Como Formulamos Preguntas (en; Laboratorio de La Ciencia Política - Oliver Benson)

7/21/2019 Como Formulamos Preguntas (en; Laboratorio de La Ciencia Política - Oliver Benson)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/como-formulamos-preguntas-en-laboratorio-de-la-ciencia-politica-oliver 1/26



CA ANBLRNVLROL

FC IOCMIONTLAÈVOIN

Laovcr Bcmslm Smovcrsofnf

fc Lean`lhn

Nhlrrlrtu cfotlrcs

Bucmls Norcs



Ilhl jlrhuanr prckumtns

An omvcstoknioùm plaètoin hcfonmtc cmiucstns `n `ci`l ohplrtnmtcs ilmtrobuiolmcs na

hlfcrml cstufol fc an ilmfuitn plaètoin. An hnylr pnrtc fc ans krnmfcs cmiucstns `nm

sofl chprcsns fc cmvcrknfurn, quc rcquorocrlm an illpcrnioùm fc cquopls fc

omvcstoknflrcs y nmnaostns, y an nsokmnioùm fc jlmfls ilmsofcrnbacs. Numquc supcrjoiona,

mucstrn omtrlfuiioùm na inhpl fc ans cmiucstns prcpnrnrî na acitlr pnrn pnrtoiopnr cm um

prlycitl fc trnbngl cm cquopl ilmtnmfl ilm hnylr inufna fc ilmliohocmtls quc um

mcùjotl cm al hntcron5 ac fnrî, nsohoshl, nakumns pnutns quc ac pcrhotorîm forokor umn

pcqucþn cmiucstn prlpon, n hlfl fc cgcrioiol.

:.> An hucstrn

Cm an prcpnrnioùm fc umn cmiucstn, an cxtrniioùm fc an hucstrn cs pnrtc ohplrtnmtc fc anpanmojoinioùm tïimoin. Num cm als prlycitls hîs nhboiolsls y ilstlsls, an nfciunioùm

fc an hucstrn sc vcrtè sochprc aohotnfn plr ilmsofcrniolmcs fc topl prîitoil, pcrl so sc

tlhnm nakumns prcinuiolmcs scrî plsobac cvotnr crrlrcs scrols.

Hucstrn nacntlron sohp ac

Ilhl sc fcstniù cm ca brcvc cstufol .fc als tcsts cstnfèstoils rcnaoznfl cm ca inpètual

nmtcrolr, al ohplrtnmtc ml cs ca tnhnþl cm sè fc an hucstrn, soml an hcfofn cm quc cs

rcnahcmtc rcprcscmtntovn fc an plbanioùm quc supucstnhcmtc rcprcscmtn. An jnhlsn

cmiucstn fca Aotcrnry Fokcso, aacvnfn n inbl cm >?9:, sc bnsù cm umn hucstrn fc

hoaalmcs fc pcrslmns, pcrl juc tnm pnriona quc sc an rciucrfn plr su jankrnmtc

cquovlinioùm rcspcitl fc an hîs nbruhnflrn fojcrcmion fc vltls quc rckostrn an `ostlron

fc ans caciiolmcs prcsofcmionacs. Tlr ca ilmtrnrol, cm an nitunaofnf sc sucac utoaoznr

hucstrns iocmtèjoinhcmtc scaciiolmnfns fc >.344 n 9.444 cmiucstnfls pnrn lbtcmcr

fntls bnstnmtc ilmjonbacs slbrc an tltnaofnf fc an plbanioùm fc Cstnfls Smofls. Fc

niucrfl ilm ca promiopol bîsoil fca hucstrcl iocmtèjoil, an hucstrn fcbc scr cxtrnèfn

rcnahcmtc na nznr7 cs ohprcsiomfobac quc tlfns ans pcrslmns quc omtckrnm an plbanioùm

supucstnhcmtc rcprcscmtnfn plr nqucaan tcmknm an hoshn prlbnboaofnf cstnfèstoin fc

scr omiuaofns.

Ilm jrciucmion, rcsuatn hcmls cilmùhoil cxtrncr umn hucstrn purnhcmtc na nznr fc an

plbanioùm tltna quc ltrn cackofn slbrc an bnsc fc nak÷m promiopol fc scaciioùm rcaniolmnfl



ilm ca lbgctl fc an cmiucstn. Iunmtl hcmlr scn an subplbanioùm quc sc quocrc cstufonr,

hîs sc pcrfcrî cm umn hucstrn fca tltna. Cm um Trlycitl fc omvcstoknioùm slbrc ans

nitotufcs fc als mucvls cstufonmtcs, ml sc tlhnrèn umn hucstrn na nznr fc um umovcrsl

ilhpucstl plr tlfls als cstufonm nauhmls fc tcrictl l iunrtl nþl, ilm jomcs

ilhpnrntovls. Tlr ¡kunacs hltovls, rcsuatn nmtocilmùhoil cmiucstnr n tlfls als nfuatls

cm cfnf fc vltnr fc umn ilhumofnf so slal mls omtcrcsn ilmlicr ans nitotufcs fc als

njoaonfls n somfointls. Cs ohplsobac, n vcics, ofcmtojoinr prcvonhcmtc an sub-plbanioùm,

plr al quc an hucstrn fcbc tlhnrsc fc um krupl hnylr5 cm umn cmiucstn fcstomnfn n vc-

rojoinr als pumtls fc vostn fc als vltnmtcs cm umn caciioùm humoiopna, plr cgchpal, ml

sucac scr plsobac ofcmtojoinr n als quc ilm hnylr prlbnboaofnf ilmiurrorîm na ilhofl,

numquc cs inso sckurl quc `nbrî hcmls vltnmtcs quc cm umn caciioùm pnrn klbcrmnflr

l prcsofcmtc.

Hucstrn cstrnto j oinf n

Sm ohplrtnmtc irotcrol pnrn fctcrhomnr ca tnhnþl fc an hucstrn cs an `lhlkcmcofnf fc an

plbanioùm ilm rcspcitl na ntrobutl quc sc fcscn vcrojoinr. Yo cm an vltnioùm pnrtoiopn um

slal pnrtofl, l so ca >44 % fc an plbanioùm cs ilmjlrhostn, scrî ilmvcmocmtc trnbngnr ilm

umn hucstrn fca > %. Yo, plr. ca ilmtrnrol, pnrtoiopnm scos inmfofntls cm an caciioùm

prohnron, l so cm um nsumtl fc omtcrïs p÷baoil an lpomoùm cstî fovofofn cmtrc vnrons

natcrmntovns, infn umn fc caans rcspnafnfn ‖l supucstnhcmtc rcspnafnfn‖ plr um

cstrntl sliolcilmùhoil fcjomofl, an hucstrn fcbc scr al bnstnmtc krnmfc ilhl pnrn

omiauor hochbrls fc infn krupl sokmojointovl. An `lhlkcmcofnf njcitn ca crrlr fc

hucstrcl tnmtl cm al quc ntnþc n an inmtofnf fc subkrupls ilhl n an okunafnf fc fovosoùm

cmtrc als subkrupls. Cs bnstnmtc jîioa prcfcior ca rcsuatnfl fc umn caciioùm iunmfl an

fojcrcmion fc vltls cm jnvlr fc um inmfofntl cs krnmfc (l scn, umn hucstrn pcqucþn cs

sujoiocmtc)5 pcrl so ans plsoboaofnfcs slm huy pnrcgns, ilhl cm an aui`n cmtrc Ecmmcfy y

Moxlm cm >?:4, momkumn hucstrn plfrèn ljrcicr umn prcfoiioùm sckurn, numquc ans

cmiucstns prccacitlrnacs rcvcanrènm csinsn fojcrcmion fc vltls. Ca crrlr fc hucstrcl

pucfc rcfuiorsc ofcmtojoinmfl iuofnflsnhcmtc als sub-krupls sokmojointovls, y `niocmfl

auckl ca hucstrcl fc infn uml fc caals slbrc umn bnsc fc scaciioùm na nznr. An

hucstrn cstrntojoinfn, quc sc jumfnhcmtn cm cstn tclrèn, pcrhotc cstohnr ca tltna fc an

plbanioùm hcglr quc umn hucstrn fc okuna tnhnþl cxtrnèfn



purnhcmtc na nznr. An hcfofn cm quc an cstohnioùm scrî hcglr fcpcmfcrî, umn vcz hîs,

fc an `lhlkcmcofnf fc als subkrupls. Yo infn subkrupl jucsc pcrjcitnhcmtc

`lhlkïmcl ‖cs fcior, so tlfls als `nbotnmtcs fca Mlrtc, tlfns ans hugcrcs, tlfls als

intùaoils, tlfls als rcsofcmtcs urbnmls l tlfls als lbrcrls pcmsnscm cxnitnhcmtc

okuna‖, an vofn fc als cmiucstnflrcs scrèn hîs jîioa.

An hucstrn cstrntojoinfn cxokc quc fctcrhomnfn prlplrioùm fc an hucstrn tltna

pcrtcmczin n infn uml fc als cstrntls. An hucstrn mniolmna chpacnfn plr an jorhn Knaaup

cm >?:6 pnrn hcfor ca nplyl fc quc klznbn Klafwntcr nmtcs fc an ilmvcmioùm fc su

pnrtofl, y cm an quc sc jumfnm als prlbachns panmtcnfls cm als cgcrioiols 3-> (iunfrl

3-C), 3-9(9), 3-9(3) y 3-9(:), utoaozn umn cstrntojoinioùm bnsnfn cm ca tnhnþl fc an

ilhumofnf (; krupls quc nbnrinm fcsfc ioufnfcs icmtrnacs, ilm >.444.444 fc

`nbotnmtcs l hîs, `nstn zlmns rurnacs) y cm rckolmcs kclkrîjoins. Yc cmtrcvostù n um

hèmohl fc >.344 omfovofuls, fostrobuofls cmtrc >34 pumtls fc hucstrcl cackofls na nznr7

Ylal fcmtrl fca pumtl fc Hucstrcl (hnmznmns cm ans ioufnfcs) sc npnrtn an hucstrn fca

promiopol fc prlbnboaofnf na nznr, y num naaè ca cmtrcvostnflr ml pucfc cackor aobrchcmtc n

als cmiucstnfls, soml quc fcbc sckuor um prlicfohocmtl homuiolsnhcmtc foscþnfl. An

lrknmoznioùm Knaaup, plr cgchpal, jogn umn rckan sohpac pcrl ÷toa7 als cmtrcvostnflrcs slal

fcbcm `nicr umn cmtrcvostn plr krupl jnhoaonr, y n okuna inmtofnf fc `lhbrcs y hugcrcs.

Iunfrl :-> Cstrntojoinioùm fc an plbanioùm mlrtcnhcroinmn cm cfnf fc vltnr, fc niucrfl

ilm >> vnronbacs (plricmtngcs)

Tlr rckoùm Mlrfcstc2:,9 Mlrtc Icmtrna20,> Yur2?,9 Lcstc

Tlr rcaokoùm Trltcstnmtcs:; Intùaoils23 Gufèls6 Ltrls

Tlr scxl Znrlmcs6;

Tlr pnrtoiopnioùm cm caciiolmcsZltnrlm (>?:6);4 Ml vltnrlm

Tlr rnzn Banmils?4 Ml banmils>4 (Mckrls)

Tlr prcjcrcmion plaètoinFchùirntns34 Rcpubaoinmls2; Omfcpcmfocmtcs

Tlr cfnf 2>-26? 23-666> 63-:>96 :3 y hîs

Tlr cfuinioùm @nstn 0 nþls2? ?->> nþls>0 >2 nþls99 Hîs fc >2 nþls



Tlr hcfol cilaùkoil Tlr liupnioùm

Hctrlplaotnml :3 Liupnfls 30 Ml hctrlplaotnml 93 Nitovofnfcs Nkrèilans

6 Nitovofnfcs ml nkrèilansTlr omkrcsls (fùanrcs) Hcmls fc 9,444 >0 Fcsliupnfls 2 9444 - 6??? 24 Ml jlrhn pnrtc fc an jucrzn

3444 - ;6?? 20 fc trnbngl ;344 - ???? >: Krupls liupniolmnacs natcrmntovls, plr rnzn

>4444 y hîs >0 Ml Banmils Banmils Chpacnflsnfhomostrntovls y ltrls trnbngls ml hnmunacs6;,3 >?,3 Vrnbngnflrcs hnmunacs9:,2 64,; Tcrslmna fc scrvoiol>4,; 9>,; Vrnbngnflrcs rurnacs3,: 0,>

Vlana fc omtckrnmtcs fc an jucrzn fc trnbngl, hnylrcs fc >6 nþls, cxiauycmfl fcs-

liupnfls.

Jucmtc7 Cxtrnèfl fc Ytntostoi,f Nbstrnit ljt`c Smotcf Fntcs,' [ns`omktlm7 Burcnu lj !`c

Icmsus,.->?:;, t.7Hoi`-ls 922 y 394. Tlricmtngcs rcflmfcnfls5 sc lhotcm insls slbrc

als quc sc inrcic fc omjlrhnioùm. JNtohniolmcs nprlxohnfns slbrc rcaokoùm y

prcjcrcmion plaètoin sq÷m als fntls fc an lrknmoznioùm Lnaaup.

Tnrn quc an hucstrn rcjacgc an ilhplsoioùm fc an plbanioùm fc um pnès cm cfnf fc vltnr

cm um cstrntl l hîs, pucfc rcsuatnr ÷toa npaoinr ca iunfrl :->, foscþnfl n pnrtor fc an

krnm hucstrn chpacnfn plr Xn Ljoiomn fca Icmsl fc Cstnfls Smofls ilhl bnsc pnrn

mucstrl iunfrl slbrc inmtofnf fc vltnmtcs cm ca inpètual 2, y ilhpactnfl ilm fntls

nprlxohnfls slbrc rcaokoùm y prcjcrcmion plaètoin.

Vnhboïm pucfcm plmfcrnrsc als subkrupls ofcmtojoinfls cm an hucstrn fc niucrfl ilm

als plricmtngcs mniolmnacs ilmliofls, y auckl chpacnr als rcsuatnfls plmfcrnfls pnrnprlycitnr mucstrn hucstrn cm ltrn quc pnrczin hîs rcprcscmtntovn fc tlfn an mnioùm'

(«cstrntojoinioùm auckl fc an scaciioùmµ), Yo mucstrn cmiucstn `n sofl foscþnfn pnrn

vcrojoinr ans nitotufcs fc um krupl rckolmna l alina, pucfcm fcrovnrsc cstrntojoiniolmcs

sohoanrcs fc als fntls hîs fctnaanfls quc bromfnm fls pubaoiniolmcs fc an Ljoiomn fca

Icmsl Ytntostoina Nbstrnit Lj Iotc Smotcf Fntcs (Rcsuhcm cstnfèstoil fc Cstnfls



Smofls), y Ilumtry nmf Ioty Fntn Blle (Cstnfèstoins plr ilmfnfl y ioufnf). Fls pumtls

rcantovls n umn hucstrn mniolmna cstrntojoinfn hcrcicm quc sc acs prcstc hnylr

ntcmioùm. >) Ml omiauyc umn fosirohomnioùm plr cstnfl, y, pucstl quc als vltls pnrn

ilackols cacitlrnacs cstnfunacs sc iucmtnm ilhl cmtofnfcs scpnrnfns cm als

rcsuatnfls fca ilackol cacitlrna, cm umn caciioùm iuyls rcsuatnfls jucrnm cm npnrocmionpnrcgls an hucstrn fcbcrèn rclrknmoznrsc fc hlfl fc tlhnr cm iucmtn cstc jnitlr5 ml cs

hcmcstcr fosirohomnr als 34 cstnfls, pcrl sè umn fovosoùm rckolmna-nakl hîs fctnaanfn. 2)

Ilm jrciucmion, als krupls quc prcscmtnm umn `lhlkcmcofnf huy krnmfc l um

plricmtngc tltna bngl rcquocrcm trntnhocmtl. An lrknmoznioùm Knaaup, na usnr umn hucstrn

sohoanr pnrn vcrojoinr ca rcspnafl fc quc klznbn Klafwntcr nmtcs fc an ilmvcmioùm,

fcsiubroù umn ilrrcanioùm mckntovn tnm natn cmtrc rnzn y prcjcrcmion quc Ircspo vlavoù n

tnbuanr sus rcsuatnfls cxiauycmfl n als mckrls, plr irccr quc cstn jucrtc nslionioùm

plfrèn liuatnr plsobacs ilrrcaniolmcs cmtrc als cmiucstnfls banmils -p. cg., cmtrc rckoùm y

prcjcrcmion- Cstc rcsuatnfl fchucstrn an fojoiuatnf kcmcrna fc trnbngnr ilm umn hucstrn

tltnahcmtc nacntlron, so na omvcstoknflr ac omtcrcsn nak÷m krupl cm pnrtoiuanr iuyl tnhnþl

ml cs al bnstnmtc krnmfc ilhl pnrn npnrcicr cm nqucaan cm m÷hcrl sokmojointovl. Yo ac

omtcrcsnm als mckrls, ninufnanfls ca omvcstoknflr tcmfrèn quc ilmtnr ilm umn hucstrn

cspciona pnrn alkrnr sus prlpùsotls7 fcbcrèn snaor n businrals. Al hoshl liurrc cm ca

insl fc., hui`ls ltrls krupls quc plfrènm scr sokmojointovls fcsfc ca pumtl fc vostn

plaètoil, pcrl iuyl m÷hcrl cs rcfuiofl ‖p. cg., hochbrls fc als ilhotïs icmtrntcs fc

ilmfnfls, josinacs fc fostrotl surcþls, l intcklrèns prljcsolmnacs omjamycmtcs, tnacs ilhl

nblknfls, hïfoils y iaïrokls.

Tucstl quc ca foscþl fc umn hucstrn fc krnm tnhnþl pnrn rcnaoznr umn cmiucstn

nhpaon ilmstotuyc um prlicfohocmtl fc natl movca tïimoil, quc rcquocrc umn bocm •

lrknmoznfn tnrcn kropna y nfciunfn jomnmionioùm, ml mls liupnrchls fc ïa cm cstc tcxtl.

Ca cstufonmtc omtcrcsnfl pucfc ilmsuatnr ca cxicacmtc hnmuna fc Bniestrlh y @urs`,

Yurvcy Rcscnri`, quc, na hoshl tochpl quc ilmstotuyc umn omtrlfuiioùm ilhpactn na

tchn, sorvc fc kuèn pnrn an ilmsuatn fc bobaolkrnjèn tïimoin hîs nvnmznfn.

:.2 Ca iucstolmnrol

An ilmjciioùm fc um bucm iucstolmnrol cxokc cxpcrocmion. Cm ca prohcr blrrnflr sc

fcsaoznrîm hui`ls crrlrcs, num iunmfl scn prcpnrnfl plr cspcionaostns cm an



hntcron. Tlr cstc hltovl, sochprc cs mcicsnrol slhctcr na iucstolmnrol n umn prucbn

prcvon, pnrn fcsiubror an hnylr inmtofnf plsobac fc crrlrcs7 prckumtns

omvlaumtnronhcmtc cmknþlsns, jrnscs «inrknfnsµ som qucrcr ilm nakumn pnrionaofnf

subgctovn, pnanbrns quc ca omvcstoknflr ilmlic huy bocm pcrl quc pucfcm rcsuatnr

rnrns n hui`ls cmiucstnfls, y prckumtns quc pnrcicm bnstnmtc ianrns pcrl iuyl

sokmojoinfl cs, cm fcjomotovn, omilhpactl l nhbokul.

Na prcpnrnr um iucstolmnrol fcbc tcmcrsc ianrn ¡fcn fca lbgctovl fc an cmiucstn. Cs

ilmvcmocmtc prcpnrnrsc hcfonmtc an aciturn fc omjlrhcs rcantovls n cstufols sohoanrcs,

tlhnmfl mltn fc tlfns ans jnictns quc ca tchn pucfn tcmcr. Ans prckumtns cm sè

pucfcm scr fc vnrols topls. Vcmocmfl sochprc prcscmtc ca tchn fc an cmiucstn, nsè

ilhl ca inhpl hîs nhpaol na quc pcrtcmcic, sukcrohls na acitlr jlrhuanr, n hlfl fccmsnyl, prckumtns quc ilrrcsplmfnm n ans fovcrsns intcklrèns hcmiolmnfns hîs

nfcanmtc.

Trckum tns pnrn Ofcmto j oinr na cmtrcvostnf l

Yo sc rcpnsn al cstufonfl cm als inpètuals > y 2 slbrc als fostomtls topls fc vnronbac y

iùhl sc chpacnm pnrn uboinr na cmiucstnfl cm ca cspniol fc prlpocfnfcs, vnrols slm

als rubrls fc ofcmtojoinioùm fca cmtrcvostnfl quc omtcrcsnrî nianrnr. Ofcmtojoinioùm

tîitoin sohpac7 Cstns prckumtns suhomostrnrîm 'fntls «icmsnacsµ bîsoils‖ilhl

cfnf, scxl, rnzn, movca fc omkrcsls, liupnioùm, auknr fc rcsofcm7 ion, sotunioùm ilhl

vltnmtc, cti.‖, y ml lplmfrîm cm kcmcrna fojoiuatnf-nakumn, snavl quc sc trntc fc

intcklrèns fcaoinfns l quc sc rcaniolmcm ilm ca prcstokol fca cmtrcvostnfl.-Cs lbvol

quc fcbcm cvotnrsc tïrhomls y cxprcsolmcs tnacs ilhl «lbrcrlµ, «ljoiomostnµ,

«trnbngnflr hnmunaµ l «trnbngnflr inrcmtc fc ljoiolµ, plrquc pucfcm inrcicr fc

sokmojoinfl pnrn ca cmiucstnfl l fcshcrcicr su stntus.

Ofcmto j oinioùm fc an Omjlrh nioùm quc brom fn ca cmtrcvostnfl . Ca lbgctovl fc cstns

prckumtns cs fcsiubror quï snbc ca cmtrcvostnfl nicrin fca tchn fc an cmiucstn. Yo

mumin `n lèfl `nbanr fc ïa, cs om÷toa pcforac su lpomoùm. Tlr ltrn pnrtc, umns plins

prckumtns fc «joatrlµ pucfcm `nicrac rcilrfnr ilsns quc fc ltrn hnmcrn

pcrhnmcicrènm lavofnfns.



Ofcmtojoinioùm fca rla fca cmtrcvostnfl. Cstns prckumtns tocmcm plr jom uboinr na7

cmtrcvostnfl cm su ilmtcxtl sliona y plaètoil. ¼Cs aèfcr, l ml fcsnrrlaan nitovofnf plaètoin

nakumn< ¼Yucac `nbanr fc plaètoin ilm sus nhokls< ¼^uï jucmtcs plaètoins omjauycm cm

ïa, y quï •omjaucmions, cgcric ïa hoshl< Fctcrhomnr so cs hochbrl fc um iaub, l so

ilmiurrc n scrvoiols rcaokolsls l omiausl, n quï topl fc pcrslmns vosotn ilm hîs

jrciucmion, nyufn n sotunral fcmtrl fca p÷baoil plaètoinhcmtc omtcrnitunmtc. An

lbscrvnioùm forcitn ljrcic n hcmufl na omvcstoknflr nacrtn omfoiols ÷toacs slbrc ca rla

Trckum tns fc fciosoùm

Cstls slm als rubrls jumfnhcmtnacs rcantovls na ilmtcmofl hcfuanr fc ans iunacs sc

slaoiotn na cmtrcvostnfl rcnaoznr nak÷m topl numquc an aèmcn fovoslron cmtrc nhbns ml cs

pcrjcitnhcmtc ianrn7 ans quc rcquocrcm lpiolmcs ilmirctns y ans fcstomnfns n fcsiubror,hltovniolmcs omilmsiocmtcs.

Lpiolmcs ilmirctns. Yc ac prckumtn na cmtrcvostnfl, plr cgchpal, so cm umn prùxohn

caciioùm pocmsn vltnr plr ca inmfofntl N l ca inmfofntl B, so cstî fc niucrfl l ml ilm

an prùxohn chosoùm fc tètuals, so pocmsn quc nakl cs bucml l hnal, l so su nitotuf cs fc

jucrtc nplyl, nplyl, mcutrnaofnf, lplsoioùm l jucrtc lplsoioùm.

Hltovnioùm. Cm kcmcrna, na omvcstoknflr ml slal ac omtcrcsnm ans lpiolmcs ilmirctns fca

cmiucstnfl soml tnhboïm ans rnzlmcs cm quc sc jumfnhcmtnm. ¼Tlr quï nplyn na

inmfofntl N< ¼Tlr quï ilmiucrfn l fosircpn tnmtl ilm an plaètoin fca klbocrml cm

Zoctmnh< ¼Tlr quï cstî n jnvlr l cm ilmtrn fc an ml fosirohomnioùm rniona cm an

vovocmfn, an omtckrnioùm csilanr, an jomnmionioùm jcfcrna fc an cfuinioùm, als panmcs fc

nsostcmion hïfoin omtckrna5 an rcfostrobuioùm fc bnmins ackosantovns, l an ohpanmtnioùm fc

lrniolmcs rcaokolsns cm ans csiucans< Ans prckumtns iuyl prlpùsotl cs fcsiubror als

jnitlrcs omilmsiocmtcs quc omjauycm cm an tlhn fc fciosolmcs slm ans hîs fojèioacs fc

prcpnrnr. Tnrn rcnaoznr ca nmîaosos ilhpactl fc an hltovnioùm cs hcmcstcr rciurror n umn

`îboa cmtrcvostn cm prljumfofnf. An omjlrhnioùm hltovniolmna susicptobac fc lbtcmcrsc

hcfonmtc prckumtns cstnmfnroznfns rcsuatn pnrtoiuanrhcmtc vnaolsn, som chbnrkl,

pucs n hcmufl nyufn n ofcmtojoinr intcklrèns fc lpomoùm nhpaons y cstnbacs, iuyn,

sokmojoinioùm supcrn an nhpaotuf fc an hucstrn cm tïrhomls fc pcrslmns cmtrcvostnfns,



tchns cspcièjoils nbnrinfls y ïplin cm quc sc cjcituù an cmiucstn.. Cm um prctcst

bocm panmojoinfl pucfcm surkor omfoiols sckurls pnrn jlrhuanr prckumtns

hltovniolmnacs. Ans tïimoins quc hîs sc usnm slm fls 7 .prckumtns «nbocrtnsµ y aostns

cstnmfnroznfns fc «rnzlmcsµ natcrmntovns. Tlr cgchpal, cm umn prckumtn nbocrtn scpofc na cmtrcvostnfl quc fokn, ilm sus prlpons pnanbrns, plr quï ircc quc ca inmfofntl

N cs hcglr quc ca B, l quï nspcitl fca sostchn fc ntcmioùm hïfoin omtckrna ac rcsuatn

pnrtoiuanrhcmtc omtcrcsnmtc u lbgctnbac. An prckumtn nbocrtn prcstn na iucstolmnrol

cstnmfnroznfl um cachcmtl fc cmtrcvostn cm prljumfofnf, pcrl tocmc an fcsvcmtngn fc

omsuhor hui`l tochpl y scr fojèioa fc ilfojoinr. An aostn cstnmfnroznfn fc natcrmntovns,

cm inhbol, ml.cs îmîs ilhpacgn quc iunaquocr prckumtn fc caciioùm h÷atopac. Ylal sc

ac pofc na 'cmtrcvostnfl quc hnrquc tomn fc vnrons «rnzlmcsµ. Tlr cgchpal, so `n

omfoinfl quc prcjocrc quc Glmcs, y ml Yhot`, scn cacitl pnrn ca inrkl fc klbcrmnflr, ca

prùxohl rubrl plfrèn scr7

Yo tuvocrn quc lptnr plr umn fc ans sokuocmtcs rnzlmcs pnrn nplynr n cstc inmfofntl,

¼iuîa cackorèn<

Yochprc vltï plr ca" prlkrnhn fca pnrtofl.

Vocmc cxpcrocmion cm an jumioùm p÷baoin.

Cs um `lhbrc `lmcstl. Vlfls als fonrols quc acl al nplynm.

Momkumn fc ans rnzlmcs prcicfcmtcs.

Smn bucmn slauioùm fc ilhprlhosl cmtrc an prckumtn nbocrtn y an aostn cstnmfnroznfn cs

omiauor nakumns prckumtns nbocrtns cm ca prctcst, y trntnr auckl fc rcfnitnr ans rcspucstns

Hîs jrciucmtcs cm vcrsolmcs cstohuanr, ca hlfl quc scn plsobac utoaoznrans cm an

cmiucstn rcna.

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/no.es

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/no.es



:.9 Cstruiturn fc ans prckumtns

Ans prckumtns cstruiturnfns nflptnm, yn an jlrhn foiltùhoin (sè-ml, vcrfnfcrl-jnasl,

bucml-hnal, n jnvlr-cm ilmtrn), yn an fc caciioùm h÷atopac, pcrl sc `nm fcsnrrlaanfl

vnrons tïimoins pnrn uboinr ans rcspucstns cm umn csinan fc intcklrèns hîs sokmojointovns

quc ans quc pcrhotc iunaquocrn fc cstls fls topls.

>. Sm hïtlfl ilmsostc cm nsokmnr um vnalr muhïroil (fcsilmliofl plr ca cmiuistnfl) n

infn umn fc ans rcspucstns fnfns n um aostnfl fc caciioùm h÷atopac7

¼Ircc quc ïa vongc fca prcsofcmtc na Acgnml Lrocmtc cs ohplrtnmtc pnrn mucstrn

-plaètoin cxtcrolr< Al ilmsofcrn7

Znalr

> \\\\\\\\\\\ Huy ohplrtnmtc (0)

2 \\\\\\\\\\\ Ohplrtnmtc (;) 9 \\\\\\\\\\\ Yom ohplrtnmion (9)

6 \\\\\\\\\\\ Yom an hcmlr ohplrtnmion (2)

2. Ltrl hïtlfl, nfnptnfl fc um jlrhuanrol chpacnfl plr Lskllf, ca mlhbrc fc

«fojcrcmiona schîmtoilµ. Ilmsostc cm uboinr um pnr fc rcspucstns cm als cxtrchls

lpucstls fc um rcmkaùm, pofocmfl na cmtrcvostnfl quc hnrquc slbrc cstc ca pumtl quc

hîs sc nprlxohc n su rcspucstn. Ca rcmkaùm p¡ cfc fovoforsc cm pnrtcs (plraq ilh÷m,

soctc), pnrn lbaoknr na cmiucstnfl n fci aorsc plr um vnalr l plmfcrnioùm cspcièjoin, l

scr ilmtomul, plmfcrîmflsc auckl an rcspucstn hcfonmtc an supcrplsoioùm fc umn

csinan trnznfn cm pnpca trnspnrcmtc. Cm momkuml fc als fls insls npnrcic an csinan fc

vnalrnioùm cm ca iucstolmnrol ohprcsl.

¼Ircc ustcf quc an MNVL cs ohplrtnmtc pnrn mucstrn plaètoin cxtcrolr< Hnrquc cm ca

rcmkaùm ca auknr quc hîs sc nprlxohc n su lpomoùm.

Ohplrtnmtc ------------------------- Yom ohplrtnmion

Yom ohplrtnmion --------------- Yom ohplrtnmion

9. cgchpal quc sokuc hucstrn iùhl sc ilhbomnm ans tïimoins fc fojcrcmiona schîmtoil

y fc rcspucstns cm csinan, al iuna rcsuatn fc cspciona utoaofnf pnrn fcsiubror jnitlrcs

hltovniolmnacs7



¼Ilmiucrfn ustcf l fosircpn ilm ans sokuocmtcs njorhniolmcs slbrc an LMS< '

Ilmiucrfn Fosircpn

Cm kcmcrna, an LMS cs um lrknmoshl plsotovl y fcbc jlrtnacicrsc `nstn

ilmvcrtorsc cm um

klbocrml humfona. \\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\

An LMS fcbcrèn tcmcr umn jucrzn hoaotnr

pcrhnmcmtc al bnstnmtc jucrtc ilhl pnrn

ohplmcr an pnz. \\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\

Cm sus prlkrnhns fc plaètoin cxtcrolr,

Cstnfls Smofls fcbcrèn illpcrnr ilm an LMS. \\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\

Cstnfls Smofls fcbc pcrhnmcicr cm an LMS,

num iunmfl n hcmufl cstn scn omcjoinz. \\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\

Ml fcbc caohomnrsc an LMS, num iunmfl

cstn scn hîs bocm omlpcrnmtc. \\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\

Yo als cmumionfls ilmstotuycm cm rcnaofnf umn csinan quc vn fc al hîs jucrtc n O hîs

fïboa, an inmtofnf fc rcspucstns njorhntovns uboin fc omhcfontl na cmtrcvostnfl cm ca

rnmkl quc ac ilrrcsplmfc. Cm tclrèn, ca cmtrcvostnfl quc ilmiucrfc ilm ca prohcr

cmumionfl fc an aostn fcbcrèn ilmilrfnr ilm tlfls als fchîs. Tlr ltrl anfl, ca sugctlpucfc ilmilrfnr ilm ca ÷atohl cmumionfl y fosircpnr ilm als iuntrl nmtcrolrcs. Ilhl

rcsuatnfl, als cmtrcvostnfls sc intcklroznrîm cm scos krupls, iuyls plmtngcs scrîm7 3, 6,

9, 2, > y L. Cm ca inpètual ; vcrchls cm .hnylr fctnaac an fovosoùm fc krupls hcfonmtc

csinans, y n ïa rchotohls na acitlr quc fcscc utoaoznr cstc hïtlfl cm su trnbngl.

:. Hïtlf ls fc i ansoj oinioùm fc ru brl s p lr rnmkls. Cspcionahcmtc÷toa cm cmiucstns

slbrc caciiolmcs prohnrons cs an tïimoin fc pcfor na cmtrcvostnfl quc iansojoquc plr

rnmkls umn aostn fc rubrls (cm cstc insl, inmfofntls), fc niucrfl ilm sus prcjcrcmios,

cm vcz fc aohotnrsc n cackor n su jnvlrotl. Ca hïtlfl pucfc nfnptnrsc tnhboïm pnrn

lrfcmnr cm rnmkls n krupls l jumiolmnrols, sck÷m an



Iunmfl ca m÷hcrl fc rubrls n lrfcmnr cm rnmkls cs krnmfc, rcsuatn ilmvcmocmtc

subfovoforals cm vnrons aostns brcvcs fc hnmcgl hîs jîioa. Ans iansojoiniolmcs plr pnrcs fc

rnmkls sucacm chpacnrsc cm cmsnyls caohomntlrols pnrn «fctcrhomnr iùhl sc inaojoinrènm

vn`ns ilhbomniolmcs fc inmfofntls cm umn caciioùm rcna7

Yo als fls pnrtofls prlianhnscm pnrn prcsofcmtc n ans sokuocmtcs pcrslmns, ¼plr iuîa

vltnrèn ustcf<7

Zltnrèn plr Zltnrèn plr.

Gl`mslm l Klafwntcr

Ecmmcfv l Rlhmcy

Gl`mslm l @ntaocaf

Ca chpacl fc iansojoiniolmcs plr pnrcs fc rnmkls pocrfc su vnalr prîitoil iunmfl sc

trntn fc aostns anrkns, fcbofl na cacvnfl m÷hcrl fc pcrhutniolmcs plsobacs. Yc

mcicsotnm scos pnrcs pnrn iansojoinr iuntrl rubrls. Tlr cgchpal7.

•

N su guoiol,- ¼iuîa fc ans sokuocmtcs 'lrknmozniolmcs tcmfrèn hîs omjaucmion cm an

plaètoin cstnfuna ilhpnrîmflan plr pnrcs<

Vocmcm hîs omjaucmion

\\\\\\\\\\\ Yomfointls

\\\\\\\\\\\ Aokn fc Hugcrcs Zltnmtcs

\\\\\\\\\\\ Yomfointls

\\\\\\\\\\\ Iîhnrn fc Ilhcriol

\\\\\\\\\\\ Ilhosolmnfls fc Ilmfnfl

\\\\\\\\\\\ Aokn fc Hugcrcs Zltnmtcs

l Ilhosolmnfls fc ilmfnfl\

l Aokn fc Hugcrcs Zltnmtcs \

l Ilhosolmnfls fc ilmfnfl

l Yomfointls

l Iîhnrn fc Ilhcriol

:.6 ¼Cstruiturnr l ml cstruiturnr<

Num iunmfl ca omstruhcmtl fc an cmiucstn ilmsostn cm um iucstolmnrol quc fc- bcrî

aacmnr ca cmtrcvostnfl, rcsuatn prlvci`lsl ilmsofcrnr infn prckumtn ilhl so sc tuvocsc

an omtcmioùm fc chpacnran cm umn cmtrcvostn lrna. ¼Cm quï hcfofn cstî cstruiturnfn-an

Vocmcm hîs omjaucmion

l Iîhnrn fc Ilhcriol



prckumtn< ¼@nstn quï pumtl rcstromkc u lrocmtn ca pcmsnhocmtl fca cmtrcvostnfl, l an

jlrhn cm quc cstc jlrhuan su rcspucstn< Ca omvcstoknflr fcbc nainmznr um cquoaobrol

nprlponfl cmtrc fls cxtrchls7 ans prckumtns slbrccstruiturnfns, quc pucfcm om`obor

na cmiucstnfl l forokor sus rcspucstns, y ans prckumtns fchnsonfl nbocrtns, quc tocmcm

an vortuf fc ml omjauor cm ans rcspucstns, pcrl tnhboïm ljrcicm an fcsvcmtngn fc trnshotortnm plin omjlrhnioùm quc ml susiotnm rcspucstn nakumn. Npnrtc fc ans fojoiuatnfcs fc

ilfojoinioùm, an prckumtn huy plil cstruiturnfn pucfc aacknr n ilmjumfor na

cmtrcvostnfl, `nstn ca pumtl fc quc su rcspucstn sc npnrtc fca tchn. Ca cmiucstnflr

cxpcrtl snbrî fcsiubror cstns ilhpaoiniolmcs cm umn cmtrcvostn lrna, pcrl cm um

iucstolmnrol csirotl caans fcbcm cvotnrsc plr nmtoiopnfl.

An Rcspucstn quc lbaokn na omvcstoknflr n tcmcr sochprc cm iucmtn an plsobac

nhpaotuf fc rcniiolmcs fca cmtrcvostnfl nmtc an prckumtn jlrhuanfn. Toïmscc qucinfn prckumtn tocmc fls jumiolmcs7 >) ljrcicr um cstohual nprlponfl na cmiucstnfl, y

2) susiotnr umn rcspucstn ÷toa n als jomcs fc an cmiucstn. Iunaquocrn fc cstns fls

jumiolmcs pucfc scr cstruiturnfn l aobrc. Vcmchls, pucs, umn iuîfrupac toplalkèn fc

prckumtns7

Cstèhual Rcspucstn Aobrc

Cstruiturnfn

Aobrc CA-RA CA-RC

Cstruiturnfl CC-RA CC-RC

Cgchpals fc infn topl7

Cstèhual aobrc

Rcspucstn aobrc7

Yo sc pusocrn n rcjacxolmnr n`lrn slbrc an

plaètoin cxtcrolr mlrtcnhcroinmn, ¼tcmfrèn

ustcf nakumn lpomoùm pnrtoiuanr quc quosocrn

cxprcsnr<

Cstèhual cstruiturnfl,

Rcspuctn aobrc7

¼Iuîa cs su rcniioùm nmtc ca blhbnrfcl fc

lbgctovls cm Zoctmnh fca Mlrtc<

Cstèhual aobrc Rcspucstn

cstruiturnfn

@nic plil sc fojumfocrlm hui`ns mltoions

nicrin fc an plsoboaofnf fc



ilmvcrsniolmcs tcmfocmtcs n cstnbacicr an

pnz cm Zoctmnh. ¼Ircc ustcf quc nakl fc

al liurrofl `nic7 >) plssobac, 2) ohplsobac

umn slauioùm<

Cstèhual cstruiturnfl

Rcspucstn cstruiturnfn

Ilm rcspcitl n als blhbnrfcls fc

lbgctovls cm Zoctmnh fca Mlrtc, ¼ircc ustcf

quc Cstnfls Smofls fcbcrèn7 >)

suspcmfcrals<, 2) hnmtcmcrals, 9)

nuhcmtnrals.

:.3 Trckumtns omilrrcitns

Bniestrlh y @urs` scþnanm hui`ls fc als crrlrcs cm als quc pucfc omiurror, plromcxpcrocmion, an pcrslmn quc fcbc rcfnitnr ans prckumtns. Cstls nutlrcs omfoinm ans

intcklrèns fctnaanfns an ilmtomunioùm, gumtl ilm nakumls cgchpals tlhnfls fc

`ci`ls rciocmtcs.

Crrlrcs fc nhbok ñcfnf.

An prckumtn pucfc scr7

>. Omilhpactn. «¼Zltù ustcf cm ans ÷atohns caciiolmcs<µ.

(@nbotunahcmtc, ca cmtrcvostnfl sùal rciucrfn an ÷atohn caciioùm cm quc ïa prcsocmtc

Gl`mslm cs ckliïmtroil. ¼Cstî ustcf fc niucrfl l ml ilm caal<

2. Fchnsonfl tïimoin5 "Cstî ustcf n jnvlr fca ilmtrla gufoiona fc an ilmstotuiolmnaofnf fc

ans acycs"

9. Omfcjomofn cm iunmtl na tochpl. «Ca prlycitl fc Ioufnfcs Toaltl prcvcmtovn

crlknioùm juturn fc >44.444 hoaalmcs fc fùanrcs, nprlxohnfnhcmtc. ¼Cstî'7 ustcf n

jnvlr l cm ilmtrn fc cstc prlkrnhn<µ.

(¼Fcmtrl fc iuîmtls .nþls< ¼Cm quï ilmsostorî an crlknioùm, y iuîmfl rcnaoznrî<)

Omfcjomofn cm iunmtl n ilhpnrniolmcs. «¼Ircc ustcf quc Lean`lhn

knstn"

.fchnsonfl cm bocmcstnr sliona<µ.

An prckumtn pucfc7

>. Trcscmtnr natcrmntovns omgustns. «Ca prlycitl fc Ioufnfcs Toaltl prlvlinrî um



nuhcmtl fc an fcufn omtcrmn supcrolr n >44.444 hoaalmcs fc fùanrcs, y cs prlbnbac quc

mnfn sc alkrc ilm caal. ¼Yc mcknrèn ustcf n jorhnr umn pctoioùm ilmtrn an hcfofn

rcfnitnfn cm csls tïrhomls<µ.

2. Inauhmonr n an lplsoioùm. «Als quc sc lplmcm na prlycitl fc Ioufnfcs Toaltl

cstîm prcliupnfls plrquc ca scirctnrol [invcr, um mckrl", cstnrî n inrkl fca

prlkrnhn. ¼Ml ircc ustcf quc cstc pumtl fc vostn cs prcguoionfl<µ.

9. Ilmfcmnr ilm umn tobon nanbnmzn. «Yc foic quc ca prlycitl fc Ioufnfcs Toaltl ml

`nrî prîitoinhcmtc mnfn pnrn rcslavcr als prlbachns fc ans krnmfcs ioufnfcs. Ltrls

ilmsofcrnm quc pucfc `nicr nak÷m bocm. ¼Ircc ustcf quc fcbchls nflptnral<µ.

• Lhotor natcrmntovns. «Als cxpcrtls quc `nm cstufonfl als prlbachns fc ans

krnmfcs ioufnfcs `nm canblrnfl um prlkrnhn pnrn rcslavcr nakumls fc caals.

¼Ircc-ustcf quc fcbchls chbnrinrmls cm um prlkrnhn fc cstc topl<µ. 3. Ssnr um acmkungc inrknfl fc chlioùm. «Als ilhumostns `nm foi`l sochprc quc

mucstrl sostchn mlrtcnhcroinml fc aobrc klbocrml y aobrc chprcsn scrî aacvnfl n an

bnminrrltn y fcstruofl plr als cmlrhcs knstls quc cstnrmls `niocmfl. Ca prlycitl fc

Ioufnfcs Toaltl nuhcmtnrî mucstrn, fcufn cm >44.444 . hoaalmcs fc fùanrcs. ¼Ml cstî

ustcf cm ilmtrn fc cstl<µ.

:. Ssnr mlhbrcs y pnanbrns prcstokolsls. «Ca prcsofcmtc, ca voicprcsofcmtc, tlfls, als

hochbrls fca knbomctc, als omtcmfcmtcs fc Mucvn _lre, I`oinkl y inso tlfns ans fchîs

krnmfcs ioufnfcs, nsè ilrml an hnylrèn fc als omtckrnmtcs fc-nhbns iîhnrns fca

Ilmkrcsl, cstîm n jnvlr fc cstc prlkrnhn pnrn hcglrnr mucstrns ioufnfcs. ¼Ilmiucrfn

ustcf ilm caals<µ.

Crrlrcs vnrols

An prckumtn pucfc scr7

>. Fchnsonfl ilrtn (csinsn omjlrhnioùm mcicsnron) *¼Ircc ustcf quc als

Niucrfls

fc Komcbrn fc >?36 slm umn bnsc rnzlmnbac pnrn tcrhomnr an kucrrn toi Zoctmnh<µ.

• Fchnsonfl anrkn (cxicsovn omjlrhnioùm supcrjaun). «Sm prlycitl ilmsofcrnfl

nitunahcmtc plr ca Ilmkrcsl ltlrknrèn jlmfls jcfcrnacs pnrn aacvnr n inbl nakumls

prlkrnhns cxostcmtcs -an hnylrèn fc caals rcaniolmnfls ilm ioufnfcs‖, omiauycmfl

prlycitls fc crrnfoinioùm fc bnrrols bngls, prlycitls fc hcglrns cm ans hctrùplaos,



panmojoinioùm urbnmn y rckolmna, prlkrnhns fc rcurbnmoznioùm y ltrls sohoanrcs. Vnhboïm

ilmtocmc fosplsoiolmcs slbrc jomnmionioùm n bngl omtcrïs fc vovocmfns pnrn jnhoaons fc

omkrcsls rcfuiofls, nhpaonioùm fca sckurl fc òpltcins fc an Nfhomostrnioùm Jcfcrna fc

an Zovocmfn (NJZ) n ans ioufnfcs tltnahcmtc mucvns, nutlroznioùm pnrn quc als sckurls

fc òpltcin fc an NJZ omiauynm an cfojoinioùm fc ilmsuatlrols hïfoils ilacitovls, sub-

vcmiolmcs n klbocrmls humoiopnacs pnrn prcscrvnr cfojoiols òstùroils y nyufnr n quc ans

jnhoaons quc vovcm cm ca inhpl ilhprcm mucvns insns plr hcfol fc prïstnhls pnrn

vovocmfns rurnacs. Nsokmn, furnmtc ca prohcr nþl, 26 hoaalmcs fc fùanrcs pnrn

panmojoinioùm, 234 hoaalmcs pnrn prlycitls fc rcurbnmoznioùm furnmtc um pcrèlfl fc 2

nþls n pnrtor fca >l fc guaol fc >?:;, y ?44 hoaalmcs cstc prlycitl<µ.

9. Tlaïhoin (tnhboïm, plr al ilh÷m, fchnsonfl anrkn). Tucstl, quc mucstrns krnmfcs

ioufnfcs ilmicmtrnm hîs fc an hotnf fc an plbanioùm y- ilmtrobuycm ilm inso ca ;3 ?: fcals ohpucstls, y `nm tcmofl prlbachns tnm scrols ilhl als tuhuatls cm Als Nmkcacs y

tlfl csc topl fc hnmojcstniolmcs, sc `n prlpucstl plmcr cm hnri`n um prlkrnhn jcfcrna

quc omiauorèn um prlycitl fc cstufol furnmtc ca nþl prùxohl, y auckl, an npaoinioùm fca,

panm fc crrnfoinioùm fc als bnrrols bngls, an nsokmnioùm fc hnylrcs jlmfls pnrn ltlrknr

prïstnhls fcstomnfls n an ilmstruiioùm fc vovocmfns y ltrls prlycitls. Furnmtc um

pcrèlfl fc >4 nþls, ca ilstl tltna fc tlfls cstls prlycitls sùal nsicmfcrèn, nprlxohn-

fnhcmtc, na >,3 ?: fca omkrcsl mniolmna. ¼Cstî ustcf n jnvlr l cm ilmtrn fc-cstc

prlycitl<µ.

6. Ohplsobac fc rcsplmfcr plrquc ilmstn fc fls pnrtcs, «¼Cstî ustcf n jnvlr fca

prlycitl fc Ioufnfcs Toaltl, l fcbcrènhls nhpaonr an Acy Jcfcrna fc an Zovocmfn< >) Yè.

2) Mlµ.

3. Fchnsonfl omjlrhna. «¼Ml ac pnrcic quc yn cs `lrn fc nrrckan5 cs tc aèl fc ans krnmfcs

ioufnfcs y nprlbnr ca prlycitl<µ.

:. Ilmjusn plr an utoaoznioùm fc mckniolmcs flbacs. «¼Forèn ustcf (¡lc ml cstî cm ilmtrn

fc cstc prlycitl<µ.

;. Fchnsonfl, natoslmnmtc. «Hui`ns nutlrofnfcs chomcmtcs ilmsofcrnm quc an iuaturn

urbnmn ilmtchplrîmcn prcscmtn muhcrlsls prlbachns fc fcslrknmoznioùm sliona y

naocmnioùm omfovofuna quc rcvostcm cxtrchn krnvcfnf, al quc rcquocrc quc ca scitlr

p÷baoil fc mucstrn sliocfnf tlhc hcfofns nprlponfns. ¼Ircc ustcf quc tna nitovofnf

ilrrcitovn cs7 >) ilrrcitn, l 2) omilrrcitn<µ,



:.: Iùhl panmojoinr an prlpon cmiucstn7

Smn nvcmturn fc fcsiubrohocmtl

Iunmfl ca acitlr sc prlplmkn canblrnr umn cmiucstn prlpon, fcsiubrorî inso fc

omhcfontl quc fcbc `nicr inso tlfl plr sè hoshl7

2

cackor ca tchn fc an cmiucs tn,prcpnrnr ca omstruhcmtna nprlponfl ilm als hcfols fc quc fosplmc y rctomnral hcricf n

umn prucbn prcvon. Ylal plfchls ljrcicrac pnutns kcmcrnacs.

Caciioùm fca tchn

Ca tchn quc caogn ca acitlr fcbcrî pcrtcmcicr n um inhpl fc an plaotoilalkèn quc ac rcsuatc

fc pnrtoiuanr omtcrïs y ilm rcspcitl na iuna yn tcmkn nak÷m ilmliohocmtl cm al quc ntnþc n

als nmtcicfcmtcs jumfnhcmtnacs c omvcstokniolmcs rciocmtcs. Fc cstn hnmcrn, cs hîs

prlbnbac quc ca trnbngl cstï bocm panmojoin-

2 Furnmtc an npaoinioùm cxpcrohcmtna fc cstc tcxtl cm ans ianscs foitnfns plr ca nutlr,

infn cstufonmtc prcpnrù umn cmiucstn, an nfhomostrù c omjlrhù slbrc caan, ilhl, trnbngl

prîitoil promiopna fca schcstrc. Tufl fctcrhomnrsc quc cstn tnrcn pcrhotoù nfquoror 4>>9

vnaolsn cxpcrocmion ilm rcspcitl n nakumls hïtlfls iunmtotntovls5 pcrl an prcpnrnioùm

cspcièjoin sc ilhpachcmtù ilm an aciturn fc als sokuocmtcs aobrls7 @crbcrt @yhnm,

Yurvcy Fcsokm nmf Nmnaysos, -Mucvn _lre7 Jrcc Trcss, >?335 I`nracs >>. Bniestrlh y

Kcrnaf F. Oaurs`, Yurvcy Rcsinrib, Cvnmstlm7 Mlrt`wcstcrm Smovcrsoty Trcss, >?:9, yFcabcl I. Hoaacr, @nmfblle lj Rcscnri` Fcsokm nmf Yliona Hinsurchcmt, Mucvn _lre7

Fnvof `aiEny Il., >?:6.

Smn vcz quc `n scaciiolmnfl su tcrmn, fcbc ilhcmznr plr cstufonr an bobaolkrnjèn, tnmtl

cm busin fc sukcrcmions ilrml fc omjlrhnioùm fctnaanfn slbrc al quc ltrls `nm `ci`l,

suhcrkoïmflsc cm ca lbgctl fc cstufol y nprcmfocmfl inbnahcmtc iunacs ca «cstnfl

nituna fca nrtcµ cm iucstoùm. Auckl jlrhuanrî cm jlrhn cspcièjoin nakumns fc ans

`opùtcsos rcumofns cm sus aciturns, slhctoïm]flans na guoiol fc sus prljcslrcs y

ilhpnþcrls. Yc ljrcicm n ilmtomunioùm naku]mns sukcrcmions rcantovns n vnrols inhpls,

ans iunacs cstîm acgls fc scr ilhpactns y slal tocmcm plr jom lrocmtnr na acitlr cm su prlpon

b÷squcfn. Als trnbngls hcmiolmnfls, nsè ilhl ltrns jucmtcs fc ¡fcns fc tchns fc

omvcstoknioùm, sc iotnm cm umn sciioùm cspciona fc an aostn bobaolkrîjoin ljrciofn na jomna fc

cstc inpotual.



Ylionaoznioùm plaètoin, Yo na acitlr ac omtcrcsnm als prlicsls hcfonmtc als iunacs um

omfovoful sc ilmvocrtc cm «`lhbrc plaètoilµ, y ans omjaucmions quc fctcrh`mnm ca topl fc

`lhbrc, plaètoil cm quc sc trnsjlrhn, fcbc cxnhomnr trnbngls iaîsoils, ilhl als

cstufols slbrc an «pcrslmnaofnf nutlrotnronµ, @c nquè .nakumns fc ans `opùtcsos, quc n`èpucfc cmilmtrnr7

o

Ans cxpcrocmions omjnmtoacs cgcricm umn jucrtc omjaucmion cm ca juturl ilhplrtnhocmtl

plaètoil fca omfovoful.

ans pnutns fc nutlrofnf jnhoaonr sc rcjacgnm cm ans pnutns fc nutlrofnf fca sostchn

plaètoil.

Als omfovofuls iuyls pnfrcs ml tuvocrlm umn prcjcrcmion il`crctmc plr um pnrtofl

plaètoil hnmojcstnrîm prcjcrcmions pnrtofnrons hcmls omtcmsns quc nqucaals ltrls iuyls

pnfrcs jucrlm il`crcmtcs na rcspcitl.

Lpomoùm Tlaètoin y krupls fc rcjcrcmion7 An tclrèn fc als krupls plaètoils, ohplrtnmtc cm an

plaotlalkèn n pnrtor fc Bcmtacy, y huy pcrjciiolmnfn plr FNvof Vruhnm, sc `n bcmcjoionfl

ilm ca cstufol sliolaùkoil fc als krupls fc rcjcrcmion, cs fcior, nqucaals ilm als quc ca

omfovoful sc ofcmtojoin `nstn ca pumtl fc cxtrncr fc caals sus prlpols vnalrcs. Tlsobacs `opùtcsos pnrn omfnknr7

An pcrtcmcmion n krupls quc sustcmtnm vnalrcs ilmjaoitovls sc nslion ilm um nplyl hîs

fïboa n ans iucstolmcs plaètoins ilmcxns, hocmtrns quc an pcrtcmcmion n krupls ilm

vnalrcs ilhpnrtofls tocmfc n rcjlrznr ca nplyl n ans iucstolmcs plaètoins ilmcxns.

Ca cjcitl cgcriofl plr um krupl fc rcjcrcmion slbrc ca ilhplrtnhocmtl plaètoil fc uml fc

sus hochbrls sc rcaniolmn ilm an lpomoùm fc cstc ÷atohl slbrc an ohplrtnmion fca. krupl

cm iunmtl n sus omtcrcscs ml plaètoils.

An pcrsunsovofnf plaètoin fc al quc sc ilhumoin n um omfovoful pcrtcmciocmtc n um krupl

fc rcjcrcmion vnrèn ilm' an prlhomcmion fca krupl ilm rcspcitl n csc omfovoful,

pnrionahcmtc fctcrhomnfn plr ca ilmtcmofl fc an ilhumoinioùm y ca inmna n trnvïs fca

iuna cstn sc trnmshotc.

Sm promiopol hlrna l ïtoil `naanrî hnylr nplyl, so cm vcz fc cxprcsnral ilhl mlrhn



fc niioùm, sc al cxprcsn ilhl ofcna.

Ca nplyl n um promiopol trnfoiolmna fca sostchn fc irccmions fc fctcrhomnfl krupl

tocmc umn jucrtc ilrrcanioùm ilm ca movca fc cfuinioùm fc als cmtrcvostnfls.

Ca rcilmliohocmtl fc an nslionioùm l il`crcmion aùkoin fc fls l hîs promiopols

ilhbomnfls cm um sostchn trnfoiolmna fc irccmions ("Yo irccs cstl, irccrîs cstl

ltrl") ml cs umojlrhc cm ca krnm p÷baoil.

Smn cfuinioùm jlrhna aohotnfn ilmtrobuyc n ljrcicr slauiolmcs sohpacs cm nsumtls fc

plaètoin cxtcrolr.

Ca nplyl n omstotuiolmcs omtcrmniolmnacs ‖ilhl an LMS‖ cs hnylr cm ca panml

nbstrnitl quc cm sotuniolmcs fc niioùm ilmirctn.

An knhn fc natcrmntovns quc klznm fca nplyl ilmirctl fca p÷baoil foshomuyc hui`l cm sotuniolmcs fc krnm tcmsoùm, iunmfl sc ans ilhpnrn ilm ltrns fc mls tcmsoùm.

'Yo ca acitlr sc omtcrcsn plr ca ilhplrtnhocmtl gurèfoil, plfrèn nmnaoznr ans òpùtcsos fc

quc fctcrhomnfn flitromn gurèfoin fc nvnmznfn rciobc hîs nplyl so sc -ofcmtojoin ilm an

nutlrofnf fc an Yuprchn Ilrtc fc Cstnfls Smofls quc so an mlrhn sc fcsirobc

hcrnhcmtc ilhl um promiopol. Cm ca inhpl fca ilhplrtnhocmtl ackosantovl, ca trnbngl

fc [nòec y Cuanu rcsuatn 'pnrtoiuanrhcmtc ÷toa ilhl jucmtc fc ¡fcns. Als-iunfrls :-C y

:-C, omiauofls cm als cgcrioiols fc cstc inpètual, sc bnsnm cm umn fc sus cmiucstns5 sc

pucfc omvcrtor ca cmjlquc y trntnr fc vcr so ans lpomolmcs fca p÷baoil slbrc ca rla prlpol fc

um ackosanflr vnrènm fc okuna jlrhn quc ans fc als ackosanflrcs hoshls.

Yo bocm omilhpactn, cstn scaciioùm omfoin an vnrocfnf y nainmic fc ans jucmtcs cxostcmtcs

pnrn scaciiolmnr tchns cac omvcstoknioùm. Na acitlr sc ac liurrorîm ltrns ¡fcns slbrc an

bnsc fc als rcs÷hcmcs fc cmiucstns quc nilhpnþnm als cgcrioiols fc cstc inpètual, fc

als fchîs iunfrls omiauofls cm als cgcrioiols y als ilhcmtnrols bobaolkrîjoils quc sc

fnm hîs nfcanmtc. Cm pnrtoiuanr, nilmscgn-umls cxnhomnr ans

pubaoiniolmcs

cspcionaoznfns cm plaètoin, som lavofnr ca Tubaoi Lpomoùm ûnrtcray.

Ofcmtojoinioùm fc ans vnronbacs

Smn vcz quc sc `n fctcrhomnfl prlvosolmnahcmtc iuîa scrî ca tchn kcmcrna fc an

cmiucstn, cs hcmcstcr prcvcr als iunfrls quc sc `nbrîm fc prcscmtnr cm ca omjlrhc

csirotl jomna. N hcfofn quc sc vnm jlrhuanmfl ans òpùtcsos prlvosolmnacs, `ny quc

blsqucgnr umn scroc fc jlrhntls fc iunfrls, ilm sus tètuals rcspcitovls. Yc ilhocmzn



plr nakumls jlrhntls bofoohcmsolmnacs sohpacs, panmojoinmfl infn uml ilm ca jom fc

cxnhomnr an nslionioùm cmtrc umn vnronbac fc ilhplrtnhocmtl l nitotuf y umn vnronbac

cxpaointovn l inusna. Cstc prlicsl lbaoknrî na acitlr n pumtunaoznr y nianrnr sus panmcs

ilhl pnsl prcvol pnrn jlrhuanr ans prckumtns cspcièjoins quc uboinrîm ilm prciosoùm n

infn cmtrcvostnfl cm ca «cspniol fc prlpocfnfcsµ fcjomofl plr ans vnronbacs.

Znronbacs cxpaointovns. Cm an hnylrèn fc als prlycitls, ans vnronbacs omfcpcmfocmtcs (y

fc ilmtrla) scrîm ans intcklrèns fc ofcmtojoinioùm fc als cmtrcvostnfls. Cs hcmcstcr

rcilrfnr als trcs topls fc prckumtns fc ofcmtojoinioùm hcmiolmnfls cm an sciioùm :.27

ofcmtojoinioùm Vîitoin ofcmtojoinioùm fc an omjlru nioùm nplrtnfn plr ca cmtrcvostnfl c

ofcmtojoinioùm fca rla fca cmtrcvostnfl. Smn omtcrcsnmtc tnbuanioùm iruznfn pubaoinfn cm

an cmiucstn fc V`c Iovoi Iuaturc cxnhomnbn an nslionioùm cmtrc an fosplsoioùm fc als

cmtrcvostnfls n hnmojcstnr lpomolmcs y su movca fc omjlrhnioùm plaètoin. Ca cstufol

fc HiIOlsey slbrc «forokcmtcs y pnrtofnrolsµ, rcsuhofl cm als cgcrioiols fc cstc

inpètual, cs um cgchpal cxicacmtc fc iùhl utoaoznr ans vnronbacs fc rla.

Znronbacs fc nito tuf . Ans lpomolmcs l nitotufcs plaètoins quc sc quocrcm cxpaoinr

-vnronbacs fcpcmfocmtcs- omiauorîm rubrls cspcièjoils fc caciioùm y \hltovnioùm5 an

jlrhuanioùm fc cstls ÷atohls rcquocrc hnylr iuofnfl y rcjacxoùm. Ca promioponmtc fcbc

cvotnr intcklrèns fc hltovnioùm huy ilhpacgns, pcrl cs umn bucmn cxpcrocmion omiauor

plr al hcmls umn fc cstns vnronbacs ilm ca jom fc omfovofunaoznr quc rnzlmcs `nm

fctcrhomnfl an caciioùm fca cmtrcvostnfl. Cs plsobac quc als rcsuatnfls ml scnm

sntosjnitlrols, pcrl vnac an pcmn `nicr ca csjucrzl fc cxpaoinr nakumls fc cstls

jnitlrcs plaètoils, hîs jumfnhcmtnacs y pcrhnmcmtcs.

Rcfniioùm fc ans prckum tns

Yo sc prcstn ntcmioùm n an aostn fc vnronbacs quc sc quocrc ofcmtojoinr, plfrî lbtcmcrsc

umn kuèn ÷toa pnrn cstnbacicr ca topl fc prckumtns quc fcbcm jlrhuanrsc. @ny quc trntnr

fc prcvcr quc intcklrèns rcsuatnrîm ÷toacs, rcilrfnmfl quc, umn vcz jomnaoznfn an

cmiucstn, scrî fchnsonfl tnrfc pnrn lbtcmcr omjlrhnioùm nfoiolmna. Cs hui`l hcglr

rcumor fntls quc n an anrkn ml `nbrîm fc chpacnrsc quc lhotor um rubrl mcicsnrol tna

vcz pnrn rcnaoznr umn tnbuanioùm iruznfn l ilmtrla fciosovl. Yom chbnrkl, scrî

mcicsnrol pcrhnmcicr nacrtn ilmtrn als rocskls quc sokmojoin chpacnr iucstolmnrols



huy anrvns. Smn scroc fchnsonfl anrkn fc prckumtns `nic pcrfcr

tochpl na cmtrcvostnfl y fostrnc su ntcmioùm.

An omiausoùm fc vnrons prlplsoiolmcs fojcrcmtcs pnrn als rubrls hîs ohplrtnmtcs fc

nitotuf‖

cs fcior, prckumtnr al hoshl cm fostomtns jlrhns- ilmstotuyc umn prîitoinbcmcjoiolsn, quc prcvocmc ilmtrn ca scskl l an nhbokñcfnf omvlaumtnrols. Tlr supucstl,

ans fostomtns vcrsolmcs fcbcm fostrobuorsc n al anrkl fc iucstolmnrol, cm vcz fc nkrupnrans

cm um slal auknr. Na businr plr ilhpnrnioùm an il`crcmion cmtrc ans fostomtrcspucstns, sc

`naanrî an vcrsoùm hîs sntosjnitlron pnrn ans tnbuaniolmcs fcjomotovns. . Iunmfl prcpnrn

an aostn prcaohomnr, ca cmiucstnflr ml fcbc fufnr cm omiauor iunaquocr prckumtn quc sc ac

liurrn, panmojoinmfl ans ilsns fc hlfl fc fcscnrrnr rubrls hîs nfcanmtc y ml fc

nhpaonrals. Yo na tcrhomnr fc prcpnrnr ca iucstolmnrol fcjomotovl ml. sc `n fcsinrtnfl um

bucm m÷hcrl fc rubrls, cs prlbnbac quc nquca ilmtcmkn nakumns prckumtns

omilrrcitns.

@ny quc trntnr fc jlrhuanr uml l hîs krupls fc prckumtns iansojoinfns cm csinans, l um

nkrupnhocmtl na quc pucfn nsokmnrsc um vnalr èmfoic. An cxpcrocmion cs vnaolsn num so

als rcsuatnfls ml pucfcm n an plstrc scr lrfcmnfls cm umn csinan. Ca èmfoic cachcmtna

fc 9 pumtls chpacnfl cm an cmiucstn fc HiIOlsey quc sc fcsirobc cm als cgcrioiols

rcquocrc rcantovnhcmtc plils iîaiuals cspcionacs, y ilm trobuyc n nianrnr ans

prcscmtniolmcs tnbuanrcs.

An cmiucstn fcbc slhctcrsc n um prctcst

Als hîs cxpcrohcmtnfls cspcionaostns cm omvcstoknioùm plr cmiucstn mumin ilmjènm

fchnsonfl cm sus prlpons prckumtns ‖y ca acitlr fc cstn lbrn tnhplil fcbc

`nicral‖. Ca -prlicfohocmtl fc prctcst tocmc cm sè tnmtn ohplrtnmion pnrn an

prcpnrnioùm fc um omstruhcmtl sntosjnitlrol ilhl an ilmjciioùm lro-



Fcbc scr nfhomostrnfl fc okuna hnmcrn y plr als hoshls cmiucstnflrcs. Cs

prlbnbac quc cm cstc prlycitl ca acitlr hoshl scn ca cmiucstnflr, al iuna ilmstotuyc

cm rcnaofnf umn vcmtngn, pucs ïa cs an pcrslmn quc hîs ilmlic sus prckumtns y

pucfc guzknr ilm hnylr prciosoùm so als omtcrrlknfls cm ca prcscst ac cstîm fnmfl l

ml rcspucstns ÷toacs.

Ilm als rcsuatnfls fca prcscst n an vostn, sc cjcitunrîm iîaiuals prcaohomnrcs pnrn

nakumls fc als iunfrls quc sc pocmsn omiauor cm ca omjlrhc fcjomotovl l tlfls caals.

^uozî sc fcsiubrnm rubrls om÷toacs, intcklrèns quc tna vcz qucfcm cm banmil y

nkrupnhocmtls fc ofcmtojoinioùm ilmjusn, nsè ilhl rubrls lhotofls

omvlaumtnronhcmtc pcrl quc slm omfospcmsnbacs pnrn nakumn fc ans tnbuaniolmcs quc

sc tcmèn omtcmioùm fc prcpnrnr plr ca nutlr ‖. An cxpcrocmion pucfc scr sntosjnitlron

(iunmfl sc cstî cm al iocrtl) l hlacstn (iunmfl sc ilhctoù um. crrlr), pcrl cm nhblsinsls cs omcstohnbac pnrn panmojoinr ca prlpol trnbngl, ljrciocmfl na acitlr umn sucrtc

fc prucbn fciosovn slbrc su inpniofnf fc accr y nmnaoznr um iunfrl Rcacvnmion. N

hcfofn quc sc fcsnrrlaan ca prlycitl fc cmiucstn, `ny, quc tcmcr sochprc prcscmtc

ca promiopol fc an rcacvnmion7 an rcanioùm cmtrc an tclrèn y als `ci`ls. Of ilmliohocmtl

nuhcmtn hcricf n an omtcrniioùm fc ans ¡fcns y an omvcstoknioùm chpèroin, fc an

ilmicptunaoznioùm y an uatcrolr vcrojoinioùm fc als ilmicptls. Cstl rcsuatn

pnrtoiuanrhcmtc ianrl cm ans ilmtrobuiolmcs fc an omvcstoknioùm plr cmiucstns n. an plao

t oilalkèn. Yo ca acitlr pucfc fcsnrrlaanr su prlµ vcitl ilhl um csanbùm cmtrc ans

prlplsoiolmcs plaètoins tcùroins y als fcsiubrohocmtls ilmirctls slbrc an rcnaofnf

plaètoin, `nbrî nvnmznfl hui`l `nion ca lbgctovl fc ilmvcrtorsc cm um omvcstoknflr

ilhpctcmtc.

Aciturns rcilhcmfnfns

An sckumfn pnrtc fc cstn aostn bobaolkrîjoin sc nkrckn ilrml jucmtc fc `opùtcsos

plaètoins pnrn quocmcs busqucm ¡fcns utoaoznbacs cm an rcnaoznioùm fc sus prlpons

cmiucstns. Fostn, plr supucstl, fc scr ilhpactn, y plfrèn nhpaonrsc inso

omfcjomofnhcmtc. Nfchîs fc als aobrls iotnfls, cmtrc als quc sc omiauycm tnmtl omjlrhcs

slbrc cmiucstns ilrml cstufols tcùroils, ca acitlr pucfc rciurror n als muhcrlsls

nrtèiuals npnrciofls cm rcvostns cspcionaoznfns quc omjlrhnm slbrc omvcstokniolmcs

plr cmiucstns. Cm an bobaolkrnjèn fca inpètual >4 pucfc ilm slatnrsc umn aostn fc ans



promiopnacs pubaoiniolmcs flmfc sucacm npnrcicr csls nrtèiuals.

TSBAOINIOLMCY FCA YCHOMNROL FC FCRCI@L TLAÈVOIL

FC AN SMOZCRYOFNF FC @NRICALMN, BNGL AN FORCIIOÙM FCA

Trlj. H. Gohïmcz fc Tnrkn

VÈVSALY TSBAOINFLY7

>. Kclrkis Burfcnu

AN FCHLIRNION Cmsnyl somtïtoil

2. [natcr V`cohcr

@OYVLRON FC ANY OFCNY TLAÈVOINY

9. Hnuroic Fuvcrkir

HÏVLFLY FC ANY IOCMIONY YLIONACY

6. Enra Hnrx-Jrocfroi` Cmkcas

RCZLASIOÙM CM CYTNÞN

3. [oaaonh Cbcmstcom

ALY OYHLY TLAÈVOILY ILMVCHTLRÎMCLY

(Ilhumoshl, Jnsioshl, Inpotnaoshl, Ylionaoshl)

:. Hnuroic Fuvcrkcr

OMYVOVSIOLMCY TLAÈVOINY _' FCRCI@L ILMYVOVSIOLMNA

;. Gl`m Ecmmct` Knabrnot`

AN CILMLHÈN _ CA NRVC FC AN ILMVRLZCRYON

0. @uk` V`lhns

CA YOYVCHN CYVNBACIOFL ("V`c Cstnbaos`hcmt")7

?. @cmry I. [naaoi`



CA ILYVC FC AN AOBCRVNF

>4. Jrnmilos Tcrrlux

CILMLHON5_ YLIOCFNF

>>.@. G. Cysimie

TYOILALKÈN FC AN FCIOYOÙM TLAÈVOIN

>2. Gcnm Hcymnuf

TRLBACHNY OFCLAÙKOILY FCA YOKAL PP (Ca fcstoml

fc ans ofclalkèns y Vcimlirnion Tlaètoin

>9. Kclrkcs Acjrnmi

@OYVLRON FC ANY FLIVROMNY YLIONACY CM AN CSRLTN

ILMVCHTLRÎMCN.

>6. Gniqucs Anhbcrt

NHÏROIN ANVOMN

(Cstruiturns slionacs c omstotuiolmcs plaètoins)

>3.Hnuroic Fuvcrkcr

OMVRLFSIIOÙM N AN TLAÈVOIN

>:. Enra Alcwcmstcom

VCLRÈN FC AN ILMYVOVSIOÙM

Como Formulamos Preguntas (en; Laboratorio de La Ciencia Política - Oliver Benson)

Documents

Transcript of Como Formulamos Preguntas (en; Laboratorio de La Ciencia Política - Oliver Benson)