barriles y toneles II.pdf

7/22/2019 barriles y toneles II.pdf

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KA JAZZONA2 Narantdrstonas su utokozanog d magtdgomodgtc

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KA JAZZONA

Narantdrstonas su utokozanog ymagtdgomodgtc

Ka hua prntona Ka jarrona2 Narantdrstonas, utokozanog y

magtdgomodgtc dst forohofa a kcs prcfuntcrds fd vogcs quddgvdbdndg kcs vogcs dg jarronas c prcydntag àndrkc. Dsohuakmdgtd fd ogtdrs para tcfcs kcs antcrds fdk sdntcr2votonuktcrds, dgkchcs, tngoncs, tcgdkdrcs, as ncmcdstufoagtds fd dgckcha. Dk cjbdtovc ds prdnosar kas judgasprntonas rdkanocgafas ncg ka utokozanog fd kas jarronas2Nmc ncmprar kas

\rdeanoc

----------\ara ka nroagza y dk dgvdbdnomodgtc fd kcs vogcstrafonocgakds, takds ncmc kcs ncgcndmcs `cy dg fa, dk `cmjrd àtdgofc qud fcmdstonar fcs matdroakds2 ka mafdra y dk vofroc.

Dk promdrc pdrmoto ncgstruor ka jarrona, dsd rdnopodgtd vogaroc, erutc fd ka novokozanogndkta.

Ncg dk sdhugfc, kcs vofrodrcs, scjrd tcfc a partor fdk sohkc PUOOO, eajronarcg pcr eog ugrdnopodgtd gdutrc dg sdrod2 ka jctdkka, dg ka nuak dk vogc dgvdbdnd y mdbcra.

Dk trajabc fdk vogc dg rdkanog ncg kas jarronas ds fd uga hrag ncmpkdbofaf y rdquodrdmunàs ncmpdtdgnoas.

Dsta cjra, dsnrota jasgfcsd, pcr uga partd, dg kcs ktomcs rdsuktafcs fd kaogvdstohanog y, pcr ctra, dg kcs ncgcnomodgtcs dmproncs, pdrc tag vakocscs domprdsnogfojkds fd kcs madstrcs fd jcfdha, sdr uga hua vakocsa, tagtc para dktngonc ncmc para dk eanuktatovc.


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Afdms, kas jcfdhas fd jarronas sd ncgvodrtdg, nafa vdz ms, dg ug dbdrnonoc dsttoncpara kcs arquotdntcs. \drc, ncmc sda, nuagfc dgtramcs dg ka jcfdha, ka morafa dsnaptafa pcr kas jarronas, fd vodgtrd rdfcgfc, a mdgufc togtafc fd rcbc, pdredntamdgtdakogdafas dg dk sokdgnoc y ka pdgumjra. Ka garoz tamjog dst akdrta, dxnotafa pcr kcsarcmas qud pkagdag, ecrmafcs fd stdrds y fd vaogokka. Ognkusc kcs prcedsocgakdstodgdg hagas fd rdnchdrsd dg dkka, pdrc sodmprd ds ug kuhar fd pdrdhrogabd para kcsvosotagtds.

Dk matromcgoc armcgocsc dgtrd ka mafdra y dk vogc eavcrdnd kcs sutokds ogtdrnamjocs fdkas cxofanocgds kdgtas qud eanokotag dk aeogamodgtc fd kcs tagogcs. stcs sd vudkvdg mssuavds qud nuagfc gandg. Dk jcuqudt tamjog dvckunocga eavcrajkdmdgtd9 sd vudkvdms ogtdgsc, ajagfcgagfc ncg dk todmpc, dk arcma fd mafdra dgroqudnodgfc supakdta arcmtona.

\drc nuofafc ncg kcs dxndscs, gc tcfcs kcs vogcs mdbcrag dg kas jarronas fd rcjkd. Dgeugnog fdk crohdg, fd ka dstruntura, fdk mokksom, dk tngonc fdjd mcstrar pdrsponanoadg ka fcsoeonanog fd ka mafdra gudva, utokozafa para ka gudva ncsdn`a.

Kudhc, gc gcs fdbdmcs tdgtar pcr ka eanokofaf fd satoseandr ug hustc dstgfar2 dk fd kamafdra9 gc sd trata fdk promdr ncmdtofc fd ka jarrona.

Kcs tngoncs dgckhoncs dstg ak sdrvonoc fdk vogc. Dk ncgtogdgtd tamjog!


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^umaroc

Dkdhor y magtdgdr sus jarronas

Jarronas2 mafdra y eajronanogCrohdgVopcs y nakofafds fd kas mafdrasEajronanog

Ncmpra fd kas jarronasFdeogor sus gdndsofafdsNcmprar jarronas gudvasNcmprar jarronas fd cnasog

Zdndpnog fd kas jarronasUdroeonar ka ncgecrmofaf

Akmandgar

\rdparanog fd ka jarronaJarronas gudvasJarronas fd cnasog

DgnujafcNugfc3Nmc3

Nroagza fd kcs vogcs y magtdgomodgtc fd kas jarronasNroagza dg jarronas fd vogcs togtcsNroagza dg jarronas fd vogcs jkagncsNroagza fd vogcs koncrcscsKompodzaNcgtrckds agaktoncs y ncgtrck fd ka nroagza

^ckunocgds ncmpkdmdgtaroas a ka jarronaMandranog fd partnukas fd mafdraMonrccxohdganog

Ncgsdrvanog fd kas jarronas vanas\rdparanog fd kas jarronas para ug akmandgamodgtc karhcMcfcs fd ncgsdrvanog y vohokagnoa

Narantdrstonas fd uga jcfdhaNcgndpnog fd kcs dfoeonocs (kas ogstakanocgds)Ogstakanog ogtdrga y utokkabdNcgtrck fd ka `ohodgd

Ncstd fd ka nroagza dg jarronasNcstd fd kas ogstakanocgdsNcstd fd ka nroagza


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Hkcsaroc

Jarronas2 mafdra y eajronanog

CrohdgAk prognopoc ka jarrona ds skc ug ncgtogdgtd2 sorvd para dk akmandgamodgtc y dktragspcrtd fd gumdrcscs akomdgtcs.Kcs promdrcs tdstomcgocs fd tcgdkds fd mafdra dmpkdafcs para dk tragspcrtd fdk vogceudrcg àkkafcs dg Otakoa y fatag fd eogakds fdk sohkc U. Kcs tcgdkds scg mdgcs erhokdsy ms enokds fd magopukar qud kas togabas fd jarrc ncnofc. \drmotdg asomosmcvckmdgds ms ompcrtagtds. Kudhc, rpofamdgtd, sustotuydg dk gecra. Ds dg dk nurscfd kcs sohkcs sohuodgtds qud sd utokozar ka jarrona para ka ncgsdrvanog y dkdgvdbdnomodgtc fd vogcs y aknc`ckds.

Muy rpofamdgtd, kcs tamacs fd dstas jarronas sdrg fdeogofcs. Kcs tcgdkds dstgncmpudstcs dgtcgnds fd :6 a >: fudkas y todgdg uga napanofaf fd :4< K.Vamjog kcs ày fd :14 K, ::0 K (tcgdk jcrhcg), ::4 K (jarrona jcrfdkdsa) y, pcr

supudstc, eufrds fd hrag vckumdg.

ô agtac sd dmpkdarcg gumdrcsas dsdgnoas fd mafdra para ka eajronanog, takdsncmc dk nastac (jarronas fd dxpdfonog) y ka ananoa (ncgsdrvanog fd vogcsncrrodgtds), antuakmdgtd skc dk rcjkd ds utokozafc para ka ncgsdrvanog y dkdgvdbdnomodgtc fd kcs vogcs2 Ds rdsostdgtd, dstagnc, enok fd ncrtar pcr `dgfofura y sujudg ncmpcrtamodgtc ak nognàfc ds rdncgcnofa.

Dg dk sohkc PP, ka dvckunog fd kcs mcfcs fd tragspcrtds y ka aparonog fd kas nostdrgas,ncgstruofas ncg gudvcs matdroakds ncmc kas matdroas pkstonas y dk andrc ogcxofajkd,prcvcnarcg su dgrardnomodgtc. Ak prognopoc fd kcs 0


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Kcs rcjkds eragndsdsDk jcsqud eragns cnupa 16 mokkcgds fd `dntrdas, c sda ug :4% fdk tdrrotcrocganocgak. Kcs fcs tdrnocs fd kcs rjckds scg nafunoeckocs. Kcs jcsquds mugonopakds yfdk Dstafc, hdstocgafcs pcr ka Ceonoga Ganocgak fd kcs Jcsquds Ceeond Gatocgak fdsEcrts (CGE), crhagosmc pjkonc, haragtozag ka pdrdggofaf fd kcs sumogostrcs. Kassupdreonods pkagtafas vag dg aumdgtc. Kcs prdnocs suerdg ug eudrtd ognrdmdgtc (+1 a 4 Ucshds

Hragc hrudsc : a > KomcusogHragc muy hrudsc ;: Hragfd

Vajka OO Ogekudgnoa fdk crohdg hdchreonc dg ka ncmpcsonog fd ka mafdra (^dhgN@AVCGGDV, :


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Crohdg hdchreonc

\armdtrcsagaktoncs

Komcusog Ndgtrc Jcurhchgd Ucshds

Dxtrajkds tctakds(mh/h)

16< (8,:) ?< (14) 80,4 (1,8) 84 (>,?)

\ckoedgckds tctakds(A :0


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Ka mafdra fd dsta dspdnod magtodgd su dstagqudofaf ak asdrrarka, kc qud rdfund a kamotaf kas prfofas (4


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dgsamjkabd y ndpokkafc. \ara asdhurar kadstagqudofaf fd kcs ecgfcs, sd utokoza ugmasa fd pag qud sd dxtodgfd dg dk bajkdncg ayufa fd ug cjbdtc pugtoahufcmdfoagtd ug hdstc nornukar.

11 Ncgtrck fd nakofaf. Kkdgafc ncg akhugcs kotrcs fd ahua

nakodgtd, c vapcr, para ncmprcjar kadstagqudofaf.1: Nckcnanog fdk ecgfc, namjoc fd ekdbds,anajafc, marnafc y eorma fdk madstrctcgdkdrc. Dmjakabd y akmandgamodgtc.

Zdspdtc fd kas dspdnoeonanocgds fd kcsnkodgtds.

^dnafcDk sdnafc fura fd gudvd a trdogta y sdos mdsds y pdrmotd rdfunor ka tasa fd ùmdfaffd ka mafdra fdsfd dk 5mdtok6òfrcxocntagconcqud sd tragsecrma dspcgtgdamdgtd dg kantcga. Ka ecrma nosfdk prdnurscr, mdgcsdstajkd, sdr prdedrdgtdmdgtd òfrckozafa para far ka nosmdtokcntakantcga, kojrd yarcmtona.


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Kcs ncmpudstcs edgkoncs amarhcs fosmoguydg2 kas numarogas (dsnukdtoga dgpartonukar) pasag fd ecrmas hkoncsokafas, amarhas, ak dstafc ahkoncga, fd sajcr fuknd.Dk umjrak fd fdtdnnog fd kas ecrmas hkoncsokafas dg dk vogc togtc ds skc fd > h/K.

Fosmogunog fd ka astroghdgnoa y fdk nckcr dxtrajkd2 kcs tagogcs dkhoncs scgòfrckozafcs y kcs ckohcmdrcs kavafcs. Ka monrcekcra (`cghcs eokamdgtcscsmaycrotaroamdgtd ncg akhugas kdvafuras y jantdroas) sd àkka prognopakmdgtd scjrdakhugcs mokmdtrcs dg supdreonod (6 mxomc). A pdsar fd qud su annog scjrd kafdhrafanog fd kcs tagogcs sda pcsotova, gonamdgtd ds ompcrtagtd dg supdreonod y gcbudha ug papdk rdak dg kas mdbcras nuakotatovas cjsdrvafas furagtd su sdnafc, dg tcfcdk dspdscr fd ka tajka.

Dk sdnafc artoeonoak gc pdrmotd uga dvckunog ncmparajkd2 Kas mafdras cjtdgofas scgsodmprd ms tgonas y amarhas. Ka rpofa dkomoganog fdk ahua y ka rdfunnogncgsofdrajkd fdk pdrcfc fd akmandgamodgtc ompofdg ka dvckunog eavcrajkd fd kancmpcsonog qumona fdk rcjkd. Ncmparafc ncg dk sdnafc gaturak ak aord kojrd, dk rcjkdsdnafc artoeonoakmdgtd prcfund a vdnds arcmas fdsahrafajkds (pogc/rdsoga) y todgd, amdgufc, mdgcr pctdgnoak arcmtonc.

Dg namjoc, dk nkoma fd kas foedrdgtds rdhocgds fd Eragnoa gc pdrmotd aknagzar dk 15%fd ùmdfaf fdsdafc2 ug sdnafc artoeonoak eogak ds puds gdndsaroc, pdrc std gc aedntaka nakofaf fd ka mafdra so sd à aknagzafc ka mafurdz agtds fd dgtrar dg dk sdnafdrc.

Ds pcsojkd ncmprcjar aprcxomafamdgtd kcs todmpcs fd sdnafc mdfocs fd ug tcgdkdrcmdfoagtd ka sohuodgtd ermuka2(stcnis/ncmpras ncmdrnoakozafas) x >54 fas = Gmdrc fd fas fd sdnafc

Fdedntcs dvdgtuakds apcrtafcs pcr kas mafdras gudvas

Arcma fd tajkaKa mafdra fd rcjkd kojdra, jabc nodrtas ncgfonocgds, arcmas fdsahrafajkds ncmc kcsarcmas fd sdrrg c fd tajka.

Ka ncmjoganog fd ka nrcmatchraea dg easd hasdcsa ncg ka dspdntrcmdtra fd masa yka fdtdnnog ckeatova à sofc dmpkdafa para aoskar varoas zcgas arcmtonas qudrdnudrfag kas gctas fd sdrrg c fd tajka.Dk (D):gcgdgak ds prognopakmdgtd rdspcgsajkd fd ug ckcr fd mafdra vdrfdfdsahrafajkd. Dk trags:gcgdgak y ka >cntdga1cga tamjog àg sofc ofdgtoeonafcsdg nagtofaf ompcrtagtd dg kas mudstras prdsdgtagfc dk fdedntc. Dstcs ncmpudstcstodgdg umjrakds fd pdrndpnog jabcs (:


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1 N, nofc hkonc :4< N, nofc dkhonc 7 64< N) qudkudhc pcfrg sdr fdhrafafcs. Ka ogtdgsofaf fdk qudmafc fa ms c mdgcs dgdrhagdndsaroa ak fdsarrckkc fd kas fostogtas rdannocgds qumonas. Dk mcfc fd tcstafcutokozafc (has, rdsostdgnoas ogerarrcbas, topcs fd ncmjustojkd2 vorutas, rdncrtds, nafas csdrrg) y dk tamac fd ka `chudra fdeogdg ka tdmpdratura aknagzafa. Kas vorutasecrmag `umc qud tragsmotd hustcs fdsahrafajkds a kcs vogcs.

- Dk todmpc fd tcstafcpdrmotor c gc qud sd fdsarrckkdg kas rdannocgds kdgtas (pcrdbdmpkc ompkonagfc dquokojrocs qumoncs).

- Ka nagtofaf fd ahuaprdsdgtd mcfuka kas rdannocgds fd `ofrkosos y su dvapcranogrdfunor ka tdmpdratura2 dk tcgdkdrc dstoma ka nagtofaf fd ahua a aafor sdhg dk topcfd mafdra y dk vckumdg fdk ncgtogdgtd eajronafc.


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Foedrdgtds topcs fd tcstafc y su ompantcDk tcstafc pudfd sdr kohdrc, mdfoc c eudrtd.

Tg tcstafc kohdrc(ogedrocr a 1: mogutcs) pdrmotor aknagzar uga tdmpdratura a motaffd fudka fd 114 N. ^d sckujokozarg y fdhrafarg pcncs ncmpudstcs2 kasmcfoeonanocgds arcmtonas sdrg pcnc ompcrtagtds. Ncgsdnudgtdmdgtd, sd utokoza pcnc

dsta ogtdgsofaf fd qudmafc.Tg tcstafc mdfoc pdrmotd aknagzar uga tdmpdratura ogtdrga fd :< N y prcvcna ka aparonogfd ug mxomc fd arcmas a`umafcs y dspdnoafcs. Dstd topc fd qudmafc fdhrafamun`cs ncmpudstcs edgkoncs (dkahotagogcs, kohgogas) y prcvcna hdgdrakmdgtdmonrceosuras, ms c mdgcs prceugfas, dg ka mafdra. Kcs tagogcs dkhoncs sdsckujokozarg prchrdsovamdgtd dg dk vogc y hkcjakmdgtd fd magdra ms ompcrtagtd quddg dk nasc fd ug tcstafc kkamafc mdfoc.

Tg tcstafc fdmasoafc ecrzafc cnasocga uga prfofa rpofa fd kas gctas a`umafas,fdspus fd ug ponc arcmtonc cjtdgofc ncg ug tcstafc mdfoc. Dk rodshc fd ecrmanogfd ampckkas, vognukafas a ka dxpuksog fdk vapcr fd ahua ecrmafc dg dk ogtdrocr fd kasfudkas, aumdgta eudrtdmdgtd nuagfc ka vdkcnofaf fdk tcstafc ds fdmasoafc rpofa(71


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tcgdkdra `a oggcvafc, dspdnoakmdgtd, ak prcpcgdr gc skc tngonas fdk ncgtrck fdkprcndsc fdk tcstafc (rdspdtc fd kcs todmpcs, fd kcs umjrakds fd nakdgtamodgtc, fd kastdmpdraturas), sogc tamjog dk dstajkdnomodgto fd ug sostdma fd agkosos fdk rdsuktafcscjrd dk prcfuntc anajafc. Hranoas a su garoz dgckhona, kcs tcgdkdrcs agakozag kcsncmpudstcs vcktokds prcndfdgtds fd ka mafdra y fd su fdhrafanog trmona. Dstdmtcfc dxnkusovc pdrmotd ncgtrckar dk govdk fd qudmafc fd kas jarronas y ka`cmchdgdofaf fd ka prcfunnog, tagtc pcr ka haragta fdk rdspdtc fd ug mtcfc fdeajronanog, ncmc pcr dk ncgtrck fdk rdsuktafc dedntovc cjtdgofc. Ms akk fdk ncgtrck,dstd mtcfc pdrmotd pkagtdarsd narantdrozar, ncg ms prdnosog, kcs tcstafcsdspdnoakds para afaptarkcs mdbcr a kcs fostogtcs topcs fd vogcs y asdhurar surdprcfunnog dg dk euturc.

Ka trazajokofaf dg tcgdkdraNafa jarrona kkdva uga ofdgtoeonanog qud pdrmotd rdmcgtar `asta kcs rjckds fdcrohdg*. Ka utokozanog fd nfohcs fd jarras c fd nfohcs fd 5 c 0 noeras pdrmotd ugaofdgtoeonanog ampkoa fdk kctd. ^d ugdg fudkas fd rjckds foedrdgtds.

Dstd pugtc dst dspdnoakmdgtd vakofafc para kcs tcgdkdrcs ndrtoeonafcs O^C ?


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FDEDNVC^ FD NCGVAMOGANOG \CZ FDZOUAFC^ FD \D^VONOFA^ (\CZ KAMAFDZA, DK GOUDK FDK ZCJKD, FD KA^ VAJKA^ C FD KA JCFDHA)

Vronkcrcagosck (VNA) Mc`c

Vdtrankcrcagosck (VdNA) Mc`c (umjrak :4 mh/K)

\dgtankcrcagosck (\NA) Mc`c, pdrc mun`c mdgcs pctdgtd qud kcs

VNA y kcs VdNAVronkcrcedgck (VN\) Ogcfcrc, pdrc tragsecrmafc dg VdNA pcr

kcs mc`cs

Vdtrankcrcedgck (VdN\)

\dgtankcrcedgck (\N\) \dstonofa, ogsdntonofa qud ncgtodgd ncmcompurdza fdk VdN\. Ogcfcrc, pdrc sufdhrafanog pcr kcs mc`cs fa \NA.

NCGVAMOGANOCGD^ FD KA^ JAZZONA^ C FD KC^ UOGC^ \CZMONZCCZHAGO^MC^

Hdcsmoga Vdrrcsc, pckvc

Uogokhuayanck Nkavdk, nkavcDtokhuayanck @umc, mafdra qudmafa

Dtokedgckds Najakkc, nuafra, nudrc

FDEDNVC FD NZOAGRA (CPOFANOG C ZDFTNNOG)

@:^ c sukeurc fd `ofrhdgc Ancmpahga ka rdfunnog, udvc pcfrofc

Fdedntc orrdvdrsojkd dvotafc pcr uganroagza dg jarrona

Dtagdtock Ndjckka (rdfunnog)

^ctckcg Gudz, nurry (cxofanog)

\orchkutamatc fd dtokc Modk (cxofanog fd kcs vogcs jkagncs)

@ofrcxohkutratc fd dtokc N`cnckatd (jcuqudt)

Ncmpra fd kas jarronas

Fdeogor kas gdndsofafds prcpoas

Vopc fd vogc y cjbdtovc ncmdrnoak

Ds gdndsaroc prdhugtarsd scjrd dk topc fd vogc a vogoeonar y scjrd kcs cjbdtovcsncmdrnoakds2

Dstokc arcmtonc fdsdafc2Kcs promdrcs mdsds fd nroagza apcrtarg uga gcta fd mafdra tpona fdk rcjkd, qudfdspus sd mdznkar dg ug jcuqudt dg dk nursc fdk todmpc.


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As, ka roqudza ogonoak fdk vogc dg pckoedgckds, dk todmpc y kcs mdfocs ncgndfofcs a kanroagza pdrmotorg ak eogak cjtdgdr prcfuntcs muy fostogtcs.

Ompantc scjrd ka dstruntura2Ka jarrona pudfd apcrtar ms c mdgcs tagogcs y arcmas fd mafdra sdhg dk topc fdtcstafc y ka jarrona dkdhofa. ^kc ug vogc ronc y dstrunturafc scpcrtar dk apcrtdmasovc, a ka vdz, fd arcmas y fd tagogcs fd uga jarrona gudva.

Gdndsofafds fdk vogc dg cxhdgc y su aptotuf a scpcrtar kacxofanog2Tg vogc jkagnc, dg ka maycra fd kcs nascs, fdjdr sdr prctdhofc fdk aord amjodgtak,modgtras qud ug vogc togtc nuagtc ms ronc dg pckoedgckds sda mdbcr scpcrtar ugdgvdbdnomodgtc karhc. Dk topc fd nroagza, ms c mdgcs cxofatova, y su furanog, fdjdgsdr razcgafcs.

Dk apcrtd kdgtc y ncgtoguc fd cxhdgc dstajokozar dk nckcr fd kcs vogcs togtcs y dk vogceogak tdgfr ms nckcr qud ug vogc nroafc dg fdpsotc.

Tg vogc ogsueonodgtdmdgtd ronc y nuakotatovc, dxndsovamdgtd amafdrafc, pdrfdr su

toponofaf. Tgcs tagogcs fd mafdra fdmasoafc ahrdsovcs tamjog pudfdg fdstruor sudstruntura (fdkhafc) y sdnarkc. Tga uva rona dg ncmpudstcs edgkoncs, ncg tagogcs fdnakofaf y ug judg dquokojroc tagogcsagtcnoagcs, sdr gdndsaroa para uga nroagza dgjarrona dxotcsa. Dg ka rdhog jcrfdkdsa, pcr dbdmpkc, ncgtdgofcs dg tagogcs fd : a >h/K y dg agtcnoagcs 7 4


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Ompantc fd ka jarrona scjrd dk vogc

Vopc fd mafdra2Nodrtcs ncmpudstcs prcndfdg fd ka prcpoa mafdra (mdtokcntakantcga rdncrfagfc kamafdra erdsna, duhdgck, vaogokkoga) y ctrcs fdpdgfdg fdk mcfc fd eajronanog fd kcs

tcgdkds (sdnafc, tcstafc) ncmc kcs akfd`fcs eurgoncs, kcs akfd`fcs edgckds

- Dk rcjkd amdronagc (Qudrnus akja) apcrtar gctas fcmogagtds fd ncnc y fdvaogokka qud pcfrg, para akhugcs, nardndr fd fdkonafdza.

- Dk rcjkd durcpdu (Qudrnus pdtrada) ds ms sutok y ncg ms matonds2 ndfdrmdgcs rpofamdgtd sus ncmpudstcs y sdr ms afdnuafc para uga nroagza fdkarha furanog (ms fd 1: mdsds).

Dg nroagzas karhas, dk amafdrafc anaja mdznkgfcsd y dgroqudnodgfc ka ncmpkdbofafarcmtona fdk vogc para ecrmar su jcuqudt.

Ka mdznka fd foedrdgtds topcs fd mafdra pudfd aumdgtar ka ncmpkdbofaf.

^dhg kas mafdras, kcs tagogcs apcrtafcs ogtdrantag ncg kcs fd ka uva, prcfunodgfchustcs ms c mdgcs amarhcs, sdncs c astroghdgtds. Ogekuydg dg ka sdgsojokofaf a kacxofanog fd kcs vogcs y dg ka dstajokozanog fdk nckcr. Akhugas mafdras (rcjkdKomcusog) kojdrag rpofamdgtd nagtofafds ompcrtagtds fd stcs, modgtras qud ctrcs kcsapcrtag fd ecrma ms mcfdrafa (rcjkds eragndsds y fd \asds fdk Dstd).

Kcs tagogcs dkhoncs sd fosudkvdg ncg rapofdz dg dk vogc `asta 1 mdsds. \cstdrocrmdgtd, dsta nagtofaf sd rdfunor, rdsuktafc fdk dquokojrocdgtrd ka fosckunog fd stcs y su fdhrafanog pcr `ofrkosos y pcr cxofanog dg dk vogc.Dstcs ncmpudstcs naptag dk cxhdgc, prctdhodgfc fd dstd mcfc ctrcs ncmpudstcsedgkoncs y eavcrdnodgfc kas ugocgds agtcnoagcstagogcs c arcmtonas. ^cgogtdrdsagtds a fcsos jabas.

Vopc fd tcstafc2Tg tcstafc sueonodgtdmdgtd eudrtd apcrtar gctas dmpordumtonas fd naramdkc c fdpag tcstafc. Ka nagtofaf fd dkahotagogcs, qud rdeudrzag ka astroghdgnoa, y kas gctastponas fdk rcjkd (tajka) vag a fosmoguor a kc karhc fdk tcstafc. Tg vogc mdgcsdstrunturafc c mdgcs pctdgtd sd ancmcfar mdbcr fd ug tcstafc naso eudrtd, qudfdhrafd ak mxomc kcs tagogcs fd ka mafdra.

Kcs tcstafcs fd mdfoc a eudrtd scg kcs ms ncmugds. Vcstar kcs ecgfcs rdeudrzatcfava ms dk amafdrafc dg kcs vogcs, para nroagzas ncrtas.

Uckumdg fd ka jarrona (::4, ::0, >


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18

Tga jarrona gudva jcrfdkdsa (::4 K) pdrmotd magtdgdr uga tasa fd cxhdgc fosudktcfd a


18/63


10

Ncmprar jarronas gudvas

Ka mcfdkozanog y ka prdvosog fd kas ncgsdnudgnoas fdk topc fd jarrona dkdhofc scjrdkcs narantdrds crhagckptoncs fd kcs vogcs sohudg sodgfc foenokds. Dk vogoeonafcr dspdraug rdsuktafc y sd rdmotd ak savcoreaordfdk tcgdkdrc, dg uga rdkanog fd ncgeoagza.

Jarronas fd mcgtabds foedrdgtds

Jarronas fd tragspcrtd2 kas fudkas todgdg ug hrcscr fd :8 mm. Dstas jarronas sdcerdndg gonamdgtd ncg arcs hakvagozafcs. Dstd dspdscr fd fudkas pdrmotd ugrdancgfonocgamodgtc (ndpokkafc fd kas fudkas).

Jarronas topc n`tdau2 fudkas fd :: mm (ka ms ncmg).

Kcs anajafcs scg pdrscgakozafcs2 gmdrc fd arcs, vdstofc nastac (vdr dbdmpkc fdkpkodhc fd ncgfonocgds).

Jarronas fd napanofafds fostogtas

Kcs vckmdgds ms dmpkdafcs scg2 kcs tcgdkds fd ::4 K (jarrona jcrfdkdsa), kcstcgdkds fd ::0 K (jarrona jcrhccga) c >4< K sd utokozag para kcs dsporotucscs, as ncmc kcs fd 6


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1?

Nmc dkdhor gudstrcs prcvddfcrds3

A mdgufc, ka prntona fd ka nroagza dg jarrona prdnosa rdnurror a varocs tcgdkdrcs.

Dsta fovdrsofaf fd prcvddfcrds pdrmotd2- Zdpartor kcs sumogostrcs y komotar kcs rodshcs fd rupturas,- ûavozar kas narantdrstonas arcmtonas y gc marnar dk vogc pcr ug sckc topc fd

mafdra y fd tcstafc,- @andr buhar ka ncmpdtdgnoa a govdk fd kcs prdnocs.

Nafa prcvddfcr prdsdgta partonukarofafds. Zdsukta ncgvdgodgtd razcgar gudstrasdkdnnocgds dg eugnog fd kc dspdrafc2 prdnoc, govdk fd nakofaf, `cmchdgdofaf,prcxomofaf, rdquosotcs dg ncgtrckds y ncgsdbcs tngoncs

Dstajkdndr ug pkodhc fd ncgfonocgds

Dstajkdndr ug pkodhc fd ncgfonocgds pdrmotd eobar, fd anudrfc ncg dk tcgdkdrc, kasgumdrcsas cpnocgds fd eajronanog y fd pdrscgakozanog fd kas jarronas.

Tg dbdmpkc fd pkodhc fd ncgfonocgds sd prdsdgta aqu2 ka dspdnoeonanog hdgdrak eobakas prognopakds rdhkas a rdspdtar (kdhoskanog, ncgfonocgds fd dgtrdha, fcnumdgtcs fdancmpaamodgtc), modgtras qud ka eonà fd dspdnoeonanog narantdroza ug topc fdtcgdk.

Kudhc, sd pudfd dstajkdndr ncg dk prcvddfcr tagtas eonàs fd dspdnoeonanog ncmctopcs fd jarrona sd ncmprdg.

DM\ZDÂ D^\DNOEONANOG HDGDZAK DBDM\KC

NZDAFA DK2PP/PP/PPPP

G FCNTMDGVC JAZZONA^ GFOND FD ZDUOÔG2 A\HOGA1/:

O NAZANVDZ^VONA^

Ncgtrck fd sus prcpocs prcvddfcrds

- Dk prcvddfcr ncgtrcka kas eudgtds fd ajastdnomodgtc fd sus prcpocsprcvddfcrds (aufotcroa, ncgtrck agaktonc, trazajokofaf).

- Dk prcvddfcr à dstajkdnofc ug pkodhc fd ncgfonocgds eormafc pcr susprcpocs prcvddfcrds.

\rctdnnog fdk mdfoc amjodgtd

- Dk prcvddfcr sd ncmprcmdtd a rdspdtar ka fordntova ?6/5:/ND fdk\arkamdgtc Durcpdc y fdk Ncgsdbc fd :< fonodmjrd 1??6, y susmcfoeonanocgds pcstdrocrds, rdkatovas a kcs dmjakabds y a kcs fdsdn`csutokozafcs (nartcgds, pkstoncs).


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:acs y pcfdr sdr ncmugonafcs a ka dmprdsa para nuakquodr kctd dgtrdhafc.

OOO ZDHKA^ FD ANCGFONOCGAMODGVC, DGVZDHA _ AND\VANOG FD TGKCVD

^d dgtrdhag kas jarronas dg judg dstafc y ancgfonocgafas (eokm pkstonc y tapanartg scjrd nafa nara). Fdjdg sdr gc azuerafas, sdnas, sog ckcrds y kompoas.

Ka ofdgtoeonanog2

Dk marnafc fdjd prdnosar kcs sohuodgtds pugtcs2

Gcmjrd fdk prcvddfcr Gmdrc fdk kctd, pdrmotodgfc rdmcgtar a ka tajka, Ednà fd eajronanog scjrd dk nàekg Vopc fd tcstafc Gcmjrd fd ka jcfdha Ncgtdgofc Ncsdnà.

Namjoc fd matdroa c fd ancgfonocgamodgtc2

- Dk namjoc fd ecrmatc c fd nakofaf dg rdkanog ncg dk pdfofc fdjd sdrvakofafc prdvoamdgtd agtds fd nuakquodr mcfoeonanog y dgtrdha.

- Vcfc namjoc fd ncmpcsonog c ncgfonocgds fd prcndsc fdjd sdrscmdtofc a ka dmprdsa agtds fd su dgtrafa dg vohcr y pcfr far kuhar auga rdvosog fd kcs pkodhcs fd ncgfonocgds / dspdnoeonanocgds pcr dkprcvddfcr.

Dfaf fd kas jarronas2

Ka ednà fd eajronanog fdjd sdr, ncmc mxomc, vodba fd trds mdsds.

Ka dgtrdha2

- Kcs mdfocs fd tragspcrtd utokozafcs gc fdjdg tragspcrtar ctrasmdrnagnas susndptojkds fd aktdrar c fd ncgtamogar kas jarronas.

- Zdhkas a rdspdtar pcr dk ncgfuntcr2 Dk ncgfuntcr fdjd rdspdtar dkprctcnckc fd sdhurofaf fdk kuhar. Ds cjkohatcroc pcgdr dk naknd fdsdhurofaf pudsta a fospcsonog, afdms fd kcs sostdmas fd sdhurofaffdk namog.


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:1

- Dk ncgfuntcr fdjd rdspdtar kas rdhkas fd sdhurofaf akomdgtonoa fdk kuhar2prcòjofc ncmdr, jdjdr y eumar dg dk akmang.

Andptanog fd ug kctd2

- Dg nasc fd fdsvoanog cjsdrvafa pcr dk prcvddfcr, dstd ktomc fdjd

avosar a ka dmprdsa, agtds fd ka dgtrdha y a ms tarfar agtds fdfdsnarhar.

Fcnumdgtcs a prcpcrnocgar dg nafa dgtrdha2

Dk prcvddfcr sd ncmprcmdtd a prcpcrnocgar dg nafa dgtrdha ug jckdtg fdagkosos ncg kcs rdsuktafcs dedntuafcs scjrd uga mudstra rdprdsdgtatova fdnafa kctd qud ncmpcgd ka dgtrdha, y/c ug ndrtoeonafc fd ncgecrmofaf. stcsfdjdg kkdhar agtds c ncg ka dgtrdha.

Ka crfdg fd dxpdfonog fdjd prdnosar2

Ka ednà fd eajronanog y/c dk gmdrc fdk kctd Dk gcmjrd y ka nakofaf fd kasjarronas (crohdg y hragc). Dk kuhar y dk pas fd prcfunnog.

Dk jckdtg fd agkosos fdjdr prdnosar2

Ka ednà fd eajronanog y/c dk gmdrc fd kctd Dk gcmjrd y ka nakofaf fd kasjarronas rdprdsdgtafas Dk topc fd agkosos dedntuafc, ka ugofaf, dk rdsuktafcncg dk mtcfc fd agkosos dmpkdafc Haragta fd ncgecrmofaf tctak ncg kasdspdnoeonanocgds dstajkdnofas.

DM\ZDÂ EON@A FD D^\DNOEONANOG NZDAFA DK2PP/PP/PPPP

G FCNTMDGVC JAZZONA^ GFOND FD ZDUOÔG2 A\HOGA1/:

NAZANVDZ^VONA^^d nkasoeona ka hravdfaf sdhg > govdkds2 mdgcr, agctafc m, maycr, agctafcM c nrtonc N.

NAZANVDZ^VONA^ FD^NZO\NOG VCKDZAGNOA HZAUDFAFVO\C FD MAFDZADspdnod Vajkas fd rcjkd ssok / NVopc fd hragc Eogc2 Ak mdgcs 4 dstras

scjrd 1 nm

6 mgomc M

\rcndfdgnoa Jcsqud ncgfunofc dgmcgtd aktc fdk ndgtrc fdEragnoa (Govrd, Akkkodr)

Zdhog ndgtrc M

^dnafc Gaturak :6 mdsds charagta fd rdsuktafcs

+ : mdsds M

NAZANVDZ^VONA^ VNGONA^ \ZCFTNVC ANAJAFCUckumdg ::4 K +1% M


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::

Vcstafc (`chudraakomdgtafa ncgrdncrtds fd rcjkd)

Mdfoa +, kdgta y rdhukar

Ausdgnoa fd ckcr fd tajkay amarhcr, vogahrd, mc`cAusdgnoa fd ampckkas(fomdtrc 71 nm),

`ogn`azcgds y ampckkasajodrtasAusdgnoa fd monrcampckkas

Kohdra gctamafdraqudmafa/

/

;1

Dsquovd Dmpkazamodgtc 44 mm fd fomdtrc

nautdrozafa

/+


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:6

Zdancgfonocgamodgtc fd kas jarronas2 dk cjbdtovc ds cjtdgdr uga dspdnod fdsdhugfa vofa2 ug rasnafc pdrmotd dkomogar ka napa supdrocr fd kas fudkas ncg dk eog fddkomogar dk tartratc, ka ekcra supdreonoak y kcs promdrcs mokmdtrcs fd mafdra nuycsncmpudstcs arcmtoncs àg sofc ahctafcs. Tg sdhugfc tcstafc pdrmotddvdgtuakmdgtd rdgcvar ka mafdra2 sd dkomogag fdeogotovamdgtd kcs monrccrhagosmcs ysd ecrmag gudvcs arcmas.

Dk rdancgfonocgamodgtc prdsdgta tamjog ogncgvdgodgtds2 furagtd ka nroagza, ugamdfoa fd 4 kotrcs fd vogc dmpapa varocs mokmdtrcs fd ka mafdra. ^kc sd rasnarg kcspromdrcs mokmdtrcs ak tratar fd gudvc2 as, ncg dk tcstafc sd qudmarg ka mafdra y dkvogc dmjdjofc dg sta, ncg dk rodshc fd qud apardznag hustcs parsotcs (mafdraqudmafa, ùmc, nàmusnafc, akquotrg, agomak). Ds foenok vckvdr a tratar fd magdrardhukar kas fudkas nurvafas. Dstd tratamodgtc skc pudfd apkonarsd dg jarronas fdtragspcrtd fd fcs a trds vogcs ncmc mxomc.

\kazc mxomc dgtrd eogak fd utokozanog y rdtorafa

Tga jarrona vana gc todgd uga furanog fd vofa fdeogofa. Ds gdndsaroc qud kas

ncgfonocgds fd ncgsdrvanog àyag sofc scjrd tcfc satoseantcroas (vdr partd Mcfc fdakmandgamodgtc y vohokagnoa). Ds dsdgnoak ug ncgtrck vosuak mogunocsc. Ka mafdra gctodgd qud sdnarsd dxndsovamdgtd, kcs arcs fdjdg pdrmagdndr dg su kuhar (ds gcrmakncmpcgdrkcs kohdramdgtd) y kas fudkas fdjdg dstar ugofas. Tg ncgtrck ckeatovcpdrmotor aprdnoar dk dstafc òhogonc2 gc fdjdg àjdr ckcrds agcrmakds, fd ahroc c fdmc`c.

Nmc dkdhor gudstrcs prcvddfcrds3

Dg dk mcmdgtc fd ka ncmpra fd jarronas usafas a ug tdrndrc, ds ompdratovc ncgcndrsu crohdg para dvotar kcs rodshcs fd uga ncgtamoganog fd kcs vogcs, dg dk nasc fd qudstas prcndfodrag fd uga jcfdha ncg atmsedra ncgtamogafa (utokozanog fdmatdroakds c fd prcfuntcs nkcrafcs omprcpocs).

Kas jarronas todgdg ug ogtdrs dgckhonc komotafc dg dk todmpc. Ms akk fd >5 c 60mdsds fd nroagza, ka ncgtrojunog arcmtona fd ka mafdra ds muy komotafa. Kojdrag kcdsdgnoak fd sus ncmpudstcs arcmtoncs y pckoedgkoncs a kc karhc fdk promdr ac fdnroagza y sd ahctag prchrdsovamdgtd.

Ka vdroeonanog fd kas eanturas pdrmotd asdhurarsd fd ka ednà fd ncmpra y fd kanakofaf fd ka mafdra. ômuktgdamdgtd ds prdnosc ncmprcjar qud kcs marnafcs scjrdkas jarronas ncrrdspcgfdg a ka eantura2 ednà fd eajronanog, gmdrc fdk kctd

Ka pdtonog fdk ndrtoeonafc fd rdhdgdranog (tratamodgtcs esoncs y/c qumoncs) c fdrdancgfonocgamodgtc apcrta uga haragta scjrd dk dstafc fd kas jarronas2 ausdgnoa fdfdpsotcs fd tartratc, fd nckcr y rdfunnog fd kas pcjkanocgds fd monrccrhagosmcs.

^d ancgsdba ug agkosos fdk VNA y fd ka anofdz vcktok para haragtozar dk judg dstafcfd ka jarrona c fdk kctd fd jarronas ncmprafc.

Dstajkdndr ug pkodhc fd ncgfonocgds


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:4

Dk pkodhc fd ncgfonocgds tdgfr ka mosma jasd qud dk fd kas jarronas gudvas. Kasdspdnoeonanocgds hdgdrakds scg ofgtonas. Kas haragtas supkdmdgtaroas a apcrtar sdrdeodrdg a ka dfaf y ak gmdrc fd mdsds fd utokozanog fd ka jarrona, a govdk fd ka eonàfd dspdnoeonanog. Kas jarronas fd sdhugfa magc fdjdg dgtrdharsd sog azuerar parapdrmotor kcs ncgtrckds.

Zdndpnog fd kas jarronas

Ncmprcjar ka ncgecrmofaf

Ak fdsnarhar, ày qud vdroeonar, afdms fdk gmdrc, nafa tcgdk y ncgtrckar so gc sd àdstrcpdafc furagtd dk tragspcrtd. Nuakquodr fac fdjd sdr sdakafc dg dk akjarg fddgtrdha.

Zdsukta tok dxamogar a ka rdndpnog dk ogtdrocr fd kcs tcgdkds ncg uga kmpara prcvostafd ug prckcghafcr ekdxojkd.

Mcfc fd cpdrar2morar ak mdgcs ug 1


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:5

Dk fdedntc mdgcr aednta ka dsttona sog faar dk vogc.

Dk fdedntc maycr pudfd anarrdar ug prcjkdma dg ka dvckunog fdk vogc.

Dk fdedntc nrtonc ompofd ka utokozanog gcrmak fd ka jarrona, prcvcna uga aktdranog fdkvogc c prdsdgta ug rodshc para dk ncgsumofcr.

Dg nasc fd ug prcjkdma maycr c nrtonc, ug ncgtrck fdk 1


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:8

\rdparanog fd ka jarrona

Jarronas gudvasKa pudsta dg eugnocgamodgtc fd jarronas gudvas fdjd pdrmotor dvotar ka tragsmosog akvogc fd makcs hustcs y fdsnujror kas pcsojkds euhas.

Gc ds gdndsaroa fdsogednnog akhuga2 `ay qud dvotar dk usc fd azuerd. Ds, afdms,rdncmdgfajkd utokozar ahua gc nkcrafa.

Fd ecrma hdgdrak, dk prcndfomodgtc a sdhuor ds dk sohuodgtd2

Fdhdkkc c dstueafc2 sd ancgsdba fdhckkar kas jarronas ttd sur nuk, para fdhckkarms kcs ecgfcs. \cnc ndpokkafcs y rara vdz tcstafcs, stcs scg susndptojkds fdtragsmotor makcs hustcs. Zdparanog fd euhas. Haragtozar ka dstagqudofaf fd kcs dsquovds (utokozanog fd agokkc). Kompodza, ankarafc. Dsnurrofc.

Vrafonocgakmdgtd, kcs hragfds nrus jcrfdkdsds dmpkdag, a ttukc fd dbdmpkc, dksohuodgtd mtcfc2

^d dsnakfag kas jarronas gudvas ncg 1


28/63


:0

Kas jarronas pudfdg pdrfdr kohdramdgtd dg dk mcmdgtc fdk kkdgafc. ô ka euha sohudfdspus fd :6 `, ày qud apartar ka jarrona y ncgtantar ncg dk tcgdkdrc.

^d fdsancgsdba dedntuar ug ankarafc fd akta prdsog, qud ds susndptojkd fd fdhrafarka supdreonod ogtdrga fdk tcgdk.

Vajka P \csojkds varoagtds ak fdhdkkc c dsnakfafc

DVA\A OM\ANVC UDGVABA OGNCGUDGODGVDNcg ahua nakodgtd(?< c 8mogutcs fd vapcrpudfdg sdrogsueonodgtds paraògnàr ka mafdra

ô sd tudstag kcs ecgfcs, ug fdhdkkc c ug sompkd ankarafc ncg ahua era ds sueonodgtd.\drmotd dkomogar kas dvdgtuakds vorutas c asdrrg fdk tcgdk. ô dsta cpdranog ya sdrdakoza dg ka tcgdkdra y dst dspdnoeonafa dg dk pkodhc fd ncgfonocgds, sd pudfdpkagdar kkdgar kcs tcgdkds sog prdparanog. A ka ogvdrsa, scjrd ecgfcs gc tcstafcs, ugdsnakfafc, fdbagfc partonukarmdgtd fdhckkar nafa ecgfc, pdrmotd dkomogar kcs arcmas

fd tajka qud scg susndptojkds fd apcrtar.Goghg afotovc ds gdndsaroc (^C:, sakds fd pctasoc c mdnàfc dg sdnc). Zdsukta tokrdncrfar qud ka monrcekcra fd ka mafdra gc pudfd scjrdvovor dg ncgfonocgdsdgckhonas.

Dg dk nasc fd nroagza fd vogcs togtcs, sd pudfd pcr razcgds dsttonas, csnurdndr kasjarronas para cnuktar kcs fdrramds scjrd kas pardfds dxtdrocrds, rdkanocgafcs ncg kcsfdsjcrfamodgtcs furagtd ka edrmdgtanog makckntona, kas cpdranocgds fd rdkkdgc c fdtrasodhc. ^d pudfdg utokozar kas kas, pdrc ka kompodza fd kcs tapcgds ncg ^C: todgfd afdnckcrarkas.


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:?

Jarronas fd cnasog

ô sd prdv rdakozar edrmdgtanocgds dg jarrona (edrmdgtanog aknc`kona para kcs vogcsjkagncs c edrmdgtanog makckntona, para kcs vogcs jkagncs y togtcs), àjr qud àndrfdhckkar ka jarrona 60 `cras ncg ahua para dkomogar ak mxomc dk ^C:.

Dg nuakquodr ctrc nasc, kas jarronas usafas sodmprd sd fdhckkag furagtd fcs c trdsfas agtds fdk dgnujafc, ncg ahua mcfdrafamdgtd sukeotafa (1 a > h/K), c dgroqudnofadg sakds ak 1


30/63


>1

Ds ogfospdgsajkd vohokar dk ncmpcrtamodgtc fd kas jarronas fdspus fd su pudsta dgvogc2 pudfd apardndr uga pcrcsofaf c uga euha y rdqudror uga ogtdrvdgnog rpofa.

Vajka PO Udgtabas d ogncgvdgodgtds sdhg ka pcna fd dgnujafc

UDGVABA^ OGNCGUDGODGVD^Dgnujafc agtds - Aumdgta ka dstagnoa fdk

vogc dg jarronas,aprcvdn`agfc kas aktastdmpdraturas fd kaspromdras sdmagas.

- \rdsdgnoa fd kas msompcrtagtd qud apcrtagnarntdr hrasc ynargcsc ak vogc.

- Ognrdmdgtc fdk nckcr yfosmogunog fd kaastroghdgnoa.

- Aparonog fdk arcmanae, tcrrdeantc,tcstafc ms ncmpkdbc yms ogtdgsc (sogdrhoamafdra/vogc).

- Zpofc dgsunoamodgtc fdkas jarronas prdnosagfc ugakompodza eudrtd dg dk : c >drtrasodhc.

- Gdndsota prdedrdgtdmdgtdjarronas gudvas, ogfdmgdsfd azuerd, gcnovc para dkjudg fdsarrckkc fd kasedrmdgtanocgds.

- Aumdgtc fdk rodshc fdaktdranog a nausa fd kasjantdroas anrdndgtafc.

- Maycr sdgsojokofaf a kasvaroanocgds fd tdmpdratura.

- Ncmpkonanog fdk trajabc fdvohokagnoa.

Dgnujafc kc agtdspcsojkd fdspus fdka edrmdgtanogmakckntona

- Ka prdsdgnoa fd kaseogas mcfdra kaafquosonog fdkamafdrafc y apcrtauga partd fd hrasc ynargcsc.

- Fosckunog ogtdrmdfoaroafd kcs ncmpudstcs fd kamafdra.

- Dgsunoamodgtcmcfdrafc fd kasjarronas.

- \csojokofaf fd usarjarronas fd ug vogc yms.

Dgnujafc fdspusfd ka edrmdgtanogmakckntona

- Zpofa nafa fd katdmpdratura (fonodmjrdy dgdrc) qud pdrmotduga judga fosckunogfdk cxhdgc, dstajokozadk nckcr y rdfcgfda kcstagogcs.

- Dk vckumdg pdqudceavcrdnd ugankaroeonanog rpofa.

- Kcs ogncgvdgodgtds dstgdgtcgnds rdkanocgafcs ncgka nroagza dg jarronas2ncstd, magopukafc, rodshcsmonrcjockhoncs yarcmtoncs para dkprcfuntc.

- Fosckunog ms ompcrtagtdfd kcs ncmpudstcs fd kamafdra dg ausdgnoa fd kaskas.

Dgnujafc fdspusfd ka nkaroeonanog(ak mdgcs 0 mdsdsfdspus fdvdgfomoar)

- ^ompkoeonanog fd kanroagza.

- Amafdrafc muy rpofcd ogtdgsc fdk vogc.

- Nckcr mdgcs ogtdgsc.- Amafdrafc ms marnafc.


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>:

Nroagza fd kcs vogcs y magtdgomodgtc fd kas jarronas

Nroagza dg jarronas fd kcs vogcs togtcsA ncgtoguanog, sd fdeogdg kas prognopakds dtapas2 sd pcfrg ogtrcfunor mcfoeonanocgds,sodmprd qud sd rdakond ug dstufoc hkcjak y sd ncgtrckd dk ompantc fdk namjoc.

AVDGNOG!Fcs acs fd nroagza dg jarronas prcvcnar uga prfofa fd


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>>

Zdkkdgc

Dsta cpdranog dsdgnoak pdrmotd dvotar kas aktdranocgds monrcjoagas ncmpdgsagfc dkvanc fd kas jarronas nausafc pcr ka dvapcranog y ka ajscrnog fdk vogc pcr ka mafdra.Kas jarronas gudvas prdsdgtag ugas mdrmas ompcrtagtds a kc karhc fd kas promdrassdmagas fd nroagza. ^d nrda dgtcgnds uga ogtdreasd aord/vogc qud nausa uga

fosckunog fdk cxhdgc.Ka nakofaf fdk vogc fd ncmpkdmdgtc fdjd sdr ak mdgcs ofgtona a ka fdk vogc ak quddst fdstogafc. Dstd vogc fdjd tdgdr, dg partonukar, uga nakofaf monrcjockhonaorrdprcn`ajkd y ncgtrckafa para ompdfor nuakquodr rodshc fd ncgtamoganog(ncgsdrvanog a 1:14N ncg >4 mh/K fd ^C: kojrd, anofdz vcktok ogedrocr a fas.

Kudhc, ds prdedrojkd utokozar ug ncgtdgdfcr afaptafc, fd vckumdg ms pdqudc, dg

andrc ogcxofajkd, y qud sdr magtdgofc ohuakmdgtd jabc gotrhdgc c vanc fd aord. Kcshuarfavogcs fd scmjrdrc ekctagtd pdrmotdg afaptar dk ncgtogdgtd ak vckumdg fd vogc.Dstcs tcgdkds fd andrc ogcxofajkd mcgtafcs scjrd narrdtokka eanokotag kas cpdranocgds.

Kcs rdkkdgcs fdjdg sdr muy rdhukards modgtras ka jarrona dst tapg arroja2 fd uga atrds vdnds pcr sdmaga sdhg ka nuagta fd kas mdrmas, ka dfaf fd ka mafdra y kasncgfonocgds amjodgtakds fd ka jcfdha.

^d pudfdg ascnoar a rdmcvofcs fd kas kas, uga a fcs vdnds pcr sdmaga, para`cmchdgdozar dk pctdgnoak fd cxofcrrdfunnog dg ka jarrona.

DK \CVDGNOAK FD CPOFCZZDFTNNOG.^d mofd dg mokovcktocs (mU). Vrafund ug govdk fd dquokojroc fd kas rdannocgds qud

pcgdg dg budhc ogtdrnamjocs fd dkdntrcgds. Nuagtc maycr sda ka tasa fd cxhdgcfosudktc, ms cxofagtd sdr dk mdfoc y dkdntrcgds dstarg fospcgojkds para2

- Dstajokozar dk nckcr, pdrmotodgfc kas ugocgds dgtrd agtcnoagcs y tagogcs.- Atanar kcs arcmas fd erutcs erdsncs (y dspdnoakmdgtd kcs arcmas azuerafcs fd

kcs vogcs jkagncs).- Far kuhar a gudvcs arcmas topc cxofafc2 gudz, norudka pasa- \drmotor dk fdsarrckkc fd monrccrhagosmcs.

Apcrtanocgds fd cxhdgcKas apcrtanocgds fd cxhdgc ak vogc dg dk nursc fd ka nroagza dg jarronas todgdg trdscrhdgds2

- Ka jarrona pdrmotd ms c mdgcs ogtdrnamjocs sdhg ka pcrcsofaf fd ka mafdra(1 a :4 mh/K/ac dg eugnog fd ka mafdra y fd su hrafc fd nckmatafc) y kaogtdreasd aord/mafdra qud autcroza (18 a ?0 mh/K/ac sdhg dk topc fd nroagza,ka pdrmdajokofaf fd kas pardfds y, scjrd tcfc, dk vckumdg fd ka jarrona).

- Kas cpdranocgds fd rdkkdgc (< mh/K/ac.


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Vajka POO Vasa fd cxhdgc fosudktc dg dk nursc fd kas cpdranocgds fd nroagza

Cpdranog Cxhdgc fosudktc (mh/K) Uaroanog fdk pctdgnoak fdcxofcrrdfunnog (mU)

Jcmjdc 1:Vrasvasd 65Vrasodhc sog aordanog :4 +44

dmjufc cnasocgar uga eudrtd cxohdganog, modgtras qud kkdvar dk vogc ak ecgfc fd kajarrona ncg ug tujc komotar ncgsofdrajkdmdgtd ka apcrtanog fd cxhdgc (furagtd dksdhugfc ac, vdr dsqudma ms ajabc). Kcs trasodhcs fdjdg àndrsd dspdnoakmdgtdncg nuofafc fdspus fd ka nkaroeonanog.

Vamjog, sd fdnagtag c eoktrag kas kas. ^d rdogncrpcrag paukatogamdgtd c jodg sd nraga partd, para fdnofor pcstdrocrmdgtd dk pcrndgtabd fd rdogncrpcranog dg dk mcmdgtcfd ka mdznka.

Dxostdg ctras aktdrgatovas a kcs trasodhcs nksoncs2Dg uga nroagza ncrta (6 a 5 mdsds), gc sd dednta trasodhc akhugc2 sd ognofd scjrd dkncgtrck fd kas tasas dg ^C:y kcs rdkkdgafcs. Ka jarrona gc sd mudvd.

@ay cptomozanocgds pcsojkds, a partor fdk dsqudma trafonocgak, dmpkdagfc kcs mdfocsmcfdrgcs fospcgojkds y cptomozagfc kcs todmpcs fd kas tardas.

Ka magopukanog fd kas jarronas, pcr pardba, ncg ka ayufa fd uga traspakdta, pudfdpdrmotor ncgsdrvar ug trasodhc nksonc, ncg ka utokozanog fd naa fd trasodhc, jcmjdc

fd kas kas y pasc pcr ka dstanog fd kompodza.Dk dsqudma ogtdrmdfoaroc ms utokozafc ds dk qud usa uga nuja fd tragsonog a ka qudsd ncgfund dk vogc kompoc. Tga jcmja tcma dk rdkdvc so ds prdnosc. Kas kas sd rdnchdgsdparafamdgtd pcr hravdfaf c sd ncgfundg ohuakmdgtd a uga jarrona kompoa, para sdrfdnagtafas. Tga eoktranog pdrmotd dvdgtuakmdgtd rdnupdrar ncg maycr rapofdz dk vogcfd ka, qud sd rdogncrpcra c gc. Kudhc, kas jarronas sd kompoag og sotu y sd kkdgag fddgsdhuofa, tras azuerafc so ncgvodgd. Kcs kctds fd uga c varoas fdndgas fd jarronaspudfdg as sdr trasdhafcs y nroafcs àsta dk dgsamjkabd eogak. Tga naa napaz fd, aka vdz, prcydntar ahua nakodgtd a prdsog scjrd kas pardfds y asporar dk ahua ak ecgfcds dmpkdafa para ka kompodza og sotu.

Dk dsqudma trafonocgak pdrmotd tratar ugas nognudgta jarronas pcr fa, fcs pdrscgas.

Ka utokozanog fd ogstakanocgds para magopukar kas jarronas fcs a fcs pdrmotd aknagzar1 a 5 nkaras fd ùdvc, kohdramdgtd jatofas, pcr jarrona) y nodrtas

hdkatogas (4 a :< h/`K) scg kas ms afaptafas ak vogc togtc. Vras ogncrpcranog, dk vogcds ahotafc ncg vohcr, kc qud haragtoza uga judga d ogmdfoata `cmchdgdozanog fd kancka (fdk nkaroeonagtd).

Gumdrcsas ctras tngonas scg dspdneonas para nafa topc fd vogc.

Dg tcfcs kcs nascs, kcs vogcs sohudg dvckunocgds fostogtas a kc karhc fd ka nroagza2 kcstopcs fd nkaroeonagtds, kas fcsoeonanocgds y kcs rodshcs fd quodjra fdjdg sdr pudsdvakuafcs a partor fd uga sdrod fd prudjas, agtds fd nuakquodr pudsta dg marnà.


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Fdspus, kas jarronas sd nckcnag tapg fd ncstafc furagtd 64 fas y sd trasodhag akeogakozar dstd pkazc. Tg dgnckafc furagtd kcs ercs ogvdrgakds fdk sdhugfc ac fdnroagza eanokotar ka sdfomdgtanog.

Dg dk mcmdgtc fdk kdvagtamodgtc fdk nkaroeonagtd, kcs vogcs togtcs pudfdg pdrfdr ugapartd fd su pctdgnoak arcmtonc y, dg partonukar, sus gctas aerutafas. ô ka cpdranog sdrdakoza ncrrdntamdgtd, ka astroghdgnoa fosmoguyd eudrtdmdgtd, pdrc kcs vogcs pudfdgpardndr ms fdkhafcs. @ajr qud dspdrar fd fcs a trds mdsds agtds qudrddgnudgtrdg rdakmdgtd su hrasc y su narntdr nargcsc. Ka dkdnnog fd nafankaroeonagtd fdjd sdr dk rdsuktafc fd dgsaycs prdvocs, pdrmotodgfc aprdnoar kankaroeonanog, ka dstajokozanog y scjrd tcfc ka mdbcra hustatova.

Fdspus fd ka nkaroeonanog, dk vogc sd vudkvd muy sdgsojkd a ka cxofanog2 ày qudkomotar ak mxomc kas apcrtanocgds fd cxhdgc, magtdgdr ug govdk sueonodgtd fd ^C:kojrd (7:4 mh/K >4 sdhg dk p@) y gc scjrdpasar uga tdmpdratura fd 18N.

Furanog fd ka nroagza

Dg dk nursc fd kcs sdos promdrcs mdsds, ka mafdra ndfd uga partd ompcrtagtd fd susncmpudstcs dxtrajkds. Dk nckcr sd ogtdgsoeona y sd dstajokoza. A partor fdk sdxtc mds, yàsta dk gcvdgc, dk vogc afquodrd hrasc y rdfcgfdz. Kudhc, ày qud vohokarkc fd ndrnay prdvdr dk dmjctdkkafc dg nuagtc2

- apardndg kas tcgakofafds agaragbafas y fd tdba,- apardndg kcs narantdrds fd sdqudfaf (dgtrd dk 1: y dk 10 mds).

Ka furanog fd ka nroagza ds puds eugnog fd kas narantdrstonas fdk prcfuntc adkajcrar. Tga nroagza mgoma fd sdos mdsds far ug vogc marnafc pcr arcmas fdmafdra y tagogcs tponcs.

Ka mdgnog fd dtoqudtafc nroagza dg jarrona fd rcjkd skc pudfd utokozarsd so dk vogc

pdrmagdnd, ak mdgcs, sdos mdsds dg jarrona (Bcurgak Ceeonodk fd :?/


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>8

Ka nroagza scjrd kas pudfd far kuhar, ncg jastagtd rapofdz, a ckcrds fd rdfunnogcjkohagfc dk trasodhc fd stas (scg dgtcgnds ncgsdrvafas sdparafamdgtd ydstrdnàmdgtd vohokafas). Tga sdrod fd ncmpudstcs azuerafcs kohdrcs pudfd apardndrfuragtd ka nroagza, takds ncmc dk sukeurc fd òfrhdgc, dk dtagcdtock, dk mdtagctock, kcsdtok y mdtoksukeurcs, tcfcs narantdrozafcs pcr umjrakds fd pdrndpnog muy jabcs, fdkcrfdg fdk h/K. ^kc uga nroagza dg jarrona, dg ncmparanog ncg uga nroagza dgfdpsotc, pdrmotd magtdgdr dk pctdgnoak fd cxofcrrdfunnog sueonodgtdmdgtd aktc parakomotar, fd ecrma gaturak, ka ecrmanog fd dstcs ncmpudstcs. Dg ka jarrona, dk pctdgnoakfosmoguyd fd kas pardfds ànoa dk ndgtrc y a mdfofa qud gcs andrnamcs a kas kas.Ncg dk todmpc, ka jarrona podrfd ug pcnc fd su pdrmdajokofaf ak cxhdgc y susprcpodfafds cxofagtds fosmoguydg. Tga tdgfdgnoa a ka rdfunnog pudfd pudsprdsdgtarsd dg kas jarronas usafas.

\arakdkamdgtd, ka mafdra ndfd gumdrcscs arcmas apcrtagfc kas gctas amafdrafas yka ncmpkdbofaf ak jcuqudt eogak. ôg dmjarhc, ug vogc edrmdgtafc dg jarronas y nroafcdg ausdgnoa fd kas sdr mdgcs amafdrafc qud ug vogc dgnujafc fdspus fd kaedrmdgtanog (kas kdvafuras tragsecrmag ka vaogokkoga dg aknc`ck vaogkonc, pcncarcmtonc). Asomosmc, ka edrmdgtanog dg jarronas va aumdgtar dk pctdgnoak arcmtoncfdk mcstc.

Kas kas pdrmotdg tamjog dstajokozar dk vogc, scjrd tcfc erdgtd a prdnopotafcs tartronpsy prctdoncs. Ka nkaroeonanog pcfr sdr dgtcgnds ms kohdra2 pcr dbdmpkc, ak najc fd ugac, 6< h/`K fd jdgtcgota sdrg sueonodgtds erdgtd a kcs 1, 6 fas a 6 N). Kaafonog fd ^C:dg dk mcmdgtc fdk rddgnujafc pdrmotor uga dstajokozanog fdk vogc.

Ka nroagza fd koncrcscs dg jarronas pudfd furar àsta trds acs y mdfoc. Ka nroagza sdrdakoza ogtdhrakmdgtd tapg arroja. ^d jusna dk marofabd fdk amafdrafc ncg kcsarcmas prcpocs fd ka uva ncg jctrytos.

Kcs topcs fd jarrona y fd tcstafc rdspcgfdg a kcs mosmcs hragfds nrotdrocs fd dkdnnogqud dg kcs vogcs togtcs. Kcs trasodhcs scg somokards2 dk vogc ds dmpubafc, mdfoagtd uganaa fd aord ncmpromofc, ànoa uga jarrona vana y kompoa. Dstcs vogcs gc tdmdg ka


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>0

cxofanog, pcr kc qud kcs trasodhcs sd rdakozag fd ka mosma magdra a kc karhc fd tcfa kanroagza.

Kas kas rdnchofas dg kcs trasodhcs (nafa trds mdsds) scg fdnagtafas dg jarronas y,kudhc, eoktrafas. Kcs vogcs fd kas sdrg nroafcs pcr sdparafc y fdspusrdogncrpcrafcs c gc, sdhg su govdk fd nakofaf.

Kas nkaroeonanocgds sd dedntag ncg hdkatoga, ncg ncka fd pdsnafc c kcs fcs(dvdgtuakmdgtd, ug topc fd nkaroeonagtd scjrd nafa motaf fdk mokksom). Dkkdvagtamodgtc fd kcs nkaroeonagtds sd ànd fdspus fd ug mds y mdfoc fd fdnagtanog2dk jrokkc y kcs narantdrds arcmtoncs sd vdg mdbcrafcs.

Tga nkaroeonanog, dg ogvodrgc, c ak ogonoc fd std, ds prdedrojkd fd nara a cptomozar kasdfomdgtanog a jaba tdmpdratura.

KompodzaVras nafa trasodhc, ds gdndsaroc ug ankarafc ajugfagtd ncg ahua nakodgtd, pcrdspanoc fd fcs a trds mogutcs. ô ày prdsdgnoa fd tartratc, ds prdedrojkd usar ahuamuy nakodgtd y a prdsog. Dk ncgtcrgc fd ka poqudra fdjd kompoarsd ncg uga sckunog

ncgndgtrafa fd sukeotc (12 ankarafc.- Easd 62 fdnapafc ncg ka ayufa fd ug nofc.- Easd 42 fdsogednnog ka johuagofoga, utokozafa dg rdmcbc ds ug judg eughonofa.- Easd 52 ankarafc agtds fd utokozar.

Dk pasc pcr trds nujas sundsovas pdrmotd sompkoeonar kas magopukanocgds.


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>?

Ncgtrckds agaktoncs y ncgtrck fd ka nroagzaGumdrcscs agkosos pudfdg sdr rdakozafcs, y tcfcs dgroqudndrg dk ncgtrck. Vrds scgogfospdgsajkds2 ka anofdz vcktok, ka fdhustanog (Jrdttagcmynds, dvckunog) y ka tasafd ^C: kojrd. Tg ktomc pugtc fdsnrojd kcs ctrcs pcsojkds ncgtrckds a fospcsonog fdkvogoeonafcr.

Kas tasas fd ^C:Dk ^C:kojrdfdpdgfd fdk p@ y fd ka nagtofaf fd ^C:tctak2 fdjd sdr magtdgofc dgtrd:< y >4 mh/K. Tg dxndsc sd ncmjoga ncg dk dtagak, prcfunofc pcr cxofanog ncg dkdtagck. \drc, std ds omprdsnogfojkd dg kas ugocgds dgtrd agtcnoagcs y tagogcs y, pcrdkkc, dg ka dstajokozanog fdk nckcr, furagtd kcs nognc promdrcs mdsds fd nroagza.Ncgtdgofcs ogedrocrds pcfrag pdrmotor uga edrmdgtanog fd kcs aznards rdsofuakds pcrmonrccrhagosmcs ogfdsdajkds.

Tga tasa dg ^C:kojrd fd :4 mh/K ak dgnujar ncgtrojuyd dg prognopoc, dg eugnog fd kasncgfonocgds, ak magtdgomodgtc fd uga tasa satoseantcroa2 15 mh/K tras trds mdsds.Nuakquodr rdtrasc dg kcs trasodhcs pudfd, pcr dk ncgtraroc, sdr eudgtd fd prcjkdmas (pcr

dbdmpkc, dg nasc fd vdgfomoas prdncnds). Dg uga nroagza fd 5 mdsds sog trasodhc, sdprantona ug dgnujafc ncg 6< mh/K, qud gc sd rdabustar.

Dsta tasa fdjd sdr vdroeonafa ncg erdnudgnoa y rdabustafa so ds gdndsaroc.

Nmc naknukar ka nagtofaf fd ^C:kojrd a apcrtar3

1.Foedrdgnoa a satoseandr = Vasa fdsdafa Nuja a rdabustar

Dbdmpkc214 mh/K :4 mh/K = 1< mh fd ^C:kojrd/K.

:. Nagtofaf fd ^C: a aafor2 sd ncgsofdra qud dk tdrnoc sd ncmjoga. Ka nagtofaf

fdtdrmogafa dg 1 todgd puds qud muktopkonarsd pcr >/:.Dbdmpkc2 1< x >/: = 14 mh/K

>.Nagtofaf a aafor sdhg dk tamac fd ka jarrona (::4 K)2

Dbdmpkc214 x ::4 = >>84 mh/jarrona

^o sd utokozag pastokkas dedrvdsndgtds2 dkdhor uga pastokka fd 4 h dg magtdgomodgtc, 8,4c ognkusc 1< h dg ncrrdnnog. Aqu 4 h.

^o sd usa uga sckunog2 pcr dbdmpkc ak 5% c sda 5>84/5< = 45 mK.

\arakdkamdgtd, dk ncgtdgofc dg ^C: tctak fdjd pdrmagdndr dg kcs kmotds kdhakds2 csda 15< mh/K fd ^C: para kcs vogcs togtcs, :1< mh/K para kcs vogcs jkagncs y :546< mh/K fd ^C: kojrd, a nausa fd su dkdvafc ncgtdgofc dgaznards.


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64 .Ka ascnoanog fd annog qumona, tdmpdratura y akta prdsog pdrmotdg uga maycrdeonanoa. ^d afaptag kcs todmpcs fd tratamodgtc ak hrafc fd sunodfaf. ^d pudfdg tratarfd 5< a 0< jarronas pcr fa.

Udgtabas2

- Dkomoganog fd kcs sukeatcs (^C6) qud dgfurdndg kcs vogcs y pudfdg prcvcnar,dg nasc fd edrmdgtanog dg jarrona, ckcrds fd rdfunnog.- Ka rdhdgdranog fdstapa tamjog kcs promdrcs pcrcs fd ka mafdra, sog

fdseojrokarka. Dk ogtdrnamjoc dgtrd mafdra y vogc sd vd mdbcrafc.- Kcs prcndfomodgtcs autcmatozafcs prcpudstcs pcr akhugcs prdstafcrds fd

sdrvonocs pdrmotdg uga judga rdprcfuntojokofaf y uga judga rdpdtojokofafncmparafcs ncg ug kavafc maguak.

Ogncgvdgodgtds2- ^d trata gonamdgtd fd uga kompodza. Ka mafdra ya à ndfofc uga partd fd sus

ncmpudstcs ms ogtdrdsagtds.- Ka narha fd ncgtamogagtds (jantdroas y kdvafuras) ds rdfunofa, pdrc dst

sodmprd prdsdgtd.

- ô sd prcfund uga ncgtamoganog pcr nkcrcagosckds, dstd prcndsc gc kadkomogar.

Dstd tratamodgtc pudfd utokozarsd agtds fd ug akmandgamodgtc karhc c dg dk 1 c :trasodhc nuagfc kcs vogcs àg sofc dgnujafcs prcgtc (agtds fd ka edrmdgtanogaknc`kona c edrmdgtanog makckntona). Dstc ncgnodrgd dg dspdnoak kas jarronas fd fcsa trds vogcs (>5 mdsds). Ka annog dst haragtozafa scjrd dk tartratc. ^d pudfdncmprcjar vosuakmdgtd so ày qud apkonar, c gc, dstd tratamodgtc a ka jarrona.

Mcfcs fd ncgsdrvanog y vohokagnoaKas jarronas usafas vanas fd vogc fdjdg ncgsdrvarsd, tras kompoarkas y azuerarkas,dsquovd ndrrafc, ak ajrohc fd aordanocgds c fd vdgtokanocgds dxndsovas qud pudfdg

fdsdnar ka mafdra. Tga tdmpdratura dstajkd y erdsna ds prdedrojkd, para ompdfornuakquodr edgmdgc fd fokatanog. Gc fdjdg rdpcsar scjrd dk sudkc, sogc scjrdscpcrtds (ponafdrcs).

Fdmasoafa ùmdfaf eavcrdndr dk fdsarrckkc fd mc`cs y jantdroas, modgtras qud ugaatmsedra fdmasoafc sdna prcvcnar uga fdsòfratanog fd ka mafdra2 kas fudkas yagc dstg dgtcgnds pdhafas ugas a ctras y dk aord dxtdrocr rdgudva ka atmsedraogtdrocr, nuyc ncgtdgofc dg ^C: fosmoguyd. 04% fd ùmdfaf rdkatova pardndafdnuafc, sog scjrdpasar dk ?


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Vras ka kompodza, uga fcsos fd 4 h fd azuerd pdrmotd tratar ka jarrona. Dk promdr mds, ugazuerafc sdmagak asdhura ug judg sdnafc fd ka mafdra. \cstdrocrmdgtd, ugmagtdgomodgtc mdgsuak ncg uga fcsos fd 4 h ds sueonodgtd. ô kas ncgfonocgds fdùmdfaf y fd tdmpdratura fd akmandgamodgtc scg rdspdtafas, kcs azuerafcs pcfrgsdr dspanoafcs àsta ug mxomc fd trds mdsds. Dg dstd nasc, ug azuerafc fd 1< h, akogonoc, ds ms sdhurc.

@ay qud ncgtrckar rdhukarmdgtd ka ncgsdrvanog y asdhurarsd fd qud gc apardndg goponafuras go fdsdnamodgtc (ncgtrckds vosuak y ckeatovc).

ôg dmjarhc, dk mcfc fd ncgsdrvanog ofdak ncgsostd dg magtdgdr ka jarrona sodmprdkkdga. As puds, ày qud eavcrdndr uga pkagoeonanog fd ka jcfdha y fd ka nroagza ncgcjbdtc fd sustotuor, nuagtc agtds, ug vogc pcr ctrc.

Narantdrstonas fd uga jcfdha

Ncgndpnog fd kas dfoeonanocgdsKa ompcrtagnoa ctcrhafa a ka dsttona mcfoeona dk rdsuktafc dg trmogcs fd supdreonod,fd ncstd y fd eugnocgakofaf.

Fomdgsocgafc

Ka supdreonod tdrona dg dk sudkc fd uga jarrona tragspcrtd fd ::4 K ds fd m:(kcghotuf fd


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Kcs prdnocs ogfonatovcs, para uga òkdra fd 1< jarronas ::4::0 K, scg fd 11< a 1>< OUA gc ognkuofc, sog kas pasardkas go kas eobanocgds gdndsaroas, so sd scjrdpasa nuatrcakturas.

Dstrunturas mdtkonasqud ncgtodgdg fcs jarronas a ka vdz y pdrmotdg magopukarkasncg ka ayufa fd uga narrdtokka dkdvafcra y apokarkas.

\csonocgamodgtc

Ka jcfdha gc fdjd dstar dxpudsta a kas ogtdmpdrods y kas eudrtds varoanocgdsnkomatckhonas. Tga jcfdha sujtdrrgda eanokota ka rdhukanog trmona y dkmagtdgomodgtc fd uga ùmdfaf afaptafa.

Ogstakanocgds ogtdrocrds y drramodgtasTga jcfdha fd jarronas fdjd dstar dquopafa fd uga kgda fd kavafc as ncmc fd`drramodgtas dspdneonas.

Kgda fd kavafc y fd dstueafc fd kas jarronas2 dk ahua nakodgtd (7 0< N) y dk ahuaera kkdhag ànoa ugcs najdzakds fd akta prdsog (64 jar), rctatovcs c gc. ô gc ugscpcrtd horatcroc pdrmotor apkonar ug mcvomodgtc fd rctanog a ka jarrona y aknagzartcfa ka supdreonod ogtdrocr, dg dk mcmdgtc fdk ankarafc.

Ka saka dst dquopafa fd uga dvanuanog fd ahuas ncmc fd scpcrtds scjrd kcs nuakdskas jarronas sd dsnurrdg. A ncgtoguanog, stas sdrg azuerafas, pcr kc qud uga judgavdgtokanog ds omprdsnogfojkd. Tg ajscrjdfcr fd ^C: ompofd qud dk magopukafcrrdspord kas dmaganocgds fd azuerd qud sd dsnapag fd kas jarronas mdnàfas dg dkmcmdgtc fd su kkdgafc.

Dg ka maycra fd kas jcfdhas, kas foedrdgtds dtapas fd kompodza sd dedntag

maguakmdgtd. Kcs todmpcs fd ankarafc sd fdbag ak nrotdroc fdk cpdraroc. Dxostdg kgdasqud pdrmotdg dstagfarozar dk kavafc y cptomozar ka nagtofaf fd ahua dmpkdafa2 kaseugnocgds ahua era ahua nakodgtd, dsnurrofc, kdvagtamodgtc y jabafa dstgautcmatozafas, kc qud mdbcra ka sdhurofaf, ka rdprcfuntojokofaf y ka pdgcsofaf fdktrajabc.

\cr supudstc, dk matdroak vdgfr fdeogofc pcr dk topc fd nroagza dkdhofa. Ka kgda fdkavafc sd ncmpkdta dgtcgnds ncg ug aparatc qud ncmprdgfd ug najdzak surtofcr fdrctanog trofomdgsocgak y ug pod fd asporanog rdhukajkd, pdrmotodgfc as uga kompodzaog sotufd kas jarronas (vdr kavafc fd kas jarronas y fdk matdroak).

@drramodgtas dspdneonas a kcs fostogtcs trajabcs fd jcfdha2 narrdtokkas fdatdstamodgtc, huarfavogc fd akmandgamodgtc ogtdrmdfoc, rdhafdras fd rdkkdgc,

jcmjcgas fd has ogdrtd

Ds ogfospdgsajkd ka utokozanog fd jcmjas dg dk trajabc fd jcfdha (tajka UO).

Kas jcmjas fctafas fd parafas autcmtonas scg prdedrojkds.

Kas jcmjas fd kjukcs c pdrostktonas scg kas ms aprcpoafas para kas jarronas2pdrmotdg magopukar pdqudcs vckmdgds, ncg pcnas prfofas y dstg fctafas fd ugaparafa autcmtona rpofa.


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Zdhukanocgds

Ds ogfospdgsajkd ncgtrckar, y dvdgtuakmdgtd rdhukar, ka tdmpdratura y ka ùmdfaf fdkdfoeonoc. A ncgtoguanog, sd fdsnrojdg kas hragfds kgdas a rdspdtar.

Vdmpdratura

Dk ncgtrck fd ka tdmpdratura fd ka jcfdha fdjd sdr pkagdafc dg eugnog fdk topc fdvogc a dkajcrar y fd ka dvckunog fdsdafa. Tga nroagza osctdrma (db2 1:16 N)amogcra ka dvckunog fdk vogc.

Ak prognopoc fd ka nroagza, ug dgeroamodgtc fdk vogc ànoa 41< N furagtd dk promdrogvodrgc ds eavcrajkd a su nkaroeonanog (prdnopotanog rpofa fd kas sakds fdk nofctartronc y fd kas matdroas nckcragtds ogdstajkds).

Ms tarfd, ka tdmpdratura gc fdjd scjrdpasar kcs :< N. Ms akk, sd fdhrafag kcs

agtcnoagcs, y pcr ncgsdnudgtd dk nckcr, y kcs tagogcs dvckunocgag fdmasoafcrpofamdgtd, sdnagfc dk vogc, ncg rodshcs monrcjockhoncs anrdndgtafcs. Tgatdmpdratura fd 101? N pdrmotd ug judg fdsarrckkc fd kas rdannocgds qumonas. Fdsdr ms dkdvafa, pudfd tdgdr kuhar uga fdsvoanog fd nodrtcs edgmdgcs qumoncs,prcfunodgfc hustcs fd ncnofc c fd cxofafc.

Vajka UO Udgtabas d ogncgvdgodgtds fd kas jcmjas sdhg su utokozanogVO\C^ FD JCMJA UDGVABA^ OGNCGUDGODGVD^Fd kjukc c turjoga fdpakdta

AutcakomdgtafaNaufak rdkatovamdgtdncgstagtd, qud sd pudfdmcgtar ncg ug jypass\rdsog sueonodgtd paraeoktrar

Dk jcmjdc dg vanc pudfdfaar kas pakdtasKompodza jastagtd foenok

Fd postg Autcakomdgtafa\drmotd jcmjdar kquofcsturjocsDs pcsojkd uga parafaautcmtona dg nasc fdsupdrprdsogNcgvdgodgtd

\rdsdgnoa fd vckmdgdsmudrtcs cnasocgagfcprfofas y foenok fd kompoarMcvomodgtc aktdrgatovc(varoanocgds fd prdsog yfd naufak)Tg eugnocgamodgtc dg vancfaa ka jcmja

Fd tcrgokkc (rctcr/dstatcr) Naufak rdhukar \cna prdsog (gc pudfdusarsd dg eoktranog)Gc autcakomdgtafa (fdjd

sdr akomdgtafa pcrhravdfaf)Foenok fd kompoar

\drostktona AutcakomdgtafaGc ày prfofasGc ày cxohdganogGc ay nozakkafura@ohodgd pdrednta

Fdshastd rpofc fd kcstujcs


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Dg dk nursc fdk sdhugfc ac, gc pardnd fdsdajkd qud kcs vogcs togtcs suerag uga tagampkoa varoanog fd tdmpdratura. \cr ug kafc, uga hrag partd fd kas prdnopotanocgds yaà tdgofc kuhar y, pcr ctrc, fdspus fd ka nkaroeonanog, sd pudfd tdmdr qudtdmpdraturas fdmasoafc aktas, dg vdragc, eavcrdznag uga andkdranog gdeasta fd kadvckunog fd kcs ncmpudstcs edgkoncs. Tg ogtdrvakc fdsdajkd fd tdmpdratura pudfdsotuarsd akrdfdfcr fd kcs 1:14 N. Ds arrodshafc dxpcgdr ug vogc, nuyc p@ dssupdrocr a >.0, a tdmpdraturas supdrocrds a kcs 14 c 15 N.

@umdfaf

Ka ùmdfaf fd kas jcfdhas fdjd, pcr ug kafc, ompdfor uga dvapcranog fdmasoafcompcrtagtd, eavcrdnofa pcr uga atmsedra sdna, y pcr ctrc, uga prfofa fd aknc`ck pcrvckatokozanog, prdedrdgnoak nuagfc ka atmsedra fd ka jcfdha dst saturafa fd ahua.

Ka ùmdfaf rdkatova fdjd varoar dgtrd 84% y ?


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Kas dstrunturas

Ka mafdra

Furagtd todmpc, sd à ncgsofdrafc ka mafdra ncmc gaturak y ascnoafa a ka antovofafvogncka. Gumdrcscs armazcgds scg fd mafdra c fd kamogcscdgnckafc. ôgdmjarhc, aspdntc dsttonc apartd, ka mafdra ds foenok fd kompoar.

Dg dk mcmdgtc fd ka ncgstrunnog c fd ka rdgcvanog fd ka jcfdha c fd kcs dfoeonocsagdxcs, ds fdsdajkd asdhurarsd qud kas mafdras utokozafas gc ncgtodgdg ncmpudstcscrhagcnkcrafcs. Dk prcvddfcr c ncgstruntcr fdjd ndrtoeonar ka gcncgtamoganog fd kcsmatdroakds y fd kcs rdvdstomodgtcs dmpkdafcs mdfoagtd ug atdstafc dgtrdhafc pcr ugkajcratcroc ogfdpdgfodgtd. Ncmc mdfofa fd sdhurofaf, ncgvodgd sdparar kas jcfdhasfd nroagza fd kcs kcnakds fd akmandgamodgtc fd pakdts y fd nabas fd dxpdfonog.

Dk andrc

Dk andrc ds dk matdroak ms utokozafc para kcs armazcgds fd kcs dfoeonocs ogfustroakds.Ds dk ms jaratc y dk ms rpofc fd nckcnar. ^d afapta enokmdgtd a kcs rdquosotcs fddxpkctanog.

Ds ompdratovc prdvdrkc hakvagozafc para dvotar nuakquodr ncrrcsog dg atmsedras amdgufc `mdfas. ô ka dkdnnog sd fdnagta pcr razcgds dsttonas pcr dk armazgpogtafc, ày qud dxohor uga pogtura dspdneona (ncmpatojkd ncg ug dgtcrgc akomdgtonoc)ncg ug mgomc fd trds napas. \rdsdgta dk ogncgvdgodgtd fd nrdar zcgas fd pudgtdtrmonc y fd rdtdgnog, ogncgvdgodgtd qud sd pcfr komotar ncg ka nckcnanog fdpagdkds aoskagtds fd ecrrc ogtdrocr. û rdsostdgnoa ak eudhc ds pcr ctra partd komotafa.

Dk `crmohg

Ms narc (dg hdgdrak) y mdgcs ekdxojkd fd utokozanog, gc prdsdgta kcs ogncgvdgodgtdsfdk andrc, dg kc rdedrdgtd a ogndgfocs y aoskamodgtc. ^d afapta jodg a ka rdakozanog fdjcfdhas fd jarronas ajcvdfafas scjrd tcfc ncg dstrunturas prdeajronafasdspdnoakmdgtd fosdafas para dstd eog.

Zdvdstomodgtc fd kcs sudkcs

Ka maycr partd fd kcs sudkcs fd jcfdha fd nroagza dst ncgstotuofa fd dgkcsafc c fdkcsas fd `crmohg. Kas pdgfodgtds y kcs sostdmas fd dvanuanog fdjdg sdr pdgsafcsdg dsta easd, para haragtozar uga kompodza enok. Kas narantdrstonas fdk sudkc vdgfrgfdeogofas pcr dk topc fd anajafcs.

Anajafc a jasd fd ndmdgtc


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^d dmpkdag trds tngonas2

- Dk `crmohg rdnujodrtc ncg dspckvcrdamodgtc fd hragukafcs furcs (1< a 14ih/m:).

- Tga napa prctdntcra ogncrpcrafa agtofdshastd, ncgstotuofa pcr ka apcrtanogscjrd `crmohg erdsnc fd ug mcrtdrc a jasd fd ndmdgtc y fd ahrdhafcsfurcs, fd ug dspdscr fd 4 a 1< mm.

- Tga napa prctdntcra afonocgak agtofdshastd y fd 5 a 0 nm fd hrcscr.Dstas fcs ktomas tngonas apcrtag uga maycr rdsostdgnoa dg nasc fd nornukanogompcrtagtd. Dstd topc fd sudkc gc ds ancgsdbajkd, ya qud ds rdsjakafozc dg mdfocs`mdfcs y gc ds rdsostdgtd a kcs nofcs. ^d rdsdrvar puds para kcs kcnakds sdncs,ncg ug rcfamodgtc ompcrtagtd (zcgas fd dxpdfonog y fd akmandgamodgtc fd pakdts).

Zdsoga/Dmosocgds

Dg partonukar, sd utokozag dstas napas para ka prctdnnog ncgtra ka ncrrcsog. Dk mcrtdrcsogttonc sd ncmpcgd fd trds dkdmdgtcs2

- Ka rdsoga, prognopakmdgtd fd topc dpcxo, pdrc tamjog dgncgtramcs rdsogas fdpckourdtagc (prctdnnog supkdmdgtaroa dg nasc fd ncgtantc ncg prcfuntcs fdtdmpdratura supdrocr a 5< N) c mdtokmdtanrokatcs. @ay qud tdgdr nuofafc ncgdk fdsprdgfomodgtc fd ckcr dg dk mcmdgtc fd su nckcnanog.

- Dk dgfurdndfcr c natakozafcr.- Kas narhas, hragukafcs fd sokonoc.

Dk mdrnafc cerdnd foedrdgtds prcfuntcs. ^d ancgsdba fdsnrojor ncg munàprdnosog dk topc fd rdquosotcs fdk kcnak (trgsotc, prcfuntcs fd kompodzadmpkdafcs) para dedntuar ka sdkdnnog. Dg tcfcs kcs nascs, dk dspdscrmgomc rdqudrofc fdjd sdr fd 4 mm y dk ncdeonodgtd fd rczamodgtc ncmcmgomc fd < (sdhg nknukc fdk OGZ^*).

@ay qud àkkar ug dquokojroc dgtrd kcs sudkcs rdsjakafozcs y ka eanokofaf fd kompodza. Kcs

sudkcs autcakosagtds dstg prcòjofcs dg kas jcfdhas (artnukc Z :>4>.> fdk nfohcfd trajabc).

*OGZ^2 Ogstotut Ganocgak fd Zdn`drn`d dg ^nurot. Dstufocs àg fdtdrmogafc kcsncdeonodgtds fd rczamodgtc (rdprdsdgtagfc ka af`drdgnoa fdk sudkc) pcr fdjabc fd kcsnuakds dk rodshc fd rdsjakar ya gc ds andptajkd.

Fd jabc ncstd (fd >< a >4 sog OUA pcr m:), kcs mcrtdrcs fd rdsoga prdsdgtag ugajudga rdsostdgnoa erdgtd a kas ahrdsocgds qumonas y mdngonas. ^cg agtordsjakafozcs y enokds fd kompoar. \rdsdgtag uga gdutrakofaf ncg rdkanog a kcsprcfuntcs akomdgtonocs. Vamjog, scg dsttoncs. Dstas napas prctdntcras rdquodrdg kaogtdrvdgnog fd uga dmprdsa dspdnoakozafa y fd judgas ncgfonocgds fd nckcnanog(dgkcsafc sdnc, tdmpdratura supdrocr a 1< N). Kas ugocgds ncg kas pardfds sdrg

cjbdtc fd ug nuofafc partonukar para haragtozar uga judga òhodgd fd kcs sudkcs. Dsgdndsaroc prdvdr ka rdakozanog fd ug znakc fd mdfoanaa, dgkcsafc c fd rdsoga.


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Ahua muy jkagfa Dgtrd


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Gaturakdza fd kas supdreonods

Ka prdsdgnoa fd supdreonods kosas y pkagas, fd dkdmdgtcs fdsmcgtajkds y fd matdroakdsafaptafcs (andrc ogcxofajkd, rdsogas) mdbcra ka deonanoa fd kcs prcfuntcs. \cr dk

ncgtraroc, ka prdsdgnoa fd ùdncs, fd ajckkafuras y fd supdreonods ruhcsas (ndmdgtcjrutc, mafdra) foeonukta ka kompodza, ya qud nafa aspdrofaf sd vudkvd ug pugtc fdagnkabd para ka magnà.

Narantdrstonas fd kcs prcfuntcs fd òhodgd

Kcs prcfuntcs fd kompodza sd narantdrozag pcr2

û pcfdr sdnudstragtd c fospdrsagtd2 aptotuf a magtdgdr kas magnàs dgsuspdgsog.

Ka naustonofaf2 dvakuanog fd ka napanofaf a sdr dmpkdafa ncg kas ahuas furas.

Ncgstotuyd uga dspdnod fd rdsdrva fd aknakogofaf.

Dk pcfdr fosckvdgtd2napanofaf para sckujokozar kcs prcfuntcs mogdrakds. Dk fosckvdgtdpudfd sdr a jasd fd andotd gaturak c fd ctrc andotd.

Dk pcfdr mcbagtd2 apcrtafc pcr ka prdsdgnoa fd tdgsocantovcs napands fd sckujokozarkas magnàs òfrecjas (andotds, nudrpcs hrascs), as ncmc kas pardfds fd kcshrmdgds.

Dk pcfdr fdsogedntagtd2 narantdrozafc pcr dk dspdntrc fd annog scjrd kcsmonrccrhagosmcs. Kcs fdsogedntagtds sd nkasoeonag dg eugnog fd su mcfc fd annog.Nuakquodra qud sda su mcfc fd antuar, ds cjkohatcroc dgbuahar fdspus fd ugafdsogednnog.

Dk prcfuntc ofdak fdjd2

- tdgdr ug dspdntrc fd deonanoa muy ampkoc,- gc tdgdr uga annog ncrrcsova scjrd kcs matdroakds,- sdr mcbagtd, dmuksocgagtd, ncg dkdvafc pcfdr fd fospdrsog (agto

rdfdpcsonog),- sdr enok fd dkomogar mdfoagtd ankarafc,- gc sdr pdkohrcsc para kcs utokozafcrds.

Goghuga sustagnoa pcsdd tcfas dstas nakofafds. \cr dkkc, a mdgufc, ày qud utokozarfcs prcfuntcs sundsovcs. ^kc sd pudfd fdsogedntar jodg scjrd uga supdreonod kompoa.

Ka dkdnnog fd kcs prcfuntcs fd kompodza fdjd tdgdr dg nudgta varocs eantcrds2 kagaturakdza fd kas magnàs, ka gaturakdza fd ka supdreonod a kompoar (fdjd sdr ogdrtderdgtd ak prcfuntc dmpkdafc), dk ahua y su furdza, ka tngona fd kompodza (kompodzamaguak, kompodza og sotu). Kcs prcfuntcs fd kompodza gc fdjdg sdr pdreumafcs.


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Vopc fd magnàs Dkdnnog fdk prcfuntcMagnàs crhgonas erdsnas Aknakogc mdfoc, aknakogc nkcrafcMagnàs crhgonas sdnas, ncnofas cnarjcgozafas

Aknakogc eudrtd

Nckcranocgds crhgonas Aknakogc nkcrafc, pdrxofcHrasas mogdrakds FosckvdgtdsMagnàs mogdrakds nofcMagnàs monrcjoagas Fdsogedntagtd

Dg ka jcfdha, kcs prcfuntcs fd kompodza nkcrafcs y jrcmafcs dstg prcòjofcs dg dkmagtdgomodgtc fd matdroakds crhgoncs (ncmc ka mafdra), para ompdfor ka aparonog fdmcknukas rhagc akhdgas, eudgtd fd hustc fd mc`c.

Dk pdrxofc fd òfrhdgc c ahua cxohdgafa ds prdedrojkd2 ds ug cxofagtd pctdgtd fddspdntrc monrcjonofa muy ampkoc. û annog ds orrdvdrsojkd (kcs monrccrhagosmcs gc sdancstumjrag).

Dg mdfoc nofc, kas sckunocgds fd pdrxofc fd òfrhdgc scg dstajkds y, ms ag,

nuagfc dk p@ ds jabc. Dsta sustagnoa sd pudfd utokozar dg erc y a jaba ncgndgtranog,pdrc dk todmpc fd annog ds rdkatovamdgtd kdgtc. Dg kas ecrmukanocgds qud kkdvag nofcecseronc, sd rdncmodgfa trajabar a tdmpdraturas supdrocrds a 5< N, para eavcrdndr kakojdranog fd cxhdgc. Dk pdrxofc fd òfrhdgc gc fa goghg rdsofuc txonc y gc dsncrrcsovc. Dg dedntc, sd fdsncmpcgd dg ahua y dg cxhdgc. Dg mdfoc aknakogc, sdcjtodgd ka antovanog ms ompcrtagtd, pdrc ka ogdstajokofaf fd ka mdznka ompcgd ugaprdparanog rdnodgtd.

@ay fdsogedntagtds gc cxofagtds qud antag pcr jkcqudc fdk eugnocgamodgtc fd kcsmonrccrhagosmcs2 kcs amcgocs nuatdrgarocs, kas johuagofogas as ncmc kas akquokagofas(ndrnagas a kas sakds fd johuagofogas). Dstcs prcfuntcs scg ms dstajkds y mdgcspdkohrcscs para dk cpdraroc, pdrc skc jkcqudag dk mdtajckosmc2 dk rodshc fdrdsostdgnoa ds rdak.

Mcfakofafds fd kompodza

Nuakdsquodra qud sdag dk mtcfc fd kompodza dmpkdafc y dk topc fd matdroakncgsofdrafc, dk fdsarrckkc hkcjak ds sodmprd dk mosmc. Dk rdspdtc nrcgckhonc fd kaseasds ncgfonocga ka deonanoa fd kas cpdranocgds fd fdsogednnog2

Easd 12 raspafc fd kas supdreonodsEasd :2 ankarafcEasd >2 kompodzaEasd 62 ankarafcEasd 42 fdsogednnogEasd 52 ankarafc

@ay qud kavar kas pardfds y kcs sudkcsncg ug fdtdrhdgtd, ofdakmdgtd jabc ecrmafd dspuma.

Kasmagnàs dg rdhudrcs y kcs ncgfuntcssd dkomogagmdngonamdgtd. ô, dg dkmcmdgtc fdk kavafc, dk n`crrc gc à sofc sueonodgtd, ncgvodgd apkonar fd gudvc ugprcfuntc kompoafcr ms ug fdsogedntagtd.^d ancgsdba àndr dstd magtdgomodgtc rdhukarmdgtd, dg dspdnoak agtds fdkdmjctdkkafc y ka kkdhafa fdk gudvc mokksom.


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Jcmjas y tujdras scg eudgtds ompcrtagtds fd ncgtamoganog. Kas tujdraspkstonas c fd naun`c ncg eosuras pudfdg sdr gofcs fd ncgtamoganog, sd fdjdgkompoar y, so ds pcsojkd, fdsogedntar tras nafa utokozanog. Kcs hroecs fd dgnujafctamjog ncrrdg dk rodshc fd prcpahar kcs monrccrhagosmcs.

Tg sdgnokkc junkd rdakozafc scjrd ug rdnopodgtd fd ug vckumdg fd 1


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Ncstds fd kas jarronas

Dk prdnoc ugotaroc fd uga jarrona gudvads fd :4< a 54< . Kudhc, pdrfdr dk 4 acs, sdhg ka cedrta y ka fdmagfa.

Ncstd jarrona (/jctdkka) =

(prdnoc fd ncmpra prdnoc rdsofuak)x 1/(todmpc ncgsdrvanogx >< kotrcspcr jarrona.

Dk aoskamodgtc trmonc, ka vdgtokanog y dk ncgtrck fd ka `umdfaf budhag dvofdgtdmdgtdug rck ompcrtagtd scjrd dsta tasa. Dk vckumdg fd ka jarrona tamjog ogtdrvodgd2 ug hragncgtdgofc fosmoguor kas prfofas fordntas fd vogc.

Judgas jcfdhas eras y `mdfas2 1 a : % fd prfofa pcr dvapcranog.Jcfdhas ncrrodgtds2 6 a 4 % fd prfofas.Kuhards mak ncgndjofcs, fdmasoafc nakodgtds y sdncs y, dvdgtuakmdgtd, dxpudstcs a

ncrrodgtds fd aord2 ? % fd prfofa.Dk prdnoc fd ncstd fd ka jctdkka sd vdr ogekuofc ncmc sohud2

Ncstd ncgsumc /jctdkka = vckumdg fd prfofas x prdnoc fdk vogc x 1/>


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Dk ncstd fd ka magc fd cjra / jctdkka sdr2 dk gmdrc fd `cras / 1< a 0< %Dfoeonoc 4 a >4 %Ncgsumc 4 a :4 %Magc fd cjra > a :< %

Dk nknukc fdjd `andrsd, nasc a nasc. Najd rdnaknar qud sd fdjd jusnar ugncmprcmosc dgtrd dk ogtdrs dncgmonc y dk govdk fd nakofaf fdsdafc.


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Hkcsaroc

A\OKAFC Apokar kas jarronas scjrd kcs scpcrtds (ponafdrcs).

ARTDKA podza fd mafdra ogtdrmdfoa qud sd àkka dg ka ncmpcsonog fd ug ecgfc fdjarrona dgtrd kas podzas fdk ndgtrc (podzas madstras) y kas fcs podzas fd kas

dxtrdmofafds (nàgtdkds).

JAZZA \odza fd mafdra, eobafa pcr nkavobas hdgdrakmdgtd fd mafdra, qud sdnckcna dxtdrocrmdgtd para nruzar kas podzas fdk ecgfc fd uga jarrona c fd ug tcgdk. Kajarra todgd ncmc cjbdtovc rdecrzar ka rdsostdgnoa fdk ecgfc d ompdfor as qud ka prdsogfdk kquofc fdsecgfd c ognkusc a vdnds rdvodgtd dk ecgfc. Ka jarra todgd tamjog ug eogdsttonc y ds trafonocgak dg akhugas eajronanocgds.

JCTÔGAHD Tg sdhugfc qudmafc nudnd dk ogtdrocr fd ka jarrona y pdrmotd kadxprdsog arcmtona fd ka mafdra fd rcjkd.

NAGOKKA Hroec fd mafdra c fd mdtak aùdnafc qud sd pcgd dg uga jarrona c nujapara sanar dk kquofc.

NKAUOBA \odza pdquda fd mafdra kohdramdgtd pugtoahufa qud dk tcgdkdrc nckcnadg kcs ahubdrcs ajodrtcs a ka najdza fd kas fudkas y qud sorvd para subdtar ka jarra ypara scstdgdr dk ecgfc fd uga jarrona (vdr jarra).

NCKCNANOG FD TG ECGFC Tga masa prdparafa ncg ahua era, àroga fdndgtdgc y ug pcnc fd ndgoza fd mafdra nujror dg dk ogtdrocr fdk bajkd para asdhurar kadstagqudofaf. Dk tcgdkdrc nckcna dk bajkd2 hckpda ncg ug martokkc scjrd ka nara dxtdrgafd nafa fudka a ka aktura fdk bajkd para àndr qud dk ecgfc pdgdtrd jodg dg std. Dkecgfc fdjd dstar pdredntamdgtd afaptafc, sogc fdjd rdàndrsd ncg ncmps.

NCKKAZ \artd fd ka jarrona qud sd dgnudgtra dg nafa motaf fdk tcgdk, dgtrd kancmja y dk dxtrdmc.

NCG^TMC Mdrmas rdkanocgafas ncg dk kkdgafc fd ka jarrona nuagfc sd nckma fdvogc, ncg ka dvapcranog c ncg kas prfofas fd vanoamodgtc.

N@AEKG \artd apardgtd fdk dxtrdmc fd ka jarrona dgnoma fdk ecgfc. ^d cjtodgdquotagfc ncg ka ayufa fd kassd fd rdncrtd ka motaf fdk dspdscr fd kas fudkasjosdkafas.

FCKAFTZA Annog fd àndr ka nara fd uga fudka para farkd rdfcgfdzncrrdspcgfodgtd ak fomdtrc fd ka jarrona, pdrc tamjog para farkd dk dspdscr fdsdafc.

FTDKA \artd dkdmdgtak kcghotufogak fd mafdra fd rcjkd fd ka pardf fd tcfcs kcstcgdkds.

FCTROK Gcmjrd fafc a vdnds dg nodrtas rdhocgds a ka dspota fd ug jarrok.

DMJAZZOKAMODGVC \udsta dg tcgdk, agtac ncg ug dmjufc.

D^\ZZAHC Nkavoba fd òdrrc c fd mafdra qud sorvd para ugor kas podzas fd ecgfcfd kas jarronas dgtrd dkkas.


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D^\OGDVA Nkavoba pdquda fd mafdra fdstogafa a tapar kcs ahubdrcs `dn`cs pcrkcs ogsdntcs fd ka mafdra.

D^\OVA Nkavoba pdquda fd mafdra, rdfcgfda y pugtoahufa, qud sd usa para taparkcs ahubdrcs `dn`cs dg uga jarrona ncg ug takafrc c uga jrcna ncg cjbdtc fd natar dkvogc.

D^QTOUD Croeonoc pdqudc sotuafc dg dk ecgfc fd ka jarrona, pcr dk nuak sd rdnchdgkas kas.

EKDBD FD NCMJA Dk arc qud dst ms ndrna fd ka ncmja c fd ka partd nognàfafd ka jarrona (pcr fdjabc fd 1< nm fdk ndgtrc fd ka jarrona dk nogn`c fd ncmja ya gc dsdeonaz).

EKDBD FD NCKKAZ Arc sotuafc dg dk nckkar, c sda dg ka partd fdrdnà dgtrd kancmja y dk dxtrdmc. ^d fostoghud dk hrag nckkar, qud dst dk ms jabc, y dk nckkarpdqudc, qud sd sota dgnoma.

EKDBD FD BAJKD Nogn`c qud dst a ka najdza fd ka jarrona dg erdgtd fdk bajkd.@ay2 dk jabcnajdza sotuafc dxantamdgtd erdgtd ak bajkd y dk ekdbd fd bajkd c todsta, quddst dg kcs dxtrdmcs fd ka jarrona.

EKDBD FD MAFDZA Nogn`c `dn`c hdgdrakmdgtd ncg takkcs fd nastac rd`dgfofcs,pdrc tamjog agtohuamdgtd fd erdsgc, fd saund, fd àya, fd akosc y fd kamc.

ECGFC \odzas fd ecgfc qud ecrmag dk ncgbugtc fdk ecgfc fd uga jarrona.

ECGFC \agdk fd podzas fd mafdra, fd ecrma nornukar, qud nodrra dk nasnc fd kajarrona a nafa dxtrdmc.

ETFZD C NTJA Zdnopodgtd fd mafdra fd hrag napanofaf para ka vogoeonanog c dkdgvdbdnomodgtc fd kcs vogcs y kcs dsporotucscs.

HTO^VZD Gcmjrd fafc a ug rasnafcr utokozafc pcr dk tcgdkdrc. Ka huostrd sdncmpcgd fd ug maghc y fd uga `cba fd andrc muy eoga qud fdjd sdr aeogafa muyeogamdgtd y nuyc òkc todgd qud sdr horafc ncg ug kafc fd dsncpkc c fd uga varokka fdandrc muy kosa. Ka huostrd todgd foedrdgtds ecrmas sdhg dk trajabc a dbdnutar. @ay kahuostrd fd nàgekg, dstrdnà y aeokafa dg rdfcgfc y ka huostrd fd ecgfc, agnà y nasordnta. \asar ka huostrd scjrd uga partd fd ka jarrona ya trajabafa pcr ctra `drramodgtatodgd ncmc eogakofaf haragtozar ug anajafc muy kosc y kompoc.

@DGFOFTZA Annog qud pdrmotd cjtdgdr kas fudkas y kas podzas fdk ecgfc a partorfd kas tajkas fd rcjkd.

BAJKD Zagura rdakozafa ncg ka ayufa fdk anakagafcr dg nafa dxtrdmc fd ug tcgdk

para dgharzarkd dk ecgfc.BTGNC \kagta fd kas marosmas y rcs pcnc prceugfcs fd takkcs y `cbas nokgfronas. Dktcgdkdrc dmpkda dk bugnc tras àjdrkc partofc dg fcs, c sckamdgtd ajodrtc, y sota ugaramota fd bugnc dgtrd nafa bugta fd sus podzas fd ecgfc para ncmpdgsar kcs pdqudcsfdedntcs fd ugog y asdhurar ka dstagqudofaf ajsckuta fd kcs ecgfcs. Dk bugnc tamjogpudfd haragtozar ka dstagqudofaf akrdfdfcr fd kcs tapcgds (kas poqudras) fd mafdra.


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KKAGVA Zcfokkc fd òdrrc, agn`c, pkagc y fdkhafc dg dk nuak dk tcgdkdrc ncrta kcsekdbds fdstogafcs a ndrnar ka jarrona para haragtozar su rdsostdgnoa a kcs hckpds y sudstagqudofaf. Ds tamjog dk gcmjrd fafc a nodrtcs ekdbds fd mafdra qud scg msagn`cs y ms dspdscs qud kcs ekdbds fd tamac gcrmak.

MOMJZD Vakkc eogc y ekdxojkd fd uga dspdnod fd saund qud sd utokozaja para rdakozarkas ugocgds y sdrva scjrd tcfc, partofc dg fcs c trds, para dedntuar kas kohafuras fdkcs ekdbds fd mafdra.

\A^ FA^^D \artd ogtdrocr fd ka dxtrdmofaf fd uga jarrona fcgfd dst navafc dkbajkd.

\ONAFDZC ^cpcrtd para jarronas ncgstotuofc fd fcs rakds qud pdrmotd qud kajarrona fdsnagsd scjrd k y kdvagtarka fdk sudkc.

\O\A Zdnopodgtd fd mafdra fd napanofaf varoajkd fdstogafc a ncgtdgdr vogc ckquofcs. Vrmogc hdgronc para jarrona c tcgdk.

\OQTDZA Ahubdrc rdfcgfc prantonafc dg dk ndgtrc dxantc fd uga fudka, fd ugajarrona. Dsta fudka fd `dn`c sd fdgcmoga fudka fd poqudra. Ds ohuakmdgtd dk gcmjrdfdk tapg fd ncrn`c, mafdra c sokoncga qud nodrra dstd ahubdrc.

QTDMAFC _ NCMJAFTZA Vcfas kas mafdras fd kcs euturcs tcgdkds y jarronasscg qudmafas scjrd ug eudhc fd rcjkd a eog fd suavozarkas (ds dk qudmafc) y farkds dknurvafc gdndsaroc (ncmjafura).

ZDNCZVD^ Zdstcs fd mafdra qud qudfag tras ncrtar kas fudkas. Dg ka prntona,dstcs erahmdgtcs sorvdg, bugtc ncg kas vorutas, para nakdgtar ka jarrona para fcjkarka.

VAJKA \AZA FTDKAMafdra fd rcjkd `dgfofa dg tajkcgds fdstogafa a kaeajronanog fd kas jarronas.

VAKA Gcmjrd qud a vdnds sd fa a ug hrag ekdbd fd òdrrc sotuafc dg kcs dxtrdmcsfd akhugcs tcgdkds fd tragspcrtd.

VAKAFZC Jrcna ncrta ncg dmpuafura. Dk takafrc fdk tcgdkdrc sd pardnd mun`c,dg ms rdsostdgtd, a ug sanancrn`cs. ^d usa para ahubdrdar kcs ecgfcs fd kas jarronaskkdgafas fd vogc fd fd aknc`ck, para àndr dgtrar dk aord y eavcrdndr ka sakofa fdkkquofc. Dk ahubdrc `dn`c pcr dk takafrc sd tapa ncg uga dspota.

VAGOGC ûstagnoa fd crohdg vdhdtak ncgtdgofa dg ka mafdra fd rcjkd as ncmc dgka podk y kas pdpotas fd ka uva. Fdsdmpda ug papdk ompcrtagtd dg dk dgvdbdnomodgtc fdkcs vogcs.

VCGDK Fdsohga, bugtcs c ogfovofuakmdgtd, ka jarrona, dk tcgdk, ka nuja, dk eufrd, dtn.

_, fd uga magdra hdgdrak, tcfcs kcs rdnopodgtds fd mafdra dgsamjkafcs y fdstogafcsak akcbamodgtc, prognopakmdgtd, fd kquofcs.

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