Biodiesel MBTC Presentation

8/7/2019 Biodiesel MBTC Presentation

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Biodiesel Research

University of ArkansasMack Blackwell Transportation Center

Presented by:

Brian Mattingly

On behalf of:

Department of Chemical Engineering,

Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness



Research Summary

Comparative

Esterification of

Agricultural Oils for

Biodiesel Blending



Survey of Arkansas-based AgriculturalProducts

Nine grades of fat/oil.

Standard reaction procedure.

ASTM tests for biodiesel quality.



Raw Oils

Soybean oil

± Refined and bleached ± Refined

± Degummed

± Crude



Raw Oils

Rice bran oil

± Refined and bleached ± Refined

± Crude

Chicken fat fractions

± Pet grade (Low FFA)

± Feed grade (Higher FFA)



Reaction Procedure

Triglyceride + 3 ROH Catalyst 3 R¶CO2R + Glycerin

Oil/fat + Methanol NaOH Methyl esters + Glycerin

150 mL oil/fat

75 mL methanol (excess)

1% NaOH (by weight of oil)



Reaction Procedure

1. Agitate at 55-60° C for one hour.

2. Separate methyl esters and glycerin(gravity separation).

3. Distill methanol from the methyl esters and

glycerin.

4. Centrifuge methyl esters to separate any

unreacted material.



ASTM Tests

Cetane number*

Lubricity*

Kinematic viscosity

Flash point

Heat of combustion

Cloud point

Sulfated ash Copper corrosion

*Test was performed on methyl esters from chicken fat and refined,bleached soybean oil.



Summary of Results

Biodiesel yield increased with the level of

refinement of the raw oil/fat. ± Less methanol was required for reaction.

± Less glycerin was produced.

± Less unreacted material was produced.



Summary of Results

Generally good results from ASTM tests.

Some test results needed to be improved. ± Kinematic viscosity

± Flash point

± Sulfated ash



Summary of Results

After distillation, some biodiesel samples

formed a haze or gel of ³unreacted material´upon cooling to room temperature.

± Was removed by centrifugation.

± May affect cold flow properties.



Summary of Results

Oil/Fat

Breakeven Biodiesel

Price* ($/gal)

Breakdown of Breakeven

Biodiesel Price

Oil ($/gal) Methanol ($/gal)

R BSO 1.87 1.70 0.17

R SO 1.81 1.66 0.16

DSO 1.74 1.56 0.18

CSO 1.91 1.70 0.21

R BR BO na na 0.15

RR BO na na 0.18

CR BO na na 0.30

HYCF 1.17 0.98 0.20

LYCF 2.11 1.80 0.30



Summary of Results

$0.00

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

$2.50

$3.00

$3.50

1 1 5

2 9

4 3

5 1

8 5

9 9

1 1 3

1 2 7

1 4 1

1 5 5

1 6 9

1 8 3

1 9 7

2 1 1

2 2 5

Wee um er

$ /

a l l o

Y

Y

S

S



Summary of Results

Scenario CF

BiodieselCost

($/gal)

Glycerin Unreacted Material

Price

($/lb)

Production

(lb/gal)

Value

($/gal)

Production

(lb/gal)

Cost

($/gal)

No Byproduct

Consideration HY 1.50 0.00 1.38 na 0.63 na

Glycerin ±

Market Price LY

0.85 to

0.18

0.47 to

0.77 2.23

1.05 to

1.72 2.52 na

Glycerin ±

Low Output HY

0.87 to

1.50

0.46 to

0.00 1.38

0.00 to

0.63 0.63 na

Disposal Cost HY 1.53 -0.015 1.38 -0.02 0.63 -0.01



Future Research

Focus on chicken fat and/or beef tallow

± Optimize biodiesel yield ± Determine glycerin and free fatty acid content in

raw materials and products FAME

± Improve excess NaOH removal

± Develop reaction kinetics

± Improve ASTM test results

± Determine the quality of the glycerin



Optimize Biodiesel Yield

Vary reaction conditions

± Temperature ± Pressure

± Reaction time

± Amount and type of catalyst




Two-step process for raw materials with

higher levels of free fatty acids (FFA¶s).1. Separate FFA¶s from glycerides.

2. React glycerides with base catalyst.

3. React FFA¶s with acid catalyst.




Improve Excess NaOH removal

± Water wash ± Neutralize with acid

Sulfuric acid

Acetic acid



Improve ASTM Test Results

Flash point ± Better distillation of biodiesel to ensure complete methanol

removal.

Cold flow properties ± Use commercial fuel additives to reduce the gel formation

temperature.

Sulfated ash ± Identify and quantify the source of the sulfur.

Kinematic Viscosity ± Improve removal of glycerin.



Overall Goal

Develop an economically feasible process for

producing biodiesel from Arkansas basedagricultural products.



Acknowledgements

Patrick Manning JamesV

oonHeath Himstedt Edgar Clausen

Michael Popp Robert Babcock

Kyle Brust

Tyson Foods Inc.

Riceland Foods

Upward Bound Academy for Mathematics and Science

Biodiesel MBTC Presentation

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