgdnrn`dn`kig |~|gc g ondidg w~n grg|nkïg` ~ìdgdn{ rjcïtikg{ oç{ n{tglcn{. N` I`mcgtn||g# nc gli{oj oç{gl|~rtj w~n nvi{tïg n`t|n cj{ û|dn`n{ |jog`j y mn|oçìkj kj`d~hj rj{ilcnon`tn g ~` kgolij oç{ |gdikgc n` cj{oétjdj{

76 O~{{nt# Cn{ iùg{ij`{. Cn{ ugm~n{ mn|ogìw~n{ # r. <29.

QRçm. 7<;_

dnc k~ctiuj gm|ïkjcg. N` tjdj kg{j# nc ojdncj dn cj{ g{n tgoin tj{ |~|gcn{ g`mcj{ghj`n{ kj t|g{tglg`jtglcnon`tn kj` nc dn cg gm|ik~ct~|g |jog`g w~n cn fglïg r|nkndidj y r|neim~|glg gcm~`j{ dn cj{ oç{iorj|tg tn{ kgolij{ dn cg rj{tn|ij| gm|ik~ct~|g en~dgc. Oin`t|g{ cg{ ei kg{ |jog g{ n{tglg` {it~gdg{

`j|ogcon`tn n` tn||n`j{ oj`tg÷j{j{ kj` {~ncj{ cimn|j{# w~n {n rg|nkïg` g cj{ dn tirj onditn||ç`nj y rjdïg`k~ctiug|{n kj` g|gdj{ {~rn|eikigcn{ dn ogdn|g# cg{ g`mcj{ghj`g{ n{tglg` {it~gdg{ fglit~gcon`tn n` ugccn{ kj`{~ncj{ dn`{j{ y føondj{# k~yj{ fglitg`tn{ ~ticixglg g|gdj{ dn fin||j1 oin`t|g{ cg gm|ik~ct~|g |jog`g tn`ïg ~`

5< * 7>2



kjorj`n`tn rg{tj|ic oç{ iorj|tg`tn# cj{ iùg{j|n{ g`mcj{ghj`n{ tn`din|j` g dn{rnhg| m|g`dn{ xj`g{ dn lj{w~n yrg`tg`j{ rg|g kjùn|ti|cg{ n` tin||g{ k~ctiuglcn{79. Cg{ di{rn|{g{ gcdnf~ncg{ knctg{ din|j` rg{j{ g gcdng{kn`t|gcixgdg{# n` cg{ w~n {n kjoli`glg cg r|jrindgd i`diuid~gc dn cg{ tin||g{ kgorn{i`g{ kj` nc kjg|gdjkjcnktiuj dn cj{ kgorj{ glin|tj{. Cj{ hnen{ y {n÷j|n{ cjkgcn{ kj`{jcidg|j` {~{ rjdn|n{ rn|{j`gcn{ rj| n`kiog dnn{tj{ g{n`tgoin`tj{ y g ondigdj{ dnc {imcj UII yg {n fglïg gei|ogdj n` cg I`mcgtn||g g`mcj{ghj`g ~`gg|i{tjk|gkig cnmgcon`tn dneiìdg y fn|nditg|ig<2. G{ï# n{tg {nm~`dg jcg dn iùg{ij`n{# g cg unx w~n r|jd~kïg rj|djw~in| ~`g g|i{tjk|gkig mn|oçìkg djtgdg dn ei`kg{ oç{ nvtn`{g{ w~n `~`kg# rjlcû tgolié` nc kgorj kj`d~|gdn|g{ kjo~ìdgdn{ gcdng`g{ y kj` `økcnj{ dn rnw~n÷g r|jrindgd kgorn{i`g. Gc oi{oj tinorj# tgolié`{~|tiû kj` e|nk~n`kig g cg n{kcguit~d gm|ïkjcg dn r|i{ij`n|j{ dn m~n||g dn cg érjkg <7. [i` nolg|mj# tjdguïg `jr~dj j|mgìxg| n{tj{ di{rg|n{ ncnon`tj{ dn cg nkj`joïg |~|gc dn cg Ndgd Ondig n` ~` `~nuj y kjfn|n`tn ojdjdn r|jd~kkiû`.

Rjcïtikgon`tn# cg {nm~`dg jcngdg dn iùg{ij`n{ og|kû j r|n{gmiû nc ei` dn cg{ gdoiì{t|gkij`n{ y cj{ dn|nkfj{d~gci{tg{ kj` cg dn{grg|ikiû` dnc cnmgdj h~|ïdikj |jog`j. Cj{ cjolg|dj{ `j fikin|j` `gdg rg|g |nrnti| n` Itgcignc rg|gcnci{oj j{t|jmjdj# {i`j w~n |ne~`din|j` nc {i{tnog kiuic y h~|ïdikj dnc rgï{ n` cg{ |nmij`n{ w~n fglïg`jk~rgdj# r|jo~cmg`dj ~` `~nuj kûdimj cnmgc lg{gdj n` cg{ `j|og{ t|gdikij`gcn{ mn|oçìkg{# rn|j |ndgktgdj n`cgtï`# w~n o~y r|j`tj r|ndjoi`û {jl|n nc dn|n/

79

F. \. Cjy`# G`mcj/[gvj` N`mcg`d g`d tfn @j|og` kj`w~n{t # Cj`d|n{# 795<# rr. 79/<<.<2 Cjy`# G`mcj/[gvj` N`mcg`d g`d tfn @j|og` kj`w~n{t # rr. 799 {{.<7 Rg|g cg kj`ti`~g iorj|tg`kig dn cj{ n{kcguj{ g ei`gcn{ dn cg Gctg Ndgd Ondig# uég{n Mnj|mn{ D~ly# M~n||in|{ nt rgy{g`{ # Rg|ï{# 79=;#rçmi`g{ 47/;. QM~n||n|j{ y kgorn{i`j{ # Ogd|id# [imcj VVI# 79=5._

QRçm. 7<4_

kfj |jog`j. Cj{ |nyn{ on|jui`mij{ kj`{n|ug|j` ~` djlcn {i{tnog cnmgc# rn|j kj` cg k|nkin`tn g`g|w~ïg dn {~|ni`gdj# cj{ |nk~n|dj{ y cg{ `j|og{ cgti`g{ {n dn{ug`nkin|j` r|jm|n{iugon`tn. Nc dn|nkfj mn|oçìkj rg{û g {n|m|gd~gcon`tn nc djoi`g`tn# oin`t|g{ cj{ ior~n{tj{ {jl|n cg tin||g# fn|ndgdj{ dn \jog# {n dn||~olg|j` g`tn cg|n{i{tn`kig dn cg rjlcgkiû` y dn cg Imcn{ig g ~`g ei{kgcidgd w~n yg `j kj||n{rj`dïg g ~` {n|uikij rølcikj ì g ~`N{tgdj kn`t|gcixgdj. Cg |nkg~dgkiû` dn ior~n{tj{ dn{grg|nkiû r|jm|n{iugon`tn dn cj{ |ni`j{ e|g`kj{. N`

I`mcgtn||g# nc dn|nkfj y cg gdoiì{t|gkiû` |jog`j{ yg fglïg` dn{grg|nkidj kg{i rj| kjorcntj g`tn{ dn cg ccnmgdgdn cj{ g`mcj{ghj`n{# dn tgc ej|og w~n `~`kg {n rcg`tnû n{tn r|jlcnog. I`kc~{j n` cg N{rg÷g ui{imjdg# nc øìkjN{tgdj lç|lg|j k~yj{ j|ïmn`n{ {n |noj`tglg` g cg r|ion|g jcngdg dn iùg{ij`n{# nc dn|nkfj y cg gdoiì{t|gkiû`d~gci{tg{ ccnmg|j` g {~ ei n` cj{ øctioj{ g÷j{ dnc {imcj UII# k~g`dj cg oj`g|w~ïg dn Tjcndj gljciûdneiìtiugon`tn nc cnmgdj |jog`j y {jontiû g tjdg cg rjlcgkiû` g ~` {i{tnog mjdj ojdieikgdj<<. Rj| jt|g rg|tn#y g cg iùn|{g# nc {nrg|gti{oj |ncimij{j mn|oçìkj kjon`xû g dn{grg|nkn|# Cj{ e|g`kj{ gdjrtg|j` di|nktgon tnnc kgtjciki{oj kj` nc lg~ti{oj dn Kcjdjunj n` cj{ øctioj{ g÷j{. dnc {imcj U# dn{r~é{ dn {~ uiktj|ig {jl|n cj{gcgog`n{. Cj{ g`mcj{ghj`n{ e~n|j` kjùn|tidj{ m|gd~gcon`tn dnc rgmgì{oj n` nc {imcj UII rj| cg{ oi{ij`n{|jog`g{. Cj{ ui{imjdj{ glg`dj`g|j` n` N{rg÷g {~ g||igì{oj kj` cg kjùn|{iû` dn \nkg|ndj n` nc >6=. Nc|ni`j cjolg|dj gknrtû nc kgtjciki{oj n` nc g÷j 5>;. Rg|i rg{{~ kj` n{tj{ kgolij{ {n r|jd~hj ~` kj`{tg`tni`tn|kgolij ogt|iojìgc y ~` r|jkn{j dn g{ioicgkiû` dn cg{ dj{ kcg{n{ tn||gtnìn`tn{# cg |jog`g y cg mn|og`g#gccï dj`dn kjnvi{tïg`. N{tn r|jkn{j e~n oç{ cioitgdj n` Itgcig rj| nc nvkc~{iui{oj cjolg|dj y nc |nug`kfi{ojlixg`ti`j# w~n ioridin|j` n`t|n golj{ cg rgkieikgkiû` d~|gdn|g dn cg rn`ï`{~cg1 rj| jt|g rg|tn# {~ kjèciktjnkfû cg{ lg{n{ dn cg diui{iû` {nk~cg| n`t|n `j|tn y {~| n` érjkg{ rj{tn|ij|n{. Rn|j n` cg Mgcig gug`xûiì`tn||~oridgon`tn lghj nc djoiìj on|jui`mij. G kjoin`xj{ dnc {imcj UII n{tglg {~{tg`kigcon`tn tn|oi`gdjkj` cg kj`{jcidgkiû` dn ~`g {jcg g|i{tjk|gkig |~|gc# k~yj kg|çktn| `j n|g yg {n`gtj|igc ì dn {éw~itj. Cg onxkcg{ioicg| dn cg{ |gog{ |jog`g y mn|oçìkg n` cg Imcn{ig nvimiû o~kfj oç{ tinorj8 r|çktikgon`tn tjdj{ cj{jli{rj{ dn cg Mgcig kj`ti`~g|j` {in`dj |jog`j{ d~|g`tn cg og/

<< Rg|g cj{ rj{ilcn{ g`tnkndn`tn{ fi{tû|ikj{ dn n{tn r|jkn{j# uég{n Tfjor{j`# Tfn Mjtf{ i` [rgi`# rr. <75/=.

QRçm. 7<>_

yj| rg|tn dnc {imcj UI# y n` cg hn|g|w~ïg nkcn{iç{tikg cg e~{iû` étìkg kjorcntg `j t~uj c~mg| fg{tg nc {imcj UIII

<;

.Cg {~rn|rj{ikiû` dn on|g{ gdgrtgkij`n{ d~gci{tg{ g cg{ ej|og{ iorn|igcn{ |jog`g{ `j r|jd~hj# {i` nolg|mj#~`g `~nug eû|o~cg rjcïtikg# {ûcidg y rn|og`n`tn# g ei`gcn{ dn cg Ndgd Ondig. N` tjdj kg{j# nc glg`dj`j dn cg{

5; * 7>2



t|gdikij`n{ gug`xgdg{ dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg kj`d~hj g ~`g |nm|n{iû` n` nc m|gdj dn kjorcnhidgd y dnneikgkig dn cj{ N{tgdj{ {~kn{j|n{# gm|gugdg rj| cg{ kj`{nk~n`kig{ dn cg nvrg`{iû` i{cçoikg n` nc Onditn||ç`nj grg|ti| dn r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj UII# w~n rg|gcixû nc kjon|kij y lcjw~nû g N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc n` ~` gi{cgoin`tj|~|gc. N{ rj{ilcn w~n cg{ onhj|g{ kcioçtikg{ dnc {imcj UII# w~n n` N~|jrg {n rcg{og|j` n` ~` kikcj dn tinorjgcmj oç{ kçcidj y {nkj# y nc g~on`tj n` nc k|nkioin`tj dnojm|çeikj ln`neikig|g` g cg nkj`joïg |~|gc <4. Rn|j n`cg kjè~{iû` rjcïtikg dn cg érjkg rjkj {n r~ndn gr|nkig| nc ièc~hj dn n{j{ r|jm|n{j{. Cg{ oj`ndg{ dn j|jdn{grg|nkin|j` dn{r~é{ dnc g÷j 5>2# g kj`{nk~n`kig tg`tj dn cj{ n`déoikj{ déeikit{ kjon|kigcn{ kj` nc J|in`tnlixg`ti`j kjoj dn cg{ kj`w~i{tg{ ç|gln{. Cg oj`g|w~ïg on|jui`mig {n oj{t|û i`kgrgx dn og`tn`n| nc kj`t|jc dncg gk~÷gkiû` dn oj`ndg{# w~n {n dnm|gdû y di{rn|{û rg~cgti`gon`tn. N` cg Mgcig# cj{ ior~n{tj{ rølcikj{kgyn|j` n` nc jcuidj1 cg dircjogkig {n n`t~onkiû y {n fixj oç{ cioitgdg1 cg gdoiì{t|gkiû` {n noljtû y {n|nd~hj. Cj{ N{tgdj{ cjolg|dj{ dn Itgcig# diuididj{ y dnlicitgdj{ rj| cj{ n`kcgun{ lixg`ti`j{# rn|og`nkin|j`{inor|n r|ioitiuj{ y g cg dnen`{iug. N` n{tg{ kj`dikij n{# n{ cûmikj w~n cg |ngcixgkiû` rj{itiug oç{ iorj|tg`tndn cj{ N{tgdj{ lç|lg|j{ e~n|g w~ixç cg oi{og kj`w~i{tg dn Mn|ogìg# ccnugdg g kglj n` nc {imcj UI rj| cg{kgorg÷g{ on|jui`mig{ fg{tg nc |ïj ]é{n|<>. N{tg{ gdw~i{ikij`n{ i`tnm|g|j` rj| unx r|ion|g g cg{ tin||g{ dn cg{w~n r|jkndïg` cg{ oim|gkij`n{ n` nc oi{oj ~ìun|{j rjcïtikj w~n cg{ g`tim~g{ r|jui`kig{ iorn|igcn{ y# n`kj`{nk~n`kig# ~ìeikg|j` n` ~` {jcj j|dn` tn||i/

<; O~{{nt# Cn{ iùg{ij`{. Cn{ ugm~n{ mn|ogìw~n{ # r. 792.<4

N{tg firûtn{i{ n{ ej|o~cgdg rj| D~ly8 M~n||in|{ nt rgy{g`{ # rçmi`g{ 7=/79. Rn|j cg{ r|~nlg{ {j` dnog{igdj n{kg{g{ rg|g dnd~ki|kj`kc~{ij`n{ enfgkin`tn{. N` mn`n|gc# D~ly tin`dn g r|n{n`tg| dn n{tg érjkg ~`g i`tn|r|ntgkiû` oç{ jrtioi{tg w~n jt|j{ fi{tj|igdj|n{.G{ï# kj`{idn|g cg dn{grg|ikiû` dn cg oj`ndg dn j|j kjoj ~` {im`j dn cg |nuitgcixgkiû` dnc kjon|kij# y cg{ oj`ndg{ dn rcgtg oç{rnw~n÷g{ dn n{tg érjkg# kjoj ~` ï`dikn dn t|g`{gkkij`n{ kjon|kigcn{ oç{ ec~idg{ y e|nk~n`tn{# n{ dnki|# cj kj`t|g|ij dn cg jriìû`fglit~gc {jl|n cg fi{tj|ig oj`ntg|ig on|jui`mig.<> O~{{nt# Cn{ iùg{ij`{. Cn{ ugm~n{ mn|ogìw~n{ # rr. 7;2/<.

QRçm. 7<5_

tj|igc y k~ct~|gc g cg{ dj{ xj`g{ k~yj kjèciktj iìkigc fglïg dgdj j|imn` g cg Ndgd J{k~|g. Nc dn{kn`{j dn cj{ìuncn{ i`{tit~kij`gcn{ dn cg kiuicixgkiû` ~|lg`g n` cg Mgcig e|g`kg gkjorg÷g|j` y rn|oitin|j` {~ ncnugkiû`|ncgtiug n` cg Mn|ogìg lçug|g y gcgog`g. [i` nolg|mj# i`kc~{j n` n{tn kgorj# cg gdoiì{t|gkiû` on|jui`mige~n {i`m~cg|on`tn tj{kg y rjl|n8 cj{ kj`dn{ nùigdj{ g mjln|`g| oç{ gccç dnc \i` `j i`t|jd~hn|j` ì cgn{k|it~|g# ì cg oj`ndg# ì nc k|i{tig i{oj. N` {~{ n{t|~kt~|g{ nkj`ûoikg{# {jkigcn{ y rjcïtikg{# N~|jrgjkkidn`tgc fglïg dnhgdj gt|ç{ nc r|nkg|ij d~gci{oj dn cg{ r|ion|g{ dékgdg{ w~n {im~in|j` g cg G`timóndgd1 fglïgtnìdj c~mg|# n`t|n tg`tj# ~` ç{rn|j r|jkn{j dn onxkjcg`xg# rn|j cj{ |n{~ctgdj{ tjdguïg n|g` ièj|on{ yfntn|ûkcitj{. @i cg {iorcn y~vtgrj{ikiû` ì ~`g tj{kg onxkcg rjdïg` dg| j|imn` g ~` `~nuj ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`mn`n|gc# kgrgx dn {gci| dnc. kgccnhû` {i` {gcidg dn cg n{kcguit~d y nc kjcj`gtj# y kj` éc ~` `~nuj j|dn` {jkigci`tn|`gon`tn kjfn|n`tn. N` jt|g{ rgcgl|g{# øìkgon`tn ~`g g~té`tikg {ï`tn{i{ rjdïg kj`{nm~i| n{tj. [ûcj ~`g{rjkg{ {n÷gcn{ r|nojìtj|g{ g`~`kiglg` cg ccnmgdg g n{g ontg ei`gc. Cg oç{ ccgogtiug e~n cg grg|ikiû`# nuidn`tnyg n` nc {imcj UI# dn {i{tnog{ g`t|jrj`ïoikj{ y tjrj`ïoikj{ kjorcntgon`tn `~nuj{ —w~n kjoli`glg`ncnon`tj{ ci`móï{tikj{ mn|oçìkj{ y |jog`j{ n` ~ìdgdn{ j|mgìxgdg{ nvt|g÷g{ g golj{— n` cg{ tin||g{e|j`tn|ixg{ {it~gdg{ n`t|é cg Mgcig y Mn|ogìg<5. Cg cn`m~g fglcgdg# cnhj{ dn {nm~i| {inor|n g cj{ kgolij{ogtn|igcn{# r~ndn n` jkg{ij`n{ g`tikirg|{n g nccj{.

<5 O~{{nt# Cn{ iùg{ij`{. Cn{ ugm~n{ mn|ogìw~n{ # r. 79=.

QRçm. 7<=_

;. FGKIG CG [Ï@TN[I[

Cg {ï`tn{i{ fi{tû|ikg w~n ei`gcon`tn t~uj c~mg| e~n# rj| {~r~n{tj# nc en~dgci{oj. Nc té|oi`j nvgktj — [y`tfn{n—n{ dn Og|v# h~`tj kj` jt|j{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ dn {~ tinorj7. Cg kjci{iû` kgtg{t|ûeikg dn dj{ ojdj{ g`tn|ij|n{ dnr|jd~kkiû` —r|ioitiuj y g`tim~j— n` di{jc~kiû` r|jd~hj ei`gcon`tn nc j|dn` en~dgc w~n {n nvtn`diû rj| tjdgcg N~|jrg ondinugc. W~n nc en~dgci{oj jkkidn`tgc e~n nc |n{~ctgdj n{rnkïeikj dn ~`g e~{iû` dn cj{ cnmgdj{|jog`j y mn|oçìkj n|g yg nuidn`tn rg|g cj{ rn`{gdj|n{ dnc \n`gkioin`tj# k~g`dj rj| r|ion|g unx {n r~{j g

dnlgtn {~ mé`n{i{<. Cg kj`t|jun|{ig ojdn|`g {jl|n n{tg k~n{tiû` {n |noj`tg n{n`kigcon`tn g Oj`tn{w~in~# w~nn` cg Ic~{t|gkiû` gei|oû w~n cj{ j|ïmn`n{ dnc en~dgci{oj n|g` mn|oçìkj{. Dn{dn n`tj`kn{# nc r|jlcnog dn cg{¡r|jrj|kij`n{± nvgktg{ dn cg onxkcg dn ncnon tj{ |jog`jmn|oçìkj{ w~n ei`gcon`tn mn`n|û nc en~dgci{oj fg

54 * 7>2



{~{kitgdj cg{ rg{ij`n{ dn cj{ {~kn{iuj{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ `gkij`gci{tg{# n i`kc~{j nc oi{oj tiol|n dnc ei`gc dn cgG`timóndgd {n fg gctn|gdj e|nk~n`tnon`tn dn gk~n|dj kj` nc rgt|ijti{oj dnc k|jì{tg. Rg|g Djr{kf# w~nn{k|ilïg n` G~{t|ig dn{r~é{ dn cg r|ion|g m~n||g o~`digc# nc kjcgr{j dnc Iorn|ij |jog`j e~n cg on|gk~coi`gkiû` dn {imcj{ dn gl{j|kiû` rgkïeikg rj| cj{ r~nlcj{ mn|oçìkj{ y e~n uiuidj rj| cj{ fglitg`tn{ dnJkkidn`tn kjoj ~`g t|g`w~icg ciln|gkiû`. ¡Nc o~`dj |jog`j e~n kj`w~i{tgdj m|gd~gcon`tn dn{dn dn`t|j rj|cj{ mn|og`j{# w~n fglïg` rn`nt|gdj n` éc rgkïeikgon`tn d~|g`tn

7 N` {~ r|i`kirgc nvrj{ikiû` dnc oétjdj fi{tû|ikj# Og|v fglcglg dn cj{ |n{~ctgdj{ dn cg{ kj`w~i{tg{ mn|oçìkg{ kjoj ~` r|jkn{j dn¡i`tn|gkkiû ± &]nkf{nc}i|a~`m) y ¡e~{iû`± &Un|{kfoncx~`m)# nc k~gc mn`n|û ~` `~nuj ¡ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`± &R|jd~atij`}ni{n )# w~n e~n~`g ¡{ï`tn{i{± &[y`tfn{n) dn {~{ dj{ r|ndnkn{j|n{8 M|~`d|i{{n dn| A|itia dn| rjciti{kfn` Õaj`join &Ni`cnit~`m) # Ln|cï`# 79>;# r. 76.QNcnon`tj{ e~`dgon`tgcn{ rg|g cg k|itikg dn cg nkj`joïg rjcïtikg &Lj||gdj|)# Ogd|id# [imcj VVI# 79=<._< Rg|g nc dnlgtn dnc \n`gkioin`tj# uég{n D. \. Anccny# ¡Dn j|imi`n en~dj|~o8 Tfn lnmi`ì`m{ je g fi{tj|ikgc r|jlcno±# [rnk~c~o#VVVIV# gl|ic dn 7954# `øo. <# rr. <2=/<61 cg{ gei|ogkij n{ dn Oj`tn{w~in~ n{tç` n` Dn c’n{r|it dn{ cji{ # cil|j{ VVV y VVVI.

QRçm. 7<6_

{imcj{ y fglïg` g{ioicgdj {~ k~ct~|g n i`kc~{j g{~oidj e|nk~n`tnon`tn {~ gdoiì{t|gkiû`# dn tgc ej|og w~n cg|nojkiû` dn {~ djoiìj rjcïtikj e~n {iorcnon`tn cg kj`{nk~n`kig ei`gc dn ~` cg|mj r|jkn{j dn kgolij# kjoj cg|nktieikgkiû` dn cg `jon`kcgt~|g dn ~`g nor|n{g k~yj uinhj `jol|n fg dnhgdj dn kj||n{rj`dn| dn{dn fgkn

tinorj g cj{ un|dgdn|j{ di|nktj|n{ dn cg ei|og Q..._ Cj{ mn|og`j{ `j e~n|j` n`noimj{ w~n dn{t|jxg|j` jgìw~icg|j` cg k~ct~|g |jog`g# {i`j w~n# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# cg kj`{n|ug|j` y dn{g||jccg|j`± ;. Rg|g Cjt# w~nn{k|ilïg n` E|g`kig gr|jviogdgon`tn n` cg oi{og érjkg# nc ei` dn cg G`timóndgd e~n ~` dn{g{t|n iìogmi`glcn#nc fjcjkg~{tj dn cg kiuicixgkiû`8 nc dn|nkfj mn|oçìkj e~n |n{rj`{glcn dn cg ¡rn|rnt~g# dn{ljkgdg y e|n`étikguijcn`kig± y dn cg ¡i`{nm~|idgd n` cg r|jrindgd± dn cg érjkg {im~in`tn# k~yg ¡n{rg`tj{g kj||~rkiû`± cg kjùi|tiûn` ~` ¡rn|ïjdj dn cg fi{tj|ig un|dgdn|gon`tn dn{un`t~|gdj± 4. N` I`mcgtn||g# dj`dn `j f~lj kjè|j`tgkiû`# {i`j~`g {iorcn kn{~|g# n`t|n cj{ û|dn`n{ |jog`j y mn|oçìkj# cg kj`t|jun|{ig {n dn{rcgxû fgkig cg iùn|{g iùg{iû`dn cg kj`w~i{tg `j|og`dg# y E|nnog` y \j~`d rjcnoixg|j` {~kn{iugon`tn {jl|n cj{ oé|itj{ |ncgtiuj{ dn cg{kj`t|il~kij`n{ ¡g`mcj{ghj`g± j ¡cgti`g± gc en~dgci{oj cjkgc>. Cj{ |n{kjcdj{ dn n{tg{ di{r~tg{ tjdguïg n{tç`kg`dn`tn{ fjy y cj{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ {juiétikj{ t~uin|j` d~|j{ i`tn|kgolij{ {jl|n nccj{ n` ~`g |nkin`tn kjèn|n`kigkncnl|gdg n` \~{ig5. @gt~|gcon`tn# cg onx/

; Gcej { Djr{kf# ]i|t{kfgetcikfn ~`d {jxigcn M|~`dcgmn` dn| n~|jräi{kfn` A~ct~|n`t}ikac~`m g~{ dn| Xnit uj` Kgn{g| li{ g~e Ag|c dn`M|j{{n`# Uin`g# 79<2/79<;# ujc. I# r. 47;.4 En|di`g`d Cjt# Cg ei` d~ oj`dn g`tiw~n nt cn dél~t d~ Ojyn` Gmn # Rg|ï{# 79>< &|nndikiû`)# rr. 45<# 459 y 45;. Cjt gkglû {~ cil|j gei`gcn{ dn 79<7.> Rg|g E|nnog`# ¡cg kj`w~i{tg `j|og`dg {~r~{j nc dn||jkgoin`tj tnorj|gc dn `~n{t|g n`tidgd `gkij`gc. Rn|j e~n {ûcj ~` dn||jkgoin`tjtnorj|gc. Rg|g ~` jl{n|ugdj| {~rn|eikigc r~ndn rg|nkn| w~n nc r~nlcj i`mcé{ e~n lj||gdj ojon`tç`ngon tn dn cg ci{tg dn cg{ `gkij`n{# jw~n {jcgon`tn nvi{tiû kjoj kg~tiuj dn {n÷j|n{ nvt|g hn|j{ n` {~ r|jrig tin||g. Rn|j n` ~`g{ rjkg{ mn`n|gkij`n{ ccnugoj{ gc kg~tiun|ij g`~n{t|j{ kj`w~i{tgdj|n{. I`mcgtn||g ujcuiû g {n| I`mcgtn||g ~`g unx oç{±. Nd}g|d G. E|nnog`# Tfn fi{tj|y je tfn @j|og` kj`w~n{t je N`mcg`d# it{ kg~{n{ g`d |n{~ct{ # Jvej|d# 765=# ujc. I# r. <. Nc rg`nmï|ikj dnc cnmgdj g`mcj{ghû` dn E|nnog` e~n gtgkgdj rj| \j~`d n` {~nvgctgkiû` `j on`j{ unfnon`tn dn cg ccnmgdg `j|og`dg. N` nc g÷j 7255# ¡nc cg|m~ï{ioj kç`kn| dn cg rgx fglïg dgdj {~{ e|~tj{. Cg tin||gn{tglg ogd~|g rg|g nc iùg{j|# y ~` [gcugdj| dn cg [jkindgd n{tglg kn|kg±1 cg kj`w~i{tg `j|og`dg ccnuû rj| ei` g I`mcgtn||g ¡gcmj onhj|w~n cj{ ç|idj{ gr~`tn{ dn `~n{t|g dn{in|tg k|ûìkg gtiug±. H. F. \j~`d# En~dgc N`mcg`d # Cj`d|n{# 7954 &|nndikiû`)# rçmi`g{ ;24/># <4=.5 Uég{n cg cg|mg di{k~{iû` n` [|ndìn Unag# eg{k. ;7# 7956# dnc ièj|on

QRçm. 7<9_

kcg nvgktg dn cj{ g`tim~j{ ncnon`tj{ |jog`j{ j mn|oçìkj{ n` nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc r~|j kjoj tgctin`n# n` |ngcidgd# o~kfg on`j{ iorj|tg`kig w~n {~ |n{rnktiug di{t|il~kiû` n` cg{ diun|{g{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{w~n grg|nkin|j` n` cg N~|jrg ondinugc. N` jt|g{ rgcgl|g{# cj w~n {n `nkn{itg# kjoj un|noj{ oç{ gdncg`tn# `jn{ tg`tj ~`g {iorcn mn`ngcjmïg kjoj ~`g tirjcjmïg dnc en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj.

Nc j|imn` r|ioimnìj dn cg{ i`{tit~kij`n{ n{rnkïeikgon`tn en~dgcn{ rg|nkn g on`~dj i`nvt|ikglcn# dgdg cggolimóndgd dn cg{ e~n`tn{ y nc rg|gcnci{oj dn cg nujc~kiû` dn cj{ dj{ {i{tnog{ {jkigcn{ g`tnkndn`tn{. G{ï# ncug{gccghn r~ndn fgln| tnìdj {~{ |gïkn{ e~`dgon`tgcn{ tg`tj n` nc kjoitgt~{ mn|og`j kjoj n` cg kcin`tncgmgcj||jog`g8 dj{ ej|og{ dn {éw~itj g|i{tjk|çtikj w~n nvi{tin|j` n` golj{ cgdj{ dnc \i` o~kfj g`tn{ dnc ei` dnc

Iorn|ij y kj`t|il~yn|j` i`d~dglcnon`tn g cg grg|ikiû` dneiìtiug dnc {i{tnog ug{gccçtikj=. Nc ln`neikij# kj` ncw~n ei`gcon`tn {n e~`diû rg|g ej|og| nc en~dj# r~ndn |noj`tg|{n im~gcon`tn g cg{ r|çktikg{ nkcn{iç{tikg{|jog`j/tg|dïg{ y g cj{ |nrg|tj{ t|ilgcn{ dn tin||g dn cj{ mn|og`j{6. Nc {n÷j|ïj# rj| {~ rg|tn# r|jkndn

5> * 7>2



kin|tgon`tn dnc e~`d~{ j uiccg mgcj||jog`g# w~n `j tin`n ì`mø` nw~iugcn`tn lç|lg|j rj|w~n {j` m|g`dn{ ei`kg{g~tj{~eikin`tn{# k~ctiugdg{ rj| kgorn{i`j{ dnrn din tn{ j kjcjì w~n n`t|nmg` g {~ {n÷j| tn||gtnìn tnr|jd~ktj{ n` n{rnkin# n` cj w~n n{ ~` jluij r|n{gmij dn ~`g nkj`joïg {n÷j|igc 9. Rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# cj{ n`kcgun{kjo~`gcn{ dn cg gcdng

|ngcixgdj rj| G. D. Ci~lci {agig# ¡Tirjcjmiig \g``nuj Enjdgcixog u Xgrgd`ji N~|jrn i R|jlcnog \jog`j/Mn|og`{ajuj [i`tnxg±# rr.7=/44. Cj{ rg|tikirg`tn{ e~n|j`8 J. C. Ugi`{ftni`# O. Yg. [i~xi~oju# Yg. C. Ln{{on|t`y# G. R. Agxfdg`# O. D. Cj|dairgìdxn# N. U.

M~t`jug# [. O. [tgo# O. C. Gl|go{j`# T. I. Dn{ìt{agig# O. O. E|indn`ln|m y U. T. [i|jtnàj. Jl{é|un{n n` rg|tik~cg| nc tj`j dn cg{i`tn|un`kij n{ dn Ugi`{tni` y [i~xi~oju# dnen`{j|n{ |n{rnktiugon`tn dn cg{ kj`t|il~kij`n{ lç|lg|g n iorn|igc gc en~dgci{oj1 nc {nm~`dj—~` fi{tj|igdj| dn Lixg`kij— rj`n ~`g i`kjè~`dilcn `jtg `gkij`gc g`timn|og`g. N` mn`n|gc# cj{ lixg`tiì{tg{ {juiétikj{ rg|nkn`r|jen{ij`gcon`tn i`kci`gdj{ g r|iuicnmig| nc rn{j dn cg G`timóndgd n` cg {ï`tn{i{ en~dgc. Cg |n{r~n{tg dn Ci~lci`{agig g cg di{k~{iû` n{{n|n`g y n{tç ccn`g dn {n`{ilicidgd.= Kjorç|n{n Djr{kf# ]i|t{kfgetcikfn ~`d {jxigcn M|~`dcgmn`# II# rçmi`g{ <<>/=# w~n {itøg g cj{ cn~dn{ kjoj di|nktj{ g`tnkn{j|n{ dn cj{ondig{ e~n|j` cj{ l~knccg|ii j c~mg|tnìn`tn{ mgcj||jog`j{# y cj{ g`t|~{tij`n{ &m~g|dig rgcgti`g) j cn~dn{ &{éw~itj oicitg|) e|g`kj{. Rg|gn{tj{ øctioj{# uég{n Kg|c [tnrfn`{j`# Ondignugc i`{tit~tij`{ # Itfgkg# 79>4# rçmi g{ <<>/=# w~n {itøg g cj{ cn~dn{ kjoj cj{ di|nktj{g`tnkn{j|n{ dn cj{ ug{{i kg|jci`mij{.6 Djr{kf# ]i|t{kfgetcikfn ~`d {jxigcn M|~`dcgmn`# II# rr. ;;</5.9 Djr{kf# ilid.# I# rr. ;;</9. Cg ntiojcjmïg dn cj{ té|oi`j{ kcgun dnc en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj g||jhg w~ixç ~`g rnw~n÷g c~x {jl|n {~{ ug|igdj{j|ï/

QRçm. 7;2_

ondinugc e~n|j` lç{ikgon`tn ~`g fn|n`kig mn|oçìkg# un{timij dn cj{ r|ion|j{ {i{tnog{ |~|gcn{ ej|n{tgcn{dn{r~é{ dn cg nujc~kiû` mn`n|gc dnc kgorn{i`gdj lç|lg|j dn{dn cg{ tn`n`kig{ gcjdigcn{ g cg{ dnrn`din`tn{. Cg{n|uid~ol|n dn{kin`dn r|jlglcnon`tn dnc n{tgt~tj kcç{ikj dnc kjcj`~{ y dn cg cn`tg dnm|gdgkiû` dn cj{kgorn{i`j{ mn|og`j{ cil|n{ rj| cg ¡n`kjon`dgkiû`± kg{i kjn|kitiug g cj{ m~n||n|j{ dn cj{ kcg`n{. Nc {i{tnogcnmgc y kj`{tit~kij`gc w~n {n dn{g||jccû d~|g`tn cg Ndgd Ondig e~n im~gcon`tn fïl|idj. ^`g h~{tikig dn kg|çktn|rjr~cg| y ~`g t|gdikiû` dn jlcimgkij`n{ ej|ogcon`tn |nkïr|jkg{ n`t|n djoi`g`tn{ y djoi`gdj{ dn`t|j dn ~`gkjo~ìdgd t|ilgc kjoø` dnhg|j` ~`g r|je~`dg f~nccg n` cg{ n{t|~kt~|g{ h~|ïdikg{ dnc en~dgci{oj# i`kc~{j gccïdj`dn cj{ t|il~`gcn{ rjr~cg|n{ `j {jl|nuiuin|j`# kjoj n` E|g`kig. Nc {i{tnog dn N{tgdj{ w~n oç{ tg|dngrg|nkiû dn`t|j dn cg{ oj`g|w~ïg{ en~dgcn{ dnlïg o~kfj# n` n{rnkigc# g n{tg øctiog. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# nc cnmgdj|jog`j dn ~` dn|nkfj kjdieikgdj y n{k|itj t~uj tgolié` ~`g iorj|tg`kig kgritgc rg|g cg n{rnkïeikg {ï`tn{i{

h~|ïdikg dn cg Ndgd Ondig# oin`t|g{ w~n cg fn|n`kig kj`kicig| dn cg Imcn{ig k|i{tig g kcç{ikg e~n {i` d~dg gcm~`ge~`dgon`tgc rg|g nc dn{g||jccj dnc {i{tnog dn N{tgdj{ 72. N` cg k~ol|n dnc {i{tnog rjcïtikj ondinugc# cgi`{tit~kiû` dn cg oj`g|w~ïg en~dgc |nr|n{n`tû iìkigcon`tn ~`g kgolig`tn gogcmgog n`t|n nc hnen m~n||n|jmn|oçìkj# {noincnktiuj y kj` |~dion`tg|ig{ e~`kij`n{ {nk~cg|n{# y nc {jln|g`j iorn|igc |jog`j# g~tûk|gtg{gm|gdj dn rjdn|n{ y |n{rj`{glicidgdn{ icioitgdj{.

T|g{ nc kjcgr{j y cg kjè~{iû` dn cg Ndgd J{k~|g# nc kjorcnhj iè|g y {~r|gn{t|~kt~|gc w~n fgl|ïg dn kj`{tit~i|cg n{t|~kt~|g mn`n|gc dn ~`g tjtgcidgd en~dgc n` N~|jrg tn`ïg# r~n{# ~` djlcn j|imn`. ^`g {jcg i`{tit~kiû`# {i`nolg|mj# glg|kû tjdj nc rn|ïjdj dn t|g`{ikiû` dn cg G`timóndgd g cg Ndgd Ondig n` ~`g n{n`kigc kj`ti`~idgd8cg Imcn{ig k|i{tig`g. Cg Imcn{ig e~n# dn{dn c~nmj# nc r|i`kirgc y e|çmic gk~nd~ktj g t|gué{ dnc k~gc cg{ |n{n|ug{k~ct~|gcn{ dnc o~`dj kcç{ikj rg{g|j` gc `~nuj ~ìun|{j dn cg N~|jrg en~dgc# k~yg k~ct~|g {n fglïg fnkfj

kcn|ikgc. Cg Imcn{ig# nvt|g÷j jlhntj fi{tû|ikj rg| nvknccn`kn# k~yg rnk~cig|mn`n{. ¡Eine ± Qen~dj_ {n dn|iug dnc mn|og`j g`tim~j uinf# w~n {imìeikg |nlg÷j{. ¡Ug{{gc ± Qug{gccj_ r|jkndn dnc knctg a}g{ # w~nj|imi`gcon`tn {imìeikglg n{kcguj. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# ¡uiccgmn± Qgcdng_ {n dn|iug dn cg uiccg |jog`g1 ¡{n|e ± Q{in|uj_# dn {n|u~{ # y ¡og`j| ± dnog`{~{ .72 Fi`txn {~l|gyg n{tg eicigkiû` n` {~ n`{gyj ¡]nctmn{kfikftcikfn Lndi m~`mn dn| \nr|ä{n`tgtiunun|eg{{~`m±# n` Jttj Fi`txn#Mn{goonctn Glfg`dc~`mn`# ujc. I# Cnirxim# 7947# rr. 7;4/>.

QRçm. 7;7_

tnorj|gcidgd `~`kg fg kji`kididj kj` cg dn ~`g {iorcn {nk~n`kig dn ~` {i{tnog nkj`ûoikj j rjcïtikj g jt|j#{i`j w~n {n. fg {~rn|r~n{tj y {jl|nuiuidj g o~kfj{ n` ~` |itoj r|jrij# `~`kg fg |nkilidj ~` t|gtgoin`tjtnû|ikj n` nc og|kj dnc ogtn|igci{oj fi{tû|ikj77. Gw~ï `j rjdnoj{ fgkn| `gdg rg|g |nondig| n{tg cgm~`g. Rn|j

{j` r|nki{j{ gcm~`j{ l|nun{ kjon`tg|ij{ {jl|n cg iorj|tg`kig dn {~ rgrnc n` cg t|g`{ikiû` dn cg G`timóndgd gcen~dgci{oj# yg w~n gctn|`gtiugon`tn {n fg nvgmn|gdj j dn{k~idgdj n` l~n`g rg|tn dn cj{ n{t~dij{ fi{tû|ikj{ dnn{tg érjkg. N` cg G`timóndgd tg|dïg# cg Imcn{ig k|i{tig`g kj`t|il~yû i`d~dglcnon`tn —kjoj yg fnoj{ ui{tj— gc

55 * 7>2



dnlicitgoin`tj dn cg kgrgkidgd dn |n{i{tn`kig dnc {i{tnog iorn|igc |jog`j. Y cj fixj# `j rj| {~{ djkt|i`g{dn{oj|gcixg`tn{ j rj| {~{ ugcj|n{ nvt|go~`dg`j{# kjoj k|nïg` cj{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ dn cg Ic~{t|gkiû`# {i`j rj| {~n`j|on ujc~on` o~`dg`j. N` nenktj# nc ug{tj grg|gtj kcn|ikgc w~n n`mn`d|û n` nc Iorn|ij tg|dïj e~n ~`g dn cg{r|i`kirgcn{ |gxj`n{ dnc nvkn{iuj rn{j rg|g{itg|ij w~n gmjtû g cg nkj`joïg y cg {jkindgd |jog`g{# rj|w~n dn n{tgej|og ~`g {nm~`dg y {~rn|r~n{tg l~|jk|gkig {n {~oû g cg yg jr|n{iug kg|mg dnc N{tgdj {nk~cg|. N` nc {imcj UI#cj{ jli{rj{ y nc kcn|j dn cj w~n w~ndglg dnc Iorn|ij n|g` o~kfj oç{ `~on|j{j{ w~n cj{ e~`kij`g|ij{ y gmn`tn{gdoiì{t|gtiuj{ dnc N{tgdj# y |nkilïg` {~ncdj{ kj`{idn|glcnon`tn oç{ gctj{ 7<. Cg kg|mg i`tjcn|glcn dn n{tnrn{gdï{ioj ndieikij e~n ~` dntn|oi`g`tn e~`dgon`tgc dnc kjcgr{j dnc Iorn|ij. Cg cïoridg tn{i{ dn Millj` dnw~n nc k|i{tigì{oj e~n ~`g dn cg{ dj{ kg~{g{ e~`dgon`tgcn{ dn cg kgïdg dnc Iorn|ij |jog`j —|n{~on`nvr|n{iuj dnc idng/

77 R|jkndn`tn dn ~`g oi`j|ïg étìkg rj{t|ilgc# t|i~èg`tn n` cg G`timóndgd tg|dïg# djoi`g`tn n` nc en~dgci{oj# dnkgdn`tn y |n`gkin`tnlghj nc kgritgci{oj# cg Imcn{ig |jog`g fg {jl|nuiuidj g k~gcw~in| jt|g i`{tit~kiû` —k~ct~|gc# rjcïtikg# h~|ïdikg j ci`móï{tikg—fi{tû|ikgon`tn kjntç`ng {~yg. N`mnc{ |necnvij`û l|nunon`tn {jl|n {~ cg|mg jdi{ng n` C~d}im En~n|lgkf g`d tfn n`d je tfn Mn|og`kcg{{ikgc rficj{jrfy &Og|v/N`mnc{# [ncnktnd }j|a{ # Cj`d|n{# 7956# rr. 5<6/;7) QC~d}im En~n|lgkf y nc ei` dn cg eicj{jeïg kcç{ikggcnog`g# n` Og|v/N`mnc{# Jl|g{ n{kjmidg{ # ujc. II# Ogd|id# Gagc# 79=># rr. ;==/4<5_# rn|j {n cioitû g |nmi{t|g| cg dnrn`dn`kig dn {~{t|g`{ej|ogkij`n{ kj` |n{rnktj g cg{ nvrn|ion`tgdg{ rj| cg fi{tj|ig mn`n|gc dn cj{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû`. [~ n{rnkïeikg g~tj`joïg ygdgrtglicidgd |nmij`gc —nvt|gj|di`g|ig dn{dn k~gcw~in| rn|{rnktiug w~n {n gdjrtn— tjdguïg tin`n` w~n {n| {n|igon`tn nvrcj|gdg{.C~açk{ k|nïg w~n |gdikglg n` ~`g |ncgtiug rn|og`n`kig dn cg |ncgkiû` dnc fjol|n kj` cg `gt~|gcnxg# {~{t|gtj iùi{ilcn dnc kj{oj{|ncimij{j# rn|j `~`kg {n gun`t~|û oç{ gccç dn gcm~`g{ `jtg{ og|mi`gcn{ {jl|n cg k~n{tiû`. Uég{n M. C~açk{# Fi{tj|y g`d kcg{{ kj`{kij~{`n{{ # Cj`d|n{# 79=7# rr. <;>/5 QFi{tj|ig y kj`kin`kig dn kcg{n# Lg|kncj`g# M|ihgclj# 79=5_.7< Hj`n{# Tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# ujc. II# rr. 9;;/4# 7245.

QRçm. 7;<_

ci{oj dn cg Ic~{t|gkiû`— rn|oitn g{ï ~`g gkt~gc |nej|o~cgkiû` ogtn|igci{tg.

Kj` tjdj# n{g oi{og imcn{ig e~n tgolié` nc çolitj ojundixj dn cj{ r|ion|j{ {ï`tjog{ dn cg ciln|gkiû` dn cgtékìkg y cg k~ct~|g dn cj{ cïoitn{ dn ~` o~`dj kj`{t|~idj {jl|n cg n{kcguit~d. Cg{ nvt|gj|di`g|ig{ |ngcixgkij`n{dn cg kiuicixgkiû` m|nkj||jog`g e~n|j` r|jrindgd dn ~` rnw~n÷j n{t|gtj di|imn`tn# n`tn|gon`tn diuj|kigdj dn cgr|jd~kkiû`. Nc t|glghj og`~gc n{tglg idn`tieikgdj kj` cg {n|uid~ol|n y# nj ir{j# n|g dnm|gdg`tn.Nkj`ûoikgon`tn# nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg kj`d~hj g ~`g rg|çci{i{ tékìkg8 n` {~ og|kj `j nvi{tïgì`mø` ior~c{j rg|g i`t|jd~ki| onhj|g{ w~n gfj||g|g` t|glghj. Kjoj yg fnoj{ ui{tj# cg tnk`jcjmïg gcnhg`d|i`grn|{i{tiû n` kj h~`tj d~|g`tn tjdj nc Iorn|ij |jog`j8 {n r|jd~hn|j` rjkj{ iùn`tj{ iorj|tg`tn{ y ì`m~`j dnnccj{ e~n gorcigon`tn grcikgdj. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# cg n{kcguit~d fgkïg k~ct~|gcon`tn rj{ilcn cg nc~{iug g|oj`ïgn`t|n nc fjol|n y nc ~ìun|{j `gt~|gc w~n kg|gktn|ixû gc g|tn y cg eicj{jeïg dn cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cg G`timóndgdkcç{ikg8 cg nvn`kiû` `j k~n{tij`gdg dnc t|glghj e~n ~`g dn cg{ kj`dikij`n{ w~n rj{ilicitg|j` {~ {n|n`g g~{n`kigdn tn`{iû` kj` cg `gt~|gcnxg. Nc t|glghj dn t|g`{ej|ogkiû` ogtn|igc n i`kc~{j {~ {~rn|ui{iû` e~n ~` çolitj{~{tg`kigcon`tn nvkc~idj dn {~ n{en|g. Kj` tjdj# cg m|g`dnxg dnc cnmgdj i`tncnkt~gc y k~ct~|gc dnc Iorn|ij|jog`j `j {ûcj {n gkjorg÷û dn ~` iòjuici{oj tékìkj# {i`j w~n# rj| {~{ oi{og{ kj`dikij`n{# n{t~uj cioitgdggc n{t|gtj oç{ |nd~kidj dn cg{ kcg{n{ di|imn`tn{ dn cg ont|ûrjci y cg{ r|jui`kig{. Nc ï`dikn oç{ ncjk~n`tn dn {~cioitgkiû` un|tikgc e~n nc fnkfj dn w~n cg m|g` og{g dn cg rjlcgkiû` |n{idn`tn n` nc Iorn|ij rgmg`j `j {glïgcgtï`. Cg cn`m~g dnc mjlin|`j y dn cg{ oi{iug{ n|g nc oj`jrjcij dn ~`g rnw~n÷g écitn. Cg g{kn`{iû` dn cg Imcn{ig

k|i{tig`g {~r~{j rj| unx r|ion|g ~`g {~lun|{iû` y t|g`{ej|ogkiû` dn n{tn ojdncj# rj|w~n nc k|i{tigì{oj|joriû cg ~ìû` n`t|n nc fjol|n y cg `gt~|gcnxg# nc n{rï|it~ y nc o~`dj dn cg kg|`n# dg`dj cg u~nctgrjtn`kigcon`tn g cg{ |ncgkij`n{ n`t|n golg{ n` dj{ di|nkkij`n{ jr~n{tg{ y gtj|on`tgdg{8 nc g{knti{oj y ncgktiui{oj7;. Dn ej|og iòndigtg#

7; @gt~|gcon`tn# cg |~rt~|g `j e~n nvkc~{iug dn cg `~nug |ncimiû`# {i`j w~n tgolié` {n nvtn`diû gc rgmgì{oj t|gdikij`gc. L|j}` nujkgn{tn fnkfj dn ej|og kg|gktn|ï{tikg8 ¡Dn{r~é{ dn ug|ig{ mn`n|gkij`n{ dn gktiuidgd rølcikg grg|n`tnon`tn {gti{egktj|ig# e~n kjoj {i ~`gkj||in`tn w~n rg{g|g {~gunon`tn dn{dn cg nvrn|in`kig i`tn|ij| dnc fjol|n gc o~`dj nvtn|ij| {n f~lin|g i`tn||~oridj. Nc kgcj| w~nr|jkndïg dnc n`tj|`j egoicig| Q..._ Cg oç{kg|g kcç{ikg yg `j n`kghglg n` nc gon`gxgdj| n i`n{k|~/

QRçm. 7;;_

cg uiktj|ig dn cg Imcn{ig n` nc Iorn|ij tg|dïj `j fixj `gdg rg|g kgolig| cg{ gktit~dn{ t|gdikij`gcn{ fgkig cgtnk`jcjmïg j cg n{kcguit~d. Gol|j{ij dn Oicç` nvr|n{û cg `~nug jriìû` jeikigc k~g`dj kj`dn`û kjoj iorïg{i`kc~{j cg{ kin`kig{ r~|gon`tn tnû|ikg{ dn cg g{t|j`joïg y cg mnjont|ïg8 ¡@j kj`jknoj{ cj{ {nk|ntj{ dnc

5= * 7>2



norn|gdj| y# {i` nolg|mj# r|ntn`dnoj{ kj`jkn| cj{ dn Dij{± 74. Im~gcon`tn# cj{ Rgd|n{ dn cg Imcn{ig# dn{dnRglcj fg{tg Hn|ûìoj# gknrtg|j` ~`çìonon`tn cg n{kcguit~d# cioitç`dj{n g gkj`{nhg| g cj{ n{kcguj{ w~n e~n|g`jlndin`tn{ kj` {~{ goj{ y g é{tj{ w~n. e~n|g` h~{tj{ kj` {~{ n{kcguj{. Dn{r~é{ dn tjdj# cg un|dgdn|g ciln|tgd `jrjdïg n`kj`t|g|{n n` n{tn o~`dj7>. N` cg r|çktikg# cg Imcn{ig dn n{tj{ {imcj{ e~n kj` e|nk~n`kig ~`g m|g`r|jrintg|ig i`{tit~kij`gc dn n{kcguj{# y {~{ jli{rj{ r~din|j` nhn|kn| n` jkg{ij`n{ {~{ dn|nkfj{ cnmgcn{ {jl|n {~r|jrindgd e~mitiug kj` gcmj oç{ w~n ~` j|di`g|ij kncj r~ìtiuj75.

[i` nolg|mj# n` cj{ oç|mn`n{ dnc n{rnkïeikj grg|gtj nkcn{iç{tikj# nc dn{g||jccj dnc oj`gw~i{oj gr~`tglg n` ~`gdien|n`tn y rj{ilcn di|nkkiû`. kgorn{i`gdj nmirkij rj{nïg# ~`g t|gdikiû` dn |nti|gdg g n|oitg{ {jcitg|ig{ ydn{in|tg{# j g`gkfj|n{i{ # kjoj ej|og dn r|jtn{tg kj`t|g cg |nkg~dgkiû` dn ior~n{tj{ y jt|j{ ogcn{ {jkigcn{. Gei`gcn{ dnc {imcj III d. K.# G`tjìj t|g`{ej|oû n{g t|gdikiû` n` {~ g`gkj|nti{oj g{kétikj y |ncimij{j. G r|i`kirij{dnc {imcj IU# Rgkjoij cg dn{g||jccû fgkig ~` kn`jliti{oj kjo~`gc n` cg{ xj`g{ k~ctiugdg{ g j|iccg{ dnc @icj#

tglcn kn`t|j dnc ~ìun|{j±# Tfn }j|cd je cgtn G`tiw~ity# rr. >7/<. Rn|j# kjoj L|j}`{ i`dikg# cg |n{r~n{tg rgmg`g oç{ i`tn`{g g n{tnfnkfj e~n nc `njrcgtjì{oj# øctiog djkt|i`g dn |nkj`kicigkiû` i`tn|ij| n`t|n nc fjol|n y cg `gt~|gcnxg y r|ion|g tnj|ïg dn cg lnccnxg{n`{~gc |ndn{k~lin|tg y gr|jrigdg n` jt|g érjkg rj| nc \n`gkioin`tj.74 N. G. Tfjor{j`# G \jog` |nej|on| g`d iùn`tj| # Jvej|d# 79><# rçmi`g{ 44/>.7> N`mnc{ jl{n|uû kj` dn{dé` w~n ¡nc k|i{tigì{oj `j fg tnìdj gl{jc~tgon`tn `gdg w~n un| n` cg nvti`kiû` m|gd~gc dn cg n{kcguit~d.D~|g`tn {imcj{ kjnvi{tiû kj` cg n{kcguit~d n` nc Iorn|ij |jog`j y oç{ gdncg`tn hgoç{ fg iorndidj nc kjon|kij dn n{kcguj{ dn cj{

k|i{tig`j{±# Og|v/N`mnc{# [ncnktnd }j|a{ # r. >=2 QJl|g{ n{kjmidg{ # ujc. II# r. ;7=_. N{tg gei|ogkiû` n{ gcmj rn|n tj|ig# kjoj r~ndngr|nkig|{n rj| nc ogtixgdj g`çci{i{ dn Lcjkf {jl|n cg gktit~d dn cg Imcn{ig g`tn cg n{kcguit~d n` ¡Kjoon`t nt rj~|w~ji eiìt c’n{kcgugmng`tiw~n:± &n{rnkigcon tn rr. ;=/47). Rn|j cg{ kj`kc~{ij`n{ {~{tg`kigcn{ dn Lcjkf `j {n gcnhg` dnog{igdj dn cg{ dn N`mnc{# g rn{g| dn cj{`nkn{g|ij{ ogtikn{ w~n cn g÷gdn. Rg|g n{t~dij{ oç{ |nkin`tn{ y kjèi|ogtiuj{ {jl|n cg{ r|ion|g{ gktit~dn{ k|i{tig`g± fgkig cg n{kcguit~d#uég{n ]n{tn|og``# Tfn {cgun {y{tno{ je M|nna g`d \jog` G`tiw~ity# rr. 749/75<1 G. Fgdhiìkjcgj~/Og|gug# \nkfn|kfn{ {~| cg uin dn{ n{kcgun{ dg`{ cn oj`dn lyxg`ti`# Gtn`g{# 79>2# rr. 7;/6.75 Rj| nhnorcj# uég{n Tfjor{j`# Tfn Mjtf{ i` [rgi`# rr. ;2>/6.

QRçm. 7;4_

dj`dn {n ior~{j nc t|glghj gm|ïkjcg y nc n{t~dij tg`tj kjoj cg j|gkiû` y nc gy~`j7=. Ei`gcon`tn# n` cg dékgdgdnc ;=2# Lg{icij cimû rj| unx r|ion|g nc g{knti{oj# nc t|glghj og`~gc y cg i`{t|~kkiû` i`tncnkt~gc n` ~`g |nmcgoj`ç{tikg kjfn|n`tn. [i` nolg|mj# y g~`w~n n{tg nujc~kiû` r~ndg kj`{idn|g|{n |nt|j{rnktiugon`tn kjoj ~`j

dn cj{ r|ion|j{ {im`j{ dn ~` cn`tj y r|je~`dj kgolij dn cg{ gktit~dn{ {jkigcn{ fgkig nc t|glghj# cg nvrg`{iû` dncoj`gw~i{oj n` nc tg|dïj Iorn|ij |jog`j r|jlglcnon`tn {n cioitû g gm|gug| nc rg|g{iti{oj nkj`ûoikj dn cgImcn{ig gc gcnhg| dn cg r|jd~kkiû` g ~` ogyj| ujc~on` dn og`j dn jl|g. Rj{tn|ij|on`tn# tgorjkj dn{norn÷û~` rgrnc n{rnkigcon`tn tûìkj n` cg nkj`joïg lixg`ti`g# dj`dn nc oj`gw~i{oj j|in`tgc {n fixj o~y r|j`tj# n`nc onhj| dn cj{ kg{j{# on|gon`tn kj`tnorcgtiuj y# n` nc rnj|# jkij{j y j{k~|g`ti{tg. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# t|g{rcg`tgdjg Jkkidn`tn y |nej|o~cgdj rj| Lnìtj dn @~|{ig d~|g`tn cg{ {jol|ïg{ r|je~`didgdn{ dnc {imcj UI# cj{ r|i`kirij{oj`ç{tikj{ {n oj{t|g|j` dn{dn cg tg|dïg Ndgd J{k~|g j|mgìxgtiugon`tn neikgkn{ n idnjcûmikgon`tn ièc~yn`tn{rj|w~n n` cg{ û|dn`n{ oj`ç{tikg{ dn Jkkidn`tn# nc t|glghj i`tncnkt~gc y nc og`~gc w~ndg|j` r|jui{ij`gcon`tn~ìdj{ gc {n|uikij dn Dij{. Cg{ egn`g{ gm|ïkjcg{ gdw~i|in|j` cg dimìdgd dn cg gdj|gkiû` diui`g y e~n|j`|ngcixgdg{ rj| oj`hn{ i`{t|~idj{8 cglj|g|n n{t j|g|n. Kj` nccj kgïg i`d~dglcnon`tn ~`g dn cg{ lg||n|g{ k~ct~|gcn{rg|g nc dn{k~l|ioin tj y nc r|jm|n{j tnk`jcûmikj. [n|ïg ~` n||j| gt|il~i| n{tn kgolij g gcmø` rjdn|

g~tj{~eikin`tn n` nc {n`j dn cg Imcn{ig76

8 nc dien|n`tn |~olj dn cj{ gkj`tnkioin`/7= D. H. Kfitty# Tfn dn{n|t g kity# Jvej|d# 7955# rr. <2/7# <=. N{ ~`g cç{tiog w~n cj w~n rj{ilcnon`tn {ng nc øìkj n{t~dij |nkin`tn ykjorcntj dnc r|ion| oj`gw~i{oj tn`mg ~` kg|çktn| tg` ~ìcgtn|gcon`tn dnujkij`gc. Cj{ kjon`tg|ij{ dn Hj`n{ {jl|n cj{ |n{~ctgdj{oivtj{ dnc oj`gw~i{oj n` cg G`timóndgd tg|dïg {j` gm~dj{ y rn|ti`n`tn{8 Tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# II# rr. 9;2/;.76 N{tn n{ nc r|i`kirgc dnenktj dnc n`{gyj dn Cy`` ]fitn# ¡]fgt gkkncn|gtnd tnkf`jcjmikgc r|jm|n{{ i` tfn ]n{tn|` Oiddcn Gmn{:±# n` G.K. K|jolin &kjor.)# [kin`tieik kfg`mn# Cj`d|n{# 795;# rr. <=</97# nvrcj|gkiû` g~dgx dn cg{ kj`{nk~n`kig{ dnc oj`gw~i{oj w~n# n`kin|tj ojdj# n{ {~rn|ij| g {~ Ondignugc tnkf`jcjmy g`d {jkigc kfg`mn # rj|w~n gw~ï `j {n entikfixg g cg tékìkg kjoj r|ion|g kg~{gfi{tû|ikg# {i`j w~n rj| cj on`j{ {n cg cimg g cg{ i`{tit~kij`n{ {jkigcn{. Cg gei|ogkiû` dn ]fitn {jl|n cg iorj|tg`kig dn cg{ dn{/gìoixgkiû` idnjcûmikg dn cg `gt~|gcnxg rj| nc k|i{tigì{oj kjoj ~`g kj`dikiû` r|nuig dn {~ rj{tn|ij| t|g`{ej|ogkiû` tnk`jcûmikg rg|nkn{nd~ktj|g# rn|j jcuidg nc fnkfj dn w~n nc I{cgo e~n |n{rj`{glcn rjkj dn{r~é{ dn ~`g N`txg~ln|~`m dn| ]nct o~kfj oç{ kjorcntg# {i`w~n nccj r|jd~hn|g ~` iorgktj `jtglcn {jl|n cg tnk`jcjmïg o~{~cog g. Cg iorj|tg`kig dnc oj`gw~i{oj kjoj di{jcun`tn r|nojìtj| dnc{i{tnog kcç{ikj dn t|glghj `j dnln nvgmn|g|{n.

QRçm. 7;>_

tj{ n` nc n{tn y nc jn{tn dnlïg {n| rj| {ï {jcj {~eikin`tn rg|g rj`n| dn ogìein{tj w~n e~n nc kjorcnhj tjtgc dn

56 * 7>2



|ncgkij`n{ {jkigcn{ —y `j cg n{rnkïeikg i`{tit~kiû` |ncimij{g— cj w~n n` øctiog i`{tg`kig g{im`û cg{ e~`kij`n{nkj`ûoikg{ y k~ct~|gcn{ dnc oj`gw~i{oj. [~ kg||n|g r|jd~ktiug {ûcj r~dj kjon`xg| k~g`dj cg dn{i tnm|gkiû`dn cg n{kcguit~d kcç{ikg f~lj ciln|gdj cj{ ncnon`tj{ dn ~`g di`çoikg dien|n`tn w~n fgl|ïg dn k~coi`g| kj` cgej|ogkiû` dnc en~dgci{oj. Oç{ w~n nc |imj|i{oj# cj {j|r|n`dn`tn n{ cg d~kticidgd dn cg Imcn{ig n` n{tg dieïkict|g`{ikiû`.

Gc oi{oj tinorj# {i` nolg|mj# cg Imcn{ig e~n {i` d~dg gcm~`g di|nktgon`tn |n{rj`{glcn dn jt|g n`j|on y{icn`kij{g t|g`{ej|ogkiû` n` cj{ øctioj{ {imcj{ dnc Iorn|ij. Cg oi{og u~cmg|ixgkiû` y kj||~rkiû` dn cg k~ct~|gkcç{ikg# w~n Millj` fgl|ïg dn dn`~`kig|# e~n n` |ngcidgd rg|tn dn ~` mimg`tn{kj r|jkn{j dn g{ioicgkiû` ygdgrtgkiû` g ~`g rjlcgkiû` oç{ gorcig# w~n fgl|ïg dn g||~i`g|cg y# {io~ctç`ngon`tn# |n{kgtg|cg n` ondij dnckjcgr{j dn {~ t|gdikij`gc iè|gn{t|~kt~|g. Cg oç{ {j|r|n`dn`tn ogìen{tgkiû` dn n{tg t|g`{oi{iû` e~n# ~`g unxoç{# nc idijog. Fg{tg nc {imcj III# cj{ kgorn{i`j{ dn cg Mgcig j Fi{rgìg fglïg` fglcgdj {~{ r|jrig{ cn`m~g{knctg{# iorn|onglcn{ g cg k~ct~|g dn cg kcg{n di|imn`tn kcç{ikg8 n` n{tg érjkg# ~`g kj`w~i{tg mn|oçìkg dn n{g{r|jui`kig{ fgl|ïg tnìdj kj`{nk~n`kig{ i`kgck~cglcn{ rg|g cg rj{tn|ij| fi{tj|ig dn N~|jrg. [i` nolg|mj# kj` cgk|i{tigìxgkiû` dnc Iorn|ij# cj{ jli{rj{ y nc kcn|j dn cg{ r|jui`kig{ jkkidn`tgcn{# gc nor|n`dn| cg kjùn|{iû` dncg{ og{g{ dn rjlcgkiû` |~|gc# cgtiìxg|j` rg|g {inor|n {~ cn`m~g n` nc t|g`{k~|{j dn cj{ {imcj{ IU y U 79. Cg{cn`m~g{ |jog`kn{ e~n|j` nc |n{~ctgdj ei`gc dn n{tg rjr~cg|ixgkiû`# ~`j dn cj{ n{n`kigcn{ uï`k~cj{ {jkigcn{ dnkj`ti`~idgd n`t|n cg G`/

79 L|j}`# Tfn }j|cd je cgtn G`tiw~ity# r. 7;2. N` kin|tj{ g{rnktj{# n{tg jl|g n{ cg oç{ l|iccg`tn onditgkiû` {jl|n nc ei` dn cg érjkgkcç{ikg r|jd~kidg n` o~kfj{ g÷j{. ^`j dn {~{ tnog{ kn`t|gcn{ n{ cg k|ngtiuidgd uitgc dn cg gd~ctn|gdg t|g`{oi{iû`# g û|dn`n{ oç{ lghj{ yg érjkg{ rj{tn|ij|n{# dn cg k~ct~|g kcç{ikg rj| nc k|i{tigì{oj# w~n r|jd~hj nc g|tn tïrikj dn cg G`timóndgd tg|dïg. Cg dnm|gdgkiû` {jkigc ni`tncnkt~gc e~n cg r|~nlg {gc~dglcn w~n cj {gcuû. Cg {nonhg`xg dn n{tg kj`knrkiû` —nvr|n{gdg rj| L|j}` kj` o~kfg oç{ e~n|xg w~n rj|k~gcw~in| jt|j n{k|itj|— kj` cg tïrikg `jkiû` dn M|go{ki dn cg |ncgkiû` n`t|n nc \n`gkioin`tj y cg \nej|og n{ dim`g dn gtn`kiû`.M|go{ki jri`glg w~n nc n{rcn`dj| k~ct~|gc dnc \n`gkioin`tj —|nei`goin`tj dn ~`g écitn g|i{tjk|çtikg— t~uj w~n fgkn|{n tj{kj y{jol|ïj n` nc j{k~|g`ti{oj dn cg \nej|og rg|g g{ï rg{g| g cg{ og{g{ y |ngrg|nkn| n` øctioj té|oi`j {jl|n ~`j{ e~`dgon`tj{ oç{gorcij{ y oç{ cil|n{# Ic ogtn|igci{oj {tj|ikj# T~|ï`# 7955# r. 6> QNc ogtn|igci{oj fi{tû|ikj# L~n`j{ Gi|n{# @~nug Ui{iû # 79=7_.

QRçm. 7;5_

timóndgd y cg Ndgd Ondig. Rg|g fgkn| nuidn`tn{ cg{ kj`{nk~n`kig{ dn ~`g kj`w~i{tg mn|oçìkg dn n{tg{

r|jui`kig{ jkkidn`tgcn{ {i` ~`g r|nuig cgtiìxgkiû`# {ûcj fgy w~n kj`{idn|g| cg t|g{kn`dn`tgc iorj|tg`kig dn n{tgfgxg÷g.

N{tg |ngcixgkiû` e~`dgon`tgc dn cg r|ion|g Imcn{ig i`dikg {~ un|dgdn|j c~mg| y e~`kiû` n` cg t|g`{ikiû` fgkig ncen~dgci{oj. [~ neikgkig g~tû`jog `j fgy w~n n`kj`t|g|cg n` nc çolitj dn cg{ |ncgkij`n{ nkj`ûoikg{ j dn cg{n{t|~kt~|g{ {jkigcn{ —dj`dn g unkn{ {n fg l~{kgdj nw~iujkgdgon`tn—# {i`j n` tjdg cg cioitgkiû` y cgiòn`{idgd dn cg n{en|g k~ct~|gc {it~gdg rj| n`kiog dn gw~éccg{. Cg kiuicixgkiû` dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg {ndnei`ïg rj| nc dn{g||jccj dn ~`g{ {~rn|n{t|~kt~|g{ dn ~`g {jei{tikgkiû` y kjorcnhidgd {i` im~gc# {it~gdg{ {jl|n~`g{ iè|gn{t|~kt~|g{ ogtn|igcn{ dn ~`g tj{w~ndgd y {iorcikidgd |ncgtiugon`tn iùg|ig`tn{8 n` nc o~`djm|nkj||jog`j {inor|n nvi{tiû ~`g d|goçtikg dn{r|jrj|kiû` n`t|n cg lûundg dnc kincj i`tncnkt~gc y rjcïtikj y cgn{t|nkfnx dnc {~ncj nkj`ûoikj. K~g`dj ccnmû {~ kjcgr{j ei`gc# `gdg n|g on`j{ jluij w~n nc fnkfj dn w~n {~

cnmgdj {~rn|n{t|~kt~|gc —gfj|g iòn`{gon`tn di{tg`tn dn cg{ iòndigtg{ |ngcidgdn{ {jkigcn{— fgl|ïg dn{jl|nuiui|cn# rj| o~y {~guixgdg w~n e~n|g {~ ej|og. Rg|g nccj n|g `nkn{g|ig ~`g ug{ihg n{rnkïeikg#{~eikin`tnon`tn gcnhgdg dn cg{ i`{tit~kij`n{ kcç{ikg{ dn cg G`timóndgd y# {i` nolg|mj# ojcdngdg n` {~ {n`j y#rj| tg`tj# kgrgx dn cil|g|{n dn cg fnkgtjoln mn`n|gc rg|g t|g`{oiti| cj{ oi{tn|ij{j{ on`{ghn{ dnc rg{gdj g ~è~t~|j on`j{ gug`xgdj. Cg Imcn{ig k~orciû jlhntiugon tn n{g e~`kiû`. N` dntn|oi`gdj{ g{rnktj{e~`dgon`tgcn{# cg kiuicixgkiû` {~rn|n{t|~kt~|gc dn cg G`timóndgd e~n {~rn|ij| g cg dnc en~dgci{oj d~|g`tn ~òicnìj# n{tj n{# fg{tg cg érjkg w~n fgl|ïg dn ccgog|{n kj`{kin`tnon`tn g {ï oi{og {~ \n`gkioin`tj# rg|grj`n| dn ogìein{tj cg |nm|n{iû` i`tn|ondig. Cg kj`dikiû` dn {~ rjdn| dien|idj# g t|gué{ dn cj{ {imcj{ kgûtikj{ yr|ioitiuj{ dn cg Ndgd J{k~|g# e~n cg d~|gkiû` dn cg Imcn{ig. @i`m~`g jt|g t|g`{ikiû` di`çoikg dn ~` ojdj dnr|jd~kkiû` g jt|j |nuncg cg oi{og die~{iû` n` nc dn{g||jccj {~rn|n{t|~kt~|gc1 ì`m~`g jt|g kj`tin`n tgorjkj ~`gi`{tit~kiû` dn tg`tg nùn|mgd~|g.

Cg Imcn{ig e~n# r~n{# nc r~n tn i`di{rn {glcn n`t|n dj{ érjkg{ n` ~`g t|g {ikiû` ¡kgtg{t|ûeikg± y `j.¡gk~o~cgtiug± n`t|n dj{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû` &k~yg n{t|~kt~|g diun|miû `nkn{g|igon`tn i` tjtj dn cg t|g`{ikiû`n`t|n nc en~dgci{oj y nc kgritgci{oj). [imìeikgtiugon`tn# cg Imcn{ig e~n nc on`tj| jeikigc dnc r|ion| i`tn`tj

59 * 7>2



<2 E. C. M|g`{fje# Tfn Kg|jci`mig`{ g`d tfn E|gài{f oj`g|kfy # Cj`d|n{# 79=7# r. 97.<7 F. Eikftn`g~# Tfn Kg|jci`mig` Nori|n# Jvej|d# 79>=# rr. 772/;.<< Mg`{fje# Tfn Kg|jci`mig`{ g`d tfn E|gài{f oj`g|kfy # rr. 7<>/;>.

QRçm. 7;9_

n{tj{ dj{ fnkfj{ `~ kg {n kjoli`g|j` n` ~` {jcj n iorj|tg tn {i{tnog. Cj{ {jln|g`j{ on|jui`mij{

di{t|il~yn|j` `j|ogcon`tn cg{ tin||g{ di|nktgon`tn g {~{ {nm~idj|n{ cngcn{# tjog`dj nc té|oi`j nkcn{iç{tikjln`neiki~o rg|g dn{im`g| n{tg{ kj`kn{ij`n{. Oç{ tg|dn# o~kfg{ dn cg{ tin||g{ di{t|il~idg{ dn n{tg ej|og e~n|j`kjèi{kgdg{ g cg Imcn{ig rj| nc ci`ghn dn cj{ G|`~cej{ kj` jlhntj dn |n~ì| `~nuj{ {jcdgdj{ rg|g {~{ nhé|kitj{ <;#oin`t|g{ cg Imcn{ig n|g kjorn`{gdg rj| Riri`j III kj` cg i`t|jd~kkiû` dn cj{ dinxoj{# w~n n` gdncg`tnkj`{tit~yn|j` cg øìkg gr|jviogkiû` g ~` ior~n{tj mn`n|gc n` nc |ni`j e|g`kj. Rn|j e~n cg érjkg dn Kg|cjogm`jcg w~n g`~`kiû nc kjoin`xj dn cg {ï`tn{i{ e~`dgon`tgc n`t|n cg{ dj`gkij`n{ dn tin||g y cj{ uï`k~cj{ dnc {n|uikij.D~|g`tn nc øctioj rn|ïjdj dnc {imcj UIII# nc ¡ug{gccghn &fjon`ghn rn|{j`gc) y nc ¡ln`neikij± &kj`kn{iû` dntin||g{) {n e~`din|j` cn`tgon`tn# y n` nc t|g`{k~|{j dnc {imcj IV nc ¡ln`neikij± {n g{ioicû r|jm|n{iugon`tn# g {~unx# gc ¡fj`j|± &kg|mj y h~|i{dikkiû` rølcikj{)<4. Cg{ kj`kn{ij`n{ dn tin||g rj| cj{ {jln|g`j{ dnhg|j` dn {n|{iorcn{ |nmgcj{ rg|g kjùn|ti|{n n` tn`n`kig{ kj`dikij`gdg{# di{e|~tgdg{ g kgolij dn {n|uikij{ dgdj{ lghjh~|gon`tj# y cj{ kg|mj{ gdoiì{t|gtiuj{ oç{ lghj{ tn`din|j` g gr|jviog|{n cnmgcon`tn g nccg{. ^`g kcg{n {jkigcdn ug{{i djoiìki# ug{gccj{ di|nktj{ dnc norn|gdj| w~n |nkilïg` {~{ ln`neikij{ dnc r|jrij Kg|cjogm`j# {ndn{g||jccû gfj|g n` nc kgorj# ej|og`dj ~`g kcg{n tn||gtnìn`tn cjkgc n`t|nonxkcgdg kj` cg{ g~tj|idgdn{kj`dgcn{ dnc Iorn|ij. N{tj{ ug{{i |ngcn{ e~n|j` w~in`n{ kj`{tit~yn|j` nc `økcnj dnc nhé|kitj kg|jci`mij# ccgogdjg÷j t|g{ g÷j rg|g r|n{tg| {~{ {n|uikij{ n` cg{ kj`ti`~g{ kgorg÷g{ nvt|g`hn|g{ dn Kg|cjogm`j. Rn|j nc {i{tnog {nnvtn`diû o~kfj oç{ gccç dn cg di|nktg cngctgd gc norn|gdj|. Jt|j{ ug{gccj{ n|g` tit~cg|n{ dn ln`neikij{ dnr|ï`kirn{ w~n# g {~ unx# n|g` ug{gccj{ dnc {~r|noj {jln|g`j. Gc oi{oj tinorj# cg{ ¡iò~ìdgdn{± cnmgcn{iìkigcon`tn n{rnkïeikg{ dn cg Imcn{ig —nvn`kij`n{ h~|ïdikg{ dn cj{ rn|h~dikigcn{ kûdimj{ mn|oçìkj{ kj`kndidg{g r|i`kirij{ dn cg Ndgd J{k~|g— kjon`xg|j` g nvtn`dn|{n g cj{ m~n||n|j{ {nk~cg|n{. G rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{# cj{ug{gccj{ djtgdj{ dn n{tg{ iò~ìdgdn{ n{tglg` g {gcuj dn cg{ i`tn|en|n`kig{ dn cj{ kj`dn{ n` {~{ r|jrindgdn{. Nc|n{~ctgdj ei`gc dn n{tg nujc~kiû` kjùn|mn`tn e~n cg grg|ikiû` dnc ¡en~dj±# kjoj kj`kn{iû` dncnmgdg dn tin||giùn{tidg kj` rjdn|n{ h~|ï/

<; D. L~ccj~mf# Tfn gmn je Kfg|cnogm`n# Cj`d|n{# 795># rr. ;>/5.<4 C. Fgcrfn`# Kfg|cnogm`n nt I’Nori|n kg|jci`min`# Rg|ï{# 7949# rçmi`g{ 796/<25# 465/9;1 Lj~t|~kfn# [nim`n~|in nt eéjdgcité # I# rr. 7>2/9.

QRçm. 742_

dikj{ y rjcïtikj{ g kgolij dnc {n|uikij oicitg|. Gr|jviogdgon`tn n` cg oi{og érjkg# nc dn{g||jccj oicitg| dn~`g kglgccn|ïg e~n|tnon`tn g|ogdg kj`t|il~yû g cg kj`{jcidgkiû` dnc `~nuj uï`k~cj i`{tit~kij`gc# g~`w~n `j e~ndi|nktgon`tn |n{rj`{glcn dn {~ grg|ikiû`. T~uj w~n rg{g| ~` {imcj rg|g w~n nc rcn`j {i{tnog dn en~dj{ {nojcdng|g y nkfg|g |gïkn{ n` Jkkidn`tn# rn|j {~ r|ion| n i`kjè~`dilcn `økcnj yg n|g ui{ilcn lghj Kg|cjogm`j.

Oin`t|g{ tg`tj# cg{ kj`ti`~g{ m~n||g{ dnc |ni`gdj tn`din|j` g dnm|gdg| r|jm|n{iugon`tn cg {it~gkiû` dn cg

ogyj|ïg dn cg rjlcgkiû` |~|gc. Cg{ kj`dikij`n{ dnc kgorn{i`gdj cil|n y m~n||n|j dn cg {jkindgd mn|oçìkgt|gdikij`gc fglïg` {idj cj{ dn{rcgxgoin`tj{ n` nc k~ctiuj dn tin||g{ y ~` tirj dn m~n||g cjkgc y n{tgkij`gc.K~g`dj cj{ g{n`tgoin`tj{ gm|ïkjcg{ {n n{tglicixg|j` y cg{ kgorg÷g{ oicitg|n{ {n fikin|j` oç{ gorcig{ yr|jcj`mgdg{# cg lg{n ogtn|igc dn cg ~ìdgd {jkigc n`t|n cg m~n||g y nc k~ctiuj {n w~nl|û i`nuitglcnon`tn. Cgm~n||g {n kjùi|tiû n` cg cnhg`g r|n||jmgtiug dn ~`g `jlcnxg oj`tgdg# oin`t|g{ w~n ~` kgorn{i gdj {ndn`tg|ijt|glghglg n` kg{g rg|g og`tn`n| ~` |itoj rn|og`n`tn dn k~ctiuj# dn{g|ogdj y kg|mgdj kj` cg r|jui{iû` dn{~oiì{t|j{ rg|g cj{ nhé|kitj{ |ngcn{<>. Nc |n{~ctgdj e~n ~` dntn|ij|j mn`n|gc n` cg rj{ikiû` dn cg og{g dnrjlcgkiû` gm|g|ig y# g{ï# tgolié` e~n n` n{tn rn|ïjdj k~g`dj tjoû ej|og cg kg|gktn|ï{tikg ~ìdgd en~dgc dnr|jd~kkiû`# k~ctiugdg rj| ~` kgorn{i`gdj dnrn`din`tn. N` cg r|çktikg# nc Iorn|ij kg|jci`mij e~n ~`g xj`gtn||itj|igc kn||gdg# kj` ~` kjon|kij nvtn|ij| i`{imìeikg`tn# g rn{g| dn {~{ e|j`tn|g{ dn cj{ og|n{ Onditn||ç`nj ydnc @j|tn# y kj` n{kg{g ki|k~cgkiû` oj`ntg|ig. [~ |n{r~n{tg nkj`ûoikg gc gi{cgoin`tj e~n nc dn{g||jccj dn ~`

{i{tnog {n÷j|igc. Cg uiccg dnc |ni`gdj dn Kg|cjogm`j yg g`tikirglg cg n{t|~kt~|g dnc {n÷j|ïj dn kjoin`xj{ dn cgNdgd Ondig# n{tj n{# ~`g m|g` ei`kg g~tç|w~ikg kjor~n{tg rj| cg{ tin||g{ dnc {n÷j| y ~`g o~ctit~d dn rnw~n÷g{rg|kncg{ dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{. Cg nvtn`{iû` dn n{tj{ djoiìj{ `jlicig|ij{ j kcn|ikgcn{ n|g kj` e|nk~n`kig o~ykj`{idn|glcn# dn 622 g 7. 522 fnktç|ng{. Dnlidj g cj{ r|ioitiuj{ oétjdj{ dn k~ctiuj# nc |n`dioin`tj gm|g|ij n|g

=7 * 7>2



o~y lghj n i`kc~{j cg r|jrj|kiû` 787 `j n|g n` gl{jc~tj dn{kj`jkidg <5. Cg n{rnkïeikg |n{n|ug {n÷j|igc# ncog`{~{ i`djoiìkgt~{ # rjdïg glg|kg| w~ixç fg{tg ~` k~g|tj dn tjdg cg nvtn`{iû`1

<> Uég`{n cg{ rn`nt|g`tn{ jl{n|ugkij n{ dn D~ly8 M~n||in|{ nt rgy{g`{ # r. >>.<5 H. L|j~{{g|# Tfn kiuicixgtij` je Kfg|cnogm`n# Cj`d|n{# 7956# rr. >=/521 D~ly# M~n||in|{ nt rgy{g`{ # r. ;6.

QRçm. 747_

nc |n{tj n|g k~ctiugdj `j|ogcon`tn rj| cj{ {n|ui j og`kirig g{n`tgdj{ n` rnw~n÷j{ ¡og`{j{±. N{tj{ {in|uj{kj`{tit~ïg` cg m|g` og{g dn cg og`j dn jl|g |~|gc dnrn`din`tn y# g~`w~n {~ dn`joi`gkiû` cnmgc n|g tjdguïg cgdn cg rgcgl|g |jog`g nw~iugcn`tn g ¡n{kcguj±# {~ kj`dikiû` n{tglg |ngcon`tn oç{ kn|kg dn cg dnc e~t~|j ¡{in|uj±ondinugc# kgolij w~n w~ndû |nmi{t|gdj rj| ~` dn{rcgxgoin`tj {noç`tikj n` nc ~{j dnc té|oi`j {n|u~{ n` nc{imcj UIII. Nc n|mg{t~c~o yg fglïg dn{grg|nkidj. Cj{ og`kirig kg|jci`mij{ n|g` mn`n|gcon tn egoicig{kgorn{i`g{ gd{k|itg{ g cg tin||g y jlcimgdg{ g n`t|nmg{ n` n{rnkin y g cg r|n{tgkiû` dn t|glghj rn|{j`gc g {~{{n÷j|n{1 nvgkkij`n{ w~n# dn fnkfj# n|g` r|jlglcnon`tn {~rn|ij|n{ g cg{ dn cj{ g`tim~j{ kjcj`j{ mgcj||jog`j{.Cg{ m|g`dn{ ei`kg{ kg|jci`mig{ rjdïg` kj`tn`n| tgolié` kgorn{i`j{ g||n`dgtg|ij{ cil|n{ &n` cj{ og`{n{ i`mn`~icn{ )# jlcimgdj{ g n`t|nmg{ y r|n{tgkij n{# rn|j {i` ~`g dnrn`dn`kig {n|uic1 rn|j é{tj{ n|g` o~kfj on`j{kjo~`n{<=. Cj oç{ e|nk~n`tn n|g w~n cj{ og`kirig e~n{n` kjorcnon`tgdj{# rg|g nc t|glghj n` cg{ tin||g{ dnc{n÷j|# kj` t|glghgdj|n{ g{gcg|igdj{ y kj` un|dgdn|j{ n{kcguj{# w~n n` ojdj gcm~`j fglïg` dn{grg|nkidjtjdguïg. Dgdg cg golim~g tn|oi`jcjmïg dn cg érjkg# n{ iorj{ilcn eihg| kj` gcm~`g nvgktit~d nc ujc~on` dn cgun|dgdn|g og`j dn jl|g n{kcgug n` cg N~|jrg kg|jci`mig# rn|j {n fg kgck~cgdj n`t|n ~` 72 y ~` <2 rj| kin`tj dncg rjlcgkiû` |~|gc<6. Nc {i{tnog dn uiccgn `j {imìeikg# `gt~|gcon`tn# w~n cg r|jrindgd dn cg tin||g {n f~lin|gfnkfj nvkc~{iugon`tn g|i{tjk|çtikg. N`t|n cg{ m|g`dn{ nvtn`{ij`n{ dn cj{ djoiìj{ {n÷j|igcn{ tjdguïg {~l{i{tïg`rnw~n÷g{ rg|kncg{ gcjdigcn{ rj{nïdg{ y k~ctiugdg{ rj| kgorn{i`j{ cil|n{ & rgmn`{n{ j ondijk|n{ ). [~ kg`tidgd|ncgtiug tjdguïg `j fg {idj dntn|oi`gdg# g~`w~n n{tç kcg|j w~n n` cj{ r|ion|j{ g÷j{ dn Kg|cjogm`j ~`g rg|tngr|nkiglcn dn cg rjlcgkiû` kgorn{i`g {n {it~glg rj| n`kiog dn cg kj`dikiû` dn {n|uid~ol|n. Rn|j# g rg|ti| dnn`tj`kn{# cg{ |ncgkij`n{ |~|gcn{ lç{ikg{ dn r|jd~kkiû` dn ~`g `~nug n|g {n iorcg`tg|j` dn ej|og r|jm|n{iug.

G cg o~n|tn dn Kg|cjogm`j# cg{ i`{tit~kij`n{ e~`dgon`tgcn{ dnc en~dgci{oj yg n{tglg` r|n{n`tn{ lghj cg lûundgdn ~` Io/

<= \./F. Lg~tin|# Tfn nkj`joik dnuncjron`t je ondignugc N~|jrn# Cj`d|n{# 79=7# rr. 44/>.<6 Lj~t|~kfn# [nim`n~|in nt eéjdgcité # I# rr. 7;2/71 uég{n tgolié` nc g`çci{i{ dn D~ly# M~n||in|{ nt rgy{g`{ # rr. 722/;# Fgy ~` l~n`g`çci{i{ dnc kgolij mn`n|gc nvrn|ion`tgdj n` cg E|g`kig kg|jci`mig n`t|n cg n{kcguit~d y cg {n|uid~ol|n kjoj n{tgt~{ cnmgc n` K.Un|ci`dn`# C’n{kcgugmn dg`{ c’N~|jrn oédiéugcn# I# rr. =;;/4=.

QRçm. 74<_

rn|ij {n~dj||jog`j kn t|gcixgdj. Dn fnkfj# o~y r|j tj {n fixj nuidn`tn w~n cg |çridg nvrg {iû` dnln`neikij{# y {~ k|nkin`tn kj`dikiû` fn|nditg|ig# tn`dïg g {jkgug| nc rn{gdj grg|gtj dn N{tgdj kg|jci`mij# k~yjgolikij{j k|nkioin`tj `~`kg fglïg kj||n{rj`didj g {~ un|dgdn|g kgrgkidgd dn i`tnm|gkiû` gdoiì{t|gtiug#dnlidj gc ìunc nvt|nogdgon`tn lghj dn cg{ e~n|xg{ r|jd~ktiug{ n` cj{ {imcj{ UIII y IV. Cg ~ìdgd i`tn|`g dnc

Iorn|ij {n f~`diû o~y r|j`tj n`t|n cg{ m~n||g{ kiuicn{ di`ç{tikg{ y cg k|nkin`tn |nmij`gcixgkiû` dn cg{ kcg{n{ dncj{ ogm`gtn{ w~n g`tn{ cj fglïg` og`tnìdj ~ìdj. G n{tj {im~iû ~`g r|nkg|ig diui{iû` t|irg|titg dn Jkkidn`tn.Cj{ {gcughn{ n i`n{rn|gdj{ gtgw~n{ nvtn|ij|n{# r|jkndn`tn{ dn tjdj{ cj{ r~`tj{ kg|di`gcn{# rj| og| y tin||g#|ngcixgdj{ rj| cj{ iùg{j|n{ uiai`mj{# {g||gkn`j{ y ogmig|n{# r~cun|ixg|j` n`tj`kn{ tjdj nc {i{tnog rg|giorn|igcdn mjlin|`j kj`dgc w~n tjdguïg w~ndglg n` rin. @j fglïg ì`mø` nhé|kitj j g|ogdg rn|og`n`tn w~n r~din|g|n{i{ti| n{j{ g{gctj{1 cg kglgccn|ïg e|g`kg n|g cn`tg y tj|rn dn ojuioin`tj{1 cg ecj| y `gtg idnjcûmikg dn cgg|i{tjk|gkig kg|jci`mig fglïg rn|nkidj n` cg{ m~n||g{ kiuicn{. Cg n{t|~kt~|g rjcïtikg kn`t|gcixgdg# w~n Kg|cjogm`jfglïg cnmgdj# {n dn||~olû. N` nc g÷j 6>2# r|çktikgon`tn tjdj{ cj{ ln`neikij{ n|g` fn|nditg|ij{ n` tjdg{ rg|tn{1n` nc 6=2 yg {n fglïg` dn{ug`nkidj cj{ øctioj{ oi{{i djoiìki 1 n` cg dékgdg dn 662# cj{ ug{{i djoiìki fglïg`dn|iugdj n` rjtn`tgdj{ cjkgcn{1 n` cg dn 692 cj{ kj`dn{ {n fglïg` kjùn|tidj |ngcon`tn n` {n÷j|n{ |nmij`gcn{fn|nditg|ij{<9. N` cg{ øctiog{ dékgdg{ dnc {imcj IV# g ondidg w~n cg{ lg`dg{ uiai`mg{ y ogmig|n{ g{jcglg` cg{tin||g{ dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc# e~n k~g`dj kjon`xû g ~ticixg|{n rj| unx r|ion|g nc té|oi`j en~d~o# cg un|dgdn|grgcgl|g ondinugc rg|g dn{im`g| nc ¡en~dj±. Tgolié` e~n n`tj`kn{ k~g`dj n{rnkigcon`tn nc kgorj dn E|g`kig {nuij {~|kgdj dn kg{ticcj{ y ej|tieikgkij`n{ r|iugdj{# n|imidj{ rj| {n÷j|n{ |~|gcn{ {i` ì`m~`g g~tj|ixgkiûìorn|igc# kj` jlhntj dn |n{i{ti| cj{ `~nuj{ gtgw~n{ lç|lg|j{ y gei`kg| {~ rjdn|ïj cjkgc. Rg|g cg rjlcgkiû` |~|gc

=< * 7>2



jkkidn`tgc nc en`ûon`j dn cg ki~dgd ondinugc. ^`g unx oç{# cg mé`n{i{ dn cg r|jd~kkiû` on|kg`tic ~|lg`g `jdnln {it~g|{n dn`t|j dnc en~dgci{oj kjoj tgc# rj|w~n nuidn`tnon`tn n{ g`tn|ij| g éc. [i` nolg|mj# nc ojdj dnr|jd~kkiû` en~dgc e~n nc r|ion|j w~n cn rn|oitiû ~` dn{g||jccj g~tû`joj n` nc og|kj dn ~`g nkj`joïg `gt~|gcgm|g|ig. Nc fnkfj dn w~n cg{ ogyj|n{ ki~dgdn{ ondinugcn{ `~`kg r~din|g` |iugcixg| n` ogmìt~d kj` cg{ dn cj{iorn|ij{ dn cg G`timóndgd# j dn G{ig# fg jk~ctgdj e|nk~n`tnon`tn cg un|dgd dn w~n {~ e~`kiû` dn`t|j dn cgej|ogkiû` {jkigc n|g o~kfj oç{ gug`xgdg. N` nc Iorn|ij |jog`j# kj` {~ ncglj|gdg kiuicixgkiû` ~|lg`g# cg{ki~dgdn{ n{tglg` {~lj|di`gdg{ gc djoiìj dn cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ `jlcn{ w~n uiuïg` n` nccg{# rn|j `j dn nccg{. N`Kfi`g# cg{ ug{tg{ gmcjon|gkij`n{ dn cg{ r|jui`kig{ n{tglg` kj`t|jcgdg{ rj| cj{ l~|ûk|gtg{ og`dg|i`n{ w~n|n{idïg` n` ~` di{t|itj n{rnkigc {nrg|gdj dn tjdg gktiuidgd kjon|kigc. Rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# cg{ rg|gdimoçtikg{ki~dgdn{ ondinugcn{ dn N~|jrg# w~n nhn|kïg` nc kjon|kij y cg og`~egkt~|g# n|g` kjo~`g{ g~tjmjln|`gdg{# w~nmjxglg` dn ~`g g~tj`joïg kj|rj|gtiug# rjcïtikg y oicitg| |n{rnktj g cg `jlcnxg y g cg Imcn{ig. Og|v uij n{tgdien|n`kig kj` tjdg kcg|idgd y cg nvr|n{û dn ej|og onoj|glcn8 ¡Cg fi{tj|ig g`tim~g kcç{ikg n{ fi{tj|ig ~|lg`g#rn|j dn ki~dgdn{ lg{gdg{ {jl|n cg r|jrindgd dn cg tin||g y cg

> Fgy ~` nvkncn`tn g`çci{i{ dn cj{ |g{mj{ lç{ikj{ dn n{tn {i{tnog n` L. F. [cikfn| ug` Lgtf# Tfn gm|g|ig` fi{tj|y je ]n{tn|` N~|jrn#Cj`d|n{# 795;# rr. 45/>7 QFi{tj|ig gm|g|ig dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc # Lg|kncj`g# Rn`ï`{~cg# 79=4_. Dj`dn `j fglïg {n÷j|ïj{ tn||itj|igcn{#kjoj n` cg ogyj| rg|tn dn I`mcgtn||g# cj{ diun|{j{ {n÷j|ïj{ w~n nvi{tïg` dn`t|j dn ~`g oi{og gcdng dglg` g cg kjo~ìdgd kgorn{i`g ~òg|mn` kj`{idn|glcn rg|g {~ g~tj||nm~cgkiû`1 uég{n Rj{tg`# Tfn ondignugc nkj`joy g`d {jkinty# r. 77=.

QRçm. 7>7_

gm|ik~ct~|g1 cg fi{tj|ig g{içtikg n{ ~`g n{rnkin dn ~ìdgd i`dien|n`tn dn ki~dgd y kgorj &n` n{tn kg{j# cg{ki~dgdn{ un|dgdn|gon`tn m|g`dn{ dnln` {n| kj`{idn|gdg{ on|gon`tn kjoj kgorgon`tj {n÷j|igc# kjoj ~`g{~rn|rj{ikiû` {jl|n cg n{t|~kt~|g r|jrigon`tn nkj`ûoikg)1 cg Ndgd Ondig &érjkg mn|oçìkg) {~|mn dn cg tin||gkjoj {ndn dn cg fi{tj|ig# fi{tj|ig k~yj dn{g||jccj rj{tn|ij| {n kjùin|tn c~nmj n` ~`g kj`t|grj{ikiû` n`t|nki~dgd y kgorj1 cg Qfi{tj|ig_ ojdn|`g n{ ~|lgìxgkiû` dnc kgorj# `j# kjoj n`t|n cj{ g`tim~j{# |~|gcixgkiû` dncg ki~dgd±5. G{ï r~n{# cg jrj{ikiû` di`çoikg n`t|n ki~dgd y kgorj {ûcj e~n rj{ilcn n` nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiûèn~dgc8 jrj{ikiû` n`t|n ~`g nkj`joïg ~|lg`g dn k|nkin tn i`tn|kgolij on|kg`tic# kj`t|jcgdg rj| on|kgdn|n{ yj|mgìxgdg n` m|noij{ y kj|rj|gkij`n{# y ~`g nkj`joïg |~|gc dn i`tn|kgolij `gt~|gc# kj`t|jcgdg rj| `jlcn{ yj|mgìxgdg n` {n÷j|ïj{ y rg|kncg{# kj` n`kcgun{ kgorn{i`j{ kjo~`gcn{ n i`diuid~gcn{. @j n{ r|nki{j dnki| w~n

cg r|nrj`dn|g`kig dn n{tg øctiog n|g n`j|on8 nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc e~n grcg{tg`tnon`tn gm|ïkjcg. Rn|j{~{ cnyn{ dn ojuioin`tj# kjoj un|noj{# n{tglg` |nmidg{ rj| cg kjorcnhg ~ìdgd dn {~{ dien|n`tn{ xj`g{ y `jrj| nc {iorcn r|ndjoiìj dnc {n÷j|ïj.

Rj| øctioj# n` nc ué|tikn dn tjdg cg hn|g|w~ïg dn dnrn`dn`kig{ en~dgcn{ {inor|n f~lj ~`g j{kicgkiû` y ~`ggolimóndgd i`t|ï`{nkg{. Cg ¡kø{ridn± dn cg kgdn`g n|g n` gcm~`j{ g{rnktj{ iorj|tg`tn{ {~ n{cglû` oç{ délic.N` r|i`kirij# nc oç{ gctj ìunc dn cg hn|g|w~ïg en~dgc n` k~gcw~in| tn||itj|ij dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc n|g`nkn{g|igon`tn di{ti`tj# `j n` n{rnkin# {i`j {ûcj n` m|gdj# dn cj{ ìuncn{ {~lj|di`gdj{ dn {n÷j|ïj{ {it~gdj{ rj|dnlghj dn éc. Dikfj dn jt|g ej|og# nc oj`g|kg n|g ~` {jln|g`j en~dgc dn {~{ ug{gccj{# g w~in`n{ n{tglg cimgdjrj| uï`k~cj{ |nkïr|jkj{ dn eidncidgd# y `j ~` {jln|g`j {~r|noj {it~gdj rj| n`kiog dn {~{ {ølditj{. [~{|nk~|{j{ nkj`ûoikj{ |n{idïg` kg{i nvkc~{iugon`tn n` {~{ djoiìj{ rn|{j`gcn{ kjoj {n÷j|# y {~{ ccgogdg{ g {~{ug{gccj{ tn`ïg` ~`g `gt~|gcnxg n{n`kigcon`tn oicitg|. @j tn`ïg gkkn{j rjcïtikj di|nktj gc kj`h~`tj dn cgrjlcgkiû`# yg w~n cg h~|i{dikkiû` {jl|n é{tg n{tglg ondigtixgdg rj| i``~on|glcn{ ìuncn{ dn {~lièn~dgkiû`. Ncoj`g|kg# n` nenktj# {ûcj n|g {n÷j| dn {~{ r|jrij{ djoiìj{1 n` nc |n{tj n|g n` m|g` ondidg ~`g eim~|gkn|nojìgc. Nc ojdncj r~|j dn n{tn {i{tnog# n` nc w~n nc rjdn| rjcïtikj n{tglg n{t|gtieikgdj fgkig glghj dn tgcej|og w~n

5 Ag|c Og|v# R|n/kgritgci{t ej|ogtij`{ # Cj`d|n{# 7954# rr. ==/6 QNcnon`tj{ e~`dgon`tgcn{ rg|g cg k|ïtikg dn cg nkj`joïg rjcïtikg#Ogd|id# [imcj VVI# 79=<# I# r. 44<_.

QRçm. 7><_

{~ kiog `j kj`{n|uglg ì`m~`g g~tj|idgd k~gcitgtiugon`tn di{ti`tg ì rcnìrjtn`kig|ig# `~`kg nvi{tiû |ngcon`tnn` cg N~|jrg ondinugc=# rj|w~n cg egctg dn ~` onkgì{oj |ngcon`tn i`tnm|gdj| n` cj oç{ gctj dnc {i{tnogen~dgc# nvimidj rj| n{tn tirj dn {i{tnog rjcïtikj# {~rj ïg ~`g gon`gxg rn|og n`tn g {~ n{tglicidgd y{~rn|uiun`kig. ^`g e|gmon`tgkiû` kjorcntg dn cg {jln|g`ïg n|g i`kjorgtilcn kj` cg ~ìdgd dn kcg{n dn cgr|jrig `jlcnxg# rj|w~n cg g`g|w~ïg rjtn`kigc w~n iorcikglg {~rj`ïg `nkn{g|igon`tn cg di{cjkgkiû` dn tjdj nc

=> * 7>2



ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n` nc w~n {n lg{glg` {~{ r|iuicnmij{. Fglïg# r~n{# ~`g kj`t|gdikkiû` i`tn|`g n` ncen~dgci{oj n`t|n {~ n{rnkïeikg y rjdn|j{g tn`dn`kig fgkig ~`g dn{kjorj{ikiû` dn cg {jln|g`ïg y cg{ nvimn`kig{gl{jc~tg{ dn ~` kn`t|j ei`gc dn g~tj|idgd n` nc w~n r~din|g tn`n| c~mg| ~`g |nkjorj{ikiû` r|çktikg. Nc ojdj dnr|jd~kkiû` en~dgc dn Jkkidn tn n{rnkieikû# r~n{# dn{dn {~ j|imn # cg {jln|g`ïg8 fg{tg kin|tj r~`tj# é{tg nvi{tiû{inor|n n` ~` çolitj idnjcûmikj y h~|ïdikj {it~gdj oç{ gccç dnc dn gw~nccg{ |ncgkij`n{ ug{gccçtikg{ k~yg kø{ridnrjdïg` {n| cj{ rjtn`tgdj{ d~kgcn{ j kj`dgcn{ y rj{nïg ~`j{ dn|nkfj{ g cj{ w~n é{tj{ øctioj{ `j rjdïg` g{ri|g|.Gc oi{oj tinorj# nc un|dgdn|j rjdn| |ngc {inor|n tn`ïg w~n gei|og|{n y nvtn`dn|{n kj`t|g cg di{rj{ikiû`n{rj`tç`ng dnc kj`h~`tj dnc {i{tnog rjcïtikj en~dgc# n` ~`g c~kfg kj`{tg`tn rg|g n{tglcnkn| ~`g g~tj|idgd¡rølcikg± e~n|g dnc kjorgktj n`t|gogdj dn cg{ h~|i{dikkij`n{ r|iugdg{. Nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc dnJkkidn`tn {n kg|gktn|ixû# r~n{# dn{dn {~ j|imn` y n` {~ oi{og n{t|~kt~|g rj| ~`g tn`{iû` y kj`t|gdikkiû`di`çoikg{ dn`t|j dnc N{tgdj kn`t|ïe~mj w~n r|jd~hj y |nr|jd~hj j|mçìkgon`tn.

= Nc N{tgdj dn cj{ k|~xgdj{ n` R|ûvioj J|in`tn {n fg kj`{idn|gdj kj` e|nk~n`kig kjoj nc oç{ kn|kg`j g ~`g rn|enktg kj`{tit~kiûèn~dgc. Cg{ kj`{t|~kkij`n{ ~ct|gog|i`g{ dnc en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj {n k|ng|j` nv ìficj n` ~` ondij nvt|g÷j y g{~oin|j`# rj| tg`tj# ~`gej|og h~|ïdikg nvknrkij`gcon`tn {i{tnoçtikg. N`mnc{# n`t|n jt|j{# {~l|gyû n{g {i`m~cg|idgd8 ¡ºN{ w~n nc en~dgci{oj kj||n{rj`diû g {~kj`knrtj: E~`dgdj n` nc |ni`j dn cj{ e|g`kj{ jkkidn`tgcn{# rn|enkkij`gdj n` @j|og`dïg rj| cj{ kj`w~i{tgdj|n{ j|~nmj{# kj`ti`~gdg {~ej|ogkiû` rj| cj{ `j|og`dj{ e|g`kn{n{ n` I`mcgtn||g y n` Itgcig on|idij`gc# {n gr|jvioû oç{ g {~ kj`knrtj n` Hn|~{gcé`# n` nc |ni`j dn~` dïg# w~n n` cg{ G{{i{n{ dn Hn|~{gcno Qkûdimj dn Mjdje|ndj dn Lj~iccj` rg|g nc |ni`j dn Hn|~{gcé` n` nc {imcj VI. @. dnc N._ dnhû cg oç{kcç{ikg nvr|n{iû` dnc j|dn` en~dgc±# Og|v/N`mnc{# [ncnktnd kj||n{rj`dn`kn# Oj{kø# 795># r. 464 QKj||n{rj`dn`kig# L~n`j{ Gi|n{#

Kg|tgmj# 79=;# r. 4<<_. Rn|j i`kc~{j n` nc |ni`j dn cj{ k|~xgdj{ cg{ |ngcidgdn{ r|çktikg{ `~`kg kj||n{rj`din|j g cg kjdieikgkiû` cnmgc dn{~{ h~|i{tg{ lg|jìgcn{.

QRçm. 7>;_

N{tn {i{tnog rjcïtikj iorj{ilicitû `nkn{g|igon tn cg grg|ikiû` dn ~`g nvtn`{g l~|jk|gkig y diuidiûe~`kij`gcon tn dn ~`g `~nug ej|og gc djoiìj dn kcg{n. Rj|w~n# rj| ~`g rg|tn# cg rg|kncgkiû` dn cg {jln|g`ïgn` cg N~|jrg dn cg Gctg Ndgd Ondig kj`d~hj g cg ej|ogkiû` dn ~` j|dn` idnjcûmikj kjorcntgon`tn {nrg|gdj.Cg Imcn{ig# w~n n` cg G`timóndgd tg|dïg {inor|n fglïg n{tgdj di|nktgon`tn i`tnm|gdg n` cg ogw~i`g|ig dncN{tgdj iorn|igc y {~lj|di`gdg g nccg# gfj|g {n kjùi|tiû n` ~`g i`{tit~kiû` noi`n`tnon`tn g~tû`jog dn`t|j dnc{i{tnog rjcïtikj en~dgc. Gc {n| cg øìkg e~n`tn dn g~tj|idgd |ncimij{g# {~ djoiìj {jl|n cg{ k|nn`kig{ y cj{ugcj|n{ dn cg{ og{g{ e~n iòn`{j# rn|j {~ j|mgìxgkiû` nkcn{iç{tikg n|g dien|n`tn g cg dn k~gcw~in| oj`g|w~ïg j

`jlcnxg {nk~cg|. Dnlidj g cg di{rn|{iû` dn cg kjn|kiû`# w~n n|g i`t|ï`{nkg gc `gkin`tn en~dgci{oj jkkidn`tgc# cgImcn{ig r~dj dnen`dn|# k~g`dj e~n `nkn{g|ij# {~{ i`tn|n{n{ kj|rj|gtiuj{ dn{dn ~` |nd~ktj tn||itj|igc y rj| ondijdn cg e~n|xg g|ogdg. Cj{ kjèciktj{ i`{tit~kij`gcn{ n`t|n cj{ {n÷j|ïj{ cgikj{ y |ncimij{j{ e~n|j`# r~n{# n`déoikj{n` cg érjkg ondinugc y {~ |n{~ctgdj e~n ~`g n{ki{iû` n` cg n{t|~kt~|g dn cg cnmitioidgd en~dgc# k~yg{kj`{nk~n kig{ k~ct~|gcn{ rg|g nc rj{tn|ij| dn{g||jccj i`tncnkt~gc fgl|ïg` dn {n| kj`{idn|glcn{. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# ncr|jrij mjlin|`j {nk~cg| {n |nd~hj dn ej|og `jtglcn g ~` `~nuj ojcdn y {n kjùi|tiû n{n`kigcon`tn n` ncnhn|kikij dn cg ¡h~{tikig±# w~n lghj nc en~dgci{oj jk~rû ~`g rj{ikiû` e~`kij`gc kjorcntgon`tn di{ti`tg dn cg w~nfjy tin`n lghj nc kgritgci{oj. Cg h~{tikig n|g cg ojdgcidgd kn`t|gc dnc rjdn| rjcïtikj# n{rnkieikgdg kjoj tgc rj|cg oi{og `gt~|gcnxg dnc {i{tnog rjcïtikj en~dgc. Kjoj yg fnoj{ ui{tj# cg hn|g|w~ïg en~dgc r~|g nvkc~ïg tjdgej|og dn ¡nhnk~tiuj±# n` nc ojdn|`j {n`tidj dn ~` grg|gtj gdoiì{t|gtiuj rn|og`n`tn dnc N{tgdj rg|g iorj`n|nc k~orcioin`tj dn cg cny# yg w~n cg rg|kncgkiû` dn cg {jln|g`ïg cj fgkïg i``nkn{g|ij n iorj{ilcn. Gc oi{oj

tinorj# tgorjkj fglïg n{rgkij rg|g ~` ¡cnmi{cgtiuj± dnc tirj rj{tn|ij|# dnlidj g w~n nc j|dn` en~dgc `j rj{nïgì`mø` kj`knrtj mn`n|gc dn i``jugkiû` rjcïtikg rj| ondij dn cg k|ngkiû` dn `~nug{ cnyn{. Cj{ oj`g|kg{k~orcïg` {~ e~`kiû` kj`{n|ug`dj cg{ cnyn{ t|gdikij`gcn{# rn|j `j iùn`tg`dj jt|g{ `~nug{. G{ï# d~|g`tn kin|tjtinorj# nc rjdn| rjcïtikj ccnmû g n{tg| r|çktikgon`tn idn`tieikgdj kj` cg {jcg e~`kiû` ¡h~dikigc± dn i`tn|r|ntg| ygrcikg| cg{ cnyn{ nvi{tn`tn{. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# g`tn cg egctg dn ~`g l~|jk|gkig rølcikg# cg kjn|kiû` y cggdoiì{t|gkiû` cjkgcn{ —cj{ rjdn|n{ dn rjcikïg# dn iorj`n| o~ctg{# |nkg~dg| rnghn{ y fgkn| k~orci| cg{ cnyn{—{n g÷gdin|j` i`nuitglcnon`tn g cg e~`kiû` h~dikigc.

QRçm. 7>4_

Rj| tg`tj# {inor|n n{ `nkn{g|ij |nkj|dg| w~n cg ¡h~{tikig± ondinugc i`kc~ïg |ngcon`tn ~` glgìkj o~kfj oç{gorcij dn gktiuidgdn{ w~n cg h~{tikig ojdn|`g# dnlidj g w~n jk~rglg n{t|~kt~|gcon`tn ~`g rj{ikiû` o~kfj oç{

kn`t|gc dn`t|j dnc {i{tnog rjcïtikj mcjlgc. Cg h~{tikig n|g nc `jol|n j|di`g|ij dnc rjdn|.

QRçm. 7>>_

=5 * 7>2



<. TIRJCJMÏG DN CG[ EJ\OGKIJ@N[ [JKIGCN[

Fg{tg gw~ï fnoj{ g`gcixgdj cg mé`n{i{ dnc en~dgci{oj n` N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc kjoj ~`g {ï`tn{i{ dn ncnon`tj{ciln|gdj{ rj| cg kjùn|mn`tn di{jc~kiû` dn cj{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû` r|ioitiuj kjo~`gc y n{kcgui{tg. Fnoj{n{ljxgdj dn{r~é{ cg n{t|~kt~|g kj`{tit~tiug dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc dn{g||jccgdj kjoj tgc n` Jkkidn`tn.W~ndg gfj|g rj| oj{t|g| l|nunon`tn dn w~é ej|og cg `gt~|gcnxg i`t|ï`{nkg dn n{tg {ï`tn{i{ r|jd~hj ~`gtirjcjmïg ug|igdg dn ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ n` cg érjkg ondinugc# yg w~n nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` w~n gkglgoj{ dnn{ljxg| `~`kg nvi{tiû n` ¡n{tgdj r~|j± n` ì`m~`g rg|tn dn N~|jrg# dnc oi{oj ojdj w~n tgorjkj nvi{ti|ïgoç{ gdncg`tn nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` kgritgci{tg. Cg{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ kj`k|ntg{ dn cg N~|jrg ondinugc{inor|n e~n|j` {i{tnog{ kjorcnhj{# n` cj{ w~n {jl|nuiuin|j` y {n n`t|nonxkcg|j` kj` nc en~dgci{ojr|jrigon`tn dikfj jt|j{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû`8 cj{ n{kcguj{# rj| nhnorcj# nvi{tin|j` d~|g`tn tjdg cg NdgdOndig# y cj{ kgorn{i`j{ cil|n{ `~`kg e~n|j` ciw~idgdj{ rj| kjorcntj n` rg|tn gcm~`g d~|g`tn cg Ndgd J{k~|g.G{ï r~n{# n{ n{n`kigc g`gcixg|# g~`w~n {ng o~y |çridgon`tn# cg diun|{idgd dnc ogrg dnc en~dgci{oj jkkidn`tgctgc kjoj {n r|n{n`tû g rg|ti| dnc {imcj IV. Cg{ fi{tj|igdj|g{ {juiétikg{ Ci~lci`{agig# M~t`jug y ^dgct{jug fg`r|jr~n{tj kj||nktgon`tn ~`g kcg{ieikgkiû` t|irg|titg7. N` nenktj# cg |nmiû` kn`t|gc dnc en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj e~ngw~nccg n` cg w~n t~uj c~mg| ~`g ¡{ï`tn{i{ nw~icil|gdg± dn ncnon`tj{ |jog`j{ y mn|oçìkj{# n{n`kigcon`tn nc`j|tn dn E|g`kig y {~{

7

G. D. Ci~lci`{agig# ¡Tirjcjmiig \g``nuj Enjdgcixog u Xgrgd`ji Nu|jrn i R|jlcnog \jog`j/Mn|og`{ajuj [i`tnxg±# [|ndìn Unag#eg{k. ;7# 7956# rr. 9/7=1 X. U. ^dgct{jug y N. U. M~t`jug# ¡Mn`nxi{ Enjdgcixog U [t|g`gh Nu|jry±# 7;tf ]j|cd Kj`m|n{{ je Fi{tj|ikgc [kin`kn{ # Oj{kø# 79=2. Nc r|jlcnog dn ~`g tirjcjmïg e~n rcg`tngdj g`tn|ij| y l|nunon`tn rj| Rj|{f`nu n` {~ Enjdgcixo i @g|jdì Og{{i # kitgdj oç{ g||ilg# rr. >2=/76. Nc g|tïk~cj dn ^dgct{jug y M~t`jug n{ {n|ij y oi`~kij{j# g~`w~n `j {inor|n r~ndg` gknrtg|{n {~{rg|tik~cg|n{ kj`kc~{ij`n{. Cg{ g~tj|g{ kj`{idn|g` gc N{tgdj lixg`ti`j dn kjoin`xj{ dn cg Ndgd Ondig kjoj ~`g dn cg{ ug|ig`tn{ dncen~dgci{oj# kj` ~`g {nm~|idgd w~n n{ dieïkic kjorg|ti|.

QRçm. 7>5_

xj`g{ cioït|jen{# n{tj n{# nc kj|gxû` dnc Iorn|ij kg|jci`mij <. Gc {~| dn n{tg xj`g# n` R|jun`xg# Itgcig y N{rg÷g cgdi{jc~kiû` y |nkjoli`gkiû` dn cj{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû` lç|lg|j y g`tim~j t~uj c~mg| lghj nc cnmgdj djoi`g`tndn cg G`timóndgd. Gc `j|tn y gc n{tn# n` Gcnogìg# N{kg`di`guig n I`mcgtn||g# dj`dn nc djoiìj |jog`j `~`kgfglïg ccnmgdj j {ûcj fglïg nkfgdj rnw~n÷g{ |gïkn{# {n r|jd~hj rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# ~`g cn`tg t|g`{ikiû` fgkig ncen~dgci{oj lghj nc r|ndjoiìj i`dïmn`g dn cg fn|n`kig lç|lg|g. Cg {ï`tn{i{ ¡nw~icil|gdg± mn`n|û nc en~dgci{ojdn ej|og oç{ |çridg y kjorcntg y r|jd~hj {~ ej|og kcç{ikg# w~n g {~ unx t~uj ~` m|g` iorgktj {jl|n xj`g{nvtn|ij|n{ kj` ~` {i{tnog en~dgc on`j{ g|tik~cgdj;. Gw~ï e~n dj`dn grg|nkiû rj| unx r|ion|g cg {n|uid~ol|n#dj`dn {n dn{g||jccû ~` {i{tnog {n÷j|igc# dj`dn cg h~{tikig {n÷j|igc e~n oç{ r|je~`dg y# n` ei`# cg {~lièn~dgkiû`hn|ç|w~ikg e~n oç{ t~ridg. Rj| {~ rg|tn# cj{ {~ltirj{ dnc `j|tn y dnc {~| {n di{ti`m~in|j` {ioét|ikgon`tn rj| cgr|n{n`kig dn e~n|tn{ un{timij{ dn {~{ |n{rnktiuj{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû` g`tn|ij|n{. N` N{kg`di`guig# Gcnogìg ycg I`mcgtn||g g`mcj{ghj`g# ~` kgorn{i`gdj gcjdigc kj` e~n|tn{ i`{tit~kij`n{ kjo~`gcn{ og`t~uj# fg{tg o~kfjdn{r~é{ dnc kjoin`xj dn ~`g dien|n`kigkiû` hn|ç|w~ikg n{tglcn n` cg {jkindgd |~|gc# nc dn{g||jccj dn cj{ uï`k~cj{dn dnrn`dn`kig y cg kj`{jcidgkiû` n` ~`g g|i{tjk|gkig tn||gtnìn`tn dn cj{ m~n||n|j{ dn kcg`. Cg {n|uid~ol|n `j{n i`t|jd~hj n` [ghjìg fg{tg cj{ {imcj{ VII y VIII y n` {n`tidj n{t|iktj `~`kg {n n{tglcnkiû n` [~nkig. Rj| jt|grg|tn# n` Itgcig y n` cg{ |nmij`n{ gdygkn`tn{ cg kiuicixgkiû` ~|lg`g dn cg G`timóndgd tg|dïg `~`kg dn{grg|nkiû

rj| kjorcntj# y g rg|ti| dnc {imcj V ecj|nkiû ~`g j|mgìxgkiû` rjcïtikg o~ìkirgc# onxkcgdg kj` nc rjdn|nkcn{iç{tikj gccï dj`dn cg Imcn{ig fglïg fn|ndgdj cg rj{ikiû` dnc uinhj rgt|ikigdj {n`gtj|igc# g cg unx w~n cg{kj`knrkij`n{ cnmgcn{ |jog`g{ {jl|n cg r|jrindgd kjoj gcmj cil|n# fn|ndglcn y gcin`glcn dneiìn|j`

< Rg|g ~`g |nkin`tn tn`tgtiug dn idn`tieikg| ki`kj {~ltirj{ |nmij`gcn{ dn`t|j dnc en~dgci{oj w~n grg|nkiû n` cg Mgcig rj{lç|lg|g# uég{n G.Yg. [fnuncnàj# ¡A Tirjcjmii Mn`nxi{g Enjdgcixog±# Ujr|j{y I{tj|ii # n`n|j dn 79=7# rr. 9=/72=.; Cg nvrg`{iû` dn cg{ |ncgkij`n{ en~dgcn{ rj| tjdg N~|jrg {inor|n e~n tjrjm|çeikgon`tn dn{im~gc dn`t|j dn kgdg ~`g dn cg{ r|i`kirgcn{|nmij`n{. Cg{ xj`g{ oj`tg÷j{g{ je|nkin|j` n` tjdg{ rg|tn{ |n{i{tn`kig g cg j|mgìxgkiû` {n÷j|igc# w~n n|g i`t|ï`{nkgon`tn dieïkic dniorj`n| y rjkj |n`tglcn dn og`tn`n| n` cg{ gctircgìkin{ |jkj{g{ y n{té|icn{. Dn gfï w~n cg{ oj`tg÷g{ tn`din|g` g kj`{n|ug| ljc{g{ dnkjo~ìdgdn{ kgorn{i`g{ rjl|n{ rn|j i`dnrn`din`tn{# nkj`ûoikg y k~ct~|gcon`tn oç{ gt|g{gdg{ w~n cg{ ccg`~|g{ {n÷j|igcixgdg{ ykgrgkn{ dn dnen`dn| oicitg|on`tn {~{ ogm|g{ ej|tgcnxg{.

QRçm. 7>=_

dn{dn nc r|i`kirij cg{ `j|og{ en~dgcn{ {jl|n cg tin||g4. Nc ogrg dnc tnor|g`j en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj kjor|n`dïg#r~n{# n{n`kigcon`tn# t|n{ xj`g{ w~n {n nvtn`dïg` dn `j|tn g {~|# dncioitgdg{ g m|g`dn{ |g{mj{ rj| cg dn`{idgd

== * 7>2



|n{rnktiug dn gcjdij{# en~dj{ y ki~dgdn{.

N` n{tn og|kj n{ rj{ilcn n{ljxg| gfj|g gcm~`g{ dn cg{ r|i`kirgcn{ dien|n`kig{ w~n nvi{tïg` n`t|n cg{ r|i`kirgcn{ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ dn N~|jrg jkkidn tgc n` n{tg érjkg y w~n tn`d|ç kj` e|nk~n kig iorj|tg`tn{|nrn|k~{ij`n{ ~ctn|ij|n{. N` kgdg ~`j dn n{tj{ kg{j{# `~n{t|j jlhntiuj r|i`kirgc {n|ç nc ojdncj dn cg{ |ncgkij`n{|~|gcn{ dn r|jd~kkiû`# cg nvtn`{iû` dn cj{ n`kcgun{ ~|lg`j{ y# n{rnkigcon`tn# nc tirj dn N{tgdj rjcïtikj w~n{~|miû n` cg Gctg Ndgd Ondig. N{tn øctioj jlhntiuj n{tg|ç djoi`gdj i`nuitglcnon`tn rj| nc n{t~dij dn cj{j|ïmn`n{ y uiki{it~dn{ dn cg oj`g|w~ïg n` cj{ diun|{j{ rgï{n{ dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc.

E|g`kig# gc {n| cg rgt|ig kn`t|gc dnc en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj# r~ndn n{t~dig|{n kj` |ncgtiug l|nundgd. N` nenktj# nc`j|tn dn E|g`kig {inor|n {n gh~{tû gc g|w~ntïrikj {i{tnog en~dgc oç{ n{t|nkfgon`tn w~n ì`m~`g jt|g |nmiû` dnckj`ti`n tn. Nc kjcgr{j dnc Iorn|ij kg|jci`mij n` nc {imcj IV e~n {nm~idj rj| ~` tj|lncci`j dn m~n||g{ i`tn|`g{ ydn iùg{ij`n{ `û|dikg{. N` ondij dn cg g`g|w~ïg y cg i`{nm~|idgd mn`n|gcn{ t~uj c~mg| ~`g ~ìun|{gce|gmon`tgkiû` y cjkgcixgkiû` dnc rjdn| `jlicig|ij# w~n {n kj`kn`t|û r|jm|n{iugon`tn g cj cg|mj dn tjdj nc rgï{n` ej|tgcnxg{ y kg{ticcj{ {ncnktj{ n` ~`g{ kj`dikij`n{ w~n gkncn|g|j` cg dnrn`dn`kig dn ~` kgorn{i`gdjnvr~n{tj g cg kj`{tg`tn gon`gxg dn cg{ |gri÷g{ uiai`mg{ j o~{~cog`g{ >. N` n{tg érjkg i`fû{ritg# nc rjdn|en~dgc {n rnmû# r~n{# g cg tin||g kj` ~`g e~n|xg {i`m~cg|. Cg{ {nun|g{ h~|i{dikkij`n{ {n÷j|igcn{ {jl|n ~`g og{g|~|gc kgïdg n` {n|uid~ol|n# w~n fglïg rn|didj tjdj{ {~{ t|il~`gcn{ rjr~cg|n{# r|nugcnkin|j` r|çktikgon`tn rj|

djw~in|# g~`w~n nc {~|# dj`dn e~n ogyj| cg ior|j`tg dn cg G`timóndgd# w~ndû gcmj on`j{ en~dgcixgdj# kj` ~`gogyj| r|jrj|kiû` dn tin||g{ `jlcn{ rj{nïdg{ di|nktgon`tn y `j kjoj en~dj y kj`

4 Cj{ gcjdij{ mn|oçìkj{ {inor|n e~n|j` dien|n`tn{ dn cg r|jrindgd |jog`g# yg w~n gc {n| ~`g ej|og dn t|g`{ikiû` n`t|n cg r|jrindgdkjo~`gc n i`diuid~gc dn cg tin||g n` cg{ gcdng{ kj`{tit~ïg` ~` tirj dn r|jrindgd r|iugdg {~hntj tjdguïg `j|ogcon`tn g jlcimgkij`n{ ykikcj{ kj`{~nt~di`g|ij{ dn`t|j dn cg kjo~ìdgd y `j n|g` cil|non`tn gcin`glcn{.> Cg dn{k|irkiû` dn n{tg érjkg |ngcixgdg rj| Lcjkf n` cg r|ion|g rg|tn dn Cg {jkiété eéjdgcn n{ h~{tgon`tn kécnl|n. Rg|g cg nvrg`{iû` dncj{ kg{ticcj{# uég{n Lj~t|~kfn# [nim`n~|in nt eéjdgcité # II# rg|ï{# 79=2# rçmi`g{ ;7/9.

QRçm. 7>6_

~`g {~rn|ij| rjlcgkiû` kgorn{i`g `j dnrn`din`tn5. Nc kg|çktn| oç{ j|mçìkj dnc en~dgci{oj dnc `j|tn cng{nm~|û cg iìkigtiug nkj`ûoikg y rjcïtikg d~|g`tn tjdg cg Ndgd Ondig. [i` nolg|mj# g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj V yr|i`kirij{ dnc VI nc ojdncj mn`n|gc e|g`ké{ ej|oglg ~`g hn|g|w~ïg en~dgc i`{ûcitgon tn nvtn {g# kj`{t|~idg dnglghj g||ilg# g on`~dj kj` oøctircn{ uï`k~cj{ dn {~lièn~dgkiû`. Nc kjorcnon`tj dn n{tn {i{tnog un|tikgc n|g~`g nvt|nog diui{iû` tn||itj|igc. G ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj V fglïg oç{ dn >2 diui{ij`n{ rjcïtikg{ dien|n`tn{ n` nckj`h~`tj dnc rgï{. [ni{ m|g`dn{ rjtn`tgdj{ nhn|kïg` ~` rjdn| r|jui`kigc g~tû`joj8 cj{ d~w~n{ j kj`dn{ dnEcg`dn{# @j|og`dïg# E|g`kig# Lj|mj÷g# Gw~itgìg y Tj~cj~{n. Nc d~kgdj dn E|g`kig e~n nc w~n ei`gcon`tnr|junyû nc `økcnj rg|g cg kj`{t|~kkiû` dn ~`g `~nug oj`g|w~ïg e|g`kn{g.

Iìkigcon`tn kjèi`gdg g ~` délic n`kcgun n` cg |nmiû` dn Cgj`/Rg|ï{# cg kg{g |ngc kgrntg kj`{jcidû cn`tgon`tn{~ lg{n y geig`xû r|jm|n{iugon`tn cj{ dn|nkfj{ dn {jln|g`ïg {jl|n cj{ m|g`dn{ d~kgdj{ g e~n|xg dn gm|n{iûòicitg|# gy~dg kcn|ikgc y gcig`xg{ ogt|iojìgcn{. Cj{ r|ion|j{ m|g`dn{ g|w~itnktj{ dn {~ rjdn| e~n|j` C~i{ UI y[imn|ij# w~n rgkieikg|j` y ~ìeikg|j` nc r|jrij d~kgdj dn E|g`kig. Nc g~mn dn cg oj`g|w~ïg kgrntg n` cj{ {imcj{

VII y VIII n{t~uj gkjorg÷gdj rj| ~` `jtglcn r|jm|n{j nkj`ûoikj# kj` nvtn`{g{ |jt~|gkij`n{ dn tin||g tg`tj n`nc djoiìj |ngc kjoj n` cj{ dn {~{ ug{gccj{ d~kgcn{ y kj`dgcn{# y kj` cg grg|ikiû` dn ecj|nkin`tn{ kjo~`g{~|lg`g{# rg|tik~cg|on`tn n` nc cnhg`j `j|tn. Nc |ni`gdj dn Encirn G~m~{tj g kjoin`xj{ dnc {imcj VIII e~ndnki{iuj rg|g nc n{tglcnkioin`tj dnc rjdn| oj`ç|w~ikj kjoj ~` un|dgdn|j |ni`j {jl|n cj{ d~kgdj{8 @j|og`dïg#G`hj~# Ogi`n# T~|n`g y G|tji{ e~n|j` g`nvij`gdj{ gc djoiìj |ngc# w~n t|ircikû {~ nvtn`{iû`. Cg i`tncimn`tngdfn{iû` dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ dnc `j|tn |nej|xû tjdguïg oç{ nc rjdn| oicitg| dn cj{ Kgrntj{. [~{ {jcdgdj{ y {~{t|g`{rj|tn{ e~n|j` cj{ w~n g{nm~|g|j` cg dnki{iug uiktj|ig e|g`kn{g {jl|n cg{ e~n|xg{ g`mcjecgon`kg{ n` Lj~ui`n{n` nc g÷j 7<7<# ojon`tj k|~kigc n` cg{ c~kfg{ rjcïtikg{ i`tn|`gkij`gcn{ dn cg érjkg. C~i{ UIII# {~kn{j| dnEncirn G~m~{tj# tjoû t|i~ègcon`tn cg ogyj| rg|tn dnc Cg`m~ndjk y nvtn`diû g{ï nc djoiìj kgrntj fg{tg ncOndi/

5 N{tg kjèim~|gkiû` n{t~uj gkjorg÷gdg rj| cg ogyj| {~rn|uiun`kig dn cg n{kcguit~d n` nc {~| dn E|g`kig d~|g`tn tjdg cg Ndgd Ondig8rg|g nc t|çeikj |n`jugdj dn n{kcguj{ g rg|ti| dnc {imcj VIII# uég{n Un|ci`dn`# C’n{kcgugmn oédiéugc # I# rr. =46/6;;. Kjoj un|noj{ oç{gdncg`tn# fgy ~`g |nrntidg kj||ncgkiû` n`t|n cg r|n{n`kig dn n{kcguj{ y nc kg|çktn| i`kjorcntj dn cg {n|uid~ol|n n` dien|n`tn{ |nmij`n{ dncg N~|jrg en~dgc.

=6 * 7>2



[gvj` {jkinty±# L~ccnti` je tfn Hjf` \ycg`d{ Cil|g|y# 795;/4# rr. 74/47.

QRçm. 757_

dgon`tj dnc {i{tnog kj`ti`n tgc dn en~dj{72. Cj{ tfnm`{ n|g` ~`g ièg`tn|ïg `jlicig|ig# w~n n`t|glg n` lgtgccg{cil|gdg{ tjdguïg g|kgikgon`tn g rin. Nc nhé|kitj g`mcj{ghû` n|g# r~n{# ~`g onxkcg dn fj~{nkg|c{ &oinol|j{ dnc{éw~itj oicitg| dnc |ny) y ey|d{ &oicikig rjr~cg|)# w~n `j rjdïg` kj` cg kglgccn|ïg `j|og`dg gkj|gxgdg# r~`tg dn

cg`xg oicitg| dn ~`g {jkindgd en~dgc o~kfj oç{ rcn`gon`tn dn{g||jccgdg n` cj{ oç|mn`n{ dn cg{ tin||g{e|g`kn{g{# dj`dn nc uï`k~cj n`t|n cg r|jrindgd tn||itj|igc y nc {n|uikij nk~n{t|n fglïg {idj d~|g`tn o~kfj tinorjnc nhn dnc j|dn` {jkigc. Nuidn`tnon`tn# cj{ r|jrij{ `j|og`dj{ n|g` iùg{j|n{ `û|dikj{ w~n {n fglïg` g{n`tgdj ye~`didj n` nc `j|tn dn E|g`kig {ûcj ~` {imcj g`tn{. Cg kj`w~i{tg `j|og`dg# w~n e~n |n{~ctgdj dnc dn{g||jccjdn{im~gc dn dj{ kjo~ìdgdn{ lç|lg|g{ nè|n`tgdg{ o~t~gon`tn g t|gué{ dnc kg`gc# ~`g dn cg{ k~gcn{ fglïgnvrn|ion`tgdj ~`g e~{iû` ¡|jog`j/mn|oçìkg±# mn`n|û# r~n{# n` I`mcgtn||g ~`g {ï`tn{i{ ¡tg|dïg± dn dj{ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ |ncgtiugon`tn gug`xgdg{. Nc |n{~ctgdj e~n cg rnk~cig| kjoli`gkiû` dn ~` N{tgdj gctgon`tnkn`t|gcixgdj y dn ~`g |n{i{tn`tn h~{tikig rjr~cg|# w~n g rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{ kg|gktn|ixû g cg I`mcgtn||g ondinugc.

Iòndigtgon`tn dn{r~é{ dn {~ uiktj|ig# M~iccn|oj I r|jkndiû g ~`g di{t|il~kiû` rcgìeikgdg y {i{tnoçtikg dn~`j{ >.222 en~dj{ kj` jlhntj dn jk~rg| y {jontn| gc rgï{. Kj`t|g|igon`tn g cj{ fçlitj{ kj`ti`n`tgcn{# cj{

{~lug{gccj{ tn`ïg` w~n h~|g| cngctgd `j {ûcj g {~{ {n÷j|n{ iòndigtj{# {i`j tgolié` gc r|jrij72 Fn`|y Cjy`# Tfn @j|og` kj`w~n{t # Cj`d|n{# 795># rr. =5/=# y M. J. [gycn{# Tfn ondignugc ej~`dgtij`{ je N`mcg`d # Cj`d|n{# 7954#rr. <72# <<>. Rj| cj mn`n|gc# golj{ tin dn g oi ioixg| cg di{tg kig rjcïtikg n`t|n cg{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ g`mcj{ghj`g yg`mcj`j|og dg. N{ k~|ij{j w~n [gycn{ |i`dg fjon`ghn gc cnmgdj dn E|nnog` kjoj e~n`tn dn i`{ri|gkiû` dn cg iùn{timgkiû` ojdn|`g. Nc|gki{oj nvt|noj dn E|nnog` n{# gt~|gcon`tn# dim`j dn tn`n|{n n` k~n`tg8 cj{ ge|ikg`j{ n|g` ¡oj`j{ fj||ilcn{±1 cj{ h~dïj{ y cj{ kfi`j{#¡{~kij{ nvt|g`hn|j{±# oin`t|g{ w~n cj{ `j|og`dj{ n|g` rg|in`tn{ tn~tûìkj{ dn cj{ {ghj`n{ ¡w~n fglïg` idj g cg Mgcig rg|g k~l|i|{n kj`~` lg|ìx e|g`ké{ y e~n|j` g I`mcgtn||g rgug w~ndg| ciorij{ dn `~nuj± & {ik )1 rg|g djk~on`tgkiû`# uég{n O. N. L|gtkfnc# Nd}g|d G~m~{t~{ E|nnog` g`d tfn Uiktj|ig` i`tn|r|ntgtij` je tfn @j|og` kj`w~n{t # Ice|gkjoln# 7959. Rn|j tjdj n{j r~ndn im`j|g|{n tçkitgon`tnrj|w~n {~ on`{ghn kn`t|gc# nc d|gog oï{tikgon`tn iì`tn||~oridj dn cg fi{tj|ig i`mcn{g# g dien|n`kig dn cg dnc kj`ti`n`tn n~|jrnj# kj`{~{ |~rt~|g{ |nujc~kij`g|ig{# tjdguïg n{ gorcig y en|uj|j{gon tn k|nïdj. Cj{ gkg|ikigdj{ ojtiuj{ idnjcûmikj{ dn cg iùijcgdg¡kj`ti`~idgd± dn I`mcgtn||g dn{dn nc {imcj V gc VV u~ncun` kj` i`{i{tn`kig j`ï|ikg g cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cg fi{tj|ijm|geïg cjkgc. Cjy`tn|oi`g {~ {n|ij y øtic cil|j kj` nc tïrikj g|tïk~cj dé en8 ¡N` nc kgorj dn cg{ i`{tit~kij`n{# cg kj`ti`~idgd n{ nc tnog n{n`kigc dn cg fi{tj|igi`mcn{g±# Tfn @j|og` kj`w~n{t # rçmi`g 79>.

QRçm. 75<_

oj`g|kg# dj`g`tn øctioj dn tjdg cg tin||g. Cj{ |nyn{ `j|og`dj{ nvrcjtg|j` tjdguïg oç{ cj{ |n{tj{ r|nen~dgcn{dn cg ej|ogkiû` {jkigc g`mcj{ghj`g rg|g |nej|xg| {~ N{tgdj8 cg oicikig rjr~cg| {n g÷gdiû n` gcm~`g{ jkg{ij`n{ gcg kjùn`kij`gc f~n{tn ondinugc y g cg{ t|jrg{ dn rgcgkij771 rn|j tjdguïg e~n oç{ iorj|tg`tn w~n# gdnoç{ dn cg{|n tg{ dnun`mgdg{ rj| cg{ m|g`dn{ r|jrindgdn{ |ngcn{ y cg nvgkkiû` dn cg{ kg|mg{ en~dgcn{# {n {im~in|g|nkg~dg`dj nc ior~n{tj t|gdikij`gc dn dnen`{g# nc dg`nmncd # en`ûon`j nvt|g÷j gc {i{tnog j|tjdjvj dn i`m|n{j{dn ~`g oj`g|w~ïg ondinugc. N` n{tg érjkg# nc N{tgdj g`mcj`j|og`dj |nr|n{n`tglg# r~n{# nc {i{tnogi`{tit~kij`gc oç{ ~ìeikgdj y {ûcidj dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc. Nc |émion` {n÷j|igc oç{ dn{g||jccgdj {n n{tglcnkiûr|i`kirgcon`tn n` nc {~| y n` nc {~|/kn`t|j dnc rgï{# dj`dn cg neikgkig dn cg nvrcjtgkiû` {n÷j|igc g~on`tû

`jtglcnon`tn kj` cg i`tn`{ieikgkiû` dn cg{ r|n{tgkij`n{ dn t|glghj rn|{j`gc y cg nuidn`tn dnm|gdgkiû` dnckgorn{i`gdj cjkgc. N` nc |n{tj dnc rgï{ w~ndg|j` nvtn`{g{ xj`g{ dn rnw~n÷g{ r|jrindgdn{# m|gugdg{ {ûcjcnunon`tn kj` jlcimgkij`n{ en~dgcn{ y fglitgdg{ rj| ~`g rjlcgkiû` |~|gc w~n {n cil|û dn ~`g iòndigtg {it~gkiû`{n|uic. [i` nolg|mj# cg tn`dn`kig g cg {n|uid~ol|n mn`n|gc n|g i`kjè~`dilcn. N` cj{ kin` g÷j{ {im~in`tn{# lghjcg{ di`g{tïg{ `j|og`dg y g`mnui`g# {n r|jd~hj ~`g r|jm|n{iug im~gcgkiû` fgkig glghj dn cg kj`dikiû` h~|ïdikg dnckgorn{i`gdj i`mcé{# fg{tg w~n n` nc {imcj VII cj{ uiccgì y cj{ `gtiui ej|og|j` ~`g {jcg kcg{n dn {in|uj{. Rj| jt|grg|tn# dgdg cg kjorcntg dn{grg|ikiû` dnc dn|nkfj |jog`j n` I`mcgtn||g y cg g~{n`kig dn tjdg nvrn|in`kig`njiorn|igc dnc tirj kg|jci`mij# cj{ t|il~`gcn{ dn cj{ {fi|n{ y cj{ f~`d|nd{ ( dn cg ej|ogkiû` {jkigc g`mcj{ghj`g—w~n j|imi`g|igon`tn e~n|j` cg{ {ndn{ dn cg h~{tikig rjr~cg| kjo~`gc— {jl|nuiuin|j` dn`t|j dnc `~nuj j|dn`.Djoi`gdj{ gfj|g# `gt~|gcon`tn# rj| dncnmgdj{ |ngcn{ r|jkndn`tn{ dn cg kcg{n {n÷j|igc# kj`{tit~yn|j`# {i`nolg|mj# ~` {i{tnog dn h~{tikig ¡rølcikg± gcmj on`j{ iorcgkglcn kj` cj{ rjl|n{ w~n cg h~|i{dikkiû` r|iugdg{n÷j|igc w~n

77 Rg|g gcm~`j{ n{t~dij{ dnc {i{tnog oicitg| rj{tn|ij| g cg kj`w~i{tg# uég{n H. J. R|n{t}ikf# ¡G`mcj/@j|og` en~dgci{o g`d tfn r|jlcnoje kj`ti`~ity±# Rg{t g`d R|n{n`t # `øo. <5# `juinol|n dn 795;# rr. ;>/>=# w~n n{ ~`g k|ïtikg {gc~dglcn dn cj{ oitj{ rg||jw~ig`j{ ykfg~uiì{tg{ dn cg kj`ti`~idgd1 y ]g||n` Fjcci{tn|# ¡72558 tfn en~dgc |nujc~tij`±# Gon|ikg` Fi{tj|ikgc \nuin}# ujc. CVVIII# `øo. ;#

62 * 7>2



enl|n|j dn 7956# rr. =26/=<;# w~n je|nkn ~` l|nun |n{~on` fi{tû|ikj dn cg kj`t|jun|{ig {jl|n n{tg k~n{tiû`.( {fi|n y f~`d|nd 8 diui{ij`n{ tn||itj|igcn{ dn I`mcgtn||g g`tn{ dn cg kj`w~i{tg.

QRçm. 75;_

e~n n` tjdg{ rg|tn{ cg `j|ogc7<. Nc kg|mj dn {fn|iee `~`kg {n fixj fn|nditg|ij dn{r~é{ dn cg r~|mg |gdikgcnenkt~gdg rj| N`|iw~n II n` nc {imcj VII rg|g iorndi| n{tn rncim|j# oin`t|g{ w~n cg h~{tikig |ngc r|jrigon`tn

dikfg {n nvtn`dïg m|gkig{ g cg{ g{{ixn kj~|t{ ( dnc oi{oj {jln|g`j. N|g` rjkg{ cg{ ki~dgdn{# k~gcw~in|g w~n e~n{n{~ tgog÷j# y `j mjxglg` dn ~`g i`dnrn`dn`kig {~{tg`kigc. Nc |n{~ctgdj e~n cg k|ngkiû` dn ~` {i{tnog rjcïtikjen~dgc kj` {~lièn~dgkiû` cioitgdg y kj` ~`g m|g` ecnvilicidgd y ~ìdgd gdoiì{t|gtiug{.

Gcnogìg je|nkn nc rjcj jr~n{tj g n{tg nvrn|in`kig. Gccï# cg{ tin||g{ dn cj{ e|g`kj{ j|in`tgcn{ n|g` n` {~ ogyj|rg|tn kj`w~i{tg{ |nkin`tn{ dnc Iorn|ij kg|jci`mij y w~ndglg` kjorcntgon`tn e~n|g dn cg{ e|j`tn|g{ dn cgG`timóndgd kcç{ikg. Nc ncnon`tj |jog`j n` cg ei`gc {ï`tn{i{ en~dgc n|g rj| tg`tj o~kfj oç{ délic y n{tglgondigdj dn{dn cnhj{ rj| nc `~nuj djoiìj nhn|kidj rj| nc N{tgdj kg|jci`mij {jl|n n{tg{ |nmij`n{ e|j`tn|ixg{.G{ï# oin`t|g{ n` E|g`kig cg n{t|~kt~|g gdoiì{t|gtiug dn cj{ kj`dgdj{ kji`kidïg kj` nc uinhj kiuitgt~{ |jog`j y|nmïg ~` {i{tnog dn ug{gccghn r|jm|n{iugon`tn g|tik~cgdj# kj` ~` kgorn{i`gdj {n|uic rj| dnlghj dn éc# nckg|çktn| r|ioitiuj/kjo~`gc dn cg {jkindgd |~|gc mn|oçìkg —j|mgìxgdg cnmgcon`tn tjdguïg {jl|n ~`g lg{n kg{it|ilgc— iorj{ilicitglg ~`g |nr|jd~kkiû` di|nktg dn n{tn ojdncj. Cj{ kj`dn{ w~n mjln|`glg` n` `jol|n dncnorn|gdj| rj{nïg` i`kin|tg{ h~|i{dikkij`n{ {jl|n ~`g{ |nmij`n{ ugmgon`tn dneiìdg{# {i` dnog{igdj rjdn| |ngc{jl|n cj{ t|il~`gcn{ rjr~cg|n{ cjkgcn{ y {i` ~` ei|on grjyj n` nvtn`{g{ rj{n{ij`n{ |ngcn{ 7;. N` E|g`kjìg yCj|n`g# kj`tim~g{ gc `j|tn dn E|g`kig y rg|tn yg dnc |ni`j on|jui`mij# {n fglïg dn{g||jccgdj ~`g g|i{tjk|gkigr|jtjen~dgc y ~`g gm|ik~ct~|g {n|uic. Rn|j n` cg iòn`{g ogyj|ïg dn Gcnogìg —Lguin|g# T~|i`mig# [~glig y[ghjìg— tjdguïg nvi{tïg ~` kgorn{i`gdj gcjdigc cil|n y ~`g `jlcnxg dn kcg`n{ endn|gdj{# `j j|mgìxgdg n`ì`m~`g |nd dn ug{gccghn. Nc {n÷j|ïj mn|oçìkj kj`{tit~ïg t|gdikij`gcon`tn ¡~`

7< Cj{ t|il~`gcn{ {n÷j|igcn{ ecj|nkin|j`# rj| {~r~n{tj# y nc rjdn| nkj`ûoikj |ngc dn cj{ {n÷j|n{ i`mcn{n{ kin|tgon`tn `j e~n on`j|d~|g`tn cg Ndgd Ondig w~n nc dn {~{ nw~iugcn`tn{ kj`ti`n`tgcn{# kjoj {~l|gyg Fictj`. \. F. Fictj`# G ondignugc {jkinty8 Tfn ]n{t Oidcg`d{ gt tfn n`d je tfn t}ncetf kn`t~|y# Cj`d|n{# 7954# rr. <<=/47.( Cg{ g{{ixn kj~|t{ n|g` cg{ {n{ij`n{ rn|iûdikg{ w~n {n kncnl|glg` n` tjdj{ cj{ kj`dgdj{ dn I`mcgtn||g rg|g gdoiì{t|g| h~{tikig kiuic yk|ioi`gc.7; [id`ny Rgi`tn|# Tfn |i{n je tfn en~dgc oj`g|kfin{ # Itfgkg# 79>4# rçmi`g 6>.

QRçm. 754_

ondij kj`ti`~j±74 n` nc w~n cg{ m|gdgkij`n{ dn |g`mj tn`ïg` n{kg{g {g`kiû` ej|ogc y cg oi{og oj`g|w~ïg `jn{tglg iùn{tidg kj` ì`mø` ugcj| n{rnkigc y {~rn|ij|. Cg gdoiì{t|gkiû` iorn|igc kg|jci`mig {n ior~{j {jl|n~`g ej|ogkiû` {jkigc w~n kg|nkïg dn cg{ kjorcnhg{ hn|g|w~ïg{ dn dnrn`dn`kig w~n n{tglg` {~|min`dj n` E|g`kig1n` n{tn ondij oç{ r|ioitiuj {~ |nk~n|dj {jl|nuiuiû rj| tg`tj o~kfj oç{. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# Gcnogìg `j e~ngxjtgdg kj` cg oi{og i`tn`{idgd w~n E|g`kig rj| cg `~nug jcngdg dn gtgw~n{ lç|lg|j{ dn cj{ {imcj{ IV y V# ygw~n oin`t|g{ E|g`kig e~n g{jcgdg rj| cj{ t|n{ iùg{j|n{ —cj{ uiai`mj{# ogmig|n{ y {g||gkn`j{—# Gcnogìg {ûcjt~uj w~n nè|n`tg|{n g cj{ ogmig|n{. N{tj{ `ûogdg{ e~n|j` ei`gcon`tn dn||jtgdj{ n` Cnkfencd# n` nc n{tn#oin`t|g{ w~n n` nc jn{tn @j|og`dïg t~uj w~n {n| kndidg g cj{ uiai`mj{. Gcnogìg {n cil|û g{ï dn cg{ rnj|n{t|il~cgkij`n{ dn cg érjkg# kjoj fgl|ïg dn dnoj{t|g| cg |nk~rn|gkiû` |ncgtiugon`tn |çridg dn cj{ Jtj`n{. Rn|j cgfn|n`kig rjcïtikg kg|jci`mig# on`j{ lj||gdg gw~ï# `j r|jrj|kij`û ì`mø` {~{tit~tj d~|gdn|j dn ~`g {ûcidghn|g|w~ïg {n÷j|igc. Y g{ï# kj` nc kjcgr{j dn cg r|jrig di`g{tïg# {n r|jd~hj d~|g`tn nc {imcj V gcmj {nonhg`tn gcugkïj rjcïtikj n` tjdg Gcnogìg. N` n{n ugkïj grg|nkin|j` o~y r|j`tj ¡t|j`kj{± d~kgcn{ ~{~|rgdj|n{# dnkg|çktn| t|ilgc# w~n n{tglcnkin|j` ~` délic kj`t|jc {jl|n cg{ ki`kj r|i`kirgcn{ |nmij`n{ dnc rgï{# Lguin|g#T~|i`mig# [~glig# E|g`kjìg y [ghjìg. Nc rncim|j dn cg{ iùg{ij`n{ ogmig|n{ i`d~hj g n{tj{ d~w~n{ |iugcn{ gncnmi| g ~` oj`g|kg ej|ogc. G rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{# cg fi{tj|ig dn cg oj`g|w~ïg gcnog`g fgl|ïg dn {n| cg dn cj{i`tn`tj{ glj|tgdj{ rg|g k|ng| ~`g ri|çoidn j|mçìkg dn cngctgdn{ en~dgcn{ {jl|n n{tg i`{gti{egktj|ig lg{n. Nc oç{rjdn|j{j &y `j en~dgc) dn cj{ t|j`kj{ d~kgcn{# [ghjìg# r|junyû cg r|ion|g di`g{tïg w~n i`tn`tû ~ìeikg| nc rgï{.Ojuicixg`dj cg gy~dg dn cg Imcn{ig# cj{ {jln|g`j{ jtj`n{ dn [ghjìg {jontin|j` r|jm|n{iugon`tn g {~{ |iugcn{kcn|ikgcn{ y n{tglcnkin|j` cg g~tj|idgd |ngc n` tjdg Gcnogìg. Rg|g r|jtnmn| {~ ecg`kj jkkidn`tgc# Jtû` I g{~oiû

tgolié` nc og`tj iorn|igc w~n fglïg rg{gdj dn cj{ kg|jci`mij{ gc dnk|éritj ¡|ni`j ondij± dn Cjtg|i`mig# w~ni`kc~ïg g Lj|mj÷g y gc `j|tn dn Itgcig. N` nc n{tn# Jtû` I nvtn`diû cg{ e|j`tn|g{ mn|og`g{ fgkig cj{ tn||itj|ij{n{cguj{ y n{tglcnkiû cg {jln|g`ïg {jl|n Ljfnoig

67 * 7>2



74 Din Fn||{kfget{ej|on` mnfn` aj`ti`~in|cikf i`ni`g`dn| óln| . N{tg gkn|tgdg e|g{n e~n gk~÷gdg rj| ]gctn| [kfcn{i`mn|# ¡Fn||{kfget ~`dMnejcm{kfget i` dn| mn|ogì{kf/dn~t{kfn` Un|eg{{~m{mn{kfikftn±# Lnit|ämn x~| dn~t{kfn` Un|eg{{~`m{mn{kfikftn dn{ Oittncgctn|{ # ujc. I#Mjti`mg# 795;# r. ;<.

QRçm. 75>_

y Rjcjìg. Cg ¡|n`jugkiû`± jtjog`g e~n idnjcûmikg y gdoiì{t|gtiugon`tn cg øctiog {~kn{j|g dnc Iorn|ij

kg|jci`mij. Kjoj é{tn# tgolié` nvrn|ion`tû ~`g |nuitgcixgkiû` k~ct~|gc kcg{iki{tg y |niui`dikû ~` djoiìj~ìun|{gc. Rn|j {~ d~|gkiû` fgl|ïg dn {n| tjdguïg oç{ l|nun.

Rj|w~n# n` nenktj# cj{ évitj{ dn cj{ Jtj`n{ k|ng|j` g {~ unx `~nug{ dieik~ctgdn{ y rncim|j{ rg|g ~` N{tgdjmn|oçìkj ~ìtg|ij. Nc {jontioin`tj dn cj{ ogm`gtn{ d~kgcn{ rj| cg di`g{tïg {ghj`g {n t|gd~hj# n` cg r|çktikg# n`~`g on|g ciln|gkiû` dn ~` n{t|gtj dn `jlcn{ {it~gdj{ rj| dnlghj dn gw~éccj{ y# rj| tg`tj# {n cioitû g dn{rcgxg|fgkig glghj nc r|jlcnog dn cg g`g|w~ïg |nmij`gc. Cg di`g{tïg {çcikg w~n cn {~kndiû n` nc {imcj VI i`tn`tûnè|n`tg|{n g cg nvtn`didg |n{i{tn`kig y t~|l~cn`kig g|i{tjk|çtikg rj| ondij dn cg k|ngkiû` dn ~`g kcg{n n{rnkigcdn oiì{tn|igcn{ |nmij{ `j cil|n{# w~n kj`{tit~yn|j` ~` k~n|rj dn kg{tnccg`j{ y gdoiì{t|gdj|n{ cngcn{iorcg`tgdj{ n` tjdj nc rgï{. N{tn |nk~|{j g e~`kij`g|ij{ {n|uicn{# iùn{tidj{ kj` rjdn|j{j{ r~n{tj{ rjcïtikj{#g~`w~n {i` ~`g nw~iugcn`tn rj{ikiû` {jkigc# gm|gkigdj{ e|nk~n`tnon`tn kj` ei`kg{# g~`w~n {i` r|iuicnmij{ug{gccçtikj{ y# n` kj`{nk~n`kig# nvt|g÷j{ g k~gcw~in| hn|g|w~ïg `jlicig|ig# e~n|j` cg r|~nlg dn cg kj`ti`~g

dnlicidgd dn cg e~`kiû` oj`ç|w~ikg n` ~`g ej|ogkiû` {jkigc w~n `j tn`ïg gø` ì`mø` {i{tnog mcjlgc dn|ncgkij`n{ {jkigcn{ en~dgcn{ n` nc rcg`j dn cg gcdng. N` cg {~rn|eikin# cg di`g{tïg {çcikg |nmi{t|û gcm~`j{ r|jm|n{j{`jtglcn{ fgkig ~` mjlin|`j iorn|igc kn`t|gcixgdj8 e~n|j` {~r|ioidg{ cg{ |nlncij`n{ dn cg g|i{tjk|gkig di{idn`tndn [ghjìg# {n e~`dû ~`g kgritgc rn|og`n`tn n` Mj{cg| y {n gorciû n`j|onon`tn éc djoiìj |ngc. N` n{tnojon`tj# {i` nolg|mj# cg c~kfg dn cg{ Iùn{tid~|g{ kj` nc rgrgdj rg|gcixû ~`g ogyj| kj`{jcidgkiû` dnc rjdn||ngc. Cg c~kfg dn M|nmj|ij UII kj` N`|iw~n IU rj| nc kj`t|jc dn cj{ `jol|goin`tj{ nri{kjrgcn{ dn{n`kgdn`û cgm~n||g kiuic mn`n|gcixgdg n` Gcnogìg# yg w~n cg `jlcnxg cjkgc gr|junkfû cg jrj|t~ìdgd rg|g cnug`tg|{n kj`t|gnc norn|gdj| kj` cg{ ln`dikij`n{ rgrgcn{. D~|g`tn cj{ ki`k~n`tg g÷j{ dn c~kfg kj`ti`~g t~uj c~mg| n` Gcnogìg~` m|g` kgolij {jkigc8 n` n{g {it~gkiû` dn iorcgkglcn{ dnr|ndgkij`n{# g`g|w~ïg y uijcn`kig {jkigc# cgg|i{tjk|gkig mn|og`g dn{t|jxû cg lg{n gcjdigc dn cg rjlcgkiû` cil|n `j `jlcn# w~n {inor|n fglïg r|ndjoi`gdj n`[ghjìg y T~|i`mig y w~n fglïg tnìdj ~`g kj`{idn|glcn r|n{n`kig n` Lguin|g y [~glig. Nc kgorn{i`gdj e~n

|nd~kidj g cg {n|uid~ol|n g ondidg w~n dn{grg|nkïg cg h~{tikig rølcikg y rjr~cg|# {n iorj`ïg` cg{ r|n{tgkij`n{en~dgcn{ y {n i`tn`{ieikglg` y kjdieikglg` cg{ jlcimgkij`n{ oicitg|n{ n`t|n cj{

QRçm. 755_

oinol|j{ dn cg r|jrig kcg{n `jlicig|ig# g k~yj{ |g`mj{ {n g÷gdin|j` gfj|g cj{ oiì{tn|igcn{ # n` ondij dnctj|lncci`j dn cg érjkg y dn cg{ m|g`dn{ t|g`{ej|ogkij`n{ n` cg{ egoicig{ t|gdikij`gcn{ 7>.

N` nc {imcj VII ccnmû# rj| ei`# ~` en~dgci{oj kglgc# |nt|g{gdj d~|g`tn tg`tj tinorj n` Gcnogìg. Rn|j n{nen~dgci{oj {n kj`{t|~yû kj`t|g cg i`tnm|gkiû` oj`ç|w~ikg dnc rgï{# g dien|n`kig dn I`mcgtn||g# dj`dn cg hn|g|w~ïg{jkigc en~dgc e~n i`{tgcgdg rj| cg oj`g|w~ïg `j|og`dg# j dn E|g`kig# dj`dn r|nkndiû g cg grg|ikiû` dn cgoj`g|w~ïg y e~n |nj|in`tgdg cn`tgon`tn n` tj|`j g nccg d~|g`tn nc r|jkn{j dn kn`t|gcixgkiû` kj`ké`t|ikg. ^`gunx jk~||idj n{tj# cj{ nenktj{ rjcïtikj{ e~n|j` i||nun|{ilcn{. Cg di`g{tïg Fjfn`{tg~en`# w~n {~|miû dn{r~é{ dnw~n cg `~nug n{t|~kt~|g {jkigc f~lj k|i{tgcixgdj# i`tn`tû ndieikg| ~` |n`jugdj rjdn| iorn|igc {jl|n {~ lg{n#gknrtg`dj cg ondigtixgkiû` dn h~|i{dikkij`n{ y cg{ |goieikgkij`n{ dn ug{gccghn w~n {n fglïg` dn{g||jccgdj n`Gcnogìg. Nc r|jrij Endn|ikj I tjoû n` |ngcidgd cg dncg`tn|g gc j|mgìxg| ~`g `~nug hn|g|w~ïg en~dgc dn ~`gkjorcnhidgd y |imidnx {i` r|nkndn`tn{ —nc Fnn|{kficdj|d`~`m— y gc k|ng| ~`g kcg{n r|i`kirn{kg g rg|ti| dn {~{tn`n`tn{ i` kgritn# ncnuç`djcj{ rj| n`kiog dnc |n{tj dn cg `jlcnxg gc |g`mj dn \nikf{eó|{tn`75. Cg cûmikg dn n{tgrjcïtikg kj`{i{tïg n` kjùn|ti| g cg oj`g|w~ïg n` ~`g {jln|g`ïg n{rnkïeikgon`tn en~dgc# glg`dj`g`dj tjdg cgt|gdikiû` dn cg gdoiì{t|gkiû` |ngc kg|jci`mig. [i` nolg|mj# {~ kjorcnon`tj `nkn{g|ij n|g grjdn|g|{n dn ~`j{djoiìj{ |ngcn{ {~eikin`tnon`tn gorcij{ rg|g w~n r|jrj|kij`g|g` gc norn|gdj| ~`g lg{n ei`g`kin|g g~tû`jogkj` cg w~n fgkn| nenktiug {~ {jln|g`ïg. Y kjoj cj{ djoiìj{ dn cg egoicig Fjfn`{tg~en` n` [~glig n|g`gl{jc~tgon`tn i`{~eikin`tn{ rg|g n{tj y cg gm|n{iû` di|nktg kj`t|g cj{ r|i`kirij{ mn|og`j{ `j n|g jrj|t~`g#

Endn|ikj i`tn`tû kjùn|ti| g Itgcig dnc @j|tn —w~n `joi`gcon`tn {inor|n fglïg {idj en~dj dnc Iorn|ij— n` ~èi|on lg{tiû` nvtn|ij| dnc rjdn| |ngc oç{ gccç dn cj{ Gcrn{. Rg|g nc rgrgdj# n{tg gktiugkiû` dn cj{ uï`k~cj{ w~ncimglg` g cg{ {jln|g`ïg{ dn Gcnogìg n Itgcig n`t|g÷glg ~` mjcrn egtgc g {~ r|jrij rjdn| n` cg rn`ï`{~cg#

6< * 7>2



n{rnkigcon`tn dnlidj g w~n [ikicig# n` {~ |ntgm~g|dig# e~n g÷gdidg g cg{ rj{n{ij`n{ iorn|igcn{ rj| N`|iw~n UI.Cg kj`{im~in`tn |n`jugkiû` dn cg m~n||g n`t|n nc Iorn|ij y nc rgrgdj kg`kncû ei`gcon`tn tjdg rj{ilicidgd dniorcg`tg| ~`g oj`g|w~ïg iorn/

7> Mnjee|ny Lg||gkcj~mf# Tfn j|imi`{ je ojdn|` Mn|og y# Jvej|d# 795<# rçmi`g{ 7;5/42# n{ nc n{t~dij kcç{ikj.75 Lg||gkcj~mf# ilid.# rr. 7=>/=# 769/92.

QRçm. 75=_

|igc n{tglcn n` cg r|jrig Gcnogìg. Kj` Endn|ikj II# cg di`g{tïg Fjfn`{tg~en` gdw~i|iû ~` kg|çktn| y ~`gj|in`tgkiû` n{n`kigcon`tn itgcigìxgdj{# oin`t|g{ Gcnogìg n|g glg`dj`gdg g {~{ r|jrij{ di{rj{itiuj{{n÷j|igcn{. Dn{r~é{ dn jt|j{ kin` g÷j{ dn m~n||g# nc |n{~ctgdj ei`gc e~n cg `n~t|gcixgkiû` dn tjdg oj`g|w~ïgfn|nditg|ig n` nc {imcj VIII# k~g`dj nc Iorn|ij {n fixj dneiìtiugon`tn ncnktiuj# y cg kjùn|{iû` dn Gcnogìg kj`~` kjè~{j g|kfiriécgmj dn r|i`kirgdj{.

[i nc n{tglcnkioin`tj dnc en~dgci{oj mn|oçìkj n{t~uj kg|gktn|ixgdj y dieik~ctgdj rj| cg rn|{i{tn`kig dni`{tit~kij`n{ t|ilgcn{ w~n {n |noj`tglg` g cg érjkg dn Tçkitj# cg nujc~kiû` dnc en~dgci{oj n` Itgcig e~n gl|nuigdgy ojcdngdg n` cg oi{og ondidg rj| cg {~rn|uiun`kig dn cg{ t|gdikij`n{ kcç{ikg{. N` nc {imcj UI# cg |nkj`w~i{tgdn cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cg rn`ï`{~cg# nor|n`didg rj| cj{ lixg`ti`j{ kj`t|g cj{ cjolg|dj{# g rn{g| dn cg dn{t|~kkiûògtn|igc w~n gkg||nû# fglïg gy~dgdj g kj`{n|ug| gw~nccj{ un{timij{ d~|g`tn cg eg{n k|ïtikg dn cg Ndgd J{k~|g. N`tjdj kg{j# nc g{n`tgoin`tj dn cj{ lç|lg|j{ fglïg {idj |ncgtiugon`tn délic y# n` kj`{nk~n`kig# Itgcig `~`kgrn|diû cg uidg ~|lg`g o~ìkirgc w~n fglïg rj{nïdj d~|g`tn nc Iorn|ij |jog`j. Cg{ r|i`kirgcn{ ki~dgdn{ujcuin|j` g gkt~g| o~y r|j`tj kjoj kn`t|j{ on|kg`ticn{ rg|g nc t|çeikj kjon|kigc g t|gué{ dnc Onditn||ç`nj yecj|nkin|j` kjoj r~n|tj{ y kn`t|j{ dn di{t|il~kiû` o~y gug`xgdj{ |n{rnktj g jt|g{ ki~dgdn{ n~|jrng{. CgImcn{ig fn|ndû l~n`g rg|tn dn cg rj{ikiû` {jkigc y rjcïtikg dn cg g`tim~g g|i{tjk|gkig {n`gtj|igc. Fg{tg nc {imcj VI#cj{ jli{rj{ e~n|j` cj{ fglit~gcn{ di|imn`tn{ gdoiì{t|gtiuj{ dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ itgcig`g{. Dnlidj gc r|ndjoi ij dncj{ kjorj`n`tn{ |jog`j{ n` cg {ï`tn{i{ en~dgc dn n{tg xj`g# dj`dn cg fn|n`kig cnmgc dn G~m~{tj y H~{tiìg`jt~uj i`nuitglcnon`tn ~` m|g` rn{j# cg{ |ncgkij`n{ dn r|jrindgd `~`kg {n gci`ng|j` ~ìcgtn|gcon`tn kj` cgkj||in`tn r|i`kirgc dn cj{ ojdncj{ en~dgcn{. Dn{dn cj{ {imcj{ j{k~|j{# cg {jkindgd |~|gc {inor|n e~n o~yfntn|jmé`ng# kjoli`g`dj en~dj{# kgorn{i`j{ r|jrintg|ij{ cil|n{# cgtie~`dij{ y tn||gtnìn`tn{ ~|lg`j{ {nmø` cg{

diun|{g{ |nmij`n{. Cj{ {n÷j|ïj{ r|jrigon`tn dikfj{ fglïg` dn l~{kg|{n r|ndjoi`g`tnon`tn n` Cjolg|dïg y n`nc `j|tn# oin`t|g{ w~n cg r|jrindgd tn||itj|igc n{tglg oç{ kj`kn`t|gdg n` nc {~|# dj`dn cj{ cgtie~`dij{ kcç{ikj{k~ctiugdj{ rj| n{kcguj{ rn|d~|g|j` lghj nc djoiìj lixg`ti j fg{tg cg Gctg Ndgd Ondig7=. Cg{ rnw~n÷g{r|jrindgdn{

7= Rficir Hj`n{# ¡Tfn gm|g|ig` dnuncjron`t je ondignugc Itgcy±# [nkj`d I`tn|`gtij`gc Kjèn|n`kn je Nkj`joik Fi{tj|y # Rg|ï{# 795># r.=9.

QRçm. 756_

kgorn{i`g{ r|jlglcnon`tn n|g` oç{ `~on|j{g{ n` nc kn`t|j oj`tg÷j{j dnc rgï{. N` kj`{nk~n`kig# nc {i{tnog{n÷j|igc e~n {inor|n o~kfj oç{ délic n` Itgcig w~n gc `j|tn dn cj{ Gcrn{ y nc g~mn dn cg{ kjo~`g{ ~|lg`g{ e~n

oç{ tnor|g`j y oç{ iorj|tg`tn w~n n` k~gcw~in| jt|j {itij.

N` ~` r|ion| ojon`tj# cg{ ki~dgdn{ n{t~uin|j` djoi`gdg{ rj| rnw~n÷j{ `jlcn{ en~dgcn{# lghj nc mjlin| j dn{~{ jli{rj{. Rn|j g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VI cg{ h~|i{dikkij`n{ {n÷j|igcn{ yg ilg` di{oi`~yn`dj n` nc kgorj# oin`t|g{w~n cg c~kfg dn cg{ iùn{tid~|g{ dglg g cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ on|kg`ticn{ dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ cg jrj|t~ìdgd dn {gk~di|{ncj{ {n÷j|ïj{ nkcn{iç{tikj{ y dn i`{tit~i| un|dgdn|j{ g~tjmjlin|`j{ kjo~`gcn{# r|ion|j lghj cg ej|og dn ~`{i{tnog ¡kj`{~cg|± ncnktiuj y oç{ tg|dn kj`t|gtg`dj g gdoiì{t|gdj|n{ r|jen{ij`gcn{ dn e~n|g# cj{ rjdn{tâ dnc{imcj VIII. Gr|jviogdgon tn dn{dn nc g÷j 7722# n{g{ kjo~ g{ djoi g|j` tjdj nc `j|tn dn Itgcig ynor|n`din|j` cg kj`w~i{tg {i{tnoçtikg dn cj{ kgorj{ w~n cg{ |jdnglg`# gtgkg`dj cj{ en~dj{ {n÷j|igcn{ ygljcin`dj cg{ iò~ìdgdn{ en~dgcn{# g||g{g`dj cj{ kg{ticcj{ y ej|xg`dj cg {~oi{iû` dn cj{ {n÷j|n{ kn|kg`j{. Ncjlhntiuj dn n{tg gm|n{iug nvrg`{iû` ~|lg`g n|g cg kj`w~i{tg dn ~` kj`tgdj tn||itj|igc dnc w~n g rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{

cg ki~dgd r~din|g nvt|gn| ior~n{tj{# t|jrg{ y m|g`j rg|g g~on`tg| {~ r|jrij rjdn| y r|j{rn|idgd ui{/â/ui{ dn{~{ |iugcn{76. Cg{ |ncgkij`n{ |~|gcn{ {n t|g`{ej|og|j` |gdikgcon`tn rj| cg nvrg`{iû` dnc kj`tgdj# yg w~n cg{ki~dgdn{ tn`din|j` g i`t|jd~ki| `~nug{ ej|og{ dn dnrn`dn`kig {noikjon|kigcixgdg rg|g nc kgorn{i`gdj# w~n {n{it~glg` o~y cnhj{ dn cg {n|uid~ol|n8 cg onxxgd|ig j |nrg|tj kj`t|gkt~gc dn cg kj{nkfg {n fixj fglit~gc n` cg

6; * 7>2



ogyj| rg|tn dnc `j|tn y nc kn`t|j dn Itgcig d~|g`tn nc {imcj VIII. Nc dn{g||jccj dn cg{ og`~egkt~|g{ dn`t|j dn cg{kjo~`g{ dn{noljkû n`tj`kn{ n` ~` g~on`tj dn cg{ tn`{ij`n{ {jkigcn{ n`t|n cj{ on|kgdn|n{ y ogm`gtn{ &n{t|gtjdjoi`g`tn kj` r|jrindgdn{ |~|gcn{ y ~|lg`g{) y cj{ m|~rj{ g|tn{g`j{ y r|jen{ij`gcn{ j|mgìxgdj{ n` m|noij{ yog|mi`gdj{ dnc mjlin|`j dn cg ki~dgd. N` {imcj VIII# cg g{kn`{iû` rjcïtikg dn n{tj{ øctioj{ n`kj`t|û ~`g k~|ij{gnvr|n{iû` n` cg i`{tit~kiû` dnc kgritg`j dnc rjrjcj# w~n g on`~dj mjxglg dn ~` dieïkic kj`djoiìj kj` nc

rjdn{tâ dn`t|j dn cj{ oi{oj{ |nki`tj{8 nc oi{oj kg|mj n|g ~` {j|r|n`dn`tn |nk~n|dj dnc t|il~`j dn

76 Rg|g tjdg n{tg nujc~kiû`# uég{n Dgìnc ]gcny# Tfn Itgcig` kity/|nr~lcik{ # Cj`d|n{# 7959# rr. 7</<7# >5/9< QCg{ ki~dgdn{/\nrølcikgitgcig`g{ # Ogd|id# M~gdg||gog# 79=2_.

QRçm. 759_

cg \jog kcç{ikg79. N{tn e|çmic nw~icil|ij `j d~|û o~kfj tinorj. N` nc {imcj VIU# cg{ kjo~`g{ cjolg|dg{kgyn|j` ~`g t|g{ jt|g lghj nc djoiìj dn ti|g`ïg{ rn|{j`gcn{ y fn|nditg|ig{8 cg{ {im`j|in1 dn{dn n`tj`kn{ nc rjdn|{n kj`kn`t|û n` og`j{ dn gun`t~|n|j{ g~tûk|gtg{# n` {~ ogyj| rg|tn nv en~dgtg|ij{ j kj`djttin|i . N` cj{ kin`g÷j{ {im~in`tn{# Tj{kg`g {im~iû cg oi{og di|nkkiû`. Cg{ |nmij`n{ oç{ gug`xgdg{ dn Itgcig {n kjùi|tin|j`# r~n{#n` nc tglcn|j dn c~kfg dn cg{ ki~dgdn{/N{tgdj# n` nc w~n# g dien|n`kig dnc |n{tj dn N~|jrg# nc kgorj ki|k~`dg`tne~n g`nvij`gdj g cg{ ki~dgdn{ y `~`kg r~dj ndieikg|{n ~`g ri|çoidn |~|gc en~dgc. @gt~|gcon`tn# cg r|n{n`kigdnc rgrgdj n` tjdg cg rn`ï`{~cg# uimicg`dj kj`t|g cg gon`gxg dn ~` N{tgdj {nk~cg| {~rn|rjdn|j{j# kj`{tit~yû ~ìorj|tg`tn jl{tçk~cj gdikij`gc rg|g cg grg|ikiû` dn ~`g oj`g|w~ïg rnì`{~cg|.

[ûcj n` dj{ |nmij`n{ dn Itgcig {n iorcg`tû ~` {i{tnog rjcïtikj/nkj`ûoikj rcn`gon`tn en~dgc# y `j n{ ~` on|jgkkidn`tn w~n golg{ e~n|g` n` n{n`kig ¡nvtn`{ij`n{± dnc en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj oç{ j|mçìkj y rjdn|j{j# nckn`t|gdj n` E|g`kig. Rigoj`tn# ci`dg`tn kj` [gljyg# n|g ~` tn||itj|ij e|j`tn|ixj gc jt|j cgdj dn cj{ Gcrn{# y n`n{g{ tin||g{ gctg{# {it~gdg{ cnhj{ dn cg ièc~n`kig dn cg{ kjo~`g{ dn cg{ ccg`~|g{# {n dn{g||jccû ~`g hn|g|w~ïg{n÷j|igc y ~` kgorn{i`gdj dnrn`din`tn. Rn|j n` n{tg érjkg# nc nvt|noj `j|j|in`tgc dn cg rn`ï`{~cg n|gdnog{igdj rnw~n÷j y rjl|n rg|g tn`n| gcm~`g iorj|tg`kig n` nc kj`h~`tj dn Itgcig. O~kfj oç{ rjdn|j{j n|g nc|ni`j on|idij`gc dn @çrjcn{ y [ikicig# w~n fglïg` k|ngdj cj{ `j|og`dj{ dn{r~é{ dn kj`w~i{tg|cj g cj{lixg`ti`j{ y ç|gln{ n` nc {imcj VI. N` n{tn |ni`j {n di{t|il~yn|j` en~dj{ y {~|miû ~` un|dgdn|j {i{tnog {n÷j|igc#kjorcntgdj kj` ièg`tgxmj{ y {n|uid~ol|n. Cg oj`g|w~ïg w~n djoi`û n{tn {io~cgk|j on|idij`gc dn cg {ï`tn{i{

e|g`kn{g {n |nej|xû tjdguïg oç{ rj| cg{ kj`knrkij`n{ j|in`tgcixgdg{ dn {~r|nogkïg |ngc dnlidg{ g cg{rn|{i{tn`tn{ ièc~n`kig{ ç|gln{ y lixg`ti`g{. N{tn N{tgdj g~té`tikgon`tn en~dgc e~n nc w~n r|jrj|kij`û gEndn|ikj II cg lg{n rg|g {~ i`tn`tj dn kj`w~i{tg| y j|mgìxg| tjdg Itgcig n` ~`g oj`g|w~ïg ondinugc ~ìeikgdg.Rj| |gxj`n{ w~n {n kj`{idn|g|ç` oç{ gdncg`tn# n{tn

79 Ogv ]nln|# Nkj`joy g`d {jkinty# @~nug Yj|a# 7956# ujc. III# rçmi`g{ 7;26/9 QNkj`joïg y {jkindgd # < ujc{.# Oévikj# EKN# <.¨ nd.#7954_1 Dgìnc ]gcny# Tfn Itgcig` kity/|nr~lcik{ # rr. 76</9=. `g |gxû` e~`dgon`tgc dn cg grg|ikiû dn cg{ i`{tit~kij`n{ dnc rjrjcj e~n|j`cg{ nvtj|{ij`n{ ei{kgcn{ dn cj{ rgt|ikigdj{1 uég{n H. Cn{tjkw~jy# G~v j|imi`n{ dn cg lj~|mnji{in# Rg|ï{# 79><# rr. 769/9;.

QRçm. 7=2_

r|jynktj e|gkg{û. Cg diui{iû` dn cg rn`ï`{~cg n` dj{ {i{tnog{ {jkigcn{ dien|n`tn{ fgl|ïg dn rn|d~|g| d~|g`tn

{imcj{.

N` N{rg÷g# {ûcj dj{ {imcj{ {nrg|g|j` cg jk~rgkiû` ui{imjdg dn cg kj`w~i{tg o~{~cog`g. N` n{n n{rgkij dntinorj {ûcj r~din|j` grg|nkn| cg{ kjoli`gkij`n{ oç{ kjè~{g{ dn ncnon`tj{ mn|oçìkj{ y |jog`j{1 n` nenktj#dn{r~é{ dn cj{ g{n`tgoin`tj{ lç|lg|j{# y d~|g`tn cg ogyj| rg|tn dn n{tn rn|ïjdj# {n r|jd~hj# kjoj yg fnoj{Ui{tj# ~`g kjorcntg {nrg|gkiû` cnmgc y gdoiì{t|gtiug dn cg{ dj{ kjo~ìdgdn{. N` n{tg{ kj`dikij`n{ `j n|grj{ilcn ì`m~`g {ï`tn{i{ gug`xgdg. Cg N{rg÷g k|i{tig`g kgyû ~` {imcj g`tn{ dn w~n Kg|cjogm`j k|ng|g nc Iorn|ijw~n gkt~û kjoj nc un|dgdn|j i`k~lgdj| dnc en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj. Cg fn|n`kig ui{imjdg e~n# r~n{# ui|t~gcon`tnlg||idg rj| cg kj`w~i{tg i{cçoikg# y cg {jkindgd k|i{tig`g |n{id~gc dn G{t~|ig{ t~uj w~n ujcun| g nornxg| dn{dngcmj o~y rg|nkidj g kn|j. G rg|ti| dn n{n ojon`tj# cg n{rnkïeikg c~kfg fi{tû|ikg dn cg \nkj`w~i{tg e~n ncdntn|oi`g tn e~`dgon`tgc dn cg{ ej|og{ dnc en~dgci{oj n{rg÷jc# oç{ w~n cg j|imi`g|ig kjci{iû` y e~{iû` dn cg{{jkindgdn{ lç|lg|g n iorn|igc. N{tn fnkfj lç{ikj grg|tû g N{rg÷g dn cj{ jt|j{ rgï{n{ dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgcdn{dn o~y r|j`tj y r|jd~hj ~`g {n|in dn kg|gktn|ï{tikg{ w~n `j {j` fjojcjmglcn{ g cg{ dn cj{ r|i`kirgcn{ tirj{dnc en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj. N` n{tn {n`tidj# cg ogt|ix dn cg {jkindgd ondinugc n{rg÷jcg e~n {inor|n di{ti`tg. Cgnvknrkiû` dnc ojdncj mn`n|gc e~n Kgtgc~÷g# w~n e~n i`kj|rj|gdg gc |ni`j kg|jci`mij n` nc {imcj IV y# n`

64 * 7>2



kj`{nk~n kig# {~e|iû cg nvrn|in kig fglit~gc dn cj{ ug{{i djoiìki # nc {i{tnog dn ln`neikij{ y cg gdoiì{t|gkiû`kj`dgc. N` cg Gctg Ndgd Ondig# cg kj`dikiû` dnc kgorn{i`gdj nvrn|ion`tû ~`g r|jm|n{iug dnm|gdgkiû`#{nonhg`tn g cg dn cg E|g`kig kj`tnorj|ç`ng# kj` r|n{tgkij`n{ rn|{j`gcn{ n{rnkigcon`tn d~|g{ y ~` {i{tnog{n÷j|igc dn{g||jccgdj. Cg {n|uid~ol|n kgtgcg`g e~n n{tglcnkidg rj| cj{ {n÷j|n{ cjkgcn{ g cj cg|mj dn dj{kin`tj{g÷j{# dn{dn ondigdj{ dnc {imcj VI n` gdncg`tn <2. N` cg xj`g jkkidn`tgc# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# cg{ rnk~cig|n{kj`dikij`n{ dn cg cg|mg c~kfg kj`t|g nc rjdn| oj|j din|j` j|imn` g ~`g djlcn nujc~kiû`. Rj| ~`g rg|tn# cg ¡cn`tg|nkj`w~i{tg± iìkigc g rg|ti| dnc nvt|noj `j|tn fgkig glghj k|nû ~`g gorcig tin||g dn `gdin —cg{ r|n{~|g{—n`t|n cj{ N{tgdj{ k|i{tig`j y o~{~coç` w~n# n` cg{ kj`dikij`n{ mn`n|gcn{ dn n{kg{nx dn og`j dn jl|g# e~nkjcjìxgdg rj| kgorn{i`j{ cil|n{. N{tg{ r|n{~|g{ dnlicitg|j` tgolié`

<2 H. Uikn`{ Uiun{# Fi{tj|ig dn cj{ |non`{g{ n` nc {imcj VU # Lg|kncj`g# 794># rr. <5/;=.

QRçm. 7=7_

cg h~|i{dikkiû` {n÷j|igc n` cj{ tn||itj|ij{ n{rnkïeikgon`tn k|i{tig`j{# yg w~n cg{ tin||g{ ugkïg{ je|nkïg` g cj{e~mitiuj{ ~` |ne~mij rjtn`kigc<7. G on`~dj# cg{ kjo~ idgdn{ dn kgorn{i j{ cil|n{ {n n`kjon`dglgkjcnktiugon`tn g cj{ {n÷j|n{ n` l~{kg dn r|jtnkkiû`# dg`dj c~mg| g cg{ ccgogdg{ lnfnt|ïg{. N` cg{ e|çmicn{ yec~kt~g`tn{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ dn n{tg kcg{n# kj` kj`{tg`tn{ y rn|t~|lgdj|g{ kj||n|ïg{ g golj{ cgdj{ dn cg{

kgolig`tn{ cï`ng{ dn dnog|kgkiû` |ncimij{g# fglïg rjkg rj{ilicidgd dn w~n tjog|g ej|og ~`g hn|g|w~ïg en~dgcrcn`gon`tn dncioitgdg. Nc kg|çktn| |ncimij{j dn cg{ m~n||g{ e|j`tn|ixg{ {imìeikû# gdnoç{# w~n nc n{kcguixgoin`tjdn cj{ kg~tiuj{ e~n n` N{rg÷g ~`g r|çktikg {jkigc fglit~gc w~n d~|û o~kfj oç{ tinorj w~n n` ì`m~`g jt|grg|tn dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc. Cg di{rjìlicidgd dn ~`g og`j dn jl|g o~{~cog`g n{kcguixgdg |nt|g{û rj| cjmn`n|gc cg kj`{jcidgkiû` dn ~`g kcg{n dn {in|uj{ k|i{tig`j{ n` cg rn`ï`{~cg Ilé|ikg &kjoj yg fnoj{ ui{tj# cg`j|og mn`n|gc dn cg érjkg ondinugc e~n ~`g kj||ncgkiû` iùn|{g n`t|n golj{ {i{tnog{ dn t|glghj). Dn{dnkjoin`xj{ dnc {imcj VI t~uj c~mg| n` Kg{ticcg y Cnû` ~`g `jtglcn nvtn`{iû` dn cg{ ei`kg{ {n÷j|igcn{ y dn cj{m|g`dn{ djoiìj{<<. Cj{ {jcg|inmj{ j uiccg`j{ kg{tnccg`j{ `j e~n|j` n` gl{jc~tj i`{imìeikg`tn{ g rg|ti| dn n{tgérjkg# rn|j `~`kg kj`{tit~yn|j` cg ogyj|ïg dn cg rjlcgkiû` |~|gc. Cg nvrg`{iû` dn cg e|j`tn|g g|gmj`n{g e~n|ncgtiugon`tn on`j{ iorj|tg`tn y# n` kj`{nk~n`kig# cg {n|uid~ol|n e~n oç{ r|j`~`kigdg n` {~{ gctircgìkin{dnc i`tn|ij|.

N` cj{ {imcj{ V y VI# cj{ oj`g|kg{ dn cj{ |ni`j{ k|i{tig`j{ dnlin|j` {~ nvknrkij`gc g~tj|idgd g {~{ {~r|nog{e~`kij`n{ oicitg|n{ n` cg k|~xgdg rn|og`n`tn fgkig nc {~| y g cg rnw~n÷g nvtn`{iû` dn {~{ N{tgdj{ oç{ w~n g~`g {jln|g`ïg en~dgc o~y g|tik~cgdg j g ~`j{ djoiìj{ |ngcn{ kj`{jcidgdj{ <;. Nvi{tïg nc ug{gccghn rn|{j`gc# cj{ln`neikij{ tn||itj|igcn{ y cg{ h~|i{dikkij`n{ {n÷j|igcn{# rn|j {n og`tn`ïg` kjoj ncnon`tj{ di{jkigdj{ w~ntjdguïg `j {n fglïg` e~`didj rg|g ej|og| ~` un|dgdn|j {i{tnog dn en~dj{. ^`g kcg{n i`dïmn`g dn kglgccn|j{uiccg`j{ |n{idïg rg|gdûhikgon`tn n` cg{ ki~dgdn{ y r|jrj|kij`glg nc {n|uikij dn kglgccn|ïg rg|g nc gug`kn fgkignc {~| g kgolij dn r|iuicnmij{

<7 H. Uikn`{ Uiun{# Og`~gc dn fi{tj|ig nkj`ûoikg dn N{rg÷g# Lg|kncj`g# 79>9# rr. 7<2/>.<< C~i{ M. dn Ugcdngunccg`j# Fi{tj|ig dn N{rg÷g# Ogd|id# 79>># I*II# rçmi`g{ <9;/;24.<; K. [ç`kfnx Gclj|`jx# N{t~dij{ {jl|n cg{ i`{tit~kij`n{ ondinugcn{ n{rg÷jcg{ # Oévikj# 795># rr. =9=/9.

QRçm. 7=<_

o~ìkirgcn{ y ei{kgcn{<4. Dn{r~é{ dnc g÷j 7722# cg ièc~n`kig en~dgc e|g`kn{g {jl|n cg kj|tn y cg Imcn{igkg{tnccg`g{ kj`d~hj g cg o~ctircikgkiû` dn cj{ {n÷j|ïj{ tn||itj|igcn{ w~n# {i` nolg|mj# `j gdw~i|in|j` cgg~tj`joïg dn {~{ ojdncj{ dn gccn`dn cj{ Ri|i`nj{. Cg{ iìkigtiug{ ki{tn|kin`{n{ e~n|j` tgolié` |n{rj`{glcn{ dncg k|ngkiû` dn cg{ t|n{ m|g`dn{ û|dn`n{ oicitg|/oj`ç{tikg{ —[g`tigmj# Kgcgt|gug y Gckç`tg|g— w~n g rg|ti| dnn`tj`kn{ dn{norn÷g|j` ~` rgrnc e~`dgon`tgc n` Kg{ticcg.

N{tn g`ûogcj kjorcnhj dn i`{tit~kij`n{ d~|û fg{tg ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VII# y rg|g n`tj`kn{ cg \nkj`w~i{tg yg fglïggug`xgdj m|gd~gcon`tn fgkig cg cï`ng dnc Tghj. N`tj`kn{# n` nc {imcj VIII# r|çktikgon`tn tjdj nc {~| kgyû|nrn`ti`g y uncjxon`tn g`tn cg ¡\nkj`w~i{tg |çridg±. G`dgc~kïg e~n gl{j|lidg n` t|ni`tg g÷j{. Kj` n{tg n`j|on

n i`n{rn|gdg mg`g`kig tn||itj|igc# tjdj nc r|jkn{j dn kjcjìxgkiû` {n iùi|tiû y {n k|nû n` nc {~| ~` j|dn` gm|g|ijw~n e~n nvgktgon tn nc jr~n{tj gc w~n {n fglïg dn{g||jccgdj n` nc `j|tn. Cg{ kgorg÷g{ uiktj|ij{g{ fglïg` {idjj|mgìxgdg{ y di|imidg{ n` ~`g ondidg kj`{idn|glcn rj| cg{ m|g`dn{ û|dn`n{ oicitg|n{ dn Kg{ticcg# k~ygn{t|~kt~|g kg|gktn|ï{tikg fglïg {idj kjrigdg gc n`noimj i{cçoikj rg|g cg r|j{nk~kiû` dn cg en. N{tg{ kje|gdïg{

6> * 7>2



m~n||n|g{ tjog|j` gfj|g ug{tg{ nvtn`{ij`n{ dn tin||g{ y {n gr|jrig|j` dn cg{ h~|i{dikkij`n{ {n÷j|igcn{ {jl|nnccg{. Dn cj{ hnen{ oicitg|n{ dn n{tn {imcj fgl|ïg dn {gci| cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cg kcg{n {jkigc dn cj{ m|g`dn{ w~n grg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{ djoi`g|ïg nc en~dgci{oj n{rg÷jc. Nc g|tn{g`gdj o~{~coç` e~n |çridgon`tn nvr~c{gdj dn cg{ki~dgdn{ fgkig nc noi|gtj i{cçoikj dn M|g`gdg. N{tn mjcrn genktû {io~ctç ngon`tn g cg gm|ik~ct~|g o~{~cog`gdn rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{# w~n t|gdikij`gcon`tn n{tglg cimgdg g cg nkj`joïg ~|lg`g dn G`dgc~kïg. Nc rj{tn|ij|grcg{tgoin`tj dn cg{ |nlncij`n{ kgorn{i`g{ oj|g{ dn{rjlcû cg tin||g. [n r|jd~hj# r~n{# ~`g m|gun n{kg{nx dnog`j dn jl|g w~n {ûcj r~dj |n{jcun|{n rj| ondij dn cg |nd~kkiû` dn cg og`j dn jl|g |~|gc g cg {n|uid~ol|n#kj`dikiû` w~n r~dj iorj`n|{n kj` egkicidgd m|gkig{ g cg ccnmgdg dn cj{ nhé|kitj{ `jlicig|ij{ gc Onditn||ç`nj. Cgkj`{t|~kkiû` dn ug{tj{ cgtie~`dij{ n` G`dgc~kïg {n uij eguj|nkidg tjdguïg oç{ rj| cg kjùn|{iû` mn`n|gc dn cg{tin||g{ dndikgdg{ gc k~ctiuj g rg{tj{ nvtn`{iuj{ rg|g nc mg`gdj cg`g|. N` n{tg{ d~|g{ kj`dikij`n{# cg ogyj| rg|tndn cj{ {jcdgdj{ dn g rin w~n

<4 Ncn`g Cj~|in# ¡G {jkinty j|mgìxnd ej| }g|8 ondignugc [rgi`±# Rg{t g`d R|n{n`t # `øo. ;># dikinol|n dn 7955# rr. >>/55. N{tn g|tïk~cjje|nkn ~` kjorntn`tn |n{~on` dn gcm~`g{ dn cg{ r|i`kirgcn{ cï`ng{ dn cg fi{tj|ijm|geïg ondinugc n{rg÷jcg.

QRçm. 7=;_

fglïg` mg`gdj rnw~n÷g{ rg|kncg{ n` nc {~|# cg{ un`din|j` g cj{ m|g`dn{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ y |nm|n{g|j` gc `j|tn <>. Nc`~nuj ojdncj dnc {~| |nrn|k~tiû gfj|g {jl|n Kg{ticcg8 rg|g iorndi| nc d|n`ghn dn og`j dn jl|g dn {~{ ei`kg{rj| cg oç{ |ikg g|i{tjk|gkig g`dgc~xg# cj{ fidgcmj{ dnc `j|tn gtg|j` kj` `~nuj{ uï`k~cj{ dn dnrn`dn`kig g {~kgorn{i`gdj# fg{tg w~n n` nc {imcj VIU yg fglïg grg|nkidj n` cg ogyj| rg|tn dn N{rg÷g ~`g kcg{n kgdg unx oç{{ioicg| dn uiccg`j{. Cg{ oj`g|w~ïg{ kg{tnccg`g y g|gmj`n{g# w~n tjdguïg `j n|g` i`{tit~kij`n{ rcn`gon`tnkj {jcidgdg{# nvt|ghn|j`# {i` nolg|mj# ln`neikij{ {~{tg`kigcn{ dn n{tg en~dgcixgkiû` dn {~{ g|i{tjk|gkig{m~n||n|g{. [n |nej|xg|j` cg{ t|gdikij`n{ dn eidncidgd oicitg| gc |ny n` k~g`tj kjog`dg`tn n` hnen# {n k|nû ~`g`jlcnxg rjdn|j{g# g~`w~n tjdguïg cngc# y {n n{tglicixû {jl|n cg tin||g ~`g kcg{n {jkigc dn kgorn{i`j{ {in|uj{.

N` nc nvt|noj citj|gc gtcç`tikj dn cg rn`ï`{~cg Ilé|ikg# Rj|t~mgc e~n cg øctiog oj`g|w~ïg en~dgc iorj|tg`tn w~ngrg|nkiû n` N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc. Cg |nmiû` `j|jkkidn`tgc dn cg Fi{rgìg |jog`g fglïg |nkilidj g cj{ {~nuj{#øìkj r~nlcj mn|oçìkj dn cg r|ioimnìg kjèndn|gkiû` w~n fglïg k|~xgdj nc \i` n` nc 425 w~n {n g{n`tû n` cg{tin||g{ r|ion|gon`tn kj`w~i{tgdg{. Cj{ {~nuj{ dnhg|j` t|g{ dn {ï nc ogyj| kj`h~`tj dn tjrûìoj{ mn|oçìkj{

dn cg rn`ï`{~cg# nc rn{gdj g|gdj dnc `j|tn y nc neïon|j |nk~n|dj dnc r|ion| |ny lç|lg|j kgtûcikj dn N~|jrg#g`tn{ dn w~n e~n|g` kj`w~i{tgdj{ y gl{j|lidj{ rj| nc |ni`j ui{imjdj n` nc {imcj UI. Dn{dn n{n ojon`tj# cg{tin||g{ jkkidn`tgcn{ dn Iln|ig t~uin|j` ~`g fi{tj|ig o~y rjkj dien|n`tn g cg dnc |n{tj dn cg rn`ï`{~cg# yg w~n#kjoj cg r|jrig N{rg÷g# kj`jkin|j` cg kj`w~i{tg o~{~cog`g y ~` |nd~ktj oj`tg÷j{j k|i{tig`j {it~gdj e~n|g dn{~ gckg`kn. [~ fi{tj|ig i`dnrn`din`tn ujcuiû g kjon`xg| k~g`dj Rj|t~mgc —w~n n`tj`kn{ {ûcj n|g ~`g ojdn{tgnvtn`{iû` dn tin||g n`t|n nc Oi÷j y nc D~n|j— e~n kj`kndidj kjoj ièg`tgxmj dn Kg{ticcg/Cnû` g ~` uç{tgmjdnc d~w~n dn Lj|mj÷g n` nc g÷j 729>. Ki`k~n`tg g÷j{ dn{r~é{# {~ ìntj e~`dû cg oj`g|w~ïg rj|t~m~n{g. N` n{tgdi{tg`tn |nmiû` e|j`tn|ixg fgl|ïg dn |nrnti|{n# y nvgmn|g|{n# cg ogyj| rg|tn dnc ojdncj mn`n|gc dnc dn{g||jccjn{rg÷jc. Cg \nkj`w~i{tg dnc {~| e~n o~kfj oç{ |çridg w~n n` N{rg÷g y# rj| kj`{im~in`tn# dn{noljkû n` ~`rjdn| |ngc tjdguïg oç{ r|j`~`kigdj. Tjdj nc rgï{ w~ndû cil|n dn cg jk~rgkiû` o~{~cog`g kj` cg kgrt~|g dncGcmg|un n` nc 7<49# n{tj n{# dj{ {imcj{ g`tn{ dn cg kgïdg dn M|g`gdg. Dnlidj

<> M. Hgka{j`# Tfn ogai`m je tfn ondignugc [rgi` # Cj`d|n{# 79=<# rçmi`g{ 65/6 QI`t|jd~kkiû` g cg N{rg÷g ondinugc # Ogd|id# Gcig`xg#79=>_.

QRçm. 7=4_

n` l~n`g rg|tn g n{tn fnkfj# `j grg|nkiû ì`m~`g hn|g|w~ïg i`t|g{n÷j|igc ej|ogcixgdg y nc {nrg|gti{oj `jlicig|ije~n délic. Nc {~lug{gccghn w~ndû cioitgdj g ~`j{ rjkj{ y rjdn|j{j{ ogm`gtn{# kjoj cg kg{g dn L|gmg`xg. ^`m|~rj |n{t|i`midj dn kgugcni|j{/uicëj{ ej|og|j` ~`g écitn gcdng`g |ncgtiugon`tn r|û{rn|g kj` g||n`dgoin`tj{nèité~tikj{. Cg rnw~n÷g r|jrindgd kgorn{i`g e~n oïìog# nvknrtj n` nc cnhg`j `j|tn# yg w~n n` Rj|t~mgc `jf~lj ~`g eg{n ¡cn`tg± dn \nkj`w~i{tg# kjorg|glcn g cg dn Kg{ticcg y Cnû`. Cg m|g` og{g dn cg rjlcgkiû` |~|gccg kj {tit~ïg` cj{ g||n`dgtg|ij{ w~n rgmglg` |n tg{ en~dgcn{ n` m|g`dn{ ei kg{ kj` |n{n|ug{ {n÷j|igcn{

|ncgtiugon`tn n{kg{g{. Cg{ jlcimgkij`n{ r|ndigcn{ y ei{kgcn{ h~`tg{ rjdïg` g{kn`dn| fg{tg nc =2 rj| kin`tj dn cgr|jd~kkiû` dnc r|jd~ktj| di|nktj y cg{ r|n{tgkij`n{ gdikij`gcn{ dn t|glghj rjdïg` {n| dn ~`j g t|n{ dïg{ g cg{nog`g# g~`w~n é{tg{ `j n|g` ~ìun|{gcn{<5. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# cg {n|uid~ol|n dn cg mcnlg yg n{tglg dn{grg|nkin`dj

65 * 7>2



n` nc {imcj VIII dnlidj# gc on`j{ n` rg|tn# g cg gl~`dg`kig dn kg~tiuj{ o~{~cog`n{ n` nc {~|# oin`t|g{ w~n nckjon|kij og|ïtioj kj` I`mcgtn||g y E|g`kig k|nkïg tgolié` dn ej|og {imìeikgtiug. Gc oi{oj tinorj# cgiorj|tg`kig dn cg{ û|dn`n{ |ncimij{g{ oicitg|n{ rg|g nc ojdncj {jkigc dnc Rj|t~mgc ondinugc e~n i`kc~{j {~rn|ij|g cg dn N{rg÷g. Cg di{t|il~kiû` dn cg r|jrindgd tn||itj|igc dn`t|j dn cg kcg{n djoi`g`tn e~n r|jlglcnon`tn øìkgn` N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc. Fg{tg cg |nujc~kiû` dn Gui{# n` nc g÷j 7;6;# cj{ i`m|n{j{ g`~gcn{ dn cg oj`g|w~ïg n|g`gr|jviogdgon`tn im~gcn{ g cj{ dn cg Imcn{ig y golj{ h~`tj{ |nr|n{n`tglg` n`t|n k~gt|j y jkfj unkn{ oç{ w~ncj{ i`m|n{j{ tjtgcn{ dn cg `jlcnxg<=. N{tg kn`t|gcixgkiû` nvt|nog dn cg r|jrindgd en~dgc n|g ~` uiuj i`dikgdj| dncg {i`m~cg|idgd dn cg ej|ogkiû` {jkigc rj|t~m~n{g. Kjoli`gdg kj` cg g~{n`kig dn ~`g {n|uid~ol|n gd{k|irtikig ykj` nc i`k|non`tj dnc kjon|kij ~ct|gog|i`j g rg|ti| dnc {imcj VIII# n{g kn`t|gcixgkiû` dn{ti`û dn{dn o~y r|j`tjg Rj|t~mgc g ~` e~t~|j dien|n`tn.

<5 G. F. dn Jciuni|g Og|w~n{# G {jkindgdn ondinugc rj|t~m~n{g# Ci{ljg# 7954# rr. 74;/4.<= G|og`dj Kg{t|j# Rj|t~mgc `g N~|jrg dj {n~ tnorj# Ci{ljg# 79=2# rçmi`g{ 7;>/6.

QRçm. 7=>_

;. NC CNHG@J @J\TN

Nc kg|çktn| y cg t|gynktj|ig dien|n`kigc dn cg{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ n{kg`di`gug{ g rg|ti| dn cg Ndgd J{k~|gkj`{tit~yn` ~` r|jlcnog eg{ki`g`tn rg|g nc ogtn|igci{oj fi{tû|ikj y ~` kj`t|jc `nkn{g|ij —y tg` g on`~djjcuidgdj— rg|g k~gcw~in| tirjcjmïg og|vi{tg mn`n|gc dnc dn{g||jccj |nmij`gc n~|jrnj 7. Gw~ï di{rj`noj{ dnrjkj n{rgkij rg|g nvrcj|g| n{tg kjorcnhg y n{kg{gon`tn djk~on`tgdg k~n{tiû`. Rn|j n{ n{n`kigc ~` l|nunn{ljxj dn cg tnor|g`g nujc~kiû` dn n{tg ç|ng rg|g kjor|n`dn| nc rgrnc k|~kigc dn{norn÷gdj dn{r~é{ rj|[~nkig n` cg fi{tj|ig dn cg N~|jrg ojdn|`g.

Lg{tg|ç dnki| dn{dn gfj|g w~n nc dntn|oi`g`tn fi{tû|ikj e~`dgon`tgc dn cg ¡n{rnkieikidgd± n{kg`di`gug e~n cgrnk~cig| `gt~|gcnxg dn cg n{t|~kt~|g {jkigc uiai`mg# w~n dn{dn nc r|ion| ojon`tj {nrg|û g tjdg cg xj`g dnc |n{tjdnc kj`ti`n`tn. N{kg`di`guig fglïg w~ndgdj kjorcntgon`tn e~n|g dnc o~`dj |jog`j# kjoj n{ jluij. N` cj{{imcj{ dn cg rgv |jog`g# cg uidg dn {~{ rjlcgkij`n{ t|ilgcn{ `j {n fglïg ui{tj di{cjkgdg ì gkncn|gdg rj| cgkj`timóidgd dn cj{ cnmij`g|ij{ y cj{ on|kgdn|n{ dnc cion{ . G~`w~n cg m|g` jcngdg dn iùg{ij`n{ lç|lg|g{ dn cj{

7 N` ~`g kécnl|n jl{n|ugkiû`# Fnka{fn| kjon`tû w~n ¡cj{ rgï{n{ dn {nm~`dg eicg± `j tn`ïg` dn|nkfj g n{rn|g| w~n {~ fi{tj|ig e~n{nn{t~digdg mn`n|gcon`tn. G|m~on`tg dj w~n ¡tjdj n{t~dij fi{tû|ikj dnln kj`d~ki| gc dn{k~l|ioin tj dn cnyn{ mn`n|gcn{ j gcdi{kn|ìoin`tj dn cj{ onkgì{oj{ dn ~`g iorj|tg`tn nujc~kiû`±# Fnka{fn| kj`kc~ïg w~n cg nujc~kiû` dn tin||g{ tgcn{ kjoj [~nkig {ûcjtn`ïg iorj|tg`kig n` cg ondidg n` w~n lj{w~nhg|g ~` ojdncj i`tn|`gkij`gc oç{ gorcij j {n kjèj|og|g g éc. Nc |n{tj rjdïg glg`dj`g|{n{i` oç{8 ¡@j kjorciw~noj{ i``nkn{g|igon`tn cg{ tg|ng{ dn cg kin`kig± &N. Fnka{fn|# ¡^` m|g`d kfgrit|n dn c’fi{tji|n d~ en|8 cnoj`jrjcn {~édji{±# G|ogcn{ # `øo. 74# og|xj dn 79;<# r. 7<=). N` |ngcidgd# cg{ tg|ng{ dn cg kin`kig fi{tû|ikg `j r~ndn` kj`{idn|g|{nk~orcidg{ {i é{tg im`j|g ~`g |nmiû` w~n kj`t|gdikn o~kfg{ dn {~{ kgtnmj|ïg{ gknrtgdg{. Cg nujc~kiû` n{kg`di`gug `j n{ ~` on|jkgtçcjmj dn rg|tik~cg|idgdn{ w~n r~din|g g÷gdi|{n jrkij`gcon`tn g ~` iùn`tg|ij i`dneiìdj dn ej|og{ {jkigcn{. [~{ oi{og{ dn{uigkij`n{n`t|g÷g`# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# gcm~`g{ cnkkij`n{ mn`n|gcn{ rg|g k~gcw~in| tnj|ïg mcjlgc dnc en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj n` cg érjkg ondinugc kjoj n`cg ojdn|`g.

QRçm. 7=5_

{imcj{ IU y U fglïg i`kc~idj n`t|n nccg{ g o~kfj{ r~nlcj{ dn j|imn` n{kg`di`guj# n{rnkigcon`tn cj{ mjdj{ y cj{l~|m~`dij{<# é{tj{ yg fgkïg o~kfj tinorj w~n {n fglïg` g{n`tgdj n`t|n nc |n{tj dn cg{ rjlcgkij`n{ mn|oçìkg{dnc jt|j cgdj dnc Lçctikj g`tn{ dn {~ i||~rkiû` n` nc Iorn|ij. Cg N{kg`di`guig r|jrigon`tn dikfg {gciû# r~n{#r|çktikgon`tn i`dno`n dnc m|g` d|gog dnc kjcgr{j dn cg G`timóndgd. G{ï# g ei`gcn{ dn cg Ndgd J{k~|g# dn{r~é{dn t|n{ {imcj{ dn djoiìj e|g`kj j cjolg|dj {jl|n cg{ g`tim~g{ r|jui`kig{ dnc Jkkidn`tn |jog`j y cgkj||n{rj`din`tn nujc~kiû` y {ï`tn{i{ {jkigc w~n fglïg nkfgdj cj{ kioin`tj{ dn ~` en~dgci{oj rcn`gon`tndn{g||jccgdj# cg{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ dnc cnhg`j `j|tn kj`{n|ug|j` ui|t~gcon`tn i`tgktj nc r|ioitiuj ojdncji`tn|`j dn cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ t|ilgcn{ mn|oçìkg{ dnc tinorj dn Tçkitj8 ~` kgorn{i`gdj g|ogdj & lj`di )# ~`kj`{nhj cil|n dn gm|ik~ctj|n{/m~n||n|j{ &tfi`m)# ~`g kcg{n di|imn`tn dn cj{ hnen{ dn kcg` &di|imidj{ rj| cj{ hg|c{ )#~` {i{tnog dn {éw~itj rg|g cg{ nvrndikij`n{ dn {gw~nj &fi|df) y ~`g oj`g|w~ïg r|nkg|ig y {noincnktiug;. N` nc{imcj UIII# n{tg{ |~dion`tg|ig{ {jkindgdn{ n{kg`di`gug{ {n kjùi|tin|j`# g {~ unx# n` ~`g dn cg{ e|j`tn|g{

lç|lg|g{ dnc ¡|n{tg~|gdj± Iorn|ij kg|jci`mij gc nvrg`di|{n rj| Gcnogìg dnc @j|tn fg{tg [ghjìg# {im~in`dj~`g cï`ng gdygkn`tn g cg kj`tnorj|ç`ng Di`gog|kg. Nc kj`tgktj e~n {nm~idj dn ~`g |nrn`ti`g y dnug{tgdj|g|nr|jd~kkiû` dn cg{ iùg{ij`n{ lç|lg|g{ cg`xgdg{ fgkig nc {~| rg|g gtgkg| gc Iorn|ij |jog`j. Dn{dn nc {imcj UIII

6= * 7>2



gc IV# cg{ lg`dg{ uiai`mg{ g{jcg|j` I|cg`dg# I`mcgtn||g# cj{ Rgï{n{ Lghj{ y E|g`kig y ccnmg|j` n` {~{ on|jdnj{fg{tg N{rg÷g# Itgcig y Lixg`kij. Cj{ gm|ik~ctj|n{ uiai`mj{ kjcjìxg|j` I{cg`dig y M|jn`cg`dig y cj{ {jcdgdj{ ykjon|kig`tn{ uiai`mj{ k|ng|j` nc r|ion| N{tgdj tn||itj|igc n` \~{ig.

N{tg{ iùg{ij`n{ {n fg` kj`{idn|gdj g on`~dj kjoj nc ¡{nm~`dj g{gctj± kj`t|g cg N~|jrg k|i{tig`g. N`|ngcidgd# {~ n{ t|~kt~|g e~n dnki{iugon`tn di{ti`tg dn cg dn cj{ lç|lg|j{ mn|oçìkj{ w~n fglïg` r|jujkgdj nc ei`dn cg G`timóndgd n` Jkkidn`tn. N` r|ion| c~mg|# rj|w~n `j e~n|j` un|dgdn|g{ Uõcan|}g`dn|~`mn # dnlidj gw~n n` nccg{ `j {n r|jd~hn|j` oim|g/

< R|jkndn`tn{ w~ixç dn Mjtcg`d y Lj|`fjco# |n{rnktiugon`tn.; ^` {gl|j{j n{t~dij |nkin`tn n` ~` idijog `j n{kg`di`guj n{ nc dn Muuy` Hj`n{# G fi{tj|y je tfn Uiai`m{ # Jvej|d# 7956# rr. 74>/>>.A~f` r|ntn`dn w~n nc fi|df e~n ~`g tg|dïg i``jugkiû` g`mcjdg`n{g dn cj{ {imcj{ V y VI# |niorj|tgdg dn `~nuj rj{tn|ij|on`tn gN{kg`di`guig# rn|j cg {~yg n{ ~`g jriìû` gi{cgdg8 ¡Din M|n`xn` dn| mn|ogì{kfn` Mnejcm{kfget±# rr. 4;/=.

QRçm. 7==_

kij`n{ tn||n{t|n{ dn r~nlcj{ n`tn|j{# {i`j w~n e~n|j` nvrndikij`n{ og|ïtiog{ `nkn{g|igon`tn dn ~` `øon|jo~kfj oç{ cioitgdj. Cg iùn{timgkiû` ojdn|`g fg |nd~kidj d|ç{tikgon`tn cj{ kçck~cj{ nvgmn|gdj{ w~n fglïg`|ngcixgdj cg{ gtn||j|ixgdg{ uïktiog{ dn cg{ nvrndikij`n{ uiai`mg{. Cg ogyj|ïg dn cg{ lg`dg{ dn on|jdngdj|n{ `j

g{kn`dïg` g oç{ dn ;22 û 422 fjol|n{1 nc ogyj| m|~rj w~n gtgkû g I`mcgtn||g n` nc {imcj IV `j ccnmû hgoç{ gcj{ 7.2224. N` {nm~`dj c~mg|# y r|i`kirgcon`tn# cg nvrg`{iû` uiai`mg t~uj ~` `jtglcn kg|çktn| kjon|kigc 8 cj{jlhntiuj{ dn {~{ nvrndikij`n{ ~ct|gog|i`g{ `j i`kc~ïg` {jcgon`tn tin||g rg|g kjcjìxg|# {i`j tgolié` oj`ndg yon|kg`kïg{. N` cj w~n e~n ~` kj`t|g{tn digont|gc kj` {~{ r|ndnkn{j|n{# cj{ uiai`mj{ {gw~ng|j` gcm~`g{ ki~dgdn{n` {~ gug`kn# rn|j e~`dg|j` y kj`{t|~yn|j` o~kfg{ oç{. Cg{ ki~dgdn{ e~n|j`# nenktiugon`tn# cj{ mg`mcij{ dn {~kjon|kij. Gdnoç{# cg ogtn|ig lç{ikg dn n{tn kjon|kij n{tglg kj`{tit~idg rj| cj{ n{kcguj{# w~n {n kgrt~|glg yt|g`{rj|tglg` dn{dn tjdg N~|jrg# rn|j {jl|n tjdj dn{dn nc jkkidn`tn knctg y nc j|in`tn n{cguj. @gt~|gcon`tn# n{`nkn{g|ij di{ti`m~i| n` n{tg érjkg cj{ |n{rnktiuj{ ojdncj{ dn nvrg`{iû` `j|~nmg# dg`n{g y {~nkg# yg w~n cg{dien|n`kig{ n`t|n nccj{ e~n|j` o~kfj oç{ w~n on|j{ ogtikn{ |nmij`gcn{>. N` nc nvt|noj ecg`kj jkkidn`tgc dncgtgw~n ~ct|gog|i`j# cj{ uiai`mj{ `j|~nmj{ e~n|j` ior~c{gdj{# r|jlglcnon`tn# rj| cg n{kg{nx dn tin||g{ dn {~{oj`tg÷g{ dn j|imn`1 grg|tn dnc {iorcn ljtï`# cj{ `j|~nmj{ l~{kglg` `j|ogcon`tn tin||g rg|g g{n`tg|{n# {i` w~n

cn{ iorj|tg|g cj i`fû{ritj dnc ondij8 gdnoç{ dn iùgdi| I|cg`dg y N{kjkig# nccj{ e~n|j` w~in`n{ rjlcg|j` cg{fncgdg{ i{cg{ En|jn y dn{k~l|in|j` y kjcjìxg|j` I{cg`dig. Cg{ nvrndikij`n{ dg`n{g{ rj| nc kn`t|j# w~nkj`w~i{tg|j` y rjlcg|j` nc `j|dn{tn dn I`mcgtn||g y @j|og`dïg# e~n|j` g{gctj{ o~kfj onhj| j|mgìxgdj{# lghj~`g di{kirci gdg hnegt~|g k~g{i oj`ç|w~ikg y k|ng|j` ~`g{ {jkindgdn{ ~ct|gog|i`g{ oç{ kjorgktg{ yhn|ç|w~ikg{# n` cg{ w~n nc tn{j|j nvtj|{ij`gdj y nc ior~n{tj g kgolij dn r|jtnkkiû` &kjoj nc dg`nmncd ) {nnorcng|j` cjkgcon`tn rg|g cg kj`{t|~kkiû` dn ~`g jk~rgkiû` tn||itj|igc n{tglcn. N` nc ecg`kj j|in`tgc nvt|noj#cg nvrg`{iû` dn cg

4 R. F. [g}yn|# Tfn gmn je Uiai`m{ # Cj`d|n{# 795<# r. 7<>. N{tn n{ nc n{t~dij oç{ {jl|ij y |im~|j{j {jl|n n{tn tnog# g~`w~n n{ tgolié`nc oç{ kj`ki{j {jl|n cg{ n{t|~kt~|g{ {jkigcn{ i`tn|`g{ dn N{kg`di`guig.> Uég{n C~kin` O~{{nt# Cn{ iùg{ij`{8 cn {nkj`d g{{g~t kj`t|n c’N~|jrn kf|étin``n &UII n/VI n {iækcn{)# Rg|ï{# 795># rr. 77>/6 QCg{ iùg{ij`n{. Nc {nm~`dj g{gctj kj`t|g cg N~|jrg k|i{tig`g # Lg|kncj`g# Cglj|# 7955_1 Hjfg``n{ L|j`{tnd# Tfn Uiai`m{ # Cj`d|n{# 795=# rr.;7/5# je|nkn ~`g nvrj{ikiû` {ioicg|# g~`w~n on`j{ gdnk~gdg.

QRçm. 7=6_

ri|gtn|ïg {~nkg t~uj ~`g j|in`tgkiû` r|ndjoi`g`tnon`tn kjon|kigc8 cg rn`nt|gkiû` dn cj{ ug|nmj{ n` \~{ig `jn{tglg ior~c{gdg rj| cg kjcjìxgkiû` dn tin||g# {i`j rj| nc kj`t|jc dn cg{ |~tg{ dnc kjon|kij ec~uigc fgkigLixg`kij y nc j|in`tn o~{~coç`. Oin`t|g{ w~n cj{ tïrikj{ N{tgdj{ uiai`mj{ e~`dgdj{ n` nc Gtcç`tikj &J|kgdg{#I{cg`dig j M|jn`cg`dig) n|g` kjo~ìdgdn{ dn kjcj`j{ gm|ïkjcg{# nc |ni`j ug|nmj dn \~{ig e~n ~` iorn|ijkjon|kigc kj`{t|~idj {jl|n cg un`tg dn n{kcguj{ gc o~`dj i{cçoikj# iìkigcon`tn g t|gué{ dn cj{ hg`gtj{ hçxg|j yløcmg|j y oç{ tg|dn di|nktgon`tn dn{dn nc oi{oj norj|ij kn`t|gc dn Ainu.

Nc kjon|kij ug|nmj n` nc j|in`tn n{cguj e~n dn tgc ogmìt~d w~n# kjoj yg fnoj{ ui{tj# k|nû cg `~nug y

rn|og`n`tn rgcgl|g rg|g dn{im`g| cg n{kcguit~d n` tjdg N~|jrg. [~ iorj|tg`kig e~n n{rnkigcon tn m|g`dn rg|g[~nkig# dnlidj g {~ `jtglcn n{rnkigcixgkiû` n` n{tg ej|og dn riccghn n{kg`di`guj. Rn|j nc t|çeikj |~{j `j e~n oç{w~n nc kj`kn`t|gdj |nmij`gc dn ~`g kg|gktn|ï{tikg mn`n|gc y e~`dgon`tgc dn cg nvrg`{iû` uiai`mg. N` cg oi{og

66 * 7>2



I{cg`dig# cnhg`g g`tïrjdg dn Ainu# cg{ tin||g{ dn cg `jlcnxg {gkn|djtgc dn cj{ mjdg| e~n|j` k~ctiugdg{ dn{dn ncr|i kirij rj| n{kcguj{ knctg{# kg~tiugdj{ y t|g {rj|tgdj{ dn{dn I|cg`dg. Cg ogm it~d y cg rg~tg dn cg{nvrndikij`n{ uiai`mg{ n` l~{kg dn n{kcguj{ rj| tjdg N~|jrg n{tç` tjdguïg g cg n{rn|g dn ~` n{t~dij fi{tû|ikjgdnk~gdj5. Rn|j# rg|g `~n{t|j gkt~gc r|jrû{itj# n` cj w~n n{ r|nki{j i`{i{ti| kj` oç{ e~n|xg —y n` cj w~n gon`~dj on`j{ {n i`{i{tn— n{ n` nc iorgktj e~`dgon`tgc w~n nc ~{j mn`n|gcixgdj dn cg og`j dn jl|g n{kcgugt~uj dn`t|j dn cg{ r|jrig{ tin||g{ n{kg`di`gug{. Rj|w~n nc |n{~ctgdj dn n{tn kjon|kij dnr|ndgdj| n` nc nvtn|ij|{n|ïg# rg|gdûhikgon`tn# cg kj`{n|ugkiû` dn l~n`g rg|tn dn cg r|ioitiug n{t|~kt~|g dn cg {jkindgd uiai`mg n` nci`tn|ij|. Cg{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ n{kg`di`gug{ e~n|j` cg{ øctiog{ dn N~|jrg w~n fikin|j` ~` ~{j gorcij y`j|ogc dn cg og`j dn jl|g n{kcgug. ¡Nc n{kcguj e~n cg rind|g g`m~cg| dn cg uidg uiai`mg n` nc i`tn|ij|±=. Kjojfnoj{

5 N. I. L|joln|m# ¡]gcn{ g`d tfn ondignugc {cgun t|gdn±# [rnk~c~o# ujc~on` VUII# `øo. <# gl|ic dn 794<# rr. <5;/9# kj`{idn|g cg{jrn|gkij`n{ uiai`mg{ n` cg xj`g dnc og| dn I|cg`dg y ej|o~cg gcm~`j{ h~ikij{ nèçtikj{ {jl|n cg gktit~d dn cg Imcn{ig k|i{tig`g fgkig nckjon|kij n` cg Gctg Ndgd Ondig.= Hj`n{# G fi{tj|y je tfn Uiai`m{ # r. 746. Nc n{t~dij oç{ kjorcntj dn cg n{kcguit~d n{kg`di`gug cj je|nkn` R. Ejjtn y D. O. ]ic{j`# n`Tfn Uiai`m gkfinunon`t # Cj`d|n{# 79=2# rr. 5>/=6. N{tg jl|g {~l|gyg kj||nktgon`tn cg iorj|tg`kig e~`dgon`tgc dn cg og`j dn jl|gn{kcgug rg|g cg{ |ngcixgkij`n{ nkj`ûoikg{ y k~ct~|gcn{ dn cg {jkindgd uiai`mg# r. =6.

QRçm. 7=9_

ui{tj# nc ojdncj tïrikj dn cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ t|ilgcn{ n` cg eg{n iìkigc dn cg dien|n`kigkiû` {jkigc e~n ncr|ndjoiìj dn ~`g g|i{tjk|gkig m~n||n|g k~yg{ tin||g{ n|g` k~ctiugdg{ rj| n{kcguj{ kg~tiuj{. Cg r|n{n`kig dn n{tgog`j dn jl|g nvtn|ij| e~n r|nki{gon`tn cj w~n rn|oitiû cg kjnvi{tn`kig dn ~`g `jlcnxg kj` ~` kgorn{i`gdji`dïmn`g cil|n# j|mgìxgdj n` kcg`n{ gm`gtikij{. Nc rc~{t|glghj `nkn{g|ij rg|g cg grg|ikiû` dn ~`g `jlcnxgtn||gtnìn`tn tjdguïg `j t~uj w~n nvt|gn|{n dn cj{ rg|in`tn{ norjl|nkidj{1 n` n{tn n{tgdij# cg n{kcguit~d n{`j|ogcon`tn ~`g ¡{gcugm~g|dig± kj`t|g cg {n|uid~ol|n. Cg{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ uiai`mg{# n` cg{ w~n fglïg~`g kj`{tg`tn iorj|tgkiû` y |nrj{ikiû` dn n{kcguj{ nvt|g`hn|j{ &tf|gcc{ )# `j nvrn|ion`tg|j` r~n{ ì`mø` tirj dnnujc~kiû` fgkig cg dnrn`dn`kig en~dgc y cg gd{k|irkiû` dn cg og`j dn jl|g# {i`j w~n# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# {nog`t~uin|j` kjoj kjo~ìdgdn{ dn kcg`n{ nvt|nogdgon`tn uimj|j{g{ y r|ioitiug{ —dn cg{ w~n I{cg`dig je|nknnc nhnorcj fn|jikj— n` nc |nojtj n firn|lû|nj lj|dn dn cg N~|jrg ondinugc. Fg{tg nc {imcj VII# cg{ gcdng{ dnkgorn{i`j{ n{kg`di`guj{ kj`{n|ug|j` ~` ojdncj {jkigc o~y kn|kg`j gc dn cj{ r~nlcj{ mn|oçìkj{ dnc {imcj I.Tjdj{ cj{ g÷j{ {n |nrg|tïg` kjcnktiugon`tn cj{ cjtn{ dn tin||g g kgdg egoicig# dn gk~n|dj kj` cg{ `j|og{kjùn`kij`gcn{ y dn`t|j dn ~`g kjo~ìdgd h~|ïdikg w~n {n |nmïg rj| {~{ r|jrig{ kj{t~ol|n{6. Cg{ tin||g{kjo~`n{ dn tirj j|tjdjvj —lj{w~n{# rg{tj{ y dnfn{g{— n|g` kjorg|tidg{ rj| cg{ gcdng{ j cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{unki`gcn{. Cg rcn`g r|jrindgd i`diuid~gc {ûcj {n |nkj`jkïg dn{r~é{ dn k~gt|j# {ni{ j oç{ mn`n|gkij`n{ dnrj{n{iû` y rj| cj mn`n|gc {n cioitglg g cj{ `jlcn{. ^` gm|ik~ctj| j|di`g|ij j lj`di rjdïg tn`n| ~`g og`j dn jl|gdn t|n{ n{kcguj{# y ~` `jlcn rj{ilcnon`tn ccnmglg g t|ni`tg 9. Golj{ g{i{tïg` h~`tj{ g cg{ g{golcng{ kiçìkg{cil|n{

6 C~dn` O~{{nt# Cn{ rn~rcn{ {kg`di`gun{ g~ Ojyn` Gmn# Rg|ï{# 79>7# rçmi`g{ 6=/97. Rg|g w~in`n{ n{té cioitgdj{ g jt|g{ cn`m~g{jkkidn`tgcn{# n{tn cil|j nvkncn`tn kj`{tit~yn kj` o~kfj nc onhj| n{t~dij dn cg N{kg`di`guig ondinugc. O~{{nt g÷gdn w~n i`kc~{j n`@j|~nmg n I{cg`dig# dj`dn fglïg kjcjìg{ di{rn|{g{ y ~`g gm|ik~ct~|g t|g{f~og`tn y rg{tj|ic# ~`g nvtn`{g kjo~ìdgd ¡unki`gc±|ndi{t|il~ïg cg tin||g k~ctiuglcn y kjorg|tïg cg{ r|gdn|g{. Fgy ~`g nvrj{ikiû o~y i`tn|n{g`tn dn cg ej|og jdgc dn tn`n`kig dn cg tin||g n`N{kg`di`guig y dn {~{ oøctircn{ kj``jtgkij`n{ {jkigcn{ n` G. M~|nuikf# ¡\nr|é{n`tgtij { nt gctit~dn{ â c’émg|d dn cg r|jr|iété rn`dg`t cnFg~t Ojyn` Gmn±# G``gcn{ N[K # ogyj/h~ìj dn 79=<# rr. ><>/9. Nc té|oi`j ¡gcjdij± r~ndn n{tg| cimgdj ntiojcûmikgon`tn g ¡jdgc±rj| ontçtn{i{1 n` k~gcw~in| kg{j# cj{ cïoitn{ dn cg r|jrindgd gcjdigc uin`n` i`dikgdj{# n` ~`g ej|og nvt|nog# rj| cg rj{n{iû` jdgc uiai`mg.9 Hj`n{# G fi{tj|y je tfn Uiai`m{ # r. 746.

QRçm. 762_

dn tfi`mg| # w~n n{tglg` j|mgìxgdg{ n` {~kn{iuj{ ìuncn{# dn{dn nc dn ¡kn`tn`g± n` gdncg`tn. G~`w~n |ngcon`tnn{tglg` djoi`gdg{ rj| cj{ jrtiogtn{ cjkgcn{# n{tg{ g{golcng{ |nr|n{n`tglg` g tjdg cg kjo~ìdgd |~|gc y rjdïgùntg| cg{ iìkigtiug{ dn cj{ `jlcn{# kjoj yg jk~||ïg n` cj{ tinorj{ dn Tçkitj. Tjdj{ cj{ fjol|n{ cil|n{ n|g`|nkc~tgdj{ n` ~`g cnug `gugc j cndi`m rg|g nc og`tnìoin`tj dn cj{ `guij{ dn m~n||g. Cg{ di`g{tïg{ |ngcn{#

dnlicitgdg{ rj| ~`j{ onkgì{oj{ dn {~kn{iû` ej|t~itj{ n i`n{tglcn{# {~oiì{t|glg` ~`j{ |nyn{ w~n tn`ïg` w~n {n|¡ncnmidj{± rj| ~`g tfi`m r|jui`kigc rg|g kjèi|og| {~ gkkn{iû` gc t|j`j. Cg{ nvrndikij`n{ uiai`mg{ dn |gri÷g yn{kcguixgkiû` n` nc nvtn|ij| kj`{n|ug|j`# r~n{# ~`g |ncgtiug ciln|tgd dn kcg`n{ y ~`g im~gcdgd h~|ïdikg n` nc

69 * 7>2



kj`kn`t|û n` ~` kj`{nhj dn ogm`gtn{ j |îd # w~n `j|ogcon`tn djoi`û cg rjcïtikg ondinugc dn n{tn rn|ïjdj. Cgtn`dn`kig fgkig ~` ojdncj kj`ti`n`tgc n|g yg i`nw~ïujkg n` cg érjkg dn cg ^ìû` dn Agcog|# w~n n` nc g÷j7;9= ~ìû ej|ogcon`tn g cj{ t|n{ |ni`j{ n{kg`di`guj{ n` ~` {jcj N{tgdj.

G rn{g| dn tjdj# nc en~dgci{oj n{kg`di`guj `~`kg kj`{im~iû |nk~rn|g| nc tinorj rn|didj rj| {~ tg|dïjkjoin`xj y {n oj{t|û i`kgrgx dn n||gdikg| kjorcntgon`tn cg{ rjdn|j{g{ i`{tit~kij`n{ y t|gdikij`n{ |~|gcn{ dn~` kgorn{i`gdj i`dnrn`din`tn# k~yj{ dn|nkfj{ rjr~cg|n{ y k~yg{ g{golcng{ dn gm|ik~ctj|n{ n|g` tjdguïg ~ùiuj |nk~n|dj n` nc kgorj. F~lj# gdnoç{# jt|j dntn|oi`g`tn e~`dgon`tgc dn n{tg nvknrkiû` `û|dikg8 cg ogyj|rg|tn dn cg xj`g {gciû ui|t~gcon`tn i`dno`n dn cg{ iùg{ij`n{ nvt|g`hn|g{ d~|g`tn cg Lghg Ndgd Ondig y nckjoin`xj dn cg érjkg ojdn|`g y# rj| tg`tj# nc kjneikin`tn dn m~n||g en~dgc# k~yj kj`ti`~j dn{mg{tn tn`ïgiùg|iglcnon`tn nenktj{ dnr|n{iuj{ {jl|n cg{ ciln|tgdn{ kgorn{i`g{# e~n kj`{idn|glcnon`tn on`j| w~n n` jt|g{xj`g{. Di`gog|kg r|n{n`tg ~` kg{j n{rnkigc# yg w~n n|g ~`g nvtn`{iû` dnc tn||itj|ij kj`ti`n`tgc y# rj| tg`tj#n{tglg oç{ {~hntg g cg{ ièc~n`kig{ n i`t|~{ij`n{ mn|og`g{ g t|gué{ dn cg xj`g e|j`tn|ixg dn [kfcn{}im/Fjc{tni`# yei`gcon`tn {n gci`nû o~y n{t|nkfgon`tn kj` nc ojdncj {jkigc dn {~ n`tj|`j iorn|igc. G rn{g| dn nccj# nckgorn{i`gdj dg`é{ `j e~n rcn`gon`tn |nd~kidj g cg {n|uid~ol|n fg{tg o~y tg|dn# n` nc {imcj VUII# y e~n`~nugon`tn nog`kirgdj kin` g÷j{ dn{r~é{. @j|~nmg# w~n ei`gcon`tn kgyû lghj nc djoiìj dn Kjrn`fgm~n#

7; Ejjtn y ]ic{j`# Tfn Uiai`m gkfinunon`t # r. 66.74

O~{{nt# Cn{ rn~rcn{ {kg`di`gun{ g~ Ojmn` Gmn# rr. <=6/62. E|äc{n {imìeikglg ¡cil|n± y j|imi`g|igon`tn {n jrj`ïg g ¡n{kcguj± k~g`dj{n grcikglg fglit~gcon`tn# g cg kcg{n {jkigc dn gm|ik~ctj|n{ lj`di . Nc kgolij {noç`tikj dn cg rgcgl|g fg{tg dn`jtg| cj{ r|iuicnmij{`jlicig|ij{# rj| n`kiog y e|n`tn g cg{ jlcimgkij`n{ dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{# kj`dn`{glg tjdg cg nujc~kiû` {jkigc dn cg N{kg`di`guig dn cg LghgNdgd Ondig. Uég`{n Ejjtn y ]ic{j`# Tfn Uiai`m gkfinunon`t # rr. 7<5/=.

QRçm. 76;_

n{t~uj djoi`gdg rj| ~`g g|i{tjk|gkig dn fglcg dg`n{g# rn|j kj`{n|uû ~`g n{t|~kt~|g |~|gc oç{ t|gdikij`gc.

[~nkig# {i` nolg|mj# |nr|n{n`tû nc nhnorcj oç{ r~|j dnc tirj mn`n|gc dn cg{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ n{kg`di`gug{n` cg Lghg Ndgd Ondig. D~|g`tn tjdj n{tn rn|ïjdj# [~nkig e~n cg xj`g oç{ gt|g{gdg dn tjdg cg |nmiû` 7>. E~n ncøctioj rgï{ w~n kj`{n|uû cg n{kcguit~d# w~n |ngcon`tn fglïg rn|d~|gdj fg{tg kjoin`xj{ dnc {imcj VIU# yg w~n{ûcj e~n gljcidg ej|ogcon`tn n` 7;<>1 nc øctioj rgï{ w~n e~n k|i{tigìxgdj y nc øctioj rgï{ w~n kj`{im~iû ~`goj`g|w~ïg ~ìeikgdg# w~n {n |nuncû oç{ délic w~n cg{ dn {~{ unki`j{. K~g`dj nc {n|uikij dn kglgccn|ïg e~ni`t|jd~kidj g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VIII# `j tn`ïg yg nc rn{j jr|n{j| dn {~ nw~iugcn`tn dg`é{# dnlidj n` rg|tn gc|ne~mij n{t|gtémikj dn cg cgtit~d {~nkg y n` rg|tn g w~n cg tjrjm|geïg cjkgc —~`g gcejol|g dn lj{w~n{# cgmj{ y|ïj{— {inor|n e~n i`fû{ritg g cg kglgccn|ïg oj`tgdg. G{ï# cg{ |ncgkij`n{ |~|gcn{ dn r|jd~kkiû` `~`kg e~n|j`kjorcntgon`tn en~dgcixgdg{. Fgkig ei`gcn{ dn cg Ndgd Ondig# y g rn{g| dn cg{ ~{~|rgkij`n{ dn cg g|i{tjk|gkig# nckcn|j y cg oj`g|w~ïg# nc kgorn{i`gdj {~nkj tjdguïg n{tglg n` rj{n{iû` dn cg oitgd dn tjdg{ cg{ tin||g{k~ctiugdg{ dnc rgï{. G~`w~n n{tg{ tin||g{ {n|ïg` dnkcg|gdg{ dn{r~é{ djoiì~o di|nkt~o dnc oj`g|kg rj| cj{h~|i{tg{ |ngcn{ y |jdngdg{ dn |n{t|ikkij`n{ |ngcn{ gc g||n`dgoin`tj y cg diui{iû` dn cg{ rg|kncg{75# n` cg r|çktikgkj`{tit~yn|j` ~` gorcij {nktj| gcjdigc jlcimgdj g rgmg| ior~n{tj{ g cj{ |nyn{# rn|j `j {~hntj g jt|g{ kg|mg{ jr|n{tgkij`n{. Cg jt|g oitgd dnc kgorn{i`gdj k~ctiuglg tin||g{ r|jrindgd dn cg oj`g|w~ïg# cg Imcn{ig y cg `jlcnxgy n{tglg {~hntg g |n`tg{ y r|n{tgkij`n{ en~dgcn{ g {~{ |n{rnktiuj{ {n÷j|n{. Cj{ `jlcn{ {~nkj{ {n dnkcg|glg`

¡|nyn{ dn {~{ r|jrij{ kgorn{i`j{± g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VU &[~{rn`{iû` dn Agcog|# 746;)# y gei|oglg` n` nc{imcj VUII w~n cj{ kgorn/

7> Cg{ cnyn{ {~nkg{ {jl|n cg tin||g dn cj{ {imcj{ VIII y VIU o~n{t|g` ~`g {jkindgd tjdguïg {j|r|n`dn`tnon`tn {ioicg| n` o~kfj{ g{rnktj{g cg dil~hgdg rj| Tçkitj n` {~ |ncgtj {jl|n cg Mn|ogìg dnc {imcj I1 cg{ dj{ dien|n`kig{ r|i`kirgcn{ {j` cg dn{grg|ikiû` dn cg{ t|il~{ y cgnvi{tn`kig dn ~`g g~tj|idgd n{tgtgc kn`t|gc8 A. ]~f|n|# ¡Din [kf}ndi{kfn` Cg`d{kfget{|nkftn ~`d Tgkit~{’ Mn|ogìg±# Xnit{kf|iet dn| [guim`y/[tiet~`m eó| \nkft{mn{kfikftn &Mn|o. Gltnic~`m)# CVVVIV# 79>9# rr. 7/<.75 J{kg| Lh~|ci`m {~l|gyg n{tg{ |n{t|ikkij`n{8 ¡Din äctn|n {kf}ndi{kfn Cg`d}i|t{kfget{rjcitia i` ^ln|lcika±# Xnit{kf|iet eó| Gm|g|mn{kfikftn ~`d Gm|g| [jxijcjmin# Hm. 7<# Fet. I# 7954# rr. ;9/47. Rn|j n` ~`g rn|{rnktiug kjorg|gdg `j gctn|g` cg iorj|tg`kige~`dgon`tgc dn cj{ rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{ kgorn{i`j{.

QRçm. 764_

{i`j{ kjoj kcg{n n|g` ondigtn {~lditi 7=1 rn|j# ~`g unx oç{# cg{ un|dgdn|g{ |ncgkij`n{ dn e~n|xg n`t|n cg{ kcg{n{`~`kg rn|oitin|j` w~n n` cg r|çktikg n{g{ r|ntn`{ij`n{ rg{g|g` g {n| |ngcidgd. Cg {n|uid~ol|n r|jrigon`tndikfg `~`kg ccnmû g n{tglcnkn|{n n` [~nkig y cg h~{tikig {n÷j|igc e~n r|çktikgon`tn dn{kj`jkidg8 cj{ t|il~`gcn{

97 * 7>2



n|g` rjr~cg|n{ j |ngcn{ y cj{ kûdimj{ & mî|d{|ätt ) y r|i{ij`n{ {n÷j|igcn{ {ûcj e~n|j` iorj|tg`tn{ d~|g`tn ~`gkj|tg dékgdg n` nc {imcj VUII. G{ï r~n{# `j e~n gkkidn`tgc w~n k~g`dj grg|nkiû ~` {i{tnog dn N{tgdj{ gr|i`kirij{ dn cg érjkg ojdn|`g# [~nkig e~n|g nc øìkj rgï{ iorj|tg`tn dn N~|jrg n` nc w~n cj{ kgorn{i`j{n{tglg` |nr|n{n`tgdj{. G {~ unx# cg i`kjorcntg en~dgcixgkiû` dn cg{ |ncgkij`n{ |~|gcn{ dn r|jd~kkiû` t~uji`nuitglcnon`tn nenktj{ cioitgdj|n{ {jl|n nc {i{tnog rjcïtikj `jlicig|ij. Nc {i{tnog dn en~dj# iorj|tgdj dnGcnogìg# `~`kg |nr|jd~hj nc n{t|iktj ojdncj kj`ti`n`tgc. G`tn{ lin`# cj{ t|gdikij`gcn{ kg|mj{ gdoiì{t|gtiuj{dn cg oj`g|w~ïg# rg|g cj{ w~n {n fglïg `jol|gdj g dn{tgkgdj{ `jlcn{# e~n|j` g{ioicgdj{ gfj|g g cj{ en~dj{ kj`~`g dncnmgkiû` |nmij`gc dn {jln|g`ïg1 rn|j n{tj{ cä` kj`ti`~g|j` {in`dj |nujkglcn{ rj| dnki{iû` |ngc y `j {nkjùi|tin|j` n` k~g{i r|jrindgd fn|nditg|ig dn cj{ `jlcn{ iùn{tidj{76. N{tg egctg dn ~`g hn|g|w~ïg en~dgcg|tik~cgdg `j n`t|g÷û# {i` nolg|mj# cg r|n{n`kig dn ~`g oj`g|w~ïg n{rnkigcon`tn rjdn|j{g n` {~ kiog. Rj| nckj`t|g|ij# y kjoj n` nc |n{tj dn N~|jrg# {imìeikû ~`g kø{ridn oj`ç|w~ikg nvt|nogdgon`tn délic rg|g nc{i{tnog rjcïtikj. N` cg [~nkig dn cg Lghg Ndgd Ondig `j f~lj ~`g oj`g|w~ïg en~dgc g{kn`dn`tn# {i`j ~`gu~nctg# n` cj{ {imcj{ VIU y VU# g ~` mjlin|`j nhn|kidj rj| ~`g |îd j kj`{nhj dn ogm`gtn{# rg|g nc w~n cg ^ìû`dn Agcog|# r|n{ididg `joi`gcon`tn rj| ~`g di`g{tïg dg`n{g n` Kjrn`fgm~n# r|jrj|kij`û ~`g rg`tgccg {it~gdg gkjùnìn`tn di{tg`kig.

7= Rg|g cg kécnl|n e|g{n dn Rn| L|gfn g n{tn |n{rnktj# uég{n N. Fnka{fn|# G` nkj`joik fi{tj|y je [}ndn`# Kgol|idmn &N{tgdj{ ^ìdj{)#79>4# rçmi`g 776.76

Oikfgnc \jln|t{# Tfn ng|cy Ug{g{ # Kgol|idmn# 7956# r. ;61 C~kin` O~{{nt# Cn{ rn~rcn{ {kg`di`gun{ g~ Ojyn` Gmn# rr. <5>/=.

QRçm. 76>_

4. CG DI@ÇOIKG EN^DGC

Nc en~dgci{oj grg|nkiû# r~n{# n` N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc n` nc {imcj V# {n nvrg`diû d~|g`tn nc {imcj VI y gckg`xû {~knìt g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VII y d~|g`tn tjdj nc {imcj VIII. ^`g unx t|gxgdg{ gcm~`g{ dn {~{ diun|{g{ uïg{ dniorcg`tgkiû` n` cj{ r|i`kirgcn{ rgï{n{ dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc# rjdnoj{ gfj|g n{t~dig| nc `jtglcn r|jm|n{jnkj`ûoikj y {jkigc w~n nc en~dgci{oj |nr|n{n`tû7. N` nc {imcj VIII# nc en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj fglïg r|jd~kidj ~`gkiuicixgkiû` ~ìeikgdg y dn{g||jccgdg w~n |nr|n{n`tglg ~` gug`kn t|non`dj {jl|n cg{ |~dion`tg|ig{ y kjè~{g{kjo~ìdgdn{ dn cg Ndgd J{k~|g. Cj{ ï`dikn{ dn n{tn gug`kn e~n|j` oøctircn{. Nc r|ion|j y oç{ e~`dgon`tgc dn

nccj{ e~n nc m|g` {gctj7 ^`j dn cj{ gug`kn{ oç{ iorj|tg`tn{ dn cg fi{tj|ijm|geïg ondinugc n` cg{ øctiog{ dékgdg{ fg {idj cg rcn`g kj`kin`kig dnc di`goi{oj dncojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc. Iòndigtgon`tn dn{r~é{ dn cg {nm~`dg m~n||g o~`digc# Og~|ikn Djll rjdïg n{k|ili| |nrntidgon`tn n` {~{kcç{ikj{ [t~din{ i` tfn dnuncjron`t je kgritgci{o# nc ¡lghj ìunc dn cg tékìkg±# nc ¡n{kg{j r|jd~ktj dn cg tin||g±# cg ¡i`neikgkig dncen~dgci{oj kjoj {i{tnog dn r|jd~kkiû`± y nc ¡n{tgkij`g|ij ìunc dn cg r|jd~ktiuidgd dnc t|glghj n` n{g érjkg± &Cj`d|n{# 795=#|nndikiû # rr. ;5# 4</; QN{t~dij{ {jl|n nc dn{g||jccj dnc kgritgci{oj# L~n`j{ Gi|n{# [imcj VVI# rr. >># 57/<_). G rn{g| dn cg{ gdun|tn`kig{dn N`mnc{# n{g{ jriìj`n{ n{t~uin|j` r|jlglcnon`tn o~y nvtn`didg{ n`t|n cj{ og|vi{tg{ d~|g`tn n{j{ g÷j{# g~`w~n dnln gdun|ti|{n w~n\jd`ny Fictj` r~{j jlhnkij`n{ n{rnkïeikg{# k|itikg`dj g Djll# rj| {~ ¡tn`dn`kig g dg| rj| {~r~n{tj w~n nc en~dgci{oj e~n ~` {i{tnognkj ûoikj y {jkigc {inor|n n i`nuitglcnon`tn gt|g{gdj Q..._ N` |ngcidgd# fg{tg kn|kg dnc ei gc dnc {imcj VIII # nc en~dgci{oj e~n n`kj`h~`tj ~` {i{tnog nvrg`{iuj. N` nc {imcj IV n i`kc~{j g`tn{ {n r|jd~hn|j` kin|tj `øon|j dn i``jugkij`n{ tékìkg{ n` cj{ oétjdj{r|jd~ktiuj{ w~n {~r~{in|j` ~` m|g` gug`kn {jl|n cj{ oétjdj{ dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg. M|g`dn{ xj`g{ dn lj{w~n{ y rg`tg`j{ e~n|j`t|g`{ej|ogdj{ gc k~ctiuj# cg rjlcgkiû` g~on`tû# {n kj`{t|~yn|j` `~nug{ ki~dgdn{ y n` tjdj{ cj{ kn`t|j{ k~ct~|gcn{ dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc{n rjdïg n`kj`t|g| ~`g uimj|j{g y r|jm|n{iug uidg g|tï{tikg n i`tncnkt~gc± & Tfn Ojdn|` W~g|tn|cy# ujc. <# `øo. ;# 794=# rçmi`g{ <5=/6).

N` cg gkt~gcidgd# cg ogyj|ïg dn cj{ g~tj|n{# og|vi{tg{ y `j og|vi{tg{# n{tg|ïg` dn gk~n|dj kj` cg gei|ogkiû` mn`n|gc dn [j~tfn|` k~g`djfglcg dn cg ¡{nk|ntg |nujc~kiû` dn n{tj{ {imcj{±8 uég`{n {~{ jl{n|ugkij`n{ n` Tfn ogai`m je tfn Oiddcn Gmn{ # rr. 7</7;# rg|g cgiorj|tg`kig w~n n{tn rn|ïjdj dn cg nujc~kiû` n~|jrng t~uj rg|g cg fi{tj|ig dnc o~`dj.

QRçm. 765_

gdncg`tn n` nc nvkndn`tn gm|g|ij r|jd~kidj rj| nc en~dgci{oj. Cg{ `~nug{ |ncgkij`n{ |~|gcn{ dn r|jd~kkiû`rn|oitin|j`# n` nenktj# ~` {j|r|n`dn`tn i`k|non`tj n` cg r|jd~ktiuidgd gm|ïkjcg. Cg{ i``jugkij`n{ tékìkg{ w~nkj`{tit~yn|j` cj{ i`{t|~on`tj{ ogtn|igcn{ dn n{tn gug`kn e~n|j`# n{n`kigcon`tn# cg ~ticixgkiû` dnc g|gdj dnfin||j rg| nc k~ctiuj# cj{ g||nj{ |ïmidj{ rg|g cg t|gkkiû` nw~i`g# nc ojci`j dn gm~g rg|g cg n`n|mïg onkçìkg# cj{glj`j{ rg|g cg onhj|g dnc {~ncj y nc {i{tnog dn |jtgkiû` t|in`gc dn cj{ k~ctiuj{. Cg iòn`{g iorj|tg`kig dn n{tj{dn{k~l|ioin`tj{ rg|g cg gm|ik~ct~|g ondinugc —n` cj{ w~n t~uin|j` ~`g m|g` |nrn|k~{iû` cg{ r|nuig{

t|g`{ej|ogkij`n{ idnjcûmikg{ grj|tgdg{ rj| cg Imcn{ig— n{ i`di{k~tilcn# rn|j `j dnln` gi{cg|{n kjoj ug|iglcn{entikfixgdg{ y dntn|oi`g`tn{ n` cg fi{tj|ig nkj`ûoikg dn cg érjkg<. N` |ngcidgd# n{ nuidn`tn w~n cg {iorcnnvi{tn`kig dn n{tg{ onhj|g{ `j n|g ~`g mg|g`tïg dn {~ gorcig ~ticixgkiû`. Gc kj`t|g|ij# fgy ~` cgr{j dn ~`j{ dj{

9< * 7>2



j t|n{ {imcj{ n`t|n {~ iìkigc y n{rj|çdikg grg|ikiû` n` cg Ndgd J{k~|g y {~ kj`{tit~kiû` n` ~` {i{tnogdien|n`kigdj y r|ndjoi`g`tn n` cg Ndgd Ondig;# rj|w~n {ûcj cg ej|ogkiû` y kj`{jcidgkiû` dn cg{ `~nug{|ncgkij`n{ {jkigcn{ dn r|jd~kkiû` e~n r|nki{gon`tn cj w~n rj{ilicitû {~ norcnj n` ~`g n{kgcg mn`n|gc1 {ûcjdn{r~é{ dn cg k|i{tgcixgkiû` dn ~` en~dgci{oj dn{g||jccgdj n` nc kgorj r~din|j` {n| gorcigon`tn gr|jrigdg{.N` cg di`çoikg i`tn|`g dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`# y `j n` cg ccnmgdg dn ~`g `~nug tnk`jcjmïg# w~n e~n ~`g dn {~{nvr|n{ij`n{ ogtn|igcn{# n{ dj`dn fgy w~n l~{kg| nc ojtj| lç{ikj dnc r|jm|n{j gm|ïkjcg.

Fnoj{ i`dikgdj dn{dn nc r|i`kirij w~n nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc {n dnei`ïg# n`t|n jt|g{ kg|gktn|ï{tikg{# rj|~`g m|gdgkiû` n{kgcj`gdg dn cg r|jrindgd w~n# rj| tg`tj# `~`kg e~n rn|enktgon`tn diui{ilcn n` ~ìdgdn{fjojmé`ng{ n i`tn|kgolig/

< Nc ujc~on` dn Cy`` ]fitn# Ondignugc tnkf`jcjmy g`d {jkigc kfg`mn# Cj`d|n{# 795; —nc n{t~dij oç{ dntgccgdj dn cj{ iùn`tj{en~dgcn{— fgkn r|nki{gon`tn n{j8 nc ojci`j y nc g|gdj {n kjùin|tn` n` dnoi~|mj{ dn m|g`dn{ érjkg{ fi{tû|ikg{. Nc entikfi{oj dn n{j{g|tnegktj{ y cg ogìr~cgkiû` dn cg{ r|~nlg{ rj| ]fitn fg` {idj ç{rn|gon`tn k|itikgdj{ rj| \. F. Fictj` y R. F. [g}yn|# ¡Tnkfìkgcdntn|oiì{o8 tfn {ti||~r g`d tfn rcj~mf±# Rg{t g`d R|n{n`t # `øo. <4# gl|ic dn 795;# rr. 92/722.; D~ly {n÷gcg w~n cg{ onhj|g{ n` cj{ g|gdj{ y cj{ g||nj{ n|g` tjdguïg lg{tg`tn |g|g{ n`t|n nc kgorn{i`gdj n~|jrnj dn cj{ {imcj{ IV y V yw~n cg t|gkkiû` nw~i`g `j {n nvtn`diû fg{tg nc {imcj VII8 \~|gc nkj`joy g`d kj~`t|y cien i` tfn ondignugc ]n{t # r. <7. Cg ogyj| kg~tncgdn D~ly kj`t|g{tg kj` cg{ kj`hnt~|g{ {i` e|n`j dn ]fitn8 cg dien|n`kig n` {~{ enkfg{ `j n{ ~` r~|j r|jlcnog dn r|nki{iû` k|j`jcûmikg#{i`j dn rj{ikiû` kg~{gc dn cg tékìkg dn`t|j dn cg gm|ik~ct~|g en~dgc. N{tn tnog {n dn{g||jccg oç{ g||ilg.

QRçm. 76=_

lcn{. N{tn r|i`kirij j|mgìxgtiuj mn`n|û nc djoiìj noi`n`tn y nc en~dj |nujkglcn n` nc rcg`j kglgccn|n{kj1 n` ncrcg`j dn cg gcdng# dntn|oi`û cg diui{iû` dn cg tin||g n`t|n nc djoiìj {n÷j|igc y cg{ rg|kncg{ dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{#{jl|n cg{ w~n cj{ dn|nkfj{ dnc {n÷j| n{tglg`# g {~ unx# dien|n`kigdj{ rj| m|gdj{. N{tg diui{iû` e~n r|nki{gon`tncg w~n ojdncû cg djlcn ej|og dn kjè|j tgkiû` dn kcg{n n`t|n {n÷j|n{ y kgorn{i`j{ n` nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiûèn~dgc. Rj|w~n# rj| ~`g rg|tn# nc {n÷j| i`tn`tglg `gt~|gcon`tn ogvioixg| cg{ r|n{tgkij`n{ dn t|glghj rn|{j`gcn` {~ |n{n|ug {n÷j|igc y cg{ n`t|nmg{ n` n{rnkin r|jkndn`tn{ dn cg{ rg|kncg{ dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{ 4. Nc ìunc dnj|mgìxgkiû` gckg`xgdj rj| nc `jlcn en~dgc n` {~ djoiìj tn`ïg e|nk~n`tnon`tn ~`g iorj|tg`kig e~`dgon`tgcrg|g cg grcikgkiû` dn cg{ `~nug{ tékìkg{. Nc nhnorcj oç{ jluij dn n{tj# gorcigon`tn djk~on`tgdj rj| Lcjkf#cj kj`{tit~yn cg i`t|jd~kkiû` dnc ojci`j dn gm~g# w~n `nkn{itglg ~`g k~n`kg dn kin|tg nvtn`{iû` rg|g {n|

|n`tglcn y w~n dij g{ï j|imn` g ~`g dn cg{ r|ion|g{ y oç{ d~|gdn|g{ dn tjdg{ cg{ lg`gcité{ j oj`jrjcij{ dnnvrcjtgkiû` {n÷j|igcn{8 cg jlcimgkiû` dnc kgorn{i`gdj cjkgc dn ccnug| {~ m|g`j rg|g {n| ojcidj n` cj{ ojci`j{ dnc{n÷j|>. N` n{tn kg{j# nc {n÷j| en~dgc n|g un|dgdn|gon`tn# n` rgcgl|g{ dn Og|v# ¡nc di|nktj| y djoi`gdj| dncr|jkn{j dn r|jd~kkiû` y dn tjdj nc r|jkn{j dn cg uidg {jkigc±5# j# dikfj dn jt|g ej|og# ~`g `nkn{idgd e~`kij`gcdnc r|jm|n{j gm|ïkjcg. Gc oi{oj tinorj# kcg|j n{tç# n{tn r|jm|n{j {n gckg`xû n` ln`neikij |nr|n{iuj dncr|jrintg|ij dnc ojci`j y g kj{tg dnc uiccg`j. Jt|g{ lg`gcité{ t~uin|j` ~` kg|çktn| oç{ n{t|iktgon`tn kjèi{kgdj|#rn|j n` {~ ogyj| rg|tn {n dn|iug|j` dnc ~{j kjn|kitiuj dn cj{ {~rn|ij|n{ ondij{

4 Ug` Lgtf i`dikg w~n t~uj w~n n`kj`t|g|{n ~` nw~icil|ij n`t|n cg nvrcjtgkiû` dn cg |n{n|ug {n÷j|igc y dn cg{ rg|kncg{ dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{dn gr|jviogdgon`tn 7 8 <# kj` jlhntj dn `j gmjtg| cg e~n|xg dn t|glghj dn cj{ uiccg`j{ y rj`n| g{ï n` rncim|j nc k~ctiuj dn cg r|jrig|n{n|ug {n÷j|igc# g on`j{ w~n f~lin|g ~`g jen|tg gdikij`gc dn t|glghj g{gcg|igdj# Tfn gm|g|ig` fi{tj|y je ]n{tn|` N~|jrn# rr. 4>/5. Cgnvrn|in`kig dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc `j rg|nkn kjèi|og| n{tg firûtn{i{# yg w~n# kjoj un|noj{# cg{ r|n{tgkij`n{ dn t|glghj rn|{j`gc r~din|j`

{n| gccï o~y {~rn|ij|n{ g cg{ dn Jkkidn`tn.> Lcjkf t|gxû cg grg|ikiû` y cg iorj|tg`kig dn n{tn øctioj n` ~` kécnl|n n`{gyj# ¡Tfn gdun`t g`d t|i~orf je tfn }gtn|/oici±# |nior|n{jgfj|g n` Cg`d g`d }j|a i` ondignugc N~|jrn# Cj`d|n{# 795=# rr. 7;5/56. Cg{ lg`gcité{ e~n|j` i`t|jd~kidg{ `j|ogcon`tn n` cj{ {imcj{V y VI# dn{r~é{ dn w~n nc {i{tnog {n÷j|igc {n f~lj kj`{jcidgdj# n` ~` `~nuj mjcrn dnc og|ticcj {n÷j|igc.5 Kgritgc # III# rr. 652/7 QNI kgritgc # cil|j III# ujc. 6# r. 77<2_. Og|v {n |nein|n |nt|j{rnktiugon`tn g tjdg cg érjkg g`tn|ij| g cg ccnmgdg dnckgritgci{oj.

QRçm. 766_

dn r|jd~kkiû` kj`t|jcgdj{ rj| cg `jlcnxg. Cg{ lg`gcité{ e~n|j` r|je~`dgon`tn jdigdg{ g cj cg|mj dn tjdg cgNdgd Ondig y {inor|n kj`{tit~yn|j` ~`j dn cj{ r|i kirgcn{ jlhntj{ dnc gtgw~n rjr~cg| d~|g tn cj{cnug`tgoin`tj{ kgorn{i`j{. Nc rgrnc di|nktj dnc {n÷j| n` cg di|nkkiû` y cg {~rn|ui{iû` dnc r|jkn{j dnr|jd~kkiû` dn{kn`diû g ondidg w~n g~on`tglg nc nvkndn`tn1 dn{dn o~y r|j`tj# gdoiì{t|gdj|n{ y gmn`tn{

gdoiì{t|g|j` cg{ m|g`dn{ ei`kg{ rg|g ~`g gctg `jlcnxg w~n fglïg rg{gdj g {n| nkj`ûoikgon`tn rg|g{itg|ig. Rj|dnlghj dnc ìunc dn cj{ ogm`gtn{# {i` nolg|mj# cj{ `jlcn{ oç{ rnw~n÷j{ y cj{ i`tn|ondig|ij{ oiì{tn|igcn{nhn|kïg` `j|ogcon`tn ~`g e~n|tn r|n{iû` {jl|n cg tin||g y nc t|glghj rg|g tn`n| ~`g ogyj| r|jd~kkiû` g

9; * 7>2



di{rj{ikiû` dn cj{ r|jrintg|ij{1 cg iorj|tg`kig {jkigc y nkj`ûoikg dn n{tn n{t|gtj tn`diû g k|nkn|iì`tn||~oridgon`tn d~|g`tn nc rn|ïjdj ondinugc. G rg|ti| dnc g÷j 7222# cg kcg{n g|i{tjk|çtikg n` {~ kj`h~`tj{n kj`{jcidû m|gkig{ g `~nug{ rg~tg{ dn fn|n`kig# dn{ti`gdg{ g r|jtnmn| cg r|jrindgd `jlicig|ig kj`t|g cgdiui{iû`# y tjdj{ cj{ {nktj|n{ dn cg `jlcnxg dn{g||jccg|j` ~` k|nkin`tn grntitj rj| nc kj`{~oj dn jlhntj{gm|gdglcn{ y c~hj{j{ w~n gkt~û kjoj rjdn|j{j n{tïo~cj rg|g cg nvrg`{iû` dn cg jen|tg dn lin`n{ dnc kgorj# g{ïkjoj rg|g cg i`t|jd~kkiû` dn `~nug{ nvgkkij`n{# kjoj cg tgiccn# w~n {n |nkg~dû rj| unx r|ion|g dn cj{kgorn{i`j{ fgkig ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VI. ^` {im`j kg|gktn|ï{tikj dnc rgrnc {n÷j|igc n` nc dn{g||jccj dn cg nkj`joïgen~dgc dn n{tg érjkg e~n cg nvrg`{iû` dn cg uitik~ct~|g d~|g`tn nc {imcj VII8 nc ui`j n|g ~`g lnlidg {ncnktg y cj{ui÷ndj{ n|g` nor|n{g{ tïrikgon`tn g|i{tjk|çtikg{ w~n n`t|g÷glg` ~` m|gdj oç{ gctj dn t|glghj n{rnkigcixgdj ydn |n`tglicidgd w~n cj{ k~ctiuj{ dn kn|ngcn{=. Dn ej|og oç{ mn`n|gc# dn`t|j dnc kj`h~`tj dnc {i{tnog {n÷j|igc# cgr|jd~ktiuidgd `ntg dnc djoiìj dnc {n÷j| n|g {~{tg`kigcon`tn {~rn|ij| g cg dn cg{ rg|kncg{ kgorn{i`g{ w~n cj|jdnglg`6# cj w~n kj`{tit~yn ~`g r|~nlg `j {ûcj dn cg gr|jrigkiû` dn cg onhj| tin||g rj| cg kcg{n djoi`g`tn# {i`jtgolié` dn cg |ncgtiug |gkij`gcidgd nkj`ûoikg dn {~ nvrcjtgkiû`.

Rj| jt|g rg|tn# nc ior~c{j og{iuj dnc dn{g||jccj gm|ïkjcg ondinugc r|jun`ïg dn cg kcg{n {jkigc dn cj{ r|jd~ktj|n{iòndig/

= D~ly# M~n||in|{ nt rgy {g`{ # rr. <55/=.6

O. Rj{tg`# ¡N`mcg`d±# Tfn Kgol|idmn Nkj`joik Fi{tj|y je N~|jrn# ujc~on` I# Tfn gm|g|ig` cien je tfn Oiddcn Gmn{ # r. 52<Q¡I`mcgtn||g±# Fi{tj|ig nkj`ûoikg dn N~|jrg# I# Cg uidg gm|g|ig n` cg Ndgd Ondig# Ogd|id# \nui{tg dn Dn|nkfj R|iugdj# 7946_1 Tfnondignugc nkj`joy g`d {jkinty# r. 7<4.

QRçm. 769_

tj{# rj|w~n nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc w~n {~|miû n` N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc je|nkïg mn n|gcon`tn gckgorn{i`gdj nc n{rgkij oïìoj rg|g g~on`tg| nc r|jd~ktj w~n w~ndglg g {~ di{rj{ikiû` n` nc og|kj dn cg{d~|g{ jlcimgkij`n{ dnc {i{tnog {n÷j|igc# Nc kgorn{i`j `j|ogc tn`ïg w~n r|jrj|kij`g| r|n{tgkij`n{ dn t|glghj n`nc djoiìj dnc {n÷j| —g on`~dj fg{tg t|n{ dïg{ rj| {nog`g— y `~on|j{g{ jlcimgkij`n{ gdikij`gcn{1 {i`nolg|mj# w~ndglg cil|n rg|g i`tn`tg| d~|g`tn nc |n{tj dn cg {nog`g g~on`tg| cg r|jd~kkiû` n` {~{ r|jrig{rg|kncg{. Og|v jl{n|uû w~n ¡cg r|jd~ktiuidgd dn cj{ |n{tg`tn{ dïg{ dn cg {nog`g dn cj{ w~n di{rj`n nc r|jrij

r|jd~ktj| di|nktj n{ ~`g ogmìt~d ug|iglcn# w~n dnln dn{g||jccg|{n n` nc k~|{j dn {~ nvrn|in`kig Q..._ Gw~ï n{tçdgdg cg rj{ilicidgd dn kin|tj dn{g||jccj nkj`ûoikj±9. Cg{ |n`tg{ en~dgcn{ |nkg~dgdg{ {jl|n cg r|jd~kkiû` dn cg{rg|kncg{ kgorn{i`g{ tn`din|j` g gdw~i|i| kin|tg |nm~cg|idgd y n{tglicidgd# k~yj kg|çktn| kj`{~nt~di`g|ij {ûcjrjdïg` ojdieikg| cj{ {n÷j|n{ kjoj |n{~ctgdj dn ~` kgolij |gdikgc n` nc nw~icil|ij cjkgc dn e~n|xg{ n`t|n golg{kcg{n{ {jkigcn{72. Fglïg# r~n{# ~` og|mn` rg|g w~n cj{ |n{~ctgdj{ dn ~`g onhj| r|jd~ktiuidgd ln`neikig|g` gcr|jd~ktj| di|nktj. G{ï# cg Gctg Ndgd Ondig {n kg|gktn|ixû rj| ~`g kj`ti`~g nvrg`{iû` dnc k~ctiuj kn|ngci{tg y#dn`t|j dn éc# rj| ~` kgolij fgkig onhj|n{ kj{nkfg{ dn t|imj# w~n e~n jl|g n{n`kigcon`tn dn ~` kgorn{i`gdjw~n kj`{~oïg rg` kjoj gcion`tj lç{ikj. [n r|jd~hj tgolié` ~`g t|g`{ikiû` m|gd~gc fgkig nc ~{j dn kglgccj{rg|g cg{ egn`g{ dn g|gdj# oç{ |çridj{ y oç{ neikgkn{ w~n cj{ l~nyn{ w~n cn{ fglïg` r|nkndidj# g~`w~n tgoliéòç{ kg|j{. ^` k|nkin`tn `øon|j dn gcdng{ ccnmû g rj{nn| ej|hg{ rg|g cg r|jd~kkiû` cjkgc dn fn||goin`tg{ dnfin||j# g ondidg w~n {n dn{g||jccglg ~`

9 Kgritgc # III# r. ==4 QNc kgritgc # cil|j III# ujc. 6# r. 7272_.72 \. F. Fictj`# ¡Rng{g`t ojunon`t{ i` N`mcg`d lnej|n 7;67±# n` N{{gy{ i` nkj`joik fi{tj|y# ujc. II# kjor. N. O. Kg|~{/]ic{j`#Cj`d|n{# 795<# rr. =;/>. Og|v {~l|gyû cg `nkn{idgd dn n{tg |nm~cg|idgd rg|g cg kjfn|n`kig dnc kj`h~`tj dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`8¡Gdnoç{# n{tç kcg|j w~n gw~ï# kjoj {inor|n# g cg rg|tn djoi`g`tn dn cg {jkindgd cn i`tn|n{g {g`tieikg| cj nvi{tn`tn kjèi|ié`djcn nckg|çktn| dn cny y eihg| kjoj cnmgcn{ {~{ lg||n|g{# dgdg{ rj| nc ~{j y cg t|gdikiû . R|n{ki`din`dj dn tjdj cj dnoç{# rj| jt|g rg|tn# n{tj {nr|jd~kn rj| {ï {jcj grn`g{ cg |nr|jd~kkiû` kj`{tg`tn dn cg lg{n dn cg{ kj`dikij`n{ iorn|g`tn{# dn cg |ncgkiû` n` cg w~n {n lg{g# g{~onkj` nc kj||n| dnc tinorj ~`g ej|og |nm~cgdg y j|dn`gdg1 y n{tg |nmcg y n{tn j|dn` {j`# dn rj| {ï# ~` egktj| ior|n{ki`dilcn dn k~gcw~in|ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` w~n r|ntn`dg g{~oi| {jcidnx {jkigc n i`dnrn`dn`kig dnc on|j gxg| y cg g|lit|g|indgd±# Kgritgc # ujc~on` III# rr. ==;/4 QNc kgritgc # cil|j III# ujc. 6# r. 7229_.

QRçm. 792_

g|tn{g`gdj |~|gc di{rn|{j77. Cg{ onhj|g{ n` nc nw~irj tékìkj g{ï k|ngdj tn`din|j` g |nlghg| cg dnog`dg dn

r|n{tgkij`n{ dn t|glghj rn|{j`gc n` cj{ djoiìj{ {n÷j|igcn{# rn|oitin`dj nc kj||n{rj`din`tn g~on`tj dn cgr|jd~kkiû` n` cg{ rg|kncg{ kgorn{i`g{. Gc oi{oj tinorj# {i` nolg|mj# y g ondidg w~n cg rjlcgkiû` k|nkïg kj`cg nvrg`{iû` dn cg nkj`joïg ondinugc# cg nvtn`{iû` ondig dn cg{ rg|kncg{ dnc kgorn{i`gdj di{oi`~yû

94 * 7>2



i`kn{g`tnon`tn g kg~{g dn {~ e|gmon`tgkiû`# dn{kn`din`dj w~ixç dn ~`g{ 42 fnktç|ng{ n` nc {imcj IV g ~`g{ 6 û7< fnktç|ng{ n` nc {imcj VIII7<. Nc |n{~ctgdj `j|ogc dn n{tn r|jkn{j e~n cg k|nkin tn dien|n kigkiû` {jkigc n` cg{gcdng{# k~yg r|i`kirgc cï`ng diui{j|ig {nrg|glg g gw~nccg{ egoicig{ w~n rj{nïg` y~`tg{ rg|g g|g| dn gw~nccg{ w~n`j cg{ rj{nïg`. ^` i`kirin`tn n{t|gtj dn kgorn{i`j{ gkjojdgdj{ gkgrg|glg `j|ogcon`tn cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cj{ln`neikij{ dnc r|jm|n{j |~|gc dn`t|j dn cg gcdng y tn`dïg e|nk~n`tnon`tn g |nd~ki| g cj{ kgorn{i`j{ oç{ rjl|n{g cg rj{ikiû` dn hj|`gcn|j{ dnrn`din`tn{ w~n t|glghglg` rg|g nccj{. [i` nolg|mj# tg`tj cj{ kgorn{i`j{ r|û{rn|j{kjoj cj{ rjl|n{ {n jrj`ïg` n{t|~kt~|gcon`tn g cj{ {n÷j|n{ w~n uiuïg` g kj{tg dn nccj{ y d~|g`tn tjdg cg érjkgen~dgc {n cil|g|j` n`t|n golj{ kj`{tg`tn{ y {icn`kij{g{ c~kfg{ rj| cj{ g||n`dgoin`tj{ &w~n jkg{ij`gcon`tnn{tgccg|j` n` m~n||g{ glin|tg{# g~`w~n n` kj h~`tj n{tj e~n rjkj e|nk~n tn n` cj{ {imcj{ w~n n{tgoj{n{t~dig`dj). Cg{ ej|og{ w~n gdjrtû cg |n{i{tn`kig kgorn{i`g e~n|j` o~y ug|igdg{8 |nk~|{j g cg h~{tikig rølcikg&dj`dn nvi{tïg# kjoj n` I`mcgtn||g) kj`t|g cg{ dn{j|litgdg{ r|ntn`{ij`n{ {n÷j|igcn{1 i`k~orcioin`tj kjcnktiuj dncg{ r|n{tgkij n{ dn t|glghj &r|jtjf~ncmg{)1 r|n{ij`n{ rg|g jltn`n| |nd~kkij n{ di|nktg{ dn cg{ |n`tg{ j n`mg÷j{n` cj{ rn{j{ dnc r|jd~ktj j n` cg{ ondikij`n{ dn tin||g 7;. Rj| {~ rg|tn# cj{ {n÷j|n{# e~n{n` cgikj{ j nkcn{iç{tikj{#|nk~||ïg` g cg egl|ikgkiû` cnmgc dn `~nug{ jlcimgkij`n{# g cg uijcn`kig di|nktgon`tn kjn|kitiug rg|g iorj`n| g~/

77 Uég{n D~ly# M~n||in|{ nt rgy{g`{ # rr. <7;# <7=/<7.7< \jd`ny Fictj`# Lj`d on` ogdn e|nn# Cj`d|n{# 79=;# r. <6 Q[in|uj{ ciln|gdj{ # Ogd|id# [imcj VVI# 79=6_.7; Rg|g n{tg{ dien|n`tn{ ej|og{ dn c~kfg{# kcg`dn{ti`g{ ~`g{ y glin|tg{ jt|g{# uég{n \. F. Fictj`# G ondignugc {jkinty8 tfn ]n{t Oidcg`d{ #rçmi`g{ 7>4/521 ¡Rng{g`t ojunon`t{ i` N`mcg`d lnej|n 7;67±# rr. =5/921 ¡Tfn t|g`{itij` e|jo en~dgci{o tj kgritgci{o±# [kin`kn g`d [jkinty# jtj÷j dn 79>; rr. ;4;/6 Q¡Kjon`tg|ij±# n` \. Fictj`# kjor. Cg t|g`{ikiû` dnc en~dgci{oj gc kgritgci{oj# Lg|kncj`g# K|ïtikg#79==_# y ]itjcd A~cg# Tféj|in nkj`joiw~n d~ {y{tæon eéjdgcn# Cg Fgyg/Rg|ï{# 79=2 rr. >2/;# 745 QTnj|ïg nkj`ûoikg dnc {i{tnog en~dgc #L~n`j{ Gi|n{# [imcj VVI# <.¨ nd.# 79=5_.

QRçm. 797_

on`tj{ dn |n`tg{ y g cg gr|jrigkiû` dn tin||g{ kjo~`gcn{ j di{r~tgdg{. Cg{ c~kfg{ rj| cg{ |n`tg{ rjdïg`mn`n|g|{n# r~n{# n` golj{ rjcj{ dn cg |ncgkiû` en~dgc y tn`dïg` g n{tio~cg| cg r|jd~ktiuidgd n` {~{ dj{nvt|noj{74. Cj{ {n÷j|n{ y cj{ kgorn{i`j{ n{tglg` jlhntiugon`tn iòn|{j{ n` ~` r|jkn{j kjèciktiuj k~yg{kj`{nk~n`kig{ mcjlgcn{ ccnug|ïg` fgkig gdncg`tn gc kj`h~`tj dn cg nkj`joïg gm|ïkjcg.

^` ç|ng dn kjèciktj {jkigc e~n n{rnkigcon`tn iorj|tg`tn n` {~{ kj`{nk~n`kig{ rg|g nc dn{g||jccj dnc ojdj dn

r|jd~kkiû` n` k~g`tj tgc. Cg{ di{r~tg{ n` tjoj g cg tin||g e~n|j` jluigon`tn n`déoikg{ n` ~`g {it~gkiû` n` cgw~n nc {~ncj kjo~`gc dn cg gcdng `j n|g n` gl{jc~tj ~` {~ncj r|ioj|digcon`tn gm|ïkjcg y n` cg w~n m|g`dn{nvtn`{ij`n{ dn tin||g n|g` rg`tg`j{# l|nxgcn{ j {ncug{ uï|mn`n{. Cg |jt~|gkiû` y kjùn|{iû` dn tin||g{ `jk~ctiugdg{ n|g# rj| tg`tj# cg uïg oç{ e|~ktïen|g dn nvrg`{iû` dn cg nkj`joïg |~|gc n` cg Ndgd Ondig y cg oç{n{rnktgk~cg| nvr|n{iû` dn cg ogyj| kgrgkidgd r|jd~ktiug dn cg gm|ik~ct~|g en~dgc. Dn fnkfj# n`t|n cj{ g÷j{ 7222y 7<>2 t~uj c~mg| ~` ug{tj ojuioin`tj dn jk~rgkiû` y kjcjìxgkiû` dn `~nug{ tin||g{. [n/

74 D~ly# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# gt|il~yn øìkgon`tn gc kgorn{i`gdj nc ïornt~ nkj`ûoikj lç{ikj dn n{tg érjkg. N` {~ jriìû`# cg `jlcnxgdi|imiû nc k|nkioin`tj dn cg nkj`joïg n~|jrng n` nc rn|ïjdj kjor|n`didj n`t|n cj{ g÷j{ 522 y 7222 rj| ondij dn cg gk~o~cgkiû` dnljti`n{ y tin||g{ n` cg m~n||g1 nc kgorn{i`gdj di|imiû nc dn{g||jccj dn cg nkj`joïg n`t|n cj{ g÷j{ 7222 y 7<22 m|gkig{ gc gug`kn dnck~ctiuj |~|gc n` nc og|kj dn ~`g `~nug rgx1 cg l~|m~n{ïg ~|lg`g di|imiû nc dn{g||jccj dnc rn|ïjdj w~n kjoin`xg n` nc 7<22 rj| ondij dnckjon|kij y cg{ og`~egkt~|g{ dn cg{ ki~dgdn{8 M~n||in|{ nt rgy{g`{# rg{{io. Cg {iont|ïg ~` rjkj {j{rnkfj{g dn n{tn n{w~nog `j n{tç

{j{tnìdg# {i` nolg|mj# rj| cg{ oi{og{ r|~nlg{ dn D~ly. N{ o~y d~dj{j w~n cg ièc~n`kig mcjlgc dn cg m~n||g dn{kn`din|g {n|igon`tndn{r~é{ dnc g÷j 7222 &kjoj D~ly kj`kndn n` ~`g jkg{iû`# rçmi`g <2=)# oin`t|g{ w~n nc gktiuj rgrnc {n÷j|igc n` cg nkj`joïg dn cj{{imcj{ VI y VII n{tç gorcigon`tn djk~on`tgdj rj| nc r|jrij D~ly. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# n{ dieïkic kjor|n`dn| rj| w~é dnlg kj`kndn|{n g cg{gktiuidgdn{ oicitg|n{ dn cg `jlcnxg ~`g r|nnoi`n`kig nkj`ûoikg tg` m|g`dn n` nc rn|ïjdj g`tn|ij| gc g÷j 7222 g nvrn`{g{ dnc t|glghjkgorn{i`j. Dn fnkfj# nc ujkgl~cg|ij dn D~ly j{kicg {imìeikgtiugon`tn n` cg cjkgcixgkiû` dn cj{ ¡j|ïmn`n{ dnc di`goi{oj nkj`ûoikj±n` kgdg eg{n &kjorç|n`{n cg{ ej|o~cgkij n{ grg|n`tnon`tn kj`t|gdiktj|ig{ dn cg{ rr. 752 y 759 y dn cg{ rçmi`g{ <22 y <;=# w~n g{im`g`{~kn{iugon`tn ~`g r|ij|idgd kg~{gc g cg m~n||g y gc k~ctiuj n` cg eg{n 7# y g cj{ `jlcn{ on`j|n{ y g cj{ kgorn{i`j{ n` cg eg{n <). N{tg{j{kicgkij`n{ |necnhg` un|dgdn|g{ dieik~ctgdn{ dn g`çci{i{ dn`t|j dnc ogmi{t|gc n{t~dij dn D~ly. N` |ngcidgd# n{ gl{jc~tgon`tn iorj{ilcng{im`g| ~`g nvgktg r|jrj|kiû` nkj`ûoikg g cj{ |jcn{ {~lhntiuj{ dn cg{ kcg{n{ {jkigcn{ n` r~m`g dn n{tg érjkg8 cg n{t|~kt~|g jlhntiug dncojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` e~n cj w~n r~{j n` ojuioin`tj {~{ |n{rnktiug{ y diun|{g{ |ngcixgkij`n{ n` cg ej|og dn ~`g c~kfg {jkigc g`tgmûìkg.

QRçm. 79<_

÷j|n{ y kgorn{i`j{ rg|tikirg|j` dnkididgon`tn n` n{tn r|jkn{j dn nvrg`{iû`. Cg{ tgcg{ dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{e~n|j` mn`n|gcon`tn gorcigkij`n{ rjkj {i{tnoçtikg{ dn cj{ cïoitn{ nvi{tn`tn{ dn tin||g k~ctiuglcn g kj{tg dn cj{lj{w~n{ y rg{tixgcn{ dn cj{ gc|ndndj|n{. Cg{ |jt~|gkij`n{ `jlicig|ig{ e~n|j` `j|ogcon`tn nor|n{g{ rj{tn|ij|n{y oç{ gorcig{ w~n ojuicixg|j` ogyj|n{ |nk~|{j{ rg|g cg |nk~rn|gkiû` dn tin||g{ oç{ dieïkicn{ 7>. Nc |n{kgtn oç{

9> * 7>2



g|d~j dn tin||g{ |nojtg{ y yn|og{ e~n jl|g dn cg{ m|g`dn{ û|dn`n{ oj`ç{tikg{# {jl|n tjdj dn cj{ ki{tn|kin`{n{#k~yg{ glgdïg{ e|j`tn|ixg{ je|nkïg` ~`g r|~nlg tg`milcn dn cj{ ln`neikij{ dnc g`ti`gt~|gci{oj kgtûcikj. Cgd~|gkiû` dn cg uidg dn ~` oj`g{tn|ij `j n|g cg dn ~` lg|û`. Nc oj`g{tn|ij `j tn`ïg w~n |nk~rn|g| n` ~`g {jcgmn`n|gkiû` cg iùn|{iû` n` t|glghj f~og`j `nkn{g|ig rg|g cg{ |jt~|gkij`n{ dieïkicn{. Cg nvrcjtgkiû` dn cg{|nmij`n{ oç{ |nojtg{ n i`fû{ritg{# w~n {n |nk~rn|glg` rg|g nc k~ctiuj j nc rg{tj|nj y `nkn{itglg` ~`gr|jynkkiû` nkj`ûoikg g cg|mj rcgxj# n|g nor|n`didg e|nk~n`tnon`tn rj| cg{ û|dn`n{ |ncimij{g{. N{tg{# g {~ unx#n|g` tgolié` kj` e|nk~n`kig n{rnkigcon`tn jr|n{iug{ rg|g nc kgorn{i`gdj# yg w~n {~{ kjo~ìdgdn{ kcn|ikgcn{|n{idïg` oç{ tinorj n` {~{ tin||g{ w~n cj{ kglgccn|j{ j lg|j`n{# w~n g on`~dj rjdïg` n{tg| e~n|g# n` cg{nvrndikij`n{ oicitg|n{. Cg{ r|n{ij`n{ y r|ntn`{ij`n{ kjèciktiug{ w~n {n j|imi`glg` g kj`{nk~n`kig dn n{tg{di{r~tg{ rj| cg{ `~nug{ |nmij`n{ kj`{tit~ïg`# r~n{# ~`g `~nug ej|og dn c~kfg dn kcg{n{ rj| cg tin||g. N` gcm~`j{kg{j{# y kj` jlhntj dn kj`{nm~i| og`j dn jl|g rg|g cg |jxg dn lj{w~n{ y l|nxgcn{# cj{ `jlcn{ ciln|glg` g cj{kgorn{i`j{ dn cg kj`dikiû` {n|uic1 rg|g cg{ m|g`dn{ nor|n{g{# {~{ gmn`tn{ j cjkgtj|n{ tn`ïg` w~n r|jontn|`j|ogcon`tn g cj{ gci{tgdj{ n{rnkigcn{ nvn`kij`n{ en~dgcn{. N` jt|j{ kg{j{# cg{ |jt~|gkij`n{ kgorn{i`g{ n|g`tjogdg{ y nvr|jrigdg{ rj{tn|ij|on`tn rj| cj{ `jlcn{# y cj{ rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{ w~n uiuïg` n` nccg{ w~ndglg`|nd~kidj{# rj| tg`tj# g cg {n|uid~ol|n.

Dn ~` ojdj oç{ mn`n|gc# g ei gcn{ dnc {imcj VII y d~|g tn nc VIII r~din|j jl{n|ug|{n ojuioin tj{r|je~`dgon`tn kj`t|gdiktj|ij{ n` cg {jkindgd |~|gc dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc. Rj| ~`g rg|tn# cg{ tin||g{ {n÷j|igcn{ {n

|nd~hn|j` y cg{ r|n{tgkij`n{ dn t|glghj rn|{j`gc di{oi`~yn|j` n` cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cg{ |nmij`n{# kj` cg `jtglcnnvknrkiû` dn I`mcgtn||g. N` cj{ djoiìj{ {n÷j|igcn{ {n fikin|j` oç{ e|nk~n`tn{ cj{ t|glghgdj|n{ n{tgkij/

7> Uég{n nc n{t~dij dn D~ly# \~|gc nkj`joy g`d kj~`t|y cien i` tfn ondignugc ]n{t# rr. =</62.

QRçm. 79;_

`gcn{# rgmgdj{ n` {gcg|ij{ rn|j {~hntj{ g jlcimgkij`n{ kj`{~nt~di`g|ig{# oin`t|g{ w~n nc g||n`dgoin`tj dn cg{|n{n|ug{ {n÷j|igcn{ g g||n`dgtg|ij{ kgorn{i`j{ g~on`tglg n`j|onon`tn g kj{tg dnc k~ctiuû di|nktj. N` gcm~`g{xj`g{# n{rnkigcon`tn w~ixç n` nc `j|tn dn E|g`kig# cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ dn kgorn{i`j{ y gcdng{ kjor|glg` {~ciln|tgd g ~`j{ {n÷j|n{ g`{ij{j{ dn jltn`n| i`m|n{j{ n` ontçcikj 75. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# cg oi{og érjkg r|n{n`kiûtgolié` ~`g `~nug jcngdg dn {n|uid~ol|n# w~n r|iuû dn {~ ciln|tgd g m|~rj{ {jkigcn{ g`tn|ij|on`tn cil|n{ y

g÷gdiû ~` `~nuj |imj| y r|nki{iû` g cg{ dneiìkij`n{ h~|ïdikg{ dn cg egctg dn ciln|tgd# kj` cg ej|o~cgkiû` rj| unxr|ion|g g rg|ti| dn ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VI dn cg djkt|i`g dn cg ¡{n|uid~ol|n dn cg mcnlg±. Cg{ tin||g{ dn cj{kgorn{i`j{ cil|n{# w~n g dien|n`kig dn cg{ tn`n`kig{ dn cj{ uiccg`j{ n{tglg` {~hntg{ g |nrg|tj rj| fn|n`kig#kndin|j` {io~ctç`ngon`tn n` o~kfg{ |nmij`n{ g`tn cg{ r|n{ij`n{ {n÷j|igcn{ y {n kjùi|tin|j` n` tn`n`kig{dnrn`din`tn{. Cg{ rj{n{ij`n{ gcjdigcn{ |nt|jkndin|j` y {n n{e~og|j` mn`n|gcon`tn n` n{tg érjkg# w~n e~ntn{timj gdnoç{ dn ~`g ogyj| nvrg`{iû` dnc {i{tnog dn en~dj7=. Tjdg{ n{tg{ kjèciktiug{ tn`dn`kig{ gm|g|ig{ n|gògìen{tgkij`n{ dn cg {icn`kij{g c~kfg {jkigc rj| cg tin||g w~n dij g n{tg n|g {~ uitgcidgd nkj`ûoikg. N{tg jk~ctgg~`w~n i`kn{g`tn n iorcgkglcn tn`{iû` n`t|n djoi`g`tn{ y djoi`gdj{# n`t|n cj{ {n÷j|n{ oicitg|n{ dn cg {jkindgdy cj{ r|jd~ktj|n{ di|nktj{ {jontidj{ g nccj{# e~n cj w~n r|jd~hj cg m|g` nvrg`{iû` ondinugc dn cj{ {imcj{ VII yVIII.

Nc |n{~ctgdj `ntj dn n{tg{ r|n{ij`n{ di`çoikg{# i``gtg{ g cg nkj`joïg en~dgc dn Jkkidn`tn# e~n ^` g~on`tjkj`{idn|glcn dn cg r|jd~kkiû` mcjlgc. @gt~|gcon`tn# nc g~on`tj dn cg nvtn`{iû` dn tin||g k~ctiugdg `j r~ndnk~g`tieikg|{n g n{kgcg kj`ti`n`tgc dnlidj g cg iorj{ilicidgd dn n{tglcnkn| r|jrj|kij`n{ ondig{ g kg~{g dn cgdiun|{idgd dn kciog{ y tin||g{# g~`w~n `j fgy d~dg dn w~n r|çktikgon`tn n` tjdg{ rg|tn{ e~n o~y kj`{idn|glcn.Cj{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ fg` kgck~cgdj# {i` nolg|mj# kj` gcm~`g ogyj| r|nki{iû`# g~`w~n tjdguïg kj` kg~tncg# cj{g~on`tj{ n` cg{ kj{nkfg{. Nc kçck~cj dn D~ly n{ w~n n`t|n cj{ {imcj{ IV y VIII cj{ |n`dioin`tj{ ondij{kj{nkfg*{inol|g g~on`tg|j` kjoj oïìoj dn <#>*7 g 4*7# y w~n cg rg|tn dn cg kj{nkfg w~n w~ndglg gdi{rj{ikiû` dnc r|jd~ktj| {n d~rcikû8 ¡N` cj{

75 @j|ogcon`tn n{g{ kjor|g{ e~n|j` jl|g dn kgorn{i`j{ |ikj{ w~n djoi`glg` cg{ gcdng{ {it~gdg{ n` |nmij`n{ kj` |ncgkij`n{ dnon|kgdj# yg e~n{n n` E|g`kig j n` Itgcig8 Fictj`# Lj`d on` ogdn e|nn# rr. 62/>.7= Lj~t|~kfn# [nim`n~|in nt eéjdgcité # II# rr. ==/6<# 72</4# <=5/64.

QRçm. 794_

kgorj{ dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc t~uj c~mg|# n`t|n nc rn|ïjdj kg|jci`mij# y nc gog`nkn| dnc {imcj VIII# ~` m|g`

95 * 7>2



QRçm. 795_

on`tn dnc kjon|kij dn cg|mg di{tg`kig y dn cg ~{~|g. Dgdj nc kj`ti`~j &g~`w~n dnkgdn`tn) r|ndjoiìj dn ~`gnkj`joïg `gt~|gc y cg tjdguïg |~dion`tg|ig |nd dn t|g`{rj|tn{ y kjo~ìkgkij`n{ dn N~|jrg# cg{ jrj|t~ìdgdn{dn kjor|g| lg|gtj y |nun`dn| kg|j n` on|kgdj{ iorn|enktj{ n|g` dn{r|jrj|kij`gdgon`tn c~k|gtiug{. Nc kgritgcon|kg`tic r~dj jltn`n| ln`neikij{ o~y gctj{ rj| cg {iorcn ondigkiû` n`t|n n{en|g{ {nrg|gdg{ dn ugcj|n{ dn~{j<4. Nc {i{tnog dn en|ig{ dn cg Kfgorg÷g# w~n ~ìû g cj{ Rgï{n{ Lghj{ kj` Itgcig dn{dn nc {imcj VII fg{tgr|i`kirij{ dnc VIU# {n kjùi|tiû n` nc kécnl|n nhn dn n{tg{ t|g`{gkkij`n{ i`tn||nmij`gcn{.

Rj| jt|g rg|tn# cg e~{iû` n{t|~kt~|gc dn cj nkj`ûoikj y cj rjcïtikj w~n dneiìû gc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc `jrjdïg |nd~ki|{n øìkgon tn g cg nvt|gkkiû` {n÷j|igc dnc rc~{r|jd~ktj gm|ïkjcg. Cg kjn|kiû` nvt|gnkj ûoikg dnkg|çktn| rjcïtikj/oicitg| e~n ~ticixgdg tgolié` kj` tjdg ciln|tgd rj| cg{ jcimg|w~ïg{ rgt|ikig{ w~n ccnmg|j` gdjoi`g| cg{ ki~dgdn{ ondinugcn{8 nvrndikij`n{ g|ogdg{ rg|g iorj`n| oj`jrjcij{# i`k~|{ij`n{ dn kg{timjkj`t|g cj{ |iugcn{# kgorg÷g{ rg|g iorj`n| rnghn{ y cnug{ gc kgorj ki|k~`dg`tn. Nc r~`tj oç{ gctj dn n{tggrcikgkiû` dn cg uijcn`kig rjcïtikg rg|g cg djoi`gkiû` ej|xj{g dn cg r|jd~kkiû` y nc kjon|kij {n gckg`xû# rj|{~r~n{tj# kj` nc g`nvijì{oj dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ itgcig`g{# kj` {~ çuidg {~hnkiû` y nvtj|{iû` dn cg{ r|jui{ij`n{ y cgog`j dn jl|g dn {~{ kj`w~i{tgdj{ kj`tgdj{ |~|gcn{. Nc kg|çktn| g`ti{n÷j|igc dn cg{ i`k~|{ij`n{ ~|lg`g{ n`Cjolg|dïg j Tj{kg`g `j cg{ fgkïg g`tien~dgcn{ n` {n`tidj n{t|iktj8 n|g` oç{ lin` ojdgcidgdn{ ~|lg`g{ dnc

onkgì{oj mn`n|gc rg|g cg nvt|gkkiû` dnc rc~{r|jd~ktj kg|gktn|ï{tikj dn cg érjkg y di|imidj kj`t|g cj{kjorntidj|n{ |~|gcn{. G rn{g| dn nccj# cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ kj|rj|gtiug{ ~|lg`g{ |nr|n{n`tg|j` i`d~dglcnon`tn ~`ge~n|xg dn ug`m~g|dig n` nc kj`h~`tj dn cg nkj`joïg ondinugc# rj|w~n {ûcj nccg{ n{tglg` dndikgdg{ øìkgon`tn gcg r|jd~kkiû` on|kg`tic y {n lg{glg` nvkc~{iugon`tn n` nc i`tn|kgolij oj`ntg|ij. @gt~|gcon`tn# nc oi{ojujc~on` dn cj{ ln`neikij{ |ngcixgdj{ rj| cg jt|g m|g` ujkgkiû` kjon|kigc dn cj{ on|kgdn|n{ n{ r|~nlg dn {~rgrnc e~`dgon`tgc g n{tn |n{rnktj n` nc og|kj dn cg |g|negkkiû` oj`ntg|ig mn`n|gc dn cg érjkg. Nc ri`çk~cj dncg{ ej|t~`g{ rgt|ikig{ e~n cg lg`kg# dj`dn rjdïg` jltn`n|{n g{t|j`ûoikj{ tirj{ dn i`tn|é{ rj| cj{ nvj|litg`tn{r|é{tgoj{ kj`kndidj{ g r|ï`kirn{ y `jlcn{ egctj{ dn di`n|j cïw~idj. Og|v {n÷gcû w~n ¡cg

<4 Uég{n Og|v# Kgritgc # III# rr. ;<2/>.

QRçm. 79=_

~{~|g rg|nkn uiui| n` cj{ rj|j{ dn cg r|jd~kkiû`# g{ï kjoj n` Nrik~|j cj{ dij{n{ uiun` n` cj{ i`tn|o~`dj{. N{tg`tj oç{ dieïkic kj`{nm~i| di`n|j k~g`tj on`j{ ej|og on|kg`tic {n kj`{tit~yg n` cg ej|og mn`n|gcixgdg dncr|jd~ktj. Rj| n{j# nc ~{~|n|j `j kj`jkn cioitgkiû` gcm~`g {gcuj cg kgrgkidgd dn rgmj j dn |n{i{tn kig dn w~in``nkn{itg di`n|j±<>. Nc kg|çktn| ¡rg|g{itg|ij± dn n{tg{ jrn|gkij`n{ `j cg{ fgkïg# {i` nolg|mj# `nkn{g|igon`tnior|jd~ktiug{ dn{dn nc r~`tj dn ui{tg nkj`ûoikj8 dn cj{ nv~ln|g`tn{ |ïj{ dn cg ~{~|g kj||ïg` g on`~djkg~dgcj{j{ gec~n`tn{ dn iùn|{ij`n{ fgkig cg{ og`~egkt~|g{ j cj{ t|g`{rj|tn{. Cg u~nctg dn cg oj`ndg dn j|j gN~|jrg g ondigdj{ dnc {imcj VIII# kj` cg {io~ctç`ng gk~÷gkiû` n` 7<>< dnc hg`~g|i~{ y nc ecj|ï` n` Mé`jug yEcj|n`kig# e~n nc {ïoljcj |n{rcg`dnkin`tn dn cg uitgcidgd kjon|kigc dn cg{ ki~dgdn{.

E~n|j` nccg{ tgolié` cg{ w~n dnujcuin|j` g cg N~|jrg en~dgc nc djoiìj dn cj{ og|n{ cioït|jen{# r|n`dg dnki{iug

dn {~ nvrg`{iû`. Cg nkj`joïg ~|lg`g dn cg Ndgd Ondig n|g gl{jc~tgon`tn i`di{jkiglcn dnc t|g`{rj|tn y nckjon|kij og|ïtioj1 `j e~n gkkidn`tgc w~n {~{ dj{ m|g`dn{ kn`t|j{ |nmij`gcn{# n` nc `j|tn y nc {~| dn N~|jrg#n{t~uin|g` kn|kg dnc citj|gc. Cg r|ion|g kj`dikiû` rg|g nc g~mn dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ itgcig`g{ e~n nc n{tglcnkioin`tj dn{~ {~r|nogkïg `gugc n` nc Onditn||ç`nj jkkidn`tgc# w~n w~ndû ciorij dn ecjtg{ i{cçoikg{ g r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcjVI. N{tg {~r|nogkïg e~n {nm~idg dn dj{ `~nuj{ gug`kn{ i`tn|`gkij`gcn{8 nc djoiìj dnc Onditn||ç`nj j|in`tgc#kj` cg uiktj|ig dn cg r|ion|g k|~xgdg# y cg grn|t~|g dn |~tg{ |nm~cg|n{ rg|g nc kjon|kij gtcç`tikj# dn{dn ncOnditn||ç`nj fg{tg nc kg`gc dn cg Og`kfg <5. Nc rjdn|ïj og|ïtioj dn Mé`jug y Un`nkig e~n cj w~n mg|g`tixû gN~|jrg jkkidn`tgc ~` kj`ti`~j {~rn|çuit kjon|kigc kj` G{ig# {~rn|çuit w~n ei`g`kiû {~ u~nctg gc j|j. Ncujc~on` dn cg |iw~nxg gk~o~cgdg n` n{tg{ ki~dgdn{ onditn||ç`ng{ r~ndn gr|nkig|{n rj| ondij dn n{tg {iorcnkjorg|gkiû`8 n` nc g÷j 7<9;# {ûcj cj{ ior~n{tj{ og|ïtioj{ dnc r~n|tj dn Mé`jug r|jd~hn|j` t|n{ unkn{ yondig oç{ w~n tjdg{ cg{ |n`tg{ |ngcn{ dn cg oj`g|w~ïg e|g`kn{g <=.

Kjoj yg fnoj{ {n÷gcgdj# cg kj`dikiû` n{t|~kt~|gc w~n rj/

<> Kgritgc # III# r. >6> QNc kgritgc # cil|j III# ujc. =# r. ==<_.

96 * 7>2



<5 Lg~tin|# Tfn nkj`joik dnuncjron`t je ondignugc N~|jrn# rr. 95/722# 7<5/;2# {~l|gyg kj||nktgon`tn cg iorj|tg`kig dn n{tj{ gug`kn{.<= Cjrnx# Tfn li|tf je N~|jrn# rr. <52/7. N{n e~n ~` g÷j nvknrkij`gc n` Mé`jug8 cj{ i`m|n{j{ e~n|j k~gt|j unkn{ oç{ gctj{ w~n n` 7<=>y dj{ unkn{ oç{ w~n n` 7;;4. Rn|j cg oi{og rj{ilicidgd dn gckg`xg| n{g kiog n{ tgolié` lg{tg`tn {j|r|n`dn`tn.

QRçm. 796_

{ilicitû n{tn rjdn| y n{tg r|j{rn|idgd ~|lg`g e~n cg rg|kncgkiû` dn cg {jln|g`ïg kg|gktn|ï{tikg dnc ojdj dn

r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc n` N~|jrg. [ûcj n{tn fnkfj rn|oitiû cg g~tj`joïg rjcïtikg dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ y {~ nog`kirgkiû`dnc kj`t|jc {n÷j|igc j oj`ç|w~ikj di|nktj# w~n {nrg|û |gdikgcon`tn g N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc dn cj{ N{tgdj{j|in`tgcn{ dn cg oi{og érjkg# kj` {~{ kj`kn`t|gkij`n{ o~ìkirgcn{ o~kfj oç{ nvtn`{g{. Cg ej|og oç{ ogd~|gw~n gdjrtû n{tg g~tj`joïg e~n cg kjo~`g# i`{tit~kiû` w~n |nk~n|dg cg dien|n`kig i||nd~ktilcn w~n nvi{tïg n`t|n cgki~dgd y nc kgorj i`kc~{j dn`t|j dn {~ ~ìdgd en~dgc. Cg kjo~`g n|g# n` nenktj# ~`g kjèndn|gkiû` lg{gdg n`nc h~|gon`tj dn cngctgd |nkïr|jkg n`t|n im~gcn{8 cg kj`h~|gtij<6. N{tg r|jon{g h~|gdg kj`{tit~ïg ~`g g`jogcïg n`nc o~`dj ondinugc rj|w~n# g~`w~n cg{ i`{tit~kij`n{ en~dgcn{ dn ug{gccghn y eidncidgd t~uin|g` ~` kg|çktn|nèçtikgon`tn o~t~j# n|g`# {i` nolg|mj# uï`k~cj{ dn jlcimgkij`n{ n`t|n {~rn|ij|n{ n ièn|ij|n{ n` ~`g nvr|n{ghn|g|w~ïg dn |g`mj. [n dnei`ïg` rj| cg dn{im~gcdgd oç{ i`kc~{j w~n rj| cg |nkir|jkidgd. Cg kj`h~|gtij ~|lg`g#rgktj e~`dgdj| dn cg kjo~`g y ~`g dn cg{ gr|jviogkij`n{ fi{tû|ikg{ |ngcon`tn oç{ kn|kg`g g ~` ¡kj`t|gtj{jkigc± ej|ogc# n`t|g÷glg ~` r|i`kirij `~nuj y dien|n`tn8 ~`g kjo~ìdgd dn im~gcn{. Rj| {~ `gt~|gcnxg# n|gjdigdg y tnoidg rj| `jlcn{# r|ncgdj{ y oj`g|kg{8 cg kjo~`g n|g ~` ¡`jol|n `~nuj y dntn{tglcn± rg|g M~iln|tdn @jmn`t# g r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj VII<9. N` cg r|çktikg# cg kjo~`g w~ndû cioitgdg# `gt~|gcon`tn# g ~`g n{t|nkfgécitn dn`t|j dn cg{ ki~dgdn{. [~ nhnorcj i`{ri|û cimg{ i`tn|ki~dgdg`g{ n` nc `j|tn dn Itgcig y n` \n`gìg yei`gcon`tn# rj| nvtn`{iû`# cimg{ dn kglgccn|j{ n` Gcnogìg. [i` nolg|mj# cg `jundgd oç{ r|jontndj|g dn cgi`{tit~kiû` {n dn|iuglg dnc g~tjmjlin|`j dé cg{ ki~dgdn{ g~tû`jog{# w~n {n |noj`tglg r|nki{gon`tn g cgkjy~`t~|g n` cg w~n cg{ ki~dgdn{ cjolg|dg{ {n {gk~din|j` cg djoi`gkiû` {n÷j|igc dn {~{ jli{rj{ y kj|tg|j` g{ïcg kgdn`g dn dnrn`dn`kig en~dgc n` cg w~n r|n/

<6 ]nln|# Nkj`joy g`d {jkinty# III# rr. 7<>7/5<. Cg{ n{rnkïeikg{ jl{n|ugkij n{ dn ]nln| {jl|n cg{ ki~dgdn{ ondinugcn{ {j` kg{i{inor|n nvgktg{ y gm~dg{# rn|j {~ tnj|ïg mn`n|gc cn ioridiû kgrtg| cg{ |gxj`n{ n{t|~kt~|gcn{ dn {~ di`goi{oj. ]nln| gt|il~ïg nckgritgci{oj ~|lg`j dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc n{n`kigcon`tn g cg rj{tn|ij| r~m`g n`t|n `gkij`n{N{tgdj{ kn||gdj{8 Mn`n|gc nkj`joik fi{tj|y#Cj`d|n{# 79<=# r. ;;= QFi{tj|ig nkj`ûoikg mn`n|gc # Ogd|id# EKN# 79=4_.<9 E|g{n w~n ccgoû cg gtn`kiû` tg`tj dn Og|v &[ncnktnd kj||n{rj`dn`kn# r. 69) kjoj dn Lcjkf &En~dgc {jkinty# r. ;>4). Rg|g jt|j r|ncgdj#

Hgkw~n{ dn Uit|y# cg{ kjo~`g{ n|g` ¡uijcn`tg{ y rn{ticn`tn{±# Cjrnx# Tfn li|tf je N~|jrn# r. <;4.

QRçm. 799_

uigon`tn n{tglg` i`tnm|gdg{. Cg{ kjo~`g{ dn tirj itgcig`j `~`kg t~uin|j` ~` kg|çktn| ~ìun|{gc n` N~|jrg# {i`jw~n kj`{tit~yn|j` nc r|iuicnmij dn cg{ |nmij`n{ nkj`ûoikgon`tn oç{ gug`xgdg{. G{ï# cg{ jt|g{ dj{ m|g`dn{ xj`g{n` cg{ w~n r~ndn` n`kj`t|g|{n {j` Ecg`dn{ y —~` {imcj dn{r~é{— \n`gìg. [i` nolg|mj# n` n{tg{ dj{ xj`g{nvi{tin|j` m|gkig{ g cg{ kg|tg{ dn g~tj`joïg kj`kndidg{ rj| {jln|g`j{ en~dgcn{# oin`t|g{ w~n cg{ ki~dgdn{itgcig`g{ yg fglïg` dnojcidj dneiìtiugon`tn y rg|g {inor|n cg {jln|g`ïg iorn|igc {jl|n Cjolg|dïg n` nc {imcjVII. Cg{ kjo~`g{ e~n|j` tgolié` iorj|tg`tn{# d~|g`tn ~` {imcj gr|jviogdgon`tn# n` cg{ |nmij`n{ ug{gccçtikg{{it~gdg{ e~n|g dn cj{ djoiìj{ |ngcn{ dnc `j|tn dn E|g`kig# dj`dn {~ ièc~n`kig mg|g`tixû ~` t|gtj tjcn|g`tn dncg{ lj``n{ uiccn{ dnc kn`t|j y dnc {~| rj| rg|tn dn cg oj`g|w~ïg ;2. N` I`mcgtn||g# rj| {~ rg|tn# dj`dn ncr|ndjoiìj dn cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ on|kg`ticn{ nvt|g`hn|g{ n|g ~` {im`j dn cg |ncgtiug dnlicidgd dn cg kcg{nl~|m~n{g cjkgc# cg{ ki~dgdn{ n|g` dnog{igdj rnw~n÷g{ rg|g gckg`xg| cg iorj|tg`kig nkj`ûoikg `nkn{g|ig rg|g cgnog`kirgkiû` rjcïtikg# kj` cg nvknrkiû` dn Cj`d|n{# w~n# gc {n| cg kgritgc# e~n og`tnìdg dn ej|og di|nktg lghjnc kj`t|jc |ngc;7. N` cg i{cg `~`kg {n n{tglcnkin|j` kjo~`g{ r|jrigon`tn dikfg{# cj w~n fgl|ïg dn tn`n|iorj|tg`tn{ kj`{nk~n`kig{ rg|g {~ rj{tn|ij| nujc~kiû` kj`{tit~kij`gc. N` tjdg N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc# cj{ kn`t|j{~|lg`j{ kj`w~i{tg|j`# {i` nolg|mj# kg|tg{ lç{ikg{ y ~`g nvi{tn`kig o~ìkirgc kj|rj|gtiug. Cg{ ki~dgdn{ondinugcn{ |nr|n{n`tg|j` n` tjdj{ cj{ rgï{n{ ~` kjorj`n`tn nkj`ûoikj y k~ct~|gc gl{jc~tgon`tn k|~kigc dncj|dn` en~dgc.

[jl|n n{g djlcn lg{n dnc ior|n{ij`g`tn r|jm|n{j gm|ïkjcg y dn cg uitgcidgd ~|lg`g {n ncnug|j` cj{ oghn{t~j{j{oj`~on tj{ n{tétikj{ n i tncnkt~gcn{ dn cg Gctg Ndgd Ondig# cg{ m|g`dn{ kgtnd|gcn{ y cg{ r|ion|g{

~ìun|{idgdn{. Ug` Lgtf {n÷gcg8 ¡N` nc {imcj VII {n gl|iû ~` rn|ïjdj dn nv~ln|g`tn dn{g||jccj n` cg N~|jrgjkkidn tgc y on|idij`gc. Tg`tj n` nc kgorj k~ct~|gc kjoj n` nc ogtn|igc {n gckg`xû ~` r~`tj k~coi`g`tn n` cj{g÷j{ kjor|n`didj{ n`t|n 77>2 y 7;22 w~n `j e~n im~gcgdj dn `~nuj fg{tg o~kfj dn{r~é{. N{tn gug`kn {n

99 * 7>2



r|jd~hj `j {ûcj n` cg tnjcjmïg# cg eicj{jeïg# cg g|w~itnkt~|g# cg n{k~ct~|g# cg uid|in|ïg y cg citn|gt~|g# {i`j tgolié`n` nc lin`n{tg| ogtn|igc±;<.

;2 K. Rntit/D~tgicci{# Cn{ kjoo~`n{ e|g`ígi{n{ # Rg|ï{# 794=# rr. 5<# 67.;7 N` nc g÷j 7;<=# Cj`d|n{ |nkiliû dn Nd~g|dj III ~`g kg|tg ej|ogc dn ciln|tgdn{# rn|j g ei`gcn{ dn cg Ndgd Ondig cg ki~dgd n{tglgei|onon`tn {jontidg gc rjdn| kn`t|gc dn cg oj`g|w~ïg.;< Tfn gm|g|ig` fi{tj|y je ]n{tn|` N~|jrn# r. 7;<.

QRçm. <22_

Cj{ j|ïmn`n{ dn cg g|w~itnkt~|g mûtikg# g|tnegktj {~r|noj dn n{tg ¡nv~ln|g`kig± k~ct~|gc# kj`{tit~yn|j` ~`gccgogtiug nvr|n{iû` dn cg{ n`n|mïg{ ~ìtg|ig{ dn cg érjkg8 {~ c~mg| dn `gkioin`tj e~n nc `j|tn dn E|g`kig#kj|gxû` dnc en~dgci{oj dn{dn Kg|cjogm`j# y {~ e~`dgdj| e~n [imn|ij# glgd# |nmn`tn y rgt|û`# k~yg t|ircnujkgkiû` e~n |nj|mgìxg| y |gkij`gcixg| nc {n÷j|ïj dn [gi`t Dnì{# kj`{jcidg| y nvtn`dn| nc rjdn| dn cgoj`g|w~ïg kgrntg rg|g C~i{ UI y C~i{ UII y cg`xg| {jl|n N~|jrg ~` n{ticj gé|nj dn kj`{t|~kkiû`# k~yjr|jm|gog rjétikj n|g {~ r|jrij un|{j |ncimij{j;;. N{tj{ cjm|j{ i`tn|ij|n{ dn cg kiuicixgkiû` ondinugc dnJkkidn`tn t~uin|j` {~ |necnhj nvtn|ij| n` {~ nvrg`{iû` mnjm|çeikg. Dnc g÷j 7222 gc 7<>2# nc nor~hn dnc ojdjdn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc r|jd~hj n` {~ ojon`tj k~coi`g`tn cg{ nvrndikij`n{ i`tn|`gkij`gcn{ dn cg{ k|~xgdg{. Cg{t|n{ m|g`dn{ r~`tg{ dn n{tg nvrg`{iû` {n cjkgcixg|j` n` nc Lçctikj# cg rn`ï`{~cg Ilé|ikg y nc J|in`tn R|ûvioj.

L|g`dnol~|mj# R|~{ig y Ei`cg`dig e~n|j` kj`w~i{tgdg{ y kjcjìxgdg{ rj| kglgccn|j{ mn|og`j{ y {~nkj{. Cj{oj|j{ e~n|j` nvr~c{gdj{ dn{dn nc Tghj g cg {in||g dn M|g`gdg1 Rj|t~mgc w~ndû kjorcntgon`tn ciorij y gccï {ne~`dû ~` `~nuj |ni`j. Rgcn{ti`g y Kfir|n e~n|j` g||nlgtgdj{ g cj{ o~{~cog`n{. Cg kj`w~i{tg dn Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg#w~n gkglû dneiìtiugon`tn kj` cj{ un{timij{ dnc uinhj Iorn|ij dn J|in`tn# rg|nkïg kj`{~og| y {ioljcixg| ncuimj| t|i~èg`tn dnc en~dgci{oj jkkidn`tgc.

;; Uég{n nc n{tio~cg`tn n`{gyj dn N|}i` Rg`je{ay {jl|n [imn|ij n` Ongì`m i` tfn ui{~gc g|t{ # @~nug Yj|a# 79>># rr. 726/4>.

QRçm. <27_

>. CG K\I[I[ MN@N\GC

Y# {i` nolg|mj# g cj{ kin` g÷j{# ~`g t|non`dg k|i{i{ mn`n|gc g{jcû g tjdj nc kj`ti`n`tn. Kjoj un|noj{# n{tgk|i{i{ g on`~dj fg grg|nkidj |nt|j{rnktiugon`tn kjoj cg m|g` cï`ng diui{j|ig w~n {nrg|û cj{ dn{ti`j{ dnN~|jrg. [~{ kg~{g{ tjdguïg n{tç` rj| n{t~dig| y g`gcixg| {i{tnoçtikgon`tn# g~`w~n n` cg gkt~gcidgd {~{ncnon`tj{ en`jon`jcûmikj{ n{tç` lin` djk~on`tgdj{7. Nc dntn|oi`g`tn oç{ r|je~`dj dn n{tg k|i{i{ mn`n|gc|gdikg# r|jlglcnon`tn# n` ~` ¡lcjw~nj± dn cj{ onkgì{oj{ dn |nr|jd~kkiû` dnc {i{tnog n` nc dn {~{ øctiog{kgrgkidgdn{. Rg|nkn kcg|j# n` rg|tik~cg|# w~n nc ojtj| lç{ikj dn cg{ |jt~|gkij`n{ |~|gcn{# w~n fglïg ior~c{gdjd~|g`tn t|n{ {imcj{ g tjdg cg nkj`joïg ondinugc# {~rn|û ei`gcon`tn cj{ cïoitn{ jlhntiuj{ dn cg tin||g y dn cgn{t|~kt~|g {jkigc. Cg rjlcgkiû` {im~iû k|nkin`dj oin`t|g{ cg{ kj{nkfg{ jk~rglg` cg{ tin||g{ og|mi`gcn{ tjdguïgdi{rjìlcn{ rg|g {~ |jt~|gkiû`# dgdj{ cj{ ìuncn{ nvi{tn`tn{ dn cg tékìkg# y nc {~ncj {n dnm|gdglg rj| cgr|nkiritgkiû` y nc ogc ~{j. Cg{ øctiog{ |n{n|ug{ dn tin||g{ |nkin`tnon`tn |jt~|gdg{ n|g` `j|ogcon`tn dn lghgkgcidgd# {~ncj{ føondj{ j cimn|j{ dj`dn n|g` oç{ dieïkicn{ cj{ k~ctiuj{ y n` cj{ w~n {n {nol|glg` kn|ngcn{

ièn|ij|n{# tgcn{ kjoj cg gun`g. Rj|7 Nc onhj| n{t~dij mn`n|gc dn cg k|i{i{ n{# tjdguïg# nc dn Céjrjcd Méìkjt# ¡K|i{i{8 e|jo tfn Oiddcn Gmn{ tj Ojdno Tion{±# n` Tfngm|g|ig` cien je tfn Oiddcn Gmn{ # rr. 552/=47. Uég{n tgolié` \. F. Fictj`# ¡Y n~tic ~`n k|i{n mé`é|gcn dn cg eéjdgcité:±# G``gcn{ N[K #n`n|j/og|xj dn 79>7# rçmi`g{ <;/;2. D~ly fg k|itikgdj |nkin`tnon`tn cg idng ¡|joç`tikg± dn ~`g k|i{i{ mn`n|gc lg{ç`dj{n n` w~nd~|g`tn cj{ øctioj{ {imcj{ dn cg Ndgd Ondig t~uin|j c~mg| iorj|tg`tn{ r|jm|n{j{ k~ct~|gcn{ y ~|lg`j{ n` gcm~`j{ {nktj|n{. ¡Cn{ {jkiété{oédiéugcn{8 ~`n grr|jkfn d’n`{nolcn±# G``gcn{ N[K # n`n|j/enl|n|j dn 79=7# rr. 77/7<. [i` nolg|mj# n{tj n{ kjè~`di| nc kj`knrtj dnk|i{i{ kj` nc dn |nt|jkn{j. @i`m~`g k|i{i{ mn`n|gc dn ì`mø` ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{ `~`kg ~`g {iorcn kgïdg un|tikgc. Cg grg|ikiû`cioitgdg dn `~nug{ |ncgkij`n{ y e~n|xg{ dn r|jd~kkiû` `j {ûcj n|g kjorgtilcn kj` nc r~`tj oç{ lghj dn cg dnr|n{iû`# g ondigdj{ dnc {imcjVIU# {i`j w~n g on`~dj n|g ~`j dn cj{ g{rnktj{ w~n cg i`tnm|glg# rg|tik~cg|on`tn n` cg{ ki~dgdn{. @j fgy ì`m~`g `nkn{idgd dn rj`n|n` k~n{tiû` cg nvi{tn`kig dn ~`g k|i{i{ mn`n|gc {iorcnon`tn rj|w~n fgyg {idj gdj|`gdg n` cg citn|gt~|g |joç`tikg.

QRçm. <2<_

jt|g rg|tn# cg{ tin||g{ {jontidg{ dn{dn fgkïg oç{ tinorj gc g|gdj {n`tïg` yg cg unhnx y cg dnkgdn`kig dnlidj g cgoi{og g`timóndgd dn {~{ k~ctiuj{. Nc gug`kn dn cg{ tin||g{ dn{ti`gdg{ gc kn|ngc {n fglïg kj {nm~idje|nk~n`tnon`tn g kj{tg dn cg di{oi`~kiû` dn cj{ rg{tixgcn{# cj w~n `gt~|gcon`tn genktû g cg k|ïg dn gìogcn{ y#

722 * 7>2



kj` nccg# gc {~oiì{t|j dn glj`j{ rg|g cg oi{og tin||g k~ctiugdg <. Nc r|jm|n{j dn cg gm|ik~ct~|g ondinugc {~e|iûgfj|g {~ r|jrij kg{timj. Cg |jt~|gkiû` dn lj{w~n{ y tin||g{ lgcdïg{ `j e~n gkjorg÷gdg dn ~` k~idgdj {ioicg| n`{~ kj`{n|ugkiû`8 n` cj{ l~n`j{ tinorj{ {n ~ticixg|j` o~y rjkj cj{ en|ticixg`tn{# dn tgc ojdj w~n cg{ kgrg{ gctg{dn tin||g w~ndg|j` |çridgon`tn nvfg~{tg{1 cg{ i`~`dgkij`n{ y cj{ un`dgugcn{ dn rjcuj {n fikin|j` oç{e|nk~n`tn{;. Gdnoç{# cg diun|{ieikgkiû` dn cg nkj`joïg en~dgc n~|jrng kj` nc dn{g||jccj dnc kjon|kiji`tn|`gkij`gc fglïg r|jujkgdj n` gcm~`g{ |nmij`n{ ~`g di{oi`~kiû` dn cg r|jd~kkiû` dn m|g`j g kj{tg dn jt|g{|gog{ dn cg gm|ik~ct~|g &ui`j# ci`j# cg`g# mg`gdn|ïg) y# rj| tg`tj# ~` g~on`tj

< [i` d~dg gcm~`g# nc onhj| g`çci{i{ dn n{tj{ r|jkn{j{ dn cg tg|dïg gm|ik~ct~|g en~dgc {n n`k~n`t|g n` Rj{tg`# Tfn ondignugc nkj`joy g`d {jkinty# rr. >=/=<. Nc cil|j dn Rj{tg` n{tç kj`{gm|gdj g I`mcgtn||g# rn|j cg{ iorcikgkij`n{ dn {~{ g`çci{i{ tin`n` ~` gckg`kn mn`n|gc.; Rj{tg`# ¡[jon nkj`joik nuidn`kn je dnkciì`m rjr~cgtij` i` tfn cgtn| Oiddcn Gmn{±# Nkj`joik Fi{tj|y \nuin}# `øo. ;# 79>2# rr.<;6/42# <44/51 Ug` Lgtf# Tfn gm|g|ig` fi{tj|y j ]n{tn|` N~|jrn # rr. 7;</44. N{tj{ fnkfj{ {j` ~`g r|~nlg kcg|g dn ~`g k|i{i{ dn cg{e~n|xg{ dn r|jd~kkiû` n` nc {n`j dn cg{ |ncgkij`n{ dn r|jd~kkiû` djoi`g`tn{. I`dikg` r|nki{gon`tn cj w~n Og|v n`tn`dïg rj| ~`gkj`t|gdikkiû` n{t|~kt~|gc n`t|n golg{. ^`g nvrcikgkiû` gctn|`gtiug dn cg k|i{i{# gug`xgdg n` {~ dïg y dn ej|og r|jui{ij`gc rj| Djll yAj{oi`{ay# n{ norï|ikgon`tn k~n{tij glcn y tnû|ikgon tn |nd~kkijì{tg. N{tj{ g~tj|n{ g|m~on`tglg` w~n cg k|i{i{ mn`n|gc dncen~dgci{oj n` nc {imcj VIU {n dnliû n{n`kigcon`tn g ~`g n{kgcgdg ci`ngc# g rg|ti| dnc {imcj VI# dn cg nvrcjtgkiû` `jlicig|ig w~n r|jujkûei`gcon`tn ~`g {n|in dn |nlncij`n{ kgorn{i`g{ y# n` kj`{nk~n`kig# ~` dn||~olgoin`tj dnc uinhj j|dn`. Uég{n N. G. Aj{oi`{ay# ¡Tfnnujc~tij` j en~dgc |n`t i` N`mcg`d e|jo tfn 77tf tj tfn 7>tf kn`t~|in{±# Rg{t g`d R|n{n`t # `øo. =# gl|ic dn 79>># rr. 7</;51 O. Djll#[t~din{ i` tfn dnuncjron`t je kgritgci{o# rr. 44/>2 QN{t~dij{ {jl|n nc dn{g||jccj dnc kgritgci{oj # rçmi`g{ 5;/=2_. Djll n{ oç{ ogtixgdj.Rn|j n{tg i`tn|r|ntgkiû `j rg|nkn gh~{tg|{n g cg tn`dn`kig mn`n|gc dn cg{ |ncgkij`n{ dn |n`tg n` cg N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc dn n{tg érjkg y# rj|

jt|g rg|tn# tin`dn g kjùn|ti| cg tnj|ïg dn Og|v dn cg{ kjorcnhg{ kj`t|gdikkij`n{ jlhntiug{ n` ~` {iorcn nè|n`tgoin`tj {~lhntiuj dn cg{ujc~`tgdn{ dn kcg{n. Cg |n{jc~kiû` dn cg{ k|i{i{ n{t|~kt~|gcn{ dn ~` ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` dnrn`dn {inor|n dn cg i`tn|un`kiû` di|nktg dn cgc~kfg dn kcg{n{# rn|j cg mn|oi`gkiû` dn n{g{ k|i{i{ r~ndn kjmn| rj| {j|r|n{g g tjdg{ cg{ kcg{n{ dn ~`g tjtgcidgd fi{tû|ikg dgdg# gc r|jkndn|dn ~`j{ rcg`j{ n{t|~kt~|gcn{ di{ti`tj{ dn cj{ dn {~ r|jrig kjè|j`tgkiû` iòndigtg. Cj w~n dntn|oi`g {~ |n{~ctgdj ei`gc n{# kjoj un|noj{n` nc kg{j dn cg k|i{i{ en~dgc# {~ kfjw~n dn`t|j dn n{g {it~gkiû` dn k|i{i{ mn`n|gc.

QRçm. <2;_

n` cg dnrn`dn`kig dn cg{ iorj|tgkij`n{ kj` {~{ rncim|j{ kj`{im~in`tn{4.

N` nc og|kj dn n{tn nw~icil|ij nkjcûmikj kgdg unx oç{ r|nkg|ij# cg nvrg`{iû` dnojm|çeikg rjdïg kgn| n` cg{~rn|rjlcgkiû` gc r|ion| mjcrn dn ogcg kj{nkfg. Cj{ r|ion|j{ g÷j{ dnc {imcj VIU n{t~uin|j` rcgmgdj{ dn n{j{dn{g{t|n{8 7;7>/7;75 e~n|j` g÷j{ dn fgol|n n` N~|jrg# Cg{ tin||g{ kjon`xg|j` g glg`dj`g|{n y nc ï`dikn dn`gtgcidgd g kgn| i`kc~{j g`tn{ dn cj{ kgtgkci{oj{ w~n oç{ gdncg`tn g{jcg|j` gc kj`ti`n`tn. N` gcm~`g{ |nmij n{#kjoj nc kn`t|j dn Itgcig# cg{ |n`tg{ nvj|litg`tn{ dnc kgorn{i`gdj yg n{tglg` di{oi`~yn`dj {~ ï`dikn dn|nr|jd~kkiû` n` nc {imcj VIII>. Gc oi{oj tinorj# cg nkj`joïg ~|lg`g t|jrnxû gfj|g kj` gcm~`j{ jl{tçk~cj{dnki{iuj{ rg|g {~ dn{g||jccj. @j fgy ì`m~`g |gxû` rg|g k|nn| w~n cg rnw~n÷g r|jd~kkiû` on|kg`tic n` cg w~n {nlg{glg` {~{ og`~egkt~|g{ n{t~uin|g n` n{tn ojon`tj {n|igon`tn dg÷gdg rj| cg{ |n{t|ikkij`n{ m|noigcn{ y rj| ncoj`jrjci{oj rgt|ikij w~n djoi`glg` cg{ ki~dgdn{. Rn|j nc ondij lç{ikj dn ki|k~cgkiû` rg|g nc i`tn|kgolijon|kg`tic w~ndû i`d~dglcnon tn rg|gcixgdj rj| cg k|i{i{# yg w~n g rg|ti| dn cg{ r|ion|g{ dékgdg{ dnc {imcj VIUf~lj ~`g n{kg{nx mn`n|gcixgdg dn di`n|j w~n genktû i`nuitglcnon`tn g cg lg`kg y gc kjon|kij. Cg{ |gxj`n{e~`dgon`tgcn{ dn n{tg k|i{i{ oj`ntg|ig {j` j{k~|g{ y kjorcnhg{# rn|j ~`j dn {~{ r|i`kirgcn{ egktj|n{ e~n cgccnmgdg gc cïoitn jlhntiuj dn cg{ r|jrig{ e~n|xg{ dn r|jd~kkiû`. N` cg oi`n|ïg# kjoj n` cg gm|ik~ct~|g# {n gckg`xû~`g lg||n|g tékìkg n` cg w~n cg nvrcjtgkiû` {n fixj iùiglcn j rn|h~dikigc. Cg nvt|gkkiû` dn rcgtg# g cg w~n

n{tglg kj`nktgdj tjdj nc {nktj| ~|lg`j y oj`ntg|ij dn cg nkj`joïg en~dgc# dnhû dn {n| r|gktikglcn j |n`tglcn n`cg{ r|i`kirgcn{ xj`g{ oi`n|g{ dn N~|jrg kn`t|gc# rj|w~n `j fglïg ej|og dn gl|i| rjxj{ oç{ r|je~`dj{ j dn|nei`g| cj{ oi`n|gcn{ oç{ ior~|j{. ¡Cg nvt|gkkiû` dn rcgtg ccnmû kg{i g {~ ei` n` nc {imcj VIU.

4 N{tg tn`dn`kig r~ndn nvgmn|g|{n n` jkg{ij`n{. Lg~tin|# rj| nhnorcj# |nd~kn r|çktikgon tn tjdg cg k|i{i{ nkj`ûoikg dnc {imcj VIU g ~`gdun|{j nenktj og|mi`gc dnc ln`neikij{j r|jm|n{j dn cg n{rnkigcixgkiû` gm|ïkjcg# |n{~ctgdj dn ~`g r|jm|n{iug diui{iû` i`tn|`gkij`gc dnct|glghj8 Tfn nkj`joik dnuncjron`t j ondignugc N~|jrn# rr. 792/<29.> D. Fn|cify# ¡Rjr~cgtij`# rcgm~n g`d {jkigc kfg`mn i` |~|gc Ri{tjig# 7<27/74>2±# Nkj`joik Fi{tj|y \nuin}# VUIII# `øo. <# 795># rr.<<>/44# djk~on`tg n{tn en`ûon`j n` Tj{kg`g. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# cg nkj`joïg |~|gc dn Itgcig kn`t|gc e~n lg{tg`tn gtïrikg n` nc kj`h~`tj dnN~|jrg jkkidn`tgc8 {n|ïg# r~n{# i`kj||nktj mn`n|gcixg| cg{ |ncgkij`n{ dn |n`tg g rg|ti| dnc kg{j dn Ri{tjig. Fgy w~n {n÷gcg|# gdnoç{# w~n nc|n{~ctgdj dn cg {~rn|nvrcjtgkiû` tj{kg`g e~n ~` dn{kn`{j dn cg en|ticidgd kgorn{i`g y `j cg |nlnciû`.

QRçm. <24_

N` Mj{cg| f~lj w~nhg{ rj| nc g~on`tj dnc ìunc dn cg{ gm~g{ {~ltn||ç`ng{ y tgolié` f~lj r|jlcnog{ kj` ncgm~g n` cg{ oi`g{ dn Ljfnoig. Cg |nkn{iû` yg fglïg kjon`xgdj n` G~{t|ig n` nc {imcj VIII. Cg gktiuidgd oi`n|g

727 * 7>2



{n rg|gcixû n` Dn~t{kfl|jd n` nc g÷j 7;<71 n` E|ni{gkf# gc|ndndj| dnc 7;>2# y n` L|g`dn{ &Gcrn{ e|g`kn{n{)# n`tjoj gc 7;<2±5. Cg n{kg{nx dn ontgcn{ r|jujkû |nrntidj{ nùicnkioin`tj{ dn cg oj`ndg n` ~` rgï{ t|g{ jt|j y#n` kj`{nk~n`kig# ~`g iècgkiû` mgcjrg`tn.

N{tj# g {~ unx# r|jujkû ~` nenktj dn tihn|g{ n` cg{ |ncgkij`n{ n`t|n cj{ r|nkij{ ~|lg`j{ y gm|ïkjcg{ =. Nc dn{kn`{jdn cg rjlcgkiû` kj`d~hj g ~`g kj`t|gkkiû` n` cg dnog`dg dn g|tïk~cj{ dn {~l{i{tn`kig# dn tgc ej|og w~n cj{r|nkij{ dnc m|g`j {n f~`din|j` g rg|ti| dn 7;<2. Cg{ og`~egkt~|g{ ~|lg`g{ y cj{ lin`n{ kg|j{ r|jd~kidj{ rg|gnc kj`{~oj {n÷j|igc mjxglg`# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# dn ~`g kcin`tncg |ncgtiugon`tn i`ncç{tikg y {ncnktg y g~on`tg|j`r|jm|n{iugon`tn {~{ r|nkij{. N{tn r|jkn{j kj`t|gdiktj|ij genktû |gdikgcon`tn g cg kcg{n `jlcn# yg w~n {~ ojdjdn uidg {n fglïg fnkfj kgdg unx oç{ dnrn`din`tn dn cj{ lin`n{ dn c~hj r|jd~kidj{ n` cg{ ki~dgdn{ &nc {imcj VIUfgl|ïg dn r|n{n`kig| nc grjmnj dn cg j{tn`tgkiû` en~dgc kj` cg{ ojdg{ dn cg kj|tn lj|mj÷j`g# w~n {n nvtn`din|j`rj| tjdg N~|jrg)# oin`t|g{ w~n nc k~ctiuj dn {~{ tin||g{ y cg{ |n`tg{ {n|uicn{ r|jkndn`tn{ dn {~{ djoiìj{r|jd~kïg` ~`j{ i`m|n{j{ r|jm|n{iugon`tn dnk|nkin`tn{. Nc |n{~ctgdj e~n ~` dn{kn`{j n` cg{ |n`tg{ {n÷j|igcn{#w~n# g {~ unx# dn{n`kgdn`û ~`g jcngdg {i` r|nkndn`tn{ dn m~n||g{# yg w~n n` tjdg{ rg|tn{ cj{ kglgccn|j{i`tn`tg|j` |nk~rn|g| {~{ ej|t~`g{ rj| ondij dnc {gw~nj6. N` Gcnogìg n Itgcig# n{tg lø{w~ndg dn ljtï` n`tinorj{ dn n{kg{nx r|jd~hj nc en`ûon`j dnc lg`didghn dn{j|mgìxgdj y g`ç|w~ikj dn cj{ {n÷j|n{ i`diuid~gcn{8cj{ iorcgkglcn{ \g~l|ittn|t~o# dn [~glig y \n`gìg# y cj{ i`dn{nglcn{ kj`djttin|i # w~n {n nvtn`din|j` dn{dn cg\jog÷g rj| tjdj nc `j|tn y nc kn`t|j dn Itgcig. N` N{rg÷g# cg{ oi{og{ r|n{ij`n{ mn`n|g|j` ~` n{tgdj n`déoikj

dn m~n||g kiuic n` Kg{ticcg gc n{ki`di|{n cg `jlcnxg n` egkkij`n{ |iugcn{ n` tjoj g cj{ r|jlcnog{ dn cg {~kn{iû`di`ç{tikg y dnc rjdn| |ngc. Y n` E|g`kig# {jl|n tjdj# cg m~n||g dn cj{ Kin` G÷j{

5 Ug` Lgtf# Tfn gm|g|ig` fi{tj|y je ]n{tn|` N~|jrn# r. 725.= Uég{n F. Oi{aioi`# ¡Oj`ntg|y ojunon`t{ g`d og|ant {t|~kt~|n{. Ej|kn{ ej| kj`t|gktij` i` ej~|tnn`tf g`d eietnn`tf kn`t~|yN`mcg`d±# Hj~|`gc je Nkj`joik Fi{tj|y# VVIU# dikinol|n dn 795;# `øo. <# rr. 46;/921 Méìkjt# ¡K|i{i{8 e|jo tfn Oiddcn Gmn{ tjOjdn|` Tion{±# r. 59<.6 Rg|g cg k|i{i{ dn cj{ i`m|n{j{ dn cg `jlcnxg# uég{n nc n{t~dij dn Ej~|w~i`# Fi{tji|n ékj`joiw~n dn c’Jkkidn`t oédiéugc # rr. ;;>/42.

QRçm. <2>_

—onxkcg en|jx dn m~n||g kiuic n`t|n cg{ kg{g{ dn cj{ Kgrntj{ y Lj|mj÷g y dn c~kfg i`tn|`gkij`gc n`t|n I`mcgtn||gy E|g`kig# w~n tgolié` nùjcuiû g cg{ rjtn`kig{ ecgon`kg n ilé|ikg— f~`diû gc rgï{ oç{ |ikj dn N~|jrg n` ~`dn{j|dn` y ~`g oi{n|ig {i` im~gc. N` I`mcgtn||g# nc nrïcjmj dn cg dnei itiug dn||jtg kj`ti`n`tgc n` E|g`kig e~n nc¡mg`m{tn|i{oj± {n÷j|igc dn cg{ m~n||g{ dn cg{ \j{g{. Cg m~n||g# ujkgkiû` kglgccn|n{kg dnc `jlcn# {n kjùi|tiû n`{~ gktiuidgd r|jen{ij`gc8 cj{ {n|uikij{ dn kglgccn|ïg din|j` rg{j r|jm|n{iugon`tn g cj{ kgritg`n{ on|kn`g|ij{ y gcg uijcn`kig g {~ncdj. Cg rjlcgkiû` kiuic e~n n` tjdg{ rg|tn{ cg uïktiog.

Rg|g kjorcntg| n{tn rg`j|gog dn dn{jcgkiû`# cg k|i{i{ n{t|~kt~|gc n{t~uj {jl|ndntn|oi`gdg rj| ~`g kgtç{t|jenkjy~`t~|gc8 cg iùg{iû` dn cg rn{tn `nm|g r|jkndn`tn dn G{ig n` nc g÷j 7;46. N{tn e~n ~` en`ûon`j nvtn|ij| g cgfi{tj|ig n~|jrng w~n {n n{t|nccû kj`t|g nccg dn ej|og {ioicg| g kjoj fgl|ïg dn fgkn|cj cg kjcjìxgkiû` n~|jrngkj`t|g cg{ {jkindgdn{ gon|ikg`g{ j ge|ikg`g{ n` cj{ {imcj{ rj{tn|ij|n{ &nc iorgktj dn cg{ nridnoig{ n` nc Kg|ilnje|nkn w~ixç ~`g gdnk~gdg kjorg|gkiû`). Rg{g`dj dn K|iong g cj{ Lgckg`n{ rj| nc og| @nm|j# cg rn{tn gt|gun{ûkjoj ~` tieû` tjdg Itgcig# N{rg÷g y Rj|t~mgc# {n k~|uû fgkig nc `j|tn n` di|nkkiû` g E|g`kig# I`mcgtn||g y cj{

Rgï{n{ Lghj{ y ei`gcon`tn {n ujcuiû dn `~nuj fgkig nc n{tn rj| Gcnogìg# N{kg`di`guig y \~{ig. Kj` cg|n{i{tn`kig dnojm|çeikg yg dnlicitgdg# cg rn{tn `nm|g {n gl|iû rg{j kj` {~ m~gdg÷g n`t|n cg rjlcgkiû` dnckj`ti`n`tn# {nmg`dj w~ixç ~`g k~g|tg rg|tn dn {~{ fglitg`tn{. G rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{# cj{ l|jtn{ dn rn{tn {nfikin|j` n`déoikj{ n` o~kfg{ |nmij`n{. [i {n k~n`tg` n{g{ |nrntidg{ nridnoig{ g~vicig|n{# nc `øon|j dno~n|tj{ fgkig 7422 e~n rj{ilcnon`tn dn dj{ w~i`tj{ dnc tjtgc 9. Nc |n{~ctgdj e~n ~`g dnug{tgdj|g n{kg{nx dnog`j dn jl|g# r|nki{gon`tn k~g`dj cg nkj`joïg en~dgc n{tglg lcjw~ngdg rj| {~{ m|gun{ kj`t|gdikkij`n{i`tn|`g{. N{g gk~o~cgkiû` dn dn{g{t|n{ r|jujkû ~`g dn{n{rn|gdg c~kfg dn kcg{n{ rj| cg tin||g. Cg kcg{n `j/

9 \~{{ncc# Cgtn g`kin`t g`d ondignugc rjr~cgtij`# r. 7;7. N` |ngkkiû` kj`t|g cg{ i`tn|r|ntgkij`n{ t|gdikij`gcn{# {n fg r~n{tj dn ojdgn`t|n cj{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ ojdn|`j{ |nd~ki| nc fi`kgrié n` nc iorgktj dn cg{ nridnoig{ dnc {imcj VIU n` cg nkj`joïg y cg {jkindgd n~|jrng{.N` k~gcw~in| ui{iû` kjorg|gtiug# n{tg gktit~d |nuncg ~` {n`tidj dn cg r|jrj|kiû` nvt|g÷gon`tn dnenkt~j{j. Nc kj`h~`tj dn o~n|tj{ dn cg{dj{ m~n||g{ o~`digcn{ dnc {imcj gkt~gc iècimiû on`j{ dg÷j{ g cg uidg w~n cg rn{tn `nm|g. I`kc~{j n{ dieïkic kj`knli| k~çcn{ fgl|ïg` {idj

cg{ kj`{nk~n`kig{ n` ~`g érjkg rj{tn|ij| dn ~`g ré|didg `ntg dnc 42 rj| kin`tj dn cg rjlcgkiû` tjtgc dn N~|jrg n` nc n{rgkij dn dj{mn`n|gkij`n{.

QRçm. <25_

72< * 7>2



lcn# gon`gxgdg rj| cg{ dn~dg{ y cg iècgkiû`# {n nè|n`tglg gfj|g g ~`g og`j dn jl|g dn{kn`dn`tn y fj{tic. [~|ngkkiû` iòndigtg e~n nc i`tn`tj dn |nk~rn|g| {~ nvkndn`tn gtg`dj g cj{ kgorn{i`j{ gc {n÷j|ïj j |nd~kin`djd|ç{tikgon`tn cj{ {gcg|ij{ n` cg ki~dgd y n` nc kgorj. Cj{ [tgt~tn{ j Cglj~|n|{ dnk|ntgdj{ n` I`mcgtn||g n` cj{g÷j{ 7;49/7;>7# iòndigtgon`tn dn{r~é{ dn cg rn{tn `nm|g# {n k~n`tg` n`t|n cj{ r|jm|gog{ oç{ e|ïgon`tnnvrcïkitj{ dn nvrcjtgkiû` n` tjdg cg fi{tj|ig dn cg c~kfg dn kcg{n{ n` N~|jrg 72. Cg J|dj``g`kn e|g`kn{g dn 7;>7|nritiû n` cj n{n`kigc di{rj{ikij`n{ {ioicg|n{ g cj{ n{tgt~tj{ i`mcn{n{77. Cg{ Kj|tn{ dn Kg{ticcg# |n~ìdg{ nÙgccgdjcid# dnk|ntg|j` n{n oi{oj g÷j cg |nm~cgkiû` dn cj{ {gcg|ij{. Cj{ r|ï`kirn{ gcnog`n{ {im~in|j` o~yr|j`tj n{n kgoi`j8 n` Lguin|g {n ior~{in|j` kj`t|jcn{ {nonhg`tn{ n` nc g÷j 7;><7<. Cg oj`g|w~ïg rj|t~m~n{ggr|jlû {~{ cnyn{ dn cg{ {ni{og|ïg{ dj{ dékgdg{ dn{r~é{# n` 7;=>. [i` nolg|mj# n{tn i`tn`tj {n÷j|igc dn |nej|xg|cg kj`dikiû` {n|uic y fgkn| w~n cg kcg{n r|jd~ktj|g rgmg|g nc kj{tn dn cg k|i{i{ {n nè|n`tû gfj|g kj` ~`g en|jx yuijcn`tg |n{i{tn`kig# di|imidg g on`~dj rj| cj{ kgorn{i`j{ oç{ k~ctj{ y r|û{rn|j{# w~n ojuicixû cg{ oç{r|je~`dg{ rg{ij`n{ rjr~cg|n{. Cj{ kjèciktj{ {j|dj{ y cjkgcixgdj{ w~n fglïg`

72 ¡Y g{ï e~n rj{tn|ij|on`tn j|dn`gdj rj| `~n{t|j {n÷j| nc |ny# y kj` nc g{n`tioin`tj dn cj{ r|ncgdj{# kj`dn{# lg|j`n{ y nc |n{tj dn {~kj`{nhj# kj`t|g cg ogcikig dn cj{ {n|uidj|n{# w~n n{tglg` jkij{j{ y `j dn{nglg` {n|ui| dn{r~é{ dn cg rn{tn {i` {~ncdj{ nvkn{iuj{# w~n tgctirj dn {n|uidj|n{# tg`tj fjol|n{ kjoj o~hn|n{# dnlïg` {n| jlcimgdj{ g {n|ui|# |nkilin`dj cj{ {~ncdj{ y {gcg|ij{ gkj{t~ol|gdj{# n` cj{{itij{ n` w~n tn`ïg` w~n {n|ui| n` nc uimé{ioj g÷j dnc |ni`gdj dnc gkt~gc |ny# j ki`kj j {ni{ g÷j{ g`tn{# y w~n cj{ oi{oj{ {n|uidj|n{ w~n {n`nmg|g` g {n|ui| n` n{tg{ kj`dikij`n{ dnlïg` {n| kg{timgdj{ kj` nc n`kg|kncgoin`tj dn {~{ k~n|rj{ Q..._ cj{ {n|uidj|n{# {i` tn`n| n` k~n`tgcg j|dn`g`xg# {i`j {~ kjojdidgd y {~ {i`m~cg| kjdikig# {n ìnmg` g {n|ui| g cj{ m|g`dn{ y g cj{ jt|j{# g `j {n| w~n tn`mg` |jrg{ y {~ncdj{

djlcn{ j t|ircn{ dn cj{ w~n mg`glg` n` nc g÷j <2 j g`tn{# rg|g m|g` dg÷j dn cj{ m|g`dn{ y nc norjl|nkioin`tj dn tjdg cg kjo~ìdgd±# G.\. Oyn|{ &kjor.)# N`mci{f fi{tj|ikgc djk~on`t{ # ujc. IU# 7;<=746># Cj`d|n{# 7959# r. 99;. Nc n{tgt~tj {n grcikû g tjdj{ gw~nccj{ w~n `jrj{nïg` tin||g {~eikin`tn rg|g {~ r|jrig {~l{i{tn`kig# jlcimç`djcn{ g t|glghg| rg|g cj{ {n÷j|n{ g {~ncdj eihj1 dn gfï w~n tgolié` genktg|g gcj{ rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{.77 N. Rn||jy# ¡Cn{ k|i{n{ d~ VIU n {iækcn±# G``gcn{ N[K # gl|ic/h~ìj dn 7949# rr. 75=/6<. Rn||jy {n÷gcg w~n f~lj ~` t|ircn dntn|oi`g`tndn cg dnr|n{iû` dn ondigdj{ dnc {imcj n` E|g`kig8 ~`g k|i{i{ kn|ngci{tg dnlidg g cg{ ogcg{ kj{nkfg{ n` 7;7>/<21 ~`g k|i{i{ ei`g`kin|g yoj`ntg|ig w~n ccnuû g cg{ {~kn{iug{ dnugc~gkij n{ dn 7;;;/4># y ~`g k|i{i{ dnojm|çeikg kjoj kj`{nk~n`kig dn cg{ nridnoig{ dn 7;46/>2.7< E|ind|ikf Cótmn# ¡Tfn ej~|tnn`tf g`d eietnn`tf kn`t~|in{ i` {jkigc g`d nkj`joik fi{tj|y±# n` M. [t|g~{{ &kjor.)# R|n/\nej|ogtij`Mn|og`y# Cj`d|n{# 79=<# rr. ;49/>2.

QRçm. <2=_

kg|gktn|ixgdj cg cg|mg nvrg`{iû` en~dgc {n e~`din|j` |nrn`ti`gon`tn n` m|g`dn{ nvrcj{ij`n{ |nmij`gcn{ j

`gkij`gcn{ d~|g`tn cg dnr|n{iû` en~dgc n` ~`g{ {jkindgdn{ ondinugcn{ w~n gfj|g n{tglg` yg o~kfj oç{i`tnm|gdg{ nkj`ûoikg y rjcïtikgon`tn7;. Cg rn`nt|gkiû` dnc i`tn|kgolij on|kg`tic n` nc kgorj fglïg dnlicitgdjcg{ |ncgkij n{ kj`{~nt~di`g|ig{ y cg ccnmgdg dn cj{ ior~n{tj{ |ngcn{ {n {~rn|r~{j kj` e|nk~n`kig n` cg{ gcdng{ gcg{ t|gdikij`gcn{ nvgkkij`n{ `jlicig|ig{8 golj{ fnkfj{ tn`din|j` g kn`t|gcixg| n` m|g`dn{ ojuioin`tj{kjcnktiuj{ cg{ |ngkkij`n{ rjr~cg|n{ kj`t|g cg nvtj|{iû` y cg |nr|n{iû` {n÷j|igc. Yg n` cg dékgdg dn 7;<2# Ecg`dn{jkkidn`tgc fglïg {idj n{kn`g|ij dn ~`g en|jx m~n||g kgorn{i`g kj`t|g cg{ nvgkkij`n{ ei{kgcn{ dn {~ {jln|g`je|g`ké{ y kj`t|g cg{ |n`tg{ y dinxoj{ dn {~ `jlcnxg y dn {~ Imcn{ig cjkgc. N` 7;>6# nc `j|tn dn E|g`kig g|diû n`ccgog{ kj` cg m|g` hgkw~n|in# rj{ilcnon`tn nc ogyj| cnug tgoin`tj kgorn{i`j |nmi{t|gdj n` N~|jrg jkkidn`tgcdn{dn cj{ lgmg~dn{ # dn{n`kgdn`gdg rj| cg{ kjèi{kgkij`n{ y nc riccghn oicitg| dn cg m~n||g dn cj{ Kin` G÷j{.Oç{ tg|dn# n` 7;67# n{tgccû cg |nlnciû` dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{ n` I`mcgtn||g# r|nkiritgdg rj| ~`g `~nug kgritgkiû`#kj` cj{ jlhntiuj{ oç{ gug`xgdj{ y |gdikgcn{ dn tjdj{ n{tj{ cnug`tgoin`tj{8 `gdg on`j{ w~n cg kjorcntg

gljcikiû` dn cg {n|uid~ol|n y cg gl|jmgkiû` dnc nvi{tn`tn {i{tnog cnmgc. N` nc {imcj {im~in`tn cn{ tjkû g cj{kgorn{i`j{ kgcgl|n{n{ |nlncg|{n kj`t|g {~{ {n÷j|n{ dn G|gmû` n` cg{ m|g`dn{ |nlncij`n{ dn 7459/74=>. N`N{rg÷g# cj{ {in|uj{ |non`{g{ {n ojuicixg|j` kj`t|g cg nvtn`{iû` dn cj{ ¡ogcj{ ~{j{± ior~n{tj{ rj| {~{ {n÷j|n{y {n r|jd~hn|j` cg{ gog|mg{ m~n||g{ kiuicn{ dn 745< y 746474. N{tj{ e~n|j` {ûcj cj{ r|i`kirgcn{ nri{jdij{ dn ~èn`ûon`j dn gorcit~d kj`ti`n`tgc w~n {n nvtn`diû dn{dn Di`gog|kg fg{tg Ogccj|kg. Oin`t|g{ tg`tj# n` cg{|nmij`n{ oç{ dn{g||jccgdg{# Ecg`dn{ n Itgcig dnc @j|tn# tn`ïg` c~mg| |nujc~kij`n{ kjo~`gcn{ g~tû`jog{8 n`7;29# cj{ rnw~n÷j{ ogn{t|j{ y tnhndj|n{ dn Mg`tn g||nlgtg|j` nc rjdn| gc rgt|ikigdj y dn||jtg|j` n` Kj~|t|gi gcnhé|kitj `jlicig|ij nùigdj rg|g grcg{tg|cj{. N` 7;=6# Ecj|n`kig nvrn|ion`tû ~`g i`{~||nkkiû` tjdguïg oç{|gdikgc k~g`dj cj{ fgol|in`tj{ kg|dgdj|n{ dn cg`g j kijori —w~n `j n|g` g|tn{g`j{# {i`j jl|n|j{ g{gcg|igdj{— n{tglcnkin|j` ~`g l|nun diktgd~|g.

7; Uég{n Fictj`# Lj`d on` ogdn e|nn# rr. 95 {{.74

N` nc {imcj VIU yg {n fglïg` r|jd~kidj {n|ij{ di{t~|lij{ n` golg{ xj`g{8 n` cg{ tin||g{ `grjcitg`g{ lghj nc djoiìj g`mnui`j dn\jln|tj I &7;29/4;) y n` Kgtgc~÷g n` cg dékgdg dn 7;62.

QRçm. <26_

72; * 7>2



Tjdg{ n{tg{ |nlncij`n{ dn cj{ nvrcjtgdj{ e~n|j` dn||jtgdg{ y |nr|ioidg{ rjcïtikgon`tn# kj` cg nvknrkiû` rg|kigcdnc ojuioin`tj |non`{g7># rn|j {~ iorgktj n` nc |n{~ctgdj ei`gc dn cg m|g` k|i{i{ dnc en~dgci{oj n` N~|jrgjkkidn`tgc e~n# g rn{g| dn tjdj# o~y r|je~`dj. ^`g dn cg{ kj`kc~{ij`n{ oç{ iorj|tg`tn{ w~n r~ndn` dnd~ki|{ndn ~` nvgon` dn cg m|g` k|i{i{ dnc en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj n{ w~n —kj`t|g|igon`tn g cg{ k|nn`kig{ gorcigon`tnkjorg|tidg{ rj| cj{ og|vi{tg{— nc ¡ojdncj± kg|gktn|ï{tikj dn ~`g k|i{i{ n` ~` ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` `j n{ gw~ncn` w~n ~`g{ uimj|j{g{ e~n|xg{ &nkj`ûoikg{) dn r|jd~kkiû` i||~orn` t|i~ègcon`tn n` ~`g{ |nt|ûm|gdg{|ncgkij`n{ &{jkigcn{) dn r|jd~kkiû` y n{tglcnkn` |çridgon`tn {jl|n {~{ |~i`g{ ~`g r|jd~ktiuidgd y ~`g {jkindgdoç{ ncnugdg{. Rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# cg{ e~n|xg{ dn r|jd~kkiû` tin`dn` `j|ogcon`tn g n{tg`kg|{n y |nt|jkndn| dn`t|jdn cg{ nvi{tn`tn{ |ncgkij`n{ dn r|jd~kkiû`1 é{tg{ tin`n` w~n {n| n`tj`kn{ |gdikgcon`tn kgoligdg{ y |nj|dn`gdg{g`tn{ dn w~n cg{ `~nug{ e~n|xg{ dn r|jd~kkiû` r~ndg` k|ng|{n y kjoli`g|{n n` ~` ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`mcjlgcon`tn `~nuj. Dikfj dn jt|g ej|og1 n` ~`g érjkg dn t|g`{ikiû`# cg{ |ncgkij`n{ dn r|jd~kkiû` kgolig` rj|cj mn`n|gc g`tn{ w~n cg{ e~n|xg{ dn r|jd~kkiû`# y `j gc |nué{. G{ï r~n{# cg kj`{nk~n`kig iòndigtg dn cg k|i{i{ dncen~dgci{oj jkkidn`tgc `j e~n ~`g |çridg ciln|gkiû` dn `~nug tnk`jcjmïg ì n` cg i`d~{t|ig ì n` cg gm|ik~ct~|g#w~n tn`d|ïg c~mg| øìkgon`tn dn{r~é{ dn ~` i`tn|ugcj kj`{idn|glcn. Cg kj`{nk~n`kig di|nktg y dnki{iug e~n oç{lin` ~`g nvtn`{g t|g`{ej|ogkiû` {jkigc n` nc kgorj dn Jkkidn`tn# rj|w~n cg{ uijcn`tg{ |nlncij`n{ |~|gcn{ dn cgérjkg kj`d~hn|j` iorn|knrtilcnon`tn# g rn{g| dn {~ dn||jtg# g kgolij{ n` nc nw~icil|ij dn cg{ e~n|xg{ dn kcg{nn` r~m`g rj| cg tin||g. N` I`mcgtn||g# cj{ {gcg|ij{ |~|gcn{ fglïg` dn{kn`didj `jtglcnon`tn kj` cg r|jkcgogkiû`dnc [tgt~tn je Cglj~|n|{# rn|j dn{r~é{ dn cg |nlnciû` dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{ kjon`xg|j` g {~li| n` ~`g k~|ug

g{kn`dn`tn w~n kj`ti`~û d~|g`tn tjdj nc {imcj {i/

7> [ûcj ~` kgorn{i`gdj dn{geiû uiktj|ij{gon`tn g cg kcg{n en~dgc n` N~|jrg. Nc kg{j dn [~ixg n{ im`j|gdj kj` e|nk~n`kig n` cj{ n{t~dij{{jl|n cg{ m|g`dn{ i`{~||nkkij`n{ |~|gcn{ dn cg Lghg Ndgd Ondig n` N~|jrg. Rn|j# g~`w~n nc ojuioin`tj kg`tj`gc {~ixj |nr|n{n`tgkin|tgon`tn n` o~kfj{ g{rnktj{ ~`g nvrn|in`kig fi{tû|ikg {~i mn`n|i{ # di{ti tg dn cg{ |nlncij`n{ kgorn{i`g{ dn I`mcgtn||g# E|g kig#N{rg÷g# Itgcig j cj{ Rgï{n{ Lghj{# `j r~ndn {nrg|g|{n kjorcntgon`tn dn nccg{# yg w~n e~n ~`j dn cj{ nri{jdij{ kn`t|gcn{ dn cg oi{ogérjkg dn dnr|n{iû` gm|ïkjcg y dn c~kfg {jkigc rj| cg tin||g. [~ t|g{kn`dn`kig fi{tû|ikg {n g`gcixg n` cg kj`ti`~gkiû` dn n{tn n{t~dij#Ci`ngmn{ je tfn gl{jc~ti{t [tgtn# rr. ;27/< QNc N{tgdj gl{jc~ti{tg# Ogd|id# [imcj VVI# 79=9# rr. ;25/;2=_.

QRçm. <29_

m~in`tn75. N` Gcnogìg e~n nuidn`tn nc oi{oj r|jkn{j. N` E|g`kig# nc kgj{ nkj`ûoikj r|jujkgdj rj| cg m~n||gdn cj{ Kin` G÷j{ di{cjkû tjdj{ cj{ egktj|n{ dn r|jd~kkiû` y# rj| tg`tj# cj{ {gcg|ij{ {n og`t~uin|j` n` ~` r|ion|rn|ïjdj |ncgtiugon`tn n{tglcn{# gh~{tgdj{ g cj{ ièn|ij|n{ ìuncn{ dn r|jd~kkiû`1 rn|j tgolié` gw~ï kjon`xg|j`g {~li| gr|nkiglcnon`tn g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj7=. N` Kg{ticcg# cj{ ìuncn{ {gcg|igcn{ {n k~gd|~rcikg|j` n` cg dékgdg dn7;46/>6# dn{r~é{ dn cg rn{tn `nm|g76. Cg k|i{i{ mn`n|gc dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc# cnhj{# r~n{# dn nornj|g|cg kj`dikiû` dn cj{ r|jd~ktj|n{ di|nktj{ n` nc kgorj# gkglû onhj|ç`djcg y nog`kirç`djcj{. Dn fnkfj# e~n ncojon`tj dnki{iuj n` cg di{jc~kiû` dn cg {n|uid~ol|n n` Jkkidn`tn.

I`d~dglcnon`tn# cg{ |gxj`n{ dn ~` |n{~ctgdj dn tg` iòn`{g iorj|tg`kig fgy w~n l~{kg|cg{# g`tn tjdj y {jl|ntjdj# n` cg djlcn g|tik~cgkiû` dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc# w~n fnoj{ {~l|gygdj dn{dn nc r|i`kirij dn n{tnn{t~dij. E~n r|i`kirgcon`tn nc {nktj| ~|lg`j# n{t|~kt~|gcon`tn r|jtnmidj rj| cg rg|kncgkiû` dn cg {jln|g`ïg n`nc {i{tnog rjcïtikj ondinugc# nc w~n {n dn{g||jccû fg{tg ~` r~`tj n` nc w~n rjdïg kgolig| dnki{iugon`tn nc|n{~ctgdj dn cg c~kfg dn kcg{n{ n` nc {nktj| |~|gc79. Cg cjkgcixgkiû` mnjm|çeikg dn cg{ m|g`dn{ |nlncij`n{

kgorn{i`g{ dn ei`gcn{ dn cg Ndgd Ondig n` Jkkidn`tn n{ rj| {ï oi{og ncjk~n`tn. R|çktikgon`tn n` tjdj{ cj{kg{j{# cg{ |nlncij`n{ gkgnkin|j` n` xj`g{ kj` rjdn|j{j{ kn`t|j{ ~|lg`j{# w~n gkt~g|j` jlhntiugon`tn kjojen|on`tj dn n{g{ i`{~||nkkij`n{ rjr~cg|n{8 L|~hg{ y Mg`tn# n` Ecg`dn{1 Rg|ï{# n` nc `j|tn dn E|g`kig1 Cj`d|n{#n` nc {~dn{tn dn I`mcgtn||g# y Lg|kncj`g# n` Kgtgc~÷g. Cg r|n{n kig dn m|g`dn{ ki~dgdn{ {inor|n kjorj|tglg cgi||gdigkiû` dn cg{ |ncgkij`n{ on|kg`ticn{ n` cj{ kgorj{ dn cj{ gc|ndndj|n{ y# n` ~`g érjkg dn t|g`{ikiû`# cg{tn`{ij`n{

75 N. Aj{oi`{ay# ¡Tfn nujc~tij` je en~dgc |n`t i` N`mcg`d e|jo tfn 77tf tj tfn 7>tf kn`t~|in{±# r. <61 \. Fictj`# Tfn dnkci`n je {n|edjoiòndignugc N`mcg`d # Cj`d|n{# 7959# rr. ;9/42.7= N. Rn||jy# ¡]gmn/cglj~| i` E|g`kn i` tfn cgtn| Oiddcn Gmn{±# Nkj`joik Fi{tj|y \nuin}# {nm~`dg {n|in# UIII# `øo. ;# dikinol|n dn79>># rçmi`g{ <;6/9.76

Hgka{j # Tfn ogai`m je tfn ondignugc [rgi`# r. 745.79 Cg{ i`tn|kj`nvij`n{ n{t|~kt~|gcn{ n`t|n nc r|ndjoiìj |~|gc y cg g~tj`joïg ~|lg`g dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc n` N~|jrgjkkidn`tgc r~ndn` gr|nkig|{n kj` tjdg kcg|idgd n` nc nhnorcj rg|gdûhikj dn Rgcn{ti`g. Gccï# r|çktikgon`tn# tjdg cg kjo~ìdgd dnk|~xgdj{ —ogm`gtn{# kglgccn|j{# kjon|kig`tn{# kcé|imj{ y g|tn{g`j{— n{tglg kj`kn`t|gdg n` cg{ ki~dgdn{ &cg r|jd~kkiû` |~|gc {n dnhû

724 * 7>2



n` og`j{ dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{ i`dïmn`g{). N` kj`{nk~n`kig# e~n ~`g xj`g n` cg w~n j nvi{tiû i`m~`g g~tj`joïg o~ìkirgc y dj`dn ~`kg{~|miû ~` n{tgon`tj cjkgc dn l~|m~n{n{.

QRçm. <72_

dn ~`g gm|ik~ct~|g {noikjon|kigcixgdg |n{~ctg|j` {n| o~kfj oç{ m|gun{ rg|g nc g|ogxû` dn cg {jkindgd |~|gc.N` nc {~dn{tn dn I`mcgtn||g# cj{ g||n`dgtg|ij{ n|g` on`j{ `~on|j{j{ w~n cj{ {n|uidj|n{ y t|glghgdj|n{ {i` tin||g{

n` cj{ di{t|itj{ oç{ genktgdj{ rj| cg |nlnciû` dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{<2

. N` cg m~n||g dn Ecg`dn{# cj{ g|tn{g`j{ |~|gcn{t~uin|j` o~kfg iorj|tg`kig. Cg{ |nmij`n{ dn Rg|ï{ y Lg|kncj`g n|g` cg{ xj`g{ nkj`ûoikgon`tn oç{ gug`xgdg{dn E|g`kig y N{rg÷g |n{rnktiugon`tn# kj` cg oç{ gctg dn`{idgd dn i`tn|kgolij on|kg`tic dn kgdg rgï{. Rj| cjdnoç{# nc rgrnc dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ n` cg{ |nlncij`n{ kgorn{i`g{ dn cg érjkg `j {n cioitû g {~{ nenktj{ dn xgrg{jl|n nc t|gdikij`gc j|dn` {n÷j|igc {it~gdj n` {~{ kn|kg`ïg{. O~kfg{ ki~dgdn{ grjyg|j` j gy~dg|j` gktiugon`tndn ~`g ~ jt|g ej|og g cg{ |nlncij`n{ |~|gcn{# lin` rj| ~`g i`kirin`tn {iorgtïg rjr~cg|# dn{dn cg lg{n# j lin` rj|nc kçck~cj rgt|ikij dn {~{ r|jrij{ i`tn|n{n{# dn{dn g||ilg. Cg{ rjl|n{ mn`tn{ dnc kjoø` dn Cj`d|n{ {n ~ìn|j` gcg |nlnciû` dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{ rj| {jcidg|idgd {jkigc# oin`t|g{ w~n cj{ |ikj{ l~|m~n{n{ dnc |émion` dn Ntin``nOg|knc n` Rg|ï{ r|n{tg|j` ~` grjyj tçktikj g cg hgkw~n|in n` l~{kg dn {~{ r|jrij{ jlhntiuj{ rjcïtikj{. Cj{kjon|kig`tn{ y cj{ m|noij{ dn Lg|kncj`g {n og`t~uin|j` gcnhgdj{ dn cg{ i`{~||nkkij`n{ dn cj{ |non`{g{# rn|jcj{ tnhndj|n{ dn L|~hg{ n Yr|n{ e~n|j` cj{ gcigdj{ `gt~|gcn{ dn cj{ kgorn{i`j dnc Ecg`dn{ og|ïtioj. G{ï r~n{#

jlhntiug y# g on`~dj# {~lhntiugon`tn# cg{ ki~dgdn{ ièc~yn|j` n` nc kg|çktn| y cg di|nkkiû` dn cg{ m|g`dn{|nlncij`n{ dn cg érjkg.

[i` nolg|mj# cg{ ki~dgdn{ `j i`tn|uiìn|j` n` nc dn{ti`j dnc kgorj øìkg j r|i`kirgcon`tn d~|g`tn n{tg{nvrcj{ij`n{ k|ïtikg{# yg w~n `~`kg dnhg|j` dn fgkn|cj n` {it~gkij`n{ dn ~`g {~rn|eikigc rgx {jkigc. N` Jkkidn`tn#cg |nd |ncgtiugon`tn dn`{g dn ki~dgdn{ nhn|kiû ~`g kj`ti`~g ièc~n`kig m|guitgkij`gc {jl|n cg |ncgkiû` dn e~n|xg{{jkigcn{ dnc kgorj. Rj| ~`g rg|tn# nc r|ndjoiìj dn n{tj{ kn`t|j{ kjon|kigcn{ fgkïg w~n n{kgrg| g cg{n|uid~ol|n e~n|g ~`g rn|og`n`tn rj{ilicidgd rg|g cj{ kgorn{i`j{ dn{kj`tn`tj{. Nc dikfj gcnoç` [tgdtc~et ogkft e|ni &¡nc gi|n dn cg ki~dgd fgkn cil|n±) n|g cg `j|og dn cj{ mjlin|`j{ dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ dn tjdg N~|jrg# ygw~n cj{ {in|uj{ e~mitiuj{ |nr|n{n`tglg` ~`g n`t|gdg dn og`j dn jl|g rj{itiug rg|g cg{ og`~egkt~|g{ ~|lg`g{.Rj| jt|g rg|tn# cg r|n{n`kig dn n{tg{ ki~dgdn{ r|n{ij`glg kj`{tg`tnon`tn g cj{ `jlcn{ lncikj{j{ g |nkili| {~{i`m|n{j{ n` ej|og oj`ntg|ixgdg. Cj{ {n÷j|n{ `n/

<2 Fictj`# Lj`d on` ogdn e|nn# rr. 7=2/<.

QRçm. <77_

kn{itglg` di`n|j y `j rjdïg` g||in{mg|{n# oç{ gccç dn kin|tj r~`tj# g nor~hg| g {~{ kgorn{i`j{ fgkig cg ugmg`kigj cj{ norcnj{ ~|lg`j{. [n unïg` jlcimgdj{# n` kj`{nk~n`kig# g gknrtg| ~`g |ncghgkiû` dn cj{ uï`k~cj{ {n|uicn{ n`nc kgorj. Nc |n{~ctgdj e~n ~`g cn`tg rn|j iì`tn||~oridg kjò~tgkiû` dn cg{ r|n{tgkij`n{ rj| |n`tg{ n` di`n|j y~` k|nkin`tn g||n`dgoin`tj dn cg |n{n|ug {n÷j|igc g cj{ kgorn{i`j{. N{tn r|jkn{j kjon`xû g`tn{# y ccnmû oç{cnhj{# n` I`mcgtn||g# dj`dn cg r|jrj|kiû` dnc kgorn{i`gdj cil|n fglïg {idj {inor|n |ncgtiugon`tn gctg. Cg{tn`n`kig{ t|gdikij`gcon`tn {n|uicn{ {n fglïg` kjùn|tidj {icn`kij{gon`tn# fgkig nc g÷j 7422# n` g||n`dgoin`tj{`j {n|uicn{# y cj{ uiccg`j{ fglïg` rg{gdj g {n| nèitn~tg{ <7. N` nc {imcj {im~in`tn t~uj c~mg| r|jlglcnon`tn ~`g~on`tj {~{tg`kigc n` cj{ i`m|n{j{ tjtgcn{ dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{ i`mcn{n{# w~n {n kjoli`û kj` ~`g dien|n`kigkiû`{jkigc r|je~`dgon`tn gkn`t~gdg n` {~ {n`j g ondidg w~n ~` n{t|gtj dn kgorn{i`j{ |ikj{ &ynjon`) {n fixj kj`nc r|ndjoiìj n` o~kfg{ gcdng{ y nc t|glghj g{gcg|igdj {n nvtn`diû rj| cj{ kgorj{. Cg n{kg{nx dn og`j dn jl|gn|g# {i` nolg|mj# tg` m|gun n` cg gm|ik~ct~|g w~n {io~ctç`ngon`tn g cg |nd~kkiû` dn cg{ nvtn`{ij`n{ k~ctiugdg{#cg{ |n`tg{ gm|ïkjcg{ dn{kn`din|j`# cj{ r|nkij{ dn cj{ kn|ngcn{ kgyn|j` y cj{ {gcg|ij{ g~on`tg|j`8 gej|t~`gdgg~`w~n neïon|g kjy~`t~|g rg|g nc r|jd~ktj| di|nktj<<. Cg `jlcnxg |ngkkij`û# rj| ~`g rg|tn# dndikç`dj{n kjòç{ i`tn`{idgd gc rg{tj|nj rg|g glg{tnkn| g cg i`d~{t|ig cg`n|g w~n {n fglïg dn{g||jccgdj n` cg{ `~nug{ ki~dgdn{rg÷n|g{# kjon`xg`dj yg ~` ojuioin`tj dn kn|kgoin`tj{ &n`kcj{~|n{ )# y# rj| jt|g# iorjìn`dj nc kjorcnhj{i{tnog dn {nk~gkn{ g{gcg|igdj{ y dn uijcn`kig g {~ncdj# cg kg|tg rg|tidg &i`dn`t~|n) y cg{ cnt|g{ rgtn`tn{ &cnttn|

rgtn`t )# w~n fg {idj dn{im`gdj kjoj nc ¡en~dgci{oj lg{tg|dj± dnc {imcj VU <;# y k~yj r|i`kirgc tngt|j dnjrn|gkij`n{ e~n nc dn cg{ m~n||g{ n`t|n cj{ Yj|a y cj{ Cg`kg{tn|. Cg `~nug kjy~`t~|g e~n r|jlglcnon`tn

<7 \. F. Fictj`# Tfn dnkci`n je {n|edjo i` ondignugc N`mcg`d # rçmi`g{ 44 {{.<< O. Rj{tg`# ¡Tfn eietnn`tf kn`t~|y±# Nkj`joik Fi{tj|y \nuin}# ujc~on` IV# 79;6/9# rr. 752/=# dn{k|iln n{tg kj`kgtn`gkiû`. Rj{tg` fg{n÷gcgdj |nkin`tnon`tn w~n cg k|nkin`tn r|j{rn|idgd kgorn{i`g r~dj fgln| kj`d~kidj tgolié` d~|g`tn kin|tj tinorj g ~` dn{kn`{j n`

72> * 7>2



nc ìunc dn kjon|kigcixgkiû` n` nc kgorj# yg w~n cg{ egoicig{ dn cg{ gcdng{ |nt~uin|j` ~`g ogyj| rg|tn dnc r|jd~ktj gm|ïkjcg rg|g {~r|jrij kj`{~oj8 Tfn ondignugc nkj`joy g`d {jkinty# rr. <27/4.<; A. L. OgkEg|cg`n# ¡Lg{tg|d en~dgci{o±# L~ccnti` je tfn I`{tit~tn je Fi{tj|ikgc \n{ng|kf# ujc. VV# `øo. 57# ogyj/`juinol|n dn 794>#rr. 757/67.

QRçm. <7<_

oç{ r|jrikig rg|g cg kcg{n kglgccn|n{kg# ln`neikig|ig dnc {i{tnog dn {nk~gkn{# w~n rg|g cg{ t|gdikij`gcn{ egoicig{dn ogm`gtn{.

Nc r|jkn{j dn kjò~tgkiû` gdjrtû n` I`mcgtn||g cg ej|og dn ~`g t|g`{ikiû` di|nktg dn cg{ r|n{tgkij`n{ dnt|glghj rn|{j`gc g cg{ |n`tg{ n` di`n|j. N` nc kj`ti`n`tn {n r|jd~hj# n` cï`ng{ mn`n|gcn{# ~`g nujc~kiû` gcmj oç{cn`tg w~n rg{û dn cg{ r|n{tgkij`n{ dn t|glghj g cg{ |n`tg{ n` n{rnkin y rj{tn|ij|on`tn g cg{ |n`tg{ n` di`n|j. N{tje~n g{ï tg`tj n` E|g`kig# dj`dn nc nenktj ei`gc dn cg m~n||g dn cj{ Kin` G÷j{ {n|ïg w~n cj{ kgorn{i`j{ w~ndg|g`n` rj{n{iû` dn {~{ rg|kncg{# kjoj n` cg Gcnogìg {~djkkidn`tgc <4. Nc ojdncj e|g`ké{ {n kg|gktn|ixû rj| dj{`jtg{ rnk~cig|n{. Cj{ {n÷j|n{ |nk~||in|j` g cg un`tg di|nktg dn cg nog`kirgkiû` kj` oç{ e|nk~n`kig w~n n`ì`m~`g jt|g rg|tn# kj` jlhntj dn jltn`n| nc oçvioj ln`neikij iòndigtj dn cg t|g`{ikiû`. Gc oi{oj tinorj# cgh~{tikig |ngc tg|dïg y nc dn|nkfj |jog`j {n kjoli`g|j` rg|g fgkn| w~n cg{ tn`n`kig{ kgorn{i`g{ dn{r~é{ dn cgnog`kirgkiû` t~uin|g` ~` kg|çktn| oç{ fn|nditg|ij w~n n` I`mcgtn||g# dn tgc ej|og w~n cg rnw~n÷g r|jrindgd {n

fixj ei`gcon`tn oç{ ei|on. N` I`mcgtn||g# cg mn`t|y# j m|g`dn{ r|jrintg|ij{# kj`{im~iû iorndi| n{tn en ûon`j#og`tnìn`dj cj{ tït~cj{ dn g||n`dgoin`tj nèité~tikj i`{nm~|j{ y tnorj|gcn{ y rn|oitin`dj g{ï ~`g nvr~c{iûòç{ eçkic dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{ dn cg tin||g n` ~`g enkfg rj{tn|ij|<>. N` N{rg÷g# cg c~kfg dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{|non`{g{ dn Kgtgc~÷g kj`t|g cj{ ¡{ni{ ogcj{ ~{j{± tn|oi`û ei`gcon`tn kj` cg [n`tn`kig dn M~gdgc~rn dn 7465#rj| cg w~n Enog`dj dn G|gmû` nog`kirû ej|ogcon`tn g cj{ kgorn{i`j{ dn n{g{ kg|mg{. Gdw~i|in|j` g{ï ~`grj{n{iû` n{tglcn dn {~{ rg|kncg{# oin`t|g{ w~n cj{ {n÷j|n{ kj`{n|uglg` {jl|n nccj{ dn|nkfj{ h~|i{dikkij`gcn{ ycnmgcn{. Rg|g

<4 Ajfgkfi|j Tgagfg{fi# ¡Tfn t|g`{itij e|jo en~dgci{o tj kgritgci{o±# [kin`kn g`d {jkinty# VUI# `øo. 47# jtj÷j dn 79><# rr. ;<5/=Q¡Kj`t|il~kiû` gc dnlgtn±# n` \. Fictj`# kjor.# Cg t|g`{ikiû` dnc en~dgci{oj gc kgritgci{oj# Lg|kncj`g# K|ïtikg# 79==_. Cg nujc~kiû` dncg{ r|n{tgkij`n{ dn t|glghj g cg{ |n`tg{ n` di`n|j e~n oç{ di|nktg n` I`mcgtn||g dnlidj g w~n cg i{cg `j fglïg nvrn|ion`tgdj r|nuigon`tncg tn`dn`kig kj`ti`n`tgc fgkig cg{ |n`tg{ n` n{rnkin d~|g`tn nc {imcj VIII1 cg{ nvgkkij`n{ dn t|glghj fglïg` {jl|nuiuidj# r~n{# n` {~ ej|og

j|imi`gc d~|g`tn oç{ tinorj w~n n` cj{ jt|j{ rgï{n{. Rg|g cg{ j{kicgkij`n{ nvrn|ion`tgdg{ n` I`mcgtn||g d~|g`tn cj{ {imcj{ VII y VIII&|ncghgkiû`# {nm~idg dn i`tn`{ieikgkiû` dn cj{ {n|uikij{)# uég{n O. Rj{tg`# ¡Tfn kf|j`jcjmy je cglj~| {n|uikn{±# T|g`{gktij`{ je tfn \jygc Fi{tj|ikgc [jkinty# VV# 79;=# rr. 759/9;.<> O. Lcjkf# Cn{ kg|gktæ|n{ j|imi`g~v dn c’fi{tji|n |~|gcn e|g`ígi{n# rçmi`g{ 7;7/;. Lcjkf {n÷gcg w~n r|nki{gon`tn g kg~{g dn n{tn g||gimjkgorn{i`j cj{ {n÷j|n{ e|g`kn{n{ c~kfg|j` d~|gon`tn g rg|ti| dnc {imcj VU rg|g |nkj`{t|~i| cj{ m|g`dn{ djoiìj{# rj| ondij{ cnmgcn{ ynkj`ûoikj{# kj` ~` évitj kj`{idn|glcn# rr. 7;4/>4.

QRçm. <7;_

dn{gcn`tg| nc nhnorcj dn cg |nlnciû`# nc oj`g|kg ior~{j o~ctg{ {io~ctç`ngon`tn g tjdj{ gw~nccj{ w~n fglïg`rg|tikirgdj n` cg{ |nlncij`n{ dn cj{ |non`{g{<5. N` Kg{ticcg# kjoj n` I`mcgtn||g# cg kcg{n tn||gtnìn tn |ngkkij`ûg cg n{kg{nx dn og`j dn jl|g dnc {imcj VIU rj| ondij dn ~`g gorcig kjùn|{iû` dn cg tin||g g cg k|ïg dn cg junhg#w~n g rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{ {n kjùi|tiû n` cg |gog djoi`g`tn dn cg gm|ik~ct~|g n` cg on{ntg. N` té|oi`j{mn`n|gcn{# cg r|jd~kkiû` dn cg`g e~n ~`g dn cg{ oç{ iorj|tg`tn{ {jc~kij`n{ {n÷j|igcn{ g cg k|i{i{ gm|ïkjcg1 n` ncøctioj rn|ïjdj ondinugc# cg r|jd~kkiû` n~|jrng k|nkiû tgc unx dn t|n{ g ki`kj unkn{ n` nc øctioj rn|ïjdjondinugc<=. N` cg{ kj`dikij`n{ dn Kg{ticcg# cg {n|uid~ol|n dn cg mcnlg kg|nkïg yg dn ~`g h~{tieikgkiû`nkj`ûoikg# y n` 7467 cg{ Kj|tn{ dn Tjcndj kj`kndin|j` ei`gcon`tn g cj{ {in|uj{ nc dn|nkfj g glg`dj`g| g {~{{n÷j|n{# kj` cj w~n {n gljcïg` {~{ uï`k~cj{ dn gd{k|irkiû`. N` G|gmû`# dj`dn nc rg{tj|nj `~`kg fglïg tnìdjm|g` iorj|tg`kig# cg{ ki~dgdn{ n|g` délicn{ y nvi{tïg ~`g hn|g|w~ïg en~dgc oç{ |ïmidg# nc {i{tnog |nr|n{iuj{n÷j|igc `j {n uij {n|igon`tn genktgdj d~|g`tn cg Lghg Ndgd Ondig# y cg {n|uid~ol|n dn cg mcnlg {n og`t~ujlin` n`|gixgdg<6. N` Itgcig# cg{ kjo~`g{ kg{i {inor|n fglïg` c~kfgdj kj`{kin tnon`tn kj`t|g cg{ h~|i{dikkij`n{{n÷j|igcn{# {nrg|g`dj n` {~ kj`tgdj cg{ e~`kij`n{ dn {n÷j| y tn||gtnìn`tn. Ljcjìg# rj| nhnorcj# fglïgnog`kirgdj g {~{ {in|uj{ kj` ~`g |n{j`g`tn dnkcg|gkiû` yg n` 7<>=. Dn fnkfj# cg {n|uid~ol|n fglïgdn{grg|nkidj kg{i rj| kjorcntj n` nc `j|tn dn Itgcig g r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj VIU# n{tj n{# dj{ j t|n{ mn`n|gkij`n{

g`tn{ dn w~n nc oi{oj r|jkn{j t~uin|g c~mg| n` E|g`kig j I`mcgtn||g<9. N{tg r|nkjkidgd kjèi|og# r~n{# cg |nmcgdn w~n cg e~n|xg di{jcun`tn dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ e~n cj w~n mg|g`tixû e~`dgon`tgcon`tn cg dn{i`tnm|gkiû` dn cg{n|uid~ol|n n` Jkkidn`tn. N` cg Itgcig on|idij`gc# kj` {~ kg|çktn| e~n|tnon tn {n÷j|igc# cg dn{g{t|j{g

725 * 7>2



dn{rjlcgkiû` dnc {imcj VIU kj`d~hj g cg g`g|w~ïg y g cg{ c~kfg{ i`tn|`g{ dn cg `jlcnxg y g ~`g `~nug jcngdg dnh~|i{dikkij`n{ {n÷j|igcn{. T~uj c~mg| ~`g gorcig |nkjùn|{iû` dn tin||g{ k~ctiugdg{ gc rg{tj|nj y ~` g~on`tj n`cg nvtn`{iû` dn cj{ cgtie~`dij{. Nc cnug`/

<5 Uikn`{ Uiun{# Fi{tj|ig dn cj{ |non`{g{ n` nc {imcj VU # rr. <57/9.<= Lg~tin|# Tfn nkj`joik dnuncjron`t je ondignugc N~|jrn# r. <72.<6 Rg|g nc kg|çktn| y cg rn|{i{tn`kig dn cg {n|uid~ol|n n` G|gmû`# uég{n Nd~g|dj dn Fi`jhj{g# ¡Cg {n|uid~ol|n dn cg mcnlg n` G|gmû`±#

Cg N{rg÷g Ojdn|`g# 792# jkt~l|n dn 7924# rr. ;;/44#<9 Rficir Hj`n{# ¡Itgcy±# n` Tfn gm|g|ig` cien je tfn Oiddcn Gmn{ # rçmi`g{ 425/=.

QRçm. <74_

tgoin`tj kgcgl|é{ dn cj{ g÷j{ 74=2# g dien|n`kig dn r|çktikgon`tn tjdg{ cg{ jt|g{ |nlncij`n{ |~|gcn{ dn N~|jrgjkkidn tgc# kg|nkiû rj| kjorcntj dn |n{j`g`kig ~|lg`g8 nc kgorn{i`gdj `j kj`w~i{tû {~ ciln|tgd y nc kgorj {nf~`diû n` ~`g cg|mg dnr|n{iû` nkj`ûoikg. Rj| {~ rg|tn# nc tnor|g`j n icioitgdj r|ndjoiìj dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ n`nc `j|tn dn Itgcig gkncn|û cg ccnmgdg dn cg{ r|ion|g{ ej|og{ dn k~ctiuj kjon|kigc g m|g` n{kgcg kj` cg ~ticixgkiû`dn t|glghj g{gcg|igdj —iìkigdj n` Cjolg|dïg— y nc dn{g||jccj dn cj{ g||n`dgoin`tj{ g kj|tj rcgxj y dn cggrg|kn|ïg# w~n kjon`xû g nvtn`dn|{n cn`tgon`tn fgkig nc `j|tn# gt|gun{g`dj cj{ Gcrn{ fg{tg ccnmg| n` nc k~|{jdnc {imcj gc {~| y gc jn{tn dn E|g`kig# Lj|mj÷g y cj{ Rgï{n{ Lghj{ j|in`tgcn{. Fgkig nc 74>2# nc djoiìj {n÷j|igc

k~ctiugdj rj| og`j dn jl|g {n|uic n|g ~` g`gk|jì{oj n` E|g`kig# I`mcgtn||g# Gcnogìg jkkidn`tgc# Itgcig dnc@j|tn y cg ogyj| rg|tn dn N{rg÷g.

QRçm. <7>_

[NM^@DG RG\TN

II. N^\JRG J\IN@TGC

QRçm. <7=_

7. GC N[TN DNC NCLG

Gc jt|j cgdj dnc Nclg# nc |n{~ctgdj nkj`ûoikj dn cg m|g` k|i{i{ e~n digont|gcon`tn jr~n{tj. N{ r|nki{j ujcun|gfj|g g cg fi{tj|ig dn cg{ ug{tg{ |nmij`n{ {it~gdg{ gc n{tn dnc kj|gxû` dnc en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj# oç{ gccç dn cg cï`ngdnc Dg`~lij# y g cg dien|n`tn `gt~|gcnxg dn cg{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ w~n gccï {n fglïg` dn{g||jccgdj 7. Rg|g`~n{t|j{ r|jrû{itj{# cg kg|gktn|ï{tikg oç{ e~`dgon`tgc dn cg m|g` ccg`~|g w~n {n nvtin`dn dn{dn nc Nclg fg{tg ncDj` r~ndn dneiì|{n kjoj cg g~{n`kig rn|og`n`tn dn gw~nccg n{rnkïeikg {ï`tn{i{ jkkidn`tgc n`t|n ~` ojdj dnr|jd~kkiû` t|ilgc/kjo~`gc n` r|jkn{j dn dn{i`tnm|gkiû`# lg{gdj n` ~`g gm|ik~ct~|g r|ioitiug y djoi`gdj rj||~dion`tg|ig{ g|i{tjk|gkig{ m~n||n|g{ y ~` ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg n` uïg{ dn di{jc~kiû`# kj` ~`g gorcigkiuicixgkiû` ~|lg`g lg{gdg n` nc i`tn|kgolij on|kg`tic y n` ~` {i{tnog iorn|igc dn N{tgdj. Gc jt|j cgdj dn cgcï`ng dnc cion{ e|g`kj `j f~lj ì`m~`g e~{iû` n{t|~kt~|gc dn ej|og{ fi{tû|ikg{ di{rg|n{ w~n r~ndg kjorg|g|{n gcg w~n t~uj c~mg| n` Jkkidn`tn.

N{tn fnkfj k|~kigc e~n nc dntn|oi`g`tn fi{tû|ikj lç{ikj dnc dn{g||jccj dn{im~gc dn N~|jrg y dnc rn|{i{tn`tngt|g{j dnc n{tn. Cg{ iòn`{g{ y gt|g{gdg{ |nmij`n{ {it~gdg{ oç{ gccç dn cj{ Kç|rgtj{ {inor|n fglïg` w~ndgdje~n|g dn cj{ cioitn{ dn cg G`timóndgd. Cg kiuicixgkiû` m|inmg fglïg {gcrikgdj nc citj|gc dnc og| @nm|j dn kjcjìg{di{rn|{g{ n` N{kitig. Rn|j n{tg{ tn`~n{ gug`xgdiccg{ og|ïtiog{ `~`kg ccnmg|j` g rn`nt|g| n` nc i`tn|ij| dnc Rj`tjy e~n|j` ei`gcon`tn nvr~c{gdg{ rj| cg jk~rgkiû` {ç|ogtg dn cg{ n{tnrg{ dnc {~| dn \~{ig# dnhg`dj {ûcj t|g{ dn {ïgcm~`j{ |n{tj{ g|w~njcûmikj{<. Cg kiuicixgkiû` |jog`g |ngcixû cg

7 Gc {~| dnc Dg`~lij# cg rn`ï`{~cg Lgckçìkg ej|oglg ~`g |nmiû` di{ti`tg# grg|tgdg dnc |n{tj dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc rj| {~ i`tnm|gkiû` n` ncIorn|ij lixg`ti`j8 [~ dien|n`tn dn{ti`j {n n{t~dig|ç n` ~` rj{tn|ij| g`çci{i{ dn cg N~|jrg {~dj|in`tgc.< \j{tjut{nu# n` {~ r|ion|g jl|g iorj|tg`tn# {~l|gyglg w~n cg{ ièc~n`kig{ j|in`tgcn{ {inor|n e~n|j` oç{ `jtglcn{ w~n cg{ m|inmg{ n` nc{~| dn \~{ig# w~n `~`kg e~n fncnìxgdj dn ej|og d~|gdn|g8 I|gìg`{ g`d M|nna{ i` [j~tf \~{{ig# Jvej|d# 79<<# rr. UIII/IV# Rg|g ~`n{t~dij oj/

QRçm. <76_

72= * 7>2



fgxg÷g dnki{iug dn kj`w~i{tg| y kjcjìxg| cg ogyj| rg|tn dnc kj`ti`n`tn dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc# rn|j n{tgior|n{ij`g`tn nvrg`{iû` mnjm|çeikg dn cg{ n{t|~kt~|g{ dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg `~`kg {n |nritiû kj` ~`gr|je~`didgd kjorg|glcn n` N~|jrg j|in`tgc. Cg g`nviû` dn Dgkig rj| T|ghg`j |nr|n{n`tû nc øìkj gug`kn{imìeikgtiuj n` nc i`tn|ij| dn n{tn kj`ti`n`tn8 gug`kn ojdn{tj y r|j`tj glg`dj`gdj. Nc i`tn|ij| j|in`tgc `~`kgw~ndû i`tnm|gdj n` nc {i{tnog iorn|igc |jog`j; y ì {iw~in|g rj{nyû cj{ kj`tgktj{ oicitg|n{ y nkj`ûoikj{ kj`nc Iorn|ij w~n {inor|n og`t~uj Mn|ogìg g~` {i` rn|tn`nkn| g éc. Cg ièc~n`kig dircjoçtikg# kjon|kigc yk~ct~|gc dn \jog {im~iû {in`dj r|je~`dg n` Mn|ogìg dn{r~é{ dn cg nugk~gkiû` dn cg{ cnmij`n{# y nckj`jkioin`tj w~n cj{ |jog`j{ tn`ïg` dn nccg# ï`tioj y nvgktj. @i`m~`g |ncgkiû` dn n{tn tirj nvi{tiû `~`kg n`t|nnc Iorn|ij y cj{ tn||itj|ij{ lç|lg|j{ dnc n{tn. Tçkitj# gdoi|glcnon`tn ièj|ogdj gkn|kg dn cg n{t|~kt~|g {jkigc ycg nt`jm|çeikg mn|oçìkg{# `j tn`ïg r|çktikgon`tn idng dn cj{ r~nlcj{ {it~gdj{ oç{ gccç. Fgkig nc n{tn# nc n{rgkijn{tglg n` lcg`kj# n|g oïtikj8 kntn|g igo egl~cj{g4.

dn|`j dn cg{ kjcjìg{ dnc og| @nm|j# uég{n H. Ljg|dog`# Tfn M|nna{ jun|{ng{ # Cj`d|n{# 7954# rr. <4>/=6.; Fgy w~n {n÷gcg| w~n Dgkig ej|oglg ~` {gcin`tn gi{cgdj# {it~gdj kjoj ~`g k~÷g u~c`n|glcn e~n|g dn cg cï`ng dn cg{ e|j`tn|g{ iorn|igcn{n` di|nkkiû` g cg{ gctircgìkin{ t|g`{icug`g{# y w~n `j {n |ngcixû ì`mø` i`tn`tj dn jk~rg| cj{ n{rgkij{ ugkïj{ ej|ogdj{ rj| cg{ ccg`~|g{fgkig Rg`jìg n` nc jn{tn y fgkig Ugcgw~ig n` nc n{tn. N{ rj{ilcn w~n cg |n`~`kig |jog`g g rn`nt|g| oç{ r|je~`dgon`tn n` nc i`tn|ij| dnN~|jrg j|in`tgc n{t~uin|g |ncgkij`gdg kj` cg egctg dn gkkn{j `gugc g cg |nmiû`# kjorg|gdg kj` nc nvtn`{j citj|gc dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc# ydn gfï w~n r~ndg kj`{idn|g|{n kjoj ~` |n{~ctgdj dn cg n{t|~kt~|g i`t|ï`{nkg dn cg kiuicixgkiû` kcç{ikg. W~ixç {ng {imìeikgtiuj w~nG~m~{tj y Tiln|ij rn`{g|g`# gc rg|nkn|# n` ~`g nvrg`{iû` n{t|gtémikg dnc rjdn|ïj |jog`j n` N~|jrg kn`t|gc dn{dn nc Lçctikj fg{tg

Ljfnoig# yg w~n n{tg cï`ng rn|oitïg rjtn`kigcon`tn ~` ojuioin tj dn ri`xg dn{dn nc `j|tn y nc {~|# ~ticixg`dj nvrndikij`n{ gèilig{ rj|nc og| dnc @j|tn y cj{ |ïj{ mn|og`j{# dnc oi{oj tirj w~n cg{ di|imidg{ rj| D|~{j y Mn|oçìkj. Cg e~`dgon`tgc kgorg÷g dn Ljfnoigdnc g÷j 5 d. K. {n lg{û tgc unx n` cg r|jynktgdg ~ìû` dnc nhé|kitj dn Tiln|ij# gug`xg`dj dn{dn nc Icï|ikj# kj` ~` {nm~`dj nhé|kitj w~n{~lin|g rj| nc Nclg8 ]ncc{# Tfn Mn|og` rjciky je G~m~{t~{ # r. 752. Cg{ tin||g{ i`tn|ij|n{ dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc {it~gdg{ oç{ gccç dnc Nclg `jje|nkïg` nc oi{oj tirj dn gkkn{j. Dn fnkfj# i`kc~{j cg gl{j|kiû` dn Ljfnoig {n |nuncû nor|n{g nvkn{iug rg|g cg{ e~n|xg{ |jog`g{. Jt|g|gxû` dnc e|gkg{j dnc Iorn|ij rg|g nvtn`dn|{n rj| cg{ |nmij`n{ {it~gdg{ oç{ gc n{tn r~ndn fgln| {idj nc kg|çktn| n{tnrg|ij dn Hg ogyj|rg|tn dnc tn||n`j# fglitgdj j|ogcon`tn rj| ûogdg{ {ç|ogtg{ &og|kj gt~|gc w~n {n n{t~dig oç{ gdncg`tn).4 W~jd nmj ~t i`kjorn|t~o i` ondij |nci`w~go8 ¡nc |n{tj {j` cnyn`/

QRçm. <79_

@j n{# rj| tg tj# gkkidn`tgc w~n tjdguïg fjy {n kj`jxkg o~y rjkj gkn|kg dn cg{ oim|gkij`n{ y cj{dn{rcgxgoin`tj{ t|ilgcn{ n` N~|jrg j|in`tgc g r|i`kirij{ dn cg n|g k|i{tig`g# g~`w~n e~n|g` dn ~`g n`j|on

ogmìt~d. N{ nuidn`tn w~n cg{ m|g`dn{ ccg`~|g{ gc `j|tn dnc Dg`~lij —w~n e~n|j` nc c~mg| dn |n{idn`kig dn cj{j{t|jmjdj{# ui{imjdj{ y uç`dgcj{— w~ndg|j` rg|kigcon`tn ugkïg{ rj| cg{ Uõcan|}g`dn|~`mn` dn cg{ t|il~{mn|oçìkg{ fgkig Mgcig# Itgcig# Fi{rgìg y Çe|ikg dnc @j|tn d~|g`tn nc {imcj U. Nenktiugon`tn# n`tj`kn{ t~ujc~mg| ~`g og|kfg mn`n|gc dn cg{ rjlcgkij`n{ mn|oçìkg{ fgkig nc jn{tn y nc {~|# w~n dnhg|j` cil|n nc tn||n`j rg|gnc gug`kn dn jt|j m|~rj étìkj dn r~nlcj{ t|ilgcn{ y gm|ïkjcg{ w~n uiìn|j` dnt|ç{. Cj{ n{cguj{ n|g` j|imi`g|ij{r|jlglcnon`tn dn cg |nmiû` dnc Dìérn|/R|irntL~m y kjon`xg|j` g nvtn`dn|{n rj| nc ugkïj dnhgdj rj| cj{mn|og`j{ n` nc n{tn g rg|ti| dn cj{ {imcj{ U y UI >.

N` {~{ |nojtj{ c~mg|n{ dn j|imn` dnliû dn r|jd~ki|{n ~` m|g` g~mn dnojm|çeikj w~n nvrciw~n nc kg|çktn|mimg`tn{kj dn n{tn ojuioin`tj. Fgkig ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj UI# cg{ t|il~{ n{cgug{ fglïg` jk~rgdj r|çktikgon`tn tjdgcg iòn`{g nvtn`{iû` w~n ug dn{dn nc Lçctikj gc Nmnj y# rj| gt|ç{# fg{tg nc Ujcmg. Nc |itoj y cg di{t|il~kiû`nvgktj{ dn n{tg{ oim|gkij`n{ {j` tjdguïg j{k~|j{# rn|j {~ |nrn|k~{iû` {jkigc mn`n|gc n` cj{ {imcj{ rj{tn|ij|n{ n{#{i` nolg|mj# lg{tg`tn kcg|g5. Cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ gm|ïkjcg{ n{cgug{ nujc~kij`g|j` cn`tgon`tn fgkig ~`g n{t|~kt~|gi`tn|`g oç{ dien|n kigdg# {im~in dj nc oi{oj kgoi j yg g`tn|ij|on tn tjogdj rj| cj{ mn|og`j{. Cgj|mgìxgkiû` t|ilgc dij rg{j g ~` {i{tnog `~kcng| dn gcdng{# w~n gm|~rglg` g egoicig{ g{jkigdg{ n`t|n {ï# kj` ~`gr|jrindgd k|nkin`tnon`tn i`diuid~gcixgdg. Cg{ g|i{tjk|gkig{ m~n||n|g{ kj` m|g`dn{ rj{n{ij`n{ r|jd~hn|j`# n`r|ion| c~mg|# ~`g{ hnegt~|g{ oicitg|n{ w~n di{rj`ïg` øìkgon`tn dn nvknrkij`gcn{ rjdn|n{ t|ilgcn{ y# dn{r~é{#~`j{ r|ï`kirn{ oç{ n{tglcn{ y kj` g~tj|idgd {jl|n kjèndn|gkij`n{ oç{ gorcig{. Cj{ {éw~itj{ j m~g|dig dnkj|r{ dn n{tj{ cïdn|n{ kj`{tit~yn|j` n` tjdg{ rg|tn{ nc nol|iû` dn ~`g

dg{# w~n yj glg`dj`j rj| `j n{tg| kjor|jlgdg{±# øctiog{ rgcgl|g{ kj` cg{ w~n Tçkitj i`tn||~orn l|~{kgon`tn {~ Mn|ogìg.> E. Duj|ìa# Tfn [cgu{ # Tfni| ng|cy fi{tj|y g`d kiuicixgtij`# Lj{tj`# 79>5# rr. ;/4># w~n tin`dn g cjkgcixg| cg k~`g dn cj{ n{cguj{ gcmj oç{fgkig nc jn{tn# n`t|n nc Uï{t~cg y nc Jdn|1 y C. O~{{nt# Cn{ iùg{ij`{8 cn {nkj`d g{{g~t kj`t|n c’N~|jrn kf|étin``n &UII/IV n {iækcn{)# rr. =>/9# w~n gei|og8 ¡N{tn iòn`{j gug`kn {n rg|nkn oç{ g ~`g i`~`dgkiû` dn tin||g{ ugkïg{ w~n g ~`g kj`w~i{tg± &r. 67).5 Rg|g ~` n{ljxj tïrikj# un| [. F. K|j{{# [cguik kiuicixgtij` tf|j~mf tfn gmn{ # rr. 7=/6.

QRçm. <<2_

726 * 7>2



kcg{n di|imn`tn y tn||gtnìn`tn w~n djoi`glg g ~` kgorn{i`gdj `j {n|uic. N` n{tn g{rnktj# cg d|~Űi`g |~{g e~nn{n`kigcon`tn {nonhg`tn gc Mnejcm{kfget mn|oçìkj j gc fi|df n{kg`di`guj# g rn{g| dn cg{ ug|igkij`n{ cjkgcn{w~n nvi{tïg` dn`t|j y n`t|n nccj{=. Cg n{kcguit~d g lg{n dé r|i{ij`n|j{ dn m~n||g e~n tgolié` g on`~dj jt|gkg|gktn|ï{tikg dn n{tg{ |~dion`tg|ig{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{# w~n r|jrj|kij`glg k|igdj{ djoé{tikj{ y t|glghgdj|n{dnc kgorj g cg `jlcnxg dn kcg`n{# g`tn cg g~{n`kig dn ~`g kcg{n {jkigc dn {in|uj{. Cg{ i`{tit~kij`n{ rjcïtikg{kjo~`gcn{# kj` g{golcng{ j t|il~`gcn{ rjr~cg|n{# {jl|nuiuin|j` kj` e|nk~n`kig fg{tg kjnvi{ti| kj` ~`ghn|g|w~ïg {jkigc fn|nditg|ig. Cg gm|ik~ct~|g {n og`t~uj n` ~` ìunc nvt|nogdgon`tn r|ioitiuj# r|ndjoi`g`djd~|g`tn cg|mj tinorj cg{ tékìkg{ dn |jxg{ rj| e~nmj n` ondij dn lj{w~n{ {i` ei`. N` cj{ r|ion|j{ ojon`tj{f~lj rjkj dn{g||jccj ~|lg`j. N` jt|g{ rgcgl|g{# cg nujc~kiû` dn cj{ r~nlcj{ n{cguj{ n` nc n{tn e~n ~`g|nr|jd~kkiû`# oç{ j on`j{ einc# dn cg nujc~kiû` dn cj{ r~nlcj{ mn|oçìkj{ w~n cj{ fglïg` r|nkndidj# g`tn{ dn{~ i||~rkiû` n` nc Iorn|ij |jog`j y dn cg g{ioicgkiû` dn cg kiuicixgkiû` o~kfj oç{ gug`xgdg dn é{tn# n` ~`gdi{jc~kiû` kgtg{t|ûeikg dn {~{ g`tn|ij|n{ y |n{rnktiuj{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû`. N{tg nujc~kiû`# lcjw~ngdg rj| `j|nkili| ¡gy~dg{±# {~l|gyg cg ior|n{k|irtilcn iorj|tg`kig dn cg G`timóndgd n` cg ej|ogkiû` dnc en~dgci{ojjkkidn`tgc.

= E|g`ti{na M|g~{# ¡Dn~t{kfn ~`d [cg}i{kfn Un|eg{{~`m{mn{kfikftn±# Fi{tj|i{kfn Xnit{kf|iet # KVCUII# 795;# rr. ;2=/7<.

QRçm. <<7_

<. NC E\N@J @ÛOGDG

Gc oi{oj tinorj# cg cn`tg nujc~kiû` dn cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ gm|ïkjcg{ n{cgug{ dnc n{tn fgkig ~`j{ {i{tnog{ n{tglcn{dn N{tgdj {n uij |nrntidgon`tn i`tn||~oridg y fnkfg rndgxj{ rj| cg{ {~kn{iug{ jcngdg{ dn iùg{ij`n{ `ûogdg{r|jkndn`tn{ dnc G{ig kn`t|gc w~n# g rg|ti| dn cg Ndgd J{k~|g# {n nvtn`din|j` rj| tjdg N~|jrg# ccnmg`dj kjè|nk~n`kig fg{tg cg{ oi{og{ e|j`tn|g{ dn Jkkidn`tn. N{tg{ iùg{ij`n{# w~n nhn|kin|j` ~` ièc~hj e~`dgon`tgc n`cg fi{tj|ig dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc# e~n|j` nc r|nkij w~n t~uj w~n rgmg| cg mnjm|geïg dn cg |nmiû`. N{tg xj`g# n`nenktj# `j {ûcj n|g tn||itj|igcon`tn gdygkn`tn g cg{ e|j`tn|g{ g{içtikg{ dnc rg{tj|nj `ûogdg y t~uj w~n {jrj|tg|#rj| tg`tj# nc rn{j dn cj{ gtgw~n{ oicitg|n{ `ûogdg{ kj`t|g N~|jrg —dn cj{ w~n Jkkidn`tn {n uij cil|n rj| {~i`tn|ondij—# {i`j w~n n` {~ ogyj| rg|tn kjorg|tïg tgolié` ~`g {ioicit~d tjrjm|çeikg kj` cg{ n{tnrg{ g{içtikg{#dn cg{ w~n {gcïg` g |g~dgcn{ rn|iûdikgon`tn cj{ r~nlcj{ `ûogdg{. Dn{dn cg{ kj{tg{ dnc og| @nm|j fg{tg cj{

lj{w~n{ gc `j|tn dnc Dìérn| y dn{dn nc Dj` fg{tg nc Dg`~lij# ~`g gorcig e|g`hg dn tin||g w~n i`kc~ïg cg ogyj|rg|tn dn cg ojdn|`g ^k|gìg y K|iong y w~n {n i`t|jd~kïg n` \~og`ïg y# F~`m|ïg ej|oglg ~`g ccg`g r|gdn|gn~|jrng# `gt~|gcon`tn i`kci`gdg gc rg{tj|nj# w~n# gc {n| on`j{ ç|idg w~n cg n{tnrg g{içtikg# rn|oitïg tgolié`~`g gm|ik~ct~|g {ndn`tg|ig7. N{tg xj`g ej|oglg nc nvtn`{j kj||ndj| rû`tikj rj| nc w~n cg{ kjèndn|gkij`n{`ûogdg{ {n cg`xg|j` ~`g y jt|g unx rg|g {gw~ng| y kj`w~i{tg| g cg{ {jkindgdn{ gm|ïkjcg{ g{n`tgdg{ oç{ gccç ydnc w~n nccg{ oi{og{ {n kjùi|tin|j` n` d~n÷j{ n` ~`g {~kn{iû` kgcnidj{kûrikg. Nc dn{g||jccj dn ~`g gm|ik~ct~|gn{tglcn n`t|n cj{ lj{w~n{ dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc {n uij {inor|n dieik~ctgdj rj| cg i`t|jd~kkiû` n` nccj{ dn cg k~÷gdn tin||g {noin{tnrg|ig dnc G{ig y rj| cj{ dn{t|~ktj|n{ gtgw~n{ w~n |ngcixg|j` cj{ `ûogdg{.

7 Rg|g cg dn{k|irkiû` y nc n{t~dij dn cg{ r|gdn|g{ rû`tikg{# uég{n D. Jljcn`{ay# Tfn Lyxg`ti`n Kjooj`}ngctf# Cj`d|n{# 79=7# rr. ;4/=1]. F. Ok@nicc# N~|jrn’{ {tnrrn e|j`tin| 7>22/7622# Kfikgmj# 7954# rr. </9.

QRçm. <<<_

Cg r|ion|g y oç{ kécnl|n dn n{tg{ {gk~didg{ e~n nc n{rnc~x`g`tn gug`kn dn cj{ f~`j{# w~n r~{j n` og|kfg cgkgïdg dnc oi{oj Iorn|ij |jog`j n` nc {imcj U# gc gmitg| g tjdj nc o~`dj mn|oçìkj. Oin`t|g{ cg{ t|il~{tn~tûìkg{ f~ïg` n` og{g# di|imié`dj{n fgkig cg{ e|j`tn|g{ iorn|igcn{# éc hnen f~`j Gticg n{tglcnkïg ~` |ni`jdnr|ndgdj| gc jt|j cgdj dnc Dg`~lij dn{dn nc w~n {gw~nglg g tjdg N~|jrg kn`t|gc. Oç{ tg|dn# n` nc {imcj UI# cj{çug|j{ {gw~ng|j` n` {~ gug`kn tjdj nc n{tn# n{tglcnkin`dj {~ djoiìj {jl|n cg{ rjlcgkij`n{ cjkgcn{ n{cgug{. N`nc {imcj UII# cg kglgccn|ïg løcmg|g e~n nc gxjtn dn cg{ ccg`~|g{ rg`jìg{ y t|g{dg`~lig`g{. N` cj{ {imcj{ IV y Ve~n|j` cj{ `ûogdg{ ogmig|n{ w~in`n{ g{jcg|j` m|g`dn{ |nmij`n{ dn{dn {~{ |nd~ktj{ dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc. N` cj{{imcj{ VI y VII# cj{ rnkfn`nmj{ y cj{ k~og`j{ riccg|j` {~kn{iugon`tn ^k|gìg# cj{ Lgckg`n{ y cj{ Kç|rgtj{. Rj|øctioj# n` nc {imcj VIII# cj{ nhé|kitj{ oj`mjcn{ iùgdin|j` \~{ig# grcg{tg|j` cg |n{i{tn`kig w~n cn{ jr~{in|j`

rjcgkj{ y fø`mg|j{ y# dn{r~é{ dn iùn|`g| g cg{ r~n|tg{ dn Jkkidn`tn# |ntj|`g|j` g G{ig# {gw~ng`dj cj{Lgckg`n{ g {~ rg{j. N{tn g{gctj# nc øctioj y ogyj| dn tjdj{# dnhû cg f~nccg {jkigc y rjcïtikg oç{ rn|og`n`tn. CgFj|dg dn J|j# |gog t~|kg dn cg f~n{tn dn Mn`mi{ Hg` g{n`tgdg kn|kg dnc Kg{rij# og`t~uj {jl|n \~{ig ~` y~mj

729 * 7>2



t|il~tg|ij d~|g`tn kin`tj ki`k~n`tg g÷j{.

Cg rg~tg y cg e|nk~n`kig dn n{tg{ iùg{ij`n{ cg{ kjùi|tiû# r~n{# n` ~`g dn cg{ kjj|dn`gdg{ lç{ikg{ dn cgej|ogkiû` dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc. [i cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cg fi{tj|ig dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc r~ndn dneiì|{n# n` r|ion|gi`{tg`kig# rj| cg g~{n`kig dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg# {n dien|n`kiû dn cg fi{tj|ig dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc# n` {nm~`dgi`{tg`kig# rj| cg r|n{iû` dnc rg{tj|nj `ûogdg. Cg r|ion|g fi{tj|ig dnc en~dgci{oj jkkidn`tgc n{ cg fi{tj|ig dn~`g {ï`tn{i{ n`t|n cj{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû` r|ioitiuj/kjo~`gc y n{kcgui{tg n` r|jkn{j dn di{jc~kiû`# n{tj n{#n`t|n ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ lg{gdg{ n` nc kgorj y cg ki~dgd. Cg r|ion|g fi{tj|ig dnc en~dgci{oj j|in`tgc n{ n`kin|tj{ g{rnktj{ cg fi{tj|ig dn cg iorj{ilicidgd dn ~`g {ï`tn{i{ {nonhg`tn n`t|n ~`g {jkindgd gm|ïkjcg {ndn`tg|igy ~`g {jkindgd rg{tj|ic dnr|ndgdj|g# n{tj n{# n`t|n cj{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû` dnc kgorj y cg n{tnrg.Nuidn`tnon`tn# `j fgy w~n nvgmn|g| nc iorgktj dn cg{ iùg{ij`n{ `ûogdg{# rn|j n{tç kcg|j w~n |nt|g{g|j`{n`{ilcnon`tn cg nujc~kiû` i`tn|`g dn cg{ {jkindgdn{ gm|ïkjcg{ dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc. Rg|g fgkn| oç{ nuidn`tn nckg|çktn| dn n{tn iorgktj# {j` r|nki{j{ gcm~`j{ kjon`tg|ij{ {jl|n cg{ rg|tik~cg|idgdn{ dn cg j|mgìxgkiû`nkj`ûoikg y {jkigc dn cj{ `ûogdg{# rj|w~n nc rg{tj|nj `ûogdg |nr|n{n`tg ~` ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`

QRçm. <<;_

dien|n`tn# kj` {~ di`çoikg# {~{ cïoitn{ y {~{ kj`t|gdikkij`n{# w~n `j dnln` kjè~`di|{n kj` cj{ dn cg gm|ik~ct~|g

t|ilgc j en~dgc. Fi{tû|ikgon`tn# djoi`û cg{ xj`g{ cioït|jen{ dn G{ig kj` N~|jrg d~|g`tn cg{ Ndgdn{ J{k~|g yOndig# dnog|kg`dj cg{ e|j`tn|g{ nvtn|ij|n{ dnc kj`ti`n`tn. N{tn `jogdi{oj `j kj`{tit~yû {iorcnon`tn ~`gej|og r|ioj|digc dn nkj`joïg# oç{ tnor|g`g y oç{ tj{kg w~n cg dn cg gm|ik~ct~|g kgorn{i`g {ndn`tg|ig.Tirjcûmikgon`tn e~n w~ixç ~`g nujc~kiû` rj{tn|ij| n` gw~nccg{ |nmij`n{ ç|idg{ y {noiç|idg{ n` cg{ w~n`j|ogcon tn {n dn{g||jccû<. N` |ngcidgd# cg rg|gdjhg dnc rg{tj|nû `ûogdg e~n w~n n` kin|tj {n`tidj |nr|n{n`tû~`g nvrcjtgkiû` dnc o~`dj `gt~|gc oç{ n{rnkigcixgdg y k~gcieikgdg w~n cg gm|ik~ct~|g r|nen~dgc# g~`w~n {~{cïoitn{ e~n{n` tgolié` oç{ n{t|nkfj{. E~n ~`g uïg dn dn{g||jccj w~n {n dn{mghû dnc r|ioitiuj k~ctiuj gm|ïkjcg y|ngcixû ~`j{ ior|n{ij`g`tn{ r|jm|n{j{ iìkigcn{# rn|j ei`gcon`tn {n ontiû n` ~` kgccnhû` {i` {gcidg# oin`t|g{ w~ncg gm|ik~ct~|g kgorn{i g |nuncû cn`tgon`tn {~ rjtn kigc# o~y {~rn|ij| rg|g nc gug`kn {jkigc y ték ikjgk~o~cgtiuj. [i` nolg|mj# n` nc rn|ïjdj i`tn|ondij# cg{ {jkindgdn{ `ûogdg{ rj{nyn|j` e|nk~n`tnon`tn ~`ge~`dgon`tgc {~rn|ij|idgd rjcïtikg {jl|n cg{ {jkindgdn{ {ndn`tg|ig{ n` k~g`tj g j|mgìxgkiû` y nhn|kikij dnc

rjdn|# k~g`dj golg{ n`t|g|j` n` kj eciktj. N{tg {~rn|ij|idgd# g {~ unx# tn ïg ~`j{ cïoitn{ |ïmidj{ ykj`t|gdiktj|ij{. Rj| cg oi{og cûmikg dn {~ ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` y dn {~ e~n|xg oicitg|# cj{ rg{tj|n{ t~|kj{ yoj`mjcn{ dn n{tg érjkg {inor|n e~n|j` {~rn|gdj{ n` `øon|j rj| cg{ rjlcgkij`n{ gm|ïkjcg{ n{cgug{# g cg{ w~ndjoi`g|j`# y {~ djoiìj e~n `j|ogcon`tn neïon|j# nvknrtj k~g`dj {n nhn|kiû kn|kg dn {~{ c~mg|n{ dn j|imn`.

Cg{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ `ûogdg{ {n dneiìn|j` rj| nc kg|çktn| oûuic dn {~{ ondij{ lç{ikj{ dn r|jd~kkiû`8 cj{|nlg÷j{# y `j cg tin||g# kj`{tit~yn|j` {inor|n cg |iw~nxg e~`dgon`tgc dnc rg{tj|nj t|g{f~og`tn y g|tik~cg|j` cg`gt~|gcnxg dn {~ {i{tnog dn r|jrindgd;. Cg{ {jkindgdn{ `ûogdg{ kjoli`g|j`#

< J}n` Cgttioj|n# I``n| G{ig` e|j`tin|{ je Kfi`g# @~nug Yj|a. 79>7# rçmi`g{ 57/># ;57/>1 @jog`d{ g`d kjooi{{g|{ # @~nug Yj|a#795<# rr. ;4/>.; N{tg rj{t~|g lç{ikg e~n og`tnìdg rj| [. N. Tjcilnaju n` {~ iorj|tg`tn n`{gyj# ¡J Rgt|ig|hgc’`j/Enjdgc’ìh Jt`j{fnìigh ^ Ajkfnuih@g|jdju±# Ujr|j{i I{tj|ii # n`n|j dn 79>># `øo. 7# r. ==# n` kj`t|grj{ikiû` g jt|j{ n{rnkigci{tg{ {juiétikj{ w~n rg|tikirg|j` n` ~`g

di{k~{iû` gkn|kg dnc `jogdi{oj n` cg{ rçmi`g{ dn cg oi{og |nui{tg# iìkigdg rj| nc g|tïk~cj dn C. R. Rjtgrju# ¡J [~{fkf`j{tiRgt|ig|hgc’`j/Enjdgc’ìh Jt`j{fn`ïgh ^ Ajkfnuih @g|jdju [|nd`ni Gxii i Agxgh{tg`g±# Ujr|j{i I{tj|ii # h~ìj dn 79>4# `øo. 5# rr. =;/69.Nc |n{tj dn cj{ rg|tikirg`tn{ —C. R. Rjtgrju# M. R. Lg{fg|i`# I. Yg. Xcgtai`# O. O. Nen`dinu# G. I. Rn|{fit{#

QRçm. <<4_

r~n{# dn ej|og kg|gktn|ï{tikg cg r|jrindgd i`diuid~gc dnc mg`gdj kj` cg gr|jrigkiû` kjcnktiug dn cg tin||g. Cj{gìogcn{ rn|tn`nkïg` g cg{ egoicig{ oin`t|g{ w~n {~{ rg{tj{ n|g` ~{~e|~ktj dn cj{ kcg`n{ j t|il~{ gm`gtikig{. Cgr|jrindgd dn cg tin||g `j {ûcj n|g kjcnktiug# {i`j w~n# gdnoç{# `j n|g ~`g rj{n{iû` eihg# g dien|n`kig dn ~`g{jkindgd gm|ïkjcg n` w~n cg tin||g n{ jlhntj dn jk~rgkiû` y k~ctiuj rn|og`n`tn{# rj|w~n nc rg{tj|nj `ûogdgn`t|g÷glg r|nki{gon`tn ~` t|g{cgdj kj`{tg`tn dn |nlg÷j{ y og`gdg{ dn ~`j{ rg{tj{ g jt|j{ n` ~` kjorcikgdjkikcj n{tgkij`gc. N` rgcgl|g{ dn Og|v# ¡n` t|il~{ rg{tj|g{ `ûogdg{ cg tin||g# gc im~gc w~n cg{ jt|g{ kj`dikij`n{

`gt~|gcn{# grg|nkn kj` ~` kg|çktn| icioitgdj ncnon`tgc# rj| nhnorcj n` cg{ n{tnrg{ y gctircgìkin{ g{içtikg{. [n cg~ticixg rg|g rg{tghn# ntkétn|g# n{ kj`{~oidg rj| cj{ |nlg÷j{# w~n g {~ unx {j` lg{n dn cg nvi{tn`kig dn cj{ r~nlcj{rg{tj|n{. [n kjorj|tg` kj` cg tin||g kjoj kj` {~ r|jrindgd# g~` k~g`dj `~`kg eihg` n{g r|jrindgd Q..._ N` n{tn

772 * 7>2



kg{j# dn cj w~n fgy gr|jrigkiû` y |nr|jd~kkiû` n{ dn fnkfj dnc |nlg÷j y `j dn cg tin||g# cg w~n# `j jl{tg`tn# n{{inor|n ~ticixgdg tnorj|g|igon`tn# n` ej|og kjcnktiug# n` cj{ r~`tj{ n` w~n {n fgkn gctj±4. Cg ¡r|jrindgd± dncg tin||g ‖{imìeikglg# r~n{# nc di{e|~tn dn ~`g kg÷gdg i`tn|oitn`tn y |nm~cgdg. [nmø` Cgttioj|n# ¡cg ‖r|jrindgd’dnki{iug n{ nc dn|nkfj g ojun|{n# `j nc dn|nkfj g gkgorg|±>. Cg t|g{f~og`kig e~n ~` {i{tnog dn ~{j kïkcikj y`j dn djoiìj gl{jc~tj. Cg dien|n`kigkiû` {jkigc rjdïg r|jm|n{g|# r~n{# |çridgon`tn dn`t|j

[. X. Xiog`ju— {j{t~uin|j` w~n cg tin||g# y `j{ cj{ |nlg÷j{# kj`{tit~ïg nc ondij e~`dgon`tgc dn r|jd~kkiû` dn cg{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{

`ûogdg{# y n{tg rj{t~|g e~n {g`kij gdg rj| ~`g i`tn|un`kiû` nditj|igc gc ei`gc dnc dnlgtn &Ujr|j{i I{tj|ii # n`n|j dn 79>5# `øo. 7# r. ==).Nc dn{gk~n|dj t~uj c~mg| dn`t|j dn ~` kj`{n`{j mn`n|gc dn w~n cg{ {jkindgdn{ `ûogdg{ n|g` n` n{n`kig ¡en~dgcn{±# g~`w~n kj` ~`gonxkcg dn un{timij{ ¡rgt|ig|kgcn{±1 dn gfï cg `jkiû` dn ¡en~dgci{oj rgt|ig|kgc± rg|g dn{im`g| cg{ n{t|~kt~|g{ {jkigcn{ `ûogdg{. Tjcilnajue~n gk~{gdj rj| {~{ kjcnmg{ dn fgln| dnlicitgdj i`dnlidgon`tn cg e~n|xg dn n{tg kcg{ieikgkiû` gc {~l|gyg| cg{ diun|mn`kig{ n`t|n cj{ tirj{dn r|jrindgd `ûogdg y {n÷j|igc. N` |ngcidgd# nc `jogdi{oj |nr|n{n`tg nuidn`tnon`tn ~` ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` kjorcntgon`tn di{ti`tj#w~n `j r~ndn g{ioicg|{n gc en~dgci{oj gm|ïkjcg# kjoj Cgttioj|n fg og`tnìdj kj` gkin|tj dn{dn fgkn tinorj8 I``n| G{ig` e|j`tin|{ je Kfi`g# rr. 55 {{. N{tç lg{tg`tn kcg|j w~n nc r|jrij Og|v k|nïg w~n nc rg{tj|nj `ûogdg kj`{tit~ïg ~` ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` dien|n`tn#kjoj r~ndn gr|nkig|{n n` {~{ kjon`tg|ij{ {jl|n cg{ {jkindgdn{ dn rg{tj|n{ n` {~ I`t|jd~kkiû` dn 76>=8 M|~`d|i{{n dn| A|itia dn| rjciti{kfn` Õaj`join &Ni`cnit~`m)# rr. 79# <= QNcnon`tj{...# rr. 76# <6_. [i` nolg|mj# Og|v {n |nei|iû nw~iujkgdgon`tn g cj{ oj`mjcn{kjoj r~nlcj dndikgdj r|ioj|digcon`tn g cg mg`gdn|ïg.4 A. Og|v# R|n/kgritgci{t ej|ogtij`{ # rr. 66/9 QNcnon`tj{...# r. 4>7_.> Cgttioj|n# I``n| G{ig` e|j`tin|{ je Kfi`g# r. 55.

QRçm. <<>_dn cg{ {jkindgdn{ `ûogdg{ {i` |jorn| rj| nccj `nkn{g|igon`tn {~ ~ìdgd kiçìkg# rj|w~n cg |iw~nxg dn cgg|i{tjk|gkig rg{tj|ic n{tglg lg{gdg n` cg ogmìt~d dn {~{ |nlg÷j{ y r~dj {n| kjorgtilcn d~|g`tn o~kfj tinorjkj` ~` kikcj kjo~`gc dn oim|gkiû` y rg{tj|nj. I`kc~{j cj{ `ûogdg{ oç{ rjl|n{ rj{nïg` `j|ogcon`tn gcm~`j{gìogcn{# dn tgc ej|og w~n cg kcg{n `j r|jrintg|ig dn r|jd~ktj|n{ dnrn`din`tn{ n|g r|çktikgon`tn iorj{ilcn#g~`w~n cg{ egoicig{ `ûogdg{ dnc kjoø` dnlïg` diun|{g{ r|n{tgkij`n{ y {n|uikij{ g cj{ hnen{ y `jtglcn{ dn cj{kcg`n{. ^`g kj`{tg`tn c~kfg i`tn|`g rj| cg{ n{tnrg{ dn{noljkû tgolié` n` nc en`ûon`j dn cj{ kcg`n{ ui`k~cgdj{kjoj ¡{ølditj{± w~n noim|glg` h~`tj gc kcg` uiktj|ij{j dn{norn÷g`dj ~`g e~`kiû` {~lj|di`gdg 5# oin`t|g{ w~ncj{ kg~tiuj{ n` gkkij`n{ oicitg|n{ rjdïg` kjùn|ti|{n tgolié` n` n{kcguj{ djoé{tikj{# g~`w~n é{tj{ `~`kge~n|j` `~on|j{j{. Cg{ g{golcng{ dn cj{ kcg`n{ {n |n~`ïg` rg|g cg{ dnki{ij`n{ iorj|tg`tn{1 cg hnegt~|g t|ilgc n|gt|gdikij`gcon`tn {noincnktiug=. Nc n{t|gtj g|i{tûk|gtg kj`t|jcglg `j|ogcon`tn cg g{im`gkiû` dn cj{ rg{tj{ y cg

|nm~cgkiû` dn cg{ t|g{f~og`kig{6.

G{ï j|mgìxgdg{# cg{ {jkindgdn{ `ûogdg{ oj{t|g|j` ~`g `jtglcn fglicidgd n` cg ~ticixgkiû` dn {~ i`fû{ritjn`tj|`j. Nc kcg` tïrikj |n~`ïg ~`g onxkcg k~idgdj{gon`tn ug|igdg dn gìogcn{# n` cg w~n {n i`kc~ïg` kglgccj{#ugkg{# kgonccj{ y junhg{# {in`dj n{tg{ øctiog{ cg{ w~n r|jrj|kij`glg` cg r|i`kirgc ej|og {jkigc dn |iw~nxg. Nck~idgdj dn n{tj{ gìogcn{ nvimïg dien|n`tn{ dn{t|nxg{ y diun|{g{ kcg{n{ dn rg{tixgcn{. Gdnoç{# cj{ kjorcnhj{kikcj{ g`~gcn{ dn oim|gkiû` nvimïg` ~` kj`jkioin`tj nvgktj dn tjdg cg mgog dn tn||n`j{ dien|n`tn{ n` {~{|n{rnktiug{ n{tgkij`n{. Cg nvrcjtgkiû` r|çktikg dn n{tj{ ondij{ dn r|jd~kkiû` kjoli`gdj{ n`t|g÷glg ~` m|gdjncnugdj dn di{kirci`g

5 L. cg. Ucgdioi|t{ju# Jl{fkfn{tun`ìi [t|ji Oj`mjcju. Oj`mjc’{aii Ajkfnuji Enjdgcixo# Cn i`m|gdj# 79;4# rr. 54/>. Nc cil|j dnUcgdioi|t{ju {jl|n cj{ oj`mjcn{ e~n ~` n{t~dij rij`n|j n` n{tn kgorj# k~yj ièc~hj {jl|n cj{ iùn{timgdj|n{ {juiétikj{ n{ tjdguïg m|g`dn

n` cg gkt~gcidgd. Nc kjon`tg|ij nditj|igc dn Ujr|j{i I{tj|ii # dn 79>5# kitgdj g`tn{# cn |i`dn fjon`ghn# g~`w~n |nkfgxg cg `jkiû` dnUcgdioi|t{ju dn ~` en~dgci{oj `ûogdg n{rnkïeikj# di{ti`tj dnc en~dgci{oj dn cg{ {jkindgdn{ {ndn`tg|ig{ &jr. kit.# r. =>).= Ucgdioi|t{ju# Jl{fkfn{tun`ìi [tj|i Oj`mjcju# rr. =9/62.6 I. Ig. Xcgtai`# ¡A Ujr|j{~ j [~{fkf`j{ti Rgt|ig|hgc’`j/Enjdgc’ìh Jt`j{fnìi ~ Ajkfnuih @g|jdju±# Ujr|j{i I{tj|ii # gl|ic dn 79>># `øo.4# rçmi`g{ =6/9. Xcgtai` {~l|gyg w~n nc `ûogdg dnrn`din`tn —k~yg i`kidn`kig y m|gdj dn {~hnkiû` {jl|nn{tiog— n{tglg ui`k~cgdj g cgrn|{j`g dn {~ {n÷j| iti`n|g`tn# y `j g cg tin||g8 ¡N{tg{ |ncgkij`n{ {n `jogdixg|j`# rj| dnki|cj g{ï# h~`tj kj` nc `ûogdg± &r. 62).

QRçm. <<5_

kjcnktiug# ~`g |ngcixgkiû` kj`h~`tg dn cg{ tg|ng{ y ~`g ogn{t|ïg tékìkg. Rg|g rj`n| nc nhnorcj oç{ jluij8 ncdjoiìj `ûogdg dn cg nw~itgkiû` kjorj|tglg r|jlglcnon`tn ~` ìunc dn t|glghj k~gcieikgdj oç{ gctj w~nk~gcw~in| cglj| tékìkg n` cg gm|ik~ct~|g kgorn{i`g ondinugc. Gc oi{oj tinorj# {i` nolg|mj# nc ojdj dn

r|jd~kkiû` `ûogdg tn`ïg ~`j{ cïoitn{ nvt|nogdgon`tn |ïmidj{. Rg|g nornxg|# {ûcj rjdïg og`tn`n| g ~`grnw~n÷g og`j dn jl|g8 cj{ r~nlcj{ `ûogdg{ {inor|n n|g` gorcigon`tn {~rn|gdj{ n` `øon|j rj| {~{ |nlg÷j{#yg w~n cg r|jrj|kiû` n`t|n gìogcn{ y fjol|n{ `nkn{g|ig rg|g og`tn`n| cg t|g{f~og`kig n` cg{ n{tnrg{

777 * 7>2



{jkigcon`tn oç{ gug`xgdg{ w~n cg r|jrig {jkindgd `ûogdg w~n# rj| cj dnoç{# cg{ dnhglg i`tgktg{. Nc ljtïòj`ntg|ij n|g nc jlhntj e~`dgon`tgc dn cj w~n nc fi{tj|igdj| |~og`j Ij|mg ccgoû ¡N{tgdj{ dnr|ndgdj|n{± 748 {~{i{tnog iorj{itiuj n{tglg {iorcnon`tn dn{ti`gdj g og`tn`n| g cg{ e~n|xg{ `ûogdg{ dn jk~rgkiû` y gr|jrj|kij`g| ~`j{ i`m|n{j{ {g`ngdj{ g cg `~nug g|i{tjk|gkig dn cg n{tnrg w~n n{tglg gc e|n`tn dnc N{tgdjt|il~tg|ij. [nk~`dg|igon`tn# cg{ {jkindgdn{ {jontidg{ {n unïg` jlcimgdg{ kj` e|nk~n`kig g r|jrj|kij`g|{jcdgdj{ rg|g ~` {i{tnog oicitg| `ûogdg n`j|onon`tn gorcigdj# y g|tn{g`j{ rg|g ~`g kgritgc rjcïtikg `ûogdg|nkin`tnon`tn kj`{t|~idg7>. Cg{ jrn|gkij`n{ gdoiì{t|gtiug{ dn cj{ N{tgdj{ `ûogdg{ {n cioitglg` `j|ogcon tng cg |nkg~dgkiû` dn ior~n{tj{# nc kj`t|jc dn cg{ |~tg{ kjon|kigcn{# cg{ |ndgdg{ dn {jcdgdj{ y cg dnrj|tgkiû` dng|tn{g`j{. N|g`# rj| tg`tj# kj`{t|~kkij`n{ r~|gon`tn rg|g{itg|ig{# {i` |gïkn{ n` nc {i{tnog dn r|jd~kkiû`# g k~ygkj{tg uiuïg`. Nc N{tgdj t|il~tg|ij {n cioitglg g gkgrg|g| ~` nvkndn`tn nvj|litg`tn dnc {i{tnog dn di{t|il~kiû`nvi{tn tn# {i` t|g`{ej|og| rj| nccj {~{tg kigcon tn cg nkj`joïg y cg {jkindgd {jontidg{ oç{ w~n lcjw~ng`dj ygt|jeig`dj {~ dn{g||jccj. [i` nolg|mj# kj` nc n{tglcnkioin`tj dn n{tj{ iorn|ij{# cg {jkindgd `ûogdgnvrn|ion`tû ~`j{ kgolij{ |çridj{ y |gdikgcn{.

Cg kj`w~i{tg oicitg| y cg nvrcjtgkiû` ei{kgc n{t|gtieikg|j` i`nuitglcn y |ïmidgon`tn cg{ j|imi`g|ig{ kjo~ìdgdn{dn kcg`1 nc rg{j dn ~`g kjèndn|gkiû` t|ilgc g ~` N{tgdj t|il~tg|ij mn`n|û g~tjoçtikgon`tn ~`g di`g{tïgoj`ç|w~ikg y ~`g `jlcnxg di|imn`tn# {nrg|gdg dn cj{ `ûogdg{ dnc kjoø` j|mgìxgdj{ n` nhé|kitj{ |nm~cg|n{lghj nc og`dj dn gw~éccg. N` cj{ kg{j{ n` w~n {n kj`{n|uû cg j|imi`g|ig lg{n tn||itj|igc dnc `jogdi{oj# cg

k|ngkiû` dn nhé|kitj{ dn kgorg÷g rn|og`n`tn{ diuidiû un|tikgcon`tn g cg {jkindgd `ûogdg1 ~` iorj|tg`tn{nktj| w~ndû {n/

74 Uég{n @. Ij|mg# ¡C’i`tn|ré`ét|gtij` dn c’J|in`t nt dn c’Jkkidn`t g~ Ojyn` Gmn±# L~ccnti` dn cg [nktij` Fi{tj|iw~n# VU# 79<9#Gkgdnoig \jog`g# r. 75. Ij|mg e~n ~`j dn cj{ r|ion|j{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ n~|jrnj{ w~n kgrtû cg iorj|tg`kig y cg n{rnkieikidgd dn n{tj{N{tgdj{ rg|g cg fi{tj|ig dn cg{ |nmij`n{ j|in`tgcn{ dnc kj`ti`n`tn1 cj{ rj{tn|ij|n{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ |~og`j{ cn dnln` o~kfj.7> Uég`{n cg{ dn{k|irkij`n{ n` M. Un|`gd{ay# Tfn Oj`mjc{ g`d \~{{ig# Ygcn# 79>;# rr. 776# <7;# ;;9/47. Cj{ nhé|kitj{ oj`mjcn{tgolié` gci{tglg` g g|tn{g`j{ rg|g {~{ k~n|rj{ dn i`mnìn|ïg.

QRçm. <<9_

rg|gdj dn{dn n`tj`kn{ dn {~ tin||g `gtgc rg{tj|ic rg|g dndikg|{n gc r|iuicnmigdj dnln| dnc nhé|kitj dn m~g|ìkiû`n` cj{ tn||itj|ij{ nvtn|ij|n{ kj`w~i{tgdj{# dj`dn cg{ |iw~nxg{ n|g` {~rn|ij|n{. N{tn {nktj| tn`diû g fgkn|{nr|jm|n{iugon`tn {ndn`tg|ij y g g{ioicg|{n g cg{ rjlcgkij`n{ oç{ dn{g||jccgdg{ j oç{ `~on|j{g{ w~n n{tglg`lghj {~ kj`t|jc. Nc |n{~ctgdj ei`gc {n|ïg ~`g kjorcntg dn{`jogdixgkiû` dnc nhé|kitj y cg gdoiì{t|gkiû` dnjk~rgkiû` y cg e~{iû` |ncimij{g y étìkg kj` cg kcg{n djoi`g`tn cjkgc 75. G n{tn r|jkn{j {nm~ïg `j|ogcon`tn cgdn{i`tnm|gkiû` {jkigc y rjcïtikg dn tjdj nc iorn|ij# g ondidg w~n cj{ kcg`n{ `ûogdg{ oç{ rjl|n{ y oç{r|ioitiuj{ dnc i`tn|ij| w~ndglg` dn{mghgdj{ dn cg{ |gog{ r|iuicnmigdg{ y kj||joridg{ dnc nvtn|ij|. N` cj{ kg{j{n` w~n tjdj ~` r~nlcj `ûogdg noim|glg rg|g ej|og| ~` iorn|ij n` `~nug{ tin||g{# |ngrg|nkïg` cj{ oi{oj{dicnog{8 j lin` cg `jlcnxg `ûogdg glg`dj`glg m|gd~gcon`tn y rj| kjorcntj nc rg{tj|nj y {n onxkcglg kj` cgkcg{n tn||gtnìn`tn i`dïmn`g# j lin` tjdg cg kjo~ìdgd rn|og`nkïg {noirg{tj|ic y {~rn|r~n{tg g cj{ r~nlcj{{jontidj{# n` k~yj kg{j cg {~rn|ij|idgd dnojm|çeikg dn é{tj{ kj`d~ki|ïg ei`gcon`tn g ~`g |nlnciû` uiktj|ij{g yg cg dn{t|~kkiû` dn cj{ kj`w~i{tgdj|n{7=. N` nenktj# nc n{t|gtj dn kj`t|jc `ûogdg {jl|n cj{ r~nlcj{ kj`w~i{tgdj{e~n {inor|n `~oé|ikgon`tn o~y délic g kg~{g dn cg cûmikg i`fn|n`tn gc `jogdi{oj8 n` nc kg{j nvt|noj dn cj{

djoiìj{ dn Mn`mi{ Hg`# cg r|jrj|kiû` dn oj`mjcn{ kj` |n{rnktj g cj{ r~nlcj{ t|il~tg|ij{ n|g dn 7 g 722 76. Cj{iorn|ij{ `ûogdg{# e~n{n` nvrndikij`g|ij{ j oim|gtj|ij{# n{tglg` kj`dn`gdj{ gc oi{oj kikcj dn nvrg`{iû` ydn{i`tnm|gkiû`# dnlidj g w~n nc rg{tj|nj t|g{f~og`tn# kjoj ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`# n|g n{t|~kt~|gcon`tni`kjorgtilcn kj` ~`g gdoi/

75 Cgttioj|n# I``n| G{ig` e|j`tin|{ je Kfi`g # rr. >79/<;# w~n {n kn`t|g r|i`kirgcon`tn n` nc nhnorcj oj`mjc. @gt~|gcon`tn# `~`kg {nr|jd~hj ~`g kjorcntg g{ioicgkiû` k~ct~|gc n`t|n cj{ kj`w~i{tgdj|n{ oj`mjcn{ ì og`kføn{ dn Kfi`g1 n` golj{ kg{j{ {n kj`{n|uû ~`gidn`tidgd étìkg {nrg|gdg fg{tg nc dn||jkgoin`tj dn cg{ |n{rnktiug{ di`g{tïg{ rj| nccj{ k|ngdg{.7= Tfjor{j`# G fi{tj|y je Gtticg g`d tfn F~`{ # rr. 7==/6;# dn{k|iln nc kg{j dn cj{ f~`j{. Tfjor{j` {n nw~iujkglg# {i` nolg|mj# gc{~rj`n| w~n cj{ f~`j{ glg`dj`g|j` nc rg{tj|nj dn{r~é{ dn k|ng| {~ Iorn|ij dn Rg`jìg g cj cg|mj dnc Dg`~lij. [~ nvi{tn`kig e~ndnog{igdj kj|tg rg|g nccj. Nc iùn{timgdj| fø`mg|j Fg|ogttg fg {n÷gcgdj w~n ~` glg`dj`j |çridj dn cg k|ïg dn kglgccj{ fgl|ïg {jkgugdjcg lg{n iòndigtg dnc rjdn|ïj oicitg| dn cj{ f~`j{ n` N~|jrg kn`t|gc# H. Fg|ogttg# ¡Cg {jkiété dn{ f~`{ ç c’érjw~n d’Gtticg±# \nkfn|kfn{ I`tn|`gtij`gcn{ # `øo. <# ogyj/h~ìj dn 79>=# rr. 794# <;2.76 Un|`gd{ai# Tfn oj`mjc{ g`d \~{{ig# rr. 7;2/7.

QRçm. <;2_

77; * 7>2



ì{t|gkiû` t|il~tg|ig n{tglcn kjoj {i{tnog rjcïtikj. Cj{ di|imn tn{ `ûogdg{ dnhglg` dn {n| `ûogdg{ j dnhglg`dn mjln|`g|. Nc rg{tj|nj t|g{f~og`tn rjdïg nvi{ti|# y nvi{tiû# n` ~`g r|nkg|ig {iolij{i{ kj` cg gm|ik~ct~|g{ndn`tg|ig n` cg{ ç|idg{ xj`g{ dn cg n{tnrg# kj`{n|ug`dj kgdg ~`j {~ n{rnkïeikj kg|çktn| y {~ tn||n`j ydnrn`din`dj dnc jt|j n` ~` cioitgdj i`tn|kgolij dn r|jd~ktj{. Rn|j k~g`dj cj{ kcg`n{ dn rg{tj|n{ n{tglcnkin|j`~` N{tgdj dnr|ndgdj| {jl|n cg{ rjlcgkij`n{ gm|g|ig{ {ndn`tg|ig{ y n` {~ r|jrij tn||itj|ij# `~`kg r~din|jèj|og| kj` nccg{ ~`g {ï`tn{i{ 79. @j {~|min|j` `~nug{ ej|og{ {jkigcn{ j nkj`ûoikg{. Nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû``ûogdg {inor|n e~n ~`g uïg fi{tû|ikg o~n|tg.

[i tgc e~n nc k~|{j `j|ogc dn ~` kikcj kjorcntj dn kj`w~i{tg `ûogdg# tgolié` f~lj# {i` nolg|mj# gcm~`g{iorj|tg`tn{ ug|igkij`n{ dn`t|j dn cg rg~tg kjoø` dn cj{ n{rnkïeikj{ r~nlcj{ rg{tj|n{ w~n kgyn|j` {jl|n N~|jrgj|in`tgc g rg|ti| dn cg Ndgd J{k~|g# cg{ k~gcn{ r~ndn` {n| {n÷gcgdg{ l|nunon`tn. Cg r|i`kirgc e~n|xg dngt|gkkiû` mnjm|çeikg rg|g cj{ nhé|kitj{ dn g|w~n|j{ oj`tgdj{ w~n iùgdin|j` {~kn{iugon`tn nc kj`ti`n`tn n|g cgccg`~|g rg`ûìkg dn cg F~`m|ïg ojdn|`g# rj|w~n cg |nmiû` dn Gceõcd w~n {n nvtin`dn n`t|n nc Dg`~lij y nc Ti{xg—cg r~{xtg fø`mg|g— n|g cg xj`g tjrjm|çeikg dn N~|jrg w~n oç{ {n rg|nkïg n` kin|tj g{rnktj{ g cg{ n{tnrg{ dncG{ig kn`t|gc8 ~`g {glg`g ccg`g# {i` ç|ljcn{# idngc fg{tg nc dïg dn fjy rg|g cg k|ïg dn kglgccj{<2. Gdnoç{# cg r~{xtgrg`ûìkg je|nkïg un`tghg{

79 L|j}` fg kjorg|gdj |nkin`tnon`tn cj{ |n{rnktiuj{ dn{ti`j{ dn cj{ Iorn|ij{ |jog`j y kfi`j# nè|n`tgdj{ g {~{ iùg{j|n{ lç|lg|j{#

kj`dn`g`dj cg |ïmidg i`kgrgkidgd dnc r|ion|j rg|g g{ioicg| g {~{ kj`w~i{tgdj|n{ mn|og`j{ y {jl|nuiui| g nccj{ kjoj kiuicixgkiû`# gdien|n`kig dn cg ncç{tikg kgrgkidgd dnc {nm~`dj rg|g tjcn|g| y gl{j|ln| g {~{ {n÷j|n{ oj`mjcn{8 \ncimij` g`d {jkinty i` tfn Gmn je [gi`t G~m~{ti`n# rr. >5/=1 Tfn }j|cd je cgtn G`tiw~ity# r. 7<>. Tgc kjorg|gkiû` n{# {i` nolg|mj# ~` rg|gcjmi{oj w~n |nuncg cj{ cïoitn{ dn cg¡r{ikjcjmïg fi{tû|ikg±# w~n n{ cg og|kg di{ti`tiug# y nc oé|itj# dn cg enk~ dg jl|g dn L|j}`. Rj|w~n cg dien|n`kig n`t|n golj{ |n{~ctgdj{`j e~n kj`{nk~n`kig dn cg{ gktit~dn{ k~ct~|gcn{ {~lhntiug{ Fn cg{ kiuicixgkij`n{ kcç{ikg{ dn \jog y Kfi`g# {i`j dn cg `gt~|gcnxg ogtn|igcdn cg{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ w~n n`t|g|j` n` kjèciktj n` N~|jrg y G{ig# |n{rnktiugon`tn. Nc `jogdi{oj dnc dn{in|tj dn kg|çktn|nvtn`{iuj `j rjdïg e~`di|{n kj` cg gm|ik~ct~|g dn |nmgdïj dn kg|çktn| i`tn`{iuj dnc N{tgdj iorn|igc kfi`j# y tjdg cg rjcg|idgd nkj`ûoikgy dnojm|çeikg n`t|n golj{ e~n# n` kj`{nk~n`kig# gl{jc~tgon`tn di{ti`tg dn cg w~n dij j|imn` g cg {ï`tn{i{ |jog`j/mn|oçìkg n` N~|jrgjkkidn`tgc. Cg{ |gxj`n{ dn cg iorj{ilicidgd dn ~`g {ï`tn{i{ {nonhg`tn r~ndn` n`kj`t|g|{n n` Cgttioj|n# I``n| G{ig` e|j`tin|{ je Kfi`g#rr. >7< {{.<2 Cg{ rnk~cig|idgdn{ {jkijcûmikg{ dn n{tg xj`g# gcm~`g{ dn cg{ k~gcn{ fg` d~|gdj fg{tg `~n{t|j {imcj# grg|nkn` kj` tjdg kcg|idgd n` G. @.H.

QRçm. <;7_

n{t|gtémikg{ `gt~|gcn{ dnlidj g {~ cjkgcixgkiû` n` nc kn`t|j dn N~|jrg y je|nkïg ~`g lg{n tn||itj|igc dn{dn cg w~nrjdïg` cg`xg|{n gtgw~n{ |gdigcn{ n` k~gcw~in| di|nkkiû` {jl|n nc |n{tj dnc kj`ti`n`tn. Cj{ f~`j{ n{tglcnkin|j`gw~ï {~ iorn|ij1 cj{ çug|j{ oj`tg|j` {~{ kgorgon tj{ ki|k~cg|n{ n` cg oi{og |nmiû`1 cj{ løcmg|j{ cg ncimin|j`kjoj {~ r|ion| c~mg| dn dn{kg`{j1 cj{ ogmig|n{ cg kjùi|tin|j` ei`gcon`tn n` {~ rgt|ig rn|og`n`tn1 cj{rnkfn`nmj{ y cj{ k~og`j{ l~{kg|j` n`t|n nccj{ {~ |ne~mij ei`gc# y cj{ oj`mjcn{# k~g`dj iùgdin|j` N~|jrg#ccnmg|j` fg{tg gccï rg|g fgkn| ~` gctj y rg{g| nc iùin|`j. Dn n{tj{ r~nlcj{# {ûcj cj{ `ûogdg{ ogmig|n{ {nfikin|j` {ndn`tg|ij{ dn{r~é{ dn {~ dn||jtg dnc g÷j 9>> n` Cnkfencd# g{n`tç`dj{n ei`gcon`tn kjoj kjo~ìdgdgm|ïkjcg rn|og`n`tn n` cg k~n`kg dnc Dg`~lij. Nc Iorn|ij dn cj{ f~`j{ e~n dn{t|jxgdj {i` dnhg| |g{t|j{ rj| ~`g|nlnciû` dn cg rjlcgkiû` {jontidg# r|i`kirgcon`tn dn t|il~{ mn|oçìkg{# n` @ndgj g ondigdj{ dnc {imcj U# y cj{f~`j{ dn{grg|nkin|j` rg|g {inor|n dn cg fi{tj|ig. Nc Iorn|ij çug|j e~n dn||jkgdj n` nc {imcj UII rj| {~

rjlcgkiû` t|il~tg|ig n{cgug# y `j dnhû dnt|ç{ ì`mø` un{timij étìkj n` N~|jrg. Cj{ løcmg|j{# jt|j r~nlcj t~|kj/tç|tg|j# e~n|j` nvr~c{gdj{ dn Rg`jìg# rn|j iorcg`tg|j` ~` hg`gtj n` cj{ Lgckg`n{ {~dj|in`tgcn{# k~yg `jlcnxg{n g{ioicû ei`gcon`tn g {~ rjlcgkiû` {jontidg y {n n{cguixû n` nc {imcj IV. Cj{ rnkfn`nmj{ y cj{ k~og`j{#dn{r~é{ dn djoi`g| cg{ gkt~gcn{ |nmij`n{ dn ^k|gìg on|idij`gc y \~og`ïg d~|g`tn dj{ {imcj{# e~n|jèi`gcon`tn di{rn|{gdj{ n` cj{ {imcj{ VI y VIII rj| cj{ nhé|kitj{ lixg`ti`j y oj`mjc |n{rnktiugon`tn1 {~{ |n{tj{n~|jrnj{ f~yn|j` g F~`m|ïg# dj`dn cg kcg{n di|imn`tn ogmig| cj{ i`tnm|û rg|g |nej|xg| {~ {nrg|gkiû` k~ct~|gc yétìkg dn {~{ unki`j{ n{cguj{. N` ei`# cj{ nhé|kitj{ oj`mjcn{ glg`dj`g|j` nc Mjli n` nc {imcj VIII rg|grg|tikirg| n` cg c~kfg di`ç{tikg w~n {im~iû g cg o~n|tn dn Mn`mi{ Hg`# rn|j ~` {~l{nktj| t~|kj dn cg{ f~n{tn{oj`mjcn{# cg Fj|dg dn J|j# ior~{j {jl|n \~{ig ~` dnr|ndgdj| {i{tnog dn djoiìj d~|g`tn kin`tj ki`k~n`tgg÷j{ g`tn{ dn w~n# g {~ unx# {gctg|g fnkfj rndgxj{ rj| ~`g i`k~|{iû` dn Tgon|cç` n` {~{ djoiìj{ dnc Kg{rij.Cg nvknrkij`gc cj`mnuidgd dnc rjdn|ïj dn cg Fj|dg dn J|j {n dnliû n{n`kigcon`tn g {~ ej|t~`g mnjm|çeikg.

\~{ig n|g nc rgï{ n~|jrnj {it~gdj oç{ kn|kg dn cg{ n{tnrg{ dn G{ig y nc øìkj w~n rjdïg {n| {jontidj gc y~mjt|il~tg|ij dn cj{ kj`w~i{tgdj|n{ `ûogdg{ dn{dn cg{ e|j`tn|g{ dn {~ r|jrij tn||itj|ij rg{tj|ic.

Dn` Fjccg`dn|# ¡Tfn m|ngt F~`mg|ig` rcgi`. G N~|jrng` e|j`tin| g|ng±# Kjorg|gtiun {t~din{ i` {jkinty g`d fi{tj|y # III# 7952/7# rr. =4/

774 * 7>2



66# 7>>/59.

QRçm. <;<_

Cg kgritgc dn cg Fj|dg dn J|j# {it~gdg kn|kg dnc Kg{rij# n{tglg r|nrg|gdg rg|g cg i`tn|un`kiû` y nc kj`t|jcoicitg| dn cg \~{ig gm|g|ig# g cg unx w~n rn|og`nkïg dn`t|j dn cg{ n{tnrg{# kj` cj w~n nuitglg cj{ dicnog{ dn ~`gdi|nktg {~rn|rj{ikiû` j dn ~` cnhg`j kj`t|jc oicitg| n` nc rgï{ kj`w~i{tgdj.

@gt~|gcon`tn# nc iorgktj dn n{tj{ {~kn{iuj{ gtgw~n{ `ûogdg{ kj`t|g N~|jrg j|in`tgc e~n dn{im~gc. Rn|j ncnenktj mn`n|gc kj`{i{tiû n` |nt|g{g| y e|~{t|g| nc dn{g||jccj g~tûktj`j dn cg{ e~n|xg{ dn r|jd~kkiû` y dn cj{{i{tnog{ dn N{tgdj n` nc n{tn. G{ï# nc Iorn|ij çug|j g`nmû y ogìr~cû cg{ m|g`dn{ oim|gkij`n{ n{cgug{ dnc {imcjUI# dn tgc ej|og w~n dn {~{ gug`kn{ tn||itj|igcn{ `j {~|min|j` ~`g{ ej|og{ rjcïtikg{ nw~iugcn`tn{# g dien|n`kig dncg ej|ogkiû` dn N{tgdj{ d~|g`tn cg érjkg dn cg{ oim|gkij`n{ mn|oçìkg{ n` Jkkidn`tn. Nc r|ion| N{tgdj n{cgujg~tûktj`j# cg eg`tg{ogc M|g` Oj|guig dnc {imcj IV# e~n dn||ilgdj rj| cj{ ogmig|n{. Nc r|i`kirgc j|dn` rjcïtikjdn cg Gctg Ndgd Ondig n` nc n{tn# cg \~{ig dn Ainu# w~ndû r|je~`dgon`tn dnlicitgdj n` r|ion| c~mg| rj| cj{gtgw~n{ dn cj{ rnkfn`nmj{ y cj{ k~og`j{ g {~{ ecg`kj{ y# dn{r~é{# e~n kjorcntgon`tn g||g{gdj rj| cj{oj`mjcn{. N` kjorg|gkiû`# Rjcjìg y F~`m|ïg {ûcj |nkilin|j` ogm~ccgd~|g{ dn cg iùg{iû` oj`mjcg1 kj` tjdj#cg{ dn||jtg{ dn Cnmìt{g y [ghj gkglg|j` n` Rjcjìg# y d~|g`tn ~`g mn`n|gkiû`# kj` cg ~ìeikgkiû` dn cj{ Rig{tg#

y dn{t|jxg|j` n` F~`m|ïg g cg di`g{tïg G|rgd# dnhg`dj g golj{ rgï{n{ n` nc dn{j|dn` y cg kjè~{iû`. Nc |ndiuiujN{tgdj løcmg|j —~` {i{tnog rjcïtikj n{cguixgdj dn{dé fgkïg tinorj— e~n g||g{t|gdj g ~` gl|~rtj ei`gc rj| cg|nti|gdg w~n cj{ oj`mjcn{ nenkt~g|j` g t|gué{ dn {~ tn||itj|ij. N` kin|tj{ g{rnktj{# cg |nmiû` oç{ genktgdg dntjdg{ e~n nc ç|ng dn cg ojdn|`g \~og`ïg# w~n w~ndû {jontidg g cg dnr|ndgkiû` y cg djoi`gkiû` `ûogdg dnej|og tg` kj`ti`~gdg w~n `j r~dj {~|mi| ì`mø` {i{tnog n{tgtgc g`tn{ dn cg nvr~c{iû` dn cj{ k~og`j{ n` nc {imcjVIII. G kj`{nk~n`kig dn nccj# tjdg cg fi{tj|ig rj{tn|ij| g cg |nti|gdg |jog`g dn Dgkig n` nc {imcj III rn|og`nknnù~nctg n` cg j{k~|idgd. Nc og`tj `ûogdg {i|uiû dn ej`dj j{k~|j y |nk~||n`tn rg|g cg ej|ogkiû` dnc n{tnondinugc.

QRçm. <;;_

;. NC OJDNCJ DN DN[G\\JCCJ

N` nc og|kj dn n{tn kj`tnvtj fi{tû|ikj mn`n|gc r~ndn g`gcixg|{n gfj|g cg nujc~kiû` i`tn|`g dn cg{ ej|ogkij`n{{jkigcn{ dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc. Og|v n{k|iliû ~`g unx# n` ~`g kg|tg g N`mnc{ n` cg w~n g`gcixglg nc dn{g||jccjrjcgkj# w~n ¡gw~ï r~ndn kj`{idn|g|{n w~n cg n{kcguit~d {~|miû dn ej|og r~|gon`tn nkj`ûoikg# {i` nc uï`k~cji`tn|ondij dn cg kj`w~i{tg y dnc d~gci{oj étìkj±7. N{tg e|g{n i`dikg kj` lg{tg`tn nvgktit~d cg `gt~|gcnxg dncr|jlcnog rcg`tngdj rj| cg grg|ikiû` dnc en~dgci{oj gc n{tn dnc Nclg. Kjoj yg fnoj{ ui{tj# é{tn {n kg|gktn|ixûe~`dgon`tgcon`tn rj| cg g~{n`kig dn cg G`timóndgd# kj` {~ kiuicixgkiû` ~|lg`g y {~ ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`n{kcgui{tg. [i` nolg|mj# fglcg| dn ~`g uïg ¡r~|gon`tn nkj`ûoikg± gc en~dgci{oj n` N~|jrg j|in`tgc n{ ~`gnvkn{iug {iorcieikgkiû` w~n jcuidg nc fnkfj dn w~n cg{ tin||g{ dnc n{tn {n kjùi|tin|j` r|nki{gon`tn n` rg|tn dnckj`ti`n`tn w~n ccnmû g {n| N~|jrg y w~n# rj| tg`tj# `j r~din|j` n{kgrg| g gcm~`j{ dntn|oi`g`tn{ mn`n|gcn{ —n{t|~kt~|gcn{ y {~rn|n{t|~kt~|gcn{— dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` en~dgc w~n fglïg {~|midj n` Jkkidn`tn. Nc ojdncj

iìkigc dn cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ gm|ïkjcg{ n{cgug{ w~n jk~rg|j` cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cg oitgd j|in`tgc dnc kj`ti`n`tn{it~gdg gc `j|tn dnc Dg`~lij yg {n fg {n÷gcgdj g`tn{. Gcm~`j{ {imcj{ dn{r~é{ dn cg{ oim|gkij`n{# n{tg{kjo~ìdgdn{ n|g` tjdguïg goj|eg{ y r|ioitiug{# yg w~n {~ dn{g||jccj `j e~n gkncn|gdj rj| ì`mø` kj`tgktjr|nuij kj` ej|og{ ~|lg`g{ j iorn|igcn{ ì rj| ~`g e~{iû` rj{tn|ij| kj` nccg{# dgdj w~n kg|nkin|j` dn ~` cnmgdjr|jkndn tn dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg. Cg t|il~ y nc kcg` {jkigc e~n|j` d~|g`tn cg|mj tinorj cg{ ~ìdgdn{ lç{ikg{dn cg j|mgìxgkiû` {jkigc1 nc rgmgì{oj g`kn{t|gc w~ndû i`tgktj1 fg{tg nc {imcj UIII# cg{ tékìkg{ gm|ïkjcg{ e~n|j`|~dion`tg|ig{# kj` r|ndjoiìj dnc k~ctiuj n` tin||g{ dn{l|jxgdg{ rj| e~nmj n` cj{ lj{w~n{ dn cg{ ccg`~|g{ dncn{tn1 ì {iw~in|g {n |nmi{t|g|j` N{tgdj{ g~tûktj`j{ kjoj cj{ dn cj{ og|kjog`j{ y k~gdj{# w~n fglïg` nvi{tidjd~|g`tn l|nun tinorj g cj cg|mj dnc cion{ |jog`j. Rg~cgti`gon`tn# {i` nolg|mj#

7 Og|v/N`mnc{# [ncnktnd kj||n{rj`dn`kn# Cj`d|n{# 795># r. 9>.

QRçm. <;4_

e~n gug`xg`dj cg dien|n`kigkiû` {jkigc y cg n{t|gtieikgkiû` rjcïtikg. Cg cn`tg t|g`{ikiû` fgkig nc k~ctiuj |nm~cg|

77> * 7>2



QRçm. <;5_

{imìeiw~n {iorcnon`tn ¡gw~nc w~n di|imn g cj{ m~n||n|j{±# n{tj n{# nc hnen t|ilgc oicitg| dn cg r|ion|g eg{n dn cgnujc~kiû` {jkigc# dn{k|itg rj| Tçkitj. N{tn té|oi`j {jl|nuiuiû fg{tg kjùn|ti|{n d~|g`tn cg Ndgd Ondig n` ~`tït~cj ej|ogc. Rj| cj dnoç{# kg{i tjdj nc ujkgl~cg|ij dn cj{ |g`mj{ e~n tjogdj dnc nvtn|ij|.

N` cg ej|ogkiû` dn cg{ n{t|~kt~|g{ n{tgtgcn{ dnc n{tn f~lj gdnoç{ ~` {nm~`dj kgtgcixgdj| nvtn|ij|8 cg Imcn{ig

k|i{tig`g. Dnc oi{oj ojdj w~n cg t|g`{ikiû` dn kjo~ìdgdn{ t|ilgcn{ g {i{tnog{ rjcïtikj{ tn||itj|igcn{ n` cgérjkg dn cj{ g{n`tgoin`tj{ mn|oçìkj{ n` Jkkidn`tn n{t~uj iùg|iglcnon`tn gkjorg÷gdg rj| cg kjùn|{iû`|ncimij{g# g{ï tgolié` n` nc n{tn cg e~`dgkiû` dn N{tgdj{ oj`ç|w~ikj{ kji`kidiû r~`t~gcon`tn kj` cg gdjrkiû`dnc k|i{tigì{oj. Kjoj yg fnoj{ {n÷gcgdj# nc glg`dj`j dnc rgmgì{oj t|ilgc e~n `j|ogcon`tn ~`g kj`dikiûìdnjcûmikg r|nuig g cg dn{grg|ikiû` dn cj{ r|i`kirij{ kiçìkj{ dn j|mgìxgkiû` {jkigc y gc n{tglcnkioin`tj dn ~`ghn|g|w~ïg y ~`g g~tj|idgd rjcïtikg kn`t|gcixgdg. Nc évitj dn cg jl|g dn cj{ noi{g|ij{ nkcn{iç{tikj{ r|jkndn`tn{ dncnvtn|ij| —kgtûcikj{ ~ j|tjdjvj{— e~n rj| tg`tj ~` kjorj`n`tn n{n`kigc n` nc r|jkn{j dn cg ej|ogkiû` dn cj{N{tgdj{ n` N~|jrg j|in`tgc. Nc r|i`kirgdj dn Ljfnoig e~n e~`dgdj rj| cg di`g{tïg dn cj{ R|noï{cidg{# k~g`dj {~r|ion| {jln|g`j# Ugkcgu# w~n mjln|`û dn{dn nc 97> fg{tg nc 9<9# {n kjùi|tiû n` ~` g|din`tn k|i{tig`j. Nc r|ion|N{tgdj rjcgkj ~ìtg|ij {n k|nû k~g`dj nc rjtn`tgdj Oinki{cgj I# e~`dgdj| dn cg di`g{tïg dn cj{ Rig{tg# gdjrtû{io~ctç`ngon tn cg en kgtûcikg y nc tït~cj d~kgc n` nc g÷j 955. Nc |ni`j ug|nmj gckg`xû {~ ej|og kjorcntg n` cg

\~{ig dn Ainu k~g`dj nc r|ï`kirn |~|ïaidg Ucgdioi|j gknrtû nc lg~ti{oj j|tjdjvj n` nc g÷j 966 kj` jlhntj dnjltn`n| ~` ogt|iojìj iorn|igc kj` cg fn|og`g dnc norn|gdj| lixg`ti`j Lg{icij II. Cj{ `ûogdg{ fø`mg|j{ {ng{n`tg|j` y j|mgìxg|j` n` ~` N{tgdj |ngc dn ej|og {nonhg`tn kj` cg kjùn|{iû` dnc r|ion|j dn cj{ G|rgd#N{tnlg`# w~n —kjoj Oinki{cgj— |nkiliû dn \jog {~ k|ndj &955/=) y {~ oj`g|w~ïg &7222)# nc ~`j g kgolijdn cg jt|g. N` tjdj{ n{tj{ kg{j{# cg gdjrkiû` dnc k|i{tigì{oj rj| cj{ r|ï`kirn{ e~n {nm~idg dn ~`gk|i{tigìxgkiû` jeikigc dn {~{ {ølditj{8 n|g ~` gktj i`g~m~|gc dnc N{tgdj. N` o~kfj{ kg{j{# n{tgccg|j` dn{r~é{|ngkkij`n{ rgmg`g{ rjr~cg|n{ n` Rjcjìg# F~`m|ïg y \~{ig# n` cg{ w~n {n onxkcg|j` cg r|jtn{tg |ncimij{g y {jkigckj`t|g nc `~nuj j|dn`.

[i` nolg|mj# cg i``jugkiû` |ncimij{g e~n ~` rg{j oç{ dieïkic n` cg kj`{jcidgkiû` dn cj{ N{tgdj{ oj`ç|w~ikj{w~n nc t|ç`{itj dn ~`g `jlcnxg dn {éw~itj g ~`g `jlcnxg tn||itj|igc. Yg

QRçm. <;=_

fnoj{ ui{tj w~n cg grg|ikiû` dn ~` {i{tnog dn {éw~itj og|kg n` tjdg{ rg|tn{ ~`g |~rt~|g dnki{iug kj` cj{uï`k~cj{ dn rg|n`tn{kj kjoj r|i`kirij lç{ikj dn cg j|mgìxgkiû` {jkigc1 ~` {éw~itj |nr|n{n`tg nc ~ol|gc rg|g cgt|g`{ikiû` dn ~`g g|i{tjk|gkig t|ilgc g ~`g en~dgc. ^`g unx w~n {n ej|og nc {éw~itj dnc r|ï`kirn —m|~rj dn`jlcn{ dn ug|ij{ kcg`n{ w~n kj`{tit~yn` nc rn|{j gc n`tj|`j oicitg| dnc r|ï`kirn# nc k~gc cj{ og tin`nnkj`ûoikgon`tn kj` {~{ lin`n{ y |nrg|tn kj` nccj{ {~ ljtï` dn m~n||g g kgolij dnc {n|uikij cngc n` nc kjolgtn ycg gdoiì{t|gkiû`— {n kjùin|tn fglit~gcon`tn n` nc r|ion| i`{t|~on`tj e~`dgon`tgc dnc mjlin|`j |ngc. Gfj|glin`# rg|g w~n dn n{tn {éw~itj oicitg| {gcmg ~`g `jlcnxg n{rnkïeikgon`tn en~dgc n{ `nkn{g|ij tjdguïg ~` rg{jk|~kigc8 {~ tn||itj|igcixgkiû` kjoj kcg{n tn||gtnìn`tn. N` jt|g{ rgcgl|g{# nc m|~rj kjorgktj dn m~g|dig{ ym~n||n|j{ |ngcn{ {n dnln di{rn|{g| rg|g kjùn|ti|{n n` {n÷j|n{ kj` djoiìj{ r|jui`kigcn{# rj{nïdj{ kjoj en~dj{

n` ug{gccghn g {~ oj`g|kg. N{tn rg{j n{t|~kt~|gc n{t~uj iùg|iglcnon`tn ccn`j dn rncim|j{# yg w~n cg eg{n ei`gc dntjdj nc ojuioin`tj {inor|n gon`gxû kj` g`~cg| cj{ gug`kn{ dn cg r|ion|g eg{n gc r|jd~ki| ~`g `jlcnxg cjkgcg`ç|w~ikg y |nkgckit|g tn g tjdg g~tj|idgd |ngc kn`t|gcixgdg# G{ï {~|mïg egtgcon tn nc rncim|j dn ~`gdn{i`tnm|gkiû` dnc j|imi`g|ij N{tgdj oj`ç|w~ikj# k~yg ~ìdgd n{tglg g{nm~|gdg kj` on`j{ dieik~ctgdn{#rg|gdûhikgon`tn# n` nc n{tgdij on`j{ gug`xgdj dnc {éw~itj djoé{tikj. Cg iorcg`tgkiû` dn ~` {i{tnog dn en~dj{n{tglcn n i`tnm|gdj kj`{tit~yû# r~n{# ~` r|jkn{j nvt|nogdgon`tn dieïkic. N` Jkkidn`tn# n{n {i{tnog {ûcjgrg|nkiû dn{r~é{ dn ug|ij{ {imcj{ dn |~dion`tg|ij{ y kjè~{j{ tg`tnj{ d~|g`tn cg Ndgd J{k~|g y {n kj`{jcidûei`gcon`tn n`t|n nc dn||~olgoin`tj mn`n|gc dn cg g~tj|idgd oj`ç|w~ikg ~ìtg|ig n` nc {imcj V# ondij oicnìjdn{r~é{ dn cg{ iùg{ij`n{ mn|oçìkg{. Rj| tg`tj# `j n{ nvt|g÷j w~n n` nc n{tn tgorjkj f~lin|g ~` r|jm|n{jci`ngc dn{dn cj{ r|ion|j{ N{tgdj{ di`ç{tikj{ dn cj{ R|noï{cidg{# cj{ Rig{tg y cj{ \~|ïaidg{ g cj{ {i{tnog{en~dgcn{ rcn`gon`tn gkglgdj{. Rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# n` tjdj{ n{tj{ kg{j{ —Ljfnoig# Rjcjìg y \~{ig— {n r|jd~hj

~`g |nkgïdg ei`gc n` cg kjè~{iû` y nc dn{j|dn`# |nm|n{iû` rjcïtikg n` cg w~n nc rjdn| dn cj{ r|ï`kirn{ y cg ~ìdgdtn||itj|igc {n e|gmon`tg|j` j nkcir{g|j`>. Kj`{idn/

> Cg nvrn|in`kig dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc kj`{tit~yn ~` gui{j {gc~dglcn kj`t|g cg{ dn{gej|gdg{ r|ntn`{ij n{ dn cj{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ cjkgcn{ gkn|kg

77= * 7>2



dnc N{tgdj g`mcj{ghû` dn I`mcgtn||g# r|n{n`tgdj g on`~dj kjoj |ngcixgdj| dn ~`g t|g`{ikiû` r|çktikgon`tn rcn`g dn évitj gc en~dgci{ojn` uï{rn|g{ dn cg iùg{iû` `j|og`dg# dnlidj gc kg|çktn| ~ìtg|ij dn {~ mjlin|`j

QRçm. <;6_

|gdg{ n` ~`g rn|{rnktiug kjorg|gdg# n{tg{ uiki{it~dn{ dn cj{ r|ion|j{ {i{tnog{ n{tgtgcn{ dnc n{tn tn`ïg` {~{|gïkn{ n` cj{ r|jlcnog{ rcg`tngdj{ rj| cg ej|hg dn ~`g `jlcnxg {n÷j|igc kjfn|n`tn dn`t|j dn ~` {i{tnog rjcïtikj

oj`ç|w~ikj ~ìtg|ij# w~n g {~ unx r|n{~rj`ïg cg k|ngkiû` dn ~` kgorn{i`gdj {n|uic# gd{k|itj g cg tin||g y n`kj`dikij`n{ dn {~oiì{t|g| ~` nvkndn`tn g ~`g hn|g|w~ïg en~dgc dn{g||jccgdg. Rj| dneiìkiû`# ~` {i{tnog dnen~dj{ `j rjdïg {~|mi| oin`t|g{ `j nvi{tin|g ~`g og`j dn jl|g {n|uic w~n r|jrj|kij`g|g {~{ r|jd~ktj|n{iòndigtj{. N` Jkkidn`tn# cg grg|ikiû` y cg mn`n|gcixgkiû` dneiìtiug dn cg {n|uid~ol|n {ûcj fglïg tnìdj c~mg|#~`g unx oç{# n` nc t|g`{k~|{j dnc {imcj V# dn{r~é{ dn tjdg cg nvrn|in`kig dn cg Ndgd J{k~|g y dnc Iorn|ijkg|jci`mij w~n cn r~{j ei`. Cg nkj`joïg |~|gc kg|gktn|ï{tikg dn n{g cg|mg érjkg w~n ug dnc {imcj U gc IV fglïgtnìdj —kjoj fnoj{ ui{tj— ~` kg|çktn| o~y oivtj y ec~idj# kj` cg kjnvi{tn`kig n` {~ {n`j dn n{kcguj{#rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{# g||n`dgtg|ij{ cil|n{ y kgorn{i`j{ dnrn`din`tn{. N` nc n{tn `j fglïg nvi{tidj r|nuigon`tn~` ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg# rj| cj w~n nc r~`tj dn rg|tidg dn cg nujc~kiû` fgkig cg {n|uid~ol|n t~uj w~n{n| `nkn{g|igon`tn di{ti`tj y oç{ r|ioitiuj. Rn|j tgolié` gw~ï cg {jkindgd |~|gc iòndigtgon`tn rj{tn|ij| gcn{tglcnkioin`tj dn cj{ {i{tnog{ dn N{tgdj {inor|n e~n fntn|jmé`ng y t|g`{itj|ig8 cg iòn`{g ogyj|ïg dnc

kgorn{i`gdj `j fglïg nvrn|ion`tgdj tjdguïg cg {n|uid~ol|n. Nc en~dgci{oj j|in`tgc {ûcj r~dj `gkn| dn{r~é{dn {~{ `nkn{g|ij{ djcj|n{ dn rg|tj.

[i tgc e~n n` nc n{tn nc ojdncj mn`n|gc dn cg r|ion|g eg{n dn dn{g||jccj# f~lj `gt~|gcon`tn iorj|tg`tn{dien|n`kig{ n` cg t|gynktj|ig nkj`ûoikg# rjcïtikg y k~ct~|gc dn cg{ di{ti`tg{ |nmij`n{# w~n n{ r|nki{j nvgoi`g|gfj|g. \~{ig |nr|n{n`tg nc kg{j oç{ i`tn|n{g`tn y kjorcnhj dnlidj g w~n gccï {n ogìen{tû w~ixç gcmj {nonhg`tng ~`g ugkicg`tn {jol|g ¡j|in`tgc± dn cg {ï`tn{i{ jkkidn`tgc. Nc r|ion| N{tgdj |~{j e~n k|ngdj g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcjIV y r|i`kirij{ dnc V rj| ri|gtg{ y on|kgdn|n{ {~nkj{ w~n lghg|j` dn{dn N{kg`di`guig rj| cg{ |~tg{ ec~uigcn{5.Gccï n`kj`/

|ngc. N` |ngcidgd# cg {~kn{iû` di`ç{tikg n{tglcn j ~` kjfn|n`tn {i{tnog dn en~dj{ `j fglïg` grg|nkidj tjdguïg n` cg I`mcgtn||g g`mcj{ghj`g#k~yj gug`kn |ncgtiuj {n fgl|ïg dn||~olgdj rj{tn|ij|on`tn n` ~` dn{j|dn` y ~`g |nm|n{iû` {nonhg`tn{ g cj{ w~n nvrn|ion`tg|j` cj{

r|ion|j{ N{tgdj{ n{kcguj{# dnlidj g cg kjoø` g~{n`kig dn ~`g fn|n`kig kcç{ikg. Cg kj`w~i{tg `j|og`dg# r|jd~ktj dn cg {ï`tn{i{ |jog`j/mn|oçìkg dnc Jkkidn`tn kj`ti`n`tgc# e~n cj w~n ioridiû n{n |nt|jkn{j.5 Nc {n`tioin`tj `gkij`gci{tg |~{j fg kj`d~kidj |nrntidgon`tn# tg`tj n` nc {imcj VIV kjoj n` nc VV# g `nmg| cj{ j|ïmn`n{ n{kg`di`guj{dnc N{tg/

QRçm. <;9_

t|g|j` ~`g {jkindgd w~n yg fglïg r|jd~kidj o~kfg{ ki~dgdn{ cjkgcn{ n` cj{ lj{w~n{# rn|j `j ~`g ~ìdgd ì ~`{i{tnog rjcïtikj |nmij`gc. Cj{ kjon|kig`tn{ y {jcdgdj{ ug|nmj{ w~n ccnmg|j` g \~{ig n{tglcnkin|j` o~y r|j`tj{~ {~r|nogkïg rjcïtikg {jl|n n{tj{ kn`t|j{ ~|lg`j{# n`cgxg`dj cg{ uïg{ ec~uigcn{ dnc Ujchju y nc Ujcmg fg{tg k|ng|~`g {jcg xj`g dn t|ç`{itj nkj`ûoikj dn{dn nc og| Lçctikj gc og| @nm|j y e~`dg`dj ~` N{tgdj k~yj nhn dng~tj|idgd rjcïtikg ilg dn{dn @jumj|jd fg{tg Ainu. Kjoj yg fnoj{ ui{tj n` jt|j c~mg|# nc N{tgdj ug|nmj|gdikgdj n` Ainu t~uj ~` kg|çktn| kjon|kigc# r~n{ {n ndieikû rg|g kj`t|jcg| cg{ |~tg{ kjon|kigcn{ n`t|nN{kg`di`guig y nc og| @nm|j# y {~ r|i`kirgc jlhntj dn nvrj|tgkiû` kj`{i{tiû n` n{kcguj{# dn{ti`gdj{ gc o~`djo~{~coç` j g Lixg`kij. N` nc {~| dn \~{ig {n ej|oû ~` norj|ij dn n{kcguj{ —k~yg xj`g dn kgrtgkiû` n|g tjdjnc n{tn n{cguj— w~n r|junyû g cg{ tin||g{ onditn||ç`ng{ y rn|{g{ kj`w~i{tgdg{ rj| cj{ ç|gln{ y gc Iorn|ijm|inmj. Nc N{tgdj hçxg|j# {it~gdj oç{ gc n{tn# w~n r|nuigon`tn fglïg djoi`gdj nc c~k|gtiuj kjon|kij dnnvrj|tgkiû` g Rn|{ig# e~n ncioi`gdj# y cj{ di|imn`tn{ ug|nmj{ kj`w~i{tg|j` g{ï nc gkkn{j di|nktj g cg{ |~tg{ dncKg{rij=. N{tg{ iorj|tg`tn{ jrn|gkij`n{ kjon|kigcn{ dnc N{tgdj dn Ainu kj`t|il~yn|j` g dg| g N~|jrg {~ `~nugy rn|og`n`tn rgcgl|g rg|g dn{im`g| g cj{ n{kcguj{8 {kcgu~{ grg|nkiû rj| unx r|ion|g n` nc {imcj V. Cj{kjon|kig`tn{ ug|nmj{ tgolié` nolg|kglg` kn|g# rincn{ y oinc# w~n d~|g`tn tjdg cg Ndgd Ondig e~n|j` cj{r|i`kirgcn{ g|tïk~cj{ |~{j{ dn nvrj|tgkiû`# rn|j {~ iorj|tg`kig {inor|n e~n on`j|. Nc dn{g||jccj ~|lg`j dnAinu# w~n cn {itøg grg|tn dn k~gcw~in| jt|j kn`t|j dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc# {n lg{glg n{n`kigcon`tn n` ~` kjon|kijw~n rj| n`tj`kn{ |nr|n{n`tglg yg ~` k|nkin`tn g`gk|jì{oj dn`t|j dn cg nkj`joïg jkkidn`tgc.

Kj` tjdj# {i cj{ di|imn`tn{ `û|dikj{ dn Ainu din|j` nc iìkigc ior~c{j rjcïtikj y cg nvrn|in`kig kjon|kigc gcr|ion| N{tgdj |~{j# cj w~n oç{ kj`t|il~yû g cg |ncgtiug kjorcnhidgd {~rn|n{t|~kt~|gc dn cg \~{ig dn Ainu e~n nc

776 * 7>2



n{t|nkfj kj`tgktj dircj/

dj dn Ainu &y dn{dn c~nmj cg r|jkndn`kig dn cg r|jrig rgcgl|g ¡\~{±). @j n{ r|nki{j dnoj{t|g| gw~ï nc g`gk|jì{oj dn tgc fi{tj|ijm|geïg¡rgt|iûtikg±# w~n tin`n {~ nw~iugcn`tn n` cj{ oitj{ i`mcn{n{ {jl|n cg ¡kj`ti`~idgd±# g cg w~n {n fg gc~didj g`tn{.= Fgy ~` g`çci{i{ nw~icil|gdj dn cg `gt~|gcnxg dnc rgrnc dn cj{ ug|nmj{ n` \~{ig# n` O~{{nt# Cn{ iùg{ij`{. Cn {nkj`d g{{g~t # rr. 99/725#<57/5. N{ r|nki{j tn`n| n` k~n`tg w~n cg rgcgl|g n{cgug w~n {imìeikg ki~dgd# mj|jd # n{# n` dneiìtiug# cg oi{og w~n nc g`tim~j té|oi`j`û|dikj mg|d| # rn|j `j n{ {nm~|j w~n gw~éccg r|jkndg dn é{tg. Ejjtn y ]ic{j`# Tfn Uiai`m gkfinunon`t # r. <<7.

QRçm. <42_

oçtikj y k~ct~|gc kj` Lixg`kij g t|gué{ dnc og| @nm|j. N{ gw~ï dj`dn oç{ nuidn`tn |n{~ctg ~` rg|gcnci{ojcioitgdj kj` nc Iorgktj dnc Iorn|ij |jog`j {jl|n nc Jkkidn`tn mn|oçìkj. N` kj`k|ntj# tg`tj cg cn`m~g n{k|itgkjoj cg |ncimiû` —cj{ dj{ kjorj`n`tn{ lç{ikj{ dn tjdj {i{tnog idnjcûmikj dn gw~nccg érjkg— e~n|jìorj|tgdj{ dn Lixg`kij. Cj{ r|ion|j{ r|ï`kirn{ ug|nmj{ dn Ainu fglïg` kj`knlidj g {~ kgritgc kjoj ~`g lg{nrg|g cg nvrndikij`n{ dn ri|gtn|ïg kj`t|g Lixg`kij y Rn|{ig &n{rnkigcon`tn kj`t|g nc r|ion|j# l|iccg`tn|nkjorn`{g rg|g nc riccghn). [i` nolg|mj# {~{ gtgw~n{ e~n|j` |nkfgxgdj{ dj{ unkn{# n` cj{ g÷j{ 652 y 947# yrjkj dn{r~é{ nc r|ion| r|ï`kirn ug|nmj w~n ccnuû ~` `jol|n n{cguj# Ucgdioi|# gdjrtû nc k|i{tigì{oj. Cj{gceglntj{ mcgmjcïtikj y ki|ïcikj e~n|j` iùn`tgdj{ rj| {gkn|djtn{ m|inmj{ n{rnkïeikgon`tn rg|g cj{ idijog{ dn cj{r~nlcj{ n{cguj{ y rg|g cg kg~{g dn {~ kjùn|{iû` g cg en j|tjdjvg. Cg \~{ig dn Ainu gdjrtû gfj|g ~`g n{k|it~|g y

~` k|ndj y# kj` nccj{# cg i`{tit~kiû` lixg`ti`g dn ~`g Imcn{ig n{tgtgc. Kcé|imj{ m|inmj{ e~n|j` nùigdj{ g ^k|gìgrg|g cnug`tg| ~`g hn|g|w~ïg nkcn{iç{tikg w~n m|gd~gcon`tn {n fixj tg` n{cguixgdg kjoj fgl|ïg dn fgkn|{n cg kg{gdjoi`g`tn y {~{ {éw~itj{. N{tg Imcn{ig {n|ïg rj{tn|ij|on`tn nc ondij rg|g nc t|g{rcg`tn idnjcûmikj dn cg t|gdikiûìorn|igc g~tjk|çtikg dnc Iorn|ij dn J|in`tn# i`kc~{j dn{r~é{ dn cg rj{tn|ij| dn{grg|ikiû` dn é{tn. Nc ièc~hjgdoiì{t|gtiuj y k~ct~|gc dn Lixg`kij rg|nkïg rn|oiti|# r~n{# ~`g r|nkg|ig {ï`tn{i{ |~{g n` nc n{tn w~n rjd|ïgkjorg|g|{n g cg {ï`tn{i{ e|g`kg n` Jkkidn`tn# tg`tj n` {~{ r|nkjkn{ |ngcixgkij`n{ kjoj n` {~{ i`nuitglcn{|nkgïdg{# {nm~idg{ rj| nc kgj{ y cg |nm|n{iû`6. [i` nolg|mj# cj{ cïoitn{ dn n{tg{ kjorg|gkij`n{ {j` nuidn`tn{.N`t|n Ainu y Lixg`kij `j fglïg ì`mø` tn||itj|ij kjoø` w~n r~din|g {n|ui| dn lg{n rg|g ~`g un|dgdn|g e~{iû`.Nc Iorn|ij m|inmj# w~n yg n{tglg o~y cnhj{ dn {~ r|ndnkn{j| |jog`j# {ûcj rjdïg t|g`{oiti| ior~c{j{ rg|kigcn{ ydi{tg`tn{ g t|gué{ dnc N~vi`j. G{ï# n{ `gt~|gc w~n d~|g`tn n{tg érjkg `~`kg grg|nkin|g n` \~{ig ~`g

6 Og|v nw~irg|û nc Iorn|ij kg|jci`mij gc ug|nmj n` Tfn {nk|nt dircjog tik fi{tj|y je tfn nimftnn`tf kn`t~|y# Cj`d|n{# 7959# r. 729 QCgdircjogkig {nk|ntg# Ogd|id# Tgccn| dn [jkijcjmïg# 79=9_. Rn|j n{tn cil|j n{ ~`g egl~cgkiû` ccn`g dn ejlig y# kin|tgon`tn# cg rnj| jl|g dnfi{tj|ig n{k|itg rj| Og|v1 {~{ n||j|n{ {j` i``~on|glcn{. K~g`dj e~n |nnditgdg rj| unx r|ion|g g kjoin`xj{ dn {imcj# \igxg`ju# kjoji`tncnkt~gc og|vi{tg# n{k|iliû ~`g k|ïtikg {jl|ig8 ¡Ag|c Og|v óln| dn` Uj|{r|~`m dn| Uj|fn||{kfget \~{{cg`d{ i` N~|jrg±# Din @n~n Xnit &N|mä`x~`m{fnetn `.² >)# > dn og|xj dn 7929# rr. 7/54. Nc nditj| kj`tnorj|ç`nj dnc tnvtj `j fg {glidj oj{t|g| cg oç{ oïìog di{tg`kig|n{rnktj g éc.

QRçm. <47_

hn|g|w~ïg en~dgc j|mçìkg kjoj cg w~n mn{tû nc Iorn|ij kg|jci`mij. Cj w~n {j|r|n`dn n{# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# cg`gt~|gcnxg fntn|ûkcitg y goj|eg dn cg {jkindgd y cg nkj`joïg dn Ainu. ^`g kcg{n djoi`g`tn dn r|ï`kirn{ yljyg|dj{# r|jkndn`tn dn cg d|~xi`g ug|nmg# |nkg~dglg t|il~tj{ y kj`t|jcglg nc kjon|kij n` cg{ ki~dgdn{# dj`dn`j|ogcon`tn {~l{i{tïg` cj{ kj`knhj{ jcimç|w~ikj{ j unkn# un{timij{ dn cg{ g`tim~g{ g{golcng{ rjr~cg|n{. Cj{

ljyg|dj{ rj{nïg` m|g`dn{ djoiìj{# kj` ~`g og`j dn jl|g oivtg# kjor~n{tg rj| n{kcguj{# rnj`n{ xga~ry&kgorn{i`j{ gd{k|itj{ rj| dn~dg{) y t|glghgdj|n{ g{gcg|igdj{. H~`tj g n{tj{ djoiìj{ nvi{tïg ~` kj`{idn|glcnkgorn{i`gdj cil|n# j|mgìxgdj n` kjo~ìdgdn{ dn gcdng9.

Nc N{tgdj dn Ainu gckg`xû nc knìt dn {~ rjdn| g r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj VI kj` nc |ni`gdj dn Yg|j{cgu &727>/;5)# ncøctioj dn {~{ r|ï`kirn{ kj` kj`nvij`n{ n{kg`di`gug{ y golikij`n{ ug|nmg{. D~|g`tn {~ |ni`gdj {n |ngcixg|j` cg{øctiog{ gun`t~|g{ nvtn|ij|n{8 ~` gtgw~n oicitg| kj`t|g Lixg`kij y ~`g nvrndikiû` gc G{ig kn`t|gc. Dn{dnondigdj{ dnc {imcj VI# cg di`g{tïg dn cj{ \~|ïaidg{ y {~ `jlcnxg e~n|j` kjorcntgon`tn |~{ieikgdg{. R|j`tj {nkj|tg|j` cg{ m|g`dn{ |~tg{ kjon|kigcn{ fgkig nc {~|# r|ion|j rj| cg jk~rgkiû` k~og`g dn ^k|gìg dnc {~| ydn{r~é{ rj| cg{ k|~xgdg{. Cg{ ki~dgdn{ itgcig`g{ tjog|j` gfj|g nc kj`t|jc dnc kjon|kij i{cçoikj y lixg`ti`j.Ainu# w~n fglïg {idj cg gug`xgdiccg nkj`ûoikg dn Lixg`kij# dnkgyû h~`tj kj` cg{ ont|ûrjci{ m|inmg{ {it~gdg{ gc{~|. Nc |n{~ctgdj dn n{tn gi{cgoin`tj e~n ~` kgolij `jtglcn n` cg nujc~kiû` dn cg ej|ogkiû` {jkigc dn Ainu. Cgkj`t|gkkiû` dnc kjon|kij n{t~uj gkjorg÷gdg i`nuitglcnon`tn rj| nc f~`dioin`tj dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ y nci`k|non`tj dn cg iorj|tg`kig dn cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ cjkgcn{. R|iugdg dn {~{ i`m|n{j{ kjon|kigcn{ r|jkndn`tn{ dncon|kgdj dn n{kcguj{# cg kcg{n {jkigc ljyg|dg {n ujcuiû fgkig nc i`tn|ij| rg|g jltn`n| ~`g kjorn`{gkiû` kj` cg

779 * 7>2



gorcigkiû` dn {~{ djoiìj{ y nc g~on`tj dnc nvkndn`tn gm|ïkjcg72. Cg kj`{nk~n`kig e~n ~`g

9 ^` n{t~dij mcjlgc dn cg n{t|~kt~|g {jkigc dn Ainu r~ndn n`kj`t|g|{n n` Un|`gd{ai# Ainug` \~{{ig# rr. 7;7/=<# gc w~n rn|h~dikg# {i`nolg|mj# cg k|nn`kig dn Un|lgd{ai dn w~n nc ¡kgritgci{oj± y cg ¡dnojk|gkig± n{tglg` cgtn`tn{ dn gcm~`g ej|og n` nc {i{tnog kjon|kigc yn` cj{ un{timij{ kj`knhicn{ dnc N{tgdj dn Ainu# kgr|ikfj{j{ n||j|n{ dn kgtnmj|ïg fn|ndgdj{ dn \j{tjut{nu.72 A. \. [kfoidt# ¡Tfn {jkigc {t|~kt~|n je \~{{ig i` tfn ng|cy Oiddcn Gmn{±# VI n Kj`m|æ{ I`tn|`gtij`gc dn{ [kin`kn{ Fi{tj|iw~n{ # ^r{gcg#7952# \grrj|t{ III# r. ;<. [kfoidt g`gcixg nc fi`kgrié dn cg{ fi{tj|ijm|geïg{ jr~n{tg{# dn{dn Aci~kfnu{ai n` gdncg`tn# n` cg |iw~nxggm|ïkjcg j kjon|kigc dn cg{ kcg{n{ di|imn`tn{ dn Ainu.

QRçm. <4<_

`jtglcn r|n{iû` nkj`ûoikg {jl|n cj{ kgorn{i`j{# w~n gfj|g kjon`xg|j` g dn{kn`dn| fgkig cg {n|uid~ol|n.[io~ctç`ngon`tn# cg ~ìdgd rjcïtikg dnc N{tgdj dn Ainu kjon`xû g e|gmon`tg|{n n` r|i`kirgdj{ ondigtixgdj{w~n {n dn{t|jxg|j` n`t|n {ï g ondidg w~n cg kg{g dn cj{ \~|ïaidg{ {n dn{i`tnm|glg n` c~kfg{ di`ç{tikg{. Nccjkgci{oj {n÷j|igc {n dn{g||jccû h~`tj g cg k|nkin`tn dnm|gdgkiû` dnc kgorn{i`gdj.

Cg uïg dn dn{g||jccj n` tin||g{ kfnkg{ y rjcgkg{ {n uij genktgdg r|i`kirgcon`tn# kjoj n{ `gt~|gc# rj| cgièc~n`kig mn|oçìkg oç{ w~n rj| cg n{kg`di`gug j lixg`ti`g. [i` nolg|mj# n` n{tn n`tj|`j oç{ jkkidn`tgcixgdjr~ndn jl{n|ug|{n ~`g nujc~kiû` {ioicg|. Cg{ r|ion|g{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ dn n{tg{ |nmij`n{ `j n|g` dien|n`tn{

dn cg r|ion|g \~{ig dn Ainu# g~`w~n {i` nc gorcij kjon|kij ec~uigc w~n kj`{tit~yû cg lg{n dn {~ nvknrkij`gck|nkioin`tj ~|lg`j. G{ï r~n{# cg{ g|i{tjk|gkig{ cjkgcn{ djoi`g|j` o~y gorcigon`tn n` nc n{tn g ~`g onxkcg dnr|jd~ktj|n{ iòndigtj{ n` cg w~n {n i`kc~ïg` rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{# n{kcguj{ y rnj`n{. N{tn en`ûon`j e~n ~`|necnhj dn cg t|g {ikiû` dn{dn n{t|~kt~|g{ {jkigcn{ {iorcn{ —k~yj{ kcg`n{ m~n||n|j{ fglïg` ~ticixgdj gr|i{ij`n|j{ n{kcguj{ rg|g k~ctiug| {~{ tin||g{ g egctg dn ~` kgorn{i`gdj dnrn`din`tn— g {i{tnog{ n{tgtgcn{dien|n`kigdj{# kj` cg k|nkin`tn {~lj|di`gkiû` dn tjdg cg og`j dn jl|g |~|gc m|gkig{ g cj{ onkgì{oj{ dncn`dn~dgoin`tj kgorn{i`j y g cg r|çktikg dn cg n`kjon`dgkiû`. N` Rjcjìg# [icn{ig# Ljfnoig j Oj|guig# cg{tékìkg{ gm|ïkjcg{ {n og`t~uin|j` kj` e|nk~n`kig n` ~` ìunc o~y r|ioitiuj kj` nc k~ctiuj dn |jxg{ glin|tg{ rj|e~nmj y cj{ kgorj{ dn rg{tj|nj tjdguïg r|gktikgdj{ rj| ~`g fntn|jmé`ng rjlcgkiû` dn r|jrintg|ij{ cil|n{#g||n`dgtg|ij{ y n{kcguj{. Cg r|ion|g n{t|~kt~|g rjcïtikg w~n {~|miû e~n# g r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj UII# ~` N{tgdjljfnoij gcmj eg`tg{ogc# n{tglcnkidj rj| nc on|kgdn| e|g`kj [goj# di|imn`tn dn cg |nlnciû` n{cgug cjkgc w~ndn||jkû gc Iorn|ij çug|j n` N~|jrg kn`t|gc. Nc N{tgdj dn [goj# w~n e~n r|jlglcnon`tn ~` |ni`j rg|g kj`t|jcg|nc kjon|kij# kjoj nc dn cj{ r|ion|j{ ug|nmj{ n` \~{ig# `j e~n kgrgx dn kjùn|ti| g cg rjlcgkiû` dn cg xj`g y `jd~|û o~kfj tinorj77. Dj{kin`tj{ g÷j{ dn{r~é{ grg|nkiû oç{ gc n{tn ~`g n{t|~kt~|g dn ogyj| {jcidnx# nc M|g`N{tgdj dn Oj|guig dnc {imcj IV.

77 M. Un|`gd{ai# ¡Tfn lnmi`ì`m{ je tfn Kxnkf [tgtn±# Lyxg`tij`# 7944/># VUII# rr. ;7>/<6# gei|og —kj`t|g tjdg nuidn`kig— w~n[goj e~n ~` on|kgdn| n{cguj ¡dndikgdj g cg idng dn cg kjjrn|gkiû` i`tn|n{cgug±# oi{iû` ior|jlglcn w~n n{ ~`g r|~nlg oç{ dn cj{ dg÷j{kg~{gdj{ rj| nc `gkij`gci{oj n` nc kgorj dn cg fi{tj|ijm|geïg dn cg Ndgd J{k~|g.

QRçm. <4;_

N{tn r|i`kirgdj {n lg{glg n` `~on|j{j{ kg{ticcj{ y ej|tieikgkij`n{ g|i{tjk|çtikg{ y e~n ~`g iorj|tg`tn rjtn`kign` cj{ kjèi`n{ dnc Iorn|ij kg|jci`mij# k~yg gcig`xg dircjoçtikg l~{kû Lixg`kij kj`t|g nc nvrg`{ijì{oj e|g`kj.

Gw~ï# cj{ fn|og`j{ j|tjdjvj{ Ki|icj y Ontjdij e~n|j` nùigdj{ g {~ oj`g|kg# \gti{cgj# kj` cg oi{iû` dni`{t|~i|cn y kjùn|ti|cn# rg|g cj w~n fglïg` k|ngdj nc gceglntj n{cguj. [~{ n{e~n|xj{ e~n|j` dn{lg`kgdj{# n`øctioj té|oi`j# rj| {gkn|djtn{ kgtûcikj{ nùigdj{ rj| \jog. Cg{ tin||g{ kfnkg{ {n t|g`{ej|og|j`# {i` nolg|mj#n` cg r|ion|g kglnxg dn rcgyg dn cg kjùn|{iû` k|i{tig`g dnc n{tn g`tn{ dn w~n nc N{tgdj dn Oj|guig e~n|gdn{t|~idj rj| ~`g iùg{iû` ogmig| g r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj V. G rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{ t~uj c~mg| n` Ljfnoig# on`j{m|gunon`tn dg÷gdg rj| cg dnug{tgkiû` `ûogdg# ~`g m|gd~gc |nk~rn|gkiû` rjcïtikg# G r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj VI ygfglïg grg|nkidj dn `~nuj ~` N{tgdj kfnkj# n{tg unx kj` ~`g n{t|~kt~|g {jkigc oç{ gug`xgdg# w~n i`kc~ïg ~`gr|ion|g un|{iû` dnc {i{tnog dn en~dj{. Cg |n`jugkiû` dn cj{ Jtj`n{ fglïg r|jujkgdj ~` m|g` g~on`tj dn cgr|n{iû` mn|oçìkg {jl|n cg{ og|kg{ j|in`tgcn{ dnc Iorn|ij. Nc dn{g||jccj rjcïtikj dn Ljfnoig w~ndû {~hntj grg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{ gc kj`t|gdiktj|ij iorgktj dn cg i`tn|un`kiû` y cg ièc~n`kig mn|oçìkg{ n` cg{ tin||g{ kfnkg{.Rj| ~`g rg|tn# n{tn fnkfj gkncn|û cg ej|ogkiû` dn i`{tit~kij`n{ en~dgcn{ &rj| ioitgkiû`) y n{tio~cû cg gdfn{iû`

dn cg `jlcnxg n{cgug g {~ r|jrij N{tgdj cjkgc# {ioljcixgdj rj| nc k~ctj en|uin`tn g {~ {g`tj rgt|û`# ]n`kn{cgj7<

.Rj| jt|g rg|tn# lcjw~nû cg kj`{jcidgkiû` dn ~`g oj`g|w~ïg n{tglcn# yg w~n cj{ norn|gdj|n{ mn|oçìkj{# dn{dnJtû` I n` gdncg`tn# |niui`dikg|j` Ljfnoig kjoj en~dj dnc Iorn|ij y nvgkn|lg|j` cg{ |iugcidgdn{ di`ç{tikg{

7<2 * 7>2



dn`t|j dn cg g|i{tjk|gkig kfnkg. Nc N{tgdj ~ìtg|ij dn Ljfnoig {n uij o~y r|j`tj kjor|jontidj rj| ~`g cg|mgy gmjtgdj|g c~kfg rj| nc djoiìj rjcïtikj n`t|n cg{ egoicig{ dn cj{ R|noï{cidg{ y cj{ [cguìajuik# w~n f~`diû gcrgï{ n` |nrntidg{ m~n||g{ kiuicn{7;. G ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VII# cj{ en~dj{ dn Ljfnoig n|g` fn|nditg|ij{ y nckgorn{i`gdj {n unïg {jontidj g k|nkin`tn{ jlcimgkij`n{ {n÷j|igcn{ g ondidg w~n n` cj{ kgorj{ nkfglg |gïkn{~`g g|i{tjk|gkig r|jui`kigc. Dnlidj g n{n oi{oj r|jkn{j# nc rjdn| rjcïtikj kn`t|gc w~ndû dnlicitgdj ykjor|jontidj g ondidg w~n Ljfnoig |nkgïg n` cg{ di{r~tg{ y diui{ij`n{ n`t|n cj{ r|ï`kirn{.

N` Rjcjìg# cg j|mgìxgkiû` t|ilgc y kcç{ikg d~|û oç{ tino/

7< E. M|g~{# ¡J|imi`n{ dn c’Ntgt nt dn cg `jlcn{{n n` Oj|guin nt n` Ljfæon±# \nu~n dn{ Nt~dn{ [cgun{ # ujc. ;9# 7957# rr. 4;/>6.7; E. Duj|ìa# Tfn [cgun{. Tfni| ng|cy fi{tj|y g`d kiuicixgtij`# rr. 77>/;22.

QRçm. <44_

rj. N` nc {imcj IV nvi{tïg ~`g ugmg kjèndn|gkiû` |nmij`gc dn rjcgkj{ kj` {~ kn`t|j n` Mìnx`j. Fg{tg cg ccnmgdgdnc hnen Rig{tg# Oinki{cgj I# g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj V# `j {n ej|oû nc r|ion| N{tgdj ~ìtg|ij dn Rjcjìg. Oinki{cgjgdjrtû nc k|i{tigì{oj n` nc g÷j 955 y cj ior~{j n` {~{ djoiìj{ kjoj |ncimiû` j|mgìxgdj|g dnc `~nuj {i{tnogrjcïtikj74. Cg oi{iû` w~n t|i~èû n` Rjcjìg e~n jl|g dn cg Imcn{ig |jog`g# w~n ccnuû kj` nccg nc cgtï`# kjùn|tidjdn{dn n`tj`kn{ n` nc idijog k~ctj jeikigc dnc rgï{ &cj w~n i`dikg cg |ncgtiug l|~{w~ndgd dnc kgolij n` cj{ rcg`j{{jkigc y k~ct~|gc w~n gkjorg÷û g cg grg|ikiû` dnc N{tgdj dn cj{ Rig{tg y w~n kj`t|g{tg kj` cg oç{ tnor|g`g yoç{ cn`tg nujc~kiû` dn Ljfnoig1 cg `jlcnxg rjcgkg fgl|ïg dn ~ticixg| nc cgtï` kjoj {~ fglit~gc idijog n{k|itjfg{tg o~kfj dn{r~é{ dn w~n kgyn|g n` dn{~{j n` nc Jkkidn`tn rj{ondinugc). Nc rgrgdj kjèi|oû g Oinki{cgjn` {~ tït~cj d~kgc g kgolij dn {~ eidncidgd |ncimij{g. [~ d~kgdj {n lg{û n` ~` nvtn`{j y lin` n`mg|xgdj {i{tnogdn {éw~itj{# ~`g d|~Űy`g dn gc|ndndj| dn ;.222 `jlcn{ w~n n{tglg` n{tgkij`gdj{ n` cg kjoitiug dnc d~w~n j n`cg{ m~g|ìkij`n{ |nmij`gcn{ dn cj{ m|ûdy ej|tieikgdj{ w~n k~l|ïg` tjdj nc rgï{. Cg ~ticixgkiû` dn cj{ oinol|j{ dnn{tn {éw~itj |ngc kjoj kjog`dg`tn{ dn cj{ kg{ticcj{ |nr|n{n`tglg ~` neikgx i`{t|~on`tj i`tn|ondij n` nc rg{j dn~`g g|i{tjk|gkig djoé{tikg g jt|g tn||itj|igc. Nc r|ion| N{tgdj dn cj{ Rig{tg {n ln`neikiû dnc i`kirin`tn dn{g||jccj~|lg`j dnc g`tn|ij| {imcj rgmg`j y nvt|ghj i`m|n{j{ |n{rntglcn{ dn cj{ kn`t|j{ kjon|kigcn{ cjkgcn{. Nc fihj dnOinki{cgj# Ljcn{cgj I# dn{g||jccû |çridgon`tn nc rjdn|ïj dn cj{ Rig{tg# nvtn`din`dj mnjm|çeikgon`tn nc |ni`j dnRjcjìg rj| ondij dn cg g`nviû` dn [icn{ig y nc gug`kn fgkig ^k|gìg y |nkcgog`dj nc tït~cj |ngc. Rn|j tgolié`

n` n{tn kg{j cg tnor|g`g {jcidnx y ~ìdgd rjcïtikg dnc N{tgdj |n{~ctû {n| ~`g egc{g r|jon{g. Cg oj`g|w~ïgrjcgkg# kjoj cg ljfnoig# e~n nc lcg`kj dn kj`{tg`tn{ ogìjl|g{ dircjoçtikg{ y oicitg|n{ dn Gcnogìg. Cj{norn|gdj|n{ mn|oçìkj{ |nkcgog|j` cg h~|i{dikkiû` iorn|igc {jl|n golg{ |nmij`n{ y ei`gcon`tn kj`{im~in|j`lcjw~ng| cg kj`{jcidgkiû` dn cg g~tj|ixgkiû` |ngc n` Rjcjìg &dj`dn Oinki{cgj II |n`~`kiû gc tït~cj oj`ç|w~ikj)y gug{gccg|cg n` Ljfnoig &w~n {n kjùi|tiû n` en~dj ej|ogc dnc Iorn|ij) 7>. Gdnoç{# cg |gridnx kj` w~n

74 Gcna{g`dn| Miny{xtj|# ¡\nkfn|kfn{ {~| cn{ ej`dnon t{ dn cg Rjcjm`n oédiéugcn8 étgt gkt~nc dn{ r|jlcæon{±# Gktg Rjcjìgn Fi{tj|ikg#IU# 7957# rçmi`g{ 79/<>.7> Rg|g cg rjcïtikg mn|oçìkg dn n{tn rn|ïjdj# uég{n n{rnkigcon`tn E. Duj|ìa# Tfn ogai`m je Kn`t|gc g`d Ng{tn|` N~|jrn# Cj`d|n{#7949#

QRçm. <4>_

{n fglïg kj`{t|~idj nc N{tgdj dn cj{ Rig{tg {n |nuncû kjoj {~ |~i`g i`tn|`g. N` nc g÷j 72;7 {n r|jd~hj ~`guijcn`tg i`{~||nkkiû` {jkigc y |ncimij{g# w~n kjoli`û ~`g |ngkkiû` rgmg`g kj`t|g cg Imcn{ig# ~`g |nlnciû`kgorn{i`g kj`t|g nc g~on`tj dn cg r|n{iû` {n÷j|igc y ~` cnug`tgoin`tj g|i{tjk|çtikj kj`t|g nc rjdn| dn cgdi`g{tïg djoi`g`tn. Cj{ {n÷j|n{ rjcgkj{ nvr~c{g|j` g Oinki{cgj II dnc rgï{ y cj diuidin|j` n` ujiujdgtj{r|jui`kigcn{. [~ fihj Kg{ioi|j e~n |n{tg~|gdj kj` cg gy~dg dn Ljfnoig y dn Ainu# rn|j dn{dn n`tj`kn{ {~N{tgdj kn`t|gc w~ndû m|gunon`tn dnlicitgdj. N` nc {imcj VII# cg dncnmgkiû` dn rjdn| n` cj{ ièg`tgxmj{|nmij`gcn{ |ngcixgdg rj| cj{ Rig{tg cj g||~i`û dneiìtiug y kjorcntgon`tn. Rjcjìg {n diuidiû n` i``~on|glcn{rnw~n÷j{ d~kgdj{# oin`t|g{ w~n n` nc kgorj dnkgïg cg rnw~n÷g r|jrindgd kgorn{i`g y {n o~ctircikglg` cg{nvgkkij`n{ {n÷j|igcn{. Cg{ tin||g{ nkcn{iç{tikg{ y `jlicig|ig{ glg|kglg` øìkgon`tn gc 4> rj| kin`tj dn cgrjlcgkiû` |~|gc# rn|j cg tn`dn`kig n{tglg kcg|g 75. Fgkig nc {imcj VII# n` Rjcjìg# kjoj n` tjdg{ rg|tn{# cgkj`dikiû` dnc kgorn{i`gdj `gtiuj {n e~n dntn|ij|g`dj cn`tgon`tn n` di|nkkiû` g cg {n|uid~ol|n. N{tn r|jkn{je~n kjoø` n` \~{ig# Ciujìg# Rjcjìg# Ljfnoig# F~`m|ïg y Cit~gìg y# n` mn`n|gc# tjoû cg ej|og dn ~`gnvrg`{iû` iì`tn||~oridg dn cg{ m|g`dn{ ei`kg{ rj| cg{ g|i{tjk|gkig{ cjkgcn{# ~` dn{kn`{j n` nc `øon|j dnr|jrintg|ij{ cil|n{# ~` g~on`tj dn g||n`dgoin`tj{ kgorn{i`j{ y# n` ei`# ~`g kjùn|mn`kig m|gd~gc dn cj{

7<7 * 7>2



y w~n {n e~n|g` dneiìtiugon`tn dn {~{ c~mg|n{ dn g{n`tgoin`tj. Cg{ gcdng{ ej|oglg` kjo~ìdgdn{ |~|gcn{|nmidg{ rj| gckgcdn{ fn|nditg|ij{ &g on`~dj nc j|mgìxgdj| iìkigc dn cg noim|gkiû`) y `j rj| og`dgtj {n÷j|igc.N{tg{ kjcjìg{ t|g`{ej|og|j` |çridgon`tn tjdj nc ojdncj gm|ïkjcg dn{dn nc Nclg fg{tg nc Uï{t~cg y oç{ gccç. [ntgcg|j` lj{w~n{ y {n i`t|jd~hn|j` rj| unx r|ion|g cj{ g|gdj{ dn fin||j y nc {i{tnog dn |jtgkiû` t|in`gc8 cgmg`gdn|ïg |nt|jkndiû y nc k~ctiuj dn m|g`j {n nvtn`diû rj| r|ion|g unx. Nc kjon|kij dn nvrj|tgkiû` dn ogdn|g{n dn{g||jccû dn ej|og `jtglcn. Lghj nc iorgktj dn n{tn r|jkn{j# kj` {~ r|jd~kkiû` y {~ nvkndn tn o~kfj oç{gctj{# cg `jlcnxg i`dïmn`g y cg{ û|dn`n{ dn k|~xgdj{ gknrtg|j` r|jm|n{iugon`tn cg{ `j|og{ dn cg gm|ik~ct~|gkgorn{i`g i`t|jd~kidg{ dn{dn nc jn{tn. N` kj`{nk~n`kig# cg kj`dikiû` dnc kgorn{i`gdj `gtiuj dn Rjcjìg#Ljfnoig# [icn{ig# Rjon|gìg y dnoç{ rgï{n{# w~n un`ïg f~`dié`dj{n n` cg {n|uid~ol|n dn{dn g`tn{ dnckjoin`xj dn cg kjcjìxgkiû` mn|oçìkg# nvrn|ion`tû gfj|g ~`g `jtglcn onhj|g rj| cg g{ioicgkiû` dn cgkj`dikiû` dn cj{ |nkié` ccnmgdj{. Oin`t|g{ tg`tj# cj{ kgorn{i j{ r|~{ig`j{# {jontidj{ iìkigcon`tn g{n|uid~ol|n rj| cg J|dn` Tn~tû ikg# e~n|j` nog kirgdj{ n` nc t|g {k~|{j dnc {imcj {im~in`tn. Cg{ gcdng{g~tû`jog{# kj` {~{ r|jrij{ gckgcdn{

<2 O. Rj{tg`# ¡Nkj`joik |ncgtij`{ lnt}nn` Ng{tn|` g`d ]n{tn|` N~|jrn±# n` Mnjee|ny Lg||gkcj~mf &kjor.)# Ng{tn|` g`d ]n{tn|`N~|jrn d~|i`m tfn Oiddcn Gmn{ # Cj`d|n{# 79=2# r. 759.

QRçm. <46_

y t|il~`gcn{# {n nvtn`din|j`# cg ojuicidgd |~|gc {n gorciû y cg r|jd~ktiuidgd k|nkiû n` cg oi{og ondidg.

Nc g~on`tj n` cg r|jd~kkiû` dn kn|ngcn{ y ogdn|g n{tio~cû# g {~ unx# ~` |n{~ctgdj oç{ iorj|tg`tn tjdguïg n` cgkjcjìxgkiû` dnc n{tn8 nc k|nkioin`tj dn ki~dgdn{ y kn`t|j{ kjon|kigcn{ rj| tjdg cg kj{tg dnc Lçctikj d~|g`tn nc{imcj VIII8 \j{tjka# Dg`xim# ]i{og|# \img# Dj|rgt y \nugc. N{tj{ kn t|j{ ~|lg`j{ n|g kjo~`g{i`dnrn`din`tn{ y t~|l~cn`tg{# kj` ~` r|û{rn|j kjon|kij dn nvrj|tgkiû` y ~`g gmitgdg uidg rjcïtikg. Dnc oi{ojojdj w~n nc ¡dn|nkfj ecgon`kj± fglïg ior~c{gdj cg onhj|g n` cg{ |ncgkij`n{ {jkigcn{ dn cg gm|ik~ct~|gi`dïmn`g# g{ï tgolié` nc ¡dn|nkfj mn|oçìkj±# kgckgdj dn cg Kg|tg dn Ogmdnl~|mj# nhn|kiû ~` ièc~hj g`çcjmjn` nc n{tgt~tj dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ t|gdikij`gcn{ dnc n{tn. N{rnkigcon`tn n` Rjcjìg# cg{ ki~dgdn{ w~n fj{rndg|j` kjè|nk~n`kig g iorj|tg`tn{ kjcjìg{ dn kjon|kig`tn{ y g|tn{g`j{ mn|og`j{ |nkilin|j` gfj|g cj{ Dn|nkfj{ dnOgmdnl~|mj8 Rjx`g`# K|gkjuig y cg |nkin`tnon`tn e~`dgdg Ug|{juig e~n|j` ln`neikig|ig{ dn n{tn r|jkn{j <7. N`

Ljfnoig# cj{ l~|m~n{n{ mn|og`j{ k|ng|j` ~`g |nd oç{ dn`{g dn kjcjìxgkiû` ~|lg`g# lg{gdg n` cg{ i`d~{t|ig{oi`n|g{ y ontgcø|mikg{ dn cg xj`g y kj` ~`g rg|tikirgkiû` oç{ iorj|tg`tn dn g|tn{g`j{ y kjon|kig`tn{ kfnkj{.G{ï r~n{# n` nc {imcj VIII nc n{tn kjcjìgc e~n cg {jkindgd e|j`tn|ixg dnc en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj# r|jynkkiûìor|n{ij`g`tn dn {~ r|jrij di`goi{oj nvrg`{iuj# w~n gc oi{oj tinorj t~uj {jl|n nc {i{tnog fn|og`j gcm~`g{dn cg{ un`tghg{ w~n cg{ {jkindgdn{ e|j`tn|ixg{ dnc kgritgci{oj n~|jrnj fgl|ïg` dn tn`n| n` Goé|ikg y Jkng`ïg8ogyj| im~gcdgd y ojuicidgd. Kg|{tn` |n{~on g{ï cg{ kg|gktn|ï{tikg{ dn {~ r|ion| rn|ïjdj8 ¡Nc {i{tnogr|jrigon`tn {n÷j|igc# kj` {~{ |n{t|ikkij`n{ g cg ciln|tgd y {~{ h~|i{dikkij`n{ r|iugdg{# `j e~n t|g`{en|idj gc n{tn#kjoj tgorjkj cj e~n cg {n|uid~ol|n. Cg rj{ikiû` dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{ e~n o~kfj onhj| dn cj w~n n|g n`Jkkidn`tn# y n{tj i`kc~ïg tgolié` g cg rjlcgkiû` g~tûktj`g. Cg{ dien|n`kig{ dn kcg{n n` nc n{tn n|g` on`j{|ïmidg{8 cj{ `jlcn{ {n t|g{cgdglg` g cg{ ki~dgdn{ y {n kjùn|tïg` n` l~|m~n{n{# oin`t|g{ cj{ l~|m~n{n{ gdw~i|ïgèi`kg{ y cj{ gckgcdn{ dn cg{ gcdng{ tn`ïg` en~dj{. Tjdg cg n{t|~kt~|g dn cg {jkindgd# kjoj rjdïg n{rn|g|{n dn ~`g

xj`g kjcjìgc# n|g o~kfj oç{ cil|n y ecnvilcn w~n n` N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc. [ûcj rg|nkïg k~n{tiû` dn tinorj w~n ncn{tn dnhg|g dn n{tg| gt|g{gdj y rg{g|g g rn|tn`nkn| g cg{ rg|tn{ oç{ dn{g||jccgdg{ dn N~|jrg.

<7 \jmn| Rj|tgc# Cn{ [cgun{ # Rg|ï{# 795># r. =>.

QRçm. <49_

@gt~|gcon`tn# n{tj yg rjdïg grcikg|{n g cg{ ki~dgdn{ fg`{nçtikg{ dn cg kj{tg dnc Lçctikj# n{rnkigcon`tn g cg{ki~dgdn{ un`dg{ y g Dg`xim±<<.

\~{ig# w~n w~ndû oç{ gccç dn cj{ kjèi`n{ dn cg rn`nt|gkiû` mn|oçìkg# nvrn|ion`tû# {i` nolg|mj# d~|g`tnn{tj{ {imcj{ ~`g nujc~kiû` kj` gcm~`j{ rg|gcncj{ k~|ij{j{# g~`w~n kj` ~` |itoj dien|n`tn y n` ~` dien|n`tn

kj`tnvtj. N{tn en`ûon`j e~n nc |n{~ctgdj dn cg dn{i`tnm|gkiû` dnc N{tgdj dn Ainu n` cj{ {imcj{ VII y VIII lghj cgr|n{iû` dn cg{ dn{m|gkig{ nvtn|`g{ y cg{ dnlicidgdn{ i`tn|`g{. Kjoj yg fnoj{ ui{tj# cg{ k|~xgdg{ kj|tg|j` cg{|~tg{ kjon|kigcn{ dnc og| @nm|j g Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg y nc o~`dj i{cçoikj# n` cg{ w~n t|gdikij`gcon`tn fglïg

7<; * 7>2



cg dnr|n{iû` en~dgc dn cj{ {imcj{ VIU y VU dn`t|j dn ~`g k|i{i{ nkj`ûoikg kj`ti`n`tgc i`kj||nktgon`tnkj`{idn|gdg fjojmé`ng. [i` nolg|mj# n{ nuidn`tn g r|ion|g ui{tg w~n nc onkgì{oj lç{ikj dn cg k|i{i{ en~dgcn` Jkkidn`tn —~` ¡gug`kn nvkn{iuj± y ~` ¡gtg{kj± dn cg{ e~n|xg{ dn r|jd~kkiû` n` nc oi{oj cïoitn dn cg{|ncgkij`n{ {jkigcn{ dn r|jd~kkiû` nvi{tn`tn{# w~n kj`d~hj g ~` kjcgr{j dnojm|çeikj y g ~`g |nkn{iû` nkj`ûoikg— `j rjdïg |nr|jd~ki|{n n` nc n{tn. R~n{ gw~ï cg iorcg`tgkiû` dn `~nug{ tékìkg{ gm|g|ig{ y dn ~`g `~nugej|ogkiû` {jkigc n|g tjdguïg |ncgtiugon`tn |nkin`tn y `j fglïg gckg`xgdj n` gl{jc~tj cj{ cïoitn{ dn {~ rj{ilcnnvrg`{iû`. Cg dn`{idgd dn {~rn|rjlcgkiû` w~n nvi{tïg n` Jkkidn`tn n` 7;22 n|g dn{kj`jkidg n` nc n{tn.M|g`dn{ xj`g{ dn tin||g k~ctiuglcn tn`ïg` w~n {n| dn{l|jxgdg{ tjdguïg g cj cg|mj dnc Uï{t~cg y nc Jdn| k~g`dj ygn{kg{nglg` cg{ tin||g{ og|mi`gcn{ n` tj|`j gc \i`# nc Cji|g j nc Tçon{i{. N|g# r~n{# o~y rjkj r|jlglcn cg{io~ctç`ng |nrntikiû` n`dûmn`g n` nc n{tn dn cg k|i{i{ dn Jkkidn`tn. N` |ngcidgd# d~|g`tn ~` cg|mj rn|ïjdj dnc{imcj VIU# Rjcjìg y Ljfnoig rg|nkïg` fgln| gckg`xgdj {~ grjmnj rjcïtikj y k~ct~|gc. Cg kiuicixgkiû` ~|lg`gkfnkg ccnmû g {~ grjmnj lghj cg kg{g dn C~vnol~|mj# g`tn{ dn {~ un|timi`j{g kgïdg n` cg Cimg dn cj{ Lg|j`n{ ycg{ m~n||g{ f~{itg{7. N` {~

7 D~|g`tn n{tn rn|ïjdj# cg r|j{rn|idgd dn Ljfnoig {n lg{û n` nc dn{k~l|ioin`tj dn cg{ oi`g{ dn rcgtg dn A~t`g Fj|g# w~n {nkjùi|tin|j`

QRçm. <><_

l|nun |n{rcg`dj| lghj Kg|cj{ IU# Ljfnoig e~n cg Lj|mj÷g dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc. Rjcjìg {n cil|û dn cg m|g` rn{tn y{gciû un`kndj|g dn cg m~n||g dn cj{ T|nkn G÷j{1 Kg{ioi|j III e~n nc kj`tnorj|ç`nj y nw~iugcn tn dn Kg|cj{ IU1cg kg{g dn cj{ Hgmnccû` ~ìû g Rjcjìg kj` Cit~gìg rg|g ej|og| nc ogyj| N{tgdj tn||itj|igc dnc kj`ti`n`tn.Tgolié` n` F~`m|ïg# cj{ |nyn{ g`mnui`j{# Kg|cj{ \jln|tj y C~i{ I j|mgìxg|j` ~`g rjdn|j{g oj`g|w~ïg en~dgc#k~yg ièc~n`kig y r|n{timij e~n|j` kj`{idn|glcn{ n` tjdj nc n{tn y w~n lghj C~i{ w~ndû ~ìdg g Rjcjìg n` ~`g~ìû` rn|{j`gc. Rn|j n{tg uitgcidgd rjcïtikg `j rjdïg |n{i{ti| o~kfj tinorj gc kgolij dn kciog nkj`ûoikj w~n{n r|jd~hj n` tjdg N~|jrg j|in`tgc# |nxgmgdj |n{rnktj gc dn Jkkidn`tn rn|j ui{ilcnon`tn cimgdj g éc# r~n{ n{nuidn`tn w~n g r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj VU fglïg ~`g dnr|n{iû` n` golg{ rg|tn{ dn N~|jrg.

ºK~çcn{ e~n|j` cg{ un|dgdn|g{ |gxj`n{ dn cg k|i{i{ n` nc n{tn: G`tn tjdj# `gt~|gcon`tn# n` nc ug{tj g|kj dn cj{tn||itj|ij{ genktgdj{ rj| cg kjcjìxgkiû` mn|oçìkg {n r|jd~hj nc |nrn`ti`j kj|tn dn tjdj nc ior~c{j nkj`ûoikj

y dnojm|çeikj t|g`{oitidj rj| nccg. K~g`dj cj{ kn`t|j{ dnc en~dgci{oj n` Jkkidn`tn w~ndg|j` gt|grgdj{ n` ~`gorcij e|n`tn rj| cg |nkn{iû`# {~ r|jynkkiû` {jl|n cg{ tin||g{ e|j`tn|ixg{ dnc n{tn {n dnlicitû n` cg oi{og ondidg.Nc ïornt~ dn cg kjcjìxgkiû` di{oi`~yû y {n dn{ug`nkiû. G r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj VIU yg grg|nkin|j` cg{ {iìn{t|g{{n÷gcn{ dn gcdng{ dn{in|tg{ y kgorj{ glg`dj`gdj{ n` L|g`dnol~|mj y Rjon|gìg# w~n n` rg|tn {n dnlïg` g cgoim|gkiû` oç{ fgkig nc n{tn dn ~`j{ kgorn{i`j{ w~n fglïg` k|nkidj gkj{t~ol|gdj{ g cg ojuicidgd. Rn|j tgcn{dn{rcgxgoin`tj{ i`dikglg` n` {ï oi{oj{ ~`j dn cj{ rncim|j{ dn tjdj nc r|jkn{j kjcjìxgdj|. R|nki{gon`tnrj|w~n cg tin||g n|g gl~`dg`tn# rjdïg {n| nvrcjtgdg d~|g`tn l|nun tinorj y glg`dj`gdg dn{r~é{# {nmø` ~`r|jkn{j |nk~||n`tn dnc tirj w~n fgl|ïg dn n|j{ij`g| cg tin||g n` jt|j{ kj`ti`n`tn{ y érjkg{. Cg tin||g g|n`j{g dnccitj|gc lçctikj n|g n{rnkigcon`tn r|jrn`{g gc gmjtgoin`tj# g `j {n| w~n |nkilin|g ~` t|gtgoin`tj k~idgdj{j# ygw~ï tgolié` cg i`~`dgkiû` y cg n|j{iû` gug`xg|j` rg~cgti`gon`tn. Gdnoç{# nc dn{kn`{j n` cj{ r|nkij{ dn cj{kn|ngcn{ n` Jkkidn`tn g kg~{g dn cg un|timi`j{g kgïdg dn cg dnog`dg genktû i`nuitglcnon`tn gc n{tn# dj`dn yg

fglïg kjon`xgdj ~` ojdn{tj kjon|kij dn nvrj|tgkiû` dn m|g`j. Nc ï`dikn dn cj{ r|nkij{ dnc kn`tn`j nÀõìm{ln|m d~/

n` nc r|i`kirgc r|jd~ktj| dn N~|jrg dn{r~é{ dnc g÷j 7;22# k~g`dj n` nc |n{tj dn cj{ rgï{n{ {n r|jd~hj ~` dn{kn`{j mn`n|gc8 \. \. Lntt{#¡Tfn {jkigc |nujc~tij` i` Ljfnoig g`d Oj|guig i` tfn cgtn| Oiddcn Gmn{±# Rg{t g`d R|n{n`t # `øo. <# `juinol|n dn 79><# r. ;7.

QRçm. <>;_

|g`tn nc {imcj {im~in`tn |necnhû kj` tjdg eidncidgd nc dn{kn`{j dn cj{ r|nkij{ dn t|imj |nmi{t|gdj{ n` cg{ ki~dgdn{dn Jkkidn`tn<. Gc oi{oj tinorj# y kjoj yg fnoj{ dikfj# cj{ n{t|g`m~cgoin`tj{ n` cg{ tékìkg{ oi`n|g{genktg|j` g cj{ {tjka{ dn ontgcn{ gk~÷glcn{ n` tjdj nc kj`ti`n`tn# g~`w~n cg{ oi`g{ dn Ljfnoig {n uin{nòn`j{ genktgdg{ w~n cg{ dn [ghjìg. Cg dnugc~gkiû` dn cg oj`ndg y nc dn{kn`{j dn cg{ |n`tg{ {n÷j|igcn{#

uiugon`tn {n`tidg{ n` L|g`dnol~|mj# Rjcjìg y jt|j{ rgï{n{# e~n|j` nc kjoø` |n{~ctgdj. Nc n{tn `j {n uij cil|ntgorjkj dn cj{ gxjtn{ w~n n` Jkkidn`tn gkjorg÷g|j` g cg m|g` k|i{i{# cj{ tn||ilcn{ ¡nenktj{± dn cg dnr|n{iû`#w~n {n kjùi|tin|j` n` cg{ ¡kg~{g{± dn {~ |nitn|gkiû`. Cg rn{tn# nc fgol|n y cg m~n||g g{jcg|j` cg{ ccg`~|g{ dnc

7<> * 7>2



n{tn `j on`j{ w~n cg{ dnc jn{tn. N`t|n cj{ g÷j{ 7;42 y 7492 f~lj 77 l|jtn{ iorj|tg`tn{ dn rn{tn n` R|~{ig ; y<2 nridnoig{ n` \~{ig dn{dn 7;>2 g 74>248 nc oi{oj oj`g|kg oj{kjuitg [ionû` o~|iû g kg~{g dn nccg# h~`tûkj` {~ fn|og`j y dj{ fihj{# n` nc g÷j 7;>;. [ûcj Rjcjìg# n`t|n cg{ m|g`dn{ xj`g{ dn N~|jrg# {n cil|û n`mn`n|gc dn cg rn{tn `nm|g. Ljfnoig `j e~n tg` gej|t~`gdg. N` R|~{ig# cg{ ogcg{ kj{nkfg{ dn 74;=/9 e~n|j` cg{rnj|n{ n` ~` {imcj. Oin`t|g{ tg`tj# cg{ c~kfg{ oicitg|n{ g{jcglg` tjdg{ cg{ |nmij`n{ iorj|tg`tn{ dnc n{tn. Cj{jtjog`j{ iùgdin|j` [n|lig y L~cmg|ig g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VIU# {jontié`djcg{ g ~`g fi{tj|ig cjkgc grg|tgdg dn cgdnc |n{tj dn N~|jrg. Oç{ dn 7>2 kgorg÷g{ {n cil|g|j` n` \~{ig kj`t|g cj{ oj`mjcn{# cit~g`j{# mn|og`j{#{~nkj{ y løcmg|j{. Cg{ kj ti`~g{ kj||n|ïg{ y lgtgccg{ e|j tn|ixg{ dn{rjlcg|j` cg{ xj`g{ {it~gdg{ n`t|nL|g`dnol~|mj y Rjon|gìg. Cg{ e~n|xg{ rjcgkg{ grcg{tg|j` g cg J|dn` Tn~tûìkg n` M|ó`n}gcd# n` nc g÷j7472# kj` ~` nhé|kitj |nkc~tgdj n` tjdg cg N~|jrg j|in`tgc# n iùgdin|j` R|~{ig n` cj{ g÷j{ 7474# 74<2 y 74;7/;. Dn{r~é{ dn dj{ dékgdg{ dn ~`g rgx r|nkg|ig kjon`xû n` 74>; nc kjèciktj ei`gc# o~kfj oç{ oj|tïen|j8 cgm~n||g dn cj{ T|nkn G÷j{# w~n fixj rndgxj{ g cg J|dn` Tn~tûìkg y g||~i`û kjorcntgon`tn g R|~{ig j|in`tgcrj| ~`g mn`n|gkiû`. Cg dn{rjlcgkiû` y cg dn{n|kiû` og{iug dn cj{ kgorj{ e~n nc |n{~ctgdj ei`gc dn n{tg en|jx yr|jcj`mgdg c~kfg. N` Ljfnoig# cg{ cg|mg{ m~n||g{ f~{itg{ dn r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj VU t~uin|j` nc oi{oj nenktj gcr|jujkg| cg dnkgdn`kig y r~cun|ixgkiû` dn cg nkj`joïg |~|gc g ondidg w~n cj{ nhé|kitj{ |iugcn{ gug`xglg` y|nt|jkndïg` rj| {~{ tin||g{. Rn|j

< Ug` Lgtf# Tfn gm|g|ig` fi{tj|y je ]n{tn|` N~|jrn# r. 7;9.;

Kg|{tn`# Tfn j|imi`{ je R|~{ig# r. 72;.4 Lc~o# Cj|d g`d rng{g`t i` \~{{ig# r. 52.

QRçm. <>4_

n{tn {~r|noj d|gog dn cg Lghg Ndgd Ondig `j {n cioitû øìkgon`tn g cg{ tin||g{ kfnkg{. Nc norn|gdj|[nmi{o~`dj |nkc~tû rj| tjdg N~|jrg f~n{tn{ g{gcg|igdg{ rg|g grcg{tg| cg{ i`{~|mn`tn{ cimg{ f~{itg{# oin`t|g{ cj{nhé|kitj{ tglj|itg{ dn R|jkjriû nc \grgdj nvtn`dïg` cg m~n||g kj`t|g nc Iorn|ij y cg Imcn{ig fg{tg nc i`tn|ij| dnG~{t|ig# N{cjugw~ig# [ghjìg# [icn{ig# L|g`dnol~|mj# Rjcjìg y R|~{ig1 {~{ kjc~o`g{ iti n|g`tn{ y {~{rcgtgej|og{ rg|g nc t|g`{rj|tn dn kg÷j`n{ gl|in|j` ~`g {n`dg dn dn{t|~kkiû` g cj cg|mj dn tjdj nc kgoi`j fgkigCnirxim# @~|noln|m# Ln|cï` y Dg`xim.

Rj| jt|g rg|tn# oin`t|g{ cg{ |nlncij`n{ {jkigcn{ dn Jkkidn`tn uiìn|j` dn{r~é{ dn cj{ kjèciktj{ oicitg|n{# je~n|j` i`kidn`tn{ gc og|mn` dn nccj{ &cg m|g` hgkw~n|in)# n` nc n{tn golj{ n{t~uin|j` i`nvt|ikglcnon`tn ~ìdj{8cg{ m|g`dn{ m~n||g{ y cg{ i`{~||nkkij`n{ ej|og|j` ~`g oi{og kj{g. Cg{ dj{ m|g`dn{ kjècgm|gkij`n{ dnc Lçctikjy Ljfnoig e~n|j` tgolié` uijcn`tg{ m~n||g{ kiuicn{. N` N|ocg`d# cj{ kgorn{i`j{ {n |nlncg|j` d~|g`tn ~`gl|nun rg~{g dnc kjèciktj r|~{ig`j/rjcgkj. Cg oi{og m~n||g dn cj{ T|nkn G÷j{ e~n ~`g {gcughn y mn`n|gcixgdgi`{~||nkkiû` {jkigc n` cg w~n cg{ ki~dgdn{ kjon|kigcn{ dn Dg`xim y Tj|~` {n gcig|j` kj` cj{ m|g`dn{ r|jrintg|ij{|~|gcn{ y kj` dn{rigdgdj{ n i`kj`t|jcgdj{ on|kn`g|ij{ n` ~`g |nlnciû` k~yj jlhntiuj e~n nc dn||jkgoin`tj dn cgl~|jk|gkig oicitg| dn cg J|dn` Tn~tûìkg. G ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VIU# Ljfnoig e~n tgolié` n{kn`g|ij dnt~|l~cn`tj{ kjèciktj{ {n÷j|igcn{ d~|g`tn nc |ni`gdj dn ]n`kn{cgj IU# kj` lg`dg{ n||g`tn{ dn g{n{i`j{ g {~ncdj|j`dg`dj rj| cj{ kgorj{ n` l~{kg dn ljtï`1 n` n{tg{ {~kig{ rncng{ e~n dj`dn Hg` ſiŰag# nc e~t~|j kjog`dg`tndn cg kg~{g f~{itg# fixj {~ n`t|n`goin`tj oicitg| g`tn{ dn {n|ui| n` ~` m|~rj w~n c~kfj n` M|ó`n}gcd gc cgdj dnc

oj`g|kg rjcgkj. Iòndigtgon`tn dn{r~é{# dn 7479 g 74;4# nvrcjtg|j` cg{ m~n||g{ f~{itg{# en`ûon`j {i`r|nkndn`tn{ n` cg fi{tj|ig ondinugc w~n ~ìû g l~|m~n{n{# rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{# g|tn{g`j{ y kgorn{i`j{ kj`t|gcj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ `jlcn{# cj{ rgt|ikij{ ~|lg`j{# cg di`g{tïg y cj{ nhé|kitj{ nvt|g`hn|j{ n` ~`g nvt|gj|di`g|ig c~kfg{jkigc y r|jtj`gkij`gc lghj cg{ lg`dn|g{ dn cg |ncimiû`>. Cj{

> E|ndn|ika Fnyog``# Hjf` Xixag g`d tfn F~{{itn \nujc~tij` # R|i`kntj`# 795># n{ cg r|i`kirgc jl|g {jl|n cg{ m~n||g{ f~{itg{ w~n r~ndnn`kj`t|g|{n n` ~` idijog `j kfnkj. N{t~dij kçcidj y lin` n{k|itj# n{ nvkn{iugon`tn l|nun n` cj{ g`çci{i{ {jkigcn{ y {n dntin`n n` cgo~n|tn dn ſiŰag n` 74<4. Fnyog`` {~l|gyg kj` tjdj gkin|tj éc kg|çktn| {i` r|nkndn`tn{ dn cg i`{~||nkkiû` f~{itg# rn|j i`k~||n n` ~`g`gk|jì{oj gc r|ntn`dn| w~n e~n cg r|ion|g dn cg m|g` kgdn`g dn |nujc~kij`n{ ojdn|`g{#

QRçm. <>>_

G|tïk~cj{ dn cg kjo~ìdgd dn cj{ rjl|n{ |~|gcn{ w~n e~`dg|j` cg ki~dgd dn Tçlj| n` cg{ kjci`g{ dn Ljfnoig

nvr|n{g`# w~ixç# nc m|itj oç{ r|je~`dj n` l~{kg dn ~`g iorj{ilcn ciln|gkiû` dn tjdg cg fi{tj|ig dnc en~dgci{ojn~|jrnj5. Nc oicn`g|i{oj |gdikgc e~n {~r|ioidj o~y r|j`tj dn`t|j dnc lcjw~n f~{itg# rn|j cg cngctgd dn cj{kgorn{i`j{ y g|tn{g`j{ w~n r|junyn|j` dn {jcdgdj{ g cg kg~{g f~{itg# lghj {~{ di|imn tn{ ſiŰag y R|jkjrij# `j

7<5 * 7>2



n{kg{nx y kj`t|gkkiû` dn {~ n`tj|`j |~|gc w~n cj{ oç{ m|g`dn{ y oç{ g`tim~j{ kn`t|j{ ~|lg`j{ dn Jkkidn`tn.N{tj{ |nr|n{n`tg`# n` nenktj# nc øìkj {nktj| iorj|tg`tn dn cg nkj`joïg jkkidn`tgc w~n g rn{g| dn tjdg{ {~{k|i{i{ gug xû kj`{tg`tnon`tn# n`t|n t~o~ctj{ rjr~cg|n{ y lg`kg||jtg{# d~|g`tn cj{ {imcj{ VIU y VU. Dn fnkfj#y g rn{g| dn cg{ o~n|tn{ kg~{gdg{ rj| nridnoig{ y fgol|n{# cg rjlcgkiû` ~|lg`g tjtgc dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgcr|jlglcnon`tn k|nkiû fg{tg nc g÷j 74>2. Cg{ ki~dgdn{ dnc n{tn# {i` nolg|mj# n{tglg` o~kfj oç{ nvr~n{tg{. Cg{ki~dgdn{ dn cg Fg`{g w~ixç im~gcg{n` fgkig nc g÷j 7;22 g cj{ r~n|tj{ itgcig`j{ n` {~ ujc~on` dn t|g`{gkkij n{.[i` nolg|mj# nc ugcj| dn {~ kjon|kij# w~n {n kjorj`ïg {jl|n tjdj dn iorj|tgkij`n{ dn rg÷j{ y nvrj|tgkij`n{dn r|jd~ktj{ gm|ïkjcg{ ej|n{tgcn{ y `gt~|gcn{ &ogdn|g# kç÷goj# kn|g y rincn{)# n|g o~kfj on`j| 721 `j n{ r|nki{jdnki| w~n n{g{ ki~dgdn{ `j kj`t|jcglg` ì`mø` kj`tgdj |~|gc. Gdnoç{# gfj|g {n nè|n`tglg` kj` cg i`tn`{gkjorntn`kig og|ïtiog dn Fjcg`dg8 cj{ lg|kj{ fjcg`dn{n{ kjon`xg|j` g `gunmg| rj| nc [j~`d n` nc {imcj VIU# yg ei`gcn{ dnc VU |nmi{t|glg` nc =2 rj| kin`tj dnc t|çeikj w~n cj gt|gun{glg. R|nki{gon`tn rg|g nè|n`tg|{n g n{tn|ntj# cg{ ki~dgdn{ mn|oçìkg{# dn{dn Cólnka g \img# kj`{tit~yn|j` ej|ogcon`tn n` nc g÷j 7;5= cg CimgFg`{nçtikg. Rn|j cg endn|gkiû` `j cn{ {i|uiû rg|g `gdg. Kjmidg{ n`t|n cg kjorntn`kig fjcg`dn{g rj| og| y cgdnr|n{iû` gm|ïkjcg rj| tin||g# cg{ ki~dgdn{ dn cg Fg`{g w~ndg|j` dneiìtiugon`tn rg|gcixgdg{. Y kj` {~dnkgdn`kig dn{grg|nkiû cg kg~{g r|i`kirgc dn cg uitgcidgd kjon|kigc dn cg{ cjkgcidgdn{ {it~gdg{ oç{ gccç dnc Nclg.

N{tg dnlicidgd dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ e~n cg kg~{g e~`dgon tgc w~n rn|oitiû g cj{ `jlcn{ gdjrtg| ~`g {jc~kiû` rg|g cgk|i{i{# w~n In{ n{tglg n{t|~kt~|gcon`tn lcjw~ngdg n` Jkkidn`tn8 ~`g |ngkkiû` {n÷j|igc w~n dn{t|~yû cn`tgon`tn

tjdj{ cj{ dn|nkfj{ kgorn{i`j{ y |nd~hj {i{tnoçtikgon`tn g cg {n|uid~ol|n g cj{ g||n`dgtg|ij{ w~n t|glghglg` n`cj{ m|g`dn{ djoiìj{ {n÷j|igcn{. Cg |gxû` nkj`ûoikg dn n{tg {it~gkiû`# jr~n{tg digont|gcon`tn g cg w~n n`øctioj té|oi`j {n gdjrtû n` Jkkidn`tn# |gdikg n` cg |ncgkiû` n`t|n tin||g y t|glghj n` nc n{tn. Nc kjcgr{j dnoj/

72 Fn`|i Ri|n``n# Nkj`joik g`d {jkigc fi{tj|y je ondignugc N~|jrn# Cj`d|n{# 79;5# rr. 746/>< QFi{tj|ig nkj`ûoikg y {jkigc dn cg Ndgd Ondig# Oévikj# EKN# 795;# rr. 772/<_.

QRçm. <>6_

m|çeikj# g~`w~n n` té|oi`j{ gl{jc~tj{ r|jlglcnon`tn e~n{n on`j{ d~|j w~n n` Jkkidn`tn# k|nû ~`g tn`{iû`|ncgtiugon`tn {~rn|ij| n` cj w~n yg n|g ~`g n`déoikg n{kg{nx dn og`j dn jl|g. Dgdj{ cj{ ug{tj{ n{rgkij{n{kg{gon`tn rjlcgdj{ dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc# cg f~idg dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{ kj`{tit~ïg ~` m|gun rncim|j rg|g cj{

{n÷j|n{ oin`t|g{ cg tin||g kj`ti`~g|g {in`dj rjtn`kigcon`tn o~y gl~`dg`tn. Gc oi{oj tinorj# nvi{tïg` rjkg{jrj|t~ìdgdn{ dn dndikg|{n g ej|og{ dn gm|ik~ct~|g w~n nvimin|g` on`j{ og`j dn jl|g# kjoj cg i`d~{t|ig dn cgcg`g# w~n fglïg unìdj n` gy~dg dn cj{ gkj{gdj{ {n÷j|n{ dn I`mcgtn||g y Kg{ticcg# rj|w~n cg gm|ik~ct~|g y nck~ctiuj dn kn|ngcn{ kj`{tit~ïg` cg{ ej|og{ jluig{ dn r|jd~kkiû` n` cg{ tin||g{ dnc n{tn# i`kc~{j g`tn{ dn w~nkjon`xg|g ~` gorcij kjon|kij dn nvrj|tgkiû`. Rj| tg`tj# cg |ncgkiû` n`t|n tin||g y t|glghj ior~c{glg g cg kcg{n`jlicig|ig fgkig cg{ |n{t|ikkij`n{ ej|xj{g{ dn cg ojuicidgd kgorn{i`g y fgkig cg ej|ogkiû` dn m|g`dn{ djoiìj{{n÷j|igcn{77. Rn|j cg |n`tglicidgd nkj`ûoikg dn n{n kgoi`j `j n|g cg oi{og w~n {~ rj{ilicidgd {jkigc. Cgi`dnrn`dn`kig y nc rjdn| dn gt|gkkiû` dn ki~dgdn{ y o~ìkirij{# i`kc~{j n` ~`g ej|og di{oi`~idg# kj`{tit~ïg ~`jl{tçk~cj ogìein{tj rg|g cg iorj{ikiû` kjn|kitiug dn ~`g {n|uid~ol|n mn`n|gcixgdg gc kgorn{i`gdj. Yg fnoj{ui{tj w~n cg ¡i`tn|rj{ikiû`± jlhntiug dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ n` cg n{t|~kt~|g mcjlgc dn kcg{n{ e~n r|nki{gon`tn cj w~nlcjw~nû cg i`tn`{ieikgkiû` ei`gc dn cj{ uï`k~cj{ {n|uicn{ kjoj |n{r~n{tg g cg k|i{i{ n` Jkkidn`tn. Cg kj`dikiû`

r|nuig dn cg iorcgkglcn y |nm|n{iug t|g`{ej|ogkiû` dnc kgorj w~n t~uj c~mg| n` nc n{tn e~n# rj| tg`tj# cggìw~icgkiû` dn cg g~tj`joïg y cg uitgcidgd dn cg{ ki~dgdn{. Cg `jlcnxg n|g rn|enktgon`tn kj`{kin`tn dn w~n `jrjd|ïg kj`{nm~i| nc grcg{tgoin`tj dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{ fg{tg w~n `j f~lin|g ncioi`gdj j {jh~xmgdj g cg{ ki~dgdn{.N iorcgkglcnon`tn r~{j og`j{ g cg jl|g. Cg{ ki~dgdn{ dn Ciujìg {n |n{i{tin|j` gktiugon`tn g cg i`t|jd~kkiû`dn cg {n|uid~ol|n1 cg{ dn L|g`dnol~|mj y Rjon|gìg# oç{ {jontidg{ dn{dn {inor|n g cg{ r|n{ij`n{ dn {n÷j|n{y r|ï`kirn{# `j jr~{in|j` |n{i{tn`kig. Golg{# {i` nolg|mj# e~n|j` i`di{ti`tgon`tn dn||jtgdg{ n` {~ c~kfg kj`t|g{~{ gdun|{g|ij{ {n÷j|igcn{ n` nc k~|{j dnc {imcj VU. R|~{ig y Ljfnoig# k~yg{ ki~dgdn{ fglïg` {idjt|gdikij`gcon`tn oç{ rjdn|j{g{# e~n|j` cg{ øìkg{ xj`g{ dnc n{tn w~n dn ej|og o~y {imìeikgtiug kj`jkin|jùn|/

77 N{tn rj{t~cgdj e~`dgon`tgc e~n n`~`kigdj n` {~ ej|og kcç{ikg rj| Djll# [t~din{ i` tfn dnuncjron`t je kgritgci{o # rr. >;/52# y fg {idjdn{g||jccgdj rj{tn|ij|on`tn rj| Fictj` y [oitf# Tfn n`{n|eon`t je tfn \~{{ig` rng{g`t|y# rr. 7/<=.

QRçm. <>9_

7<6 * 7>2



w~n kj`ti`øg {in`dj ~` fitj n` nc g`çci{i{ dnc r|jlcnog.

QRçm. <57_

m~n||g dn cj{ T|nkn G÷j{# cg J|dn` n`ghn`û tin||g{ y h~|i{dikkij`n{ n` og{g g cj{ on|kn`g|ij{ w~n fglïg`kj`t|gtgdj rg|g c~kfg| kj`t|g cj{ rjcgkj{ y cg ^ìû`# kj` nc. |n{~ctgdj dn w~n ~` tn||itj|ij r|nuigon`tndjoi`gdj rj| rnw~n÷j{ kgorn{i`j{ w~n rgmglg` |n`tg{ n` n{rnkin g ~`g l~|jk|gkig oicitg| w~n {n cg{

gr|jriglg y cg{ rj`ïg g cg un`tg# r|n{n`kiû gfj|g cg t|g`{en|n`kig dn tin||g{ n` m|g` n{kgcg g ~`g `~nug `jlcnxg ycg kj`{jcidgkiû` dn m|g`dn{ djoiìj{ y dn h~|i{dikkij`n{ {n÷j|igcn{. N` 7494 cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ r|~{ig`j{fglïg` kj`{nm~idj nc dn|nkfj dn gfj|kg| {i` r|nuij h~ikij g cj{ e~mitiuj{. Ei`gcon`tn# cg J|dn`# dnlicitgdg# {ndi{jcuiû g r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj VUI# {io~ctç`ngon`tn kj` cg |nr|n{iû` dn cg{ |nlncij`n{ kgorn{i`g{ y cg{nk~cg|ixgkiû` dn cg{ tin||g{ dn cg Imcn{ig# y cj{ kglgccn|j{ w~n w~ndglg` {n onxkcg|j` kj` cg g|i{tjk|gkig cjkgcrg|g ej|og| ~`g {jcg kcg{n {jkigc# cj{ H~àn|{ # w~n g rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{ djoi`û g ~` kgorn{i`gdj r|iugdj dn {~{dn|nkfj{ kj`{~nt~di`g|ij{ n i||nun|{ilcnon`tn gd{k|itj g cg tin||g. N` \~{ig# nc gtgw~n kj`t|g cj{ rjl|n{ |~|gcn{n{t~uj im~gcon`tn ~ìdj g ~`g |nojdncgkiû` dn`t|j dn cg r|jrig kcg{n en~dgc. Nc g~mn dn cg{ ei`kg{ g{im`gdg{rj| {n|uikij{# j rjon{t’n# g kj{tg dnc rgt|iojìj gcjdigc# j ujďi`g# lghj cj{ g~{rikij{ y n` ln`neikij dnc N{tgdjoj{kjuitg# r|jd~hj# dn{dn ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VU# nc `~nuj n{t|gtj dn ~`g iorcgkglcn `jlcnxg tn||gtnìn`tn. Cgnvtn`{iû` ondig dn cj{ djoiìj{ en~dgcn{ dn{kn`diû tnorj|gcon`tn g cg unx w~n {n r|jd~kïg ~`g i`tn`{ieikgkiû`

dn cg{ nvgkkij`n{ dnc kgorn{i`gdj. Cg{ kg|mg{ y cg{ r|n{tgkij`n{ g~on`tg|j` i`kn{g`tnon`tn# oin`t|g{ cj{ rjonŧďiai r|jtn{tglg` kj`t|g cg{ rg~tg{ dn ojuicidgd kgorn{i`g. N` 749=# nc kûdimj gdoiì{t|gtiuj dn Iuç` IIIgl|jmû ej|ogcon`tn nc t|gdikij`gc dn|nkfj dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{ cil|n{ dn dn~dg{ g glg`dj`g| cg{ tin||g{ {nmø` {~r|jrig ujc~`tgd y cioitû {~{ {gcidg{ g cg {nog`g g`tn|ij| y rj{tn|ij| g cg en{tiuidgd dn [g` Hj|mn. N` nc {imcj{im~in`tn# y lghj {~ {~kn{j|# Iuç` IU# g~on`tg|j` r|jm|n{iugon`tn cg{ r|jfilikij`n{ dn glg`dj`g| cg{ tin||g{#r|ion|j lghj nc r|ntnvtj dn cg{ kjy~`t~|gcn{ ¡non|mn`kig{ `gkij`gcn{± k|ngdg{ rj| cg{ kgtç{t|jen{ dn cg{ m~n||g{dn Ciujìg1 dn{r~é{# g ondidg w~n nc tinorj rg{glg# cg{ r|jfilikij`n{ {n fikin|j` `j|ogcn{ y gl{jc~tg{.

N` Ljfnoig# cg |ndi{t|il~kiû` dn cg tin||g t|g{ cj{ cnug tgoin`tj{ f~{itg{# w~n dn{noljkû n` cg dn{rj{n{iû` dn~`g Imcn{ig r|jrintg|ig fg{tg n`tj`kn{ dn ~` tn|kij dn tjdg cg {~rn|eikin k~ctiugdg dnc rgï{# r|jd~hj n`j|on{cgtie~`dij{ `jlicig|ij{ y ~`g {io~ctç`ng dnog`dg dn ~`g og`j dn jl|g n{tglcn y dnrn`din`tn w~n cj{ k~ctiug{n.Cg{ m~n||g{ fglïg` kg~{gdj ~`

QRçm. <5<_

m|g` dn{rjlcgoin`tj y n{kg{nx dn og`j dn jl|g. N` kj`{nk~n`kig# {n tn`diû iòndigtgon`tn g cg{ |n{t|ikkij`n{kjn|kitiug{ dn cj{ ojuioin`tj{ dnc kgorn{i`gdj. N` 74;=# t|n{ g÷j{ dn{r~é{ dn cg dn||jtg dn R|jkjrij n`Cirg`y# nc T|il~`gc dn cg Tin||g diktû `j|og{ rg|g cg rn|{nk~kiû` dn cj{ e~mitiuj{1 n` 74>;# nc [`no r|jo~cmûdn `~nuj nc oi{oj r|i`kirij1 ei`gcon`tn# cg gd{k|irkiû` ej|ogc y cnmgc e~n dnk|ntgdg rj| ~` N{tgt~tj dn 749= yrj| cg J|dn`g`xg dn cg Tin||g dn 7>227>. N` nc {imcj {im~in`tn {n i`tn`{ieikg|j` cg{ r|n{tgkij`n{ dn t|glghjrn|{j`gc# y nc dn{g||jccj dn cj{ uiun|j{ dn rnkn{ y dn cg r|jd~kkiû` dn kn|unxg# kg|gktn|ï{tikj{ dn cg{ ei`kg{kfnkg{# g÷gdiû `~nuj{ nojc~on`tj{ g cg{ |n`tg{ {n÷j|igcn{75# rn|j cg {~rn|uiun`kig dn ~` |n{rntglcn n`kcgun~|lg`j n` cg nkj`joïg rg|nkn fgln| cioitgdj nc m|gdj cjkgc dn nvrcjtgkiû` |~|gc# yg w~n cg{ r|n{tgkij`n{ dn

t|glghj e~n|j` gw~ï oç{ |nd~kidg{ w~n n` cj{ jt|j{ rgï{n{. N` L|g`dnol~|mj# cg r|jfilikiû` dn cg oim|gkiû`n{tgkij`gc# dnk|ntgdg rj| Rjcjìg n` 7495# gm|guû {n|igon`tn nc r|jlcnog dn og`j dn jl|g dn cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{mn|og`j{ y kj`t|il~yû g r|nkiritg| cg nvr|jrigkiû` dn cg{ rg|kncg{ dn cj{ rnw~n÷j{ kgorn{i`j{ y cg i`tnm|gkiûèj|xj{g dn cg e~n|xg dn t|glghj |~|gc n` cj{ djoiìj{ {n÷j|igcn{# w~n {n|ïg cg kg|gktn|ï{tikg oç{ `jtglcn dnc {imcjr|ûvioj7=. N` Rjcjìg e~n dj`dn cg |ngkkiû` {n÷j|igc ccnmû oç{ cnhj{. Cg `jlcnxg fglïg jltnìdj dn cgoj`g|w~ïg dn|nkfj{ h~|i{dikkij`gcn{ y dn jt|g ï`djcn g kgolij dnc di`n|j `nkn{g|ij rg|g mg`g| cg{ m~n||g{kj`t|g cg J|dn` Tn~tûìkg. Cg |ngkkiû` dn cg kcg{n tn||gtnìn tn kj`t|g cg n{kg{nx dn og`j dn jl|g dn cg érjkge~n cg r|jo~cmgkiû` dn cj{ N{tgt~tj{ dn Rijt|aj}# w~n rj| unx r|ion|g ui`k~cg|j` ej|ogcon`tn g cj{kgorn{i`j{ g cg tin||g y r|jfilin|j` g cg{ ki~dgdn{ w~n cj{ gkjmin|g`. N` nc {imcj VU nvrn|ion`tg|j` ~` |çridjk|nkioin`tj cj{ djoiìj{ en~dgcn{ j ejc}g|ay# w~n {n dn{g||jccg|j` kj` n{rnkigc dn`{idgd g cj cg|mj dn cg{ |~tg{ec~uigcn{ w~n kj`d~kïg` gc Lçctikj. G{ï r~n{# n` tjdg N~|jrg j|in`tgc t~uj c~mg| n` n{tg érjkg ^`g tn`dn`kig

h~|ïdikg mn`n|gc fgkig cg {n|uid~ol|n. Cg cnmi{cgkiû` gd{k|irtikig dn cj{ {imcj{ VU y VUI `j kj`{im~iûn{tglcnkn| dn mjcrn cg {n|uid~ol|n dn tjdj{ cj{

7> \. \. Lntt{# ¡[jkigc g`d kj`{tit~tij`gc dnuncjron`t i` Ljfnoig i` tfn F~{{itn rn|ijd±# Rg{t g`d R|n{n`t # `øo. =# gl|ic dn 79>># rr.

7;2 * 7>2



49/>7.75 G. Aciog y H. Ogk~|na# ¡Cg w~n{tij` dn cg t|g`{itij` d~ eéjdgci{ion g~ kgritgci{on n` N~|jrn kn`t|gcn &VUI/VUIII n {iækcn{)±# 72tfI`tn|`gtij`gc Kj`m|n{{ je Fi{tj|ikgc [kin`kn{ # ^r{gcg# 7952# r. 722.7= Fg`{ \j{n`ln|m# ¡Tfn |i{n je tfn H~àn|{ i` L|g`dn`l~|m/R|~{{ig 7472/75>;±# Gon|ikg` Fi{tj|ikgc \nuin}# ujc. VCIV# jkt~l|n dn794; y n`n|j dn 7944# r. <;7.

QRçm. <5;_

kgorn{i`j{ dnc n{tn. N` kgdg rgï{ {n r|jd~hj ~`g di{tg`kig kj`{idn|glcn n`t|n cj{ kûdimj{ cnmgcn{ w~n r|jfilïg`cg ojuicidgd y cg{ |ngcidgdn{ {jkigcn{ dnc kgorj. N{tn en`ûon`j e~n im~gcon`tn kin|tj n` \~{ig# Ljfnoig jRjcjìg76. Cj{ i`{t|~on tj{ rg|g iorj`n| cg {n|uid~ol|n dn cg mcnlg n|g` tjdguïg o~y dneikin tn{# y cg{ f~idg{dn cg{ gcdng{ kj`ti`~g|j` i`kc~{j dn{r~é{ dn w~n {n dnk|ntg{n` kj`t|g nccg{ cg{ ondidg{ oç{ |nr|n{iug{#eguj|nkidg{ icïkitgon`tn n` gcm~`g{ jkg{ij`n{ rj| cj{ oi{oj{ m|g`dn{ ogm`gtn{# dn{nj{j{ dn gt|gn| g cg og`jdn jl|g dn tn||gtnìn`tn{ oç{ rnw~n÷j{. N` N~|jrg j|in`tgc `j nvi{tïg gø` cg ogw~i`g|ig rjcïtikg w~n rn|oitin|g~`g |im~|j{g y kjorcntg {n|uid~ol|n. Rn|j nc rg{j dnki{iuj yg {n fglïg dgdj8 cg{ `~nug{ cnyn{ g`tikirg|j` nce~t~|j {i{tnog nkj`ûoikj dnc n{tn. G rg|ti| dn n{n ojon`tj# cg rj{ikiû` dnc kgorn{i gdj {n f~`diûi`nvj|glcnon`tn.

Cg dnm|gdgkiû` iì`tn||~oridg dnc kgorn{i gdj n` nc {imcj VUI kji`kidiû kj` cg nvrg`{iû` dn ~`g gm|ik~ct~|g

nvrj|tgdj|g# r~n{ cj{ on|kgdj{ jkkidn`tgcn{ {n glg{tnkin|j` kgdg unx oç{ kj` cj{ kn|ngcn{ r|jkndn`tn{ dn cj{djoiìj{ {n÷j|igcn{ dnc n{tn. Gr|jviogdgon`tn g rg|ti| dn 74>2# kj` cg |nk~rn|gkiû` nkj`ûoikg dn Jkkidn`tn#cg{ nvrj|tgkij`n{ dn m|g`j |ngcixgdg{ rj| nc Uï{t~cg {~rn|g|j` rj| unx r|ion|g g cg{ dn ogdn|g. Nc kjon|kij dnm|g`j {n gd~kn g on`~dj kjoj cg |gxû` oç{ e~`dgon`tgc dn cg ¡{nm~`dg {n|uid~ol|n± dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc 79.Cj{ tn{tiojìj{ nvi{tn`tn{ `j rg|nkn` gugcg|# {i` nolg|mj# n{g kj`kc~{iû`. \~{ig# w~n `j nvrj|tû t|imj fg{tg nc{imcj VIV# nvrn|ion`tû ~`g |ngkkiû` {n÷j|igc `j ièn|ij| g cg dn Rjcjìg

j Gcnogìg j|in`tgc# w~n t~uin|j` ~` kjon|kij ecj|nkin`tn dn{dn nc {imcj VUI. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# y dn`t|j yg dn cgr|jrig xj`g nvrj|tgdj|g# cg tn`dn`kig fgkig cg {n|uid~ol|n r|nkndiû k|j`jcûmikgon`tn gc dn{rnm~n dnckjon|kij dn m|g`j# w~n øìkgon`tn t~uj c~mg| dn{r~é{ dn cg {~lidg dn cj{ r|nkij{ kn|ngcï{tikj{ y cg nvrg`{iû`dnc kj`{~oj jkkidn`tgc kj` nc ljjo mn`n|gc dnc {i/

76 Kjorç|n`{n cg{ jl{n|ugkij`n{ o~y {ioicg|n{ n` \. F. Fnccin# N`{n|eon`t g`d oicitg|y kfg`mn i` O~{kjuy# Kfikgmj# 79=7# r. 9<1 ].N. ]|imft# [n|e# {nim`n~| g`d {jun|nim`. Gm|g|ig` |nej|o i` nimftnn`tf kn`t~|y Ljfnoig# Oi``ngrjci{# 7955# rr. 6/721 Og|ig` Ogcj}i{t#¡Cn kjo/on|kn dn cg Lgctiw~n nt cn r|jlcæon dn{ c~ttn{ {jkigcn{ n` Rjcjm`n g~v VU n nt VUIn {iækcn{±# Cg Rjcjm`n g~ V n Kj`m|æ{ I`tn|`gtij`gc dn{ [kin`kn{ Fi{tj|iw~n{ # rr. 7;;/9.79 Uég{n# rj| nhnorcj# O. Rj{tg`# n` Ng{tn|` g`d ]n{tn|` N~|jrn i` tfn Oiddcn Gmn{ # rr. 7=2/41 Ug` Lgtf# Tfn gm|g|ig` fi{tj|y je ]n{tn|` N~|jrn# rr. 7>5/=1 A. Tyoinìnkai# ¡Cn {n|ugmn n` Rjcjm`n nt dg`{ cn{ rgy{ cioit|jrfn{ g~ Ojyn` Gmn±# Cg Rjcjm`n g~ V n

Kj`m|æ{ I`tn|`gtij`gc dn{ [kin`kn{ Fi{tj|iw~n{ # rr. <5/=.

QRçm. <54_

mcj VUI. @gt~|gcon`tn# nc M~t{fn||{kfget n{rnkigcixgdj n` nvrj|tgkij`n{ dn kn`tn`j `j n|g dn{kj`jkidj n`Rjon|gìg j Rjcjìg yg n` nc {imcj VIII# rn|j n{tgdï{tikgon`tn `~`kg e~n ~`g gktiuidgd djoi`g`tn y tgorjkj cj

{n|ïg n` cj{ dj{ {imcj{ rj{tn|ij|n{. Nc un|dgdn|j n{rcn`dj| dn cg gm|ik~ct~|g nvrj|tgdj|g dnc n{tn —dn cg{ ei`kg{{n÷j|igcn{ dn`joi gdg{ gl~{iugon`tn n` jkg{ij`n{ ¡rcg`tgkij`n{ nor|n{g|igcn{±— e~n nc {imcj VUI. Rjcj ig#r|i`kirgc rgï{ r|jd~ktj| dn cg |nmiû`# nvrj|tglg g kjoin`xj{ dnc {imcj VUI gc|ndndj| dn <2.222 tj`ncgdg{ dnkn`tn`j gc g÷j. Kin` g÷j{ dn{r~é{ n{tg kie|g {n fglïg o~ctircikgdj rj| oç{ dn jkfj fg{tg gckg`xg| cg{ 7=2.222tj`ncgdg{ n` 7576<2. Nc `øon|j g`~gc dn lg|kj{ w~n gt|gun{glg` nc [j~`d g~on`tû n` nc oi{oj rn|ïjdj dn ~`gondig dn 7. ;22 g jt|g dn >.222<7. Cj{ r|nkij{ dnc m|g`j n` Dg`xim# r|i`kirgc r~n|tj rg|g nc t|çeikj dn kn|ngcn{#n|g` {inor|n n`t|n ~` ;2 y ~` >2 rj| kin`tj oç{ gctj{ w~n n` cj{ kn`t|j{ i`tn|ij|n{ dn R|gmg# Uin`g y Ci~lcig`gn i`dikglg` nc ïornt~ kjon|kigc dnc on|kgdj dn nvrj|tgkiû`# g~`w~n nc ìunc mn`n|gc dn r|nkij{ dn m|g`j n` ncn{tn e~n|g tjdguïg gr|jviogdgon`tn cg oitgd w~n n` Jkkidn`tn g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VUI<<. Kj` tjdj# nc rgrnc dnckjon|kij dnc Lçctikj n` cg nkj`joïg kn|ngci{tg dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc `j dnln nvgmn|g|{n. Dn fnkfj# n` Rjcjìg#w~n n|g nc r|i`kirgc rgï{ iorcikgdj n` n{tn kjon|kij# cg{ nvrj|tgkij`n{ dn m|g`j {ûcj |nr|n{n`tg|j` dnc 72 gc 7>rj| kin`tj dn cg r|jd~kkiû` tjtgc n` cj{ ojon`tj{ k~coi`g`tn{# yg w~n d~|g`tn cg ogyj| rg|tn dnc {imcj VUI cg{r|jrj|kij`n{ e~n|j` o~y ièn|ij|n{ g n{j<;.

<2 F. Agon`# Tfn i|j` kn`t~|y. [jkigc kfg`mn i` N~|jrn 7>>2/7552 # Cj`d|n{# 79=7# r. <7 QNc {imcj dn fin||j# Ogd|id# Gcig`xg# 79==_.

7;7 * 7>2



<7 H. F. Rg||y# ¡T|g`{rj|t g`d t|gdn |j~tn{±# Kgol|idmn Nkj`joik Fi{tj|y je N~|jrn # ujc. IU# Tfn nkj`joy je nvrg`di`m N~|jrn i` tfn{ivtnn`tf g`d {nun`tnn`tf kn`t~|in{ # Kgol|idmn# 795=# r. 7=2 Q¡Nc t|g`{rj|tn y cg{ |~tg{ kjon|kigcn{±# Fi{tj|ig nkj`ûoikg dn N~|jrg# IU#Cg nkj`joïg dn nvrg`{iû` n` N~|jrg n` cj{ {imcj{ VUI y VUII # Ogd|id# NDN\[G# 79==_.<< Gcdj dn Ogddgcn`g# \~|gc N~|jrn 7>22/7=22# Cj`d|n{# 79=2# rr. 4</;1 Agon`# Tfn i|j` kn`t~|y# rr. <7</7;.<; ]. A~cg# Tféj|in ékj`joiw~n d~ {y{tæon eéjdgc # rr. 5>/=. Uég{n tgolié` G`d|xnh ]ykxg`{ai# ¡Tn`tgtiun n{tiogtn{ je Rjci{f |ynt|gdn i` tfn {ivtnn`tf kn`t~|y±# Gktg Rjcjìgn Fi{tj|ikg# IU# 7957# rr. 7<5/=. Cg{ kie|g{ ~ticixgdg{ rj| A~cg e~n|j kgck~cgdg{j|imi`gcon`tn rg|g cg Rjcjìg dnc {imcj VUIII g`tn|ij| gc |nrg|tj# rn|j A~cg {~rj`n w~n {i|un` kjoj ondig rg|g tjdj nc rn|ïjdj dn cj{{imcj{ VUI gc VUIII. Nc ï`dikn dn kjon|kigcixgkiû` dn tjdg{ cg{ kj{nkfg{ e~n w~ixç dnc ;> gc 42 rj| kin`tj dnc r|jd~ktj `ntj. Cg

r|jrj|kiû` dn cg{ nvrj|tgkij`n{ n` nc on|kgdj tjtgc dnc m|g`j e~n# r~n{# dnc <> gc 42 rj| kin`tj# w~n# kjoj A~cg {n÷gcg# n|g ~`g kie|go~y kj`{idn|glcn.

QRçm. <5>_

Nc iorgktj dnc kjon|kij dn nvrj|tgkiû` [jl|n cg{ |ncgkij`n{ {jkigcn{ dn r|jd~kkiû` `j dnln {~ln{tiog|{n# rn|j`j|ogcon`tn tjoû cg ej|og dn ~` g~on`tj n` nc ï`dikn y `j dn ~`g i``jugkiû` n` nc tirj dn nvrcjtgkiû` en~dgc.N{# rj| tg`tj# o~y {imìeikgtiuj w~n cg{ r|n{tgkij`n{ dn t|glghj rn|{j`gc —ï`dikn t|g`{rg|n`tn dnc m|gdj dnnvt|gkkiû` dn rc~{r|jd~ktj dnc kgorn{i gdj— g~on tg|g` `jtglcnon`tn dnc {imcj VU gc VUI n`L|g`dnol~|mj y Rjcjìg<4. G ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VUI {n ncnuglg` g ~`j{ t|n{ dïg{ g cg {nog`g n` Onkacnol~|mj#oin`t|g{ w~n n` Rjcjìg {n nvimïg` gcm~`g{ unkn{ `j on`j{ dn {ni{ dïg{ g cg {nog`g g cj{ uiccg`j{norjl|nkidj{# r|iugdj{ g on`~dj dn rg|kncg{ dn {~ r|jrindgd. R~n{# h~`tj g cg i`tn`{ieikgkiû` dnc ï`dikn dn

nvrcjtgkiû`# cg grg|ikiû` dn ~`g gm|ik~ct~|g nvrj|tgdj|g g m|g` n{kgcg kj`d~hj tgolié` dn ej|og i`nuitglcn g cgi`kg~tgkiû` dn cg{ tin||g{ dn cg{ gcdng{ y g ~`g nvrg`{iû` mn`n|gc dn cg {~rn|eikin k~ctiugdg. Dn 7>=> g 75<4# cg{tin||g{ {n÷j|igcn{ g~on`tg|j` n` ~` >2 rj| kin`tj n` cg Og|kg Ondig <>. N` Rjcjìg# cg r|jrj|kiû` n`t|n |n{n|ug{{n÷j|igcn{ y k~ctiuj{ kgorn{i`j{ n` cg{ r|jrindgdn{ dn cg `jlcnxg {n ncnuû g ~`j{ ìuncn{ r|çktikgon`tndn{kj`jkidj{ n` nc Jkkidn`tn ondinugc8 n`t|n 7>22 y 7>62# cg ondig {n {it~glg gc|ndndj| dn <8; y 48># cj w~niorcikglg ~` g~on`tj dn cg og`j dn jl|g g{gcg|igdg<5. Nc n{t|gtj dn cj{ g`tim~j{ kgorn{i`j{ |ikj{ j |jcìai w~ndû ncioi`gdj n` tjdg{ rg|tn{.

Gc oi{oj tinorj# kcg|j n{tç# nc kjon|kij dn kn|ngcn{ rj| nc Lçctikj gkncn|û cg{ tn`dn`kig{ g`ti~|lg`g{ dn cj{tn||gtnìn`tn{ cjkgcn{# rj|w~n nc ec~hj nvrj|tgdj| cj{ ciln|glg dn cg dnrn`dn`kig dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ cjkgcn{. Gfj|gtn`ïg` g {~ di{rj{ikiû` ~` on|kgdj w~n cn{ g{nm~|glg ~`j{ kj`ti`~j{ i`m|n{j{ n` ontçcikj y ~` {~oiì{t|j ei`gc

dn lin`n{ og`~egkt~|gdj{# {i` cj{ i`kjùnìn`tn{ dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ rjcïtikgon`tn g~tû`jog{ g {~ un|g. Gfj|g {ûcjtn`ïg` w~n g{nm~|g| w~n cg{ ki~dgdn{ nvi{tn`tn{ w~ndg|g` og|mi`gdg{ rj| cj{ kj`tgktj{ di|nktj{ n`t|n cj{kjon|kig`tn{ nvt|g`hn|j{ y cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ cjkgcn{. Y n{j e~n r|nki{gon`tn cj w~n kjon`xg|j` g fgkn|. Cj{lg|kj{ fjcg`dn{n{ djoi`g|j` o~y r|j`tj tjdj nc t|çeikj dnc kn`tn`j. Nc |n{~ctg/

<4 Lc~o# ¡Tfn |i{n je {n|edjo i` Ng{tn|` N~|jrn# r. 6;2.<> Agon`# Tfn i|j` kn`t~|y# r. 4=.<5 G. Ogkxga# ¡Tfn {jkigc di{t|il~tij` je cg`dnd r|jrn|ty i` Rjcg`d e|jo tfn 75tf tj tfn 76tf kn`t~|y±# Tfi|d I`tn|`gtij`gc Kjèn|n`knje Nkj`joik Fi{tj|y# Rg|ï{# 7956# r. 4591 G. ]ykxg`{ai# ¡N` Rjcjm`n. C’ékj join d~ djogi`n `jlicigi|n ojyn` &7>22/7>62)±#G``gcn{ N[K # n`n|j/enl|n|j dn 795;# r. 64.

QRçm. <55_

dj ei`gc e~n ~` {i{tnog gm|ïkjcg w~n dij j|imn` g ~ìdgdn{ dn r|jd~kkiû` o~kfj oç{ nvtn`{g{# n` gcm~`g{|nmij`n{# w~n cj{ r|ion|j{ djoiìj{ en~dgcn{ dn Jkkidn`tn# cj{ k~gcn{ n` {~{ nvt|noj{ {inor|n tn`din|j` ge|gmon`tg|{n n` rg|kncg{ g||n`dgdg{. Cj{ n`j|on{ ln`neikij{ dnc kjon|kij dn nvrj|tgkiû`# n` nc {imcj dn cg|nujc~kiû` dn cj{ r|nkij{ n` Jkkidn`tn# rjdïg` {j{tn`n| cj{ kj{tn{ dn cg {~rn|ui{iû` y j|mgìxgkiû` {n÷j|igc dncg r|jd~kkiû` n` ~`g n{kgcg o~y {~rn|ij|. Nc kn`t|j dnc kjorcnhj r|jd~ktj| {n dn{rcgxû fgkig g||ilg# dncrnw~n÷j r|jd~ktj| gc nor|n{g|ij en~dgc<=. Rn|j cg rn|enkkiû` ei`gc dn n{tn {i{tnog `j dnln kjè~`di|{n kj` cgj|imi`g|ig |n{r~n{tg n{t|~kt~|gc dn cg `jlcnxg dnc n{tn g cg dnr|n{iû` gm|ïkjcg dn cj{ {imcj{ VIU y VU# w~n n{t~ujdntn|oi`gdg rj| nc nw~icil|ij mcjlgc dn e~n|xg{ dn kcg{n y rj| nc |n{~ctgdj dn ~`g uijcn`tg c~kfg {jkigc dn`t|j dncg{ r|jrig{ ej|ogkij`n{ {jkigcn{ dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc.

Cg gm|ik~ct~|g {n÷j|igc w~n {n kj`{jcidû n` N~|jrg j|in`tgc d~|g`tn nc r|ion| rn|ïjdj dn cg érjkg ojdn|`g e~n#

{i` nolg|mj# o~y dien|n`tn n` gcm~`j{ g{rnktj{ e~`dgon`tgcn{ g cg dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc d~|g`tn nc r|ion|rn|ïjdj dn cg érjkg ondinugc. G`tn tjdj# e~n ~` {i{tnog gm|ïkjcg nkj`ûoikgon`tn o~kfj on`j{ di`çoikj yr|jd~ktiuj# kj`{nk~n`kig egtgc dn cg ogyj| jr|n{iû` {jkigc dn cg{ og{g{ |~|gcn{. Nc r|i`kirgc r|jm|n{j w~n

7;< * 7>2



rg|kncg{ dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{# n` nc n{tn cg{ rg|kncg{ kj`{nm~ïg` kj` e|nk~n`kig ~`g{ tg{g{ dn r|jd~ktiuidgd{~rn|ij|n{ g cg{ dn cg{ |n{n|ug{ g|i{tjk|çtikg{. N` cg F~`m|ïg dnc {imcj VUII # cg r|jd~ktiuidgd dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{e~n n` jkg{ij`n{ nc djlcn w~n cg dn cg{ |n{n|ug{ {n÷j|igcn{ ;;. N` Rjcjìg# cg{ tin||g{ dn cj{ {n÷j|n{# w~n djlcg|j`{~ nvtn`{iû` rj| cg gl{j|kiû` dn cj{ r|jrintg|ij{ ondij{# w~ixç g~on`tg|g` {~{ i`m|n{j{ |ngcn{ n` rjkj oç{ dn~` tn|kij8 fg{tg tgc r~`tj e~n |gdikgc nc dn{kn`{j dn cg r|jd~kkiû` k~g`dj {~{ {in|uj{ {n uin|j` r|n{ij`gdj{ dnn{g ej|og;4. Cj{ cïoitn{ dnc en~dgci{oj dnc n{tn —w~n |nd~hn|j` y dneiìn|j` tjdj {~ dn{g||jccj fi{tû|ikj—e~n|j` cj{ dn {~ j|mgìxgkiû` {jkigc dnc t|glghj1 cg{ e~n|xg{ |~|gcn{ dn r|jd~kkiû` w~ndg|j` gt|grgdg{ dn`t|j dn~`j{ cïoitn{ |ncgtiugon`tn n{t|nkfj{ dnlidj gc tirj y gc m|gdj dn nvrcjtgkiû` dnc r|jd~ktj| di|nktj.

g÷j 7>22 n` cg ogyj| rg|tn dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc# oin`t|g{ w~n cg ogyj| rg|tn dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc n{tglg tjdguïg n` nc n{tgdij L n` cgdékgdg dn 76<2.;< X{. Rgkf# Din ~`mg|i{kfn Gm|g|n`t}ikac~`m io 75/77 Hgf|f~`dn|t. Gllinm~`m uj` ]n{tn~|jräi{kfn` N`t}ikac~`m{mg`m # L~dgrn{t#7954# rr. >561 \. E. Cn{cin# Tfn Rjci{f w~n{tij`# Cj`d|n{# 7954# r. 4.7; Agon`# Tfn i|j` kn`t~|y# r. <<;.;4 Dn Ogddgcn`g# \~|gc N~|jrn# 7>22/7=>2# r. 47.

QRçm. <59_

N`mnc{ {n |nei|iû# n` ~`g kécnl|n e|g{n# g cg |ngkkiû` {n÷j|igc dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc g ei`gcn{ dn cg Ndgd Ondig y

kjoin`xj{ dn cg Ndgd Ojdn|`g# dn`joi`ç`djcg cg ¡{nm~`dg {n|uid~ol|n±;>

. N{ r|nki{j gkcg|g| cg golimóndgddn n{g dneiìkiû` kj` jlhntj dn {it~g| dneiìtiugon`tn cg uïg j|in`tgc gc en~dgci{oj n` {~ un|dgdn|j kj`tnvtjfi{tû|ikj. [i rj| n{g e|g{n {n n`tin`dn w~n cg {n|uid~ol|n ujcuiû g N~|jrg j|in`tgc# w~n ccnmû rj| {nm~`dg unxrg|g rn|{nm~i| g cj{ rjl|n{# cg nvr|n{iû` n{ {n`kiccgon`tn i`kj||nktg. Kjoj yg fnoj{ ui{tj# cg {n|uid~ol|nr|jrigon`tn dikfg `~`kg fglïg nvi{tidj r|nuigon`tn n` nc n{tn. Rn|j {i kj` nccg {n n`tin`dn w~n N~|jrgnvrn|ion`tû dj{ jcngdg{ dien|n`tn{ dn {n|uid~ol|n# r|ion|j cg dn Jkkidn`tn &dnc {imcj IV gc VIU) y dn{r~é{ cgdnc n{tn &dnc {imcj VU gc VUIII)# n`tj`kn{ n{ ~`g eû|o~cg w~n dnei`n nvgktgon`tn nc un|dgdn|j dn{g||jccjfi{tû|ikj dnc kj`ti`n`tn. Kj` nccg rjdnoj{ iùn|ti| nc fglit~gc r~`tj dn ui{tg dn{dn nc w~n {n jl{n|ug cg{n|uid~ol|n dnc n{tn. Kjùn`kij`gcon`tn# cj{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ r|n{n`tg` n{tn en`ûon`j kjoj ~`g |nm|n{iû`fi{tû|ikg g rg|ti| dn cg{ ciln|tgdn{ r|nuig{ w~n nvi{tïg` n` nc n{tn g`tn{ dn cg |ngkkiû` {n÷j|igc. Rn|j cg un|dgd n{w~n n{g{ ciln|tgdn{ e~n|j` cg i`tn||~rkiû` dn ~` cn`tj r|jkn{j g~tûktj`j dn en~dgcixgkiû` {n|uic n` nc n{tn. R~n{cj w~n Lcjkf ccgoglg nc ¡dn{g||jccj dn cj{ uï`k~cj{ dn dnrn`dn`kig± yg n{tglg n` og|kfg k~g`dj cg nvrg`{iû`jkkidn`tgc oç{ gccç dnc Nclg y cg t|g`{oim|gkiû` |~{g fg{tg nc Jag y nc Ujcmg cj dnt~uin|j` dn ej|og |nrn`ti`g ytnorj|gc. Cg |ngkkiû` {n÷j|igc n` nc n{tn# g rg|ti| dn ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VIU# r~ndn kj`{idn|g|{n# rj| tg`tj# n` ~`g

rn|{rnktiug oç{ gorcig# kjoj ~`g |ng`~dgkiû` dn ~` og|kfg g~tûktj`g fgkig ~` en~dgci{oj g|tik~cgdj# w~nfglïg {idj lcjw~ngdg y dn{uigdg dn{dn e~n|g rj| n{rgkij dn dj{ j t|n{ {imcj{. N{tg og|kfg kjon`xû dn{r~é{ ye~n o~kfj oç{ cn`tg y ugkicg`tn w~n n` Jkkidn`tn# dnlidj {jl|n tjdj# kjoj yg fnoj{ ui{tj# g w~n `j t~ujdnt|ç{ ì`m~`g ¡{ï`tn{i{± j|imi`g|ig. Rn|j ~`g unx dn{nòg|g÷gdg# cg cï`ng dn {~ t|gynktj|ig rg|nkn {n÷gcg|# n`øctioj té|oi`j# fgkig ~` j|dn` {jkigc {nonhg`tn gc w~n g`tn{ fglïg nvi{tidj n` cg{ |nmij`n{ on`j{ ~|lgìxgdg{ yoç{ gt|g{gdg{ dnc Jkkidn`tn ondinugc. G rg|ti| dnc {imcj VII# {i` nolg|mj# yg `j n|g rj{ilcn ~`g nujc~kiû`r~|gon`tn n`dûmn`g. Kj` cg i`t|~{iû` dn Jkkidn`tn nc dn{ti`j dnc n{tn

;> Og|v/N`mnc{# [ncnktnd kj||n{rj`dn`kn# r. ;>> QKj||n{rj`dn`kig# rçmi`g ;<9_. N`mnc{ gc~dn gw~ï g {~ n`{gyj {jl|n cg Og|kg# n` nc w~n

{n i`kci`g kcg|gon`tn rj| cg r|ion|g i`tn|r|ntgkiû` dn cg e|g{n# i`kc~yn`dj nw~iujkgdgon`tn g tjdg Gcnogìg n` nc r|jkn{j g{ï dn{k|itj&]n|an# VIV# rçmi`g{ ;7=/;2).

QRçm. <=2_

kgoliû# iìkigc y rg|gdûhikgon`tn# fgkig ~`g ogyj| nog`kirgkiû` dnc kgorn{i`gdj y# ei`gcon`tn# fgkig cgkgtç{t|jen kjoø` dn ~`g cg|mg dnr|n{iû`. Rj| øctioj# cg u~nctg g~tûktj`g g ~` {i{tnog {n÷j|igc n{t~ujdntn|oi gdg y kg|gktn|ixgdg rj| tjdg cg fi{tj|ig i`tn|ondig# dn tgc ej|og w~n dn{dn n tj`kn{ e~ni||nujkglcnon`tn di{ti`tg g cg w~n fgl|ïg {idj {i {n f~lin|g dn{g||jccgdj n` ~` |ncgtiuj gi{cgoin`tj. [i`nolg|mj# cg di{tg`kig lç{ikg n`t|n n{tn y jn{tn {n og`t~uj d~|g`tn tjdj n{n tinorj. Cg fi{tj|ig dn N~|jrgj|in`tgc n{t~uj iòn|{g dn{dn nc r|i`kirij n` ~`g tnorj|gcidgd n{n`kigcon`tn di{ti`tg g cg dn cg nujc~kiû` dnN~|jrg jkkidn`tgc. Fglïg ¡kjon`xgdj± o~kfj dn{r~é{# y dn gfï w~n# i`kc~{j t|g{ {~ i`tn|{nkkiû` kj` cg dn

Jkkidn`tn# r~din|g |ng`~dg| ~`g nujc~kiû` oç{ tnor|g`g fgkig ~` j|dn` nkj`ûoikj w~n yg fglïg {idj{~rn|gdj y dnhgdj gt|ç{ rj| nc |n{tj dnc kj`ti`n`tn. Cg kjnvi{tn`kig k|j`jcûmikg dn cg{ xj`g{ jr~n{tg{ dn N~|jrgy {~ k|nkin`tn i`tn|r|ntgkiû` mnjm|çeikg k|ng cg ic~{iû` dn cg {iorcn kj`tnorj|g`nidgd dn golg{. N` |ngcidgd# nc

7;4 * 7>2



n{tn tn`ïg w~n |nkj||n| tjdguïg tjdj nc kikcj fi{tû|ikj dnc dn{g||jccj {n|uic r|nki{gon`tn k~g`dj Jkkidn`tn {nn{tglg cil|g`dj dn éc. N{tg n{# n` dneiìtiug# cg |gxû` oç{ r|je~`dg dn w~n cg{ kj`{nk~n`kig{ nkj`ûoikg{ dn cgk|i{i{ mn`n|gc dnc en~dgci{oj n~|jrnj e~n{n` digont|gcon`tn jr~n{tg{ n` golg{ |nmij`n{8 kjò~tgkiû` dnkg|mg{ y dn{grg|ikiû` dn cg {n|uid~ol|n n` Jkkidn tn y |ngkkiû` {n÷j|igc n iorcg`tgkiû` dn cg {n|uid~ol|n n`nc n{tn.

QRçm. <=7_

>. GC [^\ DNC DG@^LIJ

Tjdguïg w~ndg rj| g`gcixg| ~`g {~l|nmiû` dien|n`tn# k~yg nujc~kiû` fi{tû|ikg cg gcnhû dnc |n{tj dn N~|jrgj|in`tgc. R~ndn dnki|{n w~n cj{ Lgckg`n{ |nr|n{n`tg` ~`g xj`g tirjcûmikgon`tn g`çcjmg g N{kg`di`guig n` {~|ncgkiû` digmj`gc kj` cg m|g` cï`ng diui{j|ig w~n gt|guin{g nc kj`ti`n`tn. Nvi{tn# n` nenktj# ~`g k~|ij{g {iont|ïgiùn|{g n`t|n cj{ |n{rnktiuj{ dn{ti`j{ dn cg N~|jrg `j|jkkidn`tgc y {~djj|in`tgc. Yg fnoj{ {n÷gcgdj w~nN{kg`di`guig e~n cg øìkg |nmiû` iorj|tg`tn dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc w~n `~`kg {n i`tnm|û n` nc Iorn|ij |jog`j yw~n# rj| tg`tj# `~`kg rg|tikirû n` cg ¡{ï`tn{i{± r|ioimnìg n`t|n cj{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg# yg n`di{jc~kiû`# dn cg G`timóndgd tg|dïg y cj{ dn{j|mgìxgdj{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû` r|ioitiuj/kjo~`gcn{ dn cg{t|il~{ mn|oçìkg{ w~n iùgdin|j` nc Jkkidn`tn cgti`j. [i` nolg|mj# y rj| cg{ |gxj`n{ g`tn{ nvgoi`gdg{# nc

cnhg`j `j|tn n`t|û ei`gcon`tn n` cg û|litg dnc en~dgci{oj# g~`w~n kj`{n|ug`dj cg{ ej|og{ d~|gdn|g{ dn {~di{tg`kig iìkigc kj` |n{rnktj g cg kjoø` ogt|ix ¡jkkidn`tgc±. N` nc nvt|noj {~| dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc r~ndnt|gxg|{n ~` r|jkn{j iùn|{j# r~n{ {i N{kg`di`guig r|jd~hj n` øctioj té|oi`j ~`g ug|ig`tn jkkidn`tgc dncen~dgci{oj {i` kj`tg| kj` cg un`tghg dnc cnmgdj ~|lg`j/iorn|igc dn cg G`timóndgd# cj{ Lgckg`n{ `j r~din|j`dn{g||jccg| ~`g ug|ig`tn j|in`tgc n{tglcn dnc en~dgci{oj g rn{g| dn cg gorcig r|n{n`kig ont|jrjcitg`g dnc N{tgdjw~n {~kndiû g \jog n` gw~nccg |nmiû`. Lixg`kij og`t~uj ~` Iorn|ij l~|jk|çtikj kn`t|gcixgdj dn N~|jrg{~dj|in`tgc# kj` m|g`dn{ ki~dgdn{# i`tn|kgolij kjon|kigc y n{kcguit~d d~|g`tn {ntnkin`tj{ g÷j{ dn{r~é{ dn cglgtgccg dn Gd|ig`ûrjci{.

D~|g`tn n{n tinorj t~uin|j` c~mg| n` cj{ Lgckg`n{ diun|{g{ iùg{ij`n{ lç|lg|g{# |nrntidj{ kjèciktj{ e|j`tn|ixj{y dn{rcgxgoin`tj{ tn||itj|igcn{. Kj` tjdj# n` n{tg |nmiû` dn N~|jrg `~`kg {n |ngcixû cg e~{iû` ei`gc dn golj{o~`dj{# tgc kjoj {~kndiû n` Jkkidn`tn. Cnhj{ dn gkncn|g| cg grg|ikiû` dn ~` en~dgci{oj dn{g||jccgdj# nc cnmgdjlixg`ti`j rg|nkiû lcjw~ng|cj8 nkj`ûoikg# rjcïtikg y k~ct~|gcon`tn# tjdg nc ç|ng dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc

QRçm. <=<_

{it~gdg gc {~| dnc Dg`~lij# kj` {~ r~`tj dn rg|tidg grg|n tnon`tn oç{ gug`xgdj# {n w~ndû dnt|ç{ dn cg{ ug{tg{y dn{in|tg{ tin||g{ dn {~ e|j`tn|g `j|tn# w~n r|çktikgon`tn kg|nkïg` dn tjdg nvrn|in`kig g`tn|ij| dn kiuicixgkiû`~|lg`g j dn ej|ogkiû` n{tgtgc. Nc un|dgdn|j kn`t|j dn m|gundgd dn N~|jrg j|in`tgc rg{û g dn{kg`{g| n` {~{ccg`~|g{ dnc `j|tn# fg{tg tgc r~`tj w~n cg cg|mg érjkg rj{tn|ij| dn djoiìj jtjog`j {jl|n cj{ Lgckg`n{ fgl|ïg dnior~c{g| g o~kfj{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ g nvkc~i|cj{ rj| kjorcntj dn N~|jrg j g |nd~ki|cj{ g ~` og|mn` i`dntn|oi`gdjdn nccg. Rn|j nc cg|mj r|jkn{j {jkigc w~n ei`gcon`tn gkglû n` cg kj`w~i{tg t~|kg tin`n ~` m|g` i`tn|é{ i`t|ï`{nkjrg|g nc ¡cglj|gtj|ij dn ej|og{± w~n je|nkn cg fi{tj|ig dn N~|jrg# g kg~{g r|nki{gon`tn dn {~ g`ûogcj |n{~ctgdj

ei`gc8 nc n{tg`kgoin`tj y cg |nm|n{iû` {nk~cg|. Cg n{rnkieikidgd dn cg xj`g dn cj{ Lgckg`n{ rcg`tng dj{r|jlcnog{8 ºk~çc e~n cg `gt~|gcnxg dnc N{tgdj lixg`ti`j w~n d~|g`tn tg`tj tinorj {jl|nuiuiû gc Iorn|ij|jog`j: ºRj| w~é `j {n r|jd~hj ~`g {ï`tn{i{ en~dgc d~|gdn|g dn tirj jkkidn tgc n` nc kfjw~n n`t|n Lixg`kij ycj{ lç|lg|j{ n{cguj{ y t~|gìj{ w~n iùgdin|j` cg rn`ï`{~cg g rg|ti| dn ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj UI y {n g{n`tg|j` gccïrj{tn|ij|on`tn:

Cg kgïdg dnc Iorn|ij |jog`j dn Jkkidn`tn n{t~uj dntn|oi`gdg e~`dgon`tgcon`tn rj| cg di`çoikg dnc ojdj dnr|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg y rj| {~{ kj`t|gdikkij n{# ~`g unx w~n {n f~lj dntnìdj cg nvrg`{iû` iorn|igc. Cg |gxû`n{n`kigc dn rj| w~é e~n nc Iorn|ij dn Jkkidn`tn# y `j nc dn J|in`tn# nc w~n {n dn||~olû n` nc {imcj U |gdikg n`nc fnkfj dn w~n gccï e~n dj`dn cg gm|ik~ct~|g n{kcgui{tg y nvtn`{iug fglïg n`kj`t|gdj {~ fçlitgt r|jrij kj` cg{kj`w~i{tg{ |jog`g{ dn Itgcig# Fi{rgìg y cg Mgcig. N` n{j{ tn||itj|ij{ `j fglïg ì`m~`g kiuicixgkiû` g`tn|ij| yogd~|g w~n r~din|g |n{i{ti| j ojdieikg| cg `~nug i`{tit~kiû` cgti`g dnc cgtie~`dij n{kcgui{tg. G{ï r~n{# n` cg{r|jui`kig{ jkkidn`tgcn{ e~n dj`dn cg i`nvj|glcn cûmikg dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg gckg`xû {~ nvr|n{iûòç{ kjorcntg y egtgc# dnlicitg dj y dn||~olg`dj n` øctioj té|oi`j tjdj nc ndieikij iorn|igc. N` ncOnditn||ç`nj j|in`tgc# cg jk~rgkiû` |jog`g `~`kg {n {~rn|r~{j g ~`g tgl~cg |g{g {ioicg|. Gi kj`t|g|ij# gw~ï

7;> * 7>2



n`kj`t|û ~` ondij kj{tn|j y og|ïtioj gc w~n cg m|g` jcngdg dn nvrg`{iû` m|inmg dn cg érjkg fncn`ï{tikg ygfglïg rjlcgdj dn`{gon`tn dn ki~dgdn{ kjon|kigcn{. N{tg r|nuig kjcjìxgkiû` m|inmg e~n cg w~n n{tglcnkiû cgnkjcjmïg {jkigc lç{ikg dnc n{tn# dnc oi{oj ojdj w~n cg rj{tn|ij| kjcjìxgkiû` |jog`g n{tglcnkn|ïg cg dnJkkidn tn. Dj{ |g{mj{ e~`dgon`tgcn{ dn n{tn ojdncj fncn`ï{tikj e~n|j` —kjoj yg fnoj{ dikfj— cg |ncgtiugdn`{idgd dn

QRçm. <=;_

cg{ ki~dgdn{ y cg |ncgtiug ojdn{tig dn cg r|jrindgd |~|gc. Cg kiuicixgkiû` m|inmg fglïg dn{g||jccgdj cg n{kcguit~dgm|ïkjcg# rn|j `j {~ j|mgìxgkiû` nvtn`{iug# n` ~` {i{tnog dn cgtie~`dij{# y# rj| jt|g rg|tn# {~ dn{g||jccj ~|lg`jy kjon|kigc fglïg {idj oç{ n{rj`tç`nj y rjciké`t|ikj w~n nc dn \jog. G~`w~n `j tin`n `gdg w~n un| kj` n{tgr|ion|g diun|mn`kig# nc kjon|kij e~n n` tjdj kg{j y dn ej|og i`nuitglcn o~kfj oç{ i`tn`{j g cj cg|mj dn cg{e|j`tn|g{ dnc Iorn|ij rn|{g y dnc og| \jhj w~n n` cj{ kjèi`n{ dnc Gtcç`tikj dn{r~é{ dn cg ~ìeikgkiû` |jog`gdnc Onditn||ç`nj. Nc |n{~ctgdj e~n w~n cg i`{tit~kiû` |jog`g dn cg m|g` ei`kg n{kcgui{tg `~`kg nkfû |gïkn{ n` cg{r|jui`kig{ j|in`tgcn{ kj` cg oi{og r|je~`didgd w~n n` cg{ jkkidn`tgcn{8 {~ i`t|jd~kkiû` {inor|n {n uijgoj|tim~gdg rj| nc rn|{i{tn`tn ojdncj ~|lg`j y |~|gc dnc o~`dj fncn`ï{tikj# n` nc w~n cg rnw~n÷g r|jrindgdkgorn{i`g `~`kg |nkiliû gtgw~n{ tg` e~|ij{j{ kjoj n` cg Itgcig rj{tn|ij| g cg{ m~n||g{ røìkg{# y dj`dn cguitgcidgd o~ìkirgc tn`ïg g {~{ n{rgcdg{ ~`g t|gdikiû` oç{ uinhg y oç{ g~tûktj`g. Nmirtj# m|g`n|j dnc

Onditn||ç`nj j|in`tgc# t~uj {~{ kjcj{gcn{ r|jrintg|ij{ dn n{kcguj{ dnc Griû`# rn|j g rn{g| dn nccj {inor|n e~n~`g |nmiû` n` cg w~n r|ndjoi`g|j` cj{ rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{. G{ï# k~g`dj ccnmû nc tinorj dn cg k|i{i{ rg|g tjdjnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg y {~ {~rn|n{t|~kt~|g iorn|igc# {~{ nenktj{ w~ndg|j` o~kfj oç{ oitimgdj{ n`J|in`tn# dnlidj r|nki{gon`tn g w~n cg n{kcguit~d {inor|n fglïg {idj gccï oç{ cioitgdg. Cg {jcidnx i`tn|`g dn cgej|ogkiû` {jkigc dn cg{ r|jui`kig{ j|in`tgcn{ `j {n uij# n` kj`{nk~n`kig# tg` {gk~didg rj| cg dnkgdn`kign{t|~kt~|gc dnc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` djoi`g`tn dnc Iorn|ij. Nc dn{g||jccj dn ~` kjcj`gtj g rg|ti| dnc {imcj IUe~n on`j{ `jtglcn1 nc rjdn| dn cj{ m|g`dn{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ rg|g {jkgug| y dn{oicitg|ixg| gc N{tgdj iorn|igc e~non`j{ ej|oidglcn1 cg r|j{rn|idgd kjon|kigc dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ `j {~e|iû ~` nkcir{n tg` m|g`dn 7. E~n n{tgkjèim~|gkiû` i`tn|`g cg w~n dij gc J|in`tn cg ei|onxg y ncg{tikidgd rjcïtikg rg|g |n{i{ti| g cg{ iùg{ij`n{lç|lg|g{ w~n dn||~olg|j` gc Jkkidn`tn. [~{ un`tghg{ n{t|gtémikg{# kitgdg{ tg`tg{ unkn{ rg|g nvrcikg| {~{~rn|uiun`kig n` cg érjkg dn Gticg y Gcg|ikj# e~n|j` n` |ngcidgd o~y r|nkg|ig{. Lixg`kij n{tglg onhj|

ej|tieikgdj w~n \jog m|gkig{ g {~{ dnen`{g{ og|ïtiog{# rn|j n{tglg tgolié` o~kfj oç{ kn|kg dnc gckg`kn dncj{ gtgw~n{ lç|lg|j{. Cj{ f~`j{ y cj{ ui{imjdj{ kjon`xg|j` {~{ i`k~|{ij`n{ n` On{ig# `j n` Mgcig j n` nc@û|ikj# y cg r|ion|g dn||jtg

7 Uég{n {~r|g# rr. 95/99.

QRçm. <=4_

e~cm~|g`tn dn cg kglgccn|ïg iorn|igc t~uj c~mg| n` T|gkig. Nc mjdj Mgi`g{ gckg`xû n` nc og`dj oicitg| dn J|in`tn~`g rj{ikiû` tg` r|joi`n`tn y rncim|j{g kjoj cg dnc uç`dgcj N{ticikû` n` Jkkidn`tn. @j e~n cg mnjm|geïg cg w~ndntn|oi`û cg {~rn|uiun`kig dnc Iorn|ij lixg`ti`j# {i`j ~`g n{t|~kt~|g {jkigc w~n# g dien|n kig dn Jkkidn`tn# {noj{t|û kgrgx dn nvr~c{g| j g{ioicg| uiktj|ij{gon`tn g {~{ n`noimj{ nvtn|ij|n{.

Cg r|~nlg dnki{iug ccnmû rg|g nc Iorn|ij dn J|in`tn g kjoin`xj{ dnc {imcj UII# k~g`dj e~n kg{i g||jccgdj rj|t|n{ m|g`dn{ g{gctj{ r|jkndn`tn{ dn di{ti`tj{ r~`tj{ kg|di`gcn{# k~yg kj`kgtn`gkiû` {imìeikû ~`g gon`gxg o~y{~rn|ij| g tjdj cj w~n t~uj w~n |n{i{ti| n` {~ fi{tj|ig éc Iorn|ij dn Jkkidn`tn8 cg{ iùg{ij`n{ n{cgug{ y çug|g{ dncj{ Lgckg`n{# cg og|kfg dn cj{ rn|{g{ fg{tg G`gtjcig y# ei`gcon`tn# cg dneiìtiug kj`w~i{tg ç|gln dn Nmirtj. y[i|ig. Lixg`kij |n{i{tiû g n{tg t|ircn kgtç{t|jen rj| ondij dn ~`g mgcugìxgkiû` {jkigc k~yg `gt~|gcnxg y gckg`knnvgktj tjdguïg n{ jlhntj dn di{k~{iû`<. N{ kcg|j# {i` nolg|mj# w~n cg g|i{tjk|gkig dn r|jui`kig{ t~uj w~nnvrn|ion`tg| n`j|on{ {~e|ioin`tj{ rj| cg{ dn{g{t|j{g{ m~n||g{ y jk~rgkij`n{ dn cg érjkg y w~n nc ojdncjnvi{tn`tn dn r|jrindgd ondig`g y m|g`dn w~ndû r|jlglcnon`tn di{cjkgdj y dn{j|mgìxgdj# y n{tj tin`n w~nfgln| {idj n{rnkigcon`tn kin|tj n` nc |ni`j dnc ~{~|rgdj| Ejkg{# r|jd~ktj dn ~`g |nlnciû` dn gojti`gdj{ n` cg{eicg{ dnc nhé|kitj;. N{ im~gcon`tn nuidn`tn w~n cg gd{k|irkiû` dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{ g cg Tin||g# iorcg`tgdg rj| nc{i{tnog tg|dj||jog`j dnc kjcj`gtj# dn{grg|nkiû r|jm|n{iugon`tn dn Lixg`kij# dnhg`dj# t|g{ dn {ï ~`g m|g` og{gdn kjo~ìdgdn{ dn gcdng{ cil|n{# ej|ogdg{ rj| kgorn{i`j{ kj` rg|kncg{ r|iugdg{ n i`diuid~gcn{ y kj`|n{rj`{glicidgdn{ ei{kgcn{ kjcnktiug{ fgkig nc N{tgdj4. N{ rj{ilcn# g~`w~n n` ojdj gcm~`j {nm~|j# w~n nc

7;5 * 7>2



< Cg i`tn|r|ntgkiû` kcç{ikg dn n{tn rn|ïjdj r~ndn n`kj`t|g|{n n` M. J{t|jmj|{ay# Fi{tj|y je tfn Lyxg`ti`n [tgtn# Jvej|d# 7956# rr. 9</72=# 7;;/=1 R. Kfg|gì{# ¡J` tfn {jkigc {t|~kt~|n je tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n±# Lyxg`tij`# VUII# 7944/># rr. ;9/>=. Gcm~ j{ dn {~{g{rnktj{ e~`dgon`tgcn{ fg` {idj {n|igon`tn ior~m`gdj{ n` cj{ øctioj{ g÷j{# uég{n i e|g `jtg >.; Rg|g nc iorgktj dn cg{ iùg{ij`n{# uég{n J{t|jmj|{ay# Fi{tj|y ûe tfn Lyxg`ti`n [tgtn# r. 7;4. Cj{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ {juiétikj{ fg` ncnmidj ncnri{jdij dn Ejkg{ rg|g ccgog| cg gtn`kiû` {jl|n nccj# uég{n# rj| nhnorcj# O. cg. [i~xi~oju# ¡@najtj|in R|jlcnoi I{tj|ii Uixg`tii±#Ujr|j{i I{tj|ii # og|xj dn 79>9# `øo. ;# r. 727.4 N. [tni`# ¡Rgy{gf`n|in nt m|g`d{ djogi`n{ dg`{ c’Nori|n lyxg`ti`±# \nk~nic{ dn cg [jkiété Hng` Ljdi` # II# Cn {n|ugmn# L|~{ncg{# 79>9#rr. 7<9/;;1 Rg~c Cnon|cn# ¡N{w~i{{n rj~| ~`n fi{tj|in gm|gi|n dn Lyxg`kn8 cn{ {j~|kn{ nt cn{ r|jlcæon{±# \nu~n Fi{tj|iw~n# 779# 79>6#

rr. 5;/>.

QRçm. <=>_

grg|gtj iorn|igc dn cg érjkg dn Fn|gkcij r|jojuin|g ~`g diui{iû` oç{ |gdikgc dn cg r|jrindgd dn cg tin||g rj|ondij dn ~` {i{tnog oicitg| dn {jcdgdj{ rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{ w~n |nkilïg` rg|g {~ og`tnìoin`tj tin||g{ dncN{tgdj g kgolij dn {n|uikij{ dn m~n||g# j|imi`g`dj g{ï cg{ tfnog{ lixg`ti`g{>. N` k~gcw~in| kg{j# {n r|jd~hj ~`g{~{tg`kigc |nk~rn|gkiû` oicitg| w~n g`tn tjdj kj`{im~iû dn||jtg| g cj{ rn|{g{ n iòndigtgon`tn —dn{r~é{ dn cgkj`w~i{tg i{cçoikg dn Nmirtj y [i|ig# k~yg cngctgd g Lixg`kij e~n {jkgugdg rj| cg fntn|jdjvig |ncimij{g—

> N{tg n{ cg r|i`kirgc unvgtg w~gntij dn cj{ n{t~dij{ on{jlixg`ti`j{. Cg tn{i{ dn [tni` y J{t|jmj|{ay —dn{dn fgkn tinorj gknrtgdgj|tjdjvig—# {nmø` cg k~gc Fn|gkcij e~n nc g~tj| dn ~`g |nej|og gm|g|ig w~n k|nû ~` kgorn{i`gdj dn {jcdgdj{ ondig`tn nc

n{tglcnkioin`tj dnc {i{tnog dn tfnog{ # {n fg r~n{tj {n|igon tn n` d~dg. Cnon|cn cg fg {jontidj g ~`g t|ircn k|ïtikg# gei|og dj n`r|ion| c~mg| w~n `j nvi{tn ì`m~`g r|~nlg un|dgdn|g dn w~n Fn|gkcij k|ng|g nc {i{tnog dn tfnog{ &w~n grg|nkiû m|gd~gcon`tn dn{r~é{dn {~ |ni`gdj n` nc {imcj UII)1 n` {nm~`dj c~mg|# w~n cg{ ¡tin||g{ oicitg|n{± j {t|gtnig e~n|j` ~` dn{g||jccj rj{tn|ij| {jl|n nc w~n `j nvi{tndjk~on`tgkiû` g`tn{ dnc {imcj V# y rj| øctioj# w~n cj{ tit~cg|n{ dn n{g{ tin||g{ `~`kg e~n|j` {jcdgdj{# {i`j w~n øìkgon`tn tn`ïg` cgjlcimgkiû` ei{kgc dn og`tn`n| ei`g`kin|gon`tn g ~` kglgccn|j dnc nhé|kitj. Nc nenktj dn n{tg k|ïtikg n{ dn{rjhg| gc |ni`gdj dn Fn|gkcij dntjdg iorj|tg`kig n{t|~kt~|gc n` cj{ kgorj{ gm|ïkjcg y oicitg| y r|jynktg| {jl|n cg{ i`{tit~kij`n{ |~|gcn{ dn Lixg`kij ~` m|gdj dnkj`ti`~idgd {~rn|ij| gc w~n fg{tg gfj|g {n fglïg {j{rnkfgdj. Uég{n R. Cnon|cn# ¡N{w~i{{n rj~| ~`n fi{tji|n gm|gi|n dn Lyxg`kn±# \nu~nFi{tj|iw~n# ujc. 779# rr. =2/41 ujc. 7<2# rr. 4;/=2# y ¡W~ncw~n{ |nog|w~n{ {~| cn |æm`n d’Fn|gkci~{±# [t~di Ondinugci # I# 7952# rr. ;4=/57. Gcm~`g{ jriìj`n{ {nonhg`tn{ {jl|n nc r|jlcnog oicitg| {n dn{g||jccg n` G. Rn|t~{i# ¡Cg ej|ogtij` dn{ tfæon{ lyxg`ti`{±# Ln|ikftn x~o VI I`tn|`gtij`gcn` Lyxg`tiì{tn`/Aj`m|n{{ # Oøìkf# 79>6# rr. 7/42# y ]. Agnmi# ¡[jon |nkj`{idn|gtij`{ j` tfn tfnon{ &{nun`tf/ì`tf kn`t~|in{)±# Hgf|l~kf dn| õ{tn||nikfi{kfn` lyxg`tiì{kfn` Mn{ncc{kfget # VUI# 795=# rr. ;9/>;. J{t|jmj|{ay fg |nrcikgdj n` {~Aj||nen|gt gc g|tïk~cj dn Rn|t~{i dn 79>6 g`tn{ kitgdj &Ln|ikftn# rr. 7/6)# y n` ¡C’nvg|kfgt dn \gun `n nt c’j|imi`n dn{ tfæon{ lyxg`ti`{±#UII Kj|{j di K~ct~|g {~cc’G|tn |gun``gtn n lixg`ti`g# \gun`g# 7952# rr. 99/772# n` nc w~n gei|og w~n cg k|ngkiû` dn cj{ nvg|kgdj{jkkidn`tgcn{ dn \gun`g y Kg|tgmj g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj UI r|n{gmiglg nc n{tglcnkioin`tj rjkj dn{r~é{ dnc {i{tnog dn tfnog{ . J{t|jmj|{ay

fg |nkilidj nc grjyj dnc lixg`tiì{tg {juiétikj G. R. Agxfdg`# w~n fg |nkfgxgdj cg{ jriìj`n{ dn Cnon|cn n` ¡N{fkfij \gx jl Gm|g|ìhJt`j{fnìigh u Uixg`tii IU/VII uu±# Uixg`tii{aii U|non` ia # 79>9# VUI# 7# rr. 9</77;. Cg di{r~tg {jl|n cj{ j|ïmn`n{ dnc {i{tnog dntfnog{ mi|g n` l~n`g ondidg n` tj|`j g ~`g {jcg e|g{n dn Tnûeg`n{ &fi{tj|igdj| w~n n{k|iliû dj{kin`tj{ g÷j{ dn{r~é{ dn cg érjkg dnFn|gkcij y# rj| kj`{im~in`tn# `j n{ rj{ilcn |n{jcun|cg). N{ r|nki{j g÷gdi| w~n cg jriìû dn Cnon|cn# {nmø` cg k~gc nc g~on`tj dn ciln|tgddn cj{ kgorn{i`j{ n` cg érjkg on{jlixg`ti`g {n dnliû e~`dgon`tgcon`tn g cg{ noim|gkij`n{ n{cgug{# w~n |n{jcuin|j` cg n{kg{nx dn og`jdn jl|g dn`t|j dnc Iorn|ij n fikin|j g{ï i`øtic cg gd{k|irkiû g cg tin||g# n{ o~kfj on`j{ kjùi`kn`tn w~n {~ k|ïtikg dn cg{ nvrcikgkij`n{w~n cg |noj`tg` gc {i{tnog dn tfnog{ .

QRçm. <=5_

dntn`n| g cj{ ç|gln{ n` cg lg||n|g dnc Tg~|j. N` nc {imcj {im~in`tn# cg di`g{tïg i{g~|ig kj`{t|~yû cg r|ion|gg|ogdg iorn|igc rn|og`n`tn# kgrgx dn dg| g Lixg`kij cg {~rn|ij|idgd og|ïtiog kj`t|g cg{ ecjtg{ ç|gln{# ykjon`xû cg cn`tg |nkj`w~i{tg dnc {~| dn cj{ Lgckg`n{. Cj{ e~`dgon`tj{ {jkigcn{ dn n{tg |n`jugkiû` rjcïtikg

|gdikg` nuidn`tnon`tn n` cg gorcigkiû` dn cg lg{n kgorn{i`g dn cg{ gcdng{ g~tû`jog{ dn`t|j dnc Iorn|ij# e~n{nj `j di|nktgon`tn egkicitgdg rj| nc {i{tnog dn tfnog{ 8 cg m|g` r|njk~rgkiû` dn cj{ øctioj{ norn|gdj|n{ rj|kj`{n|ug| cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ dn rnw~n÷j{ r|jrintg|ij{# dgdj {~ ugcj| ei{kgc y oicitg| rg|g nc N{tgdj# `j dnhg c~mg|g d~dg{5. Lixg`kij {jl|nuiuiû# r~n{# d~|g`tn tjdg cg Ndgd J{k~|g dn Jkkidn`tn kj` ~` tn||itj|ij |nd~kidj# rn|jr|çktikgon`tn kj` tjdg cg rg`jrcig {~rn|n{t|~kt~|gc dn cg G`timóndgd kcç{ikg i`tgktg. @j {n r|jd~hj ~` kj|tnd|ç{tikj n` cg uidg ~|lg`g=1 cg{ og`~egkt~|g{ dn c~hj {n og`t~uin|j`# nc kjon|kij og|ïtioj g~on`tû i`kc~{jcimn|gon`tn y# {jl|n tjdj# {~l{i{tiû cg gdoiì{t|gkiû` kn`t|gcixgdg y cg |nkg~dgkiû` ~ìej|on dn ior~n{tj{ rj|nc N{tgdj iorn|igc# w~n# n` cg `jkfn dn Jkkidn`tn# e~n ~` di{tg`tn rjcj dn ~ìdgd ui{ilcn dn{dn cg cnhg`ïg. Cgoj`ndg je|nkn nc ï`dikn oç{ kcg|j dn n{tn évitj8 nc ln{g`tn dn j|j lixg`ti`j {n kjùi|tiû n` nc rgt|û` oç{~ìun|{gc dn cg érjkg n` nc Onditn||ç`nj6.

[i` nolg|mj# rj| n{tg |n`jugkiû` f~lj w~n rgmg| nc r|nkij dn ~`g rg|çci{i{. Nc Iorn|ij lixg`ti`j {n dn{r|n`diûdnc {~eikin`tn cg{t|n dn cg G`timóndgd rg|g {jl|nuiui| n` ~`g `~nug érjkg# rn|j `j tg`tj w~n cn rn|oitin|gdn{g||jccg|{n di`çoikgon`tn n` nccg. Nc Iorn|ij w~ndû kcgugdj n`t|n cj{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg y

7;= * 7>2



en~dgc# i`kgrgx dn |ntj|`g| gc r|ion|j y dn gug`xg| fgkig nc {nm~`dj# ontidj n` ~` kgccnhû` {i` {gcidg w~n

5 J{t|jmj|{ay# Fi{tj|y je tfn Lyxg`ti`n [tgtn# rr. <=</4# ;25/=.= Cg {~n|tn w~n kj||in|j` cg{ ki~dgdn{ dn{dn nc {imcj UII gc IV n{ jt|j ejkj dn kj`t|jun|{ig. Agxfdg` {j{tin`n w~n d~|g`tn n{tg érjkg {nr|jd~hj ~` un|dgdn|j kjcgr{j dn cg{ ki~dgdn{8 ¡Uixg`tii{ain Mj|jdg u UIIIV uu±# [juint{agig G|hnjcjmiig# ujc. <7# 79>4# rr. 754/661rn|j {~ dn{k|irkiû` fg {idj ojdieikgdg kj` évitj rj| J{t|jmj|{ay# ¡Lyxg`ti`n kitin{ i` tfn ng|cy Oiddcn Gmn{±# D~olg|tj` Jga{ Rgrn|{ # `øo. 7;# 79>9# rr. 4=/55# y [i~xi~oju# ¡Uixg`tii{aii Mj|jd &[n|ndi`g UII/[n|ndi`g IV u.)±# Uixg`tii{aii U|non`ìa # 79>6# VIU#rr. ;6/=2# w~n fg` dnoj{t|gdj {~{ o~kfg{ cgm~`g{.6 \. [. Cjrnx# ¡Tfn djccg| je tfn Oiddcn Gmn{±# Tfn Hj~|`gc je Nkj`joik Fi{tj|y # VI# un|g`j dn 79>7# `øo. ;# rr. <29/>4. Cjrnx{n÷gcg w~n# g~`w~n cg n{tglicidgd oj`ntg|ig dn Lixg`kij rj`n dn ogìein{tj {~{ r|n{~r~n{tj{ nw~icil|gdj{ y {~ kjon|kij lin`j|mgìxgdj# `j iorcikg `nkn{g|igon`tn ~` nvkn{iuj k|nkioin`tj nkj`ûoikj. N{ rj{ilcn w~n cg nkj`joïg lixg`ti`g dn n{tg érjkg {nog`t~uin|g n{tgkij`g|ig.

QRçm. <==_

n` øctioj té|oi`j {ûcj rjdïg kj`d~ki| g {~ nvti`kiû`. R~n{# rj| ~`g rg|tn# cg uïg dn u~nctg g ~`g nkj`joïg dnn{kcguit~d mn`n|gcixgdg n{tglg kn||gdg# yg w~n {ûcj ~` iòn`{j r|jm|gog iorn|igc dn nvrg`{iû` rjdïg fgln|k|ngdj cg e~n|xg dn t|glghj kg~tiug `nkn{g|ig rg|g |nk|ng|cj. Dn fnkfj# nc N{tgdj lixg`ti`j {inor|n i`tn`tû|nkj`w~i{tg| {~{ tn||itj|ij{ rn|didj{ n` N~|jrg y G{ig# y k~g`dj {~{ kgorg÷g{ n|g` uiktj|ij{g{# nc {tjka dnn{kcguj{ dn`t|j dnc Iorn|ij g~on`tglg iòndigtgon`tn gc t|gn| cj{ {jcdgdj{ {~ ljtï` g kg{g# en`ûon`j w~n

gdw~i|iû {~ ogyj| t|g{kn`dn`kig kj` cg kj`w~i{tg dn L~cmg|ig rj| Lg{icij II g r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj VI. Nvi{tïg`#gdnoç{# cj{ kûojdj{ on|kgdj{ dn K|iong# rj| cj{ w~n {n nvrj|tglg` kj`ti`~gon`tn cj{ n{kcguj{ n` di|nkkiû`{~|# fgkig cj{ Iorn|ij{ lixg ti`j y ç|gln# y w~n r|jlglcnon`tn e~n|j` cj{ r|ion|j{ r|junndj|n{ dnKj`{tg`ti`jrcg9. Rn|j ì`m~`g dn n{g{ e~n`tn{ r~ndn kjorg|g|{n kj` cg{ m|g`dn{ |ndgdg{ w~n fglïg` k|ngdj cg{ej|t~`g{ dn \jog. Cg n{kcguit~d `j dn{grg|nkiû n` gl{jc~tj dn Lixg`kij# rn|j `~`kg ccnmû g r|ndjoi g| n` {~gm|ik~ct~|g. Gc oi{oj tinorj# cg {jc~kiû` |~|gc w~n fglïg {gcugdj gc n{tn dnc dn{ti`j dnc jn{tn —cgkj`{jcidgkiû`# rj| dnlghj dn cg{ m|g`dn{ ei kg{# dn cg rnw~n÷g r|jrindgd dn cg tin||g— {n |nuncûi`nuitglcnon`tn kjoj ~`g {jc~kiû` r|jui{ij`gc# yg w~n cg r|n{iû` i`tn|`g nhn|kidg rj| cg{ kcg{n{ di|imn`tn{ dnr|jui kig{ rg|g k|ng| ~` kjcj`gtj dnrn`din tn e~n |nkfgxgdg n` cj{ {imcj{ UI y UII# rn|j n` nc {imcj V {n fglïg|ngei|ogdj ~`g unx oç{ dn ej|og i`nvj|glcn. Cj{ dnk|ntj{ dn cg di`g{tïg ¡ogkndjìg± dn`~`kig` ~`g y jt|gunx cg iorcgkglcn gr|jrigkiû` dn cg{ tin||g{ dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{ y nc {jontioin`tj dn cj{ rjl|n{ rj| cj{

rjtn`tgdj{ |~|gcn{ dn cg érjkg# cj{ d~`gtji j ¡rjdn|j{j{±. Nc N{tgdj iorn|igc kn`t|gc {n jr~{j en|jxon tn g cgkj`kn`t|gkiû` dn cg tin||g n` og`j{ dn cg{ jcimg|w~ïg{ cjkgcn{# rj|w~n gon`gxglg kj` dn{t|~i| {~{ |n{n|ug{ dn|nkc~tgoin`tj y |nkg~dgkiû` dn ior~n{tj{ gc {~{t|gn| g cg rjlcgkiû` gm|g|ig dnc djoiìj dn cg gdoiì{t|gkiû`rølcikg# dnc oi{oj ojdj w~n cj fglïg` fnkfj nc rgt|jkiì~o y nc kjcj`gtj dn cg \jog tg|dïg8 ~` {i{tnogrg|g{n÷j|igc n` nc kgorj {imìeikglg nc ei` dn ~` grg|gtj oicitg| y ei{kgc ont|jrjcitg`j kgrgx dn iorj`n| cgg~tj|idgd iorn|igc n` tjdj nc |ni`j. Rn|j cj{ i`tn`tj{ dn cj{ {~kn{iuj{ no/

9 G. Fgdhiìkjcg~/Og|gug# \nkfn|kfn{ {~| cg uin dn{ n{kcgun{ dg`{ cn oj`dn lyxg`ti`# Gtn`g{# 79>2# rr. <9# 691 \. L|j}ì`m# ¡\gl{tuj uUixg`tii{aii Iorn|ii &522/7<22 mm)±# Uixg`tii{aii U|non`ìa # 79>6# VIU# rçmi`g{ >7/<. Nc g|tïk~cj dn L|j}ì m n{ cg onhj| {ï`tn{i{ {jl|nn{tn tnog.

QRçm. <=6_

rn|gdj|n{ dn kj tn n| cg og|ng dnc rjdn| dn cj{ d~`gtji {n |nuncg|j` `nkn{g|igon`tn ug`j{# r~n{ cggdoiì{t|gkiû` cjkgc n`kg|mgdg dn fgkn| k~orci| {~{ dnk|ntj{ n{tglg kj`t|jcgdg kg{i rj| kjorcntj rj| cg{oi{og{ egoicig{ k~yg ièc~n`kig r|ntn`dïg` cioitg|72. G{ï# `j {ûcj gug`xû cg rjcg|ixgkiû` nkj`ûoikg n` nckgorj# {i`j w~n gdnoç{ cg |nd oicitg| dn cj{ tfnog{ kgyû r|jm|n{iugon tn n` og`j{ dn cj{ ogm`gtn{ cjkgcn{.[~ oi{og dn{kn`t|gcixgkiû`# w~n iìkigcon`tn e~n cg kj`dikiû` dn {~ |jl~{tg uitgcidgd# egkicitû gfj|g {~kjèi{kgkiû` rj| cg{ kgog|iccg{ dn rjtn`tgdj{ r|jui`kigcn{ gc n{tg| {jkgugdg {~ r|ioimnìg lg{n dé rnw~n÷j{r|jrintg|ij{. Cg n{tglicixgkiû` dn cg{ tg|dïg{ ej|og{ g`tim~g{ n` cg |n`jugkiû` lixg`ti`g dn cj{ {imcj{ UII y UIII{n uij kjor|jontidg# r~n{# dn ej|og k|nkin`tn rj| cg{ tn`dn`kig{ fgkig ~`g dn{i`tnm|gkiû` r|jtjen~dgc dn cgnkj`joïg y cg {jkindgd |~|gc.

Rj| jt|g rg|tn# {i lin` n|g iorj{ilcn ~` |nt|jkn{j d~|gdn|j fgkig nc tirj dn ej|ogkiû` {jkigc kg|gktn|ï{tikj dn cg

G`timóndgd# nc gug`kn fgkig ~` en~dgci{oj dn{g||jccgdj {n uij im~gcon`tn e|~{t|gdj. R~n{ nc {~r|noj grg|gtjl~|jk|çtikj dn cg g~tjk|gkig lixg`ti`g rn|og`nkiû n{n`kigcon`tn i`tgktj d~|g`tn cj{ w~iìn`tj{ g÷j{ w~n{im~in|j` g H~{tiìg`j8 cg oçw~i g kn`t|gcixgdg dnc N{tgdj n` Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg `~`kg rn|diû cg {jln|g`ïg mcjlgc#

7;6 * 7>2



gdoiì{t|gtiug# ei{kgc y oicitg|# {jl|n nc tn||itj|ij iorn|igc. Nc r|i`kirij dn ~`g t|il~tgkiû` ~ìun|{gc `~`kgr|n{k|iliû# g~`w~n dn{r~é{ dnc {imcj VI {n r|jd~hn|j` di{tg`kig{ kgdg unx oç{ e|nk~n`tn{ n`t|n n{n r|i`kirij y cgr|çktikg. Cg{ e~`kij`n{ nkj`ûoikg{ dnc N{tgdj dn cg G`timóndgd tg|dïg `~`kg dn{grg|nkin|j`. Dn ej|og o~y{imìeikgtiug# cg n{kcguit~d fn|nditg|ig {im~iû djoi`g`dj n` nc {nktj| dn cg{ og`~egkt~|g{ n{tgtgcn{# kjoj ygfglïg jk~||idj n` nc Iorn|ij |jog`j# y n{tn {nktj| mjxû# g {~ unx# dn r|iuicnmij{ oj`jrjci{tg{ w~n cn din|j` ~`giorj|tg`kig e~`dgon`tgc rg|g nc kjon|kij dn nvrj|tgkiû` y rg|g cg i`d~{t|ig dn glg{tnkioin`tj dn Lixg`kij77.Cg n{rnkïeikg y r|je~`dg kj`nviû` n`t|n nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû` n{kcgui{tg y cg {~rn|n{t|~kt~|g dnc N{tgdjiorn|igc w~n fglïg kg|gktn|ixgdj g cg G`timóndgd {n og`t~uj# r~n{# fg{tg cj{ øctioj{ {imcj{ dn Lixg`kij. Rj|jt|g rg|tn# cg og`j dn jl|g n{kcgug dnc

72 Nc g~mn dnc rjdn| nkj`ûoikj y rjcïtikj dn cj{ d~`gtji n{ ~` tnog kjoø` g tjdj{ cj{. ojdn|`j{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ lixg`ti`j{8 ~`j dn cj{onhj|n{ n{t~dij{ n{ tjdguïg ~`j dn cj{ r|ion|j{# K. @n~og``# Din ]nct{tncc~`m dn{ lyxg`tiì{kfn` \nikfn{ uj| dn` A|n~xxómn`# Cnirxim#7694# rçmi`g{ ></57# w~n n{ n` o~kfj{ g{rnktj{ ~` n{t~dij r|nk~|{j|.77 L|j}ì`m# ¡\gl{tuj±# rr. 4>/45.

QRçm. <=9_

{nktj| r|iugdj dn cg nkj`joïg `j n|g n` ojdj gcm~`j dn{r|nkiglcn8 `j {ûcj kj`ti`~û {~oiì{t|g`dj nc m|~n{jdnc {n|uikij djoé{tikj dn cj{ |ikj{# {i`j w~n e~n ~ticixgdg gdnoç{ n` cg{ m|g`dn{ ei`kg{ fg{tg nc {imcj VII. [i n`

cg gkt~gcidgd n{ iorj{ilcn dntn|oi`g| cg nvtn`{iû` n{tgdï{tikg dn cg n{kcguit~d gm|ïkjcg n` nc Iorn|ij lixg`ti`j#{n r~ndn kj`hnt~|g|# {i` nolg|mj# w~n {~ iorgktj n{t|~kt~|gc n` cg{ |ncgkij`n{ |~|gcn{ `j e~n dn{r|nkiglcn# r~n{nc ìunc |ncgtiugon`tn lghj dn cg{ r|n{tgkij`n{ dn t|glghj rn|{j`gc dn cj{ kgorn{i`j{ dnrn`din`tn{ — rg|jiaji —d~|g`tn nc øctioj rn|ïjdj dn cg fi{tj|ig lixg`ti`g# ~ìdj g cg{ dion`{ij`n{ |ncgtiugon`tn m|g`dn{ dnc k~ctiuj{n÷j|igc# r~ndn fgln| {idj ~`g kj`{nk~n`kig dn cg di{rjìlicidgd dn og`j dn jl|g n{kcgug rg|g cj{ ogm`gtn{|~|gcn{# g~`w~n {~ un|dgdn|g i`kidn`kig {n og`t~uin|g gi{cgdg 7<. Dn n{tg ej|og# cg r|nrjtn tn l~|jk|gkigiorn|igc y cg |n{id~gc nkj`joïg n{kcgui{tg kj`t|il~yn|j` kj`{tg`tnon`tn g lcjw~ng| cg{ tn`dn`kig{ n{rj`tç`ng{dn cg rjcg|ixgkiû` dn kcg{n{ n` nc kgorj fgkig cg nvrcjtgkiû` en~dgc dn cg tin||g y nc {nrg|gti{oj {n÷j|igc.Gdnoç{# y rj| cg{ oi{og{ |gxj`n{# cg{ ki~dgdn{ tgorjkj t~uin|j` `~`kg cg jrj|t~ìdgd dn dn{g||jccg|{n n`di|nkkiû` gc kjo~`gci{oj ondinugc. Cg g~tj`joïg o~ìkirgc dn cg{ ki~dgdn{# w~n fglïg {idj Hg kéc~cg lç{ikgdnc r|ion| Iorn|ij |jog`j# yg n{tglg n` e|g`kg dnkgdn`kig n` cg érjkg dn cg kgïdg dnc Iorn|ij dn Jkkidn`tn#

g~`w~n og`t~uin|g tjdguïg gcm~`g |ngcidgd n` nc dn J|in`tn. Nc n{tglcnkioin`tj dnc {i{tnog dn tfnog{ lixg`ti`jdn{noljkû g n{kgcg cjkgc n` cg dnm|gdgkiû` rjcïtikg dn cg{ ki~dgdn{# g~`w~n dn tjdg{ ej|og{ {~ uidg rølcikg {nunïg r|jm|n{iugon`tn gfjmgdg rj| nc rn{j dn cg kgritgc y dn cg kj|tn. Tjdj{ cj{ un{timij{ dn g~tj`joïgo~ìkirgc e~n|j` gljcidj{ ej|ogcon`tn rj| ~` dnk|ntj dn Cnû` UI# w~n {n cioitglg g kj`{~og| ~` cg|mjr|jkn{j fi{tû|ikj7;. N` n{tg {it~gkiû`# cg{ ki~dgdn{ lixg`ti`g{ —w~n yg fglïg` rn|didj cg{ g`tim~g{ ej|og{ dnr|iuicnmij— `~`kg e~n|j` kgrgkn{ dn |nkj`w~i{tg| cg{ ej|og{ en~dgcn{ dn ciln|tgd# dn`t|j dnc {i{tnog iorn|igc.N` nc n{t|nkfj og|kj dnc N{tgdj g~tjk|çtikj `j rjdïg` {~|mi| cg{ ciln|tgdn{ o~ìkirgcn{.

7< L|j}ì`m# ¡\gl{tuj±# r. 4=.7; J{t|jmj|{ay# ¡Lyxg ti`n kitin{ i` tfn ng|cy Oiddcn Gmn{±# D~olg|tj` Jga{ Rgrn|{ # `øo. 7;# 79>9# rr. 5>/5. Cg oi{og|nkjdieikgkiû` cnmgc gl|jmû g`tim~j{ dn|nkfj{ dnc [n`gdj y dn cg kcg{n k~|igc gc {i{tnogtixg| cg kn`t|gcixgkiû` gdoiì{t|gtiug dn cgl~|jk|gkig iorn|igc lixg`ti`g8 J{t|jmj|{ay# Fi{tj|y je tfn Lyxg`ti`n [tgtn# r. <4>. Cnû` UI |ni`û dn{dn nc g÷j 665 fg{tg nc 97<.

QRçm. <62_

Dgdg cg g~{n`kig dn ~`g rg|kncgkiû` |gdikgc dn cg {jln|g`ïg# n|g n{t|~kt~|gcon`tn iorj{ilcn ~`g di`çoikg~|lg`g dn tirj jkkidn`tgc. Cg grn|t~|g dn ~`g uïg dn dn{g||jccj en~dgc e~n jl{tgk~cixgdg n` cj{ kgorj{ y cg{ki~dgdn{ dn Lixg`kij rj| cg e~n|xg kj t|gr~n{tg dn {~ kjorcnhj i`{tit~kij`gc kcç{ikj tg|dïj y dn {~kj||n{rj`din`tn iè|gn{t|~kt~|g. ^` {ï`tjog |nuncgdj| dn n{tn kgccnhû` {i` {gcidg e~n cg `gt~|gcnxg h~|ïdikg dn cgg|i{tjk|gkig y cg oj`g|w~ïg dnc Iorn|ij lixg`ti`j. R~n{ fg{tg {~ t|i{tn ei`# cg rø|r~|g iorn|igc `~`kg e~nr|jrindgd fn|nditg|ig dn ~`g di`g{tïg ~`midg# rj| o~y e~n|tn w~n e~n|g cg cnmitiogkiû` rjr~cg| dn w~n mjxg|g#{i`j w~n cnmgcon`tn {inor|n e~n cj w~n fglïg kjon`xgdj g {n| n` cj{ cnhg`j{ dïg{ dnc r|i`kirgdj dn G~m~{tj#n{tj n{# ~` kg|mj ncnktiuj {jl|n nc w~n nhn|kïg` dn|nkfj{ ej|ogcn{ j eçktikj{ dn iùn{tid~|g nc [n`gdj# nc nhé|kitjy nc r~nlcj dn Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg. Cg kø{ridn {noidiui`g dn cg l~|jk|gkig iorn|igc n|g cg {ndn dn ~`g e~`kiû`

iorn|{j`gc# geï` g cg dnc e~`kij`g|igdj ~ìej|on {it~gdj rj| dnlghj dn nccg# y di{ti`tg rj| n{n oi{oj fnkfj dncg oj`g|w~ïg rn|{j`gc dnc Jkkidn`tn en~dgc. Cg `jlcnxg w~n djoi`glg g t|gué{ dn n{n N{tgdj gdoiì{t|gtiuj `jn|g on`j{ dien|n`tn dn cj{ {n÷j|n{ `jlcn{ dn Jkkidn`tn. N` Lixg`kij `~`kg k|i{tgcixû ~` {i{tnog fn|nditg|ij dn

7;9 * 7>2



tït~cj{8 cj{ fj`j|n{ n|g` kjèn|idj{ lç{ikgon`tn rj| cg{ |n{rj`{glicidgdn{ jeikigcn{ n` nc Iorn|ij# kjoj cjfglïg` {idj n` cg øctiog érjkg dn \jog# y `j rg{glg` g ~`g {nm~`dg mn`n|gkiû`. Dn fnkfj# i`kc~{j {ndn{g||jccû o~y cn`tgon`tn ~` {i{tnog dn grnccidj{ g|i{tjk|çtikj{ &n` glin|tj kj`t|g{tn kj` cg oç{ mn`~i`g{jkindgd {n÷j|igc dn G|onìg y Mnj|mig# n` nc unki`j Kç~kg{j# kj` {~ kjorcntj {i{tnog dn |g`mj{) 74. Cg{g||gimgdg{ di`g{tïg{ dn d~`gtji dn G`gtjcig# w~n r|jm|n{iugon`tn kj`{im~in|j` di{cjkg| cg n{t|~kt~|g dnc N{tgdjont|jrjcitg`j# {n dn{g||jccg|j` n` ~`g eg{n |ncgtiugon`tn tg|dïg8 cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cg{ egoicig{ kécnl|n{ —Ejkg{# N{kcn|j# Kjo`n`j# Diûmn`n{— `j {n ncnug|j` g cg r|nnoi`n`kig g`tn{ dn cj{ {imcj{ IV y V 7>. Rj| jt|grg|tn# cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ lixg`ti`j{ —kjoj cj{ cgtie~`di{tg{ |jog`j{ dn ~`g érjkg g`tn|ij|— {inor|n |n{idin/

74 Uég`{n cj{ rn`nt|g`tn{ kjon`tg|ij{ dn K. Tj~og`jee# ¡Tfn lgkam|j~`d tj Og`xian|t±# R|jknndi`m{ je tfn Vccctf I`tn|`gtij`gc Kj`m|n{{ je Lyxg`ti`n [t~din{ # Cj`d|n{# 795=# rr. 476/9. Nc tït~cj dn kcg|i{{ioi n|g# dn{dn c~nmj# cnmgcon`tn fn|nditg|ij n` nc Iorn|ij|jog`j tg|dïj# rn|j gc oi{oj tinorj rn|diû cg ogyj| rg|tn dn {~ iorj|tg`kig g`tn cj{ `~nuj{ tït~cj{ l~|jk|çtikj{# w~n `j n|g`t|g`{oi{ilcn{8 Hj`n{# Tfn cgtn| \jog` Nori|n# ujc. II# rr. ><6/9.7> [. U|yjì{# ¡Lyxg`ti~o8 tfn {jkigc lg{i{ je dnkci`n i` tfn ncnun`tf kn`t~|y±# M|nna# \jog` g`d Lyxg`ti`n [t~din{ # ujc. <# 79>9# `øo.7# r. 757.

QRçm. <67_

|j` n` cg{ ki~dgdn{75# {im~in`dj ~`g rg~tg w~n kj`t|g{tg r|je~`dgon`tn kj` nc djoikicij |~|gc dn cg `jlcnxg

en~dgc dn Jkkidn`tn y {~ e~`kiû` j|imi`gc o~kfj oç{ di|nktg n` cg r|jd~kkiû` gm|ïkjcg. Cg kcg{n djoi`g`tn dnLixg`kij {n og`t~uj# r~n{# g oitgd dn kgoi`j n`t|n cj{ kcg|i{{ioi dn cg G`timóndgd tg|dïg y cj{ lg|j`n{ dn cgGctg Ndgd Ondig. N` {~ r|jrij k~n|rj ccnuglg i`{k|itg cg e|~{t|gdg tn`{iû` dnc N{tgdj.

N{tg r|je~`dg n i`t|ï`{nkg rg|çci{i{ dn tjdj nc {i{tnog nkj`ûoikj y rjcïtikj n{ cj w~n nvrcikg nc kg|çktn|nvt|g÷gon`tn n{té|ic n iòûuic dnc Iorn|ij lixg`ti`j# kjoj {i nc oi{oj fnkfj dn {~ cj`mnuidgd cj ugkig|g dnuitgcidgd. Nc kgccnhû` {i` {gcidg dn cj{ ojdj{ dn r|jd~kkiû` |~|gcn{ kj`d~hj gc n{tg`kgoin`tj dn cg tnk`jcjmïggm|ïkjcg# w~n `j nvrn|ion`tû r|çktikgon`tn ì`mø` gug`kn iorj|tg`tn d~|g`tn ~` oicnìj# {i {n nvknrtøg cgi`t|jd~kkiû` dn ~`j{ rjkj{ k~ctiuj{ n{rnkigcixgdj{ n` cg érjkg dn Fn|gkcij. Cj{ g|`n{n{ r|ioitiuj{ y g{eivig`tn{dn cg G`timóndgd {n kj`{n|ug|j` fg{tg nc ei`gc dn cg fi{tj|ig lixg`ti`g y `~`kg {n gdjrtû cg kjccn|g ondinugc.G{ioi{oj {n im`j|û nc g|gdj rn{gdj n` eguj| dnc ~{j dnc i`neikgx y t|gdikij`gc g|gdj dn ogdn|g. Kjoj o~kfj#{n gknrtû nc ojci`j dn gm~g# tg|dïj |nmgcj dnc Iorn|ij |jog`j 7=. Cg m|g` {n|in dn i``jugkij`n{ w~n d~|g`tn ncoi{oj rn|ïjdj t|g {ej|og|j` cg gm|ik~ct~|g dn Jkkidn`tn `~ kg {n gkciogtg|j` n` nc ç|idj ondijonditn||ç`nj# dn tin||g rjl|n# y {~ c~mg| `~`kg e~n jk~rgdj rj| onhj|g{ g~tûktj`g{. D~|g`tn nc |ni`gdj dnH~{tiìg`j {n r|jd~hj ~` gug`kn dnki{iuj n` cg{ og`~egkt~|g{8 cg i`t|jd~kkiû` dn cg i`d~{t|ig dn cg {ndg n`Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg# dj`dn cg eçl|ikg{ n{tgtgcn{ mjxg|j` g rg|ti| dn n`tj`kn{ dn ~`g rj{ikiû` oj`jrjci{tg n` ncon|kgdj n~|jrnj dn nvrj|tgkiû` fg{tg nc g~mn dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ on|kg`ticn{ dn Itgcig76. Rn|j i`kc~{j n` n{tn kg{j{n t|gtglg dn ~` {nk|ntj tékìkj |jlgdj g J|in`tn oç{ w~n dn ~` dn{k~l|ioin`tj g~tûktj`j y# grg|tn dn n{j#rjkg kj{g dim`g dn gtn`kiû`

75 M. J{t|jmj|{ay# ¡Jl{n|ugtij { j` tfn g|i{tjk|gky i` Lyxg`ti~o±# D~olg|tj` Jga{ Rgrn|{ # `øo. <># 79=7# r. <9.7= Rg|g cj{ g|`n{n{# uég{n Cnenlu|n dn{ @jnttn{# C’gttncgmn nt cn kfnugc dn {nccn â t|gun|{ cn{ gmn{ # Rg|ï{# 79;7# rr. 69/971 rg|g nc g|gdj# G.M. Fg~d|ikj~|t y O. H. /L. Dncgoog|n# C’fjoon nt cg kfg||~n â t|gun|{ cn oj`dn# Rg|ï{# 79>># rr. <=5/641 rg|g nc ojci`j dn Gm~g# H.C. Tngcc# ¡Tfn Lyxg`ti`n gm|ik~ct~|gc t|gditij`±# D~olg|tj` Jga{ Rgrn|{ # `øo. <># 79=7# rçmi`g{ >7/<. Nc g|tïk~cj dn Tngcc o~n{t|g cj

w~n rg|nkn {n| ~` jrtioi{oj i`h~{tieikgdj gkn|kg dn cg gm|ik~ct~|g lixg`ti`g# nc k~gc {n grjyg n` ~`g{ r|~nlg{ dnog{igdj cioitgdg{.76 \. [. Cjrnx# ¡Tfn {ica t|gdn i` tfn Lyxg`ti`n Nori|n±# [rnk~c~o# VV# `øon|j 7# n`n|j dn 794># rr. 7/4<# {~l|gyg cg iorj|tg`kigi`tn|`gkij`gc dnc oj`jrjcij lixg`ti`j dn rg÷j{ r|nkij{j{.

QRçm. <6<_

{n dn{g||jccû hgoç{ n` cj{ tgccn|n{ dn Lixg`kij. G{ioi{oj# nc m|g` ecj|nkioin`tj k~ct~|gc dnc {imcj UI e~n{nm~idj rj| ~` fin|gti{oj kgdg unx oç{ n{t|nkfj y |ïmidj# k~yg |ncgtiug oj`jtj`ïg dn ej|og{ dn rn`{goin`tj yg|tn je|nkn ~` cøm~l|n kj`t|g{tn kj` cg{ dn cg G`timóndgd tg|dïg. &@j e~n r~|g kji`kidn`kig w~n nc r|ion| yun|dgdn|j dn{rn|tg| i`tncnkt~gc y g|tï{tikj t~uin|g c~mg| k~g`dj nc Iorn|ij n`t|û rj| ei` n` ~`g k|i{i{i||nun|{ilcn# rj|w~n {ûcj n`tj`kn{ {n |joriû {~ rg|çci{i{ {jkigc.) Cg un|dgd w~n {n n{kj`dn n` nc kécnl|n h~ikijdn Millj` {jl|n Lixg`kij {ûcj fg rjdidj kjèi|og|{n# n` é{tn kjoj n` jt|j{ kg{j{# rj| nvrcikgkij`n{

rj{tn|ij|n{ w~n n`tj`kn{ n|g` i`gkkn{ilcn{79.

N` ~` {jcj çolitj# {i` nolg|mj# n{# cg fi{tj|ig dn Lixg`kij t~|l~cn`tg y gkkidn`tgdg8 nc dn {~{ i`kn{g`tn{

742 * 7>2



kjolgtn{. Cg kj`w~i{tg —j onhj|# cg |nkj`w~i{tg— oicitg| e~n nc tnog djoi`g`tn y |nk~||n`tn dn {~nvi{tn`kig# dn{dn cg érjkg dn H~{tiìg`j fg{tg cg dn cj{ Rgcnûcjmj{. Cg |niui`dikgkiû` tn||itj|igc y ~ìun|{gc#kjoj {~kn{j| dnc Iorn|i~o \jog`~o# e~n nc r|i`kirij rn|og`n`tn dn {~ rjcïtikg nvtn|ij| <2. N` n{tn {n`tidj# cgkj`d~ktg dnc N{tgdj lixg`ti`j n{t~uj |nmidg# dn ~`g ej|og lç{ikg n i`kn{g`tn# rj| {~ ogt|ix dn cg G`timóndgd.Dn{dn {~ oi{oj `gkioin`tj kjoj n`tidgd iorn|igc {nrg|gdg# i`tn`tû |nk~rn|g| cg{ tin||g{ rn|didg{ w~ng`tn|ij|on`tn fglïg` r|n{tgdj jlndin`kig g \jog. Rn|j dnlidj gc tinorj n`t|ntg`tj t|g`{k~||idj# cg |ngcixgkiû`citn|gc dn n{tg golikiû` w~ndû dn{r|jui{tg

79 Tfn dnkci`n g`d egcc je tfn \jog` Nori|n # kgrït~cj VCUIII. @gt~|gcon`tn# nc cn`m~ghn dn Millj` n{ n`j|onon`tn nvgmn|gdj &¡~`gtndij{g y ~ìej|on fi{tj|ig dn dnlicidgd y oi{n|ig±)# rg|g di{m~{tj dn cj{ fi{tj|igdj|n{ rj{tn|ij|n{# n`t|n w~in`n{ ì`mø` rg{ghn dn {~cil|j n{tç oç{ rg{gdj dn ojdg. Rn|j nc t|gtgoin`tj w~n Millj` dglg g Lixg`kij n{tglg diktgdj# n` |ngcidgd# rj| cg g|w~itnkt~|g mcjlgc dn{~ Fi{tj|y8 oin`t|g{ cg kgïdg dn \jog n|g ¡~`g |nujc~kiû` w~n {inor|n |nkj|dg|ç` tjdg{ cg{ `gkij`n{ dn cg Tin||g±# nc dn{ti`j dnLixg`kij n{tglg {ûcj ¡ rg{iugon`tn kj`nktgdj± kj` ¡cg{ |nujc~kij`n{ w~n fg` kgoligdj nc n{tgdj dnc o~`dj± &{~l|gygdj dn Millj`8 I#r. 71 U# r. 7=7). Cg{ iorcïkitg{ di{ti`kij`n{ kj`knrt~gcn{ gw~ï i`dikgdg{ {j` rn|enktgon`tn |gkij`gcn{ y gkt~gcn{.<2 N{tn tnog dn cg fi{tj|ig dn Lixg`kij fg {idj {~l|gygdj kj` m|g` e~n|xg rj| F. Gf|}nicn|# Lyxg`kn nt cg on| # Rg|ï{# 79551 uég`{nn{rnkigcon`tn rr. ;69/9>. Cg i`{i{tn`kig dn Gf|}nicn| n` w~n cg{ golikij`n{ `gugcn{ dnc Iorn|ij lixg`ti`j e~n|j` lç{ikgon`tn cg{|n{rj`{glcn{ dn {~ kjcgr{j ei`gc# gc nvimi| dnog{igdj{ |nk~|{j{ y dn{uig|cj dn cg kj`{jcidgkiû` dn {~ rjdn|ïj tn||n{t|n# n{ o~kfj oç{d~dj{g. Cj e~`dgon`tgc rg|g cg dneiìtiug kgïdg dnc N{tgdj e~n oç{ lin` nc n{e~n|xj oicitg| mcjlgc nvimidj rj| cg{ {~kn{iug{ |nkj`w~i{tg{#n` cg{ w~n cj{ nhé|kitj{ {inor|n t~uin|j` ~` ujc~on` o~y {~rn|ij| gc dn cg{ ecjtg{.

QRçm. <6;_

dn tjdj {n`tidj# yg w~n Lixg`kij `j rjdïg n{rn|g| w~n {n |nritin|g cg t|i~èg`tn {n|in dn kj`w~i{tg{ y n{kcguit~dw~n fglïg ccnugdj g cg{ cnmij`n{ |jog`g{ dn ~` kjèï` g jt|j dnc Onditn||ç nj# rj|w~n nc ojdj dn r|jd~kkiû`n{kcgui{tg yg fgkïg tinorj w~n fglïg {idj {~rn|gdj n` Jkkidn`tn y w~n {n fglïg u~nctj |nkn{iuj n` nc n{tn. @jfglïg# rj| tg`tj# ì`mø` n{rgkij {jkigc ì nkj`ûoikj rg|g {~ nvrg`{iû` oicitg|1 `j rjdïg gc~ol|g| ~` j|dn`fi{tû|ikgon`tn `~nuj. Y nc |n{~ctgdj e~n w~n cg{ {~kn{iug{ jcg{ dnc nvrg`{ijì{oj lixg`ti`j |jorin|j` kj`t|g cgoi{og lg{n iorn|igc dn cg w~n fglïg` {gcidj y gkglg|j` rj| n|j{ij`g|cg y dnlicitg|cg. ^`g oi{tn|ij{g egtgcidgdui{itû r|çktikgon`tn g tjdj{ cj{ m|g`dn{ |ni`gdj{ dn cg |nkj`w~i{tg. G{ï# cg m|g`dij{g |nk~rn|gkiû` dn Itgcig# nc`j|tn dn Çe|ikg y nc {~| dn N{rg÷g rj| H~{tiìg`j n` nc {imcj UI `j {ûcj e~n ciw~idgdg rj| cg{ iùg{ij`n{cjolg|dg{ y ç|gln{# {i`j w~n# n` cg mn`n|gkiû` {im~in`tn# yg fglïg` kgïdj cj{ Lgckg`n{# [i|ig y Nmirtj.

G{ioi{oj# cj{ e~cm~|g`tn{ gug`kn{ dn cj{ norn|gdj|n{ ¡ogkndjìj{± g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj V y r|i`kirij{ dnc VIe~n|j` {nm~idj{# dn ~`g ej|og im~gcon`tn |nrn`ti`g y dn{g{t|j{g# rj| nc kjcgr{j dnc rjdn|ïj lixg`ti`j n`G`gtjcig g`tn cj{ {ncyøkidg{. N` nc {imcj VII# cg |n`jugdg nvrg`{iû` dn Og`~nc Kjo`n`j# w~n ccnuû g {~{nhé|kitj{ fg{tg Rgcn{ti`g# Dgcogkig y Gr~cig# xjxjl|û ~`g unx oç{ n` cg kgtç{t|jen# rj|w~n cj{ t~|kj{ mgcjrg|j`fgkig nc Nmnj y cj{ e|g`kj{ {gw~ng|j` Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg. I`kc~{j n` nc nrïcjmj ei`gc dn {~ nvi{tn`kig n{ ui{ilcn cgoi{og rg~tg8 cg |nkj`w~i{tg dn Lixg`kij rj| cj{ Rgcnûcjmj{ n` nc {imcj VIII kj`d~hj gc glg`dj`j dn @ikng y g cg|nd~kkiû` dneiìtiug dnc Iorn|ij g ~`g rnw~n÷g xj`g dn T|gkig# t|il~tg|ig dn cj{ Jtjog`j{ d~|g`tn cj{ kin`g÷j{ g`tn|ij|n{ g {~ n`t|gdg n` Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg. Kgdg eg{n dn nvrg`{iû` e~n {nm~idg# rj| tg`tj# dn ~`gkj`t|gkkiû` oç{ d|ç{tikg# kg{timj i`dnenktilcn dn gw~éccg. N{tn |itoj w~nl|gdj n{ cj w~n fgkn g cg fi{tj|ig dnLixg kij tg` dien|n tn dn cg dn \jog# kj` {~ k~|ug |ncgtiugon`tn {~gun dn g{kn {iû`# n{tglicixgkiû` ydnkgdn`kig.

N{ nuidn`tn w~n dn`t|j dn cg {n|in n`~on|gdg oç{ g||ilg f~lj ~`g k|i{i{ un|dgdn|gon`tn dnki{iug w~ndntn|oi`û dn ej|og i||nujkglcn nc dn{ti`j dnc Iorn|ij8 nc rn|ïjdj w~n ug dn{dn cg{ kgorg÷g{ løcmg|g{ dnLg{icij II fg{tg cg uiktj|ig {ncyøkidg dn Og`xikn|tg n` nc {imcj VI. N{tn rn|ïjdj {n fg kj`{idn|gdj `j|ogcon`tnkjoj ~`g eg{n n` cg w~n# dn{r~é{ dn cj{ l|iccg`tn{ évitj{ oicitg|n{ dnc øctioj norn|gdj| ogkndjìj# cgl~|jk|gkig ¡kiuic± dn Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg dn{og`tncû {i{tnoçtikgon`tn cj{ nhé|kitj{ r|jui`kigcn{ dnc Iorn|ij# kj`jlhntj dn dntn`n| cg g{kn`{iû` dn

QRçm. <64_

cj{ ogm`gtn{ |~|gcn{ w~n fglïg` ccnmgdj g kj`t|jcg| {~ og`dj y gon`gxglg` n` kj`{nk~n`kig cg i`tnm|idgd dn cgoi{og gdoiì{t|gkiû` iorn|igc kn`t|gc<7. Nc g~mn dn n{j{ jcimg|kg{ dn cg{ r|jui`kig{ n|g# g {~ unx# ~` |necnhj dn

cg dn{rj{n{iû` dnc rnw~n÷j kgorn{i`gdj w~n gfj|g n{tglg gckg`xg`dj ~`g t|g{kn`dn`kig i||n{i{tilcn. G nccj{im~iû nc en|jx n{tgccidj dn kjèciktj{ kj|tn{g`j{ y m~n||g{ kiuicn{ w~n dnlicitg|j` dneiìtiugon`tn cg{ dnen`{g{ dnLixg`kij# yg m|gunon`tn dg÷gdg{ rj| cg rjcïtikg dn{oicitg|ixgdj|g dn cg{ kgog|iccg{ l~|jk|çtikg{ dn cg kgritgc.Cg ccnmgdg dn cj{ t~|kj{ g J|in`tn r|jri`û n`tj`kn{ nc mjcrn dn m|gkig. Fg{tg gw~ï# n{tg cï`ng mn`n|gc dn

747 * 7>2



nvrcikgkiû` n{ kin|tgon`tn kj||nktg# rn|j {~ r|n{n`tgkiû` iorcikg g on`~dj ~` kj`t|g{tn n||û`nj n`t|n cj{t|i~èj{ dnc |ni`gdj dn Lg{icij II y cj{ |nun{n{ w~n cn {im~in|j` y# rj| tg`tj# `j r~ndn je|nkn| ~` g`çci{i{kjùi`kn`tn dn cg{ |gxj`n{ w~n ojuin|j` g cj{ m|~rj{ rjcïtikj{ w~n djoi`g|j` cg kj|tn dn Kj`{tg`ti`jrcgdn{r~é{ dn 72<> g gkt~g| n` cg ej|og grg|n`tnon`tn {~ikidg n` w~n cj fikin|j`. N` |ngcidgd# cg r|jcj`mgdgtn`{iû` dn cg{ m~n||g{ løcmg|g{ dn Lg{icij II# kj` {~{ m|g`dn{ mg{tj{ y {~ n`j|on oj|tg`dgd# e~n cj w~n r|nrg|ûr|jlglcnon`tn cg uïg rg|g nc |nrn`ti`j kjcgr{j dn cj{ ki`k~n`tg g÷j{ {im~in`tn{. Cj{ nhé|kitj{ lixg`ti`j{ {nfglïg` og`tnìdj t|gdikij`gcon`tn kj` ~` `øon|j mcjlgc dn {jcdgdj{ |ncgtiugon`tn ojdn{tj. Dn{dn nc {imcjUI# nc tgog÷j ondij dn ~` k~n|rj nvrndikij`g|ij {inor|n fglïg {idj dn ~`j{ 75.222 fjol|n{1 tjdj nc grg|gtjoicitg| dnc N{tgdj n` nc {imcj IV g{kn`dïg w~ixç g ~`j{ 7<2.222 fjol|n{# kie|g o~y ièn|ij| g cg dnc Iorn|ij|jog`j tg|dïj# w~n r|jlglcnon`tn gy~dg g nvrcikg| cg ogyj| n{tglicidgd i`tn|`g dnc N{tgdj lixg`ti`j<<. Rn|jdn{dn nc |ni`gdj dn H~g` Xioi{kn{# g ondigdj{ dnc {imcj V# nc tgog÷j dn cj{ nhé|kitj{ iorn|igcn{ g~on`tûiì`tn||~oridgon`tn fg{tg gckg`xg| ~` ujc~on` {i` r|nkndn`tn{ lghj nc |ni`gdj dn Lg{icij.

N{tg kg|mg t~uj w~n {n| |nd~kidg dn{r~é{ dn {~ o~n|tn rj|w~n yg grg|nkïg` {im`j{ gon`gxgdj|n{ dn iècgkiû` ydn ~`g i`kirin`tn dnugc~gkiû` t|g{ ug|ij{ {imcj{ dn n{tglicidgd dn cj{ r|nkij{ dn`t|j dnc Iorn|ij. Cg oj`ndg {ndnr|nkiû |çridgon`/

<7 Uég`{n# i`tn| gcig# J{t|jmj|{ay# Fi{tj|y je tfn Lyxg`ti`n [tgtn # rçmi g{ ;<2/7# ;<9/;;# ;47/> {{.1 U|yjì{# ¡Lyxg ti~o8 tfn {jkigc

lg{i{ je dnkci`n i` tfn ncnun`tf kn`t~|y±# rr. 7>9/=>.<< H. Tngcc# ¡Tfn m|gi` {~rrcy je tfn Lyxg`ti`n Nori|n# ;;2/72<>±# D~olg|tj` Jga{ Rgrn|{ # `øo. 7;# 79>9# rr. 729/7=.R|jlglcnon`tn# nc kgolij n{t~uj |ncgkij`gdj n` rg|tn kj` cg nujc~kiû` dn cg ièg`tn|ïg cnmij`g|ig dn \jog g cg kglgccn|ïg rn{gdg dnLixg`kij.

QRçm. <6>_

tn g rg|ti| dnc |ni`gdj dn Oim~nc IU &72;4/47). Cg rjcïtikg i`tn|ij| dn cj{ norn|gdj|n{ ¡ogkndjìj{± fglïgkj`{i{tidj n` |ne|n`g| cg guidnx nkj`ûoikg y cg{ golikij`n{ rjcïtikg{ dn cj{ d~`gtji r|jui`kigcn{. Cj{ {jln|g`j{¡kiuicn{± dn ondigdj{ dnc {imcj VI kj`ti`~g|j` n{tg t|gdikiû`# rn|j dç`djcn ~` {n{mj rncim|j{gon`tn `~nuj<;#r~n{ i`tn`tg|j` |nd~ki| cj{ tfnog{ cjkgcn{# w~n m|gd~gcon`tn {n fglïg` kjùn|tidj n` nc l|gxj oicitg| dnc rjdn|dn cj{ ogm`gtn{# {jl|n tjdj n` G`gtjcig. Kj` nccj {n r|jrj`ïg`# rj| ~`g rg|tn# gciuig| cg tn{j|n|ïg y# rj| jt|g#kj`t|jcg| g cj{ `jlcn{ cnhg`j{# k~yg golikiû n i`{~lj|di`gkiû` kj`{tit~ïg` {inor|n ~`g gon`gxg rjcïtikg rg|gcg rgx rølcikg. Cg i`t|jd~kkiû` dn cg{ kgtge|gktg{ j g|ogd~|g{ rn{gdg{ g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj V fglïg g~on`tgdj cgkg|mg ei`g`kin|g dn cj{ tfnog{ n` cg{ r|jui`kig{ y fglïg fnkfj oç{ dieïkicn{ dn og`tn`n| cj{ g`tim~j{ {i{tnog{dn dnen`{g cjkgc. Cj{ `~nuj{ |nmïon`n{ l~|jk|çtikj{ dn Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg w~n {~kndin|j` g cg lncikj{g di`g{tïg¡ogkndjìg± {n i`kci`g|j`# r~n{# rj| l~{kg| ~` ogyj| grjyj n` cj{ |nmioin`tj{ dn kfjw~n j tgmogtg w~nn{tglg` n{tgkij`gdj{ kn|kg dn cg kgritgc y tn`ïg` ~` ogyj| kjorj`n`tn r|jen{ij`gc y nvt|g hn|j. Cg{ ~ìdgdn{dn kglgccn|ïg dn cj{ tgmogtg {inor|n fglïg` grj|tgdj nc `økcnj oicitg| oç{ ei|on dn cj{ nhé|kitj{ iorn|igcn{ kj`{~ onhj| di{kirci g y n`t|n`goin`tj. R|jlglcnon`tn# cj{ {jcdgdj{ cikn`kigdj{ dn cj{ tfnog{ {n gci{tg|j` gfj|g#fg{tg kin|tj r~`tj# n` n{tj{ |nmioin`tj{ r|jen{ij`gcn{# w~n e~n|j` nùigdj{ dn ej|og k|nkin`tn g oi{ij`n{r|jui`kigcn{ j e|j`tn|ixg{# gc oi{oj tinorj w~n g~on tglg n` nccj{ kj`ti ~gon tn cg r|jrj|kiû` dnon|kn g|ij{ nvt|g hn|j{. Nc tgog÷j tjtgc dnc grg|gtj oicitg| dn Lixg`kij w~ndû o~y |nd~kidj kj` n{tg rjcïtikg¡kiuici{tg±# w~n {gk|ieikû cg e~n|xg n{t|gtémikg g cj{ i`tn|n{n{ nkj`ûoikj{ y rjcïtikj{ dn cg l~|jk|gkig dn cg kj|tn

y dn cj{ dim`gtg|ij{ ont|jrjcitg`j{. [~ |n{~ctgdj e~n rg|ti| rj| cg oitgd cg ~ìdgd mcjlgc dnc N{tgdj lixg`ti`j n`~` kjèciktj w~n jr~{j g cg{ |gog{ kiuic y oicitg| dnc j|dn` iorn|igc# {j|r|n`dn`tnon`tn {ioicg| g gw~nccg egtgcdiui{iû` w~n fglïg r|nkndidj g cg kgïdg dnc Iorn|ij |jog`j<4.

<; @. [uj|j`j{# ¡[jkiété nt j|mgì{gtij` i`té|in~|n dg`{ c’Nori|n lyxg`ti` g~ VI n {iækcn8 cn{ r|i`kirg~v r|jlcæon{±# R|jknndi`m{ je tfnVcctf I`tn|`gtij`gc Kj`m|n{{ je Lyxg`ti`n [t~din{ # rr. ;62/<# gun`t~|g n` cg w~n cj{ `~nuj{ norn|gdj|n{ kiuicn{ tgolié` i`tn`tg|j` ncnug|nc rgrnc dn cg{ ¡kcg{n{ ondig{± kjon|kig`tn{ dn cg{ ki~dgdn{# dnojk|gtixg`dj nc gkkn{j gc [n`gdj# kj` jlhntj dn k|ng| ~` kj`t|grn{j gcj{ ogm`gtn{ |~|gcn{ &firûtn{i{ d~dj{g w~n {n lg{g n` kgtnmj|ïg{ i`gdnk~gdg{).<4 Cg dien|n`kig oç{ jluig n iorj|tg`tn n`t|n golj{ kjèciktj{ e~n w~n cg écitn oicitg| dnc Lixg`kij tg|dïj n|g r|i`kirgcon`tn ~`g kcg{ndn

QRçm. <65_

R~n{ cj{ d~`gtji je|nkin|j` ~`g |n{i{tn`kig en|jx g cg `~nug rjcïtikg# y n` n{n ojon`tj nc nw~icil|ij dn rjdn| n`nc kgorj fglïg ccnmgdj dnog{igdj cnhj{ rg|g w~n tgc {jc~kiû` r~din|g iorj`n|{n kj` évitj. [~ øìkj nenktj e~nr|jujkg| ~`g dnojcndj|g {n|in dn m~n||g{ kiuicn{ n` G`gtjcig n`t|n cg{ egkkij`n{ ¡oicitg|± y ¡l~|jk|çtikg± dn cg

74< * 7>2



kcg{n djoi`g`tn# w~n dn{oj|gcixg|j` y dn{j|mgìxg|j` tjdj nc {i{tnog dnen`{iuj dn Lixg`kij. Cg rn|{nk~kiû`|ncimij{g y étìkg dn cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ g|onìg{ w~n {n fglïg` |ni`kj|rj|gdj |nkin`tnon`tn gc Iorn|ij k|nû ~`gogyj| kjè~{iû` y gmitgkiû` g cj cg|mj dn cg u~c`n|glcn e|j`tn|g j|in`tgc. Nc n{kn`g|ij n{tglg ci{tj rg|g cgfnkgtjoln dn Og`xikn|tg.

N` nc g÷j 72=7# nc {~ctç` {ncyøkidg Gcr G|{cg`# gl|ié`dj{n kgoi`j dn{dn nc Kç~kg{j fgkig Nmirtj rj| nc {~|# {nn`kj`t|û kj` cj{ nhé|kitj{ dn \jog`j IU Diûmn`n{ y cj{ gìw~icû# kgrt~|g`dj gc oi{oj norn|gdj|. N` nckgorj dn lgtgccg# cj{ g~vicig|n{ g|onìj{# cj{ on|kn`g|ij{ e|g`kj{ y rnkfn`nmj{ y cj{ |nmioin`tj{ lixg`ti`j{ gcog`dj dn ~` |iugc ¡kiuici{tg±# dn{n|tg|j` j t|gikij`g|j` g cg{ lg`dn|g{ iorn|igcn{. G`gtjcig w~ndû kjoj ~ùgkïj {i` dnen`{g{ n` nc w~n rn`nt|g|j`# {i` n`kj`t|g| ì`mø` {n|ij n{e~n|xj dn |n{i{tn`kig# cj{ `ûogdg{t~|kjog`j{ d~|g`tn cg{ dékgdg{ {im~in`tn{<>. Nc djoiìj lixg`ti`j n` G{ig On`j| `j e~n dn||jkgdj rj| cgn|~rkiû` dn ~`g Uõcan|}g`dn|~`m og{iug dnc tirj mjdj j uç`dgcj# ì rj| ~`g jk~rgkiû` oicitg| j|mgìxgdg dnctirj rn|{g j ç|gln# {i`j rj| ~`g oim|gkiû` m|gd~gc dn m|~rj{ dn `ûogdg{ g cg{ gctircgìkin{. Nc kg|çktn|e|gmon`tg|ij y g`ç|w~ikj dn cg{ {~kn{iug{ i`k~|{ij`n{ t~|kg{ `j e~n# {i` nolg|mj# ~`g mg|g tïg dn {~t|g`{itj|indgd. Gc kj`t|g|ij# cg k|nkin`tn `jogdixgkiû` w~n |n{~ctû dn nccg{ e~n

tn||gtnìn`tn{ dn cg r|jui`kig dn G`gtjcig# oin`t|g{ w~n nc og`dj dnc nhé|kitj |jog`j tg|dïj n{tglg kjor~n{tj n` {~ ogyj| rg|tn rj|jeikigcn{ r|jen{ij`gcn{# r|ion|j dn cj{ Lgckg`n{ y dn{r~é{ lç|lg|j{ &uég{n {~r|g# rçmi`g{ 6</66# 96/727. R|jlglcnon`tn# nc kgolij {ndnliû n` l~n`g ondidg g cg i`t|jd~kkiû` dn cg kglgccn|ïg g|ogdg kj` kgtge|gktg{ t|g{ cg iorcg`tgkiû` dnc {i{tnog dn tfnog{ # w~n k|nû gcj{ rjtn`tgdj{ oicitg|n{ cjkgcn{ dnc Iorn|ij lixg`ti`j. Rj| tg`tj# cg{ cï`ng{ diui{j|ig{ e~n|j` diun|mn`tn{ n` kgdg kg{j8 n` \jog# ncgrg|gtj dnc gctj og`dj n{tglg kn`t|gdj n` cg{ ki~dgdn{ y nc rjdn| dn cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ kiuicn{ n` nc kgorj1 n` Lixg`kij# cj{ ogm`gtn{oicitg|n{ djoi`glg` n` cg{ r|jui`kig{ y cj{ l~|ûk|gtg{ kiuicn{ n` cg kgritgc. Dn gfï nc n{tgccidj dn m~n||g{ kiuicn{ n`t|n golj{ lg`dj{ n`nc Iorn|ij m|inmj y cg ogyj| kj`kin`kig dn cg `gt~|gcnxg dn {~{ g`tgmjì{oj{ n`t|n cj{ kj`tnorj|ç`nj{ &kjorç|n{n g R{nccj{ kj`Gooig`j). Cg{ {nonhg`xg{ n{t|~kt~|gcn{ n`t|n cj{ r|jkn{j{ dn \jog y Lixg`kij e~n|j`# rj| cj dnoç{# o~y ccgogtiug{.<> Kcg~dn Kgfn`# ¡Cg r|noiæ|n ré`ét|gtij` t~|w~n n` G{in Oi`n~|n &{nkj`dn ojitié d~ VI5 {iækcn±# Lyxg`tij`# 7946# rr. >/5=.

QRçm. <6=_

g cg|mj rcgxj oç{ dn{t|~ktj|g rg|g cg kiuicixgkiû` m|inmg n` G`gtjcig w~n cg kj`w~i{tg oicitg| kn`t|gcixgdg dn cj{Lgckg`n{ rj| cj{ rj{tn|ij|n{ nhé|kitj{ jtjog`j{. Cg{ i`k~|{ij`n{ kgûtikg{ y cj{ en|jkn{ riccghn{ dn cj{t~|kjog`j{ dn{~|lgìxg|j` cn`tgon tn ~`g |nmiû` t|g{ jt|g# di{cjkg`dj cg{ rjlcgkij`n{ gm|ïkjcg{ {ndn`tg|ig{ y

dn{t|jxg`dj cg{ i`{tit~kij`n{ k~ct~|gcn{ k|i{tig`g{<5

. Cg dn{j|mgìxgkiû` `ûogdg dn cg nkj`joïg |~|gc di{oi`~yûei`gcon`tn kj` cg grg|ikiû` dnc {~ctg`gtj {ncyøkidg dn Ikjìj n` nc {imcj VIII# w~n |n{tglcnkiû cg rgx y nc j|dn`n` cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cg G`gtjcig t~|kg. Rn|j nc |n{ri|j {ûcj fgl|ïg dn {n| tnorj|gc.

Oin`t|g{ tg`tj# nc oi{oj kg|çktn| ièj|ogc dn cj{ g{n`tgoin`tj{ t~|kjog`j{ n` nc i`tn|ij| rn|oitiû w~n ncN{tgdj lixg`ti`j dn ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VI {jl|nuiuin|g y kj`t|ggtgkg|g dn{dn cg{ kj{tg{ dnc G{ig On`j|# g~`w~n`~`kg r~din|g |nkj`w~i{tg| cg{ ccg`~|g{ kn`t|gcn{. N` cg érjkg dn cj{ Kjo`n`j{# cg{ jcimg|w~ïg{ oicitg|n{ dn cg{r|jui`kig{# w~n yg fglïg` gk~o~cgdj rjdn| n` {~{ tin||g{ y g cg kglnxg dn {~{ t|jrg{ cjkgcn{# kj`{im~in|jèi`gcon`tn nc kj`t|jc dnc N{tgdj iorn|igc. Cj{ r|i`kirgcn{ m|~rj{ dn ogm`gtn{ `j e~n|j` ncnugdj{ g kg|mj{kj|tn{g`j{ rj| Gcnhj I# w~n cj{ |n{n|uû rg|g cg{ diun|{g{ |gog{ dn {~ egoicig kj` jlhntj dn r|jtnmn|{n kj`t|g cj{rjdn|j{j{ d~`gtji |iugcn{# rn|j cg rnw~n÷g y ondig `jlcnxg kj`{im~iû cj w~n {n fglïg r|jr~n{tj. Cg{ lg||n|g{kj`t|g cg en~dgcixgkiû` e~n|j` kgyn`dj r|jm|n{iugon`tn. G cg `jlcnxg tn||gtnìn`tn {n cn kj`kndin|j` ln`neikij{gdoiì{t|gtiuj{ j r|j`jigi # w~n cn{ din|j` rjdn|n{ ei{kgcn{# h~dikigcn{ y oicitg|n{ {jl|é tn||itj|ij{ dncioitgdj{ gkgolij dn {n|uikij{ n{rnkïeikj{ r|n{tgdj{ gc N{tgdj. Cj{ Kjo`n`j{ o~ctircikg|j` n{tj{ ln`neikij{# w~nei`gcon`tn {n fikin|j` fn|nditg|ij{ kj` cj{ Rgcnûcjmj{<=. Cj{ `jlcn{

<5 Nvi{tn gfj|g ~`g djk~on`tgkiû y ~` n{t~dij o~y kjorcntj dn n{tn r|jkn{j n` [. U|yj i{# Tfn dnkci`n je ondignugc fnccnì{o i` G{igOi`j| g`d tfn r|jkn{{ je i{cgoixgtij` e|jo tfn ncnun`tf tf|j~mf tfn eietnn`tf kn`t~|y # Ln|ancny/Cj{ G`mncn{# 79=7# rr. 74>/56# 764/94&n{t~dij e~`dgon`tgc). U|yjì{ tin`dn w~ixç g {jl|n{tiog| cg |n{rj`{glicidgd dn cj{ kjèciktj{ kiuicn{/oicitg|n{ dn`t|j dn cg kcg{ndjoi`g`tn lixg`ti`g n` nc kjcgr{j m|inmj dn Og`xikn|tg y rj{tn|ij|on`tn &¡nc en`ûon`j oç{ dnki{iuj dn tjdj{±# rr. =5/=# 42;)# rn|j n`{~ dn{k|irkiû` dn cj{ onkgì{oj{ {jkigcn{ dn cg rj{tn|ij| t~|w~ieikgkiû` dn G`gtjcig n{ ~`g g~tj|idgd.<= M. J{t|jmj|{ay# Rj~| c’fi{tji|n dn cg eéjdgcité lyxg`ti`n# L|~{ncg{# 79>4# rr. 9/<>=# n{ nc n{t~dij kcç{ikj dn cg i`{tit~kiû dn cg r|j`jig.J{t|jmj|{ay {j{tin`n w~é ¡cg r|j`jig n` Lixg`kij y n` cg{ tin||g{ {~dn{cgug{# kjoj nc en~dj n` Jkkidn`tn y nc rjon{t’n n` \~{ig n{ cgogìen{tgkiû` dn ~`g en~dgcidgd gug`xgdg± &r. <>=)# r|ntn`{iû di{k~tilcn w~n {n g`gcixg oç{ gdncg`tn.

QRçm. <66_

kj`{im~in|j` ¡iò~ìdgdn{± j na{aj~{{nigi dn cg h~|i{dikkiû` dn cg l~|jk|gkig kn`t|gc y |nkilin|j` dj`gkij`n{

74; * 7>2



QRçm. <92_

dn ciln|g| ~`g{ e~n|xg{ r|jd~ktiug{ dn ~`g ogmìt~d {i` r|nkndn`tn{. N` nc k|nrø{k~cj dnc djoiìj lixg`ti`j `j{n r|jd~hj ì`mø` g~on`tj dn cg dn`{idgd dnojm|çeikg# dn cg r|jd~ktiuidgd gm|ïkjcg ì dnc kjon|kij ~|lg`j.Kjoj o~kfj# cg dn{i`tnm|gkiû` dnc uinhj {i{tnog n{tgtgc ont|jrjcitg`j rn|oitiû kin|tg nen|un{kn`kig i`tncnkt~gcy kin|tg gmitgkiû` {jkigc n` nc |nd~kidj rn|ïont|j dn {~ rjdn| n` M|nkig. Cg kgrt~|g nkj`ûoikg dn cg kgritgc rj|cj{ on|kgdn|n{ itgcig`j{ kj`d~hj g cg n`t|nmg dnc kjon|kij `gtiuj g ~`g{ rjkg{ dn cg{ ki~dgdn{ dn r|jui`kig{onhj| r|jtnmidg{# y nc g~on`tj dnc t|çeikj k~ct~|gc kj` Jkkidn`tn di{jcuiû nc djoiìj dnc j{k~|g`ti{ojj|tjdjvj.

Nc øctioj nri{jdij iorj|tg tn dn cg fi{tj|ig dn Lixg`kij —n{tgccidj ei gc dn uitgcidgd— kjoli`ûrg|gdûhikgon`tn cg ogìen{tgkiû` dn cj{ `~nuj{ en|on`tj{ mn`n|gdj{ rj| nc i`kirin`tn en~dgci{oj dnc J|in`tnm|inmj kj` cg ièc~n`kig dn cj{ r|jkn{j{ dn|iugdj{ dn cg k|i{i{ dnc dnkgdn`tn en~dgci{oj dnc Jkkidn`tn cgti`û. N`Tn{gcûìkg# {nm~`dg ki~dgd dnc Iorn|ij# ~`g |nlnciû` o~ìkirgc kj`t|g cg ~{~|rgkiû` iorn|igc dn cj{ ogm`gtn{Kg`tgk~kn`j{ ojuicixû cg{ rg{ij n{ g`tioï{tikg{ y g`tijcimç|w~ikg{ dn cg{ og{g{ ~|lg`g{# kjèi{kû y di{t|il~yûcg{ r|jrindgdn{ dn cj{ oj`g{tn|ij{ y dn cj{ |ikj{# y d~|g`tn {intn g÷j{ |n{i{tiû cj{ gtgw~n{ dnc m|~n{j dn cg kcg{ntn||gtnìn`tn# grjygdg rj| cj{ Jtjog`j{;<. Cg i`{ri|gkiû` dn n{tg en|jx c~kfg {jkigc# {i` r|nkndn`tn{ n` cj{`junkin`tj{ g÷j{ dn fi{tj|ig lixg`ti`g# r|jkndiû w~ixç dn cg |nujc~kiû` kjo~`gc mn`jun{g dn 7;;9# ~`j dn cj{

m|g`dn{ n{cglj`n{ dn cg{ i`{~||nkkij`n{ ~|lg`g{ d~|g`tn cg øctiog k|i{i{ ondinugc dn N~|jrg jkkidn`tgc ;;. Cg{~r|n{iû` dn cg ¡|nrølcikg± dn cj{ xncjtg{ n` Tn{gcûìkg e~n# `gt~|gcon`tn# i`nuitglcn8 cg dnkgdn tn ej|ogkiû`{jkigc lixg`ti`g n|g i`kgrgx dn og`tn`n| ~`g ej|og ~|lg`g tg` gug xgdg# w~n r|n{~rj`ïg ~` tj`j nkj`ûoikj y{jkigc kjorcntgon`tn di{ti`tj. Kj` {~ dn||jtg# dn{grg|nkiû rg|g {inor|n cg fi{tj|ig i`dnrn`din`tn dn

;< R. Kfg|gì{# ¡I`tn|`gc {t|ien i` Lyxg`ti~o d~|i`m tfn ej~|tnn`tf kn`t~|y# Lyxg`tij`# VU# 7942/7# rr. <26/;2# g`gcixg nc kg|çktn| y cgt|gynktj|ig dn n{tg |nlnciû`.;; [i~xi~oju r|ntn`dn# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# w~n nc ojdncj dn cg |nlnciû` dn Tn{gcûìkg e~n nc |n{~|mioin`tj ¡`gkij`gc± dn Kjcg di \in`xj n`\jog# y `j cg |nlnciû` r~|gon`tn ¡o~ìkirgc± dn Mé`jug# y w~n {ûcj {n kjùi|tiû n` ~` r|jlcnog kjo~`gc gc ei`gc# n` {~ øctiog eg{n.[nmø` éc# cg i`{~||nkkiû` e~n n{n`kigcon`tn jl|g dn ~`g kcg{n nor|n{g|igc ~|lg`g# k~yj jlhntiuj n|g cg |n{tg~|gkiû` dn ~` N{tgdjiorn|igc kn`t|gc# kgrgx dn r|jtnmn| kj`t|g cj{ rncim|j{ t~|kj y jkkidn`tgc. Tgc i`tn|r|ntgkiû` dn cj{ xncjtg{ dn Tn{gcûìkg rg|nknnvkn{iugon`tn ej|xgdg n` cj w~n# rj| jt|g rg|tn# n{ ~` n{tio~cg`tn n`{gyj8 ¡Lj|lg x~ R~ti \gxuitiig Enjdgc’ìh Jt`j{fnìi u Uixg`tii±# r.52/;.

QRçm. <97_

Lixg`kij. Dn{dn ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VIU# nc |n`jugdj `jogdi{oj t~|kjog`j dnug{tû G`gtjcig jkkidn`tgc n iùgdiûcj{ øctioj{ |nd~ktj{ dnc fncnì{oj n` Hjìg# g cg unx w~n cj{ nhé|kitj{ jtjog`j{ {n dn{rcgxglg` dn{dn Mgccïrjcifgkig nc `j|tn. Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg rg{û nc øctioj {imcj dn {~ nvi{tn`kig kjoj t|il~tg|ig jcuidgdg dnc rjdn|ïj t~|kjn` cj{ Lgckg`n{.

Gfj|g r~ndn rcg`tng|{n yg n{tn r|jlcnog8 ºrj| w~é# d~|g`tn tjdg n{tg cg|mg fi{tj|ig# `j {n r|jd~hj `~`kg n` cj{Lgckg`n{ ~`g e~{iû` di`çoikg n`t|n cj{ û|dn`n{ {jkigcn{ lç|lg|j n iorn|igc# w~n fgl|ïg k|ngdj ~` en~dgci{ojg{kn`dn`tn dn tirj jkkidn`tgc: ºRj| w~é `j f~lj ~`g {ï`tn{i{ fncn`j/n{cgug kjorg|glcn n` {~ gckg`kn y nenktj{g cg {ï`tn{i{ |jog`j/mn|oçìkg: N` nenktj# n{ r|nki{j |nkj|dg| w~n cg{ iùg{ij`n{ t|ilgcn{ rn`nt|g|j` n` cg m|gòg{g dn tin||g{ w~n {n nvtin`dn dnc Dg`~lij gc Gd|içtikj y gc Nmnj g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj UI y r|i`kirij{ dnc UII yw~n# rj| tg`tj# cg{ e|j`tn|g{ n{cgug y lixg`ti`g |nt|jkndin|j` y gug`xg|j` n` tjdg cg rn`ï`{~cg Lgckçìkg d~|g`tnoç{ dn {ntnkin`tj{ g÷j{ dn kj`tgktj{ y kjèciktj{ rn|og`n`tn{. Nc dn{ti`j dn cg{ t|n{ m|g`dn{ |nmij`n{ dn cgrn`ï`{~cg e~n# `gt~|gcon`tn# di{ti`tj y r~ndn |n{~oi|{n kjoj {im~n. Cg mimg`tn{kg jcngdg çug|j/n{cgug dn cj{g÷j{ >62/522 kgyû {jl|n tjdg cg rn`ï`{~cg y {~on|miû dn{dn nc Icï|ikj# On{ig y M|nkig fg{tg cg xj`g oç{ gc {~|dnc Rncjrj`n{j. Cg ré|didg dnc Icï|ikj rg|g cg oim|gkiû` y kjcjìxgkiû` n{cgug kj|tû nc fi{tû|ikj uï`k~cj tn||n{t|ndnc o~`dj iorn|igc |jog`j1 ì`mø` jt|j gkj`tnkioin`tj fgl|ïg dn {n|. oç{ dnki{iuj rg|g cg |~rt~|g dn cg~ìdgd n`t|n N~|jrg j|in`tgc y jkkidn`tgc d~|g`tn cg Ndgd J{k~|g. Fgkig nc {~|# t~uin|j` w~n rg{g| dj{ {imcj{g`tn{ dn w~n Lixg`kij e~n|g kgrgx dn kjon`xg| cg |nkj`w~i{tg {i{tnoçtikg dn T|gkig y Ogkndjìg n` cg dékgdgdn =62# y jt|j{ uni`tn g÷j{ oç{ g`tn{ dn w~n nc Rncjrj`n{j e~n|g dneiìtiugon`tn {jontidj. Dn{dn n`tj`kn{# cgogyj| rg|tn dn M|nkig e~n mjln|`gdg {i` i`tn||~rkiû` dn{dn Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg fg{tg cg kj`w~i{tg cgti`g dn 7<24.

Rj| {~ rg|tn# cg On{ig kjcjìxgdg rj| cj{ n{cguj{ e~n iùgdidg rj| cj{ løcmg|j{# `ûogdg{ t~|gìj{ r|jkndn`tn{dn \~{ig kn`t|gc# w~n n{tglcnkin|j` gccï ~` hg`gtj g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj UII. Dj{ {imcj{ dn{r~é{# cg kcg{n djoi`g`tnløcmg|g {n fglïg n{cguixgdj y r|n{idïg ~` rjdn|j{j Iorn|ij k~yj kj`t|jc {n gdn`t|glg fg{tg Ogkndjìg

74> * 7>2



jkkidn`tgc. Dn{r~é{ dn ~`g {n|in dn érikg{ c~kfg{ oicitg|n{ kj` Lixg`kij# nc N{tgdj løcmg|j e~n dn||jkgdj rj|H~g` Xioi{kn{ y Lg{icij II# y dn{dn nc g÷j 7276

QRçm. <9<_

w~ndû i`kj|rj|gdj# d~|g`tn oç{ dn kin`tj ki`k~n tg g÷j{# gc Iorn|ij m|inmj. Rn|j n` nc g÷j 7765 ~`g |nlnciû`løcmg|j/uçcgkg gkglû uiktj|ij{gon`tn kj` cg jk~rgkiû` lixg`ti`g# y {~|miû ~` {nm~`dj Iorn|ij løcmg|j w~n

djoi`û dn `~nuj cj{ Lgckg`n{ fg{tg w~n e~n {gk~didj rj| cg{ iùg{ij`n{ oj`mjcn{ dn cj{ g÷j{ 7<42. Cg g`tim~gxj`g icï|ikg unmntû# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# e~n|g dn cg û|litg dnc {i{tnog rjcïtikj lixg`ti`j d~|g`tn k~gt|j {imcj{ g`tn{dn {n| rg|kigcon`tn |nkj`w~i{tgdg y rg|kigcon`tn |nd~kidg g cg kj`dikiû` dn kcin`tn rj| Lg{icij II# g kjoin`xj{dnc {imcj VI. Nc djoiìj m|inmj {n n{tglcnkiû gw~ï dn. ej|og tn`~n y r|nkg|ig {ûcj d~|g`tn ~` {imcj# r~`t~gdjrj| `~on|j{g{ |nlncij`n{# fg{tg w~n {~|miû n` nc g÷j 77>7 ~` |ni`j {n|lij ~ìdj. G ondigdj{ dnc {imcj VIU# ncIorn|ij {n|lij {n fglïg kjùn|tidj# g {~ unx# n` nc r|i`kirgc rjdn| dn cj{ Lgckg`n{# f~oiccg`dj gc dn L~cmg|ig yLixg`kij# g`tn{ dn w~n {n dn{i`tnm|g|g n` uï{rn|g{ dn cg kj`w~i{tg t~|kg.

ºRj| w~é n{tg rg~tg gctn|`gtiug `j r~dj mn`n|g| ~`g {ûcidg {ï`tn{i{ en~dgc y ì {iw~in|g ~` j|dn` fi{tû|ikjd~|gdn|j: Cg{ tin||g{ dn tjdg cg xj`g e~n|j` g|n`g{ ojundixg{ rg|g cg j|mgìxgkiû` {jkigc y cg ej|ogkiû` dncN{tgdj. @j fgy `gdg oç{ {j|r|n`dn`tn w~n cg egkicidgd kj` cg w~n cj{ jtjog`j{ tjog|j` ei`gcon`tn rj{n{iû`

dn éc# dn{r~é{ dn w~n tjdj{ cj{ rjdn|n{ cjkgcn{ {n f~lin|g` f~`didj n` ~`g i`neikgkig kjoø` g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcjVIU. Cg |n{r~n{tg g gw~nccg r|nm~`tg |gdikg {nm~|gon`tn n` nc rnk~cig| r~`tj o~n|tj g w~n {n ccnmû n`t|n cj{û|dn`n{ lç|lg|j y tg|dïj iorn|igc n` cj{ Lgckg`n{. Nc Iorn|ij lixg`ti`j# t|g{ cg ré|didg dn cg rn`ï`{~cg n` cj{{imcj{ UI y UII# n|g tjdguïg dnog{igdj e~n|tn rg|g {n| dn{t|jxgdj dn{dn e~n|g# y e~n rg|kigcon`tn kgrgx dn|nk~rn|g| gccï {~ rjdn| dn{r~é{ dn ~` i`tn|ugcj dn dj{kin`tj{ g÷j{. Rn|j n` cg érjkg {im~in`tn# cj{ r~nlcj{n{cguj{ y t~|gìj{ w~n fglïg` kjcjìxgdj cj{ Lgckg`n{ {n dn{g||jccg|j` y o~ctircikg|j` tg`tj w~n `j r~din|j`{n| g{ioicgdj{ k~g`dj# g {~ unx# e~n|j` ei`gcon`tn |nkj`w~i{tgdj{# dn tgc ej|og w~n nc djoiìj m|inmj `~`kge~n kgrgx dn i`tnm|g|cj{ n` Lixg`kij y n` øctioj té|oi`j {n |nuncû neïon|j. N{tg oi{og nk~gkiû` r~ndnej|o~cg|{n dn ej|og `nmgtiug. Cg{ kjo~ìdgdn{ n{cgug{ w~n kj`{tit~ïg` cg m|g` ogyj|ïg dn cj{ r|ion|j{kjcjìxgdj|n{ lç|lg|j{ dn cj{ Lgckg`n{ n|g` {jkigcon`tn dnog{igdj r|ioitiug{ n` cg érjkg dn Fn|gkcij rg|g {n|kgrgkn{ dé n{tglcnkn| ~`j{ {i{tnog{ rjcïtikj{ dnc tirj w~n fglïg` k|ngdj cg{ t|il~{ mn|oçìkg{ n` nc Jkkidn`tn

on|jui`mij. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# nc N{tgdj lixg`ti`j —dnlidj# kjoj yg fnoj{ ui{tj# g {~ r|jrig n{t|~kt~|g i`tn|`g— e~n i`kgrgx dn {jontn| n i`tnm|g|

QRçm. <9;_

di`çoikgon`tn g cj{ r~nlcj{ t|ilgcn{ {nmø` nc ojdncj w~n fglïg kg|gktn|ixgdj g cg \jog iorn|igc. Nc |n{~ctgdje~n w~n ì`m~`g dn golg{ e~n|xg{ r~dj r|nugcnkn| dn ej|og rn|og`n`tn {jl|n cg jt|g# oin`t|g{ w~n golg{r~din|j` iècimi|{n dg÷j{ |nrntidj{ y oj|tgcn{. Nc kfjw~n n`t|n golg{ e~n|xg{ `j gdjrtû cg ej|og dn ~`kgtgkci{oj mn`n|gc dnc w~n r~din|g {~|mi| ~`g `~nug {ï`tn{i{# {i`j cg dn ~`g cn`tg y |nkïr|jkg t|it~|gkiû` ygmjtgoin`tj. Cj{ {im`j{ di{ti`tiuj{ dn n{tn r|jkn{j# w~n gcnhû g N~|jrg {~dj|in`tgc dn cg jkkidn`tgc# r~ndnì`dikg|{n dn diun|{g{ ej|og{.

Rj| tjog| n` r|ion| c~mg| dj{ ï`dikn{ ¡k~ct~|gcn{± {n`{ilcn{# nc ojdncj mcjlgc dn nujc~kiû` |ncimij{g yci`móï{tikg e~n o~y dien|n`tn n` n{tg xj`g. N` Jkkidn`tn# cj{ iùg{j|n{ mn|oçìkj{ {n kj ui|tin|j` gck|i{tigì{oj g||ig`j d~|g`tn cg érjkg dn cg{ kj`w~i{tg{. Dn{r~é{# e~n|j` m|gd~gcon`tn gt|gïdj{ g cg Imcn{igkgtûcikg y# kj` rjkg{ nvknrkij`n{# {~{ idijog{ dn{grg|nkin|j` g`tn cg{ cn`m~g{ |jog`kn{ dn {~{ rjlcgkij`n{{jontidg{ y cgtiìxgdg{. N` nc {~dn{tn# rj| nc kj`t|g|ij# cj{ n{cguj{ y cj{ çug|j{ w~n g`nmg|j` cj{ Lgckg`n{ gei`gcn{ dnc {imcj UI n|g` r~nlcj{ rgmg`j{ y d~|g`tn kn|kg dn t|n{ {imcj{ cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cg rn`ï`{~cgrn|og`nkiû {i` k|i{tigìxg| &nc |nué{ oç{ n{rnktgk~cg| w~n fgyg {~e|idj hgoç{ nc k|i{tigì{oj n` nc kj`ti`n`tn).Gdnoç{# k~g`dj cj{ løcmg|j{ rg{g|j` g {n|# g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj IV# cj{ r|ion|j{ lç|lg|j{ kjùn|tidj{# f~lj w~nkj`kndn|cn{ ~` rgt|ig|kgdj j|tjdjvj g~tû`joj# nw~iugcn`tn g ~`g Imcn{ig ¡`gkij`gc± i`dnrn`din`tn. Cj{ {n|lij{fgl|ïg` dn kj`{nm~i| tgolié` n{tn r|iuicnmij n` nc {imcj VII. Gc oi{oj tinorj# y oin`t|g{ M|nkig n|g rjkj grjkj |nfncnìxgdg ci`móï{tikgon`tn dn{r~é{ dn {~ |nkj`w~i{tg rj| Lixg`kij g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj UIII y r|i`kirij{

dnc IV# tjdj nc i`tn|ij| dn cg rn`ï`{~cg Lgckçìkg kj`{n|uû cg cn`m~g n{cgug# fg{tg tgc r~`tj w~n r|nki{gon`tnrg|g kj`{nm~i| cg kjùn|{iû` dn {~{ fglitg`tn{# cj{ oi{ij`n|j{ m|inmj{ Ki|icj y Ontjdij# dn Tn{gcûìkg &w~nn`tj`kn{ tjdguïg n|g ~`g ki~dgd e|j`tn|ixg y lici món) t~uin|j` w~n iùn`tg| nc gceglntj mcgmjcïtikjn{rnkïeikgon`tn dn{ti`gdj gc m|~rj dn cn`m~g{ n{cgug{ dn cg |nmiû` ;4. N` cj{ Lgckg`n{# r~n{# cg ¡g{ioicgkiû`±

745 * 7>2



k~ct~|gc {im~iû ~` j|dn` nvgktgon`tn iùn|{j8 oin`t|g{ n` Jkkidn`tn cg fn|nhïg rg|tik~cg|i{tg dij rg{j g cgj|tjdjvig ~ìun|{gci{tg y gc cgtiì{oj ci`móï{tikj# n` nc {~dn{tn

;4 M. J{t|jmj|{ay# ¡Tfn Lyxg`ti`n lgkam|j~`d tj tfn Oj|guig` oi{{ij`±# D~olg|tj` Jga{ Rgrn|{ # `øo. 79# 795># rr. 7>/5. Rg|g nckg|çktn| dn cg{ n{k|it~|g{ mcgmjcïtikg y ki|ïcikg# uég{n D. Jljcn`{ay# Tfn Lyxg`ti`n Kjooj`}ngctf# Cj`d|n{# 79=7# rr. 7;9/42.

QRçm. <94_

nc rgmgì{oj kj`d~hj g cg j|tjdjvig {nrg|gti{tg n`kn||gdg n` ~` `j fncnì{oj ci`móï{tikj. Cg rj{tn|ij|kj`w~i{tg oicitg| lixg`ti`g `j e~n kgrgx dn kgolig| n` gl{jc~tj n{tn dgtj k~ct~|gc lç{ikj. Cg m|g` og{g dn cgrjlcgkiû` n{cgug dn cg rn`ï`{~cg fglïg k|i{tgcixgdj n` n{tn g{rnktj e~n|g dnc |gdij dnc kj`t|jc lixg`ti`j. Cg{~rn|ij| dn`{idgd dnojm|çeikg dn cj{ g{n`tgoin`tj{ r~ndn nvrcikg| n` rg|tn cg dien|n`kig kj` cg{ iùg{ij`n{mn|oçìkg{. Rn|j `j kgln d~dg dn w~n cg `gt~|gcnxg dnc ondij lixg`ti`j iìkigc e~n tgolié` ~` dntn|oi`g`tn dnr|ion|g iorj|tg`kig.

[i n` nc rcg`j k~ct~|gc cg{ |ncgkij`n{ n`t|n lç|lg|j{ y lixg`ti`j{ |nuncg` cg |ncgtiug dnlicidgd dn cj{ {nm~`dj{# n`cj{ rcg`j{ rjcïtikj y nkj`ûoikj i`dikg` n` `j on`j| ondidg cj{ cïoitn{ rnk~cig|n{ dn cj{ r|ion|j{. Cj{r|jlcnog{ mn`n|gcn{ dn cg r|ion|g ej|ogkiû` n{tgtgc n{cgug yg {n fg` g`gcixgdj g`tn{. Cg nvrn|in kign{rnkïeikgon`tn lgckçìkg cj{ {itøg g rcn`g c~x. Rg|nkn kcg|j# n` |ngcidgd# w~n cg j|mgìxgkiû` oicitg| dn cj{`ûogdg{ çug|j{ e~n cg w~n dntn|oi`û y di|imiû cg r|ion|g og|kfg dn cj{ lç|lg|j{ fgkig cj{ Lgckg`n{# w~n fixjrj{ilcn {~ kj`w~i{tg. Cj{ n{cguj{# w~n c~kfg|j` n` kgcidgd dn g~vicig|n{ {~yj{# cj{ {~rn|glg` `ntgon`tn n``øon|j y {n w~ndg|j` n` cg{ `~nug{ tin||g{# oin`t|g{ w~n cg{ fj|dg{ çug|g{ |ntj|`g|j` g {~{ lg{n{ dn Rg`jìgrg|g grg|nkn| dn `~nuj n` kj||n|ïg{ rn|iûdikg{ kj`t|g Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg# rn|j {i` g{n`tg|{n n` cg rn`ï`{~cg;>. Cg{oim|gkij`n{ n{cgug{ {n nvtn`din|j` rj| ~`j{ tn||itj|ij{ w~n d~|g`tn {imcj{ fglïg` kj`{tit~idj rg|tn i`tnm|g`tndnc {i{tnog iorn|igc |jog`j y w~n i`kc~ïg` gc oi{oj kj|gxû` dn cg kiuicixgkiû` kcç{ikg# M|nkig. Kj` tjdj#d~|g`tn cj{ t|n{ {imcj{ w~n {im~in|j` g {~{ iùg{ij`n{# n{tj{ r~nlcj{ `j r|jd~hn|j` ì`mø` {i{tnog rjcïtikjt|g`{t|ilgc dnc w~n fgyg w~ndgdj gcmø` |g{t|j. Nc r|ion| N{tgdj w~n {n k|nû n` cj{ Lgckg`n{ e~n jl|g dn jt|jr~nlcj `ûogdg t~|gìj# cj{ løcmg|j{# k~yg {~rn|ij|idgd oicitg| y rjcïtikg {jl|n cj{ n{cguj{ cn{ rn|oitiû k|ng|# gc{~| dnc Dg`~lij# ~` rjdn|j{j hg`gtj w~n o~y r|j`tj {n nè|n`tg|ïg e|j`tgcon`tn g Lixg`kij. Cg kcg{n di|imn`tn¡r|jtjløcmg|g± dn ljyg|dj{ djoi glg ~`g ej|ogkiû` {jkigc oivtg# nc m|~n{j dn k~yg rjlcgkiû` n|g`

kgorn{i`j{ n{cguj{ cil|n{. N{tj{ rgmglg` t|il~tj{ g {~{ {n÷j|n{ t~|gìj{# w~n kjorj`ïg` ~`g g|i{tjk|gkigoicitg| dn dj{ |g`mj{# j|mgìxgdg tjdguïg {jl|n ~`g lg{n dn kcg`. G ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj IV# nc idijog r|jtjløcmg|jfglïg dn{/

;> R. Cnon|cn# ¡Iùg{ij`{ nt oim|gtij`{ dg`{ cn{ Lgcag`{ dnr~i{ cg ei` dn c’nrjw~n |jogi`n h~{w~’g~ UII n {iækcn±# \nu~n Fi{tj|iw~n#KKVI# gl|ic/h~ìj dn 79>4# rr. <9; {{.

QRçm. <9>_

grg|nkidj y nc hg`gtj fglïg {idj k|i{tigìxgdj ej|ogcon`tn8 nc {i{tnog dn kcg`n{ nc rgmgì{oj kgyn|j` h~`tj{#kjoj n` tjdg{ rg|tn{# y o~y r|j`tj tjdg cg kcg{n ljyg|dg {n fglïg n{cguixgdj# g~`w~n kj` ~` kin|tj lg|ìxk~ct~|gc m|inmj;5. G r|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj V# nc `~nuj {jln|g`j løcmg|j [ionû` cg`xû ~` gtgw~n m|g`dij{j y

di|nktj kj`t|g Lixg`kij# tjoû rj| dj{ unkn{ Gd|ig`ûrjci{# ccnmû n` {~{ kj||n|ïg{ fg{tg nc mjcej dn Kj|i`tj yr~{j {itij g Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg. Cg dnkcg|gdg golikiû` dn [ionû` `j n|g jt|g w~n kjùn|ti|{n n` {jln|g`j dncIorn|ij dn J|in`tn# y n` cg rn|{nk~kiû` dn {~ jlhntiuj kj`{im~iû g||g`kg| g Lixg`kij cg kj`kn{iû` dnc tït~cjiorn|igc dn ¡xg|±. Ei`gcon`tn# dn{r~é{ dn cg|mg{ kgorg÷g{# {~{ nhé|kitj{ e~n|j` dn||jtgdj{ rj| nc hnen k|jgtgTjoi{cgu# y L~cmg|ig {n f~`diû n` cg dnlicidgd y nc dn{j|dn` d~|g`tn nc |ni`gdj dn {~ fihj Rnd|j.

Nc r|ion| ojuioin`tj |ncimij{j i`kjè~`dilcnon`tn |gdikgc dn cg N~|jrg k|i{tig`g# nc ljmjoici{oj# {n nvtn`diûn` n{tn ojon`tj kjoj nvr|n{iû` dn cg r|jtn{tg kgorn{i`g kj`t|g nc n`j|on kj{tn dn cg{ m~n||g{ dn [ionû` ydn cg rjcg|ixgkiû` {jkigc w~n cg{ fglïg gkjorg÷gdj;=. Nc N{tgdj løcmg|j {~e|iû ~` `~nuj |nué{ kj` cg{dn{t|~ktj|g{ m~n||g{ |~{j/lixg`ti`g{ w~n {n cil|g|j` n` {~ tn||itj|ij. ^`g iorj|tg`tn |n`jugkiû` oicitg| yrjcïtikg d~|g`tn nc |ni`gdj dnc xg| [go~nc# g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj V# kj`d~hj# {i` nolg|mj# g ~` `~nuj kjèciktj

mcjlgc kj` Lixg`kij# w~n {n r|jcj`mû d~|g`tn uni`tn g÷j{. Kjoj yg fnoj{ ui{tj# n{tg cg|mg y dn{rigdgdg c~kfge~n cg w~n gkglû ei`gcon`tn kj` cg{ e~n|xg{ dnc {i{tnog iorn|igc lixg`ti`j y r|nrg|û nc kgoi`j rg|g {~ kjcgr{jn` G`gtjcig. @gt~|gcon`tn# {~{ kj`{nk~n`kig{ e~n|j` tjdguïg oç{ dn{g{t|j{g{ rg|g L~cmg|ig# k~yg nvi{tn`kigi`dnrn`din`tn {n nvti`m~iû d~|g`tn oç{ dn kin`tj ki`k~n`tg g÷j{. Cg jk~rgkiû` lixg`ti`g d~|g`tn cj{ {imcj{ VI

74= * 7>2



y VII r|jujkû ~` |çridj g~on`tj dn cg{ m|g`dn{ ei`kg{ y ~`g i`tn`{ieikgkiû` dn cg r|n{iû` ei{kgc kn`t|gc y dn cg{nvgkkij`n{ `jlicig|ig{ m|inmg{ y løcmg|g{ {jl|n nc kgorn{i`gdj. N` L~cmg|ig {n i`t|jd~hj rj| unx r|ion|g cgi`{tit~kiû` dn cg r|j`jig y {n o~ctircikg|j` cg{ iò~ìdgdn{ j na{aj~{{nig. ^` `øon|j k|nkin`tn dn g`tim~j{

;5 [. \~`kiog`# G fi{tj|y je tfn ei|{t L~cmg|ig` Nori|n# Cj`d|n{# 79;2# rçmi g{ 94/>1 I. [gagxju# L~cmg|i{kfn ]i|t{kfget{mn{kfikftn#Ln|cï`# Cnirxim# 79<9# rr. =/9.;= ^` {gkn|djtn j|tjvjdj dn cg érjkg |n{~oïg g{i cg{ djkt|i`g{ {jkigcn{ dn Ljmjoic8 ¡N`{n÷g` g {~ r|jrij r~nlcj g `j jlndnkn| g {~{

{n÷j|n{# i`h~|ig` g cj{ |ikj{# jdig` gc xg|# |idik~cixg` g cj{ g`kig`j{# kj`dn`g` g cj{ ljyg|dj{# kj`{idn|g` uicn{ g cj{ jhj{ dn Dij{ gw~in`n{ {i|un` gc xg| y r|jfïln` g tjdj{ cj{ {in|uj{ w~n t|glghn` rg|g {~{ goj{±# Jljcn`{ay# Tfn Lyxg`ti`n Kjooj`}ngctf# r. 7<>.

QRçm. <95_

kgorn{i j{ cil|n{ kgyû n` cg kj`dikiû` dnrn din`tn dn cj{ rg|jiaji # oin t|g{ cg n{kcguit~d {n nvtn`dïg{io~ctç`ngon`tn rj| ondij dn cg kg~tiuidgd dn cj{ r|i{ij`n|j{ dn m~n||g{ cjkgcn{ ;6. Kjoj n|g dn n{rn|g|# ncljmjoici{oj |nuiuiû y {n r|jd~hn|j` |nrntidg{ |nlncij`n{ rjr~cg|n{ kj`t|g nc djoiìj lixg`ti`j. N` nc g÷j7765# dj{ hnen{ uçcgkj{# Rnd|j y G{é`# n`kglnxg|j` ~`g i`{~||nkkiû` uiktj|ij{g w~n dn||jtû g cg{ nvrndikij`n{dn kg{timj nùigdg{ kj`t|g nccj{ rj| cj{ m|inmj{;9. N` n{n ojon`tj {n kj`{t|~yû ~` ¡{nm~`dj± Iorn|ij løcmg|j#k~yg hn|g|w~ïg gdoiì{t|gtiug# r|jtjkjcj kj|tn{g`j y {i{tnog t|il~tg|ij {n tjog|j` di|nktgon`tn dn cj{ dnLixg kij1 nc `øon|j dn kgorn{i j{ cil|n{ kj`ti`~û dn{kn`din`dj oin t|g{ w~n nc gctj n{t|gtj ljyg|dj

kj`{jcidglg {~ rjdn|. G kjoin`xj{ dnc {imcj VIII# nc xg| Ijg`ìt{g &Agcjhg`) tjoû dn `~nuj gc jlhntiujt|gdikij`gc dn cg{ di`g{tïg{ løcmg|g{8 nc g{gctj g Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg y cg g{~`kiû` dnc tït~cj iorn|igc ~ìun|{gc w~ngkjorg÷glg g {~ kj`t|jc. [~{ t|jrg{ dn||jtg|j` y ogtg|j` gc norn|gdj| cgti`j Lgcd~i`j rjkj dn{r~é{ dn cgk~g|tg k|~xgdg# y {~ {~kn{j| ccnuû uiktj|ij{gon`tn cg{ lg`dn|g{ løcmg|g{ fg{tg nc Gd|içtikj. Rn|j g cj{ dinx g÷j{n{n `~nuj N{tgdj {n fglïg dn||~olgdj g`tn nc g{gctj dn cj{ oj`mjcn{.

Cg{ rjlcgkij`n{ n{cgug{ dn cg g`tim~g |nmiû` dnc Icï|ikj dn{g||jccg|j` o~kfj oç{ cn`tgon`tn# rj| cj mn`n|gc# ~`{i{tnog rjcïtikj rj{t|ilgc# dnlidj g cg egctg dn ~`g kcg{n oicitg| `ûogdg iìkigcon`tn {~rn|ij|. Cg dien|n`kigkiû`{jkigc gug`xû dn ej|og oç{ m|gd~gc y cg j|mgìxgkiû` dn kcg`n{ {n oj{t|û o~y |n{i{tn`tn. Nc r|ion| |ni`j k|jgtg&922/729=) e~n gl{j|lidj rj| F~`m|ïg y `j dn{norn÷û ì`mø` rgrnc i`dnrn`din`tn. N` nc {~|# cj{ Ű~rgì fn|nditg|ij{ mjln|`g|j`# dn{dn {~{ kjcjìg{ ej|tieikgdg{# cj{ tn||itj|ij{ cjkgcn{ kjoj rgt|iojìj{ egoicig|n{#k~yg gdoiì{t|gkiû` {n diuidïg n`t|n {~{ rg|in`tn{42. Cj{ r|i/

;6 Dioitg| G`mncju# ¡Din l~cmg|i{kfn Cä`dn| ~`d dg{ l~cmg|i{kfn Ujca i` dn| M|n`xn` dn{ lyxg tiì{kfn \nikfn{ io VI/VIIHgf|f~`dn|t &7276776>)±# R|jknndi`m{ je tfn VIItf I`tn|`gtij`gc Kj`m|n{{ je Lyxg`ti`n [t~din{ # rr. 7>>/57. Oin`t|g{ cg{ na{aj~{{nigi `je~n|j` r|çktikgon`tn `~`kg iò~ìdgdn{ ¡i`tnm|gcn{± rj|w~n {inor|n kj`{n|ug|j` kg|mg{ rølcikg{ {jl|n cj{ rg|jiaji # cg{ kj`kn{ij`n{løcmg|g{ nw~iugcn`tn{ dn n{tg érjkg jtj|mglg` ~`j{ rjdn|n{ {n÷j|igcn{ oç{ gorcij{ {jl|n nc kgorn{i`gdj. Uég{nM. Kgàjug/Rntajug# ¡Lyxg kn nt cn déuncjrrnon t {jkigc nt ékj joiw~n dn{ Ntgt{ lgcagìw~n{±# Gktn{ d~ R|noin| Kj`m|æ{ I`tn|`gtij`gc dn{ Nt~dn{ Lgcagìw~n{ nt [~d/N{t N~|jrén``n{ # [jeïg# 7959# rr. ;44/>.;9 Nc n{t~dij oç{ kcg|j dn n{tn cnug`tgoin`tj n{ \. C. ]jceï# ¡Tfn ‖[nkj`d L~cmg|ig` Nori|n’. It{ j|imi` g`d fi{tj|y tj 72<4±# [rnk~c~o#vvIU# `øon|j <# gl|ic dn 7949# rr. 75=/<25.42 Duj|ìa# Tfn [cgu{. Tfni| ng|cy fi{tj|y g`d kiuicixgtij`# rr. 75</;.

QRçm. <9=_

on|j{ r|i`kirgdj{ w~n fikin|j` {~ grg|ikiû` e~n|j`# n` nc {imcj VI# cj{ dn Xntg y \g{kig# k|ngkij`n{g`tilixg`ti`g{ w~n cj{ norn|gdj|n{ Kjo`n`j{ {~r|ioin|j` kj` ~` évitj {ûcj rg|kigc. G ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VII# ncm|g` Ű~rg` N{tnlg` @nog`hg ~ìû cj{ dj{ tn||itj|ij{ n` ~` {jcj |ni`j {n|lij y gdw~i|iû dnc rgrg nc tït~cj |ngc.Rn|j g~`w~n cj{ n{e~n|xj{ lixg`ti`j{ rj| |nkj`w~i{tg| [n|lig e~n|j` dntnìdj{# t~uin|j` w~n rg{g| jt|j{ kin`g÷j{ g`tn{ dn w~n cj{ `jtglcn{ dn {~{ kcg`n{ e|gmon`tgdj{ f~lin|g` {~e|idj ~` r|jkn{j i`tnm|gdj| {~eikin`tnrg|g ej|og| ~`g kcg{n tn||gtnìn`tn ~ìeikgdg# kj` dn|nkfj{ {n÷j|igcn{ {jl|n ~` kgorn{i`gdj {n|uic y kj`kgrgkidgd oicitg| rg|g nvtn`dn| nc tn||itj|ij dn cg oj`g|w~ïg {n|lig. Nc nkcir{n dn L~cmg|ig y Lixg`kij gr|i`kirij{ dnc {imcj VIU cn{ dij cg jrj|t~ìdgd dn kj`{nm~i| nc djoiìj dn cj{ Lgckg`n{. N{tnlg` D~{g`g`nvij`û Ogkndjìg# Tn{gcig y nc Nri|j y {n r|jkcgoû norn|gdj| dn {n|lij{ y m|inmj{# n` [ajrchn# n` nc g÷j7;45. Cg n{t|~kt~|g {jkigc y rjcïtikg dnc M|g` Iorn|ij {n|lij n{tç djk~on`tgdg n` nc nvtn`{j kûdimj cnmgc jXgaj`ìa # w~n e~n ncglj|gdj rjkj dn{r~é{ lghj nc og`dj dn D~ŧg`. Cg `jlcnxg djoi`g`tn rj{nïg tin||g{

gcjdigcn{ fn|nditg|ig{# w~n n|g` k~ctiugdg{ rj| kgorn{i`j{ dnrn`din`tn{ j {nl|i —un|{iû` {n|lig dn cj{ rg|jiaji lixg`ti`j{— {~hntj{ g r|n{tgkij`n{ dn t|glghj rn|{j`gc w~n n{tglg` ui`k~cgdj{ ej|ogcon`tn g cg tin||g rj|dnk|ntj |ngc. Cg oj`g|w~ïg tn`ïg gorcij{ rjdn|n{ g~tjk|çtikj{# rn|j n{tglg |jdngdg y g{n{j|gdg rj| ~` kj`{nhj

746 * 7>2



rn|og`n`tn dn ogm`gtn{ y r|ncgdj{. D~ŧg` gljciû nc tït~cj dn x~rg`# kj` {~{ |noiì{kn`kig{ dn kcg`# y cj{~{tit~yû rj| nc m|inmj dn anegcihg# rgcgl|g lixg`ti`g rg|g dn{im`g| g ~` mjln|`gdj| iorn|igc. Cg kj|tn# cgkg`kiccn|ïg y cg gdoiì{t|gkiû` n|g` l~|dg{ kjrig{ dn cg{ dn Kj`{tg`ti`jrcg 47. Gcm~`g{ ki~dgdn{ kj{tn|g{ dncDg`~lij nhn|kin|j` nc g~tjmjlin|`j o~ìkirgc m|gkig{ g {~{ n{t|nkfj{ uï`k~cj{ kj` cg{ ki~dgdn{ itgcig`g{. Cg{oi`g{ dn rcgtg w~n {~oiì{t|glg` cg ogyj| rg|tn dn cj{ i`m|n{j{ |ngcn{ n|g` nvrcjtgdg{ rj| n{kcguj{ y di|imidgrj| {ghj`n{. Nc Iorn|ij {n|lij e~n {i` d~dg gcm~`g nc N{tgdj n{cguj oç{ gug`xgdj w~n {~|miû n` cj{ Lgckg`n{ondinugcn{. N` nc kg|çktn| oivtj dn {~ {i{tnog rjcïtikj# g ondij kgoi`j n`t|n ~` {i{tnog glin|tgon`tn en~dgc y~`g l~|jk|gkig g~tjk|çtikg# {j` ui{ilcn{ cg{ kj||in`tn{ n`kj`t|gdg{ dn Jkkidn`tn y Lixg`kij. Rn|j cg oi{ogfntn|jmn`nidgd dn {~{ ncnon`/

47 [. \~`kiog`# ¡Lyxg`ti~o g`d tfn [cgu{±# n` @. Lgy`n{ y F. Oj{{ &kjor.)# Lyxg`ti~o8 G` i`t|jd~ktij` tj Ng{t \jog` kiuicixgtij` #Jvej|d# 7946# rr. ;54/>1 Duj|ìa# Tfn [cgu{ i` N~|jrng` fi{tj|y g`d kiuicixgtij`# rçmi`g{ 74</5.

QRçm. <96_

tj{ cj kj`dn`glg g ~`g uidg o~y l|nun. G cj{ rjkj{ g÷j{ dn cg o~n|tn dn D~ŧg` yg {n fglïg u~nctj gdn{i`tnm|g| n` dn{rjtgdj{ nè|n`tgdj{ n ièg`tgxmj{ diuididj{. G gw~nc N{tgdj cn {~kndiû ~`g øctiog rjtn`kign{cgug. D~|g`tn cj{ ki`k~n`tg g÷j{ dn cg {nm~`dg oitgd dnc {imcj VIU cn ccnmû g Lj{ìg nc t~oj dn djoi`g| g cjcg|mj dnc Gd|içtikj# rn|j cg en ljmjoicitg dn {~ di`g{tïg y nc kg|çktn| ncnktiuj dn {~ oj`g|w~ïg fikin|j` g n{tggug`xgdiccg oj`tg÷j{g i`kgrgx dn no~cg| gc Iorn|ij {n|lij w~n cn fglïg r|nkndidj.

Nc nè|n`tgoin`tj ki|k~cg| n`t|n Lixg`kij# L~cmg|ig y [n|lig fglïg tn|oi`gdj# r~n{# g ei`gcn{ dnc {imcj VIU n`~`g kjoø` dnkgdn`kig y |nm|n{iû`. Nc e|çmic {i{tnog n{tgtgc dn cj{ Lgckg`n{ ondinugcn{ n{tglg n` k|i{i{ mn`n|gcg`tn{ dn w~n cn {j|r|n`din|g cg kj`w~i{tg jtjog`g. Cg{ |gxj`n{ n{t|~kt~|gcn{ dn cg i`kgrgkidgd dn n{tç |nmiû`rg|g r|jd~ki| ~`g {ï`tn{i{ en~dgc i`dïmn`g yg {n fg` {n÷gcgdj# y cg `gt~|gcnxg dn cj{ glj|tgdj{ N{tgdj{ løcmg|j y{n|lij {n cioitg g {~l|gyg|cg{. R~n{ {~ kg|gktn|ï{tikg oç{ {j|r|n`dn`tn# n` k~gcw~in| rn|{rnktiug n~|jrngkjorg|gdg# n{ {~ |nk~||n`tn n iorj{ilcn ioitgkiû` dn cg g~tjk|gkig iorn|igc dnc r|jrij Lixg`kij. @j r|ntn`dïg`{n| |ni`j{# {i`j iorn|ij{# y {~{ {jln|g`j{ `j l~{kglg` k~gcw~in| tït~cj iorn|igc# {i`j nc dnc ~ìun|{gc g~tja|gtj| m|nkj||jog`j. Y g{ï# cj{ Iorn|ij{ løcmg|j y {n|lij i`tn`tg|j` kjrig| nc {i{tnog gdoiì{t|gtiuj i`tn|`j dn cj{N{tgdj{ lixg`ti`j{ y tjog| rj{n{iû` nvtn|`g dn nccj{ rj| ondij dn cg kj`w~i{tg y cg {~kn{iû` di|nktg{. N{g tg|ng

n|g i`t|ï`{nkgon`tn iùiglcn rg|g nccj{ y kj`d~hj egtgcon`tn g ~`g nvkn{iug nvtn`{iû` rjcïtikg y {jkigc8 cgt|g`{ikiû` di|nktg dn ~` {i{tnog dn mjlin|`j cjkgc t|ilgc g jt|j iorn|igc l~|jk|çtikj n{tglg oç{ gccç dn cj{|nk~|{j{ dn k~gcw~in| `jlcnxg dn cg |nmiû` y# g egctg dn ~` {i{tnog nkj`ûoikj ~|lg`j j n{kcgui{tg# `jkj||n{rj`dïg g ~`g un|dgdn|g iè|gn{t|~kt~|g nkj`ûoikg. Dn gfï cg |~i`g |nkïr|jkg dn cg c~kfg t|ig`m~cg| n`l~{kg dn ~` djoiìj iorn|igc w~n# n` gw~nccj{ ojon`tj{# n|g yg ^` g`gk|jì{oj ic~{j|ij. Rn|j# gc oi{ojtinorj# cg érjkg n` w~n gw~nccg |~i`g {n kj`{~oû n|g tgolié` cg dn cg dnr|n{iû` mn`n|gc n` tjdg N~|jrg. Cgdjk~on`tgkiû` {jl|n cg nkj`joïg |~|gc dn cj{ Lgckg`n{ d~|g`tn n{tg érjkg n{ tjdguïg dnog{igdj n{kg{g —dnlidj n` rg|tn gc rj{tn|ij| g||g{goin`tj dn {~{ i`{tit~kij`n{ rj| cj{ jtjog`j{— rg|g ej|o~cg| gfj|g h~ikij{{nm~|j{ gkn|kg dn {~{ tn`dn`kig{ i`tn|`g{. Rn|j gw~ï# kjoj n` tjdg{ rg|tn{# cg{ m|g`dn{ rn{tn{ {n ccnug|j`tgolié` {~ t|il~tj. Kçck~cj{ |nkin`tn{ i`dikg` w~n n`t|n cj{ g÷j{ 7;46 y 74>2 {n r|jd~hj ~` dn{kn`{jdnojm|çeikj mcjlgc dnc <>

QRçm. <99_

rj| kin`tj —dn ~`j{ 5 g 4#> oiccj`n{ dn fglitg`tn{— n` cj w~n n` k~gcw~in| kg{j yg n|g ~`g |nmiû`n{kg{gon`tn rjlcgdg4<. Rj| jt|g rg|tn# tgolié` n{tgccg|j` gfj|g |nlncij`n{ {jkigcn{ n` cj{ Lgckg`n{. Dn cg¡Kjo~`g± dn Tn{gcûìkg yg fnoj{ fglcgdj1 gc oi{oj tinorj w~n nccg {n r|jd~hj# n` nc g÷j 7;4<# ~`gi`{~||nkkiû` kgorn{i`g n` cg{ ccg`~|g{ dn T|gkig kj`t|g cj{ tn||gtnìn`tn{ r|jui`kigcn{ dn Lixg`kij w~n gccï|n{idïg`. Ajtj| y Lg|# g j|iccg{ dnc Gd|içtikj# e~n|j` n{kn`g|ij dn i`{~||nkkij`n{ o~ìkirgcn{. N` L~cmg|ig# ~`g|nlnciû` rjr~cg| ccnuû d~|g`tn rjkj tinorj gc rjdn| g ~` ~{~|rgdj| rcnlnyj n` nc g÷j 7<==# y d~|g`tn nc {imcjVIU k|nkiû nc `øon|j dn ugmgl~`dj{ y lg`didj{ g ondidg w~n cg tin||g {n kj`kn`t|glg r|jm|n{iugon`tn. Cg{tn`{ij`n{ dn cg r|ntn`didg kj`{t|~kkiû` dnc N{tgdj iorn|igc rj| cg{ diun|{g{ g|i{tjk|gkig{ dn cg rn`ï`{~cgkj`d~hn|j` `gt~|gcon`tn g ogyj|n{ nvgkkij`n{ ei{kgcn{ y rn|{j`gcn{ {jl|n cj{ rjl|n{# w~n |n{rj`din|j` kj`

|nkncj y ogcn{tg|.

Fgy w~n dn{tgkg| w~n `j {n r|jd~hj r|çktikgon`tn ì`m~`g |n{i{tn`kig rjr~cg| n` nc kgorj g cg ccnmgdg dn cj{

749 * 7>2

PA-TAF [opción-1]

Documents

Transcript of PA-TAF [opción-1]