Cuadernos de Filosofía Política I - El objeto de la Política

7/30/2019 Cuadernos de Filosofa Poltica I - El objeto de la Poltica

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BK I@HBTI DB KE ^IKTFAE

Gai/ Hewfbp @botbx Pr`fi


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AREDBPOIQ DB GFKIQIGE ^IKTFAE


Gai Hewfbp @botbx Pr`fi

0

Rti~e

Bqtiq qio lfq ~pfoaf~fiq/ Qf oi kb mrqteo+ tbomi itpiq/ Mpiraji Lepz


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1

ODFAB MBOBPEK

odfab Mbobpek/ 1

@RQAEODI RO ^ROTI DB ÊPTFDE/ 4

KE I^FOFO ^@KFAE V KE ÎKTFAE/ 6

BK Ê^BK DB KE AFRDEDEOE BO KE ÎKTFAE/ 5=

JBAJIQ V WEKIPBQ/ 04

JFQTIPFE/ 14

AFBOAFE/ 45

ÎKTFAE/ 47

AFBOAFE ÎKTFAE/ 5/ KEQ AIPPFBOTBQ/ 20

AFBOAFE ÎKTFAE/ 0/ @BJEWFIPFQLI/ 77

AFBOAFE ÎKTFAE/ 1/ EOKFQFQ BKBATIPEK8 WITI

B FOGIPLEAFO / =:

TBIPE/ 60

TBIPE ÎKTFAE/ 5/ KEQ AIPPFBOTBQ/ 6=

TBIPE ÎKTFAE/ 0/ KIQ DB@ETBQ/ 5>1

@f`kfimpege/ 552


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4

@RQAEODI RO ^ROTI DB ÊPTFDE

Ke îktfae tpete db ki ~iktfai/ Ailboxep eq+ db bqte giple teo mpiqbpe+

ro leorek urb ~pbtbodb qbp foqtpratfwi v akepfgfaedip+ bq areodi lboiq+

dbqekbotedip/ ^bpi bqte ~bpimprkkede+ botfbodi+ ~rbdb qbp roe leobpe qboafkke

db ailboxep e jfkweoep ekmi urb oiq ~epbab+ v urb lq tepdb qb fp

ail~pièodi+ db mpeo ail~kbhfded/ Ke `qurbde db ro ~roti db ~eptfde db bqtb

eqroti bq teo ail~kfaedi aili bk ~pi~fi eqroti/ Jev ~iaeq aiqeq gafkbq v

qboafkkeq bo ki ~iktfai/

Bqb ki ~iktfai ek urb qb wfbob jeafbodi pbgbpboafe bq ro aeho dbqeqtpb

urb tfbob ve tek ail~kbhfded urb ~epe ekmroiq bz~bptiq oi dfab oede+ oi tfbob of

wekip of qfmofgfaedi3 ~bpi ~epe itpiq boafbppe tiobkedeq db qbotfdi/ êpe ekmroiq

bqe btfurbte bq roe weoekfded+ ~epe itpiq bq roe giple p~fde v qrafote db

aepeatbpfxep ekmi+ urb db itpi lidi obabqftepe mpeodbq aeotfdedbq db tfbl~i v

bq~eafi/ Db tek lidi urb aio bqe ~burbe eoiteafo qb aioabotpe v pbaioabotpe

lraji qfmofgfaedi/

Tidi+ i aeqf+ bqt gfqaekfxedi ~ip kiq lrajiq embotbq+ eoekfqteq+ bz~bptiq+ v

dblq ~bpqioek urb tileo ke ~iktfae aili qr l`fti db pbgkbzfo/ îp teoti+ lb

~epbab i~iptroi ailboxep ~ip bqte obabded/ Botpb itpeq aiqeq ~ipurb areodi


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2

ro fodfwfdri tpete db botpep bo bk bqtrdfi+ eokfqfq v ail~pboqfo db arekurfbp

pele dbk aioiaflfboti jrleoi+ bo bqtb aeqi ke ~iktfae+ mbobpeklbotb+ ki jeab

aio keq ekgipheq aeqf weaeq pbq~bati e bqtb ael~i+ ro ~redi db fdbeq

~pbaioab`fdeq+ e ki qrli ae~tedeq db eur v ekk+ pbarbpdiq db qr ~iae

bdraetfwe i edurfpfdeq e tpewq db kiq lbdfiq db ailrofaeafo3 v oi obabqfte

ailboxep qr ~bpf~bafe e`prledi aio mprbqeq dfqurfqfafiobq aioab~trekbq/ V ke

~iktfae+ `fbo qbe botbodfde aili afboafe+ i aili tbipe+ kiq tfbob bo e`rodeoafe/

Ki urb ~pbtbodi qbe ro tpe`ehi db fowbqtfmeafo je db ~eptfp db ki lq e~epbotb+

db ki lq `rpdi+ foakrqi+ db ki urb qb leobhe aio qiktrpe db giple eaptfae v

bq~iotobe bo ke aitfdfeofded/ Eqrli qblbheotb ~roti db ~eptfde+ ek urb ~iai e

~iai qb kb fpo foaip~ipeodi bkblbotiq db levip aekedi/

Bgbatfwelbotb+ ke levipe db kiq urb botpeo bo pbgkbzfiobq qi`pb bk l`fti

db ki ~iktfai+ ki jeabo aio roe qbpfb db ~pbhrfafiq qi`pb bk lfqli/ V eur ~ip

~pbhrfafiq qb botfbodb+ ~epe bl~bxep+ ke eab~afo lq aioiafde v mbopfae+ ke

urb e~epbab bo tidiq kiq Dfaafioepfiq db ke Kbomre+ eurbkke i~fofo ~pbwfe v

dbqgewipe`kb+ qfo grodelboti+ urb mbobpeklbotb fl~kfae dbqaioiaflfboti/ ^bpi

bo bqtb ~roti lb ~epbab fotbpbqeotb e~iptep tel`fo ke oiafo db ~pbhrfafi urb

Medelbp dbqepppikke bo Wbpded v Ltidi/ Bqte fotbp~pbteafo kimpe depkb ke

wrbkte e ke aioab~afo wrkmep+ eedfbodi db ~eqi ro wekip ~pidratfwi e ekmi urb+

ek ~pfoaf~fi+ bpe i qr~bpgkri i obmetfwi/


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7

Kiq ~pbhrfafiq qio grodelbotekbq ~epe ke ail~pboqfo bo ke jbplbortfae+

e ke qexo+ bk ~pivbati gfkiqgfai urb dbgfbodb Medelbp/ Oedfb qb bogpbote e oede

aio ke lbotb bo `keoai+ of e ro tbzti+ of e roe fdbe+ of e ro ~pimpele i ~pivbati

~iktfai/ Tidiq v aede roi db oiqitpiq kkbweliq ro `emehb wftek+ qiafiarktrpek+

btatbpe+ dbk arek oi ~idbliq dbq~pbodbpoiq e eotihi aili qf db ael`fep db

pi~e db tpeteqb/ Oi qiliq te`rkeq peqeq eodeotbq+ tbobliq kiq aioiaflfbotiq

edurfpfdiq e ki kepmi db orbqtpe gipleafo+ tbobliq orbqtpeq wfwboafeq+

orbqtpeq bq~bpeoxeq+ wfwfliq bo roe qiafbded,arktrpe dbtbplfoede+ oiq

boaeqfkkeliq wikrotepfelbotb bo dbtbplfoedeq fdbikimeq+ bqarbkeq db

~boqelfboti+ ~epedfmleq afbotgfaiq+ bta/ Tbobliq ro ~roti db ~eptfde

dbtbplfoedi v dbtbplfoeotb/ Bq afbpti+ foakrqi+ urb oi ~idbliq dbhep db tbobp

dbtbplfoedeq bz~batetfweq pbq~bati e ki urb jeabliq i oiq dbheliq jeabp bo

orbqtpe wfde+ foakrfdi bk l`fti db ki ~iktfai/ Tel~iai jev urb botbodbp bqi

aili ekmi leki i obmetfwi+ ve urb bqeq bz~batetfweq qio eajeae`kbq e tidiq kiq

fodfwfdriq/ Kiq lfqliq afbotgfaiq ~ip bhbl~ki+ aio qrq ~pbtboqfiobq db

i`hbtfwfded v peafioekfded ~kboe+ areodi ailfboxeo e fowbqtfmep , ~ip ~iobp ro

aeqi gafk db botbodbp, qi`pb roe arpe aiotpe mpewbq bogbplbdedbq aili ~rbdb

qbp bk aeoabp+ tfbobo ke bz~batetfwe db urb qr fowbqtfmeafo qbe ~iqftfwe v db kiq

gprtiq bq~bpediq v dbqbediq ~epe urb bk levip olbi ~iqf`kb db ~bpqioeq

~rbde qbp qeoede3 oi ailfboxeo e fowbqtfmep e wbp ur qekb db qrq ke`ipetipfiq+ v

qf ekmi db bqi ~rbdb qbpwfp aili arpe/ Bk qbp jrleoi qfbl~pb bq~bpe ekmi+


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qfbl~pb bqt e ke bz~batetfwe db ekmi+ v kiq gfkqigiq+ kiq afbotgfaiq+ kiq

~ikftkimiq oi weo e qbp lboiq jrleoiq urb tidiq kiq dblq/

Kiq ~pbhrfafiq+ ~epe Medelbp+ oi qio hrfafiq gekqiq of burfwiaediq+

tel~iai bqto gektiq db grodelboteafo qfoi urb bq ro hrfafi urb qb giple eotbq

db ke aiowekfdeafo dbgfoftfwe db tidiq kiq lilbotiq urb qio i`hbtfwelbotb

dbtbplfoeotbq5/ Kiq ~pbhrfafiq wbpdedbpiq qio+ ~ip teoti+ tidi ro èmehb ~pbwfi

urb kkbweliq bo orbqtpi ~boqelfboti+ v kiq ~pbhrfafiq gekqiq qio kiq urb

~pidrabo lekiqbotbodfdiq0/ Kiq ~pflbpiq qio kiq mreq urb oiq evrdeo e

ail~pbodbp keq aiqeq+ kiq qbmrodiq qio fl~pidratfwiq/ V bqti bq eq+ ~ipurb kiq

~pbhrfafiq wbpdedbpiq bqto foaioakrqiq+ e`fbptiq qfbl~pb e qbp pbbkeìpediq

aio e~ipteafiobq qfmofgfaetfweq/ Bo afbpti qbotfdi qio ipfboteafiobq urb dfpfmbo

orbqtpe lfpede pbgkbzfwe jeafe ekmi urb oi qe`bliq+ i urb aioiabliq bo ~eptb/

Aio ki urb roe arbqtfo fl~ipteotb+ ~epe bl~bxep+ qbpe ke pbgkbzfo ~ip

orbqtpiq ~pi~fiq ~pbhrfafiq/ Bk ~roti db ~eptfde bq ro ~pbmrotepqb+ ~ip ki urb

qe`bq+ ~ip ki urb botfbodbq+ ~ip tr ~pi~fi èmehb db ki urb tb jeo foarkaedi i jeq

bqarajedi+ db ki urb tb jeo bz~kfaedi i jeq kbdi db itpiq/

5 Medelbp+ Jeoq,Mbipm+ Wbpded v Ltidi+ Bdfafiobq Qmrblb Qekeleoae 0>>2 Dbafli~pflbpe Bdfafo STpedrhbpio Eoe EmrdE~epfafi v Pegebk db Eme~fti dbk ipfmfoek ekblo ]epjbft rod Lbtjidb\ ~/ 11=

0Medelbp+ 0>>2/ I~/ Aft/ ~/ 176/ Kiq aekfgfaetfwiq db wbpdedbpi v gekqi qio ~kboelbotb medelbpfeoiq/ Hroti e kiq ~pbhrfafiq aili

giple db ~pbail~pboqfo jev itpiq bkblbotiq orakbepbq bo ke jbplbortfae dbgbodfde ~ip Medelbp+ aili qio ke tpedfafo v bk dfkimiaioqteotb botpb bk fotp~pbtb v ke ailrofded db ~bptboboafe/ Botfbodi urb botpep bo bqteq ~rotrekfxeafiobq pbèqe bk l`fti db ki urb eurqb tpete/ ip bk ofli ~bdemmfai db bqte i`pe+ qki jb tpedi e aikeafo kiq bkblbotiq urb qb ehrqteo e ke flembo dbk fodfwfdri urb qb ~keotbe+~ip ~pflbpe wbx+ roe pbgkbzfo bo ~pigrodfded dbk i`hbti db ke ~iktfae/


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:

Edblq db bqte kobe db epmrlboteafo urb tfbob urb wbp aio kiq urb

pbaf`bo bk aioiaflfboti+ jev itpe urb tfbob urb wbp aio kiq urb ki botpbmeo/ V

botpb kiq lfqliq bz~bptiq bo ~iktfae+ kiq ~ikftkimiq+ tel~iai bzfqtb roe

rofgiplfded db apftbpfi+ of ro earbpdi db lzfliq qi`pb ke îktfae v ki

~iktfai+ aili fpbliq wfbodi lq edbkeotb/ Ke jfqtipfe db ke pbgkbzfo eaedlfae

qi`pb ke ~iktfae v ki ~iktfai bqt hekioede db dbqboarbotpiq+ pbehrqtbq+

aippbafiobq+ lidfgfaeafiobq v ael`fiq db prlì/ Bo tidi aeqi+ v e ki qrli+

~idbliq depoiq ~ip qetfqgbajiq qf boaiotpeliq aioqboqi bo ro ~redi db

lofliq/

Db lidi lrv mbobpek+ ~idbliq egfplep urb ki ~iktfai tpete db kiq

eqrotiq aikbatfwiq urb oiq pbrobo e tidiq/ Eq ki egfpleo teoti Likfoe *0>>6862&8

ke ~iktfae bq roe eatfwfded dbqeppikkede ~ip bk jil`pb aio bk gfo db aioqbmrfp

roiq dbtbplfoediq i`hbtfwiq mkièklbotb wkfdiq ~epe tide ke aikbatfwfded3 aili

dbk Emrfke *0>>6805&8 ke ~iktfae bq ke eatfwfded e tpewq db ke arek kiq mpr~iq

jrleoiq tileo dbafqfiobq aikbatfweq1/ Bqte aikbatfwfded e ke urb oiq pbgbpfliq+

bqtb mpr~i jrleoi+ bq ~iqbbdip db ro aiohroti db fdbeq b flmbobq qi`pb ke

~iktfae/ Bk ~roti db ~eptfdi dbk ~pbqbote tpeèhi+ qbp+ botioabq+ bk flemfoepfi

~iktfai urb tfbob ke afrdedeoe eatrek+ keq i~fofiobq urb ke mbotb oiplek v

aippfbotb tfbob qi`pb ki ~iktfai+ ki urb ~fboqe ke i~fofo ~`kfae db ke îktfae/

1Dbgfofafo tilede db Jemrb bt ek/ Bo Ail~epetfwb Miwbplbot eod ikftfaq8 eo Fotpidratfio La Lfkkeo Kiodio 5661/


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6

KE I^FOFO ^@KFAE V KE ÎKTFAE

Bqte ~bpab~afo+ `qfaelbotb+ piode ekpbdbdip db diq peabq8 ke bztebxe v

bk dbqaioiaflfboti+ ~ip ro kedi+ v bk dbqboaeoti v ke dbqegbaafo ~ip bk itpi/ Bo

areoti e ki ~pflbpi+ ke ~iktfae oi dbhe db tbobp lrajiq bkblbotiq taofaiq urb

ke mbotb i `fbo dbqaioiab+ i `fbo qf kiq aioiabo oi botfbodbo qr groafioelfboti

i qr ekaeoab/ Oi qb qe`b aio bzeatftrd bo ur aioqfqtb ke ~iktfae/ E ki qrli+ qb

leobheo e~pizfleafiobq lq i lboiq el~kfeq/ Qb deo lrajeq aiqeq ~ip jbaji+

~pbqrlfliq urb tpete db aiqeq fl~ipteotbq urb egbateo e ke mbobpekfded db ke

ailrofded+ ~bpi oedfb je qfdi ae~ex e de db jiv jeabp+ aio levip lboip

bzeatftrd+ i ek lboiq e~pizflepqb+ roe bq~bafb db kfqtedi aio ur qio bqeq

aiqeq/ êpe roiq+ aeqf tidi bq ~iktfai v ~epe itpiq+ qki ro pbdrafdi olbpi db

aiqeq qio wbpdedbpelbotb ~iktfaeq3 ke kfqte qb bz~eodb v qb pbdrab/ îp bqi+ ke

afrdedeoe oi qe`b e ur etbobpqb pbq~bati e ki ~iktfai/ Bq afbpti+ urb kiq

geatipbq urb qb deo afte qio foaiote`kbq v lkf~kbq keq pbmkeq urb ki pbmrkeo/ V ke

arbqtfo oi edurfbpb wfqiq db lbhipep areodi tidiq qe`bliq urb bk pbqrktedi

gfoek bo ke ~iktfae fl~ipte+ v lraji8 dbafqfiobq ~iktfaeq `rboeq i lekeq

db~bodbo db qf bk pbqrktedi bq `bobgfafiqi i dbqeqtpiqi/


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5>

Urb bk tplfoi ~iktfae oi bq qboafkki db eoekfxep oi jev lq urb wbpki bo

ke aeotfded db qfmofgfaeafiobq urb kiq bz~bptiq dfabo db ke lfqle+ urb bq ro

jbaji+ roe afboafe+ roe oiple+ ro ltidi+ roe aiodrate+ roe gfkiqige+ roe

tbipe+ ro eptb+ roe giple db wfde+ bta/ Tel~iai boaiotpeliq qboafkkbx ekmroe bo

ke dbkflfteafo db qr eaafo+ ~ipurb bq dfgafk dbqkfodep ~pflbpi urfo ke bhbpab v

urfo ke ~edbab+ v bo ur mpedi3 v qbmrodi+ ~ip ke dbtbplfoeafo db qf bq roe

aiqe db tidiq+ i qki db kiq ~iktfaiq ~pigbqfioekbq v dbk el~kfi peli db kiq

bz~bptiq bo ~ikftikime/

Ke arbqtfo db ki ~iktfai+ ek qbp ro tble teo el~kfi+ teo kkboi db letfabq+

~eptbq+ qr`qfqtbleq+ btatbpe+ jeab urb qbeo lrajiq kiq urb qb eabpurbo e qr

eokfqfq/ V oi qki ~ip ~eptb db keq dfqtfoteq ~eptbq db ke afboafe i bk

aioiaflfboti3 bk lfqli afrdedeoi db e ~f+ e urfbo ke ~iktfae ail~bkb

dfpbatelbotb bo qr urbjeabp dfepfi+ botfbodb urb aili giple ~eptb db ke

lfqle+ ek ~eptfaf~ep db ro lidi r itpi *`fbo ~ip bk dbpbaji ek witi+ i ~ip bk

~emi db teqeq b fl~rbqtiq+ bta/& ~rbdb v db`b i~foep eabpae db bkke/ V bq afbpti+

urb bk afrdedeoi je db pbq~ioqe`fkfxepqb db qr ~e~bk bo ke qiafbded v bo bk

mi`fbpoi db qte/ Bqtb eqroti+ bk db keq i~fofiobq dbk afrdedeoi aippfbotb qi`pb

keq ail~kbhfdedbq db ke ~iktfae+ wfbob db lrv eotfmri3 v qbmrpelbotb bk ~pflbpi

urb qb jeab bai dbk lfqli bq ^keto bo qr dfkimi Ke Pb~`kfae/ Bqtb bq ro

tble db ~pikfhe bz~iqfafo ~ip kiq lrajiq gkbaiq urb e~epbabo/ ^bpi ejipe+ bo ke


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55

arbqtfo ~ip ke urb weliq ki urb fotbpbqe bq etbodbp e ke ~pbtboqfo urb tidi

afrdedeoi aippfbotb tfbob pbq~bati e ke ~iktfae/

E ~eptfp db ke i`pe ~ketofae qb ~rbdb jeabp roe eoekime letfxede aio ke

eatrekfded dbk eqroti/ Bo ke Etboeq db eurbkkiq tfbl~iq+ bk qbotfdi db ke taofae

bqteè lrv ~pioroafedi v qb e~pbafeè lraji urb aede ~pigbqfioek grbpe j`fk

v trwfbpe zfti bo bk igfafi leorek i bq~bafekfxedi urb dbqbl~beè/ Qfo

blèpmi hroti e bqte ~pbtboqfo+ bpe wiz ~i~rkf itpe urb aioqfqte bo ~boqep urb

arekurfbpe db bkkiq bqteè ae~eaftedi ~epe dbqbl~bep qfo ~pb~epeafo ekmroe

keq groafiobq db ke pbq ~`kfae4/ ^keto+ e tpewq db Qapetbq+ epmrlbotep urb

~epe bk dbqbl~bi db keq groafiobq ~`kfaeq v ~iktfaeq+ aili ~epe bk bhbpafafi

lfkftep+ i arekurfbp itpi igfafi+ bq obabqepfi ro bq~bafek aioiaflfboti dbk lfqli/

Urfo urbppe ro aep~fotbpi urb oi qe`b ali tpetep ke ledbpe+ i ro ~fkiti urb

qr~fbpe ali leobhepqb botpb grbptbq wfbotiq+ ro empfarktip urb oi

ail~pbodfbpe keq bqteafiobq i ro arptfdip urb oi qr~fbpe tpetep keq ~fbkbq9

Lb ~epbab fl~ipteotb tpebp dfpbatelbotb keq ~eke`peq db ^keto *Dfkimi FF+

1=4 ` v qfmq/&8

^rbq `fbo+ pbarbpde urb oi dbhèliq ek xe~etbpi urb fotbotepe qbp ek lfqli tfbl~i

ke`pedip+ tbhbdip i ekèfk3 tboe urb qbp ofaelbotb xe~etbpi ~epe urb oiq pbekfxepe `fbo keq

keìpbq ~pi~feq db qr igfafi3 v aede roi db kiq dblq eptbqeoiq kbq eqfmoèliq dbk lfqli lidi

4 Leorbk Gbpoodbx,Mekfeoi bo ke Fotpidraafo db Ke Pb~`kfae db ^keto+ Ekfeoxe Bdftipfek 5 Bdfafo 2 Pbfl~pbqfo+ 5664

Ledpfd+ ~~/54,5=/ STpedratip8 Hiq L/ eò v Leorbk Gbpoodbx,Mekfeoi\


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50

roe qike tepbe+ ke urb kbq dfateqbo qrq e~tftrdbq oetrpekbq v urb eurbkke bo urb grbqbo e tpeèhep

`fbo drpeotb tide qr wfde+ e`qtbofodiqb db tide itpe iar~eafo v oi dbheodi ~eqep ke iaeqfo

i~iptroe ~epe bhbartep aede i`pe V eaeqi oi pbqrkte db ke lzfle fl~ipteoafe bk urb tel`fo

keq aiqeq db ke mrbppe qb jemeo aili bq db`fdi9 I qio teo gafkbq urb ro ke`pedip+ ro xe~etbpi

r itpi arekurfbp eptbqeoi ~rbdb qbp qikdedi ek lfqli tfbl~i+9S\V èqtep aio bl~rep ro

bqardi i arekurfbp itpi db keq epleq b foqtprlbotiq db mrbppe ~epe bqtep bo dfq~iqfafo db

~bkbep bk lfqli de bo keq gfkeq db kiq ji~kfteq i db itpe rofded lfkftep+9S\

ZW/ îp aioqfmrfbotb qbmr dfafbodi areoti lq fl~ipteotb qbe ke lfqfo db kiq

mrepdfeobq+ teoti lq ~pbafqi qbp urb qb dbqkfmrbo e`qikrtelbotb db tide itpe iar~eafo v

pbekfabo qr tpeèhi aio ke lzfle ail~btboafe v abki/

@rqaeodi+ bo ke lfqle kobe+ roe i~fofo lq eatrek db bqtb eqroti+ ~bpi

fmreklbotb wkfde v db ~pbqtfmfi+ tpefmi e aikeafo ro ~boqelfboti db Gbppetbp

Lipe28

Oi tidi bk lrodi bq ae~ex db je`kep aio aioiaflfboti db aerqe db akarki tboqipfek+

lbaofae arotfae i `fikime likbarkep i db teoteq itpeq aiqeq8 kbvbq leapibaiolfaeq i

bqaekeq didbaegofaeq+ ~bpi ~patfaelbotb tidi bk lrodi ~rbdb v qrbkb je`kep db ~iktfae/

Kiq dbppitbpiq urb tile ^keto bo bqte dfqarqfo+ bq db qi`pe aioiafde8 bk

eptb db tpetep v aiodrafp qbpbq jrleoiq ek `fbo bq aiqe db ke gfkiqige/ Tel`fo

qio db qi`pe aioiafdiq kiq epmrlbotiq aiotpe ke dbliapeafe v ke dblemimfe dbk

etbofboqb v qr bkftfqli epfqtiaptfai bo bk mi`fbpoi db ke ~ikfq/ V aili bqb

eqroti ve botpe bo aioqfdbpeafiobq db levip aekedi+ dbheliq eur ke arbqtfo

2Gbppetbp Lipe+ HiqWboteoeq ek Lrodi Eotjpi~iq l`ftiq Kftbpepfiq)Boqevi 54 56:7 @epabkioe ~/ 022/


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51

~ketofae+ aio ke fdbe `qfae+ pbegfplede ~ip Gbppetbp+ db urb bk afrdedeoi

aippfbotb botpe bo bk lrodi db ki ~iktfai+ i giple ~eptb dbk lfqli+ qfo wekipep+

bo lrajeq iaeqfiobq+ keq ail~kbhfdedbq dbk lfqli+ ke bzfqtboafe db

aioiaflfbotiq lrv bq~bafekfxediq urb i `fbo oi aioiab i `fbo qb kb bqae~e/

Db eur oi qb ~rbdb aikbmfp urb ke ~iktfae qbe ro eqroti ~pi~fi v

bzakrqfwi db kftbq eaedlfaeq ~pb~epedeq v urb bk fodfwfdri aippfbotb oi ~rbdb

tbobp wix qi`pb kiq eqrotiq urb kb etebo dfpbatelbotb/ Oi+ qi`pb ki urb urfbpi

kkelep ke tboafo bq urb bk afrdedeoi jepe `fbo bo qi~bqep aio hrqtbxe tidi ki

dbpfwedi db ke ~iktfae v db eurbkkiq urb qb jeo bq~bafekfxedi bo qr bqtrdfi v

~rbqte bo ~patfae/ V urb tidi aioiaflfboti+ qe`bp+ i gipleafo+ urb ~rbde fp

edurfpfbodi db qrq botpbqfhiq+ ail~kbhfdedbq v groafioelfbotiq+ bq ekmi ~iqftfwi

v pbote`kb ~epe urb qrq i~fofiobq ek pbq~bati bqto grodelbotedeq+ v oi qbeo bk

gprti db ke iarppboafe bliafioek dbk lilboti/ V e ke itpe ~eptb+ e eurbkkiq urb

tileo ke ~iktfae aili qr ~pigbqfo i aili qr ael~i db bqtrdfi+ je`pe urb

jeabpkbq wbp+ foakrqi ~bdfpkbq+ roe ke`ip ~bdemmfae/ Qi`pb bqte ke`ip qbmrfpbliq

pbgkbzfioeodi lq tepdb/

Bo areoti e ki qbmrodi+ keq i~fofiobq qi`pb ke ~iktfae+ v bq~bafeklbotb

qi`pb kiq ~iktfaiq oi qrbkbo qbp lrv ~iqftfweq eatreklbotb/ @bekbv *0>>1810=&

bz~iob urb ke eab~afo ~i~rkeplbotb eab~tede db ke ~iktfae wfbob e qbp urb bq

roe eatfwfded bqaeodekiqe ekbhede ~ip ail~kbti db ke afrdedeoe+ ~peatfaede ~ip


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ro mpr~i db ~bpqioeq urb oi lbpbabo aiogfeoxe ve urb qb dbdfaeo e leof~rkep

ke pbekfded db keq aiqeq qbmo qrq iqarpiq fotbpbqbq+ erourb e~epbotblbotb ki

urb jeabo bq dfqartfp eqrotiq ~ip v ~epe ke afrdedeoe+ erourb qte oi tbplfoe

db botbodbpkiq dbk tidi/

Jev detiq urb aiogfpleo bqtb epmrlboti+ aili oi tepdepbliq bo

liqtpep/ Bo mpeo ~eptb ~ip urb kiq ~iktfaiq bztbpoekfxeo roe qbpfb db

ail~iptelfbotiq aippr~tiq urb dbheo lraji urb dbqbep ~epe qbp ~bpqioeq urb

tfbobo e qr aepmi ke dfpbaafo dbk Bqtedi+ bk Mi`fbpoi i ke pbq ~`kfae7/ V oi qiki

jev earqeafiobq db qrafbded+ tel`fo qb ~rbdbo aiotep keq lrajeq i~fofiobq

obmetfweq v ~bvipetfweq wbptfdeq ~ip ke i~fofo ~`kfae+ urb ke pbkeafioeo aio ke

rtfkfded+ ke lbotfpe+ ke leof~rkeafo db keq bliafiobq+ bk urb kiq ~iktfaiq oi

~pbdfaeo aio bk bhbl~ki+ bk urb ael`feo db ~epbabp qbmo aiowbofboafe+ bta=/

Ki afbpti bq urb ke îktfae bq eatreklbotb roi db kiq litfwiq db

apfq~eafo qiafek lq fl~ipteotb/ Wfwfliq bo ro tfbl~i bo bk urb ke afrdedeoe

~bpaf`b e kiq ~iktfaiq aili ~eptb dbk ~pi`kble bo wbx db qbp ke qikrafo db qrq

~pi`kbleq aikbatfwiq/ Qb ekbhe aede wbx lq dbk ~e~bk aijbqfioedip db ki

aikbatfwi urb ~epbabpe tbobp i`qbpweodi ke arbqtfo aio bk qfl~kb qbotfdi

7 Fogiple bkeìpedi ~ip Mekkr~ Fotbpoetfioek ~epe Tpeoq~epboav Fotbpoetfioek qi`pb bk erlboti db ke aippr~afo ~iktfae lrodfek/

jtt~8))}}}/tpeoq~epboafe/ipm/bq)@EPILBTPI"0>MKI@EK"0>0>5>)AILROFAEDI"0>DB"0> PBOQE"0>QI@PB"0>BK"0

>@EPILBTPI"0>0>5>/~dg

= Ke afte aio ke urb ailfboxe bk tpeèhi bqt bztpede db ke botpbwfqte db ^kevìv urb bo 56=4 ke ~bpfidfqte Ajepkittb Ajeodkbp

pbekfx e Mipraji Lepz3 bz~kfafte qepaqtfaelbotb bqti urb qb bz~iob/
http://www.transparencia.org.es/BAROMETRO%20GLOBAL%202010/COMUNICADO%20DE%20PRENSA%20SOBRE%20EL%20BAROMETRO%202010.pdfhttp://www.transparencia.org.es/BAROMETRO%20GLOBAL%202010/COMUNICADO%20DE%20PRENSA%20SOBRE%20EL%20BAROMETRO%202010.pdfhttp://www.transparencia.org.es/BAROMETRO%20GLOBAL%202010/COMUNICADO%20DE%20PRENSA%20SOBRE%20EL%20BAROMETRO%202010.pdfhttp://www.transparencia.org.es/BAROMETRO%20GLOBAL%202010/COMUNICADO%20DE%20PRENSA%20SOBRE%20EL%20BAROMETRO%202010.pdf


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52

ailo/ V oi qki ke wix db ke aekkb qb bz~pbqe eq3 Lrpfkki Gbppik : egfple urb ke

~iktfae bq ro lek obabqepfi/ Iptbme v Meqqbt dfab db bkke urb bq ekmi db ki urb oi

~idbliq ~pbqafodfp ~bpi aio aiodfafiobq68

Lfbotpeq tilbliq ki tfk aili tfk+ oede jev urb i`hbtep/ ^bpi qf bqte ~pbiar~eafo ~ip

ki tfk kkbme e aioqtftrfp bk j`fti abotpek db orbqtpe ~bpqioekfded+ areodi qb tpetb db `rqaep ki

wbpdedbpi tbodpbliq e aiogrodfpki aio ki tfk/ V bqti+ jeabp db ke rtfkfded ke wbpded+ bq ke

dbgfofafo db ke lbotfpe/ Bk fl~bpfi db ke ~iktfae bq+ ~rbq+ bk fl~bpfi db ke lbotfpe /

^bpi oi qikelbotb aioteliq aio i~fofiobq ~pbqtfmfiqeq/ Jev letbpfekbq

dbliqa~faiq lrv pbafbotbq urb ewekeo keq tbqfq db ke leke gele db ke ~iktfae+ v

kiq ~iktfaiq lrv bq~bafeklbotb/ ^pi~iodp ro ~burbi olbpi db bhbl~kiq

bztpefdiq db ro tpe`ehi bqtedqtfai dbk AFQ5>/ Qb tpete dbk Bqtrdfi o 0:07 db

dfafbl`pb db 0>>6+ kkeledi tfae ~`kfae v Aippr~afo55+ pbekfxedi ~ip boaepmi

db ke Grodeafo b Foqtftrti Rofwbpqftepfi Iptbme v Meqqbt/ Bk bqtrdfi fowbqtfme ke

~bpab~afo db ke i~fofo ~`kfae qi`pb ke ~iktfae+ abotpodiqb bo bk fotbpq urb

qte kb dbq~fbpte+ bk mpedi db aiogfeoxe bo kiq ~iktfaiq+ bk ofwbk db qetfqgeaafo db

qr ke`ip v itpiq tbleq egfobq/ Tel`fo fowbqtfme ke ~bpab~afo db ke i~fofo

~`kfae qi`pb kiq ail~iptelfbotiq qiafeklbotb kbmtfliq db ke qiafbded bo

: Bo bk pkimi ek LEOREK DB AFBOAFE IKTFAE/ Pegebk dbk mrfke *Bdftip& Tpitte Ledpfd 0>>6 7 Bdfafo ~/5=/6Iptbme v Meqqbt+ Hiq WBPDED V ^BPQ^BATFWE bo BK BQ^BATEDIP/ @f`kfitbae @qfae QEKWET/ Kf`pi PTW 4/ Ledpfd 5676 ~/ 5:

SBqapfti ipfmfoeklbotb bo 5656\5> }}}/afq/bqBk Abotpi db Fowbqtfmeafiobq Qiafikmfaeq bq ro Ipmeofqli ertoili db aepatbp edlfofqtpetfwi+ aio ~bpqioekfded hrpdfae v

~etpfliofi ~pi~fiq+ edqapfti ek Lfofqtbpfi db ke ^pbqfdboafe+ urb tfbob ~ip gfoekfded bk bqtrdfi afbotgfai db ke qiafbded bq~eike/ Bk aepatbp

db Ipmeofqli ertoili kb grb aiogbpfdi ~ip ke Kbv 4)566>+ db 06 db hrofi+ v qr ipmeofxeafo v groafioelfboti grbpio pbmrkediq ~ip bk PbekDbapbti 5207)566>+ db : db oiwfbl`pb/55 jtt~8))}}}/afq/bq)afq)i~boal)BQ)5Yboarbqteq)bqtrdfiq)wbp/hq~9bqtrdfi7:4
http://www.cis.es/http://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/-Archivos/Legislacion/Ley_4-1990.pdfhttp://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/-Archivos/Legislacion/RD_1526-1990.pdfhttp://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/-Archivos/Legislacion/RD_1526-1990.pdfhttp://www.cis.es/cis/opencm/ES/1_encuestas/estudios/ver.jsp?estudio=10684http://www.cis.es/cis/opencm/ES/1_encuestas/estudios/ver.jsp?estudio=10684http://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/-Archivos/Legislacion/RD_1526-1990.pdfhttp://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/-Archivos/Legislacion/RD_1526-1990.pdfhttp://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/-Archivos/Legislacion/Ley_4-1990.pdfhttp://www.cis.es/


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57

mbobpek v db kiq ~iktfaiq bo ~eptfarkep/ ^ip oi ekepmep bo dbleqe kiq

epmrlbotiq+ v ~ipurb bk bqtrdfi bq db dilfofi ~`kfai v arekurfbp ~bpqioe

~rbdb tbobp eaabqi ek lfqli v bztpebp qrq ~pi~feq aioakrqfiobq lb kflftep e

igpbabp 4 db keq 4= ~pbmroteq urb lq pbkeafo tfbob aio ki urb tpeti db bz~iobp

*Gfmrpe 5&/

Gfmrpe 5/


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5=

BK Ê^BK DB KE AFRDEDEOE BO KE ÎKTFAE/

Wepfeq arbqtfobq wfbob e boaiotpepqb bo bqb eqroti urb ailboxeliq e

tpetep8 aioiaflfbotiq+ fogipleafo+ ae~eafded ~epe ail~pbodbp kiq gbolboiq

~iktfaiq+ fotbpq+ dbafqfo+ botpb itpiq/ Edblq+ jev urb tbobp bo arbote kiq

bkblbotiq fppeafioekbq+ bqiq itpiq urb tfbobo urb wbp aio keq fkrqfiobq v

bq~bpeoxeq+ keq ~eqfiobq+ kiq ~pbhrfafiq db ke afrdedeoe aio pbq~bati e dodb

kkbme ke ~iktfae v ur ~rbdb ~peatfaepqb dbotpi db ke lfqle/ Tbobliq eur+ ~ip

teoti+ ro folboqi dbètb qi`pb qf ke mbotb v ke i~fofo ~`kfae bqt i oi

~pb~epede ~epe aioiabp v ail~pbodbp kiq wbpfarbtiq v ail~kbhfdedbq db keq pbq

~iktfae8 ke bdraeafo urb jeo pbaf`fdi ~ip ~eptb db kiq qfqtbleq bdraetfwiq

~`kfaiq v bqtetekbq+ bk ~e~bk db ke fogipleafo urb pbaf`bo+ v leobheo+ db kiq

lbdfiq db ailrofaeafo/ V bo wfqte db kiq detiq dbliqa~faiq eotbpfipbq

pbq~iodbp e dodb bqt bk ipfmbo db ke e~ete v ke dbqaiogfeoxe9+ ~bpi qi`pb

tidi+ ali pbwbptfp bqb ~piabqi9/

Bo keq dbliapeafeq eatrekbq+ urb dbqaeoqe bo bk aioqbotflfboti db kiq

afrdedeoiq urb qio mi`bpoediq v oi qiki bo bk eati lbaofai db db~iqftep ro

witi+ areodi bqtiq jeabo dbheafo db qr pbq~ioqe`fkfded+ i ~ip dbqaioiaflfboti

b fmoipeoafe i ~ip e~ete v dbqfdfe+ i ~ip fodfmoeafo+ i ~ip tideq keq aiqeq


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5:

hroteq+ wrbkwb e qrpmfp roe ~pbmrote urb bqt ~keotbde dbqdb kiq ek`ipbq db ke

Jrleofded8 jeqte ur ~roti qb bqt ae~eaftedi ~epe bk ertimi`fbpoi qf oi qb

~iob bl~bi bo tilep ke levipe db bded ~iktfae9+ jeqte dodb tfbobo+

botioabq+ roiq ~iaiq urb jeabpqb aepmi dbk mi`fbpoi db kiq lrajiq9/

Tbobliq diq bkblbotiq+ bk ~pi~fi db ke afrdedeoe v qr pbq~ioqe`fkfded bo bk

ertimi`fbpoi v bk bkblboti ~pi~fi db kiq boaepmediq dbk mi`fbpoi+ urb jeo qfdi

bkbmfdiq ~ip kiq eotbpfipbq/ Lraje mbotb qb ekbhe db ki ~iktfai+ erourb ki ~ikftfai

oroae qb ekbhe db ke mbotb/ Oi bqtepe db lq pbwfqep bk pb~pbqbotetfwfqli

lidbpoi+ db bkbaafiobq aede afbpti tfbl~i v ajburb bo `keoai e kiq ~eptfdiq

~iktfaiq ~epe jeabp v dbqjeabp qfo urb ke afrdedeoe ~rbde+ pbeklbotb+ dbafdfp

bo keq arbqtfiobq urb lq kb etebo/ Tidi bq lbhipe`kb v ke dbliapeafe bq+

tel`fo+ ~bpgbatf`kb+ aio ki urb ~rbdb v tfbob urb qbp lidfgfaede ~epe bqtep e ke

ektrpe db kiq tfbl~iq/ ^bpi lfbotpeq bqi iarppb i oi+ qbmrfliq tbofbodi bk

~pi`kble db roe afrdedeoe urb qb ekbhe db qr pbq~ioqe`fkfded+ qb ~rbdb

ael`fep ke e~ete v ke fodfgbpboafe aio ~bdemime+ aio ke fkrqtpeafo dbk ~`kfai+ v

tel`fo aio bk erlboti db keq aiodfafiobq qiafi,baiolfai,bdraetfweq9

Ve jfafliq lboafo ek ailfboxi+ keq kflfteafiobq aimoftfweq db kiq

fodfwfdriq eq aili kiq eq~batiq fppeafioekbq v eppeafioekbq db ke wfde ~iktfae v

keq apbboafeq db keq leqeq oi bq ro fowboti db kiq eoekfqteq ~iktfaiq/ Bq roe

pbekfded+ keq apbboafeq db ke mbotb+ e ke urb aede wbx lq qb kb ~pbqte lq

etboafo8


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56

Ki urb ke mbotb apbb wbpdedbpi b fl~ipteotb+ ki urb qb apbb `rboi v wekfiqi+ oi qki mre

qfoi urb kflfte qrq eaafiobq qiafekbq/ E qr wbx+ bqteq apbboafeq qb aiogfmrpeo e ~eptfp db afbpteq

boqbeoxeq v bz~bpfboafeq dbk ~eqedi/ Ke aiogipleafo db tekbq boqbeoxeq v bz~bpfboafeq

~rbdb aiogiplep keq apbboafeq v kiq wekipbq db ke mbotb v+ ~ip teoti+ qrq dbafqfiobq ~iktfaeq/ Ke

leof~rkeafo db tekbq kflfteafiobq+ aili ke leof~rkeafo db ke mbotb urb eate èhi keq lfqleq+

bq roe eati ~pigrodelbotb ~iktfai urb lbpbab teote etboafo eoektfae aili arekurfbp itpi

*Miidfo ' Ckfombleoo+ 0>>5844&/

Kiq bdftipbq dbk Orbwi Leorek db Afboafe îktfae *0>>5& ek bz~iobp bqtb

epmrlboti+ lrbqtpeo roe db keq ~bipbq aepeq db ke ~iktfae/ Jeafbodi lboafo e

ke leof~rkeafo urb ke ~iktfae ~rbdb+ v db jbaji jeab+ qi`pb ke afrdedeoe+ e

tpewq db keq apbboafeq v bliafiobq+ v oi db kiq eq~batiq peafioekbq+ jeab lq

fl~ipteotb+ qf ae`b+ roe keìp db ~bdemime v arktfwi dbk bq~pftr aptfai db kiq

afrdedeoiq/

Bgbatfwelbotb+ bk ~e~bk db ke ~bdemime ~iktfae v ke bdraeafo awfae qb

tipoe grodelbotek/ Ke afboafe v ke tbipe ~iktfae qb boaepmeo db giplep

bq~bafekfqteq v eaedlfaiq boaepmediq dbk eokfqfq+ kiq ~iktfaiq ~pigbqfioekbq qb

boaepmeo db leobhep ke oewb bqtetek3 v kiq ailbotepfqteq+ tbptrkfeoiq v

i~fokimiq qb boaepmeo dbk ailètb arbp~i e arbp~i/ ^bpi+ urfo bqb boaepme

db ke bdraeafo ~iktfae db kiq afrdedeoiq9 Bq afbpti+ urb oi ~idbliq fmoipep ke

bdraeafo ertidfdeate db lrajiq afrdedeoiq/ ^bpi oi bq qrgfafbotb+ botfbodi/


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0>

Bk ~e~bk dbk tbpfai oi bq of bk dbk ~iktfai ~pigbqfioek+ boaepmedi db ke

tile db dbafqfiobq+ of bk dbk tbptrkfeoi ~iktfai boaepmedi db ke e~ikimtfae

fdbikmfae/ Qr tpeèhi oi qb èqe bo bkeìpep ro pbabtepfi db qikrafiobq e kiq

~pi`kbleq urb qrpmbo db ke aiowfwboafe db kiq qbpbq jrleoiq/ Qr ~e~bk bq bk db

ke pbgkbzfo tbpfae+ bk db e~iptep aioiaflfboti aio qrq pbmkeq v qrq ~pi~fiq

i`hbtfwiq/ Bkeìpep bz~kfaeafiobq+ jf~tbqfq v lepaiq pbgbpboafekbq/ Eq ki

botfbodb Ae~i *0>>=857&8

Erourb bk ~iktfai ~rbdb qbp botbodfdi aili ro l`fti urb egbatb e tidi bk lrodi

~ipurb oedfb bqae~e e qrq bgbatiq+ db`b tbobpqb boarbote urb+ gpbotb e bqtb eq~bati mbobpek+ ke

~iktfae bq tel`fo roe eatfwfded bq~bafekfxede+ pbqbpwede db roe leobpe ~pbdilfoeoetb e ro

mpr~i db afrdedeoiq+ ~pigbqfioekfxediq i qblf~pigbqfioekfxediq bo ke tile db dbafqfiobq

wfoarkeotbq ~epe ke aikbatfwfded/

Bq afbpti urb kiq eoekfqteq ~iktfaiq+ `fbo qbeo ~ikftkimiq i qiafkimiq i

gfkqigiq+ i arekurfbp itpi eaedlfai urb abotpb qr keìp bo bk bqtrdfi db ki

~iktfai tfbob urb tbobp roe eatftrd pbabkiqe v bqa~tfae aio keq lek fogipledeq

i~fofiobq v kiq ~pbhrfafiq db kiq afrdedeoiq ailrobq *@ekk+ 5666875&/ ^bpi oi bq

lboiq afbpti urb tel`fo tbodpe urb qbp aioqafbotbq db urb tfbobo roe lfqfo+

urb oi bq itpe urb ke bdraep b fkrqtpep e ke i~fofo ~`kfae/ Ke tbipe v ke afboafe

~iktfae oi qki tbodpe urb iar~epqb db ke gipleafo db bq~bafekfqteq+ v db

ge`pfaep jbppelfboteq ~epe urb bqtiq dfqarteo botpb q3 tel`fo tbodpe urb

hrmep itpi ~e~bk qrqteoafek8 bk bdraetfwi/ Eq ki botfbodb @ekk *5666865&8


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05

Ke afboafe ~iktfae db`bpe iar~epqb oi qki db ke gipleafo db bq~bafekfqteq+ qfoi

tel`fo db ke lq el~kfe bdraeafo ~iktfae db kiq afrdedeoiq/

Bq ~iqf`kb urb of bk ~iktfai ~pigbqfioek of dbtbplfoediq qbatipbq dbk

eaedblfafqli eatrek eab~tb urb ke ~bdemime qbe roe db qrq ke`ipbq abotpekbq/

^bpi bk gfkqigi+ aili bq lf aeqi+ oi ~rbdb fmoipep ke arbqtfo8 bdraep b fkrqtpep

e ke afrdedeoe qi`pb ke ~iktfae bq roe arbqtfo fl~ipteotb urb oi ~rbdb

dbhepqb db kedi/ Lb jemi aepmi urb bqtb fotbkbatrekfqli db aiptb qiaptfai oi qbe

ail~eptfdi ~ip lrajiq+ ~bpi botfbodi urb roe levip gipleafo db ke

afrdedeoe qi`pb ke arbqtfiobq ~iktfaeq+ pb~bpartfp bo ke lbhipe db ke aekfded

db ke dbliapeafe/

^bpi akepi+ bqti oiq kkbwe e ro krmep fojq~fti8 ke arbqtfo db ke i`hbtfwfded

i ke obrtpekfded aiotpe ke arbqtfo dbk ~roti db wfqte dbqdb bk ark+ bk gfkqigi *i

urfbo qbe& tpete db fkrqtpep e ke mbotb/ Bk qbqmi i ke fdbikime+ bq v qbp qfbl~pb

litfwi db dfq~rte+ roe `etekke urb qfbl~pb tbodp krmep bo bqti db ke ~iktfae v

qr eokfqfq/ Lb ~epbab i~iptroi+ bo bqtb ~roti+ tpebp e aikeafo roi db kiq

~boqelfbotiq abotpekbq db Qajkbfbpleajbp+ roiq db kiq ~edpbq grodedipbq db ke

jbplbortfae+ urb qfbl~pb lb je kkeledi ke etboafo+ ~ipurb urb df`rhe

~bpgbatelbotb ke ~patfae je`ftrek dbk eokfqfq ~iktfai8 Ail~pbodbp e ro ertip

lbhip db ki urb k lfqli qb je`pe ail~pbodfdi50/ Ro ertotfai ewfqi e

50 Medelbp+ 0>>2/ I~/ Aft/ ~/ 047/


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00

oewbmeotbq urb weveo i urfbpeo botpep bo ke pbgkbzfo db ke pbq ~iktfae/ Tiledi

bqtb ~boqelfboti bo qr pedfaekfded+ bq aili qf arekurfbpe+ eotbq urb k lfqli+

grbpe ae~ex db qe`bp bk qbotfdi v bk qfmofgfaedi db qrq ~pi~feq ~eke`peq/ Urb roe

wbx dfaji ki dfaji qb kb bqae~e ke ertipe v tidiq ~rbdbo+ v db`bo+ lbtbp leoi e

qr ~pidraafo+ dfqbaafioodike ~ip ail~kbti+ v liqtpeodi tidi eurbkki urb je

urbpfdi dbafp edblq db dbafp ki urb je dfaji/ ^bpi bo bqti db ke ~iktfae qb we

lq ekk v qfbl~pb jev ekmrfbo dfq~rbqti e dbafp keq aiqeq urb ro dbtbplfoedi

ertip oi urfbpb dbafp aio ki urb je dfaji+ i urb tpete db dboroafep ki urb bqt

dbtpq+ r iarkti+ db ki urb je bqapfti+ i urb je qfdi teo ~bpq~faex db depqb arbote

dbk aiotpeèodi fdbikmfai urb bqb ertip je fotpidrafdi db te~edfkki botpb qrq

epmrlbotiq/ îp teoti+ bk aiogkfati bq v qbp+ eqrlfdi i oi+ roe db keq aetbmipeq

`qfaeq oi qki db ke ~iktfae+ qfoi tel`fo v bq~bafeklbotb db tidiq eurbkkiq

urb qb eabpaeo e qr pbgkbzfo/

Aede arek tbodpe urb eqrlfp ro jipfxiotb+ i ro ~roti db wfqte+ i ~roti db

~eptfde ,i aili urbppeliq kkelepkb, foakrfdiq kiq urb eqrlbo bk oi,qbqmi i ke

obrtpekfded/ V jeabpki dbqdb ke kf`bpted+ v qi`pb tidi , ej bqtpfè ke arbqtfo

fl~ipteotb, ke eqroafo dbk ~pi~fi jipfxiotb dbqdb ke jiopedbx v ke qrgfafbotb

~pb~epeafo taofae+ ~epe ~idbp dbq`pixep ke ~iktfae v ki ~iktfai aippbatelbotb/

Qb tpete db tbobp ro aioiaflfboti ehrqtedi db kiq ~pfoaf~fiq urb grodelboteo b

fotboteo wekfdep roe ~iqfafo ~iktfae ~epe ~idbp aioqtprfp i~fofiobq `fbo

grodedeq+ epmrlbotedeq v oi qrqtftrfpkeq ~ip iarppboafeq dbk lilboti i ke


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01

aioqfmoe db ro mpr~i ~iktfai aioapbti db leobpe eaptfae/ Hroti e bqe tile db

~iqfafo+ tfbob urb je`ftep bk bq~pftr aptfai db ki foeaeèdi+ db ki foail~kbti+

db ki urb ~rbdb qbmrfp ~bpgbaafioodiqb i lbhipeodi/ Dbqdb bqe el~kftrd db

lfpeq+ bwfteliq urb bk qbqmi bqt qki ~bodfbotb db q lfqli v db qrq aetbmipeq/

Urb bk qbqmi je db aiowfwfp v botpep bo dfekatfae ~pidratfwe aio itpiq/ V urb oi

qiki tbomeliq urb fp aiotpe keq eqroafiobq db orbqtpiq aiotpepfiq+ qfoi aiotpe

kiq ~pi~fiq+ bwfteodi ~iqtrpeq eailidetfafeq+ i urb botfbodeo urb bk qbqmi+ i ke

fdbikime+ bq ro ekmi ve eaeèdi urb oi ~rbdb qbp ~bpgbaafioedi aio bk

tpeoqarppfp db ke wfde/ Bq ke tpfkime `qfae dbk aioiaflfboti+ jipfxiotb v aptfae/

Oi bq leki dbafdfpqb v i~tep bo kf`bpted ~ip ro jipfxiotb+ ki leki+ botfbodi+ bq

~boqep urb bq foeliwf`kb/ Aili qb wbp e ki kepmi db bqteq ~mfoeq+ bk qbqmi qbp

roi db kiq tbleq pbarppbotb db ke pbgkbzfo ~iktfae/

Ke dfqaf~kfoe ~iktfae qb ~rbdb fdbotfgfaep bo tplfoiq db qrq ~pimpeleq db

fowbqtfmeafo+ keq tpedfafiobq ~iktfaeq+ keq foqtftrafiobq i kiq kdbpbq aepfqltfaiq

v)i eaedlfaiq/ ^bpi tel`fo ~rbdbo fdbotfgfaepqb bo tplfoiq db kiq dbètbq v

dfqarqfiobq urb qb deo bo qr qboi/ Db botpb bqteq dfqarqfiobq+ jev roe urb bq

bq~bafeklbotb boaioede+ v tfbob urb wbp aio keq pbkeafiobq ~iqf`kbq db ke ~iktfae

aio ke afboafe+ aio ke tbipe+ v botpb elèq *Gepp+ 5666802=&/ îp ej aiotforepbliq/


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04

JBAJIQ V WEKIPBQ

Ke ~iktfae tpete aio jbajiq v aio wekipbq/ Kiq qbmrodiq+ e dfgbpboafe db kiq

~pflbpiq+ dfgafklbotb ~rbdbo qbp lbdfdiq+ ~bqediq+ aekf`pediq v ail~epediq+

bo dbgfoftfwe+ areotfgfaediq/ ^ip bk aiotpepfi+ kiq wekipbq qio arekftetfwiq/ Qf ki

arekftetfwi oi ~rbdb qbp areotfgfaedi+ ~rbdb arekfgfaepqb+ wekipepqb+ ki

areotfgfae`kb+ bqti bq+ bk jbaji9 Bq ~iqf`kb aioqtprfp ro dfqarpqi afbotgfai qi`pb

ke ~iktfae leobheodi jbajiq v wekipbq9 Qf jeabliq aeqi ek ~iqftfwfqli+ ke

pbgkbzfo qi`pb ke giple db mi`bpoep e kiq jil`pbq bo qiafbded v ke ~iqf`fkfded

db urb kf`bpted b fmrekded qbeo ki qrgfafbotblbotb ail~etf`kbq ~epe urb bqto

`fbo ewbofdeq+ bq lbpe bq~barkeafo eafbotgfae *Db Wbpe+ 0>>2852&/ I qbe+ qf qb

botfbodb `fbo e bqtiq ~iqftfwfqteq+ qf jev wekipbq bq urb oi je`p afboafe3 v qf

urbpbliq urb jeve afboafe botioabq oi je`p wekipbq+ ~ipurb afboafe bq qiki ki

areotfgfae`kb/ Ke ~itboafe db keq aippfbotbq ~iqftfwfqteq bo keq afboafeq bo mbobpek+

v ke `bjewfipfqte bo bk ~eptfarkep db ke ~iktfae aili wbpbliq lq edbkeotb, bq

fodrde`kb3 aili fodrde`kb jeo qfdi+ tel`fo+ qrq bzabqiq+ qrq gpeaeqiq v keq

lrajeq aptfaeq urb qb kbq je pbekfxedi/

Pbtileliq orbwelbotb ke ~pbmrote+ jeafodiqbke ejipe e itpiq

fotbpkiartipbq8 bq ~iqf`kb aioqtprfp ro dfqarpqi afbotgfai qi`pb ke ~iktfae


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02

leobheodi jbajiq v wekipbq9 Bq fodrde`kb urb ke ~iktfae tpete aio jbajiq+ ~bpi

~epe Miid}fo *566=86&+ bo ke ~iktfae qb ~iobo bo hrbmi tel`fo roe qbpfb db

wekipbq b fdbekbq3 v botpb tidiq bqtiq+ urb qio ro `rbo olbpi+ jev urb fp

tileodi dbafqfiobq v dep pbq~rbqte e ro el~kqfli aiohroti db ~pbmroteq/

, Urfobq qiliq+ ali ~idbliq wfwfp bo ailrofded+ ur i~afiobq pbekbq

tbobliq ~epe wfwfp+ i ur ~iqf`fkfdedbq dbqbe`kbq qb e`pbo eotb oiqitpiq9 Ark

je db qbp ke pbkeafo botpb bk fodfwfdri+ ke qiafbded v bk Bqtedi9 V botpb arktrpe

v ~iktfae+ botpb fdbotfded ~bpqioek v aikbatfwe9 V botpb ~iktfae+ afwfkfxeafo v

pbkfmfo9 V botpb ~iktfae+ Bqtedi v oeafo9

, Jeqte ur ~roti jev urb eab~tep ke pbekfded ~iktfae bo ke urb wfwfliq9

Jeqte ur ~roti ~rbdb ael`fepqb ke pbekfded ~iktfae bo ke urb wfwfliq9 Ur

qb obabqfte ~epe bkki9 Qio bk pbekfqli+ bk wikrotepfqli v ke e~bkeafo e mpeodbq

fdbekbq ail~etf`kbq i foail~etf`kbq9

, Jeqte urb ~roti qio ail~etf`kbq ke fmrekded v ke kf`bpted9 Qio

bwfte`kbq tideq v aede roe db keq dbqfmrekdedbq9 Ekmroeq q v itpeq oi+ arkbq9

Jeqte urb ~roti qio tikbpe`kbq,fotikbpe`kbq i leobhe`kb,foleobhe`kbq9 Dodb

qb boarbotpe bk lepmbo ktfli db ke kf`bpted+ v bk lofli9

, Je db qbp ke Hrqtfafe+ i ke Fmrekded+ i ke Kf`bpted+ i arekurfbp itpi

ofaelbotb+ bk aioab~ti abotpek db ke ~iktfae9 Oi oiq kkbwe bqte rofwiafded e

fmoipep i dfqtipqfioep eq~batiq v pbeq fl~ipteotbq db ke wfde ~iktfae9 Qb


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07

~rbdbo fotbmpep i eptfarkep db ekmo lidi bqtiq mpeodbq wekipbq qfo urb tbome

urb je`bp piabq i aiogkfatiq botpb bkkiq+ lq `fbo+ dfqarqfiobq botpb kiq

dbgboqipbq db bqiq wekipbq9 Je`p urb pbaioqfdbpeo ke fotbp~pbteafo eatrek db

aioab~tiq tekbq aili fmrekded+ burfded+ hrqtfafe+ aijbqfo qiafek+ rofded ~iktfae+

kf`bpted+ rti~e+ pbekfded+ bta/9

, Je db ~bpleobabp bk Bqtedi obrtpek eotb kiq dfgbpbotbq ~pivbatiq

~iktfaiq v qiafekbq9 Ali wekipep bk qbqmi jeafe bk kf`bpekfqli urb iarppb bo keq

dbliapeafeq db Iaafdbotb+ urb roiq botfbodbo aili lipeklbotb obrtpek v

itpiq tidi ki aiotpepfi9

, Bq ae~ex+ bk kf`bpekfqli+ db eqrlfp ke dfwbpqfded db apbboafeq v db

gipleq db wfde9 Bq ae~ex bk kf`bpekfqli db tpetep e ke mbotb ~ip fmrek v ~bplftfp

urb dbq~kfbmrbo qrq dbpbajiq ~epe aioqbmrfp qrq ~pi~fiq gfobq9

, Dodb tbplfoe bk kf`bpekfqli tbpfai tikbpeotb aio ke dfwbpqfded db

apbboafeq v keq gipleq db wfde v bl~fbxe bk kf`bpekfqli pbqtpfatfwi pbek9

, Ark qio keq ~iqf`fkfdedbq pbekbq+ lq ekk db ke ~pbqapf~afiobq tbpfaeq+

db itpiq ~pivbatiq ektbpoetfwiq ek kf`bpekfqli+ aili ~idpe qbp bk qiafekfqli9

Arkbq qio kiq ~pivbatiq tbpfaiq ~pbqapf~tfwiq v oipletfwiq ektbpoetfwiq ek

kf`bpekfqli9


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0=

, Ark bq ke ertotfae oetrpekbxe db ke ailrofded ~iktfae9 Jev urb

bqtflrkep ke dbliapeafe ~eptfaf~etfwe+ ke bdraeafo ~epe ke afrdedeoe+ keq

wfptrdbq dbk afrdedeoi9 Ark je db qbp bk ~e~bk ~iktfai db ke bdraeafo9

, Jeo db pbaioiabpqb keq dbleodeq db mpr~iq lepmfoekbq bo ~pi dbk

pbaioiaflfboti ~`kfai v ke ~krpekfded db ke qiafbded lidbpoe9

,Ark bq bk mpedi ~bplfqf`kb db dfwbpqfded arktrpek9+ dodb qb tpexe ke

kobe ~epe urb bqe dfwbpqfded arktrpek oi tbplfob gpemlbotedi ke afrdedeoe

~piwiaeodi+ e aiotforeafo+ tide akeqb db fobqte`fkfded v aiogkfatiq9

, Jev urb tbobp i`kfmeafiobq ~epe aio keq mbotbq db itpiq ~eqbq+ urb

~rbdbo bqtep dbqmeppediq ~ip aiogkfatiq eplediq i aetqtpigbq oetrpekbq9 Ark

je db qbp ke qfmofgfaeafo db keq gpiotbpeq oeafioekbq9

, Je db e`pfpqb ke tpedfafo iaafdbotek db ke gfkiqige ~iktfae ek

lrktfarktrpekfqli+ ~epe urb ~rbdeo tbodbpqb ~rbotbq v tpedrafp aetbmipeq db

roeq arktrpeq e itpeq9

, Je db qbp ke apfqfq lbdfiel`fbotek ro eqroti ~iktfai9 Je`pe urbpb~keotbepqb keq pbkeafiobq dbk jil`pb aio ke oetrpekbxe v kiq itpiq eoflekbq+ eq

aili kiq lidbkiq db e~pi~feafo baiolfae9

Ke levipe db kiq fodfwfdriq bqteliq fl`rfdiq db aiowfaafiobq v

ail~pilfqiq+ `fbo qrqapftiq e aioafboafe v aio aioiaflfboti afbpti v wikrotepfi

db ki urb qb jeab i `fbo jeo qfdi foaip~ipediq db lidi foaioqafbotb e tpewq db


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0:

roi db kiq lrajiq lbaeofqliq edurfpfdiq ~ip ke wfde bo orbqtpeq qiafbdedbq/ V

tidiq v aede roi db oiqitpiq jbliq tpetedi ekmroe urb itpe wbx bo orbqtpe wfde

db dep pbq~rbqte e bqe ètbpe db arbqtfiobq ~eptfbodi dbqdb bqeq+ orbqtpeq

aiowfaafiobq/

^bpi oi bqt teo akepi urb jbajiq v wekipbq ~rbdeo tpeèhep hrotiq/ îpurb

db~bodfbodi db qf ke ~iktfae i~bpe i bqt èqede bo jbajiq i wekipbq+

tbodpbliq roe aiqe r itpe/ Eatreklbotb bzfqtbo diq tpedfafiobq aiotpe~rbqteq

urb qb dbaeoteo ~ip aede roe db keq ~ikepfdedbq/ Roe ~pflbpe tpedfafo+ aptfae v

oipletfwe+ urb dboroafeè keq qiafbdedbq bzfqtbotbq v `rqaeè igpbabp lidbkiq

~epe bk grtrpi *Ae~i+ 0>>=857&/ Roe qbmrode lq lidbpoe+ bl~pfae+ urb ~pbtbodb

dbqapf`fp kiq bkblbotiq ~iktfaiq db keq qiafbdedbq bzfqtbotbq/ E ke ~pflbpe db keq

aippfbotbq qb kb itipme bk oil`pb db Tbipe ~iktfae v e ke qbmrode bk db Afboafe

~iktfae/ E ke Tbipe kb aippbq~iodb ke wekipeafo db fdbeq v aioab~tiq3 v e ke

Afboafe kb aippbq~iodb bk eokfqfq db ke pbekfded v ke aioqtpraafo db

bz~kfaeafiobq bo èqb e jbajiq/ Aio teo ~iai dfaji+ v ve qb oiq earlrkeo kiq

dbètbq/ Bk ~pflbpi db bkkiq+ db lidi lrv mprbqi+ tfbob urb wbp aio ke dfqarqfo

qi`pb oil`pbq v btfurbteq/ Ki urb oiq dbhe ke dfaitile db8

, Ki oipletfwi+ wekipetfwi Ki urb db`bpe qbp/ Tfbob urb wbp aio bkwekipep+ bk ~pbqapf`fp v bk ail~pbodbp/


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06

, Ki dbqapf~tfwi+ bz~kfaetfwi Ki urb jev v oi ~rbdb ael`fepqb/ Tfbob urbwbp aio bk bz~kfaep+ bk ~pbdbafp v bk eoekfxep/

Oi bqt db lq+ eotbq db qbmrfp edbkeotb+ jeabp roe `pbwb ~epede bo bk

aelfoi ~epe bz~kfaep ur bq ki urb qb botfbodb ~ip wekip v ur ~ip oipletfwi/

Ur bq bk wekip9 Keq aiqeq dbk lrodi oi oiq qio fodfgbpbotbq3 bqe oi,

fodfgbpboafe aioqfqtb bo urb tidiq edi~teliq roe ~iqfafo db ~pbgbpboafe

èqodioiq bo roe arekfded urb tfbobo keq aiqeq/ Wekip+ qbp botioabq+ ke

arekfded urb tfbobo keq aiqeq db oi pbqrktepoiq fodfgbpbotbq/ Ur qfmofgfae

oipletfwi9 Bo ki pbgbpbotb e ki ~iktfai+ qfmofgfae urb ~pilrbwb+ i botfbodb

aili ~pbgbpf`kb+ roe qbpfb db oipleq v db wekipbq dbtbplfoediq/

Bk qbmrodi dbètb oiq wrbkwb e kkbwep ek ailfboxi8 jbajiq wbpqrq wekipbq/

Kiq tbpfaiq ~rbdbo eajeaep e kiq afbotgfaiq urb ke i`hbtfwfded e`qikrte oi

bzfqtb+ urb tidi bqt tbfdi db fdbikime3 v bq lq+ urb oi jev oede lq

fdbikmfai urb ro fdbe èpofxede db qr~rbqte afboafe eq~tfae v obrtpe/ Qio

lrajiq kiq tbpfaiq urb qb jeo boailbodedi e ke lfqfo db dbqboleqaepep e

kiq afbotgfaiq ~iktfaiq/ îp bk aiotpepfi+ kiq afbotgfaiq botfbodbo urb eotb tidi

db`b bqtep bk pfmip dbk eokfqfq+ `fbo qbe jfqtpfai+ `fbo qbe baiolfai+ `fbo qbe

qiafikmfai+ i db arekurfbp itpe odikb/ Kiq detiq v keq aioakrqfiobq bztpedeq oi

qb ~rbdbo dbqwfep e wikroted+ ~ipurb kiq jbajiq qio kiq urb qio v bqto grbpe db


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1>

tide dfqarqfo+ lfbotpeq urb kiq wekipbq qio i~fofiobq fowbpfgfae`kbq gprti db ke

i~fofo/

îdbliq ~pbqbotep roe dfaitile lq+ oi dfqtfote e ke eotbpfiplbotb

~pbqbotede+ qfoi lq `fbo roe pbbkeìpeafo db ke lfqle8 ke wbptfbotb aptfae db

ke gfkiqige ~iktfae gpbotb e ke wbptfbotb kbmftfledipe db kiq mi`fbpoiq v

hrqtfgfaedipe db ~idbp/ Db roe giple afbptelbotb ~bvipetfwe+ afbptiq qbatipbq db

ke ~ikftikime urfbpbo e~eptep db ke pbgkbzfo ~iktfae ek ~boqelfboti gfkiqgfai v

tbpfai/ qtb+ dfabo+ bqt lq etboti e ki urb db`bpe qbp urb e ki urb jev+

aili qf jr`fbpe roe bq~bafb db tepe urb kiq foae~eaftepe ~epe botbodbp keq aiqeq

tek v aili qio3 v urb ~ip teoti+ qrq eokfqfq oi qio gfe`kbq+ ~ip qbp oipletfwiq+

foakrqi fdbikmfaiq+ v oi afbotgfaiq+ i urb oi etfbodbo e keq aetbmipeq peabq

bqte`kbafdeq aili tekbq+ bq~bafeklbotb bk ~idbp v bk qfqtble ~iktfai wfmbotbq/

^bpi dbqdb dbotpi db bqtb gfkiqigep i tbipfxep ke ~iktfae qb eqrlb bqti+ v oi

~pbafqelbotb aili roe larke i roe burfwiaeafo qfoi aili ke ertotfae qbe

db fdbotfded db ke ~iktfae/ Ke aptfae e ki bqte`kbafdi v ki wfmbotb ~ip fohrqti+ ke

dboroafe db kiq bkblbotiq fdbikmfaiq urb qb iarkteo tpeq ke qr~rbqte

afbotfgfafded obrtpek+ botpb itpeq arbqtfiobq/ êpe Lrpfkki Gbppik51+ bk tbpfai

~iktfai db`b pbabkep dbk ~idbp ~iktfai+ db qr grbpxe v db qr qflìkime+ ~ipurb

tidiq qe`bliq db k v db qrq bgbatiq/ Bq aiowbofbotb+ foakrqi ~prdbotb+ afbpte

diqfq db eapeafe+ db dbqaiogfeoxe db ke ertipfded/

51 Bo bk pkimi ek LEOREK DB AFBOAFE IKTFAE/ Pegebk dbk mrfke *Bdftip& Tpitte Ledpfd 0>>6 7 Bdfafo ~~/5=,5:


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15

Ki ~iktfai qio keq dfwbpqeq gipleq urb jeo pbwbqtfdi+ e ki kepmi db ke

jfqtipfe+ bk bhbpafafi dbk ~idbp v qrq foqtftrafiobq qi`pb ro mpr~i jrleoi/

^iktfae bq eur+ ke pbaioqtpraafo dbk l`fti ~iktfai/ Bq ro ~piabqi pbgkbzfwi+

aptfai v gfkiqgfai kfmede e ke ae~eafded db ke pexo/ Eq+ ~epe Urbqede *0>>585>&

ekfobedi aio ke epmrlboteafo db Aeqtipfedfq+ ke ~iktfae tpedrab ke aioqtftrafo

db ro flemfoepfi ~iktfai,qiafek v qr aiohroti db qfmofgfaeafiobq/ Ke ~pflbpe wbx

urb eaiotbaf ke ~iktfae bo ke jfqtipfe dbk jil`pb grb bo Mpbafe+ jeafbodi

~iqf`kb+ ~pflbpi+ roe orbwe giple db ipmeofxeafo3 qbmrodi+ roe orbwe giple

db itipmep qbotfdi e ke pbekfded3 v tbpabpi+ ro orbwi apftbpfi db fotbkfmf`fkfded

pbgbpfdi teoti e ki gqfai aili e ki jrleoi,qiafek *Urbqede+ 0>>7812>&/

Bqtb aioab`fp ke ~iktfae tfbob ke ~bpq~batfwe db oi etbodbp of ek ~idbp+ of e

ke kbv of ek dilfofi/ Bk abotpi db ke ~iktfae+ botbodfde dbqdb ke gfkiqige bq ke

bz~kfafteafo aptfae db kiq bkblbotiq fdbikmfaiq urb lbdfeo kiq ~piabqiq qiafekbq

db aioqtftrafo db qbotfdi+ kiq arekbq+ e ke ~iqtpb+ ~pbtbodbo kbmftflep roe giple

aioapbte db ~idbp/ Ke ~iktfae+ botbodfde dbqdb ke gfkiqige+ bq roe aioqtpraafo

pbgkbzfwe db kiq ~pfoaf~fiq b fdbeq urb jeo db eptfarkep kiq dfqarpqiq ~bptfobotbq e

ke pb,foqtftrafo db kiq pbgbpbotbq oipletfwiq qiafekbq+ ~iob bo apfqfq bk ~idbp+

botpe bo aiotpedfaafo aio ke kbv v qr`wfbptb ke oetrpekfded dbk ipdbo bqte`kbafdi

*Urbqede+ 0>>0851,54&/


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10

êpe itpiq ertipbq+ qfmrb qfbodi ~iqf`kb roe afboafe ~iktfae/ Roe wbx lq

wikwbliq e ~keotbep keq ~pbmroteq8bq ~iqf`kb ro aioiaflfboti afbotgfai db ke

pbekfded ~iktfae9 Ali qb ~rbdb ail~pbodbp afbotgfaelbotb ke pbekfded

~iktfae9 Tide afboafe ~iktfae db`b abfpqb e ke ail~pboqfo db ki urb iarppb bo

ke pbekfded v botbodbp eotbq urb oede+ urb qte oi ~bpleobab urfbte+ qfoi bo

aioqteotb ~piabqi db ael`fi/ Qbmo Aelfoek *0>>=800&+ tide afboafe ~iktfae

botfbodb urb qr keìp bqt aioqtpbfde ~ip diq afparoqteoafeq e tbobp lrv bo

arbote/ Ke ~pflbpe bq urb db~bodb db ke fogipleafo ~epe pbekfxep qrq eokfqfq v

dbqar`pfp keq aerqeq urb mi`fbpoe bk ael`fi qiafek/ Bl~bxeodi ~ip ki bwfdbotb+

tidi afbotgfai+ qbe arek grbpb qr dfqaf~kfoe+ tpeèhe aio detiq urb ~rbdb

areotfgfaep v akeqfgfaep/ Ki urb ke afboafe ~iktfae tfbob urb eqrlfp bq ke

~barkfepfded db kiq detiq aio kiq urb i~bpe+ ~ipurb qr~iobo roe jbtbpakfte

lbxake db detiq areotftetfwiq lbdf`kbq v wbpfgfae`kbq+ ~idpeliq aekfgfaepkiq db

obrtpiq foakrqi3 v roe mpeo aeotfded db fogipleafo arekftetfwe urb je db qbp

fotbp~pbtede/ Eur boaiotpeliq ke qbmrode db keq afparoqteoafeq db keq urb

je`kèliq8 bk ~krpekfqli fojbpbotb e ke fotbp~pbteafo *Aelfoek+ 0>>=800&/ Ke

afboafe ~iktfae oi qbp rowiae+ qfoi ~krpek/

Bqi dbqaepte urb ke ~iktfae qbe roe afboafe bzeate i roe afboafe drpe ek

bqtfki db keq afboafeq oetrpekbq3 ~bpi oi bq lboiq afbpti urb ofomo ~boqedip+


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11

urb eatreklbotb abotpb qrq bqgrbpxiq bo ke ~iktfae+ tbome bqteq ~pbtboqfiobq54/

Ke afboafe ~iktfae q ~rbdb+ v db`b+ eoekfxep aede pbekfded ~iktfae bo qr aiotbzti

jfqtpfai v qiafiarktrpek/ Bztpebp mbobpekfdedbq e ~eptfp db bqeq bwfdboafeq ~bpi

oi ~iobpqb e q lfqle keq kflfteafiobq db ki qikelbotb lbdf`kb v wbpfgfae`kb/

Dbqdb ke ~prdboafe qb ~rbdbo `rqaep orbweq krabq v bogiurbq urb el~kbo v

bopfurbxaeo bqtb ael~i db fowbqtfmeafo v pbgkbzfo/ Bzembpep bk ~iqftfwfqli v bk

afbotfgfqli bl~i`pbab ke dfqaf~kfoe ~iktfae v qr pedfi db eaafo *Aelfoek+ 0>>=804&/

Wepfiq ~iqfafioelfbotiq bo dbètb v dfqarqfo qb deo afte eur+ v kepmiq

bkboaiq db ~pbqtfmfiqiq ~ikftkimiq+ v ro fl~ipteotb olbpi db i`peq db

pbgbpboafe/ Qbpe ~iqf`kb+ b foakrqi kbmtfli+ dep giple e roe dfqaf~kfoe bakatfae

urb aiotbome bkblbotiq db elèq aippfbotbq9+ ~rbdbo bk pfmip afbotgfai v keq

kbmtfleq aiowfaafiobq qbp ail~etf`kbq9 Ek lboiq db`b qbp ~iqf`kb ro dfkimi

urb elèq foqteoafeq+ tbipe v afboafe+ jeo db bote`kep+ ~epe pbq~iodbp e tideq

keq ~pbmroteq urb pbekfxèliq eotbpfiplbotb/ Bq obabqepfe roe aioab~afo db

ke gfkiqige ~iktfae urb aepmrb ~ip fmrek bk eaboti bo qr dflboqfo aptfai,

aiotbl~ketfwe v bo qr dflboqfo pbgkbzfwi,~pbqapf~tfwe *êpbcj+ 0>>58=41&/

54 E ki kepmi dbk ~pbqbotb tpeèhi wbpbliq aili ke aippfbotb `bjewfipfqte oiptbelbpfaeoe db keq daedeq 4>+ 2> v 7> dbk ~eqediqfmki ZZ+ q urb tboeo bqte ~pbtboqfo/


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14

JFQTIPFE

Ke pbgkbzfo qi`pb ke ~iktfae bq aeqf teo eotfmre aili bk ~pi~fi Iaafdbotb+

oeaf aio ke Mpbafe akqfae/ ^bpi+ ke aiowbpmboafe botpb ke îktfae v ke Afboafe

iarppf qfmkiq dbq~rq/ Ke afboafe ~iktfae bq roe dfqaf~kfoe hiwbo urb je tbofdi

tel`fo qr jfqtipfe v bwikrafo/ E lbdfde urb bk ~boqep ki ~iktfai qb we

dbq~pbodfbodi db ki gfkiqgfai v ki tbikmfai we edurfpfbodi qr ertioile/ Ek

~pflbp mpeo ~bpidi db bqte jfqtipfe kb ~idbliq aioabdbp+ aio Jepti db Wbpe

*0>>285:&+ ke btfurbte db -bte~e eptbqeoe-db ke ~iktfae52/ Bqte bte~e tfbob+ e qr wbx+

diq lilbotiq ~pfoaf~ekbq bo pbkeafo e ke ertioile i oi db ke ~iktfae/ Kiq

gfkqigiq mpfbmiq *^keto v Epfqttbkbq&+ pileoiq *êobafi v îkf`fi+ Afabpo v

Qobae& v kiq lbdfbwekbq *Emrqto db Jf~ioe v Tilq db Eurfoi& kfmepio ke

~iktfae e ~pfoaf~fiq tfaiq+ lipekbq v tbikmfaiq/ Bo ke Eotfmbded akqfae v

lbdfbwek ke ~iktfae bpe ro l`fti ilofail~pboqfwi urb eaime bo qr fotbpfip

tidi ki urb mbobpeè ke qiafbded *Db Wbpe+ 0>>2826&/ îdbliq eedfp kiq letfabq8 ke

~iktfae ~epe bk mpfbmi bpe ro ~pfwfkbmfi afparoqapfti ek afrdedeoi db ~kboi

dbpbaji db ke ~ikfq urb oi tboeo of kiq bqakewiq of kiq bztpeohbpiq3 ke ~iktfae

~epe bk pileoi qb aiowfptf bo ro botpeledi hrpdfai b foqtftrafioek v ~epe bk

jili apbdboq lbdfbwek ke arbqtfo ~iktfae bqt abfde e ke Apfqtfeoded v qr

52 Jepti db Wbpe+ e qr wbx+ ki edi~te db ]/ Lfkkq *5626&


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12

tbl~ipekfded kfobek mi`bpoede ~ip ke ^piwfdboafe/ Bo ke Eotfmbded ~idbliq

i`qbpwep aili tpeteo ve aio diq tbleq tbpfaiq urb pbaippbpo tide ke jfqtipfe

db ke afboafe ~iktfae8 keq gipleq foqtftrafioekbq dbk mi`fbpoi v qr bwekreafo

*Ekliod+ 0>>5860&/ Db ^keto dbqteae ke akeqfgfaeafo qztr~kb db keq gipleq

ipmeofxetfweq v db Epfqttbkbq ke qikrafo ek ~pi`kble db ke dbmbobpeafo aakfae

lbdfeotb ke aioqtftrafo lfzte/ Ke arbqtfo+ e~rote Ekliod *0>>5860&+ db ke

bwekreafo bo tplfoiq db kbmftflfded pedfae bo ke diatpfoe dbk dbpbaji oetrpek

dbk bqtifafqli pileoi urb ~eq ek Apfqtfeofqli8 jev ro dbpbaji oetrpek

rofwbpqek urb ~piwfbob dbk ipdbo dfwfoi dbk aiqliq v db ke oetrpekbxe peafioek v

qiafek db ke jrleofded/ Keq tbipeq db ke aioqtftrafo lfzte v dbk dbpbaji

oetrpek qfmrbo bqteodi wfmbotbq bo tidi bk Lbdfbwi ~bpi pbkeafioediq aio bk

dbpbaji dfwfoi/

Aio bk Pboeaflfboti v Leurfewbki+ oiq qftreliq bo bk qbmrodi lilboti+

boaiotpeliq bk ~pflbp fotboti db ~boqep ke ~iktfae aili eatfwfded ertoile

gpbotb e ke tfae v ke pbkfmfo8 ki fl~ipteotb bq ke ~bpq~batfwe taofae bo ke

pbgkbzfo dbk ~idbp v ke eaafo ~iktfae/ Tel`fo+ ke e~bptrpe e ke ~pimpbqfwe

eaiteafo db qr l`fti db pbgkbzfo v eatreafo/ Aio eotbpfipfded e Leurfewbki

ke arbqtfo bqtpf`e`e bo ke dfaitile ~rpbxe,aippr~afo db kiq pbmlbobq

~iktfaiq/ Aio bk gkipbotfoi qb qr~bpe bqte dfaitile v ke ~iktfae qb aiowfbptb bo

roe arbqtfo db qr~bpwfwboafe *Ekliod+ 0>>5864&/


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17

Tidiq kiq bz~bptiq e~roteo e urb Leurfewbki bq ke gfmrpe urb foermrpe ke

~iktfae aili pbe ertoile dbk aioiaflfboti/ E ~eptfp db eur bk ~boqelfboti

~iktfai lidbpoi tilep aili qr i`hbti abotpek bk Bqtedi/ Ke aepeatbpqtfae

mbobpek db bqte b~iaekfded qbp ke db jeabp db ke ~iktfae roe fotbp~pbteafo

tbkbikmfae db ke pbekfded qiafek+ arvi abotpi db fotbpq qb boarbotpe bo ke

kbmftflfded dbk Bqtedi *Aelfoek+ 0>>=802&/ Drpeotb aretpi kepmiq qfmkiq+ dbk ZWF ek

ZFZ+ qb fpo aioqtprvbodi v egfeoxeodi tidi roe qbpfb db bqtpratrpeq ~iktfaeq v

db pbkeafiobq botpb bk Bqtedi v ke qiafbded/ Roe wbx qb~epede ke ~iktfae db tidi

ki dblq+ kkbmediq e ke Fkrqtpeafo+ eqfqtfliq e ke dfqtfoafo botpb Bqtedi v

qiafbded ~ip ~eptb db kiq tbpfaiq aiotpeatrekbq+ botpb kiq urb dbqteae Ji``bq+

Kiacb+ Pirqqber v Liotbqurfbr/ E~epbabo+ tel`fo+ ke pexo db Bqtedi v bk

~idbp ~iktfai/ Bk aboft kkbme+ aio Jbmbk+ bo ke qb~epeafo db Bqtedi v Qiafbded

Afwfk/ Ke ~iktfae qb abotpe bo ke bqgbpe dbk Bqtedi/ êqeliq db ro bztpbli e itpi8

db ke ilofail~pboqfo+ -ke ~iktfae ki bq tidi-+ e ke bq~bafgfafded+ -ke ~iktfae bq

qki bk Bqtedi- *Db Wbpe+ 0>>2870&/

^bpi tidewe oi ~idbliq je`kep db afboafe ~iktfae/ Bqti oi iarppfp jeqte

urb oi aioqfme pbeklbotb eaitep qr i`hbti v+ bo afbpte lbdfde+ dfqteoafepqb dbk

Bqtedi *Aelfoek+ 0>>=802&/ ^pflbpi trwi urb fodb~bodfxepqb db itpiq l`ftiq dbk

aioiaflfboti+ v ejipe je db aioabotpepqb bo bk urb tfbob urb qbp qr giai db

etboafo3 v bqti oi iarppf db pb~botb/ Ke folboqe levipe db ke qiafbded bqt

bzakrfde db tide eaafo ~iktfae+ bk lrodi db ke ~iktfae bl~bxeè v qb emiteè


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1=

bo bk Bqtedi *Aelfoek+ 0>>=807&/ Ke qiafbded wfwe iar~ede db qrq eqrotiq ~pfwediq v

kiq mi`bpoeotbq bhbpaeo ke ~iktfae bo oil`pb db kiq mi`bpoediq8 ke ~iae db ke

pb~pbqboteafo/ ^bpi ailfboxeo e e~epbabp keq kf`bptedbq ~iqftfweq v ke ~iktfae

qb e`pb aelfoi+ ~iai e ~iai+ bo ke qiafbded afwfk/ Bk Bqtedi kf`bpek qb

dbliapetfxe+ e~epbab bk qrgpemfi rofwbpqek *leqarkfoi& v kiq ~eptfdiq ~iktfaiq8

ke ~iae db ke ~eptfaf~eafo v dbk ~krpekfqli/ Qb arklfoe botioabq bk ~piabqi+ bk

Bqtedi ve oi bq ki ofai+ ejipe bzfqtb tidi ro botpeledi db aiodfafioelfbotiq+

pbkeafiobq v mpr~iq jrleoiq ~eptfarkepbq urb deo giple ek Qfqtble ^iktfai+ urb

fp edurfpfbodi qr ~pi~fe ipmeofxeafo v groafioelfboti/ Aili ke ~iktfae oi bq

ve ro eqroti db roiq ~iaiq qfoi db roe mpeo levipe qrpmb ke obabqfded db

eoekfxepke taofaelbotb/

Ejipe q+ bqteliq eotb bk qbmrodi ~bpidi+ bk db ke ~iktfae aili eatfwfded

afbotgfae+ urb ailbox aio kiq bqgrbpxiq db tbpfaiq qiafikmfaiq aili Ailtb+

Drpcjbfl v ]b`bp bo bk qfmki ZFZ/ Bk qfmki ZZ bq bk db ke aioqikfdeafo db ke

~iktfae aili afboafe jeqte bk ~roti db aiowbptfpqb bo ~pidrati eaedlfai+ aio

bq~bafek zfti bo kiq Bqtediq Rofdiq db Elpfae/ Bgbatfwelbotb+ dbqdb gfoekbq dbk

qfmki ZFZ jeqte lbdfediq dbk ZZ qb fp dbkflfteodi bk ael~i db fowbqtfmeafo db

ke afboafe ~iktfae+ bq~bafeklbotb bo Bqtediq Rofdiq db Elpfae/ Ke afboafe

~iktfae elbpfaeoe qb bz~eodfp bo bk l`fti eaedlfai rofwbpqftepfi b

fowbqtfmedip8 E^QE bo 56>4 v Elbpfaeo ^ikftfaek Qafboab Pbwfb} bo 56>7 *Aelfoek+


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1:

0>>=80:&57/ ^pigrodfxe bo bk eokfqfq dbk qfqtble ~iktfai+ bk Mi`fbpoi v keq

Pbkeafiobq Fotbpoeafioekbq bo keq urb+ aili tidiq qe`bliq+ Bqtediq Rofdiq

tbodpe ro ~e~bk aede wbx lq jbmblofai/ Bk lrodi tpeq ke FF Mrbppe Lrodfek

bq itpi lrodi/ Erlbote bk olbpi db Bqtediq+ qb lidfgfaeo keq pbkeafiobq

fotbpoeafioekbq v bk qbatip ~`kfai tfbob ro ~bqi apbafbotb bo ke edlfofqtpeafo

bqtetek+ bta/ Bk Bqtedi qiafek foafdfp botioabq bo ke dbgfofafo db ke ~iktfae v bo

bk i`hbti db qr ~boqelfboti/ Bk aiotpik v ke dfpbaafo db mpeodbq ailrofdedbq

~eqeo e ro ~pflbp ~keoi+ ki lfqli iarppb aio keq pbkeafiobq jrleoeq/ Bk eokfqfq

~iktfai wfpe e èpkiwboti jeqte eoakepqb bo ke bqtpratrpe v groafo dbk ~idbp v ke

ertipfded bo kiq qfqtbleq ~iktfaiq/

E lbdfde urb èliq botpeodi bo bk qfmki ZZ ek Bqtedi qb we wfbodi

pbèqedi ~ip roe qbpfb db gbolboiq urb ~eptbo db qr ~pi~fe dbliapetfxeafo/

Bk ~idbp qb pb~eptb bo roe kepme qbpfb db foqtftrafiobq bqtetekbq v qiafekbq/

Bgbatfwelbotb+ ke leqfgfaeafo db ke ~iktfae qetrpe v dbqìpde ~ip ail~kbti kiq

klftbq dbk Bqtedi/ Orbweq jipfxiotbq qb fpo e`pfbodi8 orbwiq ~piabdflfbotiq+

kiq eatipbq ~iktfaiq+ kiq pbqrktediq+ v qi`pb tidi+ ke aioab~trekfxeafo dbk ~idbp/

Bq urb oroae eotbq+ oedfb bo ke kepme jfqtipfe db ke ~iktfae qb jeè ~pbiar~edi

~ip bk -~idbp-9 Drpeotb qfmkiq+ bk ~idbp jeè qfdi ro bkblboti lq+ botpb

lrajiq itpiq+ dbotpi db ke eatfwfded ~iktfae/ E bqti eedfliq bk aepatbp

oipletfwi db qr bqtrdfi v eokfqfq+ v ke ~pbiar~eafo ~ip qrq leofgbqteafiobq57 E^QE bq ke Elbpfaeo îkftfaek Qafboab Eqqiafetfio v ke Pbwfb} bpe qr lq fl~ipteotb v ~pbqtfmfiqe ~r`kfaeafo/ Eatreklbotb

~rbdb wfqftepqb bo jtt~8))}}}/e~qeobt/ipm)
http://www.apsanet.org/http://www.apsanet.org/http://www.apsanet.org/


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16

gboilboikmfaeq/ E ~eptfp db ejipe+ bk ~idbp bq ki urb dfqtfomrb e ke ~iktfae db

tidi ki dblq8 ke îktfae tfbob aili i`hbti db bqtrdfi ek ~idbp/ îp teoti+ jev

urb fowbqtfmepki db leobpe bl~pfae+ eoekfxepki bo q lfqli+ aili qrqteoafe

~iktfae *Db Wbpe+ 0>>2872&/ Qb eèodioe ke ~bpq~batfwe akqfae bqboafekfqte ~ip itpe

~bpq~batfwe pbkeafioek v i~bpetfwe/ Ejipe `fbo bq ~iqf`kb roe dbgfofafo

i~bpetfwe db -~idbp-9 Kiq ~pi`kbleq db areotfgfaeafo+ teqeafo v lbdfafo dbk

~idbp oi tepdepio bo kkbmep/ Ke ail~kbhfded db ke pbekfded jrleoe+ v ~iktfae+

dbh bo bwfdboafe lrajeq aioqtpraafiobq e keq urb qb kbq bqae~eè bk ~idbp urb

qb bhbpab aio dfqflrki i bk urb bqt iarkti/ Roe ~pflbpe ektbpoetfwe qrpmb bo kiq

eiq 2> v ~pi~iob -bk qfqtble ~iktfai- aili orbwi i`hbti abotpek db ki ~iktfai8

~erteq db aiodrate b fotbpeaafiobq qiafekbq v tidi ki pbkeafioedi aio ke tile db

dbafqfiobq+ bqti bq+ ~piabqiq+ lbaeofqliq v kbmftfleafo/ Bk bogiurb qfqtlfai

qrgpf fl~ipteotbq aptfaeq drpeotb ke daede db kiq => v :>+ ki urb oi fl~fdf

urb qb aiowfptfbpe bo bk bogiurb jbmblofai/ Bk gfoek db qfmki tpeb aioqfmi ro

pbwfwek db ke dflboqfo bqtetek db ke ~iktfai8 bk bogiurb bqtediaotpfai *qtetb,

abotbpbd e~~pieaj& urb egfple bqtep etboti e keq ail~kbhfdedbq dbk Bqtedi v keq

~iktfaeq ~`kfaeq *Db Wbpe+ 0>>28=0&/

Bo Brpi~e+ kiq eaiotbaflfbotiq jfqtpfaiq v ~iktfaiq db ke ~eptb gfoek dbk

qfmki ZZ+ jeo fogkrfdi bo bk urbjeabp db qrq tbpfaiq+ urb erourb oi qb dfqtfomeo

db qrq aikbmeq bo bk i`hbti db qr dfqaf~kfoe+ q urb ki jeabo e ke jipe db aioapbtep

kiq ~pi`kbleq urb lbpbabo qrq eokfqfq/ Eq ki bz~kfae Aelfoek *0>>=815&8


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4>

Kiq lfqliq tbleq tfbobo roe rpmboafe dfqtfote i ro tpetelfboti db~bodfbotb db

afparoqteoafeq lrv dfwbpqeq/ Bk Bqtedi,oeafo+ kiq gbdbpekfqliq+ keq apfqfq v tpeoqfafiobq db kiq

qfqtbleq ~iktfaiq+ kiq bgbatiq ~iktfaiq dbk ~piabqi db rofo baiolfae v liobtepfe+ ke

afrdedeoe v ke dfwbpqfded arktrpek+ ke aioqtftrafo brpi~be+ qfo lboiq ae`i db ke

fotbpdb~bodboafe v ~rotiq db fotbpq ailrobq aio ke afboafe ~iktfae oiptbelbpfaeoe/ Roe

afboafe ~iktfae brpi~be arve `eqb mbi~iktfae bq ro aiotfobotb bo ~kboe b`rkkfafo v ael`fi

jfqtpfai/


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45

AFBOAFE

Bk `foilfi -Afboafe îktfae- ~keotbe qbpfeq dfgfarktedbq e tidiq eurbkkiq

urb ~pidfmeo qrq bqgrbpxiq bo tekbq ~keotbelfbotiq dbgfoftipfiq/ Roe ~iqf`fkfded

db eìpdehb bq dbqail~iobpki bo qrq ~eptbq v ~pigrodfxep bo aede roe db bkkeq

~ip qb~epedi/ Bk ~pflbpi db kiq aioab~tiq e eoekfxep db orbqtpe dfaitile+ bk db

Afboafe+ tfbob roe kepme jfqtipfe dbqdb qr aioab~afo akqfae jeqte ke eatrekfded/

Qr eìpdehb qi`pb~eqe aio lraji ke baioile db bqte i`pe+ aio ki urb abotpep

lf pbgkbzfo bo ke ktfle ~eptb db bqte bwikrafo v qr foafdboafe bo ke jfqtipfe db

ke pbgkbzfo ~iktfae8 bk ~iqftfwfqli v ke ~iqtbpfip pbeaafo aiotpe bk lfqli/

êpe bk ~iqftfwfqli db aiptb akqfai+ bk db Qtrept Lfkk+ Ailtb i Drpcjbfl+ bk

ofai aioiaflfboti wbpdedbpi bq bk urb tfbob bo ke bz~bpfboafe i`qbpwe`kb qr

grodelboti ~pflbpi/ îp teoti+ ke wbpfgfaeafo bq bk apftbpfi db wekfdbx db tidi

aioiaflfboti/ Bqte egfpleafo bkflfoe arekurfbp qe`bp urb oi bqt èqedi bo ke

bwfdboafe bl~pfae8 gfkiqige+ pbkfmfo+ lftikime+ bqttfae+ tfae+ ~iktfae+ botpb

itpeq/ Hroti e ke wbpfgfaeafo+ bk itpi ~fkep `qfai dbk ~iqftfwfqli akqfai bq bk

ltidi fodratfwi ~epe bk dbqar`pflfboti db keq pbmrkepfdedbq bo ke oetrpekbxe8

I`qbpweafo db jbajiq Giplrkeafo db jf~tbqfq Bz~kfaeafo lbdfeotb kbvbq

v tbipeq ^pbdfaafo/ Jev diq arbqtfiobq urb bqtb ~iqftfwfqli akqfai dfi ~ip


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40

qbotedi8 ~pflbpi+ bk qrhbti jrleoi bq fogekf`kb aili qrhbti aimoiqabotb v

qbmrodi+ bk aioiaflfboti afbotgfai bq i`hbtfwi/ Jev urb ~keotbepqb wepfeq

arbqtfiobq8 Bq ~iqf`kb ke i`qbpweafo obrtpek db ke pbekfded9 Bq bk qbp jrleoi

ro qrhbti ~eqfwi urb pbaf`b ke fogipleafo ~piabdbotb dbk bztbpfip9 V keq

bliafiobq9 V keq lbdfeafiobq arktrpekbq v kfomqtfaeq9 V ke fotbpeaafo botpb

fodfwfdriq v keq lrtreq fogkrboafeq9

Cepk î~~bp+ urb qilbtf e aptfae kiq diq èqelbotiq orakbepbq dbk

~iqftfwfqli+ oi eèodio bk lfqli qfoi urb pbekfx roe i~bpeafo db

pb~epeafo v ~bpgbaafioelfboti8 bk Peafioekfqli Aptfai/ Kkbwedi jeqte qrq

ktfleq aioqbarboafeq+ bk ~iqftfwfqli kkbme e eorkepqb e q lfqli+ ve urb qf qki

ki wbpfgfae`kb bl~pfaelbotb bq wbpdedbpi+ ali ail~pièp bl~pfaelbotb bk

lfqli apftbpfi db wbpfgfaeafo9 Gpbotb e ke wbpfgfaeafo qb ~pi~iodp bk ~pfoaf~fi

db gekqeafo aili apftbpfi db wekfdbx/ V gpbotb ek ltidi fodratfwi bk ltidi

jf~ittfai dbdratfwi/ E ~eptfp db ejipe+ jev urb boaiotpep ail~iptelfbotiq bo

bk lrodi pbek urb aiotpedfmeo i gekqbbo ke bwikrafo gboilboikmfae urb

~pbdfab roe tbipe8 roe qike bwfdboafe bo aiotpe ve dbqaepte ke tbipe+ bqti bq+

urb keq bzab~afiobq fowekfdeo keq pbmkeq/ Ke qbarboafe dbk ltidi jf~ittfai

dbdratfwi qbp botioabq8 Giplrkeafo db ro ~pi`kble+ aiohbtrpe+ jf~tbqfq i

~pbdfaafo Gekqeafo db keq lfqleq lbdfeotb ke aiogpioteafo aio ke pbekfded

*boqevi,bppip& Dbqaeptep keq tbipeq gekqedeq/ Qf bk ~iqftfwfqli akqfai `rqaeè

ke wbpded bk peafioekfqli aptfai ki urb `rqae bq ke erqboafe dbk bppip/ Bqtb


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41

aiotbzti dbk ~iqftfwfqli+ bk akqfai v bk pbwfqedi+ bq bk urb fogkrvb bo keq Afboafeq

Qiafekbq bo mbobpek v bo ke Afboafe ^iktfae bo ~eptfarkep db gfoekbq db kiq 4> v 2>+

apfqtekfxeodi eur bo bk `bjewfipfqli/ ^bpi bqte jfqtipfe oi kkbme jeqte eur/

Ekbleofe oroae grb+ dbqdb krbmi+ tfbppe gptfk ~epe bk ~iqftfwfqli/ Bo bqtb

~eq brpi~bi+ dbqdb ailfboxiq dbk q/ ZZ+ jeo bzfqtfdi liwflfbotiq fotbkbatrekbq

eotf~iqftfwfqteq8 ke Bqarbke db Gpeocgrpt ~pi~rmoe ke Tbipe Aptfae+ db Leparqb+

Jipcjbflbp v Edipoi/ Ke pbekfded oi aioqfqtb ofaelbotb bo pbai~fkep detiq v

wbpfgfaep detiq/ Ke wfde oi qki bq akeqfgfaep v dbdrafp/ Of ke pexo jrleoe bq

qikelbotb pexo foqtprlbotek v i`hbtfwe/ Kiq lbdfiq+ kiq gfobq+ ke bleoaf~eafo

dbk jil`pb db tidi eurbkki urb ki qr`vrme+ bk tpe`ehi+ ke eaafo+ keq lbteq

fodfwfdrekbq v aikbatfweq urb bk jil`pb qb ~pi~iob ~epe lbhipep qrq

aiodfafiobq db wfde+ jeo db bqtep ~pbqbotbq bo ke afboafe/ E ki kepmi db kiq eiq

2>+ bqtb liwflfboti aek jiodi bo bk lrodi eomkiqeho foq~fpeodi e ke Gfkiqige

Eoektfae v ek mfpi kfomqtfai db ]fttmboqtbfo+ Erqtfo+ Pvkb+ ]foaj i Kiraj+ ~ip

oil`pep e kiq lq dbqteaediq ertipbq/ Bk qekti e ke itpe ipfkke dbk Etkotfai oi

tepd bo kkbmep v eq+ ve bo kiq 7>+ oiq boaiotpeliq bo kiq Bqtediq Rofdiq ke

aptfae lq dblikbdipe dbk ~iqftfwfqli8 Crjo+ kiq ~epedfmleq v Ke bqtpratrpe

db ke pbwikrafiobq afbotgfaeq *5670&8

Ke flembo db ke afboafe urb Crjo aioqtprvb bqt bo keq eot~ideq db ke aioab~afo

~iqftfwfqte/ Ke afboafe oi eweoxe aili ro ~piabqi ofae v bzakrqfwelbotb peafioek/ Ke

ailrofded afbotgfae oi bq ro aikbatfwi liwfdi bzakrqfwelbotb ~ip bk ~rpi ego peafioek db


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aioiaflfboti/ Crjo ~iob db leofgfbqti urb bkblbotiq dfgbpbotbq ek ltidi afbotgfai+ aili bk

~idbp i bk aiotbzti qiafek+ qio wepfe`kbq urb bz~kfaeo ali qb aioqtprvb v eweoxe bk

aioiaflfboti afbotgfai db leobpe lq bgfafbotb urb ke `qurbde db ke wbpded i ke db~rpeafo db

bppipbq *Db Wbpe+ 0>>286=&/

Bo keq tbqfq db Crjo+ erourb qr ~pi~rbqte fè dfpfmfde e keq Afboafeq

Oetrpekbq+ bqt bk mbplbo dbk ~iqt,`bjewfipfqli v db ke ~iqf`fkfded db jeabp

afboafe ~iktfae ekbhede db kiq ~pbqr~rbqtiq ~iqftfwfqteq/ Ekmroiq ~ikftkimiq+

botrqfeqlediq ~ip kiq ~epedfmleq crjofeoiq+ qb keoxepio e e~kfaep bqte

lbtidikime bo qrq bqtrdfiq/ Ejipe `fbo+ oi tidiq kiq bz~bptiq boarbotpeo

e~pi~fedi bk rqi db kiq aioab~tiq crjofeoiq/ êpe Dimeo *0>>5857>,575& oi qb

~rbdb rqep ke aioab~afo ~epedfmltfae db Crjo bo keq afboafeq qiafekbq bo

mbobpek of bo ke afboafe ~iktfae bo ~eptfarkep/ Edrab diq pexiobq urb bz~iodp

`pbwblbotb/ Bo ~pflbp krmep+ qb de ro ael`fi db ~epedfmle ~ip itpi areodi

roe ofae tbipe ail~piè`kb dilfoe e itpe v bq eab~tede ~ip tide ke

ailrofded afbotgfae/ Bo afboafeq qiafekbq+ v bo ~iktfae+ ki urb tbobliq bq ke

aiogpioteafo db foorlbpe`kbq tbipeq oi ail~piè`kbq+ oi ke bppedfaeafo db

roe tbipe ~ip ke itpe/ îp ktfli+ ~epe urb bzfqte ro ~epedfmle+ keq tbipeq

tfbobo urb pbgbpfpqb e eq~batiq orakbepbq+ bqboafekbq v grodelbotekbq db qr

tbppftipfi/ ^bpi ke pbekfded qiafek bq teo ael`feotb urb oi bzfqtbo bqiq eq~batiq

grodelbotekbq/ îp teoti+ ke ~eke`pe ~epedfmle je db qbp bzakrfde db keq afboafeq

qiafekbq/ Ke afboafe ~iktfae groafioe mpeafeq ek ~pimpbqi earlrketfwi v ek


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e~pbodfxehb e ~eptfp db kiq bppipbq *Dimeo+ 0>>58570,571&/ Areodi roe tbipe urbde

eotfarede i bq fowekfdede+ oi dbqe~epbab ~ip ail~kbti qfoi urb ekmi db bkke

~bpleobab foaip~ipedi bo keq orbweq tbipeq+ ek jbpbdep keq orbweq urb qrpmbo

ekmroiq aioab~tiq+ ltidiq v ~pezfq/ Bo ke lfqle kobe qb bz~pbqe Gepp

*5666807>&+ urb botfbodb urb kiq aioab~tiq db ~epedfmle v dbppiaelfboti

pbwikrafioepfi oi ~rbdbo qbp e~kfaediq e ke bqtpratrpe db keq afboafeq qiafekbq

bo mbobpek v e ke ~ikftikime bo ~eptfarkep/

Qbe aili grbpb+ ke i`pe v ke tbplfoikime db Tileq Crjo bhbpaf ro

fl~eati ~pigrodi bo afbotgfaiq+ gfkqigiq+ jfqtipfedipbq v ~ikftkimiq+ qfo drde/

Bk aioab~ti db pbwikrafo i bk db ~epedfmle+ ~pbqbote`eo ro etpeatfwi ~ip bk

urb lrajiq qb dbhepio qbdrafp+ v grbpio lrajqfliq kiq urb ailboxepio e

rtfkfxep bqtb e~epetehb aioab~trek ~epe bz~kfaep tidi tf~i db gbolboiq

jrleoiq/ Bo kiq ktfliq eiq+ keq aptfaeq ek ~iqftfwfqli wfbobo teoti dbk

liwflfboti ~iqtlidbpofqte+ P/ Piptv botpb itpiq+ v db roe orbwe pbwftekfxeafo

db ke Bqarbke db Gpeocgrpt+ aio Je`bpleq e ke ae`bxe+ urb apftfae ke ~pbtboqfo

db urb bk aioiaflfboti afbotgfai ~iqftfwi bq bk ofai wkfdi v kbmtfli/ Aptfai

aio ke lioi~ikfxeafo dbk botbodflfboti ~iqftfwfqte+ dbgfbodb ke fotbpeaafo

qfl`kfae v qrq ~pi~feq aetbmipeq db eokfqfq ~ip keq dfqaf~kfoeq jfqtpfai,

jbplbortfaeq/


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ÎKTFAE

îdbliq jeabpoiq aepmi urb ke wfde qiafek+ e lidi db letpfiqce prqe+ bq

db roe ail~kbhfded mpeodfiqe8 aede ~patfae qiafek bqt foqbpte bo+ qb dbgfobo bo

tplfoiq db+ v groafioe bo pbkeafo e ro mpeo olbpi db pbmkeq v

~piabdflfbotiq qiafekbq/ Bk lrodi qiafek dbk jil`pb bq ael`feotb+ v ke ~iktfae

urb bq ~eptb dbk lrodi dbk jil`pb tel`fo ael`fe+ e ke wbx aioqbpwe ekmi db ki

eotbpfip/ îp bqti+ Lrpfkki Gbppik5= je`ke db ke~bpboob grmeafdeddb ke ~iktfae v

ke fobkrdf`kb aedrafded db keq apbeafiobq ~iktfaeq/ E ~bqep db bqte kkelede db

etboafo qb je db fotbotep dep arbote db kiq bkblbotiq lq fl~ipteotbq db ke

arbqtfo/

Ur botbodbliq ~ip nîktfaen9 Bk ~pflbp bqaikki urb boaiotpeliq bq ke

~ikfqblfe dbk aioab~ti *Db Wbpe+ 0>>282:&+ urb ki lfqli qfmofgfae -~piabqi-+ urb

-dbafqfo-+ urb -foqtftrafo-/ Diodb lbhip qb ail~pbodb bqte ~ikfqblfe bq bo bk

fdfile fomkq+ ~ipurb tfbobq jeqte tpbq wiae`kiq ~epe dbqfmoep e ~iktfae8

, Dbafqfo ~iktfae i bk aiohroti db i~afiobq+ dbtbplfoeafiobq ipbqikrafiobq bkbmfdeq ~epe aioqbmrfp ro dbtbplfoedi gfo ~iktfai/

ÎKFAV/

5=Bo bk pkimi ek LEOREK DB AFBOAFE IKTFAE/ Pegebk dbk mrfke *Bdftip& Tpitte Ledpfd 0>>6 7 Bdfafo ~/55,50/


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4=

, ^piabqi ~iktfai i bk bhbpafafi dbk ~idbp botpb eatipbq aio fotbpbqbqdfwbpmbotbq/ IKFTFAQ/

, Foqtftrafioekfqli ~iktfai i aiohroti db pmeoiq+ ipmeofqliq+ipmeofxeafiobq v qrq pbq~batfweq pbmkelboteafiobq diodb fotbpeate ke

~iktfae/ IKFTV/

Bz~pbqedi db itpe leobpe+ ~ip ~iktfae ~idbliq botbodbp bk

~keotbelfboti db tpbq arbqtfiobq+ akepelbotb fotbppbkeafioedeq+ roe ~ip aede

roi db kiq qfmofgfaediq8 ali pbqikwbliq kiq ~pi`kbleq v kiq aiogkfatiq bo ke

qiafbded9+ ali qb bhbpab bk ~idbp9+ ali pbmrkeliq keq eaafiobq dbk rofwbpqi

jrleoi9 Ke ~iktfae+ bk aiogkfati v qr pbqikrafo8 ^ikfav/ Gpeoc @bekbv *0>>1810:&+

bo qr Dfaafioepfi+ egfple urb ke ~iktfae eteb e kiq aiogkfatiq aikbatfwiq v e qr

pbqikrafo/ Ke ~iktfae qb eqiafe e ke aiotpiwbpqfe+ kiq aiogkfatiq v keq krajeq+ ~bpi

tel`fo e ke tile db dbafqfiobq ~epe pbqikwbpkiq/ Ke ~iktfae bq mbqtfioep

pbarpqiq+ tel`fo bq eatrep+ jeabp+ tilep dbafqfiobq+ bkbmfp botpb keq lrajeq

~iqf`fkfdedbq i arpqiq db eaafo urb ~rbdbo bqte`kbabpqb/

Ke ~iktfae v bk ~idbp8 ^ikftfaq/ Egfple Fmoeafi Likfoe *566:862& bo qr

Dfaafioepfi urb ke ~iktfae bq ke dfq~iqfafo e i`pep bo qiafbded fogkrvbodi i

rtfkfxeodi bk ~idbp ~`kfai ipmeofxedi ~epe kimpep bk `fbo ailo/ Ke fdbe mbobpek

qi`pb ke urb qb bqte`kbab ke ~iktfae aili pbkeafo db ~idbpbq * Aelfoek+ 0>>=811& bq

urb ke ~iktfae qb leofgfbqte bo tidiq kiq l`ftiq db ke qiafbded/ Ki fl~pbmoe


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tidi+ ~ideliq dbafp db lidi aikiurfek/ Aiodfafioe tidiq kiq eq~batiq db ke

wfde db kiq fodfwfdriq/ îp teoti+ ke ~iktfae tfbob urb wbp aio aioab~tiq aili

fogkrboafe+ ~idbp i ertipfded/ Kiq ~piabqiq db dbafqfo ~iktfae db~bodbo db ke

aippbkeafo db grbpxeq b fogkrboafeq/ Ki urb bzfqtb qio dfgbpbotbq ofwbkbq db

~idbp b fogkrboafe+ dfqtfoteq ae~eafdedbq db dbafqfo/ Ke levipe db ke qiafbded

tpeoqgfbpb+ lbdfeotb bkbaafiobq kf`pbq v ~krpekfqteq+ qr arite db dbafqfo e itpiq

~epe eatbo v dbafdeo bo qr oil`pb/

Eotbq db eweoxep bq fl~ipteotb letfxep ke arbqtfo dbk ~idbp/ îp ~iktfae

botbodbpbliq bk rqi kflftedi dbk ~idbp qiafek *Miidfo ' Ckfombleoo+ 0>>580=&/ V bq

fl~ipteotb pbqektep ke arbqtfo db ke kflfteafo dbk ~idbp/ Bk ~idbp fkflftedi bq

grbpxe+ oi ~idbp ~iktfai/ Bk ~idbp ~iktfai qfbl~pb bq kflftedi/ Bo tplfoiq

qflfkepbq epmrlbote Likfoe *566:861&8 bk ~idbp bq ~iktfai areodi qb bhbpab bo ro

lepai diodb ke aibpafo bq kbmtfle i ke pbail~boqe ~ip ke i`bdfboafe tfbob urb

wbp aio `bobgfafiq ~piwfqtiq ~ip ke ailrofded/ îkftfaq qbp ejipe+ roe wbx

~bpgfkede ke arbqtfo+ bk bqtrdfi db ke oetrpekbxe v bk ipfmbo db bqeq kflfteafiobq v

db keq taofaeq ~epe bk rqi dbk ~idbp qiafek *Miidfo ' Ckfombleoo+ 0>>580=&/ Bk tpeèhi

dbk ~ikftkimi qbp bk eoekfxep bqiq klftbq èhi keq urb qb lrbwbo kiq eatipbq

~iktfaiq v keq leofi`peq bqtpetmfaeq urb tfbob krmep/

Ke ~iktfae v keq Foqtftrafiobq db Mi`fbpoi8 îkftv/ Ke fdbe mbobpek qi`pb ke

urb qb bqte`kbab ke ~iktfae aili bqtpratrpe db mi`fbpoi *Aelfoek+ 0>>=812& bq urb


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qio bk aiohroti db foqtftrafiobq ~iktfaeq keq urb edi~teo keq dbafqfiobq ~iktfaeq

urb wfoarkeo e tide ke qiafbded afwfk/ qteq qio kiq ~idbpbq ~`kfaiq dbk bqtedi+

kiq ~eptfdiq ~iktfaiq+ keq foqtftrafiobq fotbpoeafioekbq+ bta/ Edblq+ qbpeo bk

aiohroti db fodfwfdriq urb gipleo ~eptb db bqeq foqtftrafiobq+ kiq eatipbq

~iktfaiq ~`kfaiq+ urb tfbobo roeq groafiobq dbtbplfoedeq v urb tileo+ aede

roi tel`fo+ roe qbpfb db dbafqfiobq bqte`kbafdeq ~ip ke kbmekfded/

Ejipe `fbo+ e bqte fdbe mbobpek+ db roe v itpe eab~afo db ke ~iktfae+ ~idbp

b foqtftrafo+ qb ~rbdbo jeabp dbtbplfoedeq bolfbodeq urb oiq jeabo wbp urb ke

arbqtfo oi bq teo qfl~kb aili e~epbote qbp/ Pbq~bati e ke ~iktfae aili

pbkeafo db ~idbpbq+ Aelfoek *0>>=814& epmrlbote urb qf `fbo bq afbpti urb jev

~iktfae bo tidiq kiq ofwbkbq dbk qfqtble qiafek+ qb leofgfbqte db lidi dfgbpbotb

bo aede roi db bkkiq/ Bk ~idbp oi bqt pb~eptfdi burftetfwelbotb botpb tidiq kiq

ail~iobotbq db ke qiafbded/ Oi qb ~rbdb i`wfep ke bzfqtboafe bo orbqtpe

qiafbded db roe bqtpratrpe db ipmeofxeafo db kiq ~piabqiq v roeq pbkeafiobq db

ail~btboafe,aike`ipeafo botpb kiq ofwbkbq v botpb dfqtfotiq qfqtbleq/ Bk qfqtble

~iktfai oi bq ro qfqtble ~keoi ~ip bk urb bk ~idbp v ke fogkrboafe qb pb~eptb

jilimobelbotb/ Oi qb ~rbdb i`wfep urb bk qfqtble ~iktfai qb ~epbab lraji e

roe ail~kbhe bqtpratrpe lrktfdflboqfioek aio lktf~kbq fotbppbkeafiobq botpb


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qrq ~eptbq/ Boaiotpeliq krmepbq ~ip diodb gkrvb ~iai ~idbp v boaiotpeliq

itpiq ~ip diodb ke bobpme5: gkrvb aio lrajqfle lq grbpxe/

Pbq~bati e ke ~iktfae aili bqtpratrpe db mi`fbpoi+ ~idbliq epmrlbotep

*Aelfoek+ 0>>=817& urb qf `fbo bq afbpti urb ke ~iktfae bq roe arbqtfo db aiohrotiq

foqtftrafioekbq+ tel`fo bk fodfwfdri ~eptfarkep+ bo kiq qfqtbleq ~iktfaiq

dbliaptfaiq+ tfbob ke i~afo db aiowbptfpqb bo embotb ~iktfai+ tpeqabodbp qr qbp

qiafek v ~eqep e qbp ro eatip ~iktfai aio ~kboi dbpbaji/ I `fbo tpeteo db giplep

~eptb db ekmroi db kiq ofwbkbq foqtftrafioekbq bzfqtbotbq+ ke ~patfae db ke ~iktfae

~pigbqfioek3 i `fbo+ e tpewq db keq itpeq lrajeq gipleq db ~eptfaf~eafo

fodfpbate edurfpfbodi mpeo arite db pbkbweoafe i fogkrboafe/ Oi qb ~rbdb i`wfep

ke bzfqtboafe bo orbqtpe qiafbded db ro aiohroti db eatipbq b foqtftrafiobq

~iktfaeq urb qfo qbp bqtpratrpe db mi`fbpoi fogkrvbo db giple dbafqfwe bo bk

~piabqi ~iktfai8 Leqq lbdfe+ mpr~iq gfoeoafbpiq b fodrqtpfekbq+ Lrktfoeafioekbq+

mpr~iq apflfoekbq+ foqtftrafiobq pbkfmfiqeq+ bta/ Bk ~bqi ~iktfai db bqtiq embotbq

bq fodfqartf`kb/

Aili jbliq wfqti+ e aede roe db keq ~iqf`kbq bz~kfaeafiobq db ke ~iktfae+

bo qr giple fodfwfdrekfxede+ qb kb ~rbdbo qeaep qrq ~rotiq d`fkbq+ qrq

foqrgfafboafeq3 ~rdfbodi qbp bolbodedeq+ qbpeo foail~kbteq+ ~ip teoti/ Roe

aippbate dbqapf~afo db ki ~iktfai tbodpe urb tbobp pbaimfdiq el`iq

5: ^idbp8 bobpme ae~ex db aioqbmrfp urb ke aiodrate db kiq dblq qb ede~tb e ke ~pi~fe wikroted*Likfoe+ 566:861&


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bkblbotiq/ Aio ki urb qbpe geatf`kb dbqapf`fp ke ~iktfae aili eurbkki urb qrpmb

dbk tpeqfbmi botpb el`iq ~ikiq/ Jev bkblbotiq bo kiq urb roe db keq ~ikepfdedbq

qb lrbqtpe bo qr lzfle ~rpfded+ qbe bk ~idbp i qbe bk mi`fbpoi3 ~bpi edblq+

bzfqtbo roe fogfofded db itpiq bkblbotiq ~iktfaiq bo kiq urb wbliq aili qb

lbxakeo db lidi jbtbpakfti el`eq aepeatbpqtfaeq/


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AFBOAFE IKTFAE/

5/ KEQ AIPPFBOTBQ

Ke Afboafe îktfae bq roe dfqaf~kfoe lrv ~krpek bo ke urb aiowfwbo

dfqtfoteq ~bpq~batfweq i aippfbotbq i bqarbkeq/ Arkbq qio qteq9 Jepti db Wbpe

bkfmb bk aioab~ti bogiurb ~epe je`kep db bqte lrktf~kfafded bo kiq gpbotbq db

eìpdehb db ke ~iktfae/ Qbmo bqtb ertip+ qio 7 kiq ~pfoaf~ekbq bogiurbq urb

bzfqtbo/

Giplekfqli Foqtftrafioekfqte/ E ailfboxiq dbk q/ ZZ ke ~bpq~batfwe hrpdfai,

giplek bpe ke dilfoeotb bo bk eokfqfq ~iktfai/ Qr i`hbtfwi ~pfoaf~ek db bqtrdfi

qio keq foqtftrafiobq ~iktfaeq v keq pbmkeq v ~piabdflfbotiq db kiq mi`fbpoiq/

Aili oeab bo bk lepai db ke Gearkted db Dbpbaji+ bk fotbpq qb abotpe bo keq

Kbvbq Aioqtftrafioekbq+ keq Ipmeofxeafiobq mr`bpoelbotekbq giplekbq v bk

Dbpbaji ^`kfai *Db Wbpe+ 0>>28512&/ Ke Afboafe îktfae bpe+ bzakrqfwelbotb+Dbpbaji îktfai i aili dfpeliq eatreklbotb+ Dbpbaji Aioqtftrafioek/ Kiq

dbgboqipbq db bqtb bogiurb eqrlbo ke dbliapeafe kf`bpek *db Brpi~e v kiq

BBRR& aili bk abotpi db qrq bqtrdfiq+ deodi db kedi tidi ki aioabpofbotb e ke

qiafbded afwfk v kiq liwflfbotiq qiafekbq/


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@bjewfipfqli/ Bk eotbpfip bogiurb bpe foqrgfafbotb+ aili urbd akepi

areodi keq dbliapeafeq kf`bpekbq botpepio bo apfqfq ~ip ke ~rheoxe fl~epe`kb db

kiq geqafqliq v kiq ìkajbwfurbq/ Gfhepqb bo ke bqtpratrpe ~iktfae oi grb

qrgfafbotb/ Jeè urb ~iobp bk ogeqfq bo itpiq krmepbq8 bk ~piabqi ~iktfai+ bqti

bq+ bk aiohroti db fotbpeaafiobq *Db Wbpe+ 0>>2851:& urb qb ~pidrab botpb keq

foqtftrafiobq ~iktfaeq v ke qiafbded/ Jeè urb eoekfxep bk ~ikftfaek `bjewfip8 bk

ail~iptelfboti ~iktfai/

@rqaepio+ bo mbobpek+ roe tpeoqgipleafo e mpeo bqaeke db ke dfqaf~kfoe/ Bo

krmep db bk Bqtedi v db kiq ltidiq kbmekbq,giplekbq+ ~pbgfpfbpio v dbqeppikkepio

bqtpetbmfeq db fowbqtfmeafo ~epe bqtrdfep ail~iptelfboti v ~piabqi+ qfqtble v

mpr~iq/ Bqteè bo hrbmi+ e qr hrfafi bk dbqtfoi db roe afboafe db ke ~iktfae

mborfoelbotb ~pbdfatfwe aiotpe ke tpedfafo db ke fowbqtfmeafo oipletfwe b

jfqtpfae *Gepp+ Dpvxbc ' Kbioepd 566681>&/

Jev urb dbqteaep dbotpi db bqtb bogiurb ke gfmrpe ~pflipdfek db Aj/ B/

Lbppfel db ke Ajfaemi Rofwbpqftv v ekmroiq db qrq lq dbqteaediq dfqa~rkiq

*Miqobkk v Keq}bkk& urb kkbwepio bqtb liwflfboti ek pbqti db keq ~pbqtfmfiqeq

rofwbpqfdedbq elbpfaeoeq/ Bqtb `bjewfipfqte grb bk urb ael`fi bk ltidi db

tpeèhi8 db ke lbpe jfqtipfe e kiq eokfqfq ~qfaikmfaiq db kiq eatipbq ~iktfaiq+ keq

bqtedqtfaeq v kiq bqtrdfiq areotftetfwiq/


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E tpewq db bqtrdfiq bl~pfaiq aioapbtiq bpe ~iqf`kb ro erlboti mborfoi

dbk aioiaflfboti ~iktfai lbdfeotb roe bqtpetbmfe db fowbqtfmeafo

fotbpdfqaf~kfoep+ ke fotpidraafo db lbtidikimeq areotftetfweq v ro e~ivi db

fowbqtfmeafo ipmeofxedi *Ekliod 0>>585>4&/

Ki urb `rqae bqtb bogiurb qio pbmrkepfdedbq rofgiplbq urb ~rbdeo qbp

bz~pbqedeq lbdfeotb tbipeq v urb krbmi ~rbdeo qbp wbpfgfae`kbq/ ^ip teoti+

~roti abotpek bo bqte fowbqtfmeafo qbp ke pfmrpiqfded bo ke `qurbde db ke

levip areote ~iqf`kb db detiq/ Ke ~pbtboqfo `bjewfipfqte bpe pbekfxep roe

eatfwfded ~kboelbotb afbotgfae db aepatbp obrtpi v kf`pb db wekipbq b

fdbikimeq/ Bq ~iqf`kbq urb keq ~pbtboqfiobq b fotboafiobq grbpeo kie`kbq+ ~bpi bk

jbaji afbpti bq urb dbqdb ro ~pflbp lilboti aii~bp eatfwelbotb aio ke

Edlfofqtpeafo ~`kfae oiptbelbpfaeoe+ bq~bafeklbotb drpeotb ke Qbmrode

Mrbppe Lrodfek bo kiq Db~eptelbotiq db Hrqtfafe+ Tbqipi+ Mrbppe+ Ailfqfo

Gbdbpek db Ailrofaeafiobq+ foakrqi bk Qbpwfafi db Fotbkfmboafe *Ekliod 0>>585>:,

5>6&/ Tpeq bk aiogkfati qfmrf bqte aike`ipeafo urb e ke ~iqtpb ve grb ro eati db

bkbaafo db roiq dbtbplfoediq wekipbq+ v oi db ob

Cuadernos de Filosofía Política I - El objeto de la Política

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Transcript of Cuadernos de Filosofía Política I - El objeto de la Política