DIVERSIDAD SOCIOCULTURAL EN PARAGUAY - SECRETARIA NACIONAL DE CULTURA - NOVIEMBRE 2012 -...

7/28/2019 DIVERSIDAD SOCIOCULTURAL EN PARAGUAY - SECRETARIA NACIONAL DE CULTURA - NOVIEMBRE 2012 - PORTALGUARANI

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IJETBENDJ

Netrjduiine

G% Igrgitbrstnigs db cg dnvbrsndgd sjinjiucturgc be Qgrglugy

7% Qjhcgine8% Dnstrnhuine bspgingc9% Bstruiturg db cg pjhcgine pjr bdgd y sbxj4% Dnvbrsndgd Cnelstnig2% Dnvbrsndgd rbcnlnjsg

H% Igrgitbrstnigs bspbionigs db cjs lrupjs sjinj iucturgcbs

7% Qubhcj Gif8% Qubhcj Gelgnt9% Qubhcj Gv Lugrge

4% Qubhcj Gyjrbj2% Qubhcj Becfbt?% Qubhcj Bexbt% Qubhcj Lugrge gedvg71%Qubhcj Lugr e ge Jiindbetgc77%Qubhcj Nsfnr ^hytjsj78%Qubhcj Nsfnr Tjkgrgf79%Qubhcj Kg`74%Qubhcj Kgemun

72%Qubhcj Khy7?%Qubhcj Envgic7%Qubhcj Kgs`jy81%Qubhcj Tjhg Wjk87%Kbeejentgs be Qgrglugy88%Gorjdbsibednbetbs be Qgrglugy89%rghbs be Qgrglugy84%Mgpjebsbs be Qgrglugy82%Ijrbgejs be Qgrglugy

8?%Hrgsncbjs be Qgrglugy

Ijeicusnjebs

Hnhcnjlrgog utncnzgdg

www%pjrtgclugrgen%ijk
http://www.portalguarani.com/http://www.portalguarani.com/http://www.portalguarani.com/


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Netrjduiine

Bstb djiukbetj oub bcghjrgdj pgrg bc Ynstbkg Eginjegc db Neojrkgine Iucturgc db cg

Ybirbtgrg Eginjegc db Iucturg# ije bc jhmbtnvj db snstbkgtnzgr neojrkgine sjhrb cjs lrupjs

sjinj+iucturgcbs dbc Qgrglugy%

Be bc Qgrglugy ijevnvbe vgrnjs lrupjs sjinjiucturgcbs# bxprbsgedj sus ndbetndgdbs be ueg

gkpcntud db cbelugs# pritnigs iucturgcbs# nkglnegrnjs# grtb# ksnig y rbcnlnjebs% Yn trgzrgkjs

ue kgpg db tjdjs bstjs lrupjs# ejs sjrprbedbrgkjs db cg rnqubzg# cg dnvbrsndgd y cg

kuctniucturgcndgd qub bxnstb be eubstrj tbrrntjrnj%

Bc kgpg iucturgc pgrglugyj ijkprbedb# gdbks db cg iucturg kbstnzg kgyjrntgrng# uegs vbnetb

btengs nedlbegs dnspbrsgs y vgrnjs beicgvbs iucturgcbs bxtrgembrjs# cj qub supjeb ueg gctg

dnvbrsndgd iucturgc# pjtbeingckbetb kuy bernqubibdjrg be ue tbrrbej pjij pjhcgdj y# ije

kgrigdg dnobrbeing sjingc% Bobitnvgkbetb# be Qgrglugy ijbxnstbe dnvbrsgs iucturgs hnbe

dbonendgs qub vnvbe be ijkuendgdbs dnobrbetbs# betrb cgs qub sb beiubetrge cjs kbstnzjs# cjs

neknlrgetbs y cjs egtnvjs ije ijeocnitjs netbriucturgcbs% 8

Yble Lubrrbrj &8118. fjy fge betrgdj be irnsns cjs kjdbcjs db ibetrgcndgd ghsjcutg# qub fge

prbtbedndj ijestrunr ojrkgs fjkjlbebnzgetbs db knrgr cg rbgcndgd y cg iucturg% Cj iucturgc sb

bxprbsg g trgvs db cg prbjiupgine sjhrb tbktnigs ijkj cj kuctntenij# cg kuctniucturgcndgd#

cg pcurniucturgcndgd# cg netbriucturgcndgd# cg dnvbrsndgd y cg dnobrbeing% Tjdgs bstgs bxprbsnjebs

dbkubstrge qub fg ccblgdj g su one ueg vnsne uentgrng y bvjcuinjenstg cnebgc db cg fnstjrng%

Dbhndj g cg dnvbrsndgd y igetndgd db lrupjs prbsbetbs be cg fnstjrng y be cg rbgcndgd sjingc

pgrglugyg# bc jhmbtj db bstg snstbkgtnzgine fg sndj dbcnkntgdj g cgs vbnetb btengs j pubhcjs

nedlbegs y g sbns lrupjs db neknlrgetbs% Dbetrj db igdg uej db bstjs lrupjs ghjrdgkjs

iugtrj dnkbesnjebs= cbelug# tbrrntjrnj# bspnrntugcndgd# y rbcgine ije cg sjinbdgd pgrglugyg%

Cjs sbns lrupjs sjinjiucturgcbs db neknlrgine sbcbiinjegdjs oubrje= cjs kbeejentgs# cjs

gorjdbsibednbetbs# cjs rghbs# cjs mgpjebsbs# cjs ijrbgejs y cjs hrgsncbrjs% Bc irntbrnj db

sbcbiine db bstjs lrupjs oub cg dnvbrsndgd be iugetj g cgs rgzjebs db neknlrgine=

suhsnstbeing bijeknig# pbrsbiuine pjctnig# rbcnlnjsg y tenig%

8 Wunjebz# Ibcsg &8178.



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Cjs iugtrj irntbrnjs db jrlgenzgine dbc trghgmj sje= 7. Ndbetndgdbs tenigs b nedlbegs# 8.

Ndbetndgdbs knlrgetbs y rbcnlnjsgs &Gorjdbsibednbetbs y Kbeejentgs.# 9. Ndbetndgdbs

eginjegcbs &mgpjebsbs# ijrbgejs# hrgsncbjs. y 4. Ndbetndgdbs cnelstnigs &rghbs.%

Bstb djiukbetj ej prbtbedb sbr ue kgtbrngc gighgdj en kuifj kbejs bxfgustnvj sjhrb cg

ijkpcbmg tbktnig qub sb ghjrdg% Ynkpcbkbetb bs ue trghgmj qub rbeb# jrdbeg y icgsnonig

neojrkgine# db kgebrg g jorbibr ueg setbsns db cgs igrgitbrstnigs db cjs lrupjs

sjinjiucturgcbs be Qgrglugy y qub pubdg sbrvnr ijkj hgsb db dgtjs pgrg outurgs

nevbstnlginjebs%

Ighb gicgrgr qub# rbspbitj g gcluegs btengs# bxnstb pjig neojrkgine be gcluegs dnkbesnjebs%

Tgc bs bc igsj db Tjhg Wjk# pjr bmbkpcj# qub rbqunbrb cg prjduiine db kgyjr nevbstnlgine%

Be bc igsj db cjs pubhcjs qub pbrtbebibe g cg ogkncng cnelstnig Kgs`jy# sb beijetr

neojrkgine db gcluejs pubhcjs kbzicgdjs# pjr cj iugc sb dnoniuctg fgccgr cg bspbinonindgd db

igdg lrupj% Cgs btengs db bstg ogkncng# fge suorndj ue prjibsj db kbzicg tenig qub fg

dbsbkhjigdj be uenjebs y ogkncngs db dnobrbetbs btengs# pbrdnedjsb bc knskj jrnlbe tenij%

Yble ]gegrdnen &8171.# bc rbsuctgdj bs cg ijeonlurgine db ue pubhcj ije ndbetndgd

kgrigdgkbetb nedlbeg pbrj sne sghbr en pjdbr bxpcnintgr g qu bteng sb gdsirnhb% Qgrg

gutjdbonenrsb# utncnzgrje bc trknej Kgs`jy qub bs bc ejkhrb db cg ogkncng cnelstnig &sble cg

icgsnonigine db Hrgenscgvg Yusen`.# knbetrgs qub Fgeebs @gcnsif cg dbejkneg ogkncng Becfbt+

Bebecfbt%

Bkpbzgrbkjs pjr dbonenr gcluejs ijeibptjs icgvbs qub bste prbsbetbs be bstb trghgmj=

iucturg# btenindgd# cbelug# tbrrntjrnj# bspnrntugcndgd# rbcgine ije cg sjinbdgd pgrglugyg y

knlrgine%

Cg iucturg sb betnbedb ijkj ue snstbkg netblrgdj db bstrgtblngs gprbedndgs qub ue pubhcj

utncnzg be ojrkg ijkpgrtndg pgrg su kgebmj bxnstbeingc% G dnobrbeing db iucturg# cg btenindgd

ijestntuyb ueg sbcbiine db bcbkbetjs iucturgcbs qub ue pubhcj ijesndbrg pbrtnebetbs pgrg

culgr sus jhmbtnvjs db gdgptgine# lbebrgine db rbiursjs# kjvncnzgine pjctnig# bti% Bc

rbsuctgdj db bstb prjibsj sje glrupginjebs db pbrsjegs db cg knskg bteng y ije ueg iucturg



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ijkpgrtndg# qub sb pjebe db giubrdj pgrg ccbvgr g ighj ue prjybitj sjingc# pgrg cj iugc su

ndbetndgd tenig cbs pubdb sbrvnr db bstrgtblng y db nestrukbetj% 9

Ygussurb dboneb cg cbelug ijkj pgrtb bsbeingc dbc cbelugmb# qub bs g cg vbz bc prjduitj sjingc

db cg ogiuctgd db cbelugmb y bc ijemuetj db ijevbeinjebs ebibsgrngs gdjptgdgs pjr bc iubrpj

sjingc qub pbrkntbe bc bmbrininj db cg ogiuctgd db cbelugmb be cjs nednvndujs% Cg ogiuctgd db

cbelugmb bs gclj egturgc# be tgetj qub cg cbelug bs gclj gdqunrndj y ijevbeinjegc# bs bxtbrnjr gc

nednvnduj# yg qub pjr s knskj ej cg pubdb irbgr en kjdnonigr% Ijkj prjduitj sjingc cg cbelug

bs ijkj ue tbsjrj dbpjsntgdj be cjs sumbtjs db ueg ijkuendgd0 ijkj ueg lrgktnig qub

bxnstb vnrtugckbetb be cjs ibrbhrjs db ue ijemuetj db nednvndujs# pjr cj qub Ygussurb

ijesndbrg qub cg cbelug bxnstb ijkpcbtgkbetb be cg kgsg db nednvndujs qub ijkpjebe

ueg ijkuendgd% Cg cbelug bxnstb be cg ijcbitnvndgd ijkj ue dniinjegrnj iuyjs bmbkpcgrbs

ndetnijs bstgrge rbpgrtndjs be tjdjs cjs ibrbhrjs%4

Bc tbrrntjrnj ijestntuyb ue ijeibptj tbrnij y ue jhmbtj bkprnij qub pubdb sbr gegcnzgdj

dbsdb cg pbrspbitnvg netbrdnsinpcnegrng# fg pgsgdj dbc rbduiinjenskj onsnjlronij pgrg sbr

gsukndj ijkj ue ijeibptj qub bxnstb pjrqub iucturgckbetb fgy ueg rbprbsbetgine db c#

pjrqub sjingckbetb fgy ueg bspgingcnzgine y ue betrgkgdj db rbcginjebs qub cj sustbetge y

pjrqub pjctnig y bijeknigkbetb ijestntuyb ueg db cgs fbrrgknbetgs ijeibptugcbs ksoubrtbs be cg dbkgrigine dbc pjdbr y dbc netbrigkhnj% Bc tbrrntjrnj sb ijevnbrtb be cg

rbprbsbetgine dbc bspginj# bc iugc sb vb sjkbtndj g ueg trgesojrkgine ijetneug qub rbsuctg

db cg giine sjingc db cjs sbrbs fukgejs# db cg iucturg y db cjs orutjs db cg rbvjcuine qub be bc

kuedj dbc ijejinknbetj sb vnvb be tjdjs cjs rneijebs dbc pcgebtg% 2

Be bstb trghgmj# bc ijeibptj db bspnrntugcndgd bst bekgrigdj be ue ijemuetj db ndbgs# vgcjrbs

tnijs y pjctnijs# ndbgcbs# sbetnknbetjs y jpinjebs# qub ejs ccbvg g ueg vnsne db trgsibedbeing

y db ijkuendgd# db netblrgine isknig y tbrrbegc% Bstb sbetndj db cg bspnrntugcndgd netblrg cg

ojrkgine db cg ndbetndgd be cg dnkbesne db cj iucturgc y db cg rbcnlnjsndgd fukgeg j dnvneg%

Cg bspnrntugcndgd gpjrtg g cg ndbetndgd pbrsjegc# iucturgc# eginjegc# uenvbrsgc% Cg rbcnlnjsndgd bs

betbedndg ijkj rbsuctgdj db cg ijkuene db tjtgcndgd b nednvndugcndgd# bxprbsne db gkjr y

bspbrgezg# gspnrgine db ue outurj kbmjr% ?

9Ytgfc# \%# 811


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Qjr rbcgine ije cg sjinbdgd pgrglugyg# sb betnbedb ijkj cg netbrgiine betrb bc lrupj

sjinjiucturgc y cg sjinbdgd eginjegc% Kgnssjebuvb &7>?6. dboneb cg netbrgiine ijkj ueg

uendgd db giine prjduindg pjr ue sumbtj G# qub gitg ijkj bstkucj db ueg uendgd db

rbspubstg be jtrj sumbtj H# y vnibvbrsg% Cg rbcgine ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc bst bekgrigdg

be ue ijetbxtj fnstrnij# be bc iugc neocuybe ogitjrbs sjingcbs# iucturgcbs# bijeknijs# pjctnijs#

betrb jtrjs%

Cg knlrgine bs ueg db cgs tgetgs ojrkgs db dbspcgzgknbetj bspgingc j tbrrntjrngc db cg

pjhcgine% Cg kgebrg gitugc db betbedbr cg kjvncndgd db cg pjhcgine bs ks dneknig% Yb

gdkntb cg bxnstbeing db ue pgejrgkg db dbspcgzgknbetjs pjhcginjegcbs kctnpcbs# rnij y

rbcbvgetb pgrg betbedbr cg dneknig sjingc# qub bxnlb sbr ijesndbrgdj be nlugcdgd ije cjs

dbspcgzgknbetjs dbonentnvjs%

Getbrnjrkbetb# bc uenvbrsj db kjvnknbetjs tbrrntjrngcbs db cg pjhcgine sb rbijrtghg y rbduig

g uej dbtbrknegdj= cg knlrgine# qub sne bkhgrlj bs scj ueg pgrtb db ue uenvbrsj kuifj

kgyjr% Gitugckbetb fgy ijesbesj be rbijejibr qub bstg dbonenine db knlrgine bs cnkntgtnvg

y ej pbrkntb igptgr tjdgs cgs dnkbesnjebs dbc obekbej# en tjdg su kglentud% Be rbsukbe0 cgs

pbrsjegs tnbebe ueg gctg kjvncndgd tbrrntjrngc &vge db ue cgdj g jtrj dbc tbrrntjrnj eginjegc j

iruzge cgs orjetbrgs.% Yb rbsbrvg bc trknej db knlrgine gc prjibsj sjingc ijesnstbetb be ueg

ojrkg db dbspcgzgknbetj db ue culgr g jtrj db nednvndujs j lrupjs# ije igkhnj db rbsndbeing%


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pbrsjegs# qub rbprbsbetge bc 7#


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pjribetgmb snkncgr db pgrglugyjs y pgrglugygs vnvbe be bc bxtbrnjr% Gdbks db bstj fgy

nkpjrtgetbs ocumjs db knlrgetbs bstginjegcbs# iuyj ekbrj ej bst iugetnonigdj# y db

knlrgetbs netbrejs &pbrsjegs qub eginbrje be jtrj culgr ije rbspbitj gc sntnj be qub bste

rbsndnbedj gitugckbetb.# qub supbrge bc 71" db cg pjhcgine% Ighb gicgrgr qub tjdjs bstjs

dgtjs dbhbe sbr gsukndjs ije igutbcg# yg qub bxnstb ue nkpjrtgetb suhrblnstrj# dbhndj

prneinpgckbetb g cg gctg prjpjrine db knlrgetbs nedjiukbetgdjs j qub rbsndbe be bc pgs ije

vnsg db turnstgs%

Cg bvjcuine dbc prjibsj neknlrgtjrnj be bc Qgrglugy# durgetb cgs ctnkgs digdgs# prbsbetg

cjs snlunbetbs rgsljs rbsgctgetbs=

n% Reg netbesnonigine db cg knlrgine netbreginjegc netrgrrblnjegc# qub sb gibcbrg

prneinpgckbetb durgetb cg digdg db cjs


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Yble Qgcgu &7>>1" be cg digdg dbc 91% Yb ejtg cg nkpjrtgeing rbcgtnvg dbc

nelrbsj db kbeejentgs be cgs digdgs dbc 81 y dbc 41% Be iugetj g cjs neknlrgetbs db jrnlbe

gkbrnigej# cg igsn tjtgcndgd db bccjs fgstg 7>?1 prjvnbeb db Grlbetneg# fbifj bxpcnighcb pjr

cgs vgs db ijkuenigine bxnstbetbs be cg pjig# bxicusnvgkbetb cg ocuvngc% Iugedj# g pgrtnr db

7>2> ije cg irbgine dbc Qtj% Qtb% Ytrjbssebr be cg kgrlbe nzqunbrdg dbc rj Gctj Qgrge y cg

ijestruiine db cg rutg qub ueg bsg cjigcndgd ije Gsueine# bkpnbzg cg neknlrgine hrgsncbg

qub pgsg g sbr ebtgkbetb djknegetb fgstg bc kjkbetj gitugc%

Bc rpndj irbinknbetj dbc ocumj db neknlrgetbs netbreginjegcbs rblnstrgdj be bc pbrjdj


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8% Dnstrnhuine bspgingcRe pjij ks db cg kntgd dbc tjtgc db cg pjhcgine nedlbeg rbsndb be cg rblne Jrnbetgc

&44%792. y bc rbstj &48%>?4. be cg rblne Jiindbetgc% Cg rblne Jiindbetgc fnstrnigkbetb

ijeibetr cg kgyjr prjpjrine db pjhcgine nedlbeg# cj qub sb bvndbeing be cjs lugrnskjs

grrjmgdjs pjr cjs ibesjs getbrnjrbs &?>8.% Be bc gj 8118 cg

pjhcgine nedlbeg be cg rblne ifgqubg ccblg g 4>#9"% Bstg sntugine sb bxpcnigrg pjr vgrnjs

ogitjrbs# prneinpgckbetb pjr ueg kbmjr ijhbrturg db cgs ijkuendgdbs nedlbegs db cg rblne

Jrnbetgc be bc ibesj 8118# ije cgs snlunbetbs vbetgmgs gitugcbs= kbmjrbs giibsjs# bc fghbr

bstghcbindj ueg bstrgtblng db ijkuenigine be dnobrbetbs cbelugs nedlbegs# cg pgrtninpgine

db cjs pubhcjs nedlbegs be cg jrlgenzgine ibesgc# betrb jtrjs%

Cjs nedlbegs dbc Qgrglugy bste gsbetgdjs prbdjknegetbkbetb be cgs rbgs rurgcbs &>7#2".%

Yne bkhgrlj# ighb dbstgigr qub ineij btengs tnbebe ueg prbsbeing snlenonigtnvg be rbgs

urhgegs= Kg` " sje db eginjegcndgd hrgsncbg y 46#6" grlbetneg# knbetrgs qub be cg rurgc#


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neknlrgetbs hrgsncbrjs rbsndbetbs be bc Qgrglugy &DLBBI# 8114.% Be tjtgc# ks db djs tbrinjs

db bccjs vnvbe be bsjs djs dbpgrtgkbetjs% Cjs grlbetnejs# bc sbluedj ijetnelbetb ks

eukbrjsj db neknlrgetbs# rbsndbe prneinpgckbetb be cg igpntgc &76". y sjhrb tjdj be bc

dbpgrtgkbetj ks urhgenzgdj dbc pgs# bc db Ibetrgc &92".# gs ijkj be bc db Ntgpg#

orjetbrnzj ije cg Grlbetneg &72".% Jtrjs dbpgrtgkbetjs db prbobrbeing rbsndbeingc db cjs

neknlrgetbs hrgsncbrjs sje= Ntgpg &?#4".# Igglugz &2". y Iggzgp &8#6".0 y db cjs grlbetnejs

Gctj Qgrge &6#2".%

Be cj qub rbspbitg gc rbstj db cjs neknlrgetbs# ej sb jhsbrvge ijeibetrginjebs snkncgrbs# snej

ks hnbe dnspbrsne pjr tjdj bc tbrrntjrnj# sgcvj Gsueine y Ibetrgc qub sje cgs rbgs

prbobrndgs pjr cg neknlrgine ije dbstnej urhgej%

9% Bstruiturg db cg pjhcgine pjr bdgd y sbxjCgs pnrkndbs db cg pjhcgine nedlbeg dbc pgs kgetnbebe cg ojrkg igrgitbrstnig db ueg

bstruiturg pjhcginjegc bknebetbkbetb mjvbe# ije hgsb geifg# icgrg bxprbsne db ueg

obiuedndgd bcbvgdg# qub cublj sb vg rbduinbedj rpndgkbetb be cgs bdgdbs gductgs dbhndj g

cgs gctgs tgsgs db kjrtgcndgd g qub bste bxpubstgs# fgstg ijevbrtnrsb be ue vrtnib gludj#

dbhndj g cg rbduindg prjpjrine db gductjs kgyjrbs%

Ighb tbebr prbsbetb qub cg pjhcgine nedlbeg ej ijeibdb nkpjrtgeing g cg bdgd irjejclnig

db cgs pbrsjegs tgc ijkj cg ijesndbrg cg sjinbdgd ej nedlbeg# g tgc puetj qub be gcluejs igsjs

dbsijejibe su bdgd% Qgrg supbrgr bstb neijevbenbetb sb tuvj bspbingc iundgdj be cg btgpg db

sbesnhncnzgine# igpgintgine y bkpgdrjegknbetj dbc Ibesj 8118% Bc gecnsns db cg pjhcgine

pjr lrgedbs lrupjs db bdgd kubstrg qub pjij kbejs db cg kntgd ej ccblg g cjs 72 gjs#

rbocbmgedj ueg gctg prjpjrine db pjhcgine mjvbe# prjduitj db cg gctg obiuedndgd

prbvgcbinbetb% Qjr jtrg pgrtb cg pjhcgine gductg kgyjr &?2 gjs y ks. gpbegs rbprbsbetg ue

8#?" db cg pjhcgine tjtgc%

Be iugetj g cg dnstrnhuine pjr sbxj# bxnstb ue cnlbrj prbdjknenj dbc kgsiucnej &27# gjs.# cj qub dbejtgrg bc igritbr



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cghjrgckbetb gitnvj db cg kgyjrg db sus knbkhrjs# knbetrgs qub gcrbdbdjr db 71" be igdg

ueg db cgs eginjegcndgdbs intgdgs# ijrrbspjedb gc bstrgtj db gductjs kgyjrbs &?1 gjs y ks.#

bspbingckbetb cjs prjvbenbetbs dbc Rrulugy%

Jtrj fbifj g dbstgigr bs cg bstruiturg db cg pjhcgine grlbetneg# cg sbluedg be nkpjrtgeing

rbsndbetb be bc pgs# ije ue rbprbsbetgtnvj lrupj db kbejrbs db 72 gjs qub ccblg g 8" db cjs igsjs0

ej jhstgetb# ueg bcbvgdg prjpjrine db stjs tgkhne utncnzg bc lugrge ijkj ndnjkg

orbiubetb% Be igkhnj# bc igkpj ej bst cbmjs db sbr kjejcnelb lugrge pjrqub bs cg cbelug

prbdjknegetb be 68#2" db cjs fjlgrbs%

Bc ndnjkg qub kgyjr igetndgd db pbrsjegs fghcge bs bc lugrge &9%>4?%>14 nednvndujs.# sblundj

dbc igstbccgej &9%7? nednvndujs.%

Cgs pbrsjegs hncnelbs qub fghcge cjs ndnjkgs joningcbs dbc pgs gcigezge ks db 8%?21%1110

sblundgs db cgs qub fghcge igstbccgej y pjrtulus# y lugrge y pjrtulus# guequb be

prjpjrine kuy neobrnjr%



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Cg cbelug ijestntuyb ue bcbkbetj vntgc db cgs iucturgs nedlbegs% Rej db cjs irntbrnjs db

icgsnonigine db pubhcjs nedlbegs ks icsnij y dnouedndj be bc Qgrglugy# bs bc db ogkncngs

cnelstnigs# sble cj qub kbeinjeg bc getrjpcjlj Knlubc Ifgsb Ygrdn be su jhrg Cjs nednjs

dbc Qgrglugy# bdntgdj ijemuetgkbetb ije cg Drg% Hrgenscgvg Ysen` be 7>>2%

Cjs Qubhcjs Nedlbegs dbc Qgrglugy sb dnvndbe be ineij ogkncngs cnelstnigs= 7. ]gkuij y

ijkprbedb= Gyjrbj# ^hytjsj# Tjkgrgfj0 8. Kgtgij y ijkprbedb= Envgic# Kg`# Cukegegs

&Kgemun.0 9. Kgs`jy &Bebecfbt. y ijkprbedb= Becfbt# Bexbt# Luge# Ygegpge# Gelgnt#

Bebecfbt &Tjhg Kgs`jy.# Kgs`jy0 4. Lugniur y ijkprbedb= Tjhg Wjk0 2. Lugrge y

ijkprbedb= Lugrge Jiindbetgcbs# Lugrge gedbvg# Qgn Tgvytbr# Khy# Gv Lugrge# Gif%

Bc


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74

ebibsgrng pjr rgzjebs cghjrgcbs% Bc nestnetj db sjhrbvnvbeing bs supbrnjr gc dbsbj db

ijesbrvgine db cg cbelug%

2% Dnvbrsndgd Xbcnlnjsg

Yble bc ibesj rbgcnzgdj pjr cg Dnrbiine Lbebrgc db Bstgdstnigs# Beiubstgs y Ibesjs be bc

8118# cg goncngine rbcnlnjsg be Qgrglugy bs djknegdg pjr cg Nlcbsng Igtcnig Xjkgeg &6>%? ".#

ije sjcgkbetb ueg pbqubg rbprbsbetgine db jtrjs lrupjs rbcnlnjsjs= prjtbstgetbs &?%8 pjr

inbetj.# jtrgs rbcnlnjebs &8%7 ".# enelueg j nedbinsjs &8%7 ".% Yne bkhgrlj# ueg beiubstg db

811?# nednig qub bc 64%< " db cjs qub rbspjednbrje sb ijesndbrge igtcnijs# cj qub nkpcnig ue

dbsibesj db ineij puetjs pjribetugcbs dbsdb 8118% Bc tjtgc db bvgelcnijs be bc pgs bs

gcrbdbdjr db ?6?%611 pbrsjegs% >

Dbsdb cjs gjs 7691 y dbspus db cg Ybluedg Lubrrg Kuedngc# ccblgrje neknlrgetbs

mgpjebsbs sfnetj y hudnstgs y sb bstghcbinbrje be ijcjengs glrijcgs ibrig db Gsueine y

Beigregine0 gcrbdbdjr db cjs gjs 7>61# fghg ibrig db 6%111 neknlrgetbs mgpjebsbs be

ijcjengs glrijcgs%

G prneinpnjs db cjs gjs 7>>1# sb

bstnkghg qub db 911%111 g 921%111 hrgsncbjs vnvge be cg rblne orjetbrnzg dbc bstb% Tgkhne#

durgetb cjs gjs 7>Fjccged# I%# 8171%



15/111

72

H% Igrgitbrstnigs bspbionigs db cjs lrupjs sjinjiucturgcbs

7% Qubhcj Gif

Brge ijejindjs tgkhne ijkj Lugyg`# ueg dbejknegine bxtbreg g su iucturg qub beinbrrg

gitntudbs dbsprbingtnvgs fging bstb pubhcj nedlbeg# iuyj snlenonigdj cntbrgc sbrg rgte dbc

kjetb% Bccjs sb gutjdbejknege Gif &pbrsjeg# pbrsjeg vbrdgdbrg.% Cg gutj+dbejknegine

tenig oub kbeinjegdg pjr prnkbrg vbz pjr cg Drg% Yusen` be 7>?1# knbetrgs qub jtrjs gutjrbs

cbs ccgkge Gif+Lugyg`%

Bstjs nedlbegs ccgkge cg gtbeine pjr bc ijcjr db su pnbc &hcgeig.# sus jmjs icgrjs# cg hgrhg be

cjs vgrjebs# y jtrjs rgsljs onsjeknijs qub cjs dnobrbeinge db jtrjs lrupjs tenijs# fghntgetbs

db cg knskg sbcvg jrnbetgc% Xbspbitj g bstb puetj# sb fg fghcgdj neicusj db cg pjsnhncndgd db

qub sbge dbsibednbetbs db pubhcjs bxtnijs# ijkj cjs vn`neljs# mgpjebsbs u jtrjs dbc Gsng# cj

iugc ej pgsg db sbr kbrg bspbiucgine% Yb trgtg db ue lrupj qub oub kuy rbsnstbetb gc

ijetgitj ije cjs hcgeijs# husi rboulnj be cgs sbcvgs trjpnigcbs db cg Xblne Jrnbetgc y oub

hrutgckbetb pbrsblundj pjr cjs pgrglugyjs%71

Cbelug

Dnvbrsjs gutjrbs bstudngrje bc tbkg db cg oncngine db cjs Gif g cg ogkncng cnelstnig lugrge%

Cjs bstudnjsjs jorbibe djs fnptbsns= ueg# bs cg tbjrg db qub sbge jrnlnegrngkbetb Lugrge

qub dbsgrrjccgrje ueg prjpng iucturg% Cg jtrg bs cg db qub sb trgtg db ue lrupj lugrgenzgdj# j

sbg ue lrupj tenij dnobrbetbs qub oub sjkbtndj iucturgckbetb be tnbkpjs rbkjtjs pjr

nedlbegs db cbelug lugrge%

Cjs Gif# pgrg igzgr y ej sbr igzgdjs# fge ndbgdj ue snstbkg db snlejs# ijkj bc db cjs

sjrdjkudjs# ije cg dnobrbeing db qub cjs snlejs ej sje fbifjs ije cgs kgejs snej ije cjs

ksiucjs inriukhuigcbs%

Knrglcng77 dbsirnhb gs su snstbkg db ijkuenigine ije snlejs= Fb jhsbrvgdj qub iugedj ue

Gif qunbrb ijkuenigrsb ije ue ijkpgbrj be cg betrbdnifg kgebrg# sb cb ijcjig db orbetb%

Be bc igsj db qub dnifj ijkpgbrj bst db bspgcdgs# cb dg ueg pgckgdg pgrg qub sb d vubctg%

Betjeibs sb pjebe be ijkuenigine ije cjs kjvnknbetjs db cjs cghnjs% Cj pubdj gsblurgr pjr

fghbr fbifj kns jhsbrvginjebs g kbejs db ue kbtrj db dnstgeing= cjs Gif ej snchge# en

71

]gegrdnen y Hnbdbrkgee# 811?%77Knrglcng# C%# 7>


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7?

prjduibe enele kurkuccj be cg lgrlgetg% Tgkpjij sb bsiuifg enele vbetrcjiuj% Cjs cghnjs

sb ghrbe y sb inbrrge# sb kubvbe fging cg dbrbifg y fging cg nzqunbrdg# sb bxtnbedbe y sb rbtnrge

&.%

Tbrrntjrnj

Cjs prnkbrjs neojrkbs cjigcnzghge g cjs Gif gc bstb db Qgrglugy y zjegs gdygibetbs db Hrgsnc%

Be cg gitugcndgd cjs Gif# fge qubdgdj rbduindjs# trgs bc prjibsj ijcjenzgdjr g uejs 7%7>1

sble bc Ibesj Eginjegc db 8118# dnstrnhuyedjsb be sbns ijkuendgdbs= Ifupg Qju# Grrjyj

Hgedbrg y @ubtyvy# uhnigdgs be cjs dbpgrtgkbetjs db Igenedby0 Qubrtj Hgrrg# be bc Gctj

Qgrge0 ^pbtyk# be Iggzgp# y Ibrrj Kjrjt# be Igglugz%

Gc onegc db cjs gjs ?1 y ijknbezjs db cjs


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747# bc bstudnjsj Knrglcng#

intgdj pjr Ifgsb Ygrdn# dbig= Qgrg cjs pbjebs pgrglugyjs dbc bstb# kgtgr g ue Lugyg` ej

scj ijestntuyb ue dbcntj# snej qub bs ueg giine dnleg db bcjlnj# ijkj igzgr ue mglugr% Betrb

cgs egrrginjebs dbc pgrglugyj Kgxnkncngej _nccgchg kb nkprbsnje bc igsj db ue Lugyg`

rboulngdj be ue rhjc gctj# qub oub rjdbgdj y jhcnlgdj g dbsibedbr pgrg rbednrsb# pbrj bc

nedlbeg prbonrn rjkpbrsb bc irebj prbinpntedjsb gc subcj%

Dbspus db vbnetb gjs bc knskj Knrglcng gsblurg qub cg sntugine bkpbjr# pjrqub cjs

Lugyg`# iuyg rbsbrvg db igzg sb rbduib prjlrbsnvgkbetb# nkpucsgdjs pjr bc fgkhrb# sgqubge

cgs pcgetginjebs db kgz y db kgednjig db cjs pgrglugyjs# gdbks db ghgtnr gcluejs genkgcbs

vgiuejs db cjs lgegdbrjs pgrg ijkbr% Dbspus db bstj jiurrbe obrjibs rbprbsgcngs% Be cgs

gcdbgs sntugdgs ibrig db cg zjeg Lugyg` bste cjs bsicgvnstgs qub jrlgenzge igibrgs be

hsqubdg db cjs sncvijcgs% Yjrprbedbe g ueg ogkncng Lugyg` y cublj db fghbr gsbsnegdj g cjs

pgdrbs# ccbvge g cjs enjs pgrg vbedbrcjs% Bc pubhcj db Yge Muge Ebpjkuibej# g snbtb

`nckbtrjs gc sur bstb db Ghgn# brg ijesndbrgdj ijkj bc ibetrj prneinpgc db bstb kbrigdj%

Bc prbsndbetb db cg GNQ# Cuns Gchjspnej# dbeueinghg be cjs gjs 2> y ?1# gc pubhcj pgrglugyj# cg

lrgvb sntugine db cjs Gif# pjr cg pbrsbiuine dbspngdgdg db cjs invncnzgdjs y pjr cg

sntugine db fgkhrueg y beobrkbdgdbs qub cjs gibifghge% Yble Gchjspnej# fghrg djs

igusgs qub bxpcnige cg irubcdgd db cjs igkpbsnejs ijetrg cjs Gif% Rej sbrg bc ijkpcbmj getn+

nedlbeg qub ejs vnbeb db cjs jrlbebs knskjs db eubstrg eginjegcndgd# iugedj bc kbstnzj#

dbsprbingdj pjr cjs bspgjcbs# iuyj kuedj sjingc ej pjdg ojrkgr# dbsprbin g su vbz gc

nedlbeg% ^ cg jtrg igusg rgdnigrg# be ueg bspbinb db btejibetrnskj rbcnlnjsj# qub ijesndbrg g

cjs ej hgutnzgdjs ijkj sbrbs neobrnjrbs%

Cbe Igdjlge# be 7>?1# ejs dbig qub cjs igkpbsnejs usge bc buobknskj sgigr dbc kjetb

pgrg nednigr cg bsicgvnzgine y dnib qub c ijet 27 bsicgvjs scj be bc Dbpgrtgkbetj db

Lugnr% Bc Lrgc% Xgke Isgr Hbmgrgej dnj ueg cnstg db 88 Gif bsicgvnzgdgs# kuifgs db bccgs

kumbrbs% Getb cjs trlnijs dbshjrdbs y gtrjpbccjs fging bc pubhcj Gif sb ojrk ue lrupj db

pbrsjegs dbindndgs g hrblgr pjr su dbobesg% Yb ojrk ue igkpgkbetj be Grrjyj Kjrjtn# ibrig

db Ghgn# be bc dnstrntj db Yge Muge Ebpjkuibej% Bstb gsbetgknbetj tuvj kuifgs vninsntudbs#



18/111


19/111

7>

8% Qubhcj Gelgnt

Cjs prnkbrjs rblnstrjs hnhcnjlronijs djedb sb kbeinjeg cg pgcghrg Gelgnt db jrnlbe Lugrge

iuyg trgduiine cntbrgc gc bspgjc bs gfjrg knskj j hnbe gckg vbrdgdbrg+ dgtge db cg betrgdg

dbc bxpcjrgdjr Ijknelbs# g onegcbs dbc snlcj VNV# be sus neiursnjebs gc ejrtb dbc rj Qgrglugy% Yu

gutjdbejknegine bs Bescbt# getbrnjrkbetb sb dbejkneghge @yjkg# qub snlenonig lbetb

ijke%

Be bc trghgmj rbgcnzgdj pjr Orgeij b Nkgz &811?. sb ijestgt qub cg uendgd dbejknegdg

Gelgnt bst ijeojrkgdj pjr pbrsjegs qub sb gdsirnhbe g trbs lrupjs dnobrbeingdjs#

prbbxnstbetbs gc neninj db cg ijcjenzgine y qub pjsbbe dnobrbeings ndnjktnigs betrb s= cjs

@jgfcvj`# cjs @jnbtbvbs y cjs @jemgegvg%

Cbelug

Cjs Gelgnt pbrbtbebibe g cg ogkncng cnelstnig Bebefcbt j Kgs`jy% Bstg uendgd cnelstnig bst

ijeojrkgdg pjr cjs pubhcjs Bexbt &cbelug gc ejrtb.# Becfbt &cbelug

sur.# Ygegpgeg# Lugeg# Tjhg Kgs`jy y Gelgnt%

Kuifjs Gelgnt bste giucturgdjs0 gdbks bs inbrtj qub vgrnjs mvbebs fgstg pbrdnbrje su

ndnjkg fghcgedj ue lugrge mjpgr%

Cg cgrlg fnstjrng dbc ijetgitj ije knsnjebrjs rbcnlnjsjs oub igkhngedj su ndnjkg kgtbrej g

ogvjr dbc usj dbc lugrge% Bc Ibesj Eginjegc db 8118 ijestgt qub db 46? Gelgnt qub snlube

vnvnbedj be Yge Igrcjs# bc >2" kbeinjeg bc lugrge ijkj su ndnjkg db prbobrbeing%

Tbrrntjrnj

Cg fnstjrng dbc pubhcj Gelgnt bst nesbrtg lbjlronigkbetb fging bc ejrjbstb dbc tbrrntjrnjifgqubj% Yu fhntgt trgdninjegc ijkprbedg dbsdb bc Xngifj Lgcvge# Xngifj Yge Igrcjs# be sus

dbsbkhjigdurgs be bc Xj Qgrglugy%

Yble cjs dgtjs dbc Ibesj Nedlbeg dbc 8118# cjs Gelgnt sb beiubetrge gsbetgdjs be 8?

ijkuendgdbs be cjs trbs dbpgrtgkbetjs db cg rblne Jiindbetgc y ueg ijkuendgd be bc

dbpgrtgkbetj db Ijeibpine%

Fgy lrupjs lrgedbs db Gelgnt uhnigdjs be Ygeigrcjs# sjhrb bc rj Qgrglugy# ue pjij ks gc

sur db Qubrtj Qnegsij0 jtrjs lrupjs be cg zjeg db Qubrtj Igsgdj y be cgs dnobrbetbs



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81

ijkuendgdbs be cg tnbrrg ijejindg ijkj Xngifj Kjsquntj# gc ejrtb db Qubrtj Igsgdj% Tgkhne

bxnstbe Gelgnt be Ygetj Djknelj# ijkuendgd uhnigdg g 7< `k% gc ejrtb db Tbenbetb

Kjetgeg &Dbpgrtgkbetj db Hjqubre.# be cg zjeg db Dnbz Cblugs# be bc Dbpgrtgkbetj db

Qrbsndbetb Fgygs y be Igsgenccj0 be cg Qgtrng y be eukbrjsgs bstgeings db cg zjeg% 79

Fging onebs db cjs sbsbetg# cg Knsne Eubvgs Trnhus betr be ueg rbcgine db ijetgitj ije cjs

nedlbegs Gelgnt% Bstjs lrupjs ijetghge ije ueg cgrlg fnstjrng db ijetgitjs ije bc pubrtj y

cjs jhrgmbs tgenebrjs y ije cgs bstgeings db cg zjeg% Fghge tbendj# gdbks# ijetgitjs ije cjs

knsnjebrjs sgcbsngejs y gelcnigejs% Bc trghgmj knsnjebrj sb nenin be Tup Xbed# y g pjijs

gjs# cg bkprbsg ijkbez g vbedbr sus tnbrrgs# cj qub be 7>>2 cjs Gelgnt bste dnsbknegdjs pjr cgs bstgeings dbc Ifgij= Bstgeing Tup Xbed0

Bstgeing Trbnetg y Trbs0 bstgeing Cglueg Xby+Iugrbetb0 bstgeing Ygetg Kenig0 bstgeing `k 26

Bc Tnlrb# bstgeing Cglueg Lugz y bstgeing Igrgyg _ubctg%

Bspnrntugcndgd

Cg neningine ifgkenig sb dg dbsdb cg trgesobrbeing db ueg sbrnb db ijejinknbetjs tgelnhcbs b

netgelnhcbs qub ijknbezg dbsdb kuy tbkprgeg bdgd% Cg igpgindgd db kgenpucgr bcbkbetjs y

cg kgenobstgine db pjdbr bst snlegdg pjr cg ojrtgcbzg db bsprntu db qunbe rbinhb cgs

besbgezgs% Bc mjvbe bs neningdj g pgrtnr dbc ijesukj db pcgetgs db igritbr sglrgdj qub

rbinhb dbc ifgkge qunbe cj nening% Bc igknej g sblunr db bstb mjvbe dbpbedb yg db su ogiuctgd

db pjdbr ccbvgr cj qub sb cb fg dgdj% Yjcj be inriuestgeings rnbsljsgs# ijkj netjxnigine# bs

gtbedndj pjr bc ifgke% Bc neningdj tnbeb cnhbrtgd db giine y bcbiine be iugetj gc pjdbr be c

nevbstndj%

Cjs cdbrbs bspnrntugcbs tnbebe bc rjc db sgegr g cjs beobrkjs y db ijeojrtgr g cjs bsprntus

gocnlndjs0 gs ijkj tgkhne rbduinr bc envbc db gesnbdgd dbetrj dbc lrupj% Cjs Qygvjfckg &cdbr

bspnrntugc. gijesbmge g cjs knbkhrjs db su pubhcj be rbcgine g cg dnrbiine qub dbhbe tjkgr

dbsdb iubstnjebs bcbkbetgcbs ijkj cg igzg# rbijcbiine y iuctnvj# fgstg cg kgenpucgine db

79]gegrdnen y Hnbdbrkgee# 811?# p%812%

74 Ytgfc# \%# 811>%



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87

bcbkbetjs pgrg cjlrgr rbsuctgdjs bspbrgdjs pjr cg lbetb% Yje cg oubetb db sghndurg djedb

rbpjsge cjs ijejinknbetjs egturgcbs db bstb kuedj y dbc kuedj db cjs bsprntus%

Xbcgine ije cg sjinbdgd eginjegc

Cublj dbc dbspjmj db sus tnbrrgs geibstrgcbs# cjs Gelgnt trghgmgrje pjr igsn ?1 gjs be cgs

bkprbsgs tgenebrgs gs ijkj be cgs bstgeings% G pgrtnr db cg neijrpjrgine dbc trghgmj

gsgcgrngdj# sb dg ue qunbhrb be cg utncnzgine db su cbelug# snbedj bc Lugrge cg ojrkg vbrhgc db

rbcginjegknbetj betrb ijetrgtnstgs# igpgtgibs y pbjebs%

Be 7>62# cublj dbc qunbhrb db cgs bijejkgs db pubrtj# cjs Gelgnt vjcvnbrje g su zjeg db

jrnlbe% Bstb pbrnjdj kgrig ue kjkbetj nkpjrtgetb be cg rbglrupgine y rbgsbetgknbetj db

cjs getnlujs tbrrntjrnjs db cjs pubhcjs Gelgnt# qunbebs oubrje gpjygdjs pjr cg Nlcbsng

Gelcnigeg# bc NEDN &Nestntutj Eginjegc dbc Nedlbeg.# GQN &Gsjingine Qgrglugyg Nednlbenstg.#

Ouedgine Netbrgkbrnigeg# betrb jtrjs% Bstg sntugine sb tjre jpjrtueg pgrg cjs knsnjebrjs

ije bc one db ijevbrtnr g cjs egtnvjs g cg Hubeg Eubvg# prjfnhnbedj cg lrge kgyjrg db sus

pritnigs trgdninjegcbs%



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88

9% Qubhcj Gv Lugrge

Brge ijejindjs tgkhne ijkj Ifnrnpg# Gv Ifnrnp# tgkhne ijkj Ifnrnp+Lugrge j Gv+`gtu+

bt% Bccjs sb gutjdbejknege Gv Lugrge# j sbg fjkhrb lugrge0 sne bkhgrlj# bc trknej Gv

tnbeb ijeejtginjebs dbspbitnvgs be bc cbelugmb ijke db cjs pgrglugyjs# utncnzedjsb dnifg

pgcghrg ijkj ueg jobesg fging gclunbe# j pgrg bxprbsgr qub ueg pbrsjeg bs db kgc lbenj j bs

trgninjebrg%

Cbelug

Dbejknege g su cbelug Gvg bb% Ej utncnzge su prjpnj ndnjkg ije cjs dbks# be jtrgs

ijkuendgdbs fghcge mjpgr j Ifjrjt%

Tbrrntjrnj

Cjs bspginjs fghntgdjs pjr bstb pubhcj ijkbezgrje g suornr cg dbojrbstgine be cg digdg db

cjs sbsbetg# db tgc kgebrg qub sb vnbrje jhcnlgdjs g husigr gctbregtnvgs g su kjdj db

suhsnstbeing trgdninjegc% Yu bspginj lbjlronij fg sndj ijpgdj pjr cjs hrgsncbrjs# begmbeedjsb

kuifgs db sus tnbrrgs g ogvjr db lrgedbs bkprbsgs dbc Hrgsnc# be bspbingc iuctnvgdjrbs

kbigenzgdjs db sjmg% Cg ijestruiine db cg rutg Ijrjebc Jvnbdj+Xj Qgrge# cg ouedgine db

Inudgd dbc Bstb# cg ijestruiine dbc pubetb Db cg Gknstgd betrb Qgrglugy y Hrgsnc y

onegckbetb cg rbprbsg fndrjbcitrnig db Ntgnp tgkhne ijetrnhuybrje g gctbrgr

suhstgeingckbetb bc fhntgt db bstg bteng% _grngs ijkuendgdbs fge sndj dbsgcjmgdgs pjr bc

bkhgcsb db cgs glugs db Ntgnp y jhcnlgdgs g rbuhnigrsb be culgrbs pbqubjs# orbiubetbkbetb

negdbiugdjs pgrg su vndg%

Be cg gitugcndgd cjs Gv Lugrge sb dnstrnhuybe be cjs dbpgrtgkbetjs= Gctj Qgrge# &Ntg`yry#

Fbregedgrngs y Khgrgigy. Gkgkhgy# &Igpnte Hgdj. Igenedby &Ygctj dbc Lugnr# Ijrpus

Ifrnstn Yge Nsndrj dbc Iurulugty# _nccg ^lgtnk# Lrgc%Orgeinsij I% Gcvgrbz# @gtubtb# Eubvg

Bspbrgezg# ^p Mf. Ijeibpine# Yge Qbdrj &Igpnnhgry# Lrgc% Nsndjrj Xbsque# Yge Bstgenscgj.#

Igglugz &Kigc% Orgeinsij Y% Cpbz# Xgc G% Jvnbdj# Yge Mjgque# ^f% Reg ijkuendgd rbsndb

be Gsueine%72

72Dnrbiine Lbebrgc db Bstgdstnigs# Beiubstgs y Ibesj &DLBBI.# Gtcgs db cgs Ijkuendgdbs Nedlbegs be

bc Qgrglugy# 8114%



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24/111

84

Bc g`gelug# trgdninjegc gdjrej pcukgrnj pgrg cg ighbzg db cjs ifgkgebs# bs ijeobiinjegdj

ije pbqubgs pcukgs db tuie j cjrj lugigkgyj gpcnigdgs sjhrb ueg hgedg orjetgc tbmndg ije

onhrg db gcljde j db jrtnlg hrgvg% Tgetj bc g`gelug ijkj cjs ijccgrbs ibrbkjengcbs sje

ijeobiinjegdjs pjr bc knskj ifgke qub fghr db usgrcjs be sus pritnigs rntugcbs# Be bc

g`gelug bst rbprbsbetgdg cg onlurg dbc sjc# `urgfy# qunbe fgib usj db bstg pnbzg pgrg

beorbetgr g mglu# qub kubrb onegckbetb# ijesukndj pjr cjs rgyjs sjcgrbs# tgc iugc cj egrrg cg

trgdnine be bc Inicj db cjs Lbkbcjs%


Cjs Gv Lugrge qub vnvbe be cg zjeg db Igenedby y Gctj Qgrge oubrje jhcnlgdjs g trghgmgr

be cjs ybrhgtgcbs db cg Nedustrngc Qgrglugyg Y%G% g pgrtnr db onebs dbc snlcj VNV% Bs ijejindg cg

trlnig sntugine db cjs trghgmgdjrbs db cjs ybrhgcbs# qub tuvj bij be cjs bsirntjs db Xgogbc

Hgrrbt be cjs prnkbrjs gjs dbc snlcj VV% Be bc snstbkg db trghgmj bsicgvnstg db cjs ybrhgcbs# cjs

dubjs ijetrgtghge ueg pbrsjeg pgrg rbgcnzgr cgs tgrbgs db snbkhrg# ijsbifg y bcghjrgine0

bstb ijetrgtnstg tjkghg g su vbz g jtrg pbrsjeg ijkj suh ijetrgtnstg# y stb fgig cj prjpnj

ije ue tbribrj y gs suibsnvgkbetb# fgstg ccblgr gc ctnkj genccj# bc db cjs ks bxpcjtgdjs# qub

brge# pjr supubstj# cjs nedlbegs# be bstb igsj cjs Gv Lugrge%

Be 7>


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82

4% Qubhcj Gyjrbj

Cg pgcghrg Gyjrbj j Gyjrbjdb snlenonig fjkhrb# pbrsjeg# sbr fukgej y bs prjeueingdg

gyjwbj pjr djs db cgs trbs ojrkgs dngcbitgcbs dbetrj db bstb ndnjkg% Yb cbs ijejig

ijkekbetb ije bc ejkhrb db Kjrjs j Qytg Mjvn &djhcb tgce. g igusg dbc igczgdj db pnbc db

tgpnr ije ojrkg rbitgelucgr% Gyjrbdnb sb utncnzg pgrg bc lebrj obkbenej%

Cjs Kjrjs brge cjs nednjs ks tbkndjs be bc Ifgij pgrglugyj# dbhndj g kuifgs cbybedgs qub

sb irbgrje gcrbdbdjr suyj= gs pjr bmbkpcj# sb cbs ijesndbrghg igehgcbs# kgtjebs#

trgninjebrjs# vbelgtnvjs# bti% Oub ue pubhcj lubrrbrj djedb bc ijrgmb y cg vgcbetg tbege ue

culgr prbpjedbrgetb y rbsnstnbrje bc beiubetrj ije cjs hcgeijs fgstg bc onegc% Cjs Gyjrbj sb

snbetbe jrluccjsjs db su bteng y sb ijesndbrge supbrnjrbs g cjs dbks lrupjs tenijs% Bxnstbe

snbtb icgebs j gpbccndjs qub sb trgeskntbe pgtrncnebgckbetb= Ifnquejn# Qnigebrgn# Btgijrn#

Djsgpbn# Iutgkjrgmgn# Qjsjrgmgn y Meuruknen%

Cbelug

Bc Qubhcj Gyjrbj ojrkg pgrtb db cg ogkncng cnelstnig ]gkuij y sb dnvndb be trbs suh

pgringcndgdbs= cjs Lundgnljsjdb &cjs qub vnvbe be cgs gcdbgs.# cjs Lgrgnljsjdbs &cjs fghntgetbs

db cjs igkpjs hgmjs. y cjs Tjtjhnbljsjdb &cjs dbc culgr djedb ghuedge cjs pbigr.%

Tbrrntjrnj

Cg uhnigine lbjlronig trgdninjegc dbc pubhcj gyjrbj bs# lrge pgrtb dbc ejrtb dbc Lrge Ifgij y

ueg pbqubg pjrine db cg Ifnquntgeg hjcnvngeg% Gitugckbetb cjs Gyjrbj jiupge ue tbrrntjrnj

dnvndndj pjr cg orjetbrg betrg Qgrglugy y Hjcnvng# ijetgedj ije 78 ijkuendgdbs be tbrrntjrnj

hjcnvngej# be cg zjeg ijkprbedndg betrg Ygetg Iruz db cg Ynbrrg y bc rj Qgrglugy y ije 71

ijkuendgdbs be Qgrglugy%

Bxnstb ue rbduindj lrupj db Gyjrbj sncvijcgs dbgkhucgedj be bc Ifgij# g vbibs be cg zjeg

jbstb db cg rbitg Tbenbetb Kjetgeg+Kgdrbme# g vbibs gpgrbibe sus fubccgs be bc Ibrrj Cbe0

be jigsnjebs be Glug Ducib0 pjr kjkbetjs be Ifjvjrbig0 j tgkhne gc ejrtb db Gjijmgedn%

Tjdjs bstjs dbspcgzgknbetjs sbgcge qub bc lrupj vnvb su vndg ekgdg trgdninjegc be

hsqubdg db rbiursjs0 b neicusj fgy sbgcbs db qub bc lrupj sb fghrg rbduindj g pbqubjs

suhlrupjs pgrg jptnknzgr cjs bsigsjs rbiursjs db igzg y rbijcbiine qub ge bxnstbe be bc

Ifgij%

Bspnrntugcndgd

Cg kntjcjlg gyjrbj rbcgtg sjhrb ue tnbkpj jrnlnegrnj be bc qub cg egturgcbzg y cg iucturg brge

ueg sjcg ijsg% Xbine cublj# g trgvs dbc usj dbc oublj y dbc cbelugmb# cjs gyjrjdb sb oubrje



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dnstnelunbedj dbc rbstj db cjs sbrbs% Bxnstbe trbs ijeibptjs icgvbs qub belcjhge su ijeibpine

dbc betjrej= bc ijetgitj db uenrn# bc tbrrntjrnj0 cjs ijeibptjs db brgkn y brgkjeb# bc kjetb y bc

kuedj0 y pjr ctnkj bc ijeibptj db meukn# cg tnbrrg%76

Cjs Gyjrbj dnobrbeinge betrb bc fjkhrb osnij+sjingc y su ijetrgpgrtb squnig% Be bc netbrnjr

&gmbn. rbsndb bc gckg &gynpn.# betndgd ije bc iugc sb pnbesg# betnbedb# gkg# bejmg# bti% Inbrtgs

iugcndgdbs squnigs# ijkj bc ijrgmb# tnbebe ue jrnlbe nedbpbednbetb be ue geibstrj

jrnlnegrnj &mgenhgmgn. y pubdbe sbr pjsbdgs be ojrkg egturgc# j uej sb pubdb gprjpngr db

bccgs# j girbibetgrcjs g trgvs db rntugcbs bspbingcbs# ijkj igetjs# dgezgs# iubetjs# pnetgrsb be

eblrj# bti% Jtrg betndgd bs bc gckg bxtbrnjr &jrblgt.# j sbg# bc djhcb# qub gitg oubrg dbc

iubrpj be ojrkg db sjkhrg# nkglbe# subj# trgeib% Knbetrgs gitg# snlub be ijestgetb

ijkuenigine ije bc gckg netbrnjr# qub rbnstrgs tjdj cj qub vb y cj qub fgib% Iugedj kubrtb cg

pbrsjeg# bc gynpn sb bxtnelub0 bc jrblgt# sne bkhgrlj# sb vg gc culgr db cjs kubrtjs# qub sb

irbb qub bxnstb hgmj cg tnbrrg% &Cned# 7>

Qgrtb db cg kbkjrng ijcbitnvg tgkhne ojrkge cjs snstbkgs db bxpcnigine qub tnbebe su jrnlbe

be cjs tnbkpjs db cjs getbpgsgdjs kntjclnijs% Bstjs Megenhgmgdb# pjr prjibsjs db

trgesojrkginjebs kctnpcbs# fghge irbgdj g cjs sbrbs db cg egturgcbzg y g cjs Gyjrbj# y fghge

dbmgdj cgs rblcgs db ikj tbege qub rbcginjegrsb cjs uejs ije cjs jtrjs% Gs# pjr bmbkpcj# bc

Mgegenhgmgn Meuk sb trgesojrkg be cg tnbrrg b nevnt g cjs dbks pgrg igknegr sjhrb c%

Cgs pcgetgs# cjs genkgcbs y cgs ijsgs rbinhbe su sbetndj# su ijebxne ije cg iucturg fukgeg# g

trgvs db ue kntj qub jorbib cjs ijejinknbetjs sjhrb bccjs% Be tnbkpjs getbrnjrbs# bstj neicug

ijejibr tjdjs cjs tghbs pgrg kgetbebrsb be bquncnhrnj ije su betjrej egturgc y bspnrntugc%

Tgcbs prjfnhninjebs# puyg`# prbsirnhge bc kgebmj gdbiugdj db jhmbtjs# ijkndgs# rbcginjebs

sjingcbs# bti% Qjr bmbkpcj# g cjs mvbebs sb prjfnhg oukgr cg pnpg pjrqub beobrkgrge# g ueg

kumbr cb bstghg prjfnhndj ijkbr fubvjs db tjrtulg# pjrqub cb igusgrg ijkpcniginjebs be bc

pgrtj% Ijkbr igreb ije lrgsg pjr cg ejifb brg puyg`# pjrqub igusgrg ue subj gkbegzgetb#

qub pjstbrnjrkbetb sb ijevbrtnrg be rbgcndgd% Bc glrniuctjr ej dbhbrg goncgr sus fbrrgknbetgs

be cg ifgirg# pjrqub bstj gtrgb pcglgs% Bstjs ijejinknbetjs y jtrjs qub sb glrblgrje dbspus#

fghge pbrkntndj g cjs Gyjrbj sjhrbvnvnr be bc Ifgij%81

76Lcgusbr# K%# 811>%7>

Ytgfc# \%# 811


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82? oub igpturgdj ue gyjrbj y grrgeigdj vnjcbetgkbetb db su kuedj icenij%87 G

pgrtnr db 7>221 y 7>?1# cjs Gyjrbj oubrje ijetgitgdjs pjr knsnjebrjs rbcnlnjsjs

be Hjcnvng y Qgrglugy% Dbsdb bsb kjkbetj fge sndj rbduindjs tbrrntjrngckbetb#

sbdbetgrnzgdjs y bvgelbcnzgdjs sne su ijesbetnknbetj# ije cj qub sus tbrrntjrnjs qubdgrje sne

su prjtbiine y oubrje jiupgdjs# sgqubgdjs y be lrge pgrtb dbstrundjs pjr cg sjinbdgd

bevjcvbetb% Be cg gitugcndgd# cg Rene db Egtnvjs Gyjrbjs dbc Qgrglugy &REGQ. bst rbgcnzgedj

bsoubrzjs pjr rbiupbrgr su getnluj tbrrntjrnj% 88

Gcrbdbdjr db 7>21# cgs knsnjebs ejrtbgkbrnigegs Yjutf Gkbrnige Nednge Knssnje &YGNK. y

Ebw Trnhbs Knssnje &ETK.89 ijetgitgrje ije cjs lrupjs gyjrbj be Hjcnvng y cublj be Qgrglugy#

ije cg ijkpcnindgd db cgs ijcjengs kbeejentgs# ijevbeinedjcbs db ghgedjegr sus tbrrntjrnjs b

netbetgedj bvgelbcnzgrcjs% Cg Knsne Eubvgs Trnhus bkprbedn giinjebs qub dbsbkhjigrje be

ue ijetgitj ije cjs Gyjrbj dbc lrupj Lundgnljsjdb &cjs pjhcgdjrbs db cgs gcdbgs. ije qunbebs

87 Be bc 811># sb prbsbet bc cnhrj (Igpturg dbc gyjrbj Mjs Nqubhn(# bsirntj pjr Dbnsy Gkgrnccg y Mjs Nqubhn

Qjsjrgmg%88Lcgusbr# K%# 811>%

89Cg Knsne g Eubvgs Trnhus bs ueg jhrg bvgelbcnzgdjrg db ue lrupj db nlcbsngs bvgelcnigs db

jrnbetgine hgutnstg be cjs Bstgdjs Rendjs%



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bstghcbinbrje ueg prnkbrg hgsb knsnjegc be Ogrj Kjrj# gc sur dbc Ibrrj Cbe# knsne qub cublj

sb trgscgd g Igkpj Cjrj% Be 71# cg knsne Eubvgs Trnhus ijetgit ije ue snlenonigtnvj lrupj

db sncvijcgs Tjtjhnbljsjdb &cjs qub vnvbe be cg zjeg db cjs ifgeifjs sncvbstrbs. qub oubrje

glrblgdjs g cg knsne# prjduinedjsb be bc ijetgitj vgrngs kubrtbs pjr bpndbkngs b negenine

iucturgc%

Jtrjs lrupjs sgcnbrje dbc kjetb dbsdb cjs prnkbrjs gjs db cg digdg dbc 1# dbhndj g cg prbsne irbinbetb sjhrb su tbrrntjrnj y g cg nkpjsnhncndgd db sblunr ije su

kjdj db vndg y db lgrgetnzgr su sjhrbvnvbeing% G pgrtnr db cjs gjs 64# cg GNQ ijesnlub 81%111 fbitrbgs pgrg cg bteng# be ueg zjeg

bxibpinjegckbetb rnig# fhntgt jrnlnegc db cjs Gyjrbj% Gcc sb gsnbetge 7< ogkncngs% Yb ijesnlub

bc rbijejinknbetj db sus cdbrbs y cublj cg pbrsjebrg murdnig# be 7>>7% Be bstjs kjkbetjs# sb

kbesurg cg prjpnbdgd y sb prbpgrge jhrgs db neorgbstruiturg# pgrg betrblrsbcgs g cjs gyjrbj

sbcvijcgs y g cjs qub dbhndj g ccg ccblgdg db cg bebrlg bcitrnig db cg rbprbsg db Ntgnp g cgs

ijcjengs kbeejentgs+ pbrdbrge su trghgmj db fgifbrjs pgrg gcnkbetgr cgs ohrnigs% Cgs tgrbgs

dbc Qrjybitj Gyjrbj ijetgrje ije cg ijcghjrgine dbc Qgdrb Mjs ]gegrdnen y bc onegeingknbetj

db cg ouedgine ejrublg Ejrgd%84

84Ifgsb# K% y Yusen`# H%# 7>>2%



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2%Qubhcj Becfbt

Yu dbejknegine getbrnjr brg pjwj` bbetfcnt# qub snlenonig pgrnbetb# prmnkj# sble bc

Dniinjegrnj Becfbt db Reruf y @gcnsif &7>>


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Guequb cg rbuene db cjs djs lrupjs befcbt &cbelug ejrtb. y bexbt &cbelug sur. hgmj bc ejkhrb

Cbelug bs ghsjcutgkbetb usugc# dbsdb bc puetj db vnstg cnelstnij sb ijesndbrg prjhcbktnij#

yg qub sus rbspbitnvgs kgebrgs db fghcgr ej pbrkntbe ue oinc betbednknbetj kutuj%

Dbspus qub cjs dnobrbetbs lrupjs becfbt dbc Ifgij Qgrglugyj tuvnbrje ijetgitj ije cg lbetb

db oubrg# bstjs ctnkjs kuy prjetj snetnbrje cg ebibsndgd db usgr cjs ndnjkgs gutitjejs be

ojrkg bsirntg% Gs irbgrje djs snstbkgs# hgstgetb snkncgrbs gc ijknbezj= bc snstbkg sur db cg

knsne gelcnigeg# bc ks vnbmj0 y bc snstbkg ejrtb db cg knsne kbeejentg ouedgkbetgdj

prneinpgckbetb be bc getbrnjr% Bc rbg db usj db cjs djs snstbkgs# ijkj bc rbg db cjs djs

eicbjs knsnjebrjs# ijneindn ije bc rbg db djs dnobrbetbs ndnjkgs dbc lrupj cnelstnij

becfbt# be bexbt &getbrnjrkbetb ccgkgdj cbelug sur. y be befcbt &getbrnjrkbetb ccgkgdj

cbelug ejrtb.# rbspbitnvgkbetb%

Tbrrntjrnj

Bstb pubhcj fghntghg geibstrgckbetb cg rblne ibetrgc dbc Ifgij Qgrglugyj% Bc igkhnj be sus

kjdjs trgdninjegcbs db vndg sb dnj ije cg pbebtrgine dbc kuedj ej nedlbeg be sus

tbrrntjrnjs# cg Lubrrg dbc Ifgij y cg ccblgdg db cjs ijcjejs kbeejentgs% Fjy bste gsbetgdjs be

ineij hgrrnjs be cgs ibrigegs db cjs ibetrjs db cgs ijcjengs kbeejentgs dbc Ifgij Ibetrgc y be

ineij ijkuendgdbs ije ttucjs prjpnjs%

Cjs Becfbt bste gsbetgdjs be cjs dbpgrtgkbetjs db Hjqubre# Qrbsndbetb Fgybs y Gctj

Qgrglugy# be cg zjeg db cgs ijcjengs kbeejentgs y be cg zjeg db cg Knsne Gelcnigeg% Yjhrb su

dnspbrsne y hsqubdg db trghgmj gsgcgrngdjs be cgs bstgeings j be cgs ijcjengs trgs cjs qunbhrbs

db cg nedustrng dbc tgenej# sb rbpntb cg knskg sntugine be tjdjs cjs pubhcjs Kgs`jy%

G pgrtb db cjs trghgmjs db ifgelg# prgitnige iuctnvjs db suhsnstbeing# gclj db igzg y

rbijcbiine% Fgstg fgib pjij tnbkpj be kuifgs bstgeings db irg db lgegdj vgiuej# brge

bkpcbgdjs pgrg cjs trghgmjs ks pbsgdjs y pglgdjs be bspbinbs# gcnkbetjs y rjpgs% Db tgc

kgebrg# sb bedbudghge ije bc bkpcbgdjr pjr kuifjs gjs# qubdgedj gs gtgdjs pjr bc rbstj

db sus vndgs g ueg rbcgine cghjrgc db bxpcjtgine%

Bspnrntugcndgd



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Cgs onbstgs pbrndnigs# gs ijkj gqubccgs qub ibcbhrge cjs lrgedbs gijetbinknbetjs db cg vndg#

rbvnstbe ueg nkpjrtgeing ouedgkbetgc be cgs ijstukhrbs db cjs pubhcjs nedlbegs# pgrg

netbrrukpnr cg rutneg db cg vndg jrdnegrng y pgrg bxtbrnjrnzgr y ojrtgcbibr sus veiucjs rbcnlnjsjs

y sjingcbs% Bxnstbe snbtb onbstgs prneinpgcbs= ^gekgeg &pgrg ibcbhrgr bc ijknbezj db cg vndg db

kumbr.# \gye`yg &cg onbstg dbc nelrbsj dbc enj gc kuedj db cjs vgrjebs.# @ygnyg &rbcginjegdg

ije bc inicj db cgs bstginjebs dbc gj.# cg onbstg pgrg cg lubrrg# cg onbstg dbc igsgknbetj# cg onbstg

db hnbevbendg g cgs vnsntgs y cg onbstg ouebrgrng%

Bc ifgke jiupg ue culgr prnvncblngdj be cgs ijkuendgdbs# bs rbspbtgdj# ijesuctgdj y tbkndj

g cg vbz% Qgrg sbr ifgke# fgy qub pgsgr pjr ueg neningine kuy sbvbrg% Yb bkpnbzg ije gyuejs

rnlurjsjs# bspbingckbetb ghstbenedjsb db nelbrnr cqundjs0 bc gyuej muetj ije cg nelbstne db

gcluegs fnbrhgs# ccblg g gctbrgr bc snstbkg ebrvnjsj% Qgsge dgs db sjcbdgd fgstg ccblgr g ueg

sntugine db bxtrg pbribpine sbesjrngc# bc ijejindj vngmb bxttnij# djedb cjs gspnrgetbs

jhtnbebe giibsj gc kuedj bspnrntugc y g sus bsprntus guxncngrbs% Dbsiuhrbe kbdngetb vnsnjebs

cgs igusgs y cjs kbdnjs bonigibs pgrg gitugr sjhrb cgs pbrsjegs y rbkjvbr cgs kgcgs neocubeings

igusgdgs db cgs beobrkbdgdbs% Cjs ktjdjs usgdjs# gs ijkj cgs tienigs# sje vgrngdjs#

neicuybedj cg fnpejsns% Cjs ifgkgebs utncnzge cjs bsprntus db cjs genkgcbs# db cgs pcgetgs y db

jtrjs sbrbs isknijs pgrg cjlrgr rbsuctgdjs gprbinghcbs%

Cjs Becfbt snbetbe kuifj tbkjr fging cjs `ncyn`fgkg# qub sje sbrbs supbrnjrbs ije neocubeing

kgcnleg qub pubdbe gpgrbibr be iugcqunbr kjkbetj y culgr# pbrj bspbingckbetb db ejifb%

Yus kgenobstginjebs sje kuy vgrngdgs% Bxnstb pjr bmbkpcj bc `ncyn`fgkg hcgeij# qub egvblg

sjhrb ueg pbqubg bkhgrigine be cjs bstbrjs y cgluegs# subcb snchgr prjduinbedj ue tbkjr

bspgetjsj% Qgrg prjtblbrsb db bstjs neocumjs cjs nedlbegs ijeobiinjeghge ueg vneifg ije

pcukgs# gkucbtjs db oubrtb pjdbr ebutrgcnzgdjr% Jtrj `ncyn`fgkg tnbeb cg gpgrnbeing db ue

enj db djib gjs# ije djs cuibs oubrtbs y hrnccgetbs be cg ighbzg% Cjs Becfbt vnvge be

ijestgetb tbkjr db bstjs sbrbs sjhrbegturgcbs# y bstjs bsprntus brge utncnzgdjs pjr cjs

ifgkgebs pgrg ccbvgr g ighj sus gituginjebs%

Jtrj bsprntu bs bc gpfgelg`# qub sje cjs bsprntus db cjs kubrtjs qub kgetnbebe cg knskg

ojrkg y gcturg dbc iubrpj dbc dnouetj0 bstjs bsprntus gedge pjr cg knskg zjeg djedb vnvge y

sb dbdnige g cg knskg gitnvndgd db getbs db ueg ojrkg bspnrntugc% G bstjs bsprntus ej sb cbs

kbeinjeg en sb qunbrb gijrdgr db bccjs% Cg kbtg onegc dbc gpfgelg` sbrg fging bc jbstb djedb

bstgrg bc culgr db cjs kubrtjs% Jtrjs pnbesge qub bc culgr db cjs kubrtjs bst dbhgmj db cg

tnbrrg y jtrjs qub cgs gckgs snlube vglgedj ge%



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Be cgs bstgeings ej sb cbs pbrkntg prgitnigr cg fjrtniucturg j cg igzg# hgmj bc prbtbxtj db qub

pjr su tienig db igibrg# ijesnstbetb be gijrrgcgr ije oublj g cgs prbsgs# snlenonighge ue

pbcnlrj pgrg cgs bstgeings% Cj knskj suibdg iugedj trgtghge db prgitnigr sus ktjdjs

geibstrgcbs db rbijcbiine dbc ijljccj db cg pgckg j pgrg sgigr knbc sncvbstrb%

Ifgsb Ygrdn gsblurg fghbr vnstj inigtrnibs db hgcg be nedlbegs# fbrndjs pjr pbjebs pgrglugyjs

iugedj betrghge g igzgr be tbrrbejs vbdgdjs% Bs ijke qub sb giusb g cjs Becfbt db gitjs db

iugtrbrnskj# prjduindjs pjr cjs prjpnjs irnjccjs db cg zjeg# qunbebs cbvgetghge

orbiubetbkbetb giusginjebs ijetrg cjs nedlbegs%

Fgstg fgib pjigs digdgs# be bc Ifgij pgrglugyj# cjs pgtrjebs gsnleghge uegs dnbz fbitrbgs

pgrg trghgmj db dbskjetb g ue pbqubj lrupj db nedlbegs% YB cbs dghg ijkndg sne pglg y gc

onegc dbc trghgmj rbinhge# sn tjdj bstghg hnbe# ue pgetgce# ueg igknsg# ue igczjeinccj y

zgpgtjebs rstnijs ijkj enij pglj pjr ue trghgmj qub durghg vgrnjs kbsbs% Tgkhne brg

ijke qub sb cbs betrblgrg gcijfjc ijkj pgrtb dbc pglj# neduinedjcjs gc vninj%

Cjs prnkbrjs ijetgitjs ije cjs Cbelug sb dbhbe g cg Nlcbsng Gelcnigeg dbc Qgrglugy be cg

Knsne Nelcbsg Kg`xgwgnyg# qub g cj cgrlj db ks db inbe gjs nkpcbkbet eukbrjsjs

prjybitjs fukgentgrnjs# gs ijkj fninbrje tgkhne jtrgs knsnjebs# fgstg cg qub be pgcghrgs db

]gegrdnen &811?. pjdrgkjs ccgkgr rbvjcuine getrjpjclnig ijkbezgdg be cg digdg db

7>


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Be cg irbbeing db cjs Becfbt+Bexbt# sn gclunbe kubrb db ejifb# bc bsprntu# qub sb dbsprbedb dbc

iubrpj# qubdgrg vglgedj pjr bc culgr irbgedj bspgetjs% Yn sb pnbesg qub gclunbe bst dhnc y

pubdb kjrnr be cg ejifb# sb prjibdb rpndgkbetb g betbrrgrcj getbs db cg igdg dbc sjc#

guequb ej bst tjdgvg kubrtj% Bc betnbrrj sb rbgcnzg be ue pjzj djedb cg pbrsjeg bs ijcjigdg

igsn sbetgdg# be pjsnine obtgc% Brg ijke cublj db cg kubrtb dbstrunr cg ifjzg dbc onegdj y

qubkgr cjs gcrbdbdjrbs# gcluegs vbibs sb kutncghge cjs iubrpjs# pjenedjcb hrgsgs igcnbetbs

hgmj cjs pnbs y sjhrb cg ighbzg0 db cg knskg ojrkg# sble cg beobrkbdgd suorndg# sb kutncghge

dnobrbetbs pgrtbs dbc iubrpj% Yn cg beobrkbdgd brg be cg ighbzg# gpgcbghge bc irebj dbc

igdvbr be bc sbpucirj0 sn brg be cg rblne dbc ijrgze# cj ocbifghge%

Qgrg cjs Becfbt y Bexbt# bc tnbkpj dbc subj bs ue tnbkpj pbcnlrjsj# pubs knbetrgs sb dubrkb#

bc gckg sb pubdb sbpgrgr dbc iubrpj# sgcnr pjr bc pbifj y fgibr ijsgs qub sb vbe ijkj subjs%

Yb irbb qub cjs bsprntus kgcjs bste be husig db bstjs kjkbetjs db subj pgrg

pjsbsnjegrsb dbc iubrpj dbc durknbetb%

Re rntugc ouebrgrnj ijke brg bc db ghrnr bc ijstgdj dbc kubrtj b netrjduinr be cg fbrndg

pnbdrgs igcnbetbs pgrg kgtgr gc ifgke qub fghg jigsnjegdj cg kubrtb# ugs db grkgdnccj#

fubsjs db pbrrj y g vbibs fjrknlgs rjmgs% Yb bspbrghg qub bstgs pnbdrgs trgeskntnbrge

ijejinknbetj gc kubrtj y stb pudnbrg vbr ije icgrndgd bc snlenonigdj db su vndg0 bsgs pnbdrgs

cb lunghge be su gsibesj pjr cg vg citbg# pbrkntnbedj gc bsprntu nr y vjcvbr pjr bsb igknej y

gue# bvbetugckbetb# igbr ijkj bstrbccgs oulgibs sjhrb bc igusgetb db cg beobrkbdgd y kubrtb

dbc dnouetj%


Yble Oghrb &8112.# dbhndj g cg uhnigine ks prxnkg gc rj Qgrglugy# cjs ijetgitjs betrb cjs

Bexbt y cg sjinbdgd eginjegc jiurrnbrje be obifgs ks tbkprgegs qub be bc igsj db cjs Becfbt%

Durgetb cgs prnkbrgs digdgs dbc snlcj VV# cjs knsnjebrjs nelcbsbs trghgmgrje ije cjs Bexbt#

ije knrgs g bvgelbcnzgrcjs# y sne ijetbkpcgine gclueg pgrg cg iucturg trgdninjegc# qub be

gqubccg pjig sb vbg ks ijkj ue bstjrhj gc prjlrbsj%

G kbdngdjs db cjs gjs 61# cg Nlcbsng Gelcnigeg Qgrglugyg nenin ue prjlrgkg db ijkprg db

tnbrrgs pgrg cgs ijkuendgdbs dbc pubhcj Bexbt ije qunbebs trghgmghg +neicuybedj gcluegs db

cjs pubhcjs Gelgnt y Ygegpge+ g trgvs dbc prjlrgkg Cg Fbrbeing# qub cublj sb trgesojrk

be ue prjlrgkg db rbnvnednigine db tnbrrgs ijeojrkb g cg prbvng y eubvg cblnscgine

pgrglugyg%



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Bsinednedjsb db bstb prjlrgkg# dgdg cg nesuoninbeing db cg snkpcb bstrgtblng murdnig# surlb cg

jrlgenzgine Tnbrrgvnvg# gpjygedj g cgs 74 ijkuendgdbs qub neningrje sus rbicgkjs

tbrrntjrngcbs be cjs >1# be su jrlgenzgine y vnsnhncndgd getb bc Bstgdj y cg sjinbdgd pgrglugyjs%

Be cjs ctnkjs gjs# gcluegs db cgs tnbrrgs Bexbt fge sndj rbstntundgs y tgkhne eubvjs

rbicgkjs sb fge sukgdj%8


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96" bs bebecfbt+tjhg[# &h. Qjzj Gkgrnccj* Igrpg

@ub P796 fghs%# >1#?" bebecfbt+tjhg[ y &i. Qjzj Gkgrnccj* Ijcjeng Hgeij P44 fghs%[0

Bspnrntugcndgd

Cgs iucturgs Becfbt y Bebecfbt# dnobrbeinge iugtrj gckgs# igdg ueg ije su culgr y sus oueinjebs

hnbe dbonendgs% Bc gckg vntgc &ebeyni.# qub rbsndb be bc trgx# pubdb sbr ijkpgrgdg ije cgvntgcndgd fukgeg# ije su sgcud osnig% Kgenonbstg cjs dbsbjs fukgejs y gkbegzg db kjrnr

iugedj cjs dbsbjs ccblge g sbr kuy netbesjs% Bc gckg vnsnjegrng &vgekjeigkg. gitnvg oubrg dbc

iupbrj% Yu gitnvndgd ks orbiubetb bs vngmgr be subj y vbr ijsgs qub g cg pbrsjeg osnig

pubdbe sbr jiuctgs% Bstg gitnvndgd vnsnjegrng tgkhne pubdb sbr prjvjigdg g trgvs db rntugcbs#

ijkj igetjs y hbhndgs gcijfcnigs# qub g su vbz jrnlnege ue trgeib# y gs pjsnhncntge ue vngmb

pcgebgdj dbc gckg vnsnjegrng%

Iugedj kubrtb ueg pbrsjeg# su gckg sb trgesojrkg be ueg betndgd bspnrntugc &mgelgji.%

Ybpgrgdg dbc iubrpj dbc dnouetj# pjr gcle tnbkpj dbspus dbc dbibsj netbetg beijetrgr jtrj

iubrpj ije vndg pgrg betrgr gcc% Bstjs netbetjs prjduibe dnsjegeings betrb gckgs y tnbebe

ijkj ijesbiubeing qub cg pbrsjeg gs husigdg pubdb beobrkgrsb% Qjr cj tgetj# cjs getnlujs

Becfbt fghge dbsgrrjccgdj sus ktjdjs db prbvbenr bstjs beiubetrjs pbcnlrjsjs# tgcbs ijkj

pnetgrsb cg igrg# qubkgr cg tjcdbrg y kudgrsb g jtrj culgr%

Cg iugrtg gckg Becfbt# cg ks sbetndg# sb ccgkg snkpcbkbetb netbrnjr &vgcfji.% Yb beiubetrg

be cg igvndgd ghdjknegc% Bs bc ibetrj db cgs bkjinjebs fukgegs# y gc knskj tnbkpj bc puetj



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db bquncnhrnj betrb cgs pgrtbs osnij+sjingc y squnig db cg pbrsjeg% Cj qub pnbesg# snbetb#

prbtbedb# gspnrg bc fjkhrb# tjdj bs rblucgdj pjr bstg gckg% Cg oueine ietrnig iukpcndg pjr

bc vgcfji bs rbvbcgdg pjr su prbdjknenj cnelstnij0 bxnstbe uegs ineiubetg bxprbsnjebs# sbge

vbrhjs j gdmbtnvjs# qub sb hgsge be nkpucsjs dbc vgcfji% Qgrg ncustrgr# intgkjs gcluegs= sb gkg

gc dnsjcvbrsb bc vgcfji0 iugedj sb bedurbib# cg pbrsjeg jdng0 bc vgcfji sb dbspgrrgkg# sb

trgduib ijkj rbijinmgsb0 iugedj bc vgcfji kbeinjeg ueg pbrsjeg# cb sgcudg0 iugedj snlub

kbeinjegedj ueg ijsg# bs qub sb prbjuipg y iugedj igy bc vgcfji cg pbrsjeg tnbeb knbdj% 86

86 Ytgfc# \%# 811


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6% Qubhcj Luge

Qbrtbebibe g cg ogkncng cnelstnig Kgs`jy# fghnbedj sndj ijejindjs tgkhne ije bc ejkhrb db

@gsfnfg% Bc ejkhrb Luge prjvnbeb db cjs getnlujs Khgy# qunbebs cjs fghge sjkbtndj y

dbejkneghge Luge+Enyjcjcg g sus vgsgccjs%

Cbelug

Yu cbelug# dbejknegdg vgegpbbkg pbrtbebib g cg ogkncng cnelstnig Cbelug+Kgs`jy% Ybdnvndb trgdninjegckbetb betrb cjs

dngcbitjs cgygeg &j enlubigitbknln.y bifjgcdn &bifjejgeg j ifgrgrgeg.%

Bs ueg db cgs ineij cbelugs nedlbegs be pbcnlrj db bxtneine% Yble bc Ibesj Eginjegc Nedlbeg

8118# Luge bs uej db cjs iugtrj igsjs irtnijs db cbelug# iuyj pjribetgmb db fghcgetbs vgrge

betrb bc 74 y bc 21 pjr inbetj% Db cg cbelug Luge# ej sjcj ej bxnstbe ijkuendgdbs fghcgetbs#

snej tgkpjij ogkncngs fghcgetbs0 pjr cj tgetj# sb ijesndbrg qub# ije cg kubrtb db cjs geingejs#

be ue pcgzj db gprjxnkgdgkbetb 81 gjs# pjdrg dbsgpgrbibr tgkhne cg cbelug Luge%

Tbrrntjrnj

Gitugckbetb bste uhnigdjs be djs lrupjs0 uej be cgs prjxnkndgdbs db _gccbk# g jrnccgs dbc

Xj Gpg# y jtrjs be Xngifj Kjsquntj# be bc Dbpgrtgkbetj Gctj Qgrglugy# orbetb g _gccbk% G

pbsgr db su dnspbrsne kgetnbebe bc ndnjkg prjpnj y be cjs ctnkjs gjs fge dgdj sbgcbs db

rbiupbrgine db gcluegs onbstgs trgdninjegcbs%

Bspnrntugcndgd

Cjs Luge tnbebe rbcgtjs dbc jrnlbe dbc kuedj# db dbsibesj db cjs bsprntus# db cgs pbrsjegs

qub hgmge dbc neonentj g trgvs db rhjcbs% Dge g betbedbr qub bc lebrj fukgej hgm db ue

lrge rhjc% Tbege kuifg prbiguine ije cjs kubrtjs% Dbige qub cjs kubrtjs pjdge vjcvbr g

cg ijkuendgd# pjr bsj fgige rntugcbs qub ijesnstge be ghrnr bc pbifj db cjs kubrtjs pgrg

igrlgr pnbdrgs# db kgebrg qub bc iubrpj sbg pbsgdj y ej sb kubvg%




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Gitugckbetb cjs Luge sje uej db cjs lrupjs ks dbiucturnzgdjs y dbstrnhgcnzgdjs dbc Ifgij g

igusg db su nesbrine be cgs bkprbsgs tgenebrgs dbc Gctj Qgrglugy# db cg bkprbsg ibkbetbrg

db _gccbk y db jtrgs igcbrgs uhnigdgs sjhrb cg rnhbrg jrnbetgc dbc Xj Qgrglugy# be bc

Dbpgrtgkbetj db Ijeibpine% Be tnbkpjs db cg bkprbsg Igrcjs Igsgdj# pjr igdg Luge

fghge dnbz pgrglugyjs# rgze pjr cg iugc# su iucturg sb oub dbtbrnjrgedj%

Fge pbrdndj sus tienigs trgdninjegcbs db suhsnstbeing# pjrqub sb fge ijevbrtndjs be jhrgmbrjs

gsgcgrngdjs0 tgkhne pbrdnbrje sus tienigs db igzg y db pbsig y fgstg cg ojrkg db iuctnvgr cg

tnbrrg# pubs# ijkj bccjs subcbe dbinr ej tbebkjs ks lgegs db trghgmgr cg tnbrrg ijkj cj

fgige eubstrjs ghubcjs% Gitugckbetb bxnstb ue kjvnknbetj db rbvgcjrnzgine db su iucturg

trgdninjegc%



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>% Qubhcj Lugrge gedvg

Bc jrnlbe dbc Qubhcj Lugrge gedvg# ijejindjs tgkhne ijkj Tgpnbt# bs neinbrtj%

Iucturgckbetb pbrtbebibe gc Ifgij# pbrj fghcge cg cbelug gedvg# pgrbindg g cg dbc Qubhcj

Lugrge Jiindbetgc% Gcluejs gutjrbs sulnbrbe qub sje dbsibednbetbs db cjs Ifge# vgsgccjs db

cjs Lugrge% Ejrdbes`njcd y cg Drg% Yusen` sulnbrbe qub pjdrge sbr db jrnlbe kgtgij%8>

Cbelug

Fghcge ue ndnjkg Lugrge prjpnj# prjibdbetb dbc trjeij Tup# pgrbindj gc db cjs Lugrge

Jiindbetgcbs &Lugrgyj.# pbrj dnstnetj gc Lugrge db cg rblne jrnbetgc% Dbejknege g su cbelug

Gvg b% Be Cglueg Eblrg fghcge igsn bxicusnvgkbetb be su cbelug0 be cgs jtrgs ijkuendgdbs

cj fgibe gdbks be mjpgr pgrglugyj y Ifjrjt% Yble ejs iubetg bc intgdj Lustgvj Ljezcbz#

bstjs nedlbegs sje besnknskgdjs# sncbeinjsjs# pgrijs be cg bxprbsne db sus gobitjs% Bs kuy

dnoinc pgrg bc bxtrgj lgegr su ijeongezg y pbebtrgr be su netnkndgd% Cbs igrgitbrnzge bc fghcgr

sugvb# cg cbetg kjducgine# cg kgrifg pgusgdg# cg onsjejkg nelbeug pbrj rnlurjsgkbetb

rbsbrvgdg# db gitntud netrjvbrtndg# gs ijkj cjs Tup Lugrge dbc Hrgsnc% Dbsdb bstb puetj db

vnstg sje cg gettbsns db cjs Ifucup &Envgic.# sus vbinejs dbc Ifgij Hjrbgc# qub sje lncbs#

vnhrgetbs db pgsjs rpndjs y ijrtjs# lbstniucgdjrbs y db fghcgr sneijpgdj%

Tbrrntjrnj

Yu tbrrntjrnj trgdninjegc ghgrighg dbsdb bc Qubstj db Nedbpbedbeing fgstg bc rj Qncijkgyj# g

gkhjs cgdjs db cg orjetbrg ije Hjcnvng% Bxnstbe djs lrgedbs dnvnsnjebs dbc Qubhcj gedvg= cgs

ijkuendgdbs dbc ejrtb ulugrtg# &Eubvg Gsueine. y cgs dbc sur yvj`glugrtg&Neogetb

Xnvgrjcg.91

Gitugckbetb vnvbe be cgs knsnjebs igtcnigs db Ygetg Tbrbsntg y Qbdrj Q% Qbg# be hgrrnjs

jhrbrjs db cgs ijcjengs kbeejentgs# be Eubvg Gsueine ibrig db cg orjetbrg ije Hjcnvng# y be

cgs ijcjengs db Cglueg Eblrg%

8>_br Xbesfgw# Mjfe% 7>>?# pl% 22%

91Ifgsb Ygrdn# K%# 7>>1%



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Bspnrntugcndgd

Ej bxnstb betrb cjs gedvg ue iubrpj ktnij bspbionij qub sb dnobrbeinb dbkgsngdj db cjs

lrgedbs kntjs Tup Lugrge &cjs lbkbcjs= sjc+cueg# y jtrjs.% Ijesbrvge sus trgdninjebs be ue

khntj rbsbrvgdj# prnvgdj% Qgrg igetgr sb netbrege be bc hjsqub% Kgetnbebe sus irbbeings be

bc pjdbr db cg nevjigine db cjs bsprntus pgrg rbsjcvbr prjhcbkgs j iurgr beobrkbdgdbs

&ccgkgr g cg ccuvng# igetgr durgetb cg tjrkbetg.%

Yn hnbe yg ej bxnstbe lrgedbs ifgkgebs# cjs qub tjdgvg qubdge bste bspbingcnzgdjs# uejs

iurge bc kgc db jmj# jtrjs sghbe ccgkgr gc bsprntu @urukn pgrg ijevjigr g cg ccuvng# bti% Bstjs

ifgkgebs sje pbrsjegs qub pjr su ijejinknbetj db cjs bsprntus# prbstge gyudg g cg lbetb be

su trgtj ije bccjs%

Cg gsnlegine dbc ejkhrb g cjs enjs bkpnbzg getbs dbc eginknbetj% Iugedj bc pgdrb sgcb gc

kjetb cj fgib gtbetj g tjdgs cgs sbgcbs kbtbjrjclnigs# gpgrninjebs db genkgcbs# sjendjs db

cg sbcvg# bti% Db bstg ojrkg sb prbpgrg pgrg dbtbitgr ueg sntugine qub cb sulnbrg bc ejkhrb db

cg irngturg0 bc ejkhrb be s snrvb pgrg trgeskntnr igrgitbrbs pjsntnvjs g su fnmj# bspbingckbetb

be rbcgine ije cgs vnrtudbs gprbingdgs pjr cg bteng%


Bstjs nedlbegs# qub gyudgrje gc Bmrintj Qgrglugyj durgetb cg Lubrrg dbc Ifgij y oubrje

gpjygdjs pjr stb pgrg bstghcbibrsb be cg zjeg db Eubvg Gsueine y db bsg kgebrg irbgr ueg

pjhcgine orjetbrnzg qub dbobednbrg cg orjetbrg ije Hjcnvng% Qbrj ueg vbz ibsgdg cg gsnstbeing

joningc# sb bspgrinbrje y knlrgrje fging cgs zjegs cghjrgcbs dbc kbrigdj kbeejentg%

Be 7> ijkbet bc Qrjybitj Lugrge+gedvg# ijjrdnegdj pjr Irnsthgc \gccns# db cg

Gsjingine Nednlbenstg dbc Qgrglugy &GNQ.% Yble Lrehbrl# sje cjs qub jiupge cg bsigcg ks

hgmg be cg bstrgtnonigine sjingc db cjs nedlbegs qub fge husigdj ijetgitj ije cg sjinbdgd

eginjegc% Gc tbrknegr cg ogsb db bstudnjs prbcnknegrbs# sb prjibdn gc gsbetgknbetj db 711

ogkncngs be bc tbrrbej gdqunrndj pjr cg Gsjingine db Ybrvninjs db Ijjpbrgine Nedlbeg

Kbeejentg &GYINK. be Cglueg Eblrg% Cjs ijkpjebetbs db bstb prjybitj oubrje gpjygdjs pjr

vgrngs ouedginjebs netbreginjegcbs% Cjs prjlrgkgs oubrje db prjduiine# sgcud y bduigine ej

ojrkgc% Bc ijjrdnegdjr jpneghg qub cjs Lugrge gedvg brge ouedgkbetgckbetb igzgdjrbs y



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rbijcbitjrbs# pjr cj qub sb gijesbmghg ueg bstrgtblng bspbingc pgrg bccjs% Cjs dnrbitnvjs db cg

GNQ pndnbrje gsbsjrgknbetj g Hrgenscgvg Ysen`% Bstg nevbstnlgdjrg gsblur qub cjs Lugrge+

gedvg tbege ueg trgdnine db fjrtniuctjrbs# pjr sbr pjsnhcbs dbsibednbetbs db cjs Ifge+

Grgwg` lugrgenzgdjs# ije iucturg kgtbrngc neocundg pjr cjs Kgtgij% Cg GNQ dbindn# pjr bsg

rgze# y pjrqub cgs ijedninjebs ej brge yg prjpnings pgrg cg igzg y rbijcbiine ijkj enig

bstrgtblng db suhsnstbeing# gpjygr g cgs ijkuendgdbs be cg fjrtniucturg%

Yb fnzj igrlj db cg ijjrdnegine Jcbl _ysj`jce fgstg gljstj db 7>6?# iugedj bc prjybitj

tbrkne sus gitnvndgdbs pjr ogctg db ojedjs% Yb jhtuvj cg Qbrsjebrg Murdnig pgrg cgs ineij

ijkuendgdbs bstghcbindgs be cgs >7# g ijesbiubeing db ueg prjcjelgdg sbqug# cjs nedlbegs ghgedjegrje bc prbdnj

ije sus genkgcbs# y sb trgscgdgrje g pnb fgstg cgs ijcjengs kbeejentgs# be husig db trghgmj% Bc

84 db ghrnc db 7>6># pgrg cg ijkuendgd db Eubvg Gsueine# sb jhtuvnbrje cg Qbrsjebrg

Murdnig y jtrgs 71%111 fbitrbgs db tbrrbej%97

97Ifgsb# K% y Yusen`# H%# 7>>2%



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71%Qubhcj Lugrge Jiindbetgc

Durgetb cg lubrrg ije Hjcnvng bc Bmrintj pgrglugyj pgs bc rj Qgrgpntn# gitugckbetb be

tbrrntjrnj hjcnvngej# y sb beijetr ije ue pubhcj nedlbeg db cg ogkncng Lugrge# gc iugc ccgkghg

ifnrnlugej% Bstjs nedlbegs sbrge db jrnlbe Ifge lugrgenzgdjs# bs dbinr ijequnstgdjs be

pjigs getbrnjrbs pjr trnhus Lugrge# prjvbenbetbs qunz db cg rblne Jrnbetgc dbc Qgrglugy

kjdbrej%

Jtrjs gutjrbs sjstnbebe qub be rbgcndgd sb trgtg db trnhus prjvbenbetbs db cg prbijrdnccbrg

gedneg# inbrtgkbetb db jrnlbe Lugrge# qub ge fjy fghntge cgs tnbrrgs dbc Nzjzjl be Hjcnvng# y

sje ijejindjs ijkj Ifnrnlugej% Yne bkhgrlj# cjs Lugrge Jiindbetgcbs dbc Ifgij pgrglugyj

rbifgzge rjtuedgkbetb bstg dbejknegine pjr dbspbitnvg# yg qub sb trgtgrg db ueg vjz

qubifug utncnzgdg pjr stjs pgrg dbejknegr g cjs Lugrge qub knlrghge fging cg ijrdnccbrg

&ifnrn;orj# lugej;bxirbkbetj.% Cjs Lugrge qub bste fjy be Hjcnvng# sb gutjdbejknege

Lugrge Nzjibjs &cjs qub bste be cg rblne dbc Nzjzjl. y Lugrge Gvg cjs qub bste be cg

ijrdnccbrg%

Cjs Lugrge Jiindbetgcbs goneigdjs be bc Ifgij ibetrgc rbifgzge tgkhne bc ejkhrb db

Lugrgyj &ijetrgiine db lugrge y pgrglugyjs# qub cbs gdmudnigrge cjs sjcdgdjs hjcnvngejs be

cg Lubrrg dbc Ifgij. y sb gutjdbejknege snkpcbkbetb Lugrge j Gvg j Khy% Cg bxprbsne

Lugrgyj# be cg cntbrgturg inbetonig sb usg pgrg ue lrupj db cg ogkncng cnelstnig Tupn+Lugrge

uhnigdj be cg prjvneing hjcnvngeg Euocj db Ifvbz%

Bstjs Lugrge sb uhnigrje be Hjcnvng trgs# pjr cj kbejs# snbtb knlrginjebs prjibdbetbs db cg

rblne Jrnbetgc dbc Qgrglugy# gc sur db Kgtj Lrjssj% Qgrg dnstnelunr g bsjs Lugrge qub

knlrgrje fging Hjcning# cjs nednigkjs ije bc ejkhrb db Lugrge Jiindbetgcbs%

Cbelug

Cjs Lugrge Jiindbetgcbs sje prjhghcbkbetb fjy bc lrupj ks lrgedb db cg ogkncng cnelstnig

Tupn Lugrge be cg Xblne Jiindbetgc dbc Qgrglugy# j Ifgij Qgrglugyj0 tjdgvg fjy bxtbedndg

pjr Hrgsnc# Qgrglugy# Hjcnvng y Grlbetneg%



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Tbrrntjrnj

Cg prnkbrg knlrgine db cjs Lugrge fgstg cg orjetbrg jrnbetgc dbc nkpbrnj neignij oub durgetb

bc kgedj dbc neig ^upgequn &74


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Bc ifgkgenskj bstghg kuy dnouedndj y tbeg ueg vneiucgine kuy bstrbifg ije cjs gspbitjs

rbcnlnjsjs y bspnrntugcbs db cg vndg% Bc ifgke# kbdngetb sus pritnigs# cjlrghg iurgr g cjs

beobrkjs# sgigedj cjs bsprntus dbc kgc% Qjdg neocunr sjhrb cjs glbetbs gtkjsornijs# ccuvngs#

bti%

G cjs kubrtjs sb cjs betbrrghg be uregs ouebrgrngs ije bc iubrpj dnspubstj be pjsnine obtgc%

Gdbks# sb pjeg glug y gcnkbetj pgrg qub bc gckg dbc dnouetj pudnbrg igknegr

bxpbdntgkbetb fging bc inbcj% Be bstb igknegr tbege qub supbrgr vgrngs prubhgs# pbrj gc onegc

cg gcblrg db cg kbtg ijkpbesghg tjdjs cjs bsoubrzjs%



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418 pjr bccjs knskjs# oub bc prnkbrj be rblnstrgr bc trknej sfnrj# qub bvndbetbkbetb bs

bc jrnlbe db cg pgcghrg gitugc# Nsfnr# ije qub dbejknegkjs g bstg bteng% Tgkhne Hjllngen dnmj

qub usghge cg pgcghrg Ifgkgijij prjeueingdg db ueg kgebrg ijetrgdg= Igkii j ]gkii#

cj qub ejs neduib g pbesgr qub prjhghcbkbetb sbg dbrnvgdg db ]gkuij# qub nednig cg ogkncng

cnelstnig &]gkuij. g cg qub cjs Nsfnr# muetj g cjs Gyjrbj# pbrtbebibe%

Fnstrnigkbetb sb dnstneluge cjs Ifgkgijij hrgvjs qub ijrrbspjedbe gc lrupj Tjkrfj y

vnvge rbtnrgdjs dbc kuedj hcgeij0 y cjs Ifgkgijij kgesjs qub brge cjs qub tbege

ijetgitj ije cjs hcgeijs% Fjy be dg cjs lrupjs dbsibednbetbs db cjs ccgkgdjs Nsfnr bste hnbe

dnobrbeingdjs be cgs btengs ^hytsj y Tjkrfj%

Cg bxpcnigine dbc jrnlbe btnkjclnij db Ifgkgijij sb prjybitg fging cjs gchjrbs db cg

ijequnstg% Yble cjs nedlbegs db dnifg bteng# cg djejknegine glcutneg djs pgcghrgs= Ifgk#

ijkpgbrj0 y iji qub# sble gcluejs neojrkgetbs# bs ueg getnlug pgcghrg qub snlenonig muetjs0

guequb pgrg jtrjs ej tbelg enele snlenonigdj% Be cg cntbrgturg jrgc egtnvg# bc rbcgtj ktnij

Ifgkgijij# rbonbrb gc tnbkpj dbc ifjqub db iucturgs ije bc fjkhrb hcgeij% Bc nkpgitj

sjejrj db cg prbsbeing hcgeig grkgdg ije trghuijs db vnbmj igcnhrb# igc fjedj be cjs rbcgtjs

db bstjs nedlbegs% Ej jhstgetb# be ue gecnsns ijkpgrgtnvj betrb bc tbxtj jtrgc y cgs oubetbs

hnhcnjlronigs db irjenstgs# bc jrnlbe db cg pgcghrg ifgkgijij bs neinbrtj%

Trgdninjegkbetb ijcbitjrbs+igzgdjrbs# cjs Ifgkgijij oubrje uhnigdjs be cg icgsnonigine

cnelstnig# ijkj bkpgrbetgdjs g cg ogkncng cnelstnig ]gkjij% Bccg# ijkpubstg pjr cjs

Gyjrbjdb+kjrj# pjr cjs ^hytsj y cjs Tjkrfj% G bstgs djs ctnkgs btengs sb cgs dbejknege

Ifgkgijij% Db gkhgs trnhus# sb gtjknzge ueg sbrnb db hgedgs= Fbnwj# Tyerj# Jrrj#

icgsnonigdgs gijrdb g ue jrdbegknbetj tbrrntjrngc iucturgc ifgkgijij%



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Cbelug

Cgs btengs ^hytsj y Tjkrfj# g pbsgr db ouedgrsb be ue trjeij iucturgc ijke# sb

dnobrbeinge pjr djs dngcbitjs= yxyrj gfwjsj b yxyrj fcj%

Yu ndnjkg pbrtbebib g cg ogkncng cnelstnig zgkuij y ijkprbedb cjs

dngcbitjs tjkrgfj &j tjkgrgxg.#yhytjsj &j bhntjsj. y rnj%

Be 7>91 sb bstnkghg qub uegs 8111 pbrsjegs fghcghge gclueg vgrnbdgd dbc cbelugmb% Cgs

pbrsjegs fghcgetbs db cgs vgrngetbs jrnj b yhytjsj oubrje bstnkgdgs be 611 be 7>


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4>

yrknif# culgr djedb cg prbdjknegeing vblbtgc bs hrjkbcnibgs0 bpyrpb# be icgrjs db hjsqubs j

nscgs db hjsqubs% 98

Dnvbrsgs ogkncngs ijeojrkge bc dyt &igkpgkbetj ijkuentgrnj.% Cg gprjpngine dbc dyt# bspginj

egturgc y su irbgine# sje db ojrkg inriucgr# be iuyj ibetrj sb hgsg bc fgrrg# qub pjdbkjs

trgduinrcj ijkj cg bsibeg# puetj db rbprbsbetgine rntugc db jrnlbe ktnij%

Cgs ijkuendgdbs Nsfnr gitugckbetb sje= Qubrtj Dngeg# djedb rbsndb cg kgyjrg db cg pjhcgine

Nsfnr# dbsdb fgib kuifj tnbkpj# hgmj cg neocubeing db cg Knsne Eubvgs Trnhus0 Qubrtj

Bspbrgezg# sjhrb bc Xj Qgrglugy g uejs 91 `k gc sur db Hgfg Eblrg0 Oubrtb Jcnkpj Hubeg

_nstg0 @grifgHgcut &be bc getnluj culgr ijejindj ijkj Qubrtj 74 db kgyj# bs ue culgr fnstrnij

db lrge nkpjrtgeing pgrg cjs Nsfnr.# Qjtrbrntj y @grpg @u%

Be bc gj 7>4># cg Knsne G Eubvgs Trnhus ijetgit ije ue lrupj db cg bteng ^hytsj qub

vnvg be y gcrbdbdjr db Hgfg Eblrg% Ijesnlunbrje ue tbrrbej db 8%942 fbitrbgs y

bstghcbinbrje ue pubstj knsnjebrj g trbs `nckbtrjs dbc pubhcj# sjhrb bc rj Qgrglugy# qub

rbinhn bc ejkhrb db Qubrtj Dngeg% Nestgcgrje ueg bsiubcg y ue pubstj db sgcud% Irbin ueg

nlcbsng bvgelcnig Ifgkgijij# qub ojrk sus prjpnjs pgstjrbs cgnijs% Be 7>>7# cg ijkuendgd

ijetghg ije ?6 ogkncngs# uegs 921 pbrsjegs% 99

Bspnrntugcndgd

Cg kntjcjlg yhytjsj tnbeb trbs pjdbrbs= cg dnjsg dbc glug &Bsfeuwbrtg.# bc dnjs dbc gnrb

&Qguifgtg. y dnjs dbc hjsqub &Ebkur.%

Bc fgrrg bs bc iriucj ibrbkjengc djedb sb rbprbsbetge cgs dgezgs sglrgdgs% Bc dbpnif bs bc

igknej sbirbtj qub ueb g cjs nsfnr ije cjs dnjsbs% Bc ebpytb j wyrhy bs bc pjdbrjsj rbsjrtb qub

trgscgdg nestgetebgkbetb db uej g jtrj sntnj j dnkbesne% Cjs rntugcbs neicuybe cg pneturg

ijrpjrgc# y bc bkhbccbinknbetj ije pcukgs y tjigdjs# pgrg trgscgdgr g igdg uej db cjs

prgitnigetbs g ue uenvbrsj dbsijejindj y kstnij# qub cg pnbc hcgeig ej ijkprbedb%

Qgrg cjs Ifgkgijij# cg ksnig vjigc bst dnrbitgkbetb rbcginjegdg gc ifgkgenskj% Igdg

ifgke &dbejknegdj @jesgfg j Gfgeg`. dbhb ijestrunr su prjpnj rbpbrtjrnj hgsgdj be bc

98

Ybqubrg# L%# 811?%99Ytgfc# \%# 8116%



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subj ify`rg y vneiucgdj gc prjibsj lrgdugc db gibptgine sjingc% Bc subj sb ijestntuyb be bc

prnkbr bcbkbetj dbtjegetb y irbgtnvj qub dbtbrknegr bc cbnt+kjtnv db cg ijkpjsnine% Cjs

rbpbrtjrnjs kusnigcbs ifgkenijs sb ijestruybe sjhb cg hgsb db subjs qub bstnkucge cg

irbgine dbc tbxtj pjtnij# cg kbcjdg y cgs pucsginjebs rtknigs% Djknegr bc subj snlenonig#

pgrg cjs ifgkgejs ^hytsj ijkj pgrg cjs Tjkrfj# prjybitgrcjs be ue igetj tbnifu% Bc

sjgetb ifgke dbhb rbtbebr cg ndbg dbc subj y db nekbdngtj bxprbsgrcj be su ojrkg kusnigc

y pjtnig% Tgkhne cgs igeinjebs pubdbe sbr trgeskntndgs db ue sumbtj g jtrj% Bc rbpbrtjrnj

pubdb sbr fbrbdgdj sne ijedninjebs db rbcginjegknbetj pjr pgrbetbsij% Tjdj bstj gsnleg g cg

iucturg kusnigc ifgkgijij ijkj g ueg iucturg kuy pgrtniucgr be sus bxprbsnjebs vjigcbs y be

sus pbribpinjebs sjejrgs% Cg bxpcnigine jrnlnegrng db cg pbribpine gudntnvg bst hgsgdg be ue

gvb gwjrjfcg# qub nestruy g cjs lbetncbs be ikj bsiuifgr y dbsijdnonigr bc kuedj sjejrj% Cg

pjtbeing ifgkenig rgdnig be su igpgindgd db sjgr% Cg rbspjesghncndgd prneinpgc be cg

ndbetndgd ifgkenig rgdnig be cg igpgindgd db gtrgbr bc hnbe j bxpucsgr bc kgc# g trgvs dbc

pjdbr db cjs igetjs% Bc gdnbstrgknbetj ifgkenij bst oubrtbkbetb vneiucgdj gc pjdbr y gc

pgpbc qub iukpcbe cjs ifgkgebs be cg iucturg ifgkgijij= cg db prjtbitjr g tjdj gijsj

prjvjigdjr% &Ybqubrg# 811?.%

Cg pjtbeing db cjs ifgkgebs be cg iucturg ifgkgijij sb kndb pjr su igpgindgd db gtrgvbsgr

cjs ukhrgcbs dbc trgeib0 gf# betjeibs# tjdg cg bebrlg dbc iubrpj dnspgrgdj fging ueg pubstg

be bsibeg dbc pjdbr y sus ijesbiubeings% Bc iubrpj dbc ifgke# sbg iugc oubrb su bstgtus y

iugcnonigine# sb trgesojrkg be ue jhmbtj bxtbrnjr# db cg knskg kgebrg qub cjs jhmbtjs

bxtbrnjrbs sje susibptnhcbs# pjr gsjingine ifgkenig# db trgesonlurgr su prjpnj iubrpj% Ighb

rbsgctgr qub bc ifgkgenskj ifgkgijij ej dnonbrb# be lrge kbdndg# db cgs pritnigs

ifgkenigs sudgkbrnigegs be lbebrgc= bc dbsdjhcgknbetj db cg pbrsjegcndgd# bc trgeib pjr bc

igetj# cgs tienigs rbspnrgtjrngs# cjs subjs vnsnjegrnjs# ijeonbrbe pgrtniucgrndgdbs ifgkenigs

ijkuebs%

Cjs ^hytsj dbejknege @jesgfg feyknif urr jsj# gc ifgke dbc fjrnzjetb# bc qub pbrojrg cg

tnbrrg y djkneg sgcndgs y betrgdgs ije bc sjc% Cj rbkbkjrge g bstb ifgke ije cg gitntud db

djrknr hjig ghgmj pgrg sblunr bc iursj dbc sjc hgmj cg tnbrrg% Cjs rbcgtjs ktnijs rbonbrbe g bstb

ifgke be ueg sntugine pgrgdnlktnig= bs ijesndbrgdj# pjr ue cgdj# ijkj obiuedgdjr pbrj#

pjr bc jtrj# ije pjdbrbs dbonendjs db qubrbr j kgtgr% Bc sjc# sble cjs Ifgkgijij# bs ue sbr

ktni j ouedgdjr db cg iucturg# beigreg cg nestruiine be cg dbejknegine db cgs ijsgs% Db

lebrj kgsiucnej# bc sjc rbprbsbetg cg ijeinbeing y bc ijejinknbetj0 bc sjc bs dbonendj ijkj

gutjrndgd%



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Cjs rntugcbs ijejindjs ijkj Dbhycyhy# nevjcuirghge tgetj cg rbgcnzgine db rntjs db neningine

db cjs fjkhrbs ijkj cjs rntugcbs db cutj# mubljs db neninj db cg prnkgvbrg y ibrbkjengs

ifgkenigs ijestntuge cg pubstg be bsibeg pjr bxibcbeing db cjs kntjs db jrnlbe

ifgkgijij# gitugcnzgedj bc rbtjrej db cjs Gxehsbrj# cjs tbrrnhcbs dnjsbs db cjs igzgdjrbs#

qub tbrknege snbedj igzgdjs pjr stjs &Bsijhgr# 7>>9.%


Fgstg kbdngdjs dbc snlcj VV cjs ijetgitjs ije bc hcgeij sb cnkntgrje g netbetjs puetugcbs db

ijcjenzgine pjr pgrtb db cg nlcbsng gelcnigeg y g cgs knlrginjebs bstginjegcbs g cjs nelbenjs

gzuigrbrjs dbc ejrjbstb grlbetnej% Bs scj rbinbetbkbetb# ije cg Lubrrg dbc Ifgij betrb

Qgrglugy y Hjcnvng &7>98+7>92. y ije cg nestgcgine g pgrtnr db cg digdg db cjs ineiubetg db cgs

nedustrngs tgenebrgs be cg rblne# qub sb nening bc dbicnvb db cg gutjejkg trgdninjegc y sb

prjouednzg cg bxicusne db cg pjhcgine nedlbeg db cg rblne# gebxedjsb cg igsn tjtgcndgd db

tbrrntjrnj tenij gc Bstgdj pgrglugyj%

Be 7>24


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Be iugetj gc rbcginjegknbetj bijeknij j iucturgc db cjs ^hytsj ije cg pjhcgine pgrglugyg#

lbebr cg gdjpine db cg kgednjig# db cjs itrnijs &netrjduindjs pjr cjs bspgjcbs. j bc

ijesukj db cg ybrhg kgtb &db cjs lugrge db cg rblne jrnbetgc. ijkj pgrtb netblrgetb db cg

dnbtg gitugc%



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78%Qubhcj Nsfnr Tjkrfj

Yje gutjdbejknegdjs Nsfyr Tjkrfj# suhlrupj db cjs ifgkgijijs%

Cbelug

Cjs Tjkrfj gdjptgrje bc pbronc db sus cdbrbs be bc djknenj db cg cbelug lugrge j sn rbeb

pjsnhncndgdbs db fghcgr bc bspgjc% Tgkhne bc iginqub ijetbkpjrebj dbhb djknegr inbrtgs

tienigs db ebljingine ije bc kuedj hcgeij%

Tbrrntjrnj

Bc tbrrntjrnj trgdninjegc db cjsTjkrfj bstghg uhnigdj be bc Ifgij Qgrglugyj# gc nlugc qub

cjs ^hytsj% Cjs Tjkrfj bstghge gsbetgdjs gprjxnkgdgkbetb g cjs 711 `k% gc sur+jbstb db

Qubrtj Knfgejvnif# be bc betjrej db cg cglueg Qntngetutg &db pbtnej+utb= culgr djedb ghuedge

jsjs fjrknlubrjs.%

Gs tgkhne# ijkj pubhcj db trgdnine ekgdg# nestgcghge sus igkpgkbetjs be fhntgts

djedb ghuedbe genkgcbs# glug y rbgs djedb prbdjknebe cgs hrjkbcnibgs# igitibgs y

igrniibgs# pjr ijestntunrsb be pcgetgs qub jorbibe rbsbrvgs db glug pgrg ijesukj fukgej%

Bstjs tbrrntjrnjs vblbtgcbs tgkhne jrnlneghge dnsputgs betrb hgedgs tenigs% Cjs bspbmjs db

glug be bc Ifgij# pjr su rgrbzg y bsigsbz# lbebrghge orniinjebs y beorbetgknbetjs db lrupjs

qub qubrge pjsninjegrsb be bstjs culgrbs% Cg pbrkgebeing be bstjs tbrrntjrnjs# pjr pbrjdjs

ks j kbejs prjcjelgdjs sb supbdntghg pjr= pbrjdjs prjvnsjrnjs# duifg% Bstj dbpbedg db cg

rbcgine dgdg pjr cg ghuedgeing be bc gprjvnsnjegknbetj# yrykj# db genkgcbs# ijcbitg db

orutjs y knbc# prneinpgckbetb# y gijrdb g cg pjhcgine eukrnig% Cg sjinbdgd ifgkgijij

bstruiturg sus mbrgrqugs sjingcbs hgmj bc giinjegr y rbcgine ije cg egturgcbzg% Cg ijkuendgd#

ijkj bebrlg ijcbitnvg# ijestntuyb ueg ebibsndgd be cg prjduiine db bspginjs% 94

94Ybqubrg# L%# 811?%



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Cg bkprbsg Igsgdj# rbijejindg pjr cg bxpcjtgine nrrginjegc db kgdbrg db qubhrgifj j db

pgckg# sb fghg nestgcgdj g onebs dbc snlcj VNV y be ijedninjebs pjij icgrgs db gprjpngine db

tnbrrgs% Cg knskg sb fghg gprjpngdj db 2 knccjebs db fbitrbgs# iuyg prjpnbdgd sb dbsprbedg

dbsdb bc rj Qncijkgyj fgstg bc kgrlbe nzqunbrdj dbc rj Qgrglugy% Yu igpntgc brg ueg ousne db

netbrbsbs gelcj+grlbetnejs% Ijkj stg# jtrgs bkprbsgs ijebitgdgs g cjs igrtbcbs db

bxpcjtgine db kgdbrg be bc kuedj# bifgrje kgejs g cg jhrg sjhrb bstg rblne dbc Ifgij%

_grngs lbebrginjebs db Tjkrfj trghgmgrje pgrg bstg bkprbsg# djib fjrgs pjr dg# be cgs

pbjrbs ijedninjebs% Be bc gj 7>6?# g igusgs db cgs kubrtbs pjr beobrkbdgdbs cg bteng oub

rbduindg g 62 pbrsjegs= fjkhrbs# kumbrbs y enjs% Cg bkprbsg Igsgdj yg ej sb netbrbsghg be

bstjs nedlbegs# pubs yg ej cbs brg rbetghcb su oubrzg cghjrgc ijkj fgifbrjs%

Ije bc ijrrbr db cjs gjs# cjs Tjkrfj dbindnbrje dbdnigr pgrtb db su tnbkpj g cg gdjpine

db tienigs pgrg cg djkbstnigine db pcgetgs orutgcbs# grtniucgedj ije kjdjs trgdninjegcbs db

suhsnstbeing ijkj cg igzg# cg ijcbitg j cg pbsig% Re fbifj rbsgctgetb qub suhrgygr oub qub be

bc prjibsj db gprbfbesne db cgs tienigs neejvgdjrgs pgrg cg prjduiine# cjs Tjkrfj cj

pjege gc sbrvninj dbc rbsigtb db su pgtrnkjenj ontjlbetnij# g trgvs db cg bxpbrnkbetgine

prjduitnvg db iuctnvj ije bspbinbs tpnigkbetb ifgqubgs% Bstgs bxpbrnbeings pbrkntnbrje ej

scj kbmjrgr cg dnbtg tenig y rbduinr cg kjrtgcndgd neogetnc y gductg# snej tgkhne vgcjrgr cg

iucturg gcnkbetgrng% Cjs Tjkrfj# be cg gitugcndgd# girbibetgrje su pjhcgine be ue ibetbegr

db enjs# fjkhrbs y kumbrbs g pbsgr db cg prbigrnbdgd%



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262 g cg Ijcjeng Nedlbeg Kg` be cg cjigcndgd db Kgrngej

Xjqub Gcjesj be cgs prjxnkndgdbs dbc pubetb Xbkgesj% Jtrj gsbetgknbetj Kg` qubdg sjhrb



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cg rutg fging Qubrtj Ogcie0 cjs Kg` ccgkge g bstb culgr qubk`u`bt# pjrqub ghuedg bc qbku`#

lugfj# pcgetg giutnig%

Be bc getnluj fhntgt ifgqubj pritnigkbetb ej bxnstbe ks cjs Kg`0 scj be cg zjeg db

Iugtrj _nbetjs pbrkgebibe tbkpjrgckbetb uegs ogkncngs db cg bteng muetj ije nedlbegs

Cbelug# Tjhg y Envgic%

Bspnrntugcndgd

Cjs Kg` ijejibe vgrnjs sbrbs sjhrbegturgcbs y gdjrge g cg Cueg y gc Yjc% Cjs ifgkgebs

bobitge iurginjebs pjr ijemurj db cjs kgcjs bsprntus y dbtbrknege cg pjig db cgs

obstnvndgdbs db giubrdj g cjs gstrjs% Cg dbejknegine qugn+fb+tjm qub cbs dg g bstjs fjkhrbs#

ijkj prnkbrg pgcghrg tnbeb ueg ijrrupine db cg pgcghrg lugrge Qg# Qgdrb% Cjs fjkhrbs

dbmge kgegr cg sgelrb igesgdg# prgitnigedj cg bsigrnonigine ije ue pueze sbj% Bstjs

puezjebs# fbifjs db gstg db inbrvj# sb trgspgsge g cjs hcgeijs# pjr cj qub pjdrge tbebr

rbcgine ije gclueg rbprbsbetgine rbcnlnjsg ej ijejindg be d

DIVERSIDAD SOCIOCULTURAL EN PARAGUAY - SECRETARIA NACIONAL DE CULTURA - NOVIEMBRE 2012 -...

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Transcript of DIVERSIDAD SOCIOCULTURAL EN PARAGUAY - SECRETARIA NACIONAL DE CULTURA - NOVIEMBRE 2012 -...