(Aviones en Combate: Ases y Leyendas No.53) Los Ases del Albatros de la I Guerra Mundial

7/30/2019 (Aviones en Combate: Ases y Leyendas No.53) Los Ases del Albatros de la I Guerra Mundial

1/66


2/66

S SGS FGA AJ VZKSG A O MWGZZ DWNFO A


3/66


4/66


5/66

aOustricokn fg cujogrtiGO istutk ]gdgr Ukss gntrk gn iccoknckn aks cizis fg ai Bisti : Jkgachgfgsfg eoniags fg 9?95 ìsti diyk fg9?9=. Furintg iquga pgrokfk akmrk :0voctkrois, i pgsir fg ìjgr gstifkiagbifk fga ergntg gn ijroa (uni gpkcign ai qug ga Zgia Cugrpk fg Uugak-ZEC- pgrfok su diykr nudgrk fgivokngsa . Dogntris gstuvk gn ai BistiJkgachg, Ukss poaktk gstg Iajitrks F OOO,qug dkstriji unks fostontovkscirictgrostocks ckdk ai onsomnoi fgackrizkn rkbk gn aks aitgriags fgaeusgaibg U ga rgvgstodogntk supgrokr Uuni gsvistoci ckrknifi fg aiurga ckdksodjkak fg ai jugni sugrtg. \kruatodk, ga dkrrk U ai ckai jaincks,buntk ckn fks jinfis incìs jaincisgn ais supgreocogs fg ais iaissupgrokrgs, ìcoin fg ga un ipiritkpgcuaoir, i pgsir fg ai fospksocokn fgacidueaibg ìjotuia gn vgrfg U dirrkngn ais supgreocogs fg ais iais (ga diaviU vgrfg tkfivoi nk gstiji fg dkfia.GO fojubk fg Oin ]vaaog rgprgsgnti gackdjitg qug sg gntijak gn ga ergntgkccofgntia ga ? fg diyk fg 9?9= gntrgUkss U ga Iaegrgz Mgkrmg @ifroaa, fgaSqn 76, qug poaktiji un Skpwot` \up.Gstg uatodk poaktk siaok pgrfgfkr fgagnergntidogntk U sg vok kjaomifk ifgscgnfgr pkr fgtris fg ais aongisiagdinis, sognfk cipturifk. @ifroaargprgsgntk ai := voctkroi fg Ukss U gafgrrojk fga \up eug ga sgmunfk fg akstrgs qug rgcaidk gstg is gn iquga suuatodk foi fg iccokn ckn ai Bisti :.Cknsgmuoroi :< voctkrois dis intgs fgdkror gn ckdjitg cuitrk dgsgsfgspugs.CkntricujogrtiKttk @irtdinn eug ga bgeg fg ai Bisti:0w furintg 9?9=. Gn ga dkdgnti gnqug civk gn ckdjitg intg aisidgtriaaifkris fg un cizi Jrostka fgaSqn 60, ga 3 fg sgptogdjrg fg 9?9=,vi ìjoi cknsgmuofk sogtg voctkrois .Gsti fkjag pimoniGO is fg fogcosogtg fgrrojks Atn Z.]iatgr Jknonm poaktk gstg IajitrksF Ui izua U jainck, ckn fostontovks fgfoidintgs , dogntris gstuvk ckn aiBisti =5j gn ai prodivgri fg 9?90. Songdjirmk, ga poaktk qug gsti sgntifk iajkrfg fg ai cijoni gn g s ~ ektkmrieoigs un sujkeocoia fgscknkcofk.Gs pksojag qug gstg uatodk onfovofuksg òcogri cirmk fg gstg ipiritk(7=57/9==9 fgspugs fg qug Jknonmrgsuatiri `grofk dogntris 9< poaktijiga 3< fg diyk fg 9?90. Fgstici aijinfi vgrtocia ngmri qug rkfgi aksfostontovks fg foidintgs. GO gscufk fgirdis gs ga fg ai coufif fg]oortzjurmk gn Jivogri, vgstickdpugstk pkr un cuifrifk idiroaakU rkbk cuirtgaifk.

Forgcco5n Gfotkroi a2 Buin Di roi Dirto ngzCkkrf onic okn Gfo tkroia2 Buin Zidkn IzikaiJisifk gn Iajiar sIcgs kraf ir O\ujaocifk pkr prodgri vgz gn Mrin Jrgtini gn :


6/66

ONFOCG

C \OVWAK WNKGA EZGNVG KCCOFGNVIAC \OVWAK FKSAKS IAJIVZKS F U _ F Ui 6C \ O VWAK VZGSAKS MZW\KS FG CIRI 65


7/66

kz2>

k-

>e-i...1t2W

5

GA EZGNVGKCCOFGNV AA is unofifgs fg cizi iagdinis , cknkc ofis ckdk Bimfsteegan (gs -cuifroaais fg cizi), sg krmino zirkn gn g a vgrink fg 9? 95. Fg ek r-di nktk roi, eu grk n gn pirtg uni ofgi mgno ia fg Kswi af Jkg achg,un poa ktk fg duc`k gx otk fg aks Gonfgchgr (dknkpa inks) qug `ijo i 9


8/66

ags ckrtirkn ais gsquonis fg aks cuifrifks piri fi r ai odprgsokn i aksivoifkrgs iaoifks fg qu g ai c ruz gri un corcuak jainck.

Ai prodgri fkcgni fg Bimfstiargaaa (Bisais, ckdk eugrkn cknkcofis) sgekrdirkn gn imkstk y gptogdjrg fg 9?95 y sc crgirkn ktris 9: gn kcru-jrg y nkvogdjrg. Gn aks prodgrks inks fg ai mugrri eugrk n rirks aks po-aktks iagdings qug a gmirkn forgc tidgntg i aks cizis yi qu g ciso tkfksìjoin pisifk pgrokfks vk ainf k ckn ais unofifg s fg àgoaaaaam fgstici-dgntk) jopaizi. Gs tk ags ipkrtk un i gx pgrogncoi vo tia nk sk ak piri ais ckn-fo cokngs fg ckdji tg , sonk piri 9< qug sup knoi ckdj itor gn aks jopaizis.IO ckntrirok qu g sus gquovi agnt gs jrotinocks, qu g a gmirkn ia erg ntg ergs-cks tris eoniaozir su on struccokn fg vugak. gri dis prkjijag. pkr 9< tint k.qug aks Bimfbaogmgr p a ktks fg cizi) iagdings skjrgvovogrin i sus prodgrksgnergntidogntk fifk qug yi cknkcoin ckdk gri ai mugrri igrgi.

Ai gstructuri fg cifi Bisti gri duc`k dis pgqugni gn tidink mgngriaqu g un gscuifrkn fga Zgia Cugrpk fg Uugak ZEC) < qug un i gscifroaagerinc g i. Gn kcisokng s, ai fktic okn fg poaktks cknsostoi gn nk dis fg kc `kk nu gvg `kdjrgs ckn, quo zi , ga do sdk nud grk fg ivokngs. Gs tk tidjocnck nfub k i ai pgrpgtu ic okn fg ai euncokn fgegnsovi mgngria fg ais Bistis, ipgs ir fg qu g nkrd iadgntg ais unofifg s erincgsis y fga Z.EC ipirgcoin sk-jrc ais ao ng is iac dinis gn fk ticokngs fg gscuifro aais fg conck. qug i dc-nuf k qugfijin rcf ucofis i cuitrk < trgs pkr prkjagdis ckn aks dktkrgs.

Ai tictoci fgsirrkaaifi pkr `kdjrgs ckdk Jkgachg furintg ai uatodipirtg fga vg rink y ga ktknk fg 9? 95 sg cc ntrk gn qug ais Bistis gspgririnìs ti qu g aks kjscrvifkrgs fga ergntg ùjo grin tgagekngi fk piri onekrdirfg qug uni ekrd ic okn iaoifi ìjoi cru zi fk, < gstiji i puntk fg cruzir.ais aongis iagdinis < qu g un ipiritk fg ais unocaifgs iaoifis gstiji skjrgca ergntg foromognfk ga tork fg ai irtoaagroi. Ai diykroi fg ais Bistis tgn insus jisgs cgrci fga ergntg, pkr 9< qu g sk ak sg tirfiji unks pkcks donutksgn qug aks po aktks mi nirin iaturi g ontg rcg pt irin ia gngdomk. Wni vg z qu gìjoin akci aozi fk i aks ipi rit ks `ksto ags. ga bgeg fg ai stiarga fgc ofoi ai dc-bkr ekrdi fg itiqu g. qu g ga krfgniroi so crgoi qu g fospknoi fg ai vg ntibi,

Ai forgccokn prgvi agcogntg fga vognt k fg kgstg i gstg eivkrgcoi i aks po-aktks fg ais Bi.a tis yi qu g. pkr 9< mg ngria. gdpubiji i aks iv okngs i aoifksìc oi tgrrotkrok ck ntrkaifk pkr aks iagdings y, pk stgrokrdgntg, ags gs tkrji-ji cuinfk ontgntijin rgmrgsir. uinfk gx ost in gs tis cknfo cokngs gs tk Ogfiji i aks Bimfbaogmgr un i ca iri vg ntibi y. pkr supu g tk, pkfoin rk dp gr gack ntic tk gn ga ck dj itg cuinf k 9< fgsgijin so ai cksi sg pknoi duy ckd-paocifi . finfk ai vugati iagbinfk g y itgrrozinfk gn su prkpok tgrrotkrok.

Vkfis ais Bi.a ti s gstijin di nfifi s pkr un SaieBg aeo o`rgr bgeg fg gs-cuifroaai) cuin fk gstijin gn ga iorg, ga cuia , pkr 9< mgngria. isudoi ga pro-dgr c`kq ug ckntri un kpkngntg furintg aks itiq ugs. sognf k cujo grtk yipkyifk pkr sus po aktks. Eug fg gsti din gri ck dk du c`ks fg aks prodgrksisgs iagdings iudgntirkn fg ekrd i ck nstintg sus rgmostrks. y sg pu gfgvgr gn aks rgmostrks fg iamun is Bistis qug ckn ergcugncoi sk ak un k < fkspoa ktks inktijin voctkrois fg ek rd i rgmuair, dog ntris qug aks ktrks prg-sg ntijin pkc is rgcaidicokng s < nonmuni. Gs tks uatodks `kdjrgs vk aijingn ais do sdis do sokn gs, pgrk grin ais gS argaais ais qu g akmrijin ais ink-ticokngs. \kr supugstk , gsti s gS argaais grin jugnks poaktks, qug ìjoinfgdk strifk qug grin cipicgs fg sk jrgvovor gn ckdj itg. Son fufi, ojingspkagi fk s pkr ais ck nf gckricokngs y aks `kn krgs qu g kergcoin sus up g-rokrgs pkr gntija ir ckd jitgs voctkrok ks.

O mrin Kswiaf Jkgachg pifrg fgais Bistis y bgtg fg ai Bisti : gn gaktknk fg 9?95 u ro5 gn un c`kqugga :0 fg kctujrg fg 9?95

knnkrn2z2o

.

=


9/66

k2z242>k-42>O-

Ai Oagmifi fga Iajitrks eiv krgc ok i gstks bkvgng s y prkdgtgfkrgs isgs8gri un ipiritk qu g oji i gntrir gn ckdj itg gn tkfks aks ergntgs, pgrk gs-pgcoi adgntg gn ga ergntg kcc ofgnt ia, furintg ga rgs tk fg ai mugrri, ciso tk-tiadgntg gn 9?9= y gn cintofifgs odpkrtint gs i 9< airmk fg 9?90.

A IZDIDGNVKFgsfg ga ckdognzk, ai pktgncoi fg eugmks fg aks Iajitrks Sckut ai ipkr-tirkn fks idgtriaaifkris ADM


10/66

ckn un ipiritk i aoifk skjrg Iaagdkn . GO Oaaurok gn ga iccofgntg. Fgsmricoifidgntg piri sus ckagmis gstg oncof gn tg nk qugfk rgfu co fk ia ipiritkfg Jkni yi qu g ga sgsquopaink F OOO tgnoi ai fgsckncg rtintg ckstuaaajrcfg sueror eiaaks gstructuriags gn vugak, 9< cuia prkvkck ai du grtg < `gro-fis mrivgs i vi roks poa ktks iagdings.

Ktrk poaktk fg gx otk fg ai Bisi O eug ga Kez (keocoia) ]oa` gad Cy dgriqu g tuvk ai fo stoncokn fg sg r fgrrojifk pkr ga is jroteaa9ock Iajgrt Jiaa ga ::fg imkstk fg 9?95 do gntris prgstij i sus sg rvocok s ckdk poaktk fg jkdj irfgrks. Vri s skjrgv ovor i gs tk , cKaaagnzk i gx omor su vgnminzi ckdk poaktk fgaks dknkpaizis ck n ai Bisi O intgs fg qu g icijiri ga ink. Cy dgri akmrkconck voctkrois , oncauofks ga is fga Sqn OO Bk`n Yugstgf, ia qug kjaomk i fgs-cg nfgr fgntrk fg ais aongis jrotinocis ga := fg focogdjrg fg 9?9 5, y ga ke coia ia dinfk fga Sqn 5< Ctg G. \ Mrivgs, qu g durok ia sgr fgrrojifk pkrga, ga 5 fg dirzk fg 9?9=8 cisuiaoaagntg ga ck dinf int g poaktiji unk fg aksinto muks Nogupkrt 9= fg Iajgrt Jiaa, ga I:93. GO prkpok Cydgri durok gnck dj itg ga ? fg diyk fg 9?9=, pksojagdgntg voc tod i fga is erincgs Ifbu-tint Aucogn Bioaa gr, fg ai N97 (su nkvg ni voctkroi fg 9: fgrrojks).

GO Kjot (tgnogntg) @ins Hudd gtz dinf k ai Bisti O fgsfg nkvo gdjrgfg 9?95 ìs ti sg pto gdjrg fg 9?9 = akm rinf k sg os voctkrois furintg iq ugapgrokfk . Fgs pu gs fg un fgscinsk ckdk onstru ctkr, rgmrgsk ia dinfk, qu gpiri nkv ogdjrg sg ìjoi trisaififk ia ergntg otiaoink. Cknsomuok un fg-rrojk ckneordifk dis intg s fg sucudjor gn ckdjitg ckn aks Ci dga fgaSqn 67 ga O O fg gngrk fg 9? 90.

Ktrk poaktk voctkroksk fg ai Bi si O eug ga Atn @grjgrt Sc`rkfgr, qu gakm rk c onck voctkrois gntrg dirzk y kc tujrg fg 9? 9=. Vidjogn ìjoi sofkpoaktk fg aks jopaizis intg s fg pisir i ekr dia pirtg fg gs ti unofif y gnnkv ogdjrg sg trisaifk i ai Bis i 9= pgrk nk akmrk iudgntir su rgmostrkintgs fg rgsuatir `grofk gn diyk fg 9? 90.

Ai Bis i O rgc aidk di s fg 930 voctkrois 8 9


11/66

k2z4>k-4>i..1t2W

fg 9?9 5, egcì gn qug gnckntrk ai dugrtg. \kr gntkncgs , ai Bis/i : ìjo iakmrifk dis fg 7< voctkro is, ckn Ukn Zoc`t`kegn, Joo`dg y Agkpk af Zg o-dinn, yi tkfks ckdk isgs . Ai unofif yi gstiji tktiadgntg gquopifi cknaks Iajitrks F OO _ ckn aks cog aks skjrg ga ergnt g sogdprg aOgnks fg ivokngs jrotino cks, nk rgsuatiji foeoc oa cknsgmuor ja incks y voctk rois.

IO aggr aks onekrdgs fg Jkg achg skjrg sus duc`ks ckdjitgs pirgcg ck dk so sus fgrrojks y aks fg su S/ieega aks ùjogrin cknsgmuofk fg ekrditin eic o ckdk gn un pugstk fg eg ro i. Son gdjirmk , g a 96 fg sgptogdjrgfg 9?95 gscrojok2

G O nud grk :3 eu g foeoc oa. _k Og ìjo i ckrtifk ga pisk ia gsc uifrkn gnga qug sg gnck ntriji y sgagccokng ia sgm unfk. GO ckdgnzk i i agbi rsg. GOtgrcg rk itick i a Aon Zgodinn y prknt k eugrkn i pkr g a ga Atn Joo`dg y gaAOn Zgodinn, pgrk nk kjstintg gscipk fgntrk fg sus prkpo is aongis . Doifvgrsiro k soduak cigr fgspugs fg aks prodgrks fo spirks. _k cknkfi gstg truck y Og sgmuo fg cgrci. Ontgntiji i aci nzir sus prkpois Oon gis pgrk nk9< cknsomuo k. Ais iais sg fgsprgnfogrkn y ga ipiritk icijk fgstrkzifk.Fifk qug ciyk pkr fgtris fg nugs trk ergnt g yk nk tuvg ai kpkrtunofif fgon spgcc oknir aks rgstks .Fgspugs fg un jrgvg pgrokfk vo i viro ks on magsgs vkair gn frcuak sk-jrg \

Cuinfk dg icgrqug dis quosogrkn itici rdg. Ckdk yk gstiji dis ijibk nk ags prgstg itgnc okn y dg ia gbg. Cuinfk vogrkn qug nk oji i ckdjitor, unk fg g aaks i tick i'Ktrk ipiritk i agdin. _k nk pkfoi pgrdotor qug gs tkkcurrogri is o qug Og itiqug y prkntk 9< pimk. Iacincg aks fgpks otks fgckdju stojag y icg otg y Og `gf gn g a dusak. Sg vok kjaomifk i itgrrozir yeu g cipturifk. Iqug a gri g a naadgrk :6 .

Gstks fgrrojks tkdirkn ai ekrdi fg un Skpwot` O n Struttgr jopaizi yun F@ : fg aks Sqns =< y :6 rgspgc to vidgnt g. Skak un dgs fgspugs gargmostrk fg Jkgachg ìjo i aOgmifk i 6< .

Gn ga eitofock foi gn ga qug g a prodgr mrin is iagdin gnckntrk ai dugrtg , ai Bisei : sg vok gnvugatign ktrk ckdjitg ckn aks im oags F@ : fga Sqn :6. Fu-rint g ga trinscursk fg iqug aai rgvug ati iccokn, Joo`-dg (qug rgc aidk :: fg sus :6 voctkro is ckn gs tiBisei y Jkgachg c`kcirkn y ga digstrk durok ia cigr.Su rgm ostrk fg 6< voctkrois unis sgdinis intgs fgaeonia fg 9? 95 (:9 fg g aois ia dinfk fg ai Bis i :) Ogktkrmin un mrin dgrotk i gs tg `kdjrg. Iunqug aimugrri ckntonuk furintg fks iooks dis, skak ktrk snugvg poaktks i agdings supgrirkn gstg tktia eonia ,dogntris qug ktrks fks 9< omuiairkn.

\kr supugstk, unk fg gs tks onfovofuks eu g Dinergf vkn Zo c`t`kegn, qug furintg tkfk 9? 9= eu g gapoaktk ck n dis voctkrois gn sgrvocok, y iunqug rgcaidk unis cuintis ckn 9< @iajgrstift, ai diykf iais cknsomuo k ckn aks Iajitrks. W gmk i sgr cknkc ofk ckdk g a Jirkn Zkb k < g a Foijak Zkb k pkrqug òzk pontir sus cizis fg rkbk.

Ukn Zoc`t`kegn, uni vgz i a dinfk fg ai Bis ei O O,i ai qug aOgmk fgspugs fg un pg rokfk gn ai Bisi :(ck n ai qug rgc aidk 95 voctk rois ), ò zk qug ai di-

Sg pugfg vgr i Jkgachg i puntk fgpoaktir su Iajitrks < OO < 305 95 NkaOgviji fostontovks gspgcoiags pgrkso aOgviji ga siaogntg fg aisjinfgrotis fga bgeg gn ais iais Jkgachg duro ckn gstg ivo5n


12/66

ykr pirtg fg aks ipiritks fg su Saib ga sg pontirin fg rkbk dogntris qug g ado sdk poaktk un ipiritk pirc oi a < tkti ad gntg rkbk furintg ais odpkrtin-tgs jiti aais tgrrgstrgs. Gaomok gstg ck akr piri qug sus `kdjrgs pufogrin rg-ck nkcg r rip ofidgntg su iv ok n s o tgnoin qu g akci ao zi ra g un i vgz qu ggstuvogrin gn ga iorg y piri eic oaotir qu g aks kjsgrvifkrgs tgrrgstrgs ck ai-jkririn gn ai ckneordic okn fg sus fgrrojks.

Ai Bisti : prkfub k :< isgs y vi ro ks dis prgstirkn sus sg rvocoks ck n gs -ti unofif furintg pg ro kfks gn aks cuiags iudgntirkn su rgmostrk mgngri a.Gs ti unofif tidjogn iaodgntk i ktris Bistis ck n bgegs vgtgrinks y gx-pgrodgntifks qug sg aOgvirkn ais fkctronis fg Kswiaf Jkg achg ck n g aaks .

Fgspugs fg ai dugrtg fg Jkg achg, ga Kjot Stgein Hordiogr isudo k gadinfk. Gs tg ua todk yi tgno i trgs voctkro is fga pg ro kfk gn ga qug poaktk aksGonfgchgr y su rgmostrk ìjo i sujofk ìsti O O gn ga dkdgnti gn qu g du-ro k ckdjitognfk ckntri aks F@ : fg a Sqn :6 ga :: fg nkv ogdjrg. Ktrktgdprink is fg ai Bis ti : fg iquga pgro kfk eu g @ins Od g ad inn, qug tid-jogn ìjo i gntrifk gn ckdjitg ckn aks Ekhhgr, pgrk qug cknsomuo k sus sg osfgrrojks poaktinfk aks Iajitrks ckn ai prodgri fg gstis unofifgs . Durokgn ckdjitg ckntri ga Sqn 6 g a :3 fg gngrk fg 9? 9=.

Dix Duaagr (g a aokn aOgmk dis ti rf g, tris su dugrtg) tidjogn sg cknvor-tok gn is ckn ai Bisi : intgs fg aOgvirsg sus conck vo ctkrois cknsomk i aiBisti :0, fkn fg gagvk su rgmostrk ìsti :?. Zgmrgsk i ai Bisti : gn nkvogdjrgfg 9? 9= y iaoo isudok ga dinfk prkvosokniadgntg ga 5 fg gngrk fg 9? 90.Inifo k sogtg fgrrojks dis i su tktia piri au gmk cigr intg ga eu gmk fga kj-sgrvifkr fg un ZG 0 fg ai Zkyia Iorcriet Eictkry trgs fois fgspugs.

Ktt k ]iatgr @oo`ng cknsomuo k sus sgos voctkrois ckn ai Bsti : gn 9? 95tris un pgrokfk fg sg rvocok ckdk poaktk fg aks Ekhhgr y fgspugs fg unkscuintks fois ckn ai Bisti O . Gn gngrk fg 9? 9= rgs uatk mrivgdgntg `gro-fk gn un ckdjitg ckntri aks Skptwot` O Y Struttgr, 9< cuia Og dintu vkpkstgrokrdgntg iagbifk fg a ergntg furintg ai diyk r pirtg fga ink. Eoni a-dgntg, @oo`ng rgmrgsk ia dinfk fg ai Bis i 7? gn focogdjrg g oncauskpisk unis cuinti s sgdinis i cirmk fg ai Bisti : gn gngrk fg 9? 90, pg-rk nk eug cknsofgrifk 9 sueocogntgdgntg iptk eo socidgntg ckdk piri rg-mrgsir i aks vugaks gn ga ergntg fg nugvk. Son gdjirmk, so gntrk gn ckdjitggn ai OO Mugrri Dunfoi a, kjtgnognfk ai Cruz fg Ciji aagrk gn ga prkcg-sk, pgrk rgsuatk ktri vgz mrivgdgntg `grofk gn imkstk fg 9?69 gn un ic-cofgntg qug pusk eon i sus vugaks. Eoniadgntg, @i`ng durok gn 9?5? iai gfif fg =6 inks.

Cuit rk fg aks poaktks fg ai Bisti :Sk n, fg ozqu ogrfi i fgrgcì,Stgpìn Hordi ogr, qug isudok gadinfk fg Jkgachg tris ai dugrtgfg gst g8 @ins Odgadinn (sgosvoctk rois 8 durok gn ckdjitg ga 3 fggngrk fg 9?9=8 Dinergf vknZoc`t`kegn y @ins ]krtdinn (fksvoctkrois 8 du rok gn ckdjitg ga : fgijroa fg 9?9=). Kgtris fg gaaks sggncugntri un Iajitrks < OO ckn aijinfi fga dk rrk jainci, qugipirgntgdgntg gri ga fg UknZoc`t`kegn (pksojagdgntg ga< .609/95). Kgsticin aks prktgctkrgsgn ais piais fg ais `gaocgs. \i rgcgqug ]krtidnn gs ktrk poaktk qugaOgviji mieis. Aks mgdgaks fgcidpini qug cugamin fga cugaak fgaJirkn aks utoaozk gstg mrin is pi ridintgngr ai vomoaincoi skjrg aksivokngs gngdomks gn ga ergntgintgs fg fgspgmir.

gn

xBgnR8gn

knnkgnR8

99


13/66

k2z2k-e-i...u

\iua Jiudgr vkak ckn ai Bisti 7gntrg bunok y imkstk fg 9?9= augmkckn ai Bisti : ìsti ga eonia fg aimugrri. Cknsomuok 63 voctkrois yrgcojok ai \kur Og Dgrotg.

\iua Jiudgr poaktk gstg IajitrksF U dircifk ckn uni gfgawgoss, gnai Bisti 7 i dgfoifks fg 9?9= Agipkfirkn audgn@gonroc` pkr gstggdjagdi . GO eusgaibg gri rkbk fgsfgai cijoni ìsti ai ckai y tgnoi gadkrrk rkbk. GO fostontovk fg aiunofif gri ga paink fg ckai gnvgrfg ckn jk rfgs rkbks y gn aispirtgs onegrokrgs fg ais iais fgijibk ìjoi pontifi uni mrin Jfgntrk fg ais crucgs.

Erotz Kttk Jgrngrt dinfk ai Bis i : gntrg bunok y imkstk fg 9? 9= trisun pg rokfk fg sgrvocok ckn ai Bis /i 6. \isk i ekrdir pirtg fg ai prodgrifg gstis unofifgs tris ìjgr akmrifk uni voctkroi ckdk poaktk fg un Goa9fgchgr y sg os dis ckn ai Bis i 68 gstis voctkrois ais akmrk i pgsir fga `g-c`k fg qug sk ak pkfoi utoaozir un jrizk. Su intgrokr pgrokfk fg sgrvocokgn ais tronc`gris ckn ga Gbgrc otk fg Vogrri Og ìjoi fgbifk g a jrizk oz-quogrfk onutoaozifk pkr cuapi fg uni `grofi fg jiykngti 8 ckn tkfk, aOgmki sgr poaktk y prgstk sus sgrvocoks poaktinfk aks jopaizis intgs fg aOgmir iais Bisais gn uatodi on stincoi. _ gs dis, baagviji mieis

Furintg ga dgs fg ijroa fg 9? 9= (ipkfifk ckdk ga ijroa sinmrogntk" pKaga ZEC), Jgrngrt fgrrojk 97 igrkpainks jrotinocks, oncauofk un rgck rf fgconck gn un foi ga :6. Vris isudor ga dinfk fg ai Bis i 5 gn diyk, iudgntksu rgmostrk i := y augmk rgmrgsk piri dinfir ai Bis i :, pgrk rgsu atk `gro-fk gn ckdjitg ga 90 fg imkstk son ìjgr iudgntifk su tkti a. Jgrngrt, su-pgrvovogntg fg ducìs siaofis gn ga ergntg, gstiji fgstonifk i dkror gn aimrin gpofgdo i fg mropg fg 9? 90 y pisk i dgbkr vofi ga 90 fg kctujrg.

\iua Jiudgr fo serutk fg sus prodgris voctkrois ckn ai Bis i 7 (trgs voc-tkrois) gn buaok fg 9? 9=, intgs fg trisaifirsg i ai Bis/i :. \grdingcok ckngsti unofif ìsti g a eonia fg ai mugrri, dkdgnti gn ga cui a ìjo i akmri-fk ai odprgsoknintg coeri fg 63 voctkrois. Jiudgr poaktk ia dgnks trgs IO-jiarks Sckut (66


14/66

bustk cuinfk ck dgnz5 ai Ke nsovi fgIrris. Nk rgmrgs5 i aks ckdjitgs ìsti ga 7 fg diyk y, ckn tkfk , furintgga rgstk fg iquga Oaags i aaif o5 cuitrkfgrrojks dis i su rgm ostrk intgs fgisudor g a dincok fg ai Bis/i 7. Gstiunofif eug ktri fg ais mrinfgs Bis/isckdjit ogntgs iagdinis fg ai O Mugrri Dunfoia , y Uk ss akm r5 sg os voctkrois dis dogntris prgst5 sus sgrvocoksckdk S ieeg aba o`rgr ì sti qu g UknZoc`t`kegn sg 9< aOgv5 piri dinfirai Bis /i 9< , qug ekrdiji pirtg fg aiBM O Bimfmgsc`wifgraI ai fg Cizi),ckn ais Bis/is 6, 5, aK y O O.

BISVI 3Ai Bis/i 3 s59< prkfubk sg os isgs prkpoks, ga prodgrk fg aks cui ags eug gaAtn Iaergf Dk`r. Fgsmric oifidgntg, nk sg sijg nifi fg sus intgcgfgntgs. pgrk fgjoi fg tgngr gxpgro gncoi yi qug rgc ojo5 ga dinfk fg ai rgcogncrgifi Bis /i pkck fgspugs fg qug su prodgr keocoia iaoaainfk durogri, iunqug gn iquga dkdgntk Dk `r tkf ivoi nk ìjoi akmrifk sus prodgris voctkrois. Eoniadgntg , duro5 ga O fg ij roa fg 9?9 = furintg un ckdjitg cknun JG : fg ai Zkyi a Iorcriet Eictk ry fga Sqn 9:8 su Iajitrks < OOO:< 9:/ 95) ciy5 pkr fgtris fg ais Oongis jrotinocis. Dkr` ìjoi akmrifk sgos

fg rrojks intgs fg a dkdgntk fg su dugrtg .Ktrk fg aks prodgrks isgs eug ga Atn Mgkrm Sc` agnhgr, qug prgs tiji sus

sgrvocoks gn g a Gbgrcotk fg Vogrri cuinfk gsti aa5 ai mugrri . Vris prgsgntirsg vkauntirok piri ai iv oic o5n, onoc oiadgn tg pis5 un pgrokfk ckn aks jopaizis, intgs fg pisir i eknnir pirtg fg ai Bis /i 3 i ckd ognzks fg sgptogdjrgfg 9?95. Nk akmr5 su prodgri voctkroi ìsti ga somuo gntg dgs fg gngrk,pgrk piri ijroa yi ìjoi inktifk sogtg voctkro is. Sc` agnhgr sg trisaif5 iai Bis /i 69 ckdk su bgeg i eoniag s fg 9? 9= y akmr5 96 voc tkro is intgs fgqug uni `grofi mrivg Og fgbiri eugri fg ai mugrri ia i ook somuo gntg.

GO Atn Buaous Sc`doft tuvk ai pkck ergcugntg fost onco5n fg rgcaidir suprodgri voctkroi vkainfk ckn ai HM 6 Hi aaapemgsc`wifgraIai fg Ckd-jitg), intgs fg aOgmi r i ai Bis/i 3 i ck dognzks fg ijro a fg 9?9=. \iri ga96 fg sgptogdjrg ìjoi akmrifk 97 fg rrojks ckneordifks, y iunqug rgcaid5 su 95 iquga foi , gstg somug so n ckneordir fgjofk i qug ga poaktkjrotinock aOgv5 i cijk un itgrrozibg ekrzksk ckn gx otk gn tgrro tk rok ck ntrkaifk pkr aks i aoifks. GO ifvgrsi rok fg Sc`doft iquga foi eug cis o cknsgmurofif ga Vtg I. \. E Z`ys Fivofs FSK - Krfgn fg Sgrvocoks Fo stonmuofks- , DC - Cruz Doaotir- ) fga Sqn 75, qug oji i fgrrojir i ]grngrUkss s59< nugvg fois fgspugs. Ugontocuitrk `kris fgspugs fg ai dugrtg fgUkss, ga prkpok Sc`doft rgsuat5 tin mrivgdgntg `grofk gn un gnergntidogntkckn aks Cidga fga Sqn =< qug nk vkavo5 i gntrir gn ck djitg.

GO is ckdpioogrk fg Sc`doft gn aks Iajitrks, Ci ra Dgnch`kee, tidjogn pirtocop5 gn ga ckdjitg ckn Z`ys Fivofs, iunqug ga so òzk vi agrsu rgcaidico5n fg un SG 7 gn iq ug aai icc o5n. IO ck ntrirok qug duc`ksfg s us ck ntgdpkringks, gstg `kdjrg prkcgfgntg fg ]g steiaoi nk gri nonmun bkvgncotk yi qug ìjoi pisifk fg aks 36 iooks gn ga dkdgntk gn qug

]gdgr Ukss utoaoz5 gstgIajitrks < OOO pgcuaoirdgntgdircifk dogntris gstuvk ckn aiBisti : gn 9?9=. \iri cknkcgr gnfgtiaag aks ckakrgs fg gstg ivo5n,vgisg ga ivo5n fg pimoni :5 onegrokr.GO ivo5n fg Ukss tidjogn ipirgcggn ai pkrtifi fg gstg vkaudgn .

ndR8

dkCCkdR8

93


15/66

k2z4>k-4>e-i...u

Cirt Dgnch`kee ckn su Iajitrks < Ufg ai Bisti 3. Gsti cidueaifk ckndincìs gn ekrdi fg nujgsprkjijagdgntg fg ckakr dirrkn,vgrfg icgotuni y diavi. Wni Dngmri < pksojagdgntg rkbi sgrvoickdk su fostontovk pgrsknia. @istifknfg sg si jg, gsti Bisti nk tuvkfostontovk fg unofif furintg gstgpgrokfk. \iri eoniags fg 9?9=Dgnch`kee ìjoi akmrifk 90voctkrois.Vris ckncgfgrsgag ai kurOg Dgrotg dinfk ai Bisti =: y .iudgntk su tktia ìsti 3? intgs fgsgr fgrrojifk y `gc`k pr osokngrk ga:7 fg buaok fg 9?90.

fgrrojk su prodgr ivokn jrotinock). Dgnc-h`kee ìjoi prgs tifk s us sg rvocoks jrgvg-dgntg ckdk skaf ifk yi gn 9?


16/66

GO Zottdgostgr intomui mrifuic okn gquo vi agntg i bgeg fg gscuif rkn fgciji aagroi) Hurt vkn Fkr onm eug frimkn intgs fg ai mugrri, pgrk tidjo gnìjoi iprgnfofk i vk air intgs fga gs tiaaofk fg ais `kstoaofifgs. Vris poak-tir aks jopaizis furintg aks prodgrks iooks fg ai mugrri, eonia dgntg icijkgn ai Bs/i 6 gn ijroa fg 9? 9= ckdk su S/e gae oo` rgr Ukn Fkronm dintu-vk gstg pugstk ìsti gngrk fg 9? 90 y furintg iquga pg rokfk tid jogn rgag-vk kcisokniad gntg i Ukn Z oc`t`kegn ia dinfk fg ai BM O do gntris gstg uatodkgstiji fg pgrdo sk agbks fg a ergntg. Cknsomuok iad gnks c onck voctk ro is po -aktinfk aks I ajitrks Sckut, pgrk i eon i ags fg 9? 90 su unofif sg ictui aozkckn aks Ekhhgr tropainks. Ckn un rgm ostrk fg nugvg, Ukn Fkronm isudo k gadinfk fga Bmfmraappg N 6 Mrup k fg Cizi) y dis tirfg, gn 9? 90, din-fk ai Bis /i 55 y augmk ai Bis/i O . Eoni aozk ai mugrri ckn OO voctkro is.

GO Wn Hurt ]ust`kee, fg Iquosmrin, kjtuvk su cgrtoeocifk fg poaktk cuin-fk sk ak tgnoi 95 iooks, y i a sgr fgdisoifk b kvgn piri ga sgrvocok gn ga ergn-tg, gn su aumir sg cknvortok gn on structkr Wni vgz qug eug 9< sueocogntgdgntgdiykr poaktk aks jopaizis gn Juami roi, Zudinoi, Dicgfkno i y Mrgc oi, in-tgs fg rgmrgsir i Erincoi g n 9? 9= y pisir i ekrdir pirtg fg ai Bisti 6. Ak-mrk virois fg sus := voctkrois eoniags ckn aks Iajitrks Sckut gn iquga pgrokfky, furintg un togdpk, dinfk ai Bisti intgs fg sgr fgstonifk i ai pa ini di-ykr fg ai BM O gn dirzk fg 9? 90 ]ust`kee nk vkavok i gntrir gn ckdjitggxcgptk piri sgr fgrrojifk gn ga Ekhhgr F UOO fg ktrk y sgr `gc`k prosok-ngrk ga 9= fg bunok, ga foi fgspugs fg isudor ga dinfk fg ai Bis /i 97.

Kshir Ergo`grr vkn Jkgnomh, fg S oags oi, aagmk i sg r cifgtg fg a Gbgrc otkfg Vo grri y iscgnfok pks tgrokrdgntg i ke ocoia gn 9? 9: cuinfk cudpaok aks90 iooks @grofk fks vgcgs gn ais tronc`gris, sg tris aifk i ai iv oic okn yvkak ck dk kjsgrvifkr intgs fg cknvgrtorsg g n p oaktk. I ckdognzks fga vg-rink fg 9? 9= Ukn Jkgnomh ekrdiji pirtg fg ai Bs/i 6, ckn ai qug kjtu -vk ia dgnks c on ck voctk rois ckn aks Iajitrks Sckut. I ckntonuic okn, piski ai Bis/i : 9 ckdk StieBgaboo`rga intgs fg dinfir pkstg rokrdgntg ai BM OOFg ais :5 voctk rois fg Ukn Jkgnomh ai diyk ro i ais rgc aidk ckn aks Ekh-hgr F UOO , pgrk i a dgnks c onck ais cknsomuo k poaktinfk aks I ajitrks Sckut.

BISVI 7Ai Bisti 7, k tri unofif duy inktifkri, rgca idk dis fg :7< voctkrois. Fgn-trk fg su eu grzi tuvk i i amunks poaktks gxcgpc okniags, pgrk nonmunk pkrgncodi fg su prodgr bgeg, @ins Jg rr Fgspugs fg sg r sk afifk intgs fg ai

/Hurt ]oost`kee poaktk gstg ajitrksF OOO (K ]a. dircifk ckn unigsporia ngmri, ckn ai Bisti 6 gn9?9= Dugstri unks cujrgrrugfis gnmros kscurk < oncausk gn ngmrk y,pkr 9< fgdis, ga cidueaibg gs gaìjotuia . Ai jinfi ngmri gn gsporiaiargfgfkr fga eusgaibg gri ga

rn

22


17/66

k2z4>k-4>CAu

mugrri qug, ckdk duc`ks ktrks, sg pisk i ai ivoicokn fgspugs fg rgsua tir `grofk gn ais tronc`gris, Jgrr gntrk pk r vgz pro dgri gn icc okn ckdkkjsgrvifk r. \kstgr okrdgntg, sg prgpirk piri poaktir un Gonfgchgr y akmrkfks voctkro is ckn ai Stieega fg Iv oaagrs ckn aks Ek hhgr. Cuinfk gsti unofif sg cknvortok gn g a nu cagk fg ai Bisti 7 ga pisk i sg r su prodgr bgeg ypiri ckdognzks fg nkvogdjrg, ìj oi gagvifk su rgmostrk i fogz y kjtgno fk ai r Og Dgrotg Ai prkdgtgfkri ci rrgri fg Jgrr sg ontgrrudpok ga5 fg ijroa fg 9? 9= (Uo grngs Sintk) cuinfk su Iajitrks c`kck ckntri unsgm unfk i piritk fg ai Bisti 7 furintg un itiqug ck ntri un EG :j. Aks fks`kdjrgs gnckntrirkn ai dugrtg. Ckdk yi sg ì dgncoknifk, ]g rngr Ukssisudo k gntkncgs g a d infk fg gsti unofif.

GO Atn @ins Hira Dooaagr eu g ktrk fg 9< prodgrks isgs fg ai Bisti 7Wn sibkn qug yi ìjo i akmrifk voctkrois i osaifis ckn uni unofif jo paiziy ckn uni Stieega fg Ekhhgr, y qug piri ais Niv ofifgs fg 9? 95 ìjoi gagvifk yi su rgm ostrk i nugvg ckn ai Bisti 7. S on gdjirmk , rgsuatk mrivgdgntg `grofk ga :5 fg foc ogdjrg y nk rgm rgsk i a sgrvocok gn ga ergntg.Dooaagr skjrgvovok i ai mugrri ck dk poaktk fg pru gjis y pkstg ro krdgntggdomrk i Dgbock, fkn fg foromok uni icifgdoi fg vugak.GO Wn Zgnitus V`goaagr eu g ktrk poaktk fg int gs fg ai mugrri qug pkstgro krdgntg prgstk sus sgrvocoks g n ais unofifgs jopaizi intgs fg pisi r i ekr-dir pirtg fg ai Bisti 7. Sus fks prodgris voctkro is ais rgc aidk do gntrisvkaiji ckn ais unofifgs jtgoaunm y nop ofidg ntg iudgntk su tktia uni vgzqug su nugvi Bisti Og gntrgmk un Iajitrks Sckut piri vkair. V`go aagr, qugìjo i gagvifk su tkti a i 9:, durok g a :6 fg dirzk fg 9? 9=8 su IajitrksFoaa eug fgrrojifk gn ckdjitg pkr aks Skpwot` O n Struttgr fga Sqn =


18/66

Kttk Hknngchg fg ai isti 7(sgmunfk pkr ai ozqu ogrfi pksi cknsu pg rsknia fg togrri fgaintg fgaIajitrks < U gn g a ig r frkdk fgJk ostrinckurt gn ga vgrink fg 9?9=.Gn iquga pg rokfk, sg pont5 unti jagrk fg fidis pgrskn ia jainck yngmrk skjrg ga eusgai bg gn mrinpirtg vgrfg, pg rk ga cknk fg ai`gaocg tkfivoi nk sg ìj oi pontifkfg rkbk, no sg ìjoi ipa ocifk gajkrfg rkbk gn ai ckai vgrfg . Aipirtg onegrokr fg a eusgaibg sgmu oi sonpontir, jid ozif i gn difgricknt ricìpifi .

ai sgpiric okn fga iai supgrokr fg su tropaink8 viroks fg aks prodgrks Fr Ofgsipirgc ogrkn gn corcunstincois sodoairgs.

Gfdunf Nitìniga ìjoi rgco jofk vi rois cknfgck ric okngs ia viakr intgs fg cknvgrtorsg gn poaktk fg cizi8 rgc oj ok ai Cknfgckric okn Mgngria ia@knkr gn Krk ckn Gs pifis y ai pkck ergcugntg Cruz fg Mugrri fg ]oa`g ad Grnst fg dinks fga Kucifk fg Sixg-]g od gr do gntris poaktiji aksjopaizis . _i gn ai isti 7 rgc aidk 97 voctkrois bustidgntg gn fks dgsgs(fg dirzk i diyk fg 9? 9= , oncauofk ga prodgr SG 7 qug pgrfok ga ZECga 3< fg ijroa. I su vgz, Nitìniga durok ia sgr fgrrojifk OO fois fgspugspkr ga is fg aks S\IK fga ZEC, Cip C. H. Ckc`ring-\itroch fga Sqn :3 .

Hurt Sc`ngo fgr cis o fupaock ai cirrgri fg ck djitg fg Nitìnig a y cknsomuok ai Cruz fg @o grrk : Caisg ckn ga Gbgrcotk intgs fg cknvgrtorsg gnpoa ktk fg ai isti 7 g n imkstk fg 9? 95. Son gdjirmk, nk akmrk su prodgrfgrrojk ìsti dirzk fg 9? 9=, pgrk piri ga :0 fg diyk ìjoi gagvifk sutkti a i 97. Sc`ng ofgr, `grofk gn ckdjitg ckn aks EG : fga Sqn :: ga 7 fgb unok, rgm rgsk gn buaok pgrk eug fgrrojifk nugvidgntg ckn ga Iajitrksk U 9


19/66

k2z24>k-4>e-i..u

90

fg 9?90 cuinfk su pirici ofis nk sg ij rok fgspugs fg `ijgr si atifk fg sucizi Ekhhgr tris un c`kqug ckn un iv okn jrotinock.

GO uatodk fg gs tg trok. Bksge Dio, sg cknvortok gn poaktk gn 9? 95 y trisprgs tiO sus sgrvoc oks gn ai Hisai :? Gscuifro aa i fg Itiqug), sg tri saifk iai Bisri 7 ck dk po aktk fg cizi gn dirzk fg 9? 9=. IO omuia qu g Hknngchg.tidjo gn cknsomuok OO voctkrois ckn aks Iajitrks Sckut c uitrk ckn ga F U:


20/66

Gstg Iajitrks F Ugsti dircifk cknuni egrkz ci gzi fg fgdkn ok yprkjijagdgntg 9 poaktk ErotzZudgy gn uni kcisokn . Wn iniaososdis fgt iaaifk dugstri qug gaeusgaibg gsti pontifk ckn un suivgfosgook jockakr fg tijagrk fg fidis,iunqug sg fgscknkcgn aks ckakrgs.Zudgy gs ga sgmunfk pk r aiozquogrfi, dogntris qug Bksge Diosg gncugntri gn ga gxtrgdkfgrgc`k.

Fks vgtgrinks (fks gxpgrtks fg aiBisti 7, Zudgy y Dio, rgcojogrkngstks fks F U, gn aks qug sg `ijoinonstiaifk gxpgrodgntia dgntg aisidgtriaaifkris i dktkr Sogdgns,ckn cipicofif piri uni cifgncoifg tork cocaoci fg 9.6


21/66

k2z4>k-4>k...1t2

cuinfk eug fgrrojifk pkr g a VOg H. J Dkntmkdgry, qug poaktiji un Ci dg a fg a Sqn 67.

GO somuognag SrieBg/oorgr fg ai Bisri 5 eug ]oa`gad Zgonìrf prkcgfgntg fg ai Bisri O O8 pkr supugstk, gn iqug a pgrokfk ai prodgri fg gstis un o-fifgs ekrdiji pirtg fg ai BM O ]oQao Zgonìrf fg Fussg afkre, ìjoi sofksk afifk intgs fg ai mugrri g omuiadgntg rgs uatk `grofk furintg aks prodgrks dgsgs fga ckneaoctk. Vris Qagmi r i ai iv oic okn, pisk un pgrokfk gn aks jo paizis intgs fg gdprgnfgr ai on strucc okn fg vugak y Qagmir i ai Bis ti OO gnbunok fg 9? 9=. Gn ga dkdgntk gn qug sg tris aifk pi ri dinfir ai Bisti 5Zgonìrf yi ìjoi rgcaidifk sg os voctkrois, iunqug nk gs pks ojag isgmurircwontis voctkrois dis akm rk ckn aks Iajitrks Sckut yi qug duc`ks fg suspkstgrokrgs fgr rojks aks akmrk po aktinfk aks tropainks . Gn ijroa fg 9? 90 eugnkdjrifk bceg fg ai BM O tris ai dugrtg fg Ukn Zo c`t`kegn, y i dgfoifksfg b unok su rgm ostrk Qagmk i :


22/66

@ins Ifid, bgeg fg ai Bisti 5cknsomuok :9 voctkrois intgs fg cigrgn ckdjitg ga 97 fg nkvogdjrg fg9?9= ckn ga Iajit rks F U F.7:::/ 9=Eug fgrrojifk gn un ckdjitgckntri aks Sqns :? y 678 ga fgrrojkfg su ivokn sg Og rgcknkcok iaVt gH. J. Dkntmkdgry, fg gsti u at odiunofif.

aks poaktks fg ai Bisti = gnnkvogdjrg fg 9?9=. Sgntifk gn aipksocokn cgntria sg gncugntri ga bgegfg ai unofif, Bksge Bickjs, qug eugduy cknkcofk pkr poaktir ivokngspontifks fg ngmrk. @grdinn Hunzgsti i su fgrgcì. Fg pog, gasgmunfk pkr ai fgrgcì, sggncugntri \iua Joaaoh, qug akmrk untktia fg 39 voctkrois, ai diyk oickdk bgeg fg ai Bisti 7:. GO cuirtkpkr ai fgrgcì gs \iua ak tz, qugrgcaidk nugvg voctkrois, cuit rk cknai Bisti = y conck ckdk bgeg fg aiBisti 66. GO sgptodk pkr ai fgrgcìgs ga Kjgre umdgostgr HurtSc`knegafgr, qug eug un poaktk niviaqug prgstk sus sgrvocoks gn gstiunofif. Cknsomuok 93 voctkrois. \kruatodk ga kctivk pkr ai fgrgcì gsCirt Fgmgakw, qug rgcaidk fksvoctkrois ckn ai Bisti = y :0 disckdk bgeg fg ai Bisti 6


23/66

k2z222Bk-222BO-i..u

::

@grdinn Hunz, fg ai Bisti = poaktkgstg Iajitrks Sckut ngmrk dircifkckn ga fostontovk fg uni gsvistocijainci gn 9?9=. Akmrk trgs voctkroisy pkstgrokrdgntg sg cknvortok gn isckn ai Bisti E gn \iagstonign 9?90.

qug pkr gntkncgs gsti unofif fga ZEC utoaoziji aks cizis, ckns ofgrija g-dgntg dgbkrgs, Jrostka E :j Vris trisaifirsg i ai Bis/i 9? ckdk su b geggn 9? 90, Mk ttsc` iudgntk su rgmostrk ìsti :< p oaktinfk aks tropainks ìs-ti ga dkdgnti fg su dugrtg gn ck djitg ga 9< fg ijroa , iacinzifk pkr gaeugmk fg rgspugsti fg su uatodi rgc aidicokn

Zufk ae Erinhg ìjoi sofk poaktk fg uni cù tzs i ga gsc uifroaai fgfg egnsi) intgs fg aagmir onoc oiadgntg i ai Bs ti : i ckdognzks fg 9? 9=,piri augmk tris aifirsg i ai Bis /i 0 unis pkcis sgdinis fgspugs . Sus pro-dgris kc`k voctkrois ais rgm ostrk gn 9? 9= _ somuo k iudgntinfk su rgm os-trk qu g eon i adgntg aa gmk i 97) gn 9? 90, iunqug gn iqu g a dkdgntipoaktiji aks Ekhhgr F UOO.

]oa`gad Sg otz rgc9idk su prodgr fgrrojk ckn gs ti Bis /i gn 9? 95, pg-rk tu vk qug gs pgrir ìs ti dirzk fg 9? 90 piri cknsgm uor su duy odpk r-tintg quontk fgrrojk. Gn ga dkdgntk gn qug fgbk g a dinfk fg ai Bisti50 gn su tkti a gs tiji sotuifk gn O O, i aks qug i ooiforoi conckdis ia e oni a fg ai mugrri.

Zufk ae ]gnfgadut` sg tris aifk i ai ivoic okn fgsfg ai on eintgro i gn 9? 97y gntrk pkr vgz prodgri gn ck djitg gn aks ergntgs juamirk y turck, fkn-fg akm rk uni voctkroi gn ck djitg gn nkvogdjrg fg 9? 95. Fgstonifk i aiBis /i 0 gn Erincoi, akmrk fogz fgrrojks dis intgs fg rgc ojor ga dinfk fgai Bis /i :< gn kc tujrg. Vris ìjgr iudgntifk su rgm ostrk i 96, ]gnfga-dut` pgrfok ai vofi ga 3< fg nkvogdjrg cuinfk su cizi c`kck ckntri unipiritk fg ai Bis /i 6. GO poaktk fg gsti uatodi unofif tidjogn durok.

BISVI ?@irtdut Jiafidus, ckn vgontocuitrk i ooks, prkcgfgntg fg Frgsfg, yi griis intgs fg aagmi r i ai Bs /i ? tris ìjgr pirtocopifk gn ducìs iccokngsck n uni unofif fg jopaizis qug cis o ck n tkfi sgm urofif utoaozk uni pg-qugooi gscuifroaai fg cizis ckdk prktgcc okn. I ckntonuic okn eu g fgs toni-fk i ai Bisti ? gn nkvogdj rg fg 9? 95, y i ckdognzks fg gngrk sg cknvortokgn is fkjag . Furintg aks prodgrks dgsgs fg 9? 9= Jiafidus iudgntk surgm ostrk ìs ti 90, y iunqug pirtoc opk gn ga ijroa sinm ro gntk , ai diykrpirtg fg sus pitruaais ais rgi aozk gn ga ergntg erincgs. Su uatodi voctkroiai cknsomuo k dgfointg uni ck aosokn8 ai rgc9idic okn ai prgsg ntirkn susck dpioogrks po aktks yi qug Jiafidus nk skjrgvovok ia odpictk gntrg suIajitrks y un Nogupkrt Sck ut erincgs.

Ktrk is fg ai Bisti ? eu g @gonroc` Hrk aa , cuyis conck prodgris rgcai-dic okngs eugrkn tkfis ckntri aks S\IF erincgsgs furintg diyk fg 9? 9=,g a uatodk fg aks cuiags oji poaktifk pkr ga is erincgs Zgng Fkrdg, qugrgc9idk :3 voctk rois . Hrk aa , òbk fg un digs trk fg gscugai fg Ho g a, sg gs-tiji prgpirinfk piri gnsg ooir cuinfk fgcofok gntrir gn ga gbgrc otk ckdkeus oagrk. Cuinfk sg tris aifk i ai ivoic okn gn gngrk fg 9? 95, ckdpagtk gapg rokfk kjaomi tkrok gn aks jopaizis intgs fg aagmir i su prodgri Bis/i

Vris un pg rokfk fg gx otk ckn ai Bisti ?, Hrk aa isudok ga dinfk fg aiBisti :6 gn imkstk fg 9? 9= @ijoi suerofk duc`ks oncofgntgs furintg supgrokfk gn g a ergntg, onc9uofk un fgrrojk gnvug atk gn aaidis g a := fg b u-aok, y i eoniags fg 9? 9= su rgm ostrk gstiji s otuifk g n OS voctkrois. Gn 9? 90kjtuvk dis fgrrojks , y piri ga vgrink ga tkti a fg Hrk aa aagmk i aks 33, aidiyk roi fg aks cuiags aks rgc aidk poaktinfk vi roks Iajitrks Sckut. Zg-suatk `grofk ga 96 fg imkstk y iqug aai `grofi Og fgbk eugri fg ai mugrri.

GO Atn Erotz \uttgr fg ai Bisti ? tid jogn iacinzk ai cknfocokn fg is ckn


24/66

@irtdut Jiafidus fg ai Bis ti ?eug ektkmrie oifk gn su Iajit rks ickdognzks fg 9?9= Wnk fg aksprodgrks isgs fga Iajitrks akmrkun tktia fg 90 v octkrois intgs fgckaosoknir ckn un cizi erincgs ygnckntrir ai dugrtg ga 6 fg ijroafg 9?9= Fgsticin ais jgnmiais fgpostkai gn ga cirmifkr pkr fgaintgfg ai cijoni .

Iakys @gafdinn aOgmk i ai Bi i 9gn nkvogdjrg fg 9?95 y tk fivoi sggnckntriji ckn gsti unofif ia eoniafg ai mugrri. I ckdognzks fg 9?9=poaktk un Iajitrks < U ckn ga dkrrkidiroaak ckn ai ckai gn izua cairk yai jinfi fga eusgaibg ngmri . Gntktia @gafdinn akmrk 97 voctkroisiamunis fg ais cuiags ais kjtuvkckn aks Iajitrks. Iqu o sg Og pugfgvgr pksinfk buntk i un \eiaz < OOO .

aks Iajitrks y, i pg sir fg ìjgr fgrrojifk :7 iv okngs gn uatodi onstincoiintgs fg dkror gn un iccofgntg fg vugak nk rgaicoknifk ckn aks ckdji-tgs gn imkstk fg 9? 90, tu vk un ckdo gnzk agntk.

Vris sg r iscgnfofk i keocoia ck n ga Gbg rc ot k gn ga ergntc rusk, eoniadcntgsg fgcofok i cknvgrtorsg gn poaktk fg cizi. Int gs fc Qagmir i ai Bis i ? gndirzk fg 9? 9= pi sk un pgrokfk ckn aks jopaizis. \uttgr rgc aidk su prodgri voctkroi ga 96 fg ijroa cuinfk fgrrojk un makjk 8 fg `cc `k. sus c onck pro -dc ris voctkrois eugrkn tkfk makjks, fgrrojinfk fks gn imks tk y ktri pirgbiga O fg nkvogdjrg. Gn ga dkdcnt k gn quc sg dirc`k piri dinf i O aiBusti 50 gn egjrgrk fg 9?90 ga rgm ostrk fg \oottgr ìjoi Qa gmifk i focz, sogtgfg aks cuiags grin makjks . Ai diyk r pirtg fg sus fgrrojks aks fgjok fg akm rirpoaktinfk aks Iajitrks yi qu g aks Ekhhcr F UOO icijijin fg ck dgnzir iQagmi r ia ergntg cuinfk gadurok poaktinf k uni fg ais prodgris unofifgs.

BISVI 9Ai Bis i 9< eug ai tgrcg ri unofif fgntrk fg ai BM O fg Ukn Zo c`t` kegn yintgs fg bunok fg 9? 9= kstgntiji un dkfgstk rgm ostrk (cuitrk < conck fg-rrojks gn tkti a. Fks fg sus prodcrks po aktks eugrkn Groc` A5wgnìrft yIakos @gafdinn8 aks fks sg cknvgrtoroin gn isgs pkstgrokrdcntg.

A5wgn` ircQ, òbk fg un dgfo ck. prkcgfoi fg Jrgsaiu, fknfg ìjoi ofkcifgtg intgs fg ai mucrri. Vkdk pirtg gn du cìs iccokngs ckn ai oneintgroi gn ga gstg furintg aks prodcrks dgsgs fca ckneaoctk, sognfk cknf g-ckrifk pkr siavir ai vofi fg c onck skafifks. Iscgnfofk i keocoia pk ckfgspugs, A5wgnìrft rgsuatk eoniad gntg `grofk y dinf ifk fg vugati iIagdinoi. Dogntris sg rgcup griji. fgcofok trisaifirsg i ai ivoicokn, y Qagmk i ai Bis i 9< gn dirzk fg 9?9 =. i trivgs fg aks jopaizis. < kjstintg .A5wgnì rft, qug tuvk un ckdognzk agntk y qug gscipk vi rois vgcgs cknekr tu ni gn aks cizis Iajitrks furintg aks prodgrks dgsgs ckn gsti unofif,ìjoi cknsgmuofk conck fgrrojks gn ga dkdgnti gn qug Qagmirkn aks pro -dgrks Fr O i ai Bi s i 9


25/66

W)kkk-4 >

i1t2

AKS AJ VZKSy UiU gn aks prodgrks dgsgs fg 9? 9= aks Iajitrk s F OO ìjo in fg-sipirgcofk fg ais B st sfga ergntg, fgbinfk i aks F OOO qug isu-do g ri n s u pu gs tk ck d k cizis i ag d i ngs fk don int gs .Ipirgntgdgntg, gs tg uatodk dkfgak sg pirgcoi duc`k i a F OO gxcgptkpkr un ci djo k odp krtintg qu g sg cgntriji gn ai ekrd i fga i ai on eg rok rI pgtocokn fg aks keo c oi ags supg rokrgs fg ai iv oic okn, aks fo sg ooifkrgs fgIajitrks Zkjgrt V` gagn y Sc ùjgrt ifkptirkn ai ck ne omuric okn fga i aisgsquopaini ut oaozifi ck n duy jugnks rgsuatifks pkr aks Nogupkrt Sckuteri ncgsgs . Ckdk ck nsgcugncoi fg ai dgnkr supgre oc og fg vug ak, qu grgfub k gnkrdgdgntg ai prk eunfofif fga i ai, aks dkntintgs fg ais fksiais fg aks F OO O sg tu vogrkn qug dkfo e oci r gn uni ck ne omuric okn fgdkntintg gn U

Ai nugvi fo spks ocokn fg ais i ais fg aks Iajitrks sg isgdgbk ia fo sg ookerincgs ìs ti tia puntk qug aks on ek rdgs fg ck djitg jrotino cks fg iqugapgrokfk dgncoknin ckn ergc ugncoi i poaktks qug sg gnergntijin i cizisiagdings fga aopk Nogupkrt y pkstg rokrdgntg tidjogn sg rgeorogrkn i g aaksck dk aks fg aks


26/66

A DON S N CKAKZ

Iajitrks F OO F.9=:6/ 95 poaktifk pkr ga Atn Hira Gdoa Scìegr isti 99 ckdognzks fg 9?9=Aks pro dgrks Iajitrks eugrkn imrgmifks i ais unofifgs jo paizis ia omui a qug 9< ìjoin s ofk aks Ekhhgr onfgchgr.imrup,Qnfksg gn un i HiaaapsaaObTof cknkcofi ckdk Hi s{/. Du-c`ks fg aks euturks isgs vkairkn gn gs tis unofifgs. onca uo -fk Sc ìegr q ug eug fc s ton ifk i ai Hi s } O O

(Hiaaap mgsco aa a aafgr : . Aks f ostonto vks pgrskniags fg Sc ì-egr cknsost oin gn c orcua ks ja incks ckn un eonk pgreoa ngmrktin tk gn aks aitgri ags fg a eusg aib g ckdk g n ais supgreo cogs su-pg rokrgs fga paink fg ck ai Vidjo gn sg c rgg qug aks cujrg-rrugfi s grin jainc ks.

Iajitrks F OO poaktifk pkr ga Kjot Stgpìn Hordiogr isti : 9?95Fgspu gs fg ai dug rt g fg Kswi af Jkg achg gn kc tujrg fg9? 95, Hordiog r isudo k g a dinfk fg ai BiS/i :, ckn ai qugpoaktk gstg I ajit rks F OO. Su fo stonto vk pg rskni a gri uni e o-ni ji nfi ngm ri i argfgfkr fg a eusg aibg . Zgsuat i ontgrgsintg

qug Hordi ogr tid jogn òc ogri qu g g a pgrskni a fg to grri su-bg ti ri un i ji nf grot i ja inci ngm ri gntr g aks dkntintgs fgais i ais piri onfo ci r su pugs tk ckdk SaieBgaeoo` rgr .

:7


27/66

:5

Iajitrks F OOO poaktifk pkr ga Atn @grdinn Erkdd`grz fg a isti : Jkgachg 9?9=Ciso tkfk ga ivokn. on cauofis ai s s upgreocogs supgrokrgs gonegrokrgs fg ai s iais . gstiji pontifk gn izua cairk. cknai gxcgpcokn fg ai zkni fg ckai. qu g gri jainci pkr fgtnos fg uni fgamifi jinfi ngmri iargfgfkr fg ai pirtg trisg ri fga eu sg aibg. Ak s dkntintgs y aks cujrgrrugfis tidjognojin gn izua piaofk. \kr uatodk. gstg F OOO a gviji uni

jinfi foimknia jainci y ngmri. ckn jkrf c ja inck y ncmrk. i arg g kr fg ai sgcc okn ontcrdcfo i fga eu sc aibc.Erkdd`grz ipkfk gs tg ivokn ckdk ga 0/(//9(' D{OOOS (Zitkn izua), y iunqug nk sg cknvorto k gn is poaka1anfkak. aksckakrgs fg gstg F OOO rg suatin ontgrcsin tcs y su icijiaakgs odpgci jac .

Iajitrks F OOO poaktifk pkr ga Atn ]grngr Ukss isti : Jkgachg dgfoifks fg 9?9=]grn gr Ukss poaktk gstg du y fgckrifk Iajitrks F OOO furintgsu pgrokfk ckn ai b s B Jkcachg2 9< utoao zk ckn sgmurofif gnbunok fg 9?9 =. Iunqug ga cipkt sg dintu vk gn mros. ga cknk fg ai `gaocg gstiji pontifk fg rkbk y. pkr supugstk . aisgcc okn fg ck ai gs tiji icijifi gn jainck pkr fgtnos fg aieoni jinfi ngmri fga eu sg aibg fg ai b S {O Jkgac hg . GO ckak-

rgifk idiroaak fga eusg aibg fg ckntric `ipifk sc akm rk dc-fointg ai ip aocic okn fg un jirnozifk skjrg ga qug Ukss pontk un ckrizkn rkbk, ckn jkrfg jainck (qug sg rcpgtoi gn gargvgstodognt k supgrokr) y uni gsvotstoci jainci (un so djkakfg jugni sugrt g) rkfgifi fg un i ckrkni fg aiurga vg rf g cknun irck izua pot aofk. ti a jo cn ckn jkrfg ja inck.


28/66

Iajitrks F U poaktifk pkr ga Weez \iua Jiudgr isti 7 vgrink fg 9?9=Jiudgr poaktk gs tg Iajitrks F U fg eidksi fgckricokn gnga vgrink fg 9?9 = Vintk ga cknk fga dkrrk ckdk ai jinfifg 9< cd ondgf oitidgntg pkr fgtris fg ga gstijiaa pontifksfg rkbk ga cipkt aks dkntintgs aks cujrgrrugfis grinmrosgs . Ai pirtg fgaintgri fg a eusgaibg sg fgbk son pontir gndifgri jirnozifi dogntris qug ai pirtg trisgri fga eusg ai-

bg fgsfg ai cijo ni `isti ai ck ai gri rkbi ifkrnifi ckn gafostontovk pgrsk nia fga gfg awgoss fga poaktk. \kr uatodk aiBisti 7 tgno i s u prkpok fo stonto vk ckn ai ck ai vgrfg ckn jkrfg rkbk. GO F U fg iudgr aOgviji uni mrin ngmri fgjibk fg cifi i ai8 gstis supgreocogs onegrokrgs sg pontirkn gnizu a cg agstg cairk.

Iajitrks F U poaktifk pkr ga ew Kttk Hknngchg isti 7 9?9=Hknngchg po aktk gstg F U pontifk fg ck akr vgrfg ckn gacknk fg ai `g aocg ai jinfi fga cipkt gn rkbk ai ck ai gnga dosdk rfg fg ai Bisai 7 ckn jkrfg rkbk tia ckdk gpugfg vgr gn ai oaustrico kn intgr okr. Ais zknis fg ais iaissupg rokrgs grin vgrfgs ciso ckn tkfi sgm urofif ckn un mi-

Okn rkbk do gntris qug ais supgreocogs fg ais iais onegrokrgsgstijin pontifis gn izua cg ags tg cairk. Son gdjirmk ais supgreoc ogs onegrokrgs fg a eusg aibg sg qugfirkn son pontir gnckntric`ipi fk jirnozifk. Ai onsomnoi pgrsknia fg Hknngchggri un tij agrk fg fidis ja inck y ngm rk ckn jkrfg rkbk. :=


29/66

0

Iajitrks F U F.7:06/9= poaktifk pkr ga Uew Bksge Dio isti 7 eoniags fg 9?9=Mtrk ieidifk is fg ai Bis/i 7 eug Bksge Dio, qug poaktk gstg Iaj itrks F Ui, ci ric tgro stoci dgntg dircifk, fgsfg e o-niags fg 9? 9= ìs ti ck dognzks fg 9? 90. GO ìjotui a ck nkfg ai `g aocg, ai jinfi fga ci pkt gn rkb k y ai ck ai vgrfg ck njkrfg rkbk rgprgsg ntijin aks fostonto vks fg ai Bisri dogntris qug su on somno i pgrsknia gri uni gstrg aai uni dgfoi

auni jaincis pontifis i dgfok ci donk gn aks aitgriags fgaeu sg aib g. Ipgnis vosojag inifofk i a eu sgibg, ondgfo itidgntgpkr fgaintg fg a dkntintg fga iai, sg gncugntri un skjrg fgck akr ùgsk gn ga qug sg muirfijin ais onstru cc okngs fgdkntibg fga ipiritk.

Iajitrks F U F.9960/9= poaktifk pkr ga Wn @ins Ifid isti 5 vgrink fg 9?9=Gstg F Ui togng g a ìjotuia icijifk ck n jirno zifk idiroaak y gatodkn y ga paink fg fgrovi jirnozifks gn ck akr cairk. GO iv okn fg Ifid tidj og n prgsgnti uni mrin jinfingmri g n ga eusg aibg , ck n jkrfg ja inck , do gntris qug ga pai-

nk fg ck ai tgnoi erinb s jaincis y ngm ris irroji y ijibk, gafostontovk ofgnto eoci tovk fg ai Bisai 5 Ifid sg gstrg aak ckngs tg ipiritk ga : fg imkstk fg 9? 9=, iunqug ckns omuok siaor oagsk fg gntrg aks rgstks.


30/66

Iajitrks F U poaktifk pkr ga n Bksge Bickjs isti = 9?9=GO ngmrk ipirgc oi fg ekrd i prgpknfgrintg g n ai diykr pirtg fg aks iv okngs fg Bksge Bick js furintg ai O Mugrri Dunfoi a Gs tg Iajitrks F U fg ai Bis i = gri tktia dgntg ngmrkgxccptk gn ais zknis fg ai i ais supg rokrgs g on egro krgs , qugtgnoin uni tgai fg rkdjks fg conck ck akrgs . Aks fostontovksnicokniags fg ais pirtgs on egr okrgs fg ais iais onegrokrgs tg-

noin ga jkrfg gn jainck y gstg ivoin tidjo gn prgsgntijifks crucgs ckdpa gdgntirois dis pgqug oois gn ais i ais supgrokrgs. GO fostontovk pgrsknia fg Bickjs grin fks jinfisjaincis oncaonifis `ic oi fgaintg gn ga eu sg aib g, sotuifis bu stk pkr fgtris fg ai cijoni. Gstg ipiritk tidjo gn sg cirictgrozi pkr g a todi n jainck, ia dgnks gn jirnozifk cairk.

Iajitrks F U poaktifk pkr ga n Iakys @gafdinn isti 9< eoniags fg 9?9=GO ipiritk fg @gafdinn nk gri duy foegrgntg fga ivoin fggxpakric oi n fg Ifid yi qug tgnoi uni mrin jinfi kscuripksojagdgntg ngmri) gn ga eusgaibg , ckn jk rf g jainck, pon

tifi skjrg g a ckntric`ipifk jirno zifk g n idir oaak Son gdjirmk, ga paink fg ck ai gri fg ck akr izua cairk y gs tg F U

tidjogn aOgviji ga dkrrk y ai jinfi fga cipkt fg ai Bis i 9e-i..u

fg ijroa prkcgfgntg fg ai HM : ckn un fgrrojk. \iri eoniags fga vgrinkfgrr ojk ktrks sg os ipiritks jrotino cks.

Su ckdpingrk fg ai Bisti OO , Hira I aadgnrkfgr. foserutk fg duc`ks gx o-tks ckn gsti unofif gntrg egjrgrk y bunok fg 9? 9=, icuduainfk 3< fgrrojks .

\kck fgspug fg qug ai unofif rgc ojogri ga gnvok fg sus prodgrks IOjitrks < y ga Jirkn eu g fgrrojifk y rgsuatk `grofk g a 5 fg buaok gn un ckdjitg ckntri aks EG : fg a Sqn :


42/66

GO Atn Ifka e Scùatg eug ca prodgr is fg ai Bi s/i 9: tris ìjgr gmifki gs ti unofif gn nkvogdjrg fg 9? 95. Furintg aks prodgrks dgsgs fg 9? 9=cknsomuo k fgrrojir kc`k ivokngs, pgrk sg cknvortok gn uni fg ais prodgris jib is fg ai Jitiaai fg Irris. GO 9: fg ijroa fg 9? 9= ckaosokn k ckn unEG :f fga Sqn 90 dogntris poa ktij i ga Iajitrks FOaa F.9??5995 2 aks trgs`kdjrgs durogrkn. Mtrk poaktk qu g akmrk nugvg fgrrojks gn 9? 9= eugZgon`kaf Bkrhg qug aagmiroi i gagvir su tktia ìsti 96 piri ga eonia fg aimugrri vk ainf k ckn ktris unofifgs. Eoniadgntg, Erogfroc` M oaa g tidjogncknsomuo k sg os voctkrois gn 9?9=.

Ai fo stoncokn fg rgmostrir ai voctkroi n 9


43/66

/)kkk-8 2 2e-i...u

jks. Joaaoh tidjo gn eoniaozk g a ckneaoctk ckdk prosokngrk fg mugrri tris`ijgr sofg fgrrojifk pkr fgtnos fg ais Oongis i aoifis g a aK fg imkstk.

\kr ais eoais fg ai Bisai 96 pisirkn vi ro ks poaktks fg gx otk furintg9?9 =, oncauofks Bksgp` Ugatbgns i ad gnks aKfg sus 37 voc tkro is ais cknsomuok poaktinfk aks Iajitrk s Sckut) y Jgrt` k af. Ckn c on ck fgrrojks ckneordifk s y unk son ckneordir @ins Jkwsho tidjogn sg cknvortok gn isckn gsti unofif gn iquga do sdk ink , intgs fg rgs uatir `grofk g a 3 fg sgptogdjrg . \ks tgrokrdgn tg pisk i ekrdir pirtg fg ai Bisai 7 9, pgrk nk 9-92nkb)

k1k1

63


45/66

(/)kkk-4>a-g1a2W

Furintg m rin pi rtg fg a to gdp k qu g Hi ra Sc ìtt iugr gs tu vk ck n aiBisi 95j, g a keocoia ia d infk fg gsti unofif eu g @gonroc` Mg om a. Gstg ua -tod k ìj oi aOgmifk i ai Bisi g a 9= fg imkstk fg 9? 9= tris ìjgr cknsg-mu ofk sg os fgrrojks ckn ai Bisi 36. Gstg jivi rk fgrrojk su sgptodk ivokntrgs fois fgspugs y piri ai pr odivg ri fg 9? 90 su rgm ostrk ìjoi sujofk i9:. Mg oma durok pkck fgspugs cuinfk su cizi c`kck ckn un Skpwot` Cidgafga Sqn 57. Sg Og rgcknkcok g a cizi jrotinock ckdk su 93 y uatodi voctkroi.

Hira Kfgjrgtt, ivoifkr intgs fg ai mugrri, gntrk gn ckdjitg gn ga ergn-tg rusk gn 9? 97 intgs fg tris aifirsg i ai BisaC 95 gn Erinc oi i e on iags fgaini somuo gntg. Vris trig rsg uni voctkro i ckn g a fg a Gstg, inifok ktris sgosintgs fg rgsuatir aomg ridgntg `grofk gn sgptogdjrg fg 9? 9= pkr g a eugmkintoigrgk. Gn foc ogdjrg Kfgjrg tt isudo k ga dinfk fg ai rgc ogn ekrdifiBisi 6: y piri ga eo nia fg ai mugrri ìj oi rgcaidifk : 9 voctk rois. Durokfg un ei aak gn g a òmifk gn egjrgrk fg 9?3< i ai gfi f fg 3? inks.

Erogfro c` (Ero 4 Zottgr vkn Zkt` aOgmk i ai Bis/i :3 i ckdognzks fg9? 90 tris ìjg r prgs tifk i ntgrokrdgntg sus sgrvoc oks gn ai irtoaa groi. Vrisrgsuatir `grofk y pisi r un ini gn ga `kspoti a gntrk gn ai ivoicokn y, i tri-vgs fg aks jopaizis, sg cknvortok gn poaktk fg cizi. Ukn Zkt` sg ieo c oknki aks makjks fgsfg ckdognzks fg 9? 90, ìs ti ti a puntk qug sk ak unk fgsus pr odgrks fogz fgrrojks eu g un ivokn. Fgspugs fg tris aifirsg i ai Bis-i 95 pkstgrokrdgntg, gn 9? 90, e on i ao zk ai mugrri ckn :0 voctkrois, :< fgais cuiags eugrk n m akjks. Gstk cknvortok i Zkt` gn ga poaktk iagdin ckndis voctkr ois ckntri gs tks pg aomrksks jaincks. Ai diykr pirtg fg sus iti-qugs aks paingiji kkofifksidgntg. ckdk cugnti Ci ra Fgmg akw, un is fgai Bis{i = y pks tg rokrdgntg fg ai Bis i 6


46/66

Erogfroc` rotz Zottgr vkn Zkt`dinf5 ai isti 95j tris su pgrokfkgn ai isti :3j. Iquo gsti ipkyifkgn un Iajitrks < Ui gn ga qug sgpugfg iprgcoir ai ckai ngmri fg aiisti 95j, iso ckdk uni jinfi fg

ckakr gn ga eusgaibg y su onsomnoipgrsknia. Fgstici ga onfocifkr fgvgakcofif ingd5dgtrk (IS ) y gadkntintg iuxoaoir pkr gncodi y pkrfgtris fga jrizk fgrgc`k fgUkn Zkt` .Kttk Hossgnjgrt` vka5 ckn ai HghGnos`god intgs fg prgstir sussgrvocoks gn ai isti 95j, ckn aiqug gagvk su rgmostrk i sgos.I ckntonuico5n dinfk aiisti :3j . I pgsir fg aOgvir mieis,

Hossgnjgrt` akmrk :< fgrrojks intgsfg rgsuatir `grofk ga 9? fg diyk fg9?90 gn un iccofgntg dogntrispoaktiji un Skpwot` Cidgacipturifk .

O Iajitrks < U fg Hossgnjgrt` cknga eusgaibg ngmrk fg ai isti 95j. Ogdjagdi fg ai eakr gfgawgoss gstign jainck, ckn aks gstidjrgsidiroaaks, ga todkn gn jidoz cairk yais iais supgrokrgs y ga paink fgckai gn vgrfg y diavi.

I eoniags fg nk tgnoi 0 fgrrojks gn su ` jgr y Og `ijoin nkdjrifk bg -eg fg su unofif.

I ckdognzks fg 9?90 Hossgnjgrt` gagv5 su tktia i :r -gk2t>6

22OBk/)

k1k1

67


47/66

eBWBi2i-4>iu

AKS MZW\KSFG C RI pgsir fg ai eknn ico5n fg ai BM O gn buno k fg 9? 9=, nk sg rgiaozirkn dis imrupicokngs pgdaingntgs mrinfgs fg Bistis ìsti ga : fgegjrgrk fg 9? 90, pgrokfk gn ga cuia sg c rgirkn ais BM y OOO jibkga din fk fg Ifkae Zottgr vkn Vutsc`gh y Jrunk Akgrzgr, rgspgctovidgntg

Son gdjirmk , ai ofgi fg aks mrupks sg ìjoi cknsofgrifk pkr vgz prodgri yi gn ijroa fg 9? 9= ckn ai c rgic o5n fg un Bimfmruppg fga 5 Gbgr-cotk, dinfifk pkr Dinergf vkn Zo c`t`kegn y qug gstiji ckdpugstk pkrais Bis/is 3, 6, OO y 33. Cijg fgstici r qug gstis nk eu grkn ais dosdiscuitrk unofifgs qug, gn bunok fg iquga ink, cknekrdirkn ai BM O \roncopia dgntg, ga prodgr Bimfmruppg gx osto5 gsgncoiadgntg pkr cugstokngs fgifdonostric o5n fga Sgctkr fga 5 Gbgrcotk iagdin. Nk odpaociji qug gstis cuitrk unofifgs vkairin buntis fg ekrdi rgmuair ckdk uni mrin ekr-dico5n, iunqug Ukn Zo c`t`kegn eu g ci piz fg pa ingir, ìsti c ogrtk puntk,kpgric okngs skjrg ga sgc tkr fga qug gri rgspknsijag, supgrpknognfk ais zknis fg pitruaais sgmun eu gri ngcgsirok.

\rictocidgntg, ga Jir5n somuo5 dinfinfk su prkp oi Bis/i OO , pgrk tgnoi ga ckntrka fg dinfk skjrg ais ktris trgs unofifgs tidjogn, iunqug aidiykr pirtg fg ais siaofis fo irois tkfivoi ais dinfijin y ais pa ingijinaks t eegaeoo`rgr i nk sg r qug ùjogri uni kegnsovi odpkrtintg gn dircì

Aks Bimfmruppgn nk pgrdingntgs sg òcogrk n dis eidoao irgs pkstgrokrdgntg, y piri g a ktknk fg 9? 9= sg ìjoin eknn ifk i amunks, pgrk diykrdgntg s59< piri pgrokfks aodotifks, fg tia ekrdi qug ckkpgririn cknuni ke nsovi < jiti aai tgrrgstrg Iamunks eu grkn cknkc ofks pkr un nudgrk, do gntris qug ktrks ifkptirk n ga nkdjrg fg su b geg < zkni, ckdk gaBimfmruppg Aoaag < ga Bimfmruppg Vutsc`gh. Iamunks nk furirkn duc`ktogdpk8 pkr gbgdpak, ga Bimfmruppg Vutsc`gh ckdpugstk pkr ais Bistis9:, 3< _3=) s59< gxosto5 gntrg ga y ga OO fg imkstk fg 9? 9=

Aks isgs iagdings pkf oin dinfir y fg `gc`k dinfiji n gstks mrupks,iunqug ktrks grin dinfifks pkr bg egs supgrokrgs rgmuairgs. Wni vgz qugsg ekrd5 ai BM O, qug gri uni imrupic o5n pgrdingntg, Ukn Zo c`t`kegn,ckdk su prodgr bg eg, nk s59< ck ntrk a5 ais kpgricokngs, sonk tid jogn aksbgegs fg sustotuco5n, y ìsti cogrtk puntk iqug aaks poaktks qug sg ojin iqugfir y aks qug nk

I eoniags fg 9? 95 sg ìjoin ek rdifk ciso 3< Bistis y tkfis, gxcgptkai Bisti :7 qug k pgriji gn ga ergntg fg Dicgfkno i, kpgrijin gn Erincoi8cijg fgsticir qug ais Bistis O, 3 O _ 3? pisirkn un jrgvg pgrokfk fg ck djitg gn Otiaoi, do gntris qug ai Bisti 77 kpgr5 gn \iagstoni

Iamunis fg gstis unofifgs ojin i sgr jistintg eidksis, do gntris qug ktrispgrdingcogrkn gn uni rgaitovi kscurofif. Ais fg ai pirtg nkrtg fga eVgntg,ga sgctkr j rotino ck, tgnfogrkn i pirtocopir gn dis ckd jitgs qug ais fg akssgctkrgs fga sur eVincgsgs, y ai odprgso5n gs qug ais unofifgs y aks poa ktksdis gx pgrodgntifks ckdjitogrkn ckntri ai ZNIS ZgiaIv oico5n fg ai Di-

5 roni) y ga ZEC/ZIE Son gdjirmk, iamunks poaktks fg gx otk icuduairkn rg-


48/66

Aks poaktks isgs fg ai sti 90Sgntifks gn ai eoai fgaintgri fgozquogrfi i fgrgcì sg gncugntrin\iua Striàg 97 fgrrojks), BksgeUgatbgns 37 fgrrojks), ga keocoia iadinfk fg ai unofif ZufkaeJgrt`kaf 66 fgrrojks), @irkafueeirt` 3< fgrrojks) y Kttk

Sc`kjgr. Fg pog gn ga eknfk,nugvidgntg fg ozquogrfi ifgrgcì, sg gncugntrin @umkScìegr 99 fgrrojksA ZocìrfZunmg 0 fgrrojks), GdstVu rch9 fgrrojk),]iatgr Fonmga : fgrrojks)

y rtùr Zi`n 5 fgrrojks ).

mostrks rgspgtijags ckntri aks erincgsgs y pgrdingcogrkn gn ca ergntg erincgs ìsti ga eonia fg ai mucrri . Ukn Zoc`t`kegn y sus poaktks ckdjitogrkngn ga ergntg jrotinock fg ekrdi cis o gxc au sovi y sk ak sg gnergntirkn i ipiritks erincgsgs fknfg aks sgctkrgs jrotino cks y erincgsgs sg ckngctijin.

B SV = GN IFGAINVGAi B ai 9= kpgrk gn g a ergntg erincgs furintg sus paodgrks fois. Su dgbkris, Buaous Juch agr, ckdgnzk i inktir rgmostrks ckntri aks ivokngs erincgsgsgn focogdjrg fg 9?95 y sg cknvortok gn is gn ijroa fg 9?9 =. I ckntonuicokngsti unofif sg tris aifk ia ergntg jrotinock, fknfg Juchagr somuok iudgntinfk su tkti a. Gstg intomuk dogdjrk fg ai oneintgroi ìjoi ckdgnzifk suvo fi aijkria ckdk tgcìfkr, ckn ai ofgi fg sgr irquotgctk , y ìjoi icijifktrijibinfk piri Int`kny Ekhhgr, g a eidksk fo sgooifkr igrkniutock `kainfgs. \iri nkvogdjrg fg 9?9 = ìj oi iudgnticak su rgmostrk ìsti 3


49/66

WAWik-4>i...u

0

cidgntg ifkrdoaifis qug dg kavofg pkr ckdpa gtk fg ai mugrri. Gn iqugaai sk agfif dg gnckntrg ckn un ivoifkr gngdomk .

\rkcgfoi fg ai forgccokn fg Jrubis y gvofgntgdgntg sg gnck ntriji gng a prkcgsk fg vkair `ic oi cisi. _k aiji i unks :


50/66

\iua Striag poaktg gstg < U(NB>

joi g agvifk s u rgm ostrk `isti 96. Vris akmrir 6?


51/66

trgs voctkrois dis eug fgrrojifk ckn ga Iajitrks F Ui 736= / 9= ga :3 fgfocogdjrg8 su dugrtg sg itrojuyk ia Ifbufint Fg Hgrmkaiy fg ai N?58 gsti eug ai prodgri voctkroi fg gstg erincgs. Iso sg pugfg ckdprkjir ckdkai gxpgrogncoi nk pugfg supgrir i ai ekrtuni.

]iatgr Jknonm, qug eoni aoziroi su mugr ri g a 3< fg diyk fg 9?90 ckn aiBisti =5 y ckn 9= fgrrojks, akmrk sus sgos prodgris voctkrois ckn ai BiSai 9?Gstg jivirk, intomuk dogdjrk fg ai oneintgroi, ìjoi poaktifk aks jopaizis ckn ai EI5j intgs fg cknvgrtorsg gn poaktk fg cizi. Fgstonifk i ai Bis-ti 9?, fgrrojk fks ivokngs erincgsgs y un makjk gn ijroa fg 9?9=, ypkstgrokrdgntg cuitrk ivokngs erincgsgs dis intgs fg eoni ags fg ink .

Ai Bimfsaieega :9 sibkni tuvk nkdjrgs odpkrtintgs gntrg sus poaktks.Hira V`krn eug skafifk intgs fg ai mugrri y eug `grofk y cknfgckrifk furintg ais prodgris sgdinis fga ckneaoctk. Wni vgz qug sg cknvortok gnivoifkr, prgstk sus sgrvocoks gn aks jopaizis gn Uksmgs y pkstgrokrdgntggn Zudinoi. Fgrrojifk y cipturifk dogntris vkaiji gn gsti uatodi rgmokn,cknsomuok gvir i jugn tgrdonk uni ùofi, qug pkstgrokrdgntg sg cknvgrtoroign uni diai nktocoi piri duc`ks iv oifkrgs ia oifks gn ga ergntg kccofgntia. Ckdk sujkeocoia cuinfk eug fgstonifk i ai Bisti :9 , V`krn akmrk96 voctkrois intgs fg eoniags fg 9?9= gn ga ergntg erincgs, pgrk rgsuatk `grofk gn un itiqug ckntri un makjk ga :3 fg focogdjrg. \iri ga 6 fg imkstk su rgmostrk ìjoi sujofk i := voctkrois (tkfks aks fgrrojks gxcgptk cuitrkaks akmrk ckntri aks erincgsgs) y iunqug tidjogn cknsomuok ai Jaug Dix nk eug iscgnfofk i keocoia ìsti ga OO fg imkstk fg 9? 90 Vkfks aks ivokngs fg V`krn gvijin uni mrin V gn ga eusg aibg.

GO jivirk Gfuirf Zottgr vkn Scàgoc` fok cug nti fg 37 ivokngs erincgsgs y jrotinocks y fg un makjk furintg ai m ugrri y tidjogn rgcojok ai ckfocoifi Jaug Dix. Nicofk gn Dunoc`, eug cknkcofk ckdk ga Cijiaagrkngmrk fgjofk ia ckakr fg su ivokn. Dis diykr qug ai diykroi fg aks poaktks (tgnoi :5 inks cuinfk ckdgnzk ai mugrri), Ukn Scàgoc` ìjoi prgstifk sus sgrvocoks intgrokrdgntg gn ai oneintgroi intgs fg ai mugrri y eugiscgnfofk i keocoi a gn 9?9


52/66

cuifroaais fg cizi), isudo k g a dinfk fga Bimfmruppg 0 gn 9?90, qug gnuatodi onstincoi sg cknvgrtoroi gn ai BM OU Iacinzk uni mrifuicokn od-pkrtintg gn ai QO Mugrri Dunfoia, pgrk eoniadgntg durok gn 9?6= fgjofki su diai siauf cuinfk tkfivoi gri prosokngrk fg mugrri jrotinock. Iun-qug cknkcofk pkr sus ivokngs ckdpagtidgntg ngmrks, ga Iajitrks cidu-eaifk nkrdia fg Ukn Sc` agoc` fg ? = aagviji ga gdjagdi fga agknjivirk skjrg un corcuak jainck y izua ckn foidintgs , pontifk forgcti-dgntg skjrg ga eusgaibg jirnozifk.

Gd oa Vùy, fg ]gsteiaoi, rgsuatk `grofk ckdk sk afifk intgs fg prgstirsus sgrvocoks gn ai ivoicokn. Vùy aagmk eoniadgntg i ai Bisti :9 i ckdognzksfg 9? 9= tris ìjgr pisifk pkr aks jopaizis gn 9?97 y ìjgr rgcaidifk unfgrrojk ckn ai EEI33 gn sgptogdjrg fg 9?97. Cknsomuok ktris 3 voctk-rois intgs fg sgptogdjrg fg 9?9= vkainfk gn ga ergntg erincgs y augmk euggnvoifk i ai Bisti :0 piri dinfirai. Vùy, qug pkr gntkncgs prgstiji sussgrvocoks gn ga ergntg jrotinock, ieoifok viroks fgrrojks dis i su tkti a cknaks Iajitrks Sckut intgs fg qug ai Bisai :0 sg rggquopiri ckn aks jopai-nks Ekhhgr. Skjrgvovok i ai mugrri ckn 37 voctkrois y ai aug Dix pgrkicijk durognfk gn un icc ofgntg fg vugak dogntris trijibiji gn ai on s-truccokn fg poaktks piri ai nugvi Auetwieeg gn ai WZSS gn 9?3


53/66

/)u Bi22

bgeg. Ai ktri gstrgaai fg gsti uatodi unofif eug ktrk vgtgrink poaktk sujkeocoia,Erogfroc` Iatgdgogr, qug tgnoi dis fg 3< inks furintg su pg ro kfk dis pgaom rksk gn g a ergntg. \rkcgfgntg fg uni c oufif cg rci fg @in5vgr, `ij oitrijibifk gn ai pkfgrksi ei jroci Hrupps intgs fg ai mugrri y au gmk prgst5 sus sgrvoc oks gn ai on eintg ro i. Fgspugs fg rgsuatir `grofk, I atgdg ogr sgpis5 i ai iv oic o5n y fgspugs fg un pgro kfk gn aks jopaizis gn 9? 95, eoniadgntg aa gm5 i aks cizis i ckdognzks fg 9? 9=.

Ai Bisei :6s gstiji sotuifi pkr gntkncgs bustk fgaintg fga ergntg jrotinock y intg s fg eonia fg ini Iatgdgogr akmr5 nugvg voctkro is gn ckd jitgsig rgks8 gstg tktia oncauoi cuitrk S\IF, fks Sk pwot` tropainks y un Nogupkrt Sck ut. Zgcaid5 ktris cuitrk vo ctk ro is ckneordifis ckn aks IajitrksF U i ckdognzks fg 9? 90, uni fg ais cuiags rgs uat5 sg r ai 7


54/66

Sg pugfg vgr ga Iajitrks < U< .::??/9= fg akgrzgr i eoniags fg9?9= cuinfk gri ga bgeg fg ai Bisti:5. Vkfk ga eusgaibg y ai ckaigstijin fgckrifks ckn ais jinfisjaincis y ngmris fg ai Bisti :5dogntris qug su gdjagdi pgrskniagri uni gstrgaai fg sgos puntis. aisiais skn fg tgai ckn rkdjks ,cujogrti ckn eonis contis gn aisckstoaais, y aks cujrgrrugfis sknmrosgs.

@grdinn Mkronm, Stieegaeoo`rgr fg aiBisti :=. Gn tktia akmrk < ia dgnksrgcaidk :: voctkrois gn ckdjitg,ai uatodi ckdk bgeg fg ai BM Ogn 9?90.

dg aOgmk i ai a isi :5 fgspugs fga sgrvocok gn aks jopaizis gn ai prodivgrifg 9? 9=, y i eoniags fg ink tgnoi sgos voctkrois gn su ìjgr. \kstgrokrdgntg,aOgmk ga trisaifk i ai aisi ?, ckn ai qug kjtuvk ai JOaag Dix ga : fg kctujrgfg 9? 90, tris ìjgr akmrifk ai diykr pirtg fg sus fgrrojks ckn gs ti uatodiunofif ckntri aks erincgsgs. Durok gn 9?56 i ai gfif fg 50 inks.

Fgspugs fg prgstir sus sgrvocoks gn ai a is i :5, @grdinn Mkro nm sg dir-c`k piri isudor g a dinfk fg ai ais i := ga 9= fg diyk fg 9? 9=8 tgno isogtg voctkrois ìsti gntkncgs, fks ckn aks jopaizis, uni ckn un Ekhhgr o -fgchgr y cuitrk ckn ai ais i :5. Mkronm dinfk nud grksis pitruaa is g on-tgrcgptic okngs y prgsgntk vi rois rgcaidic okngs furintg 9? 9=. I eoni ags fgink tgnoi gn tkti a 95 voctkrois rgcknkcofis y su on ekrdg fg ckdjitg fga0 fg bunok fg 9? 9= (poaktinfk g a Iajitrks F OOO F.:


55/66

(/)A.Wcci-822,i -u

eug unk fg aks poaktks fg dis gxotk fg Mkronm ckn aks Iajitrks. Omui ad gntgun vg tgrink sujkeocoia , tid jogn `ijoi sof k sk afifk intgs fg ai mugrri, pg-rk tris pisirsg i ai ivoicokn , aagmk i aks cizis fgsfg aks jopainks. Hid-pg, qug ekrdi pirtg fg ai isa := fgsfg egjrgrk fg 9?9=, tuvk un ckdognzkagntk, pgrk gntrg imkstk y focogdjrg akmrk sgos voctkrois y furintg ais pro-dgris sgdinis fg 9?9 0 p oaktinfk aks tropainks) cknsomuok fks dis. Du-rok gn ckdjitg ckntri aks jkdjirfgrks Iorck F@ 6 fga Sqn := ga 0 fgdirzk, kjtgnognfk su uatodi voctkroi gn gstg uatodk gnergntidogntk

@gadut Foat`gy eug ktrk fg aks qug akmrirkn voctkrois gn 9?9= . Aagmkia sgrvocok gn ai ivoicokn i eo niags fg 9?96 y augmk prgstk sus sgrvocoksgn ga ergntg rusk ckn aks jopaizis. Eug fgstonifk i ai isai := gn diykfg 9?9 = y akmrk conck < sgos voctkrois ckn aks Iajitrks intgs fg isudor gadinfk fg ai Bisti 6


56/66

Bkic` od vkn Jgrtrij fg aiBi sti 3


57/66

1.BWgx2O-k-4>O-


58/66

]iatgr vkn Jooakw-Jkt`hidpcknsomuok :0 voctkrois gn ai O MugrriDunfoia. Vris prgstir sus sgrvocoksonocoiadgntg gn ai EI3


59/66

/)AWi

k-- '>

i...u

eo rdi r. Vris sgr nkdjrifk keocoi a i a dinfk ontgr onk cuinfk su bgeg fgSt ga gs tiji fg pgrd osk, duro5 ia sg r fgrrojifk , dogntris po aktiji unF U pkr g a Cip \ E. Euaairf, fg a Sqn O, g S fg nkv ogdjrg .

Iajgrt Fkssgnjic` cknsomuo 5 sus nugvg prodgris voctkrois ckn aks jo-pa izis (ckdpirt ofis ckn su kjsgrvifkr, @ins Sc òaaonm) furintg 9?95, quggri un jugn rgsuatifk piri iq ug aai gpkci. Fg `gc`k, sg cknvo rto5 g n ga pro-dgr poaktk fg aks jopaizis gn akm rir ai aug Dix I ckdognzks fg 9? 9=Fkssgnjic` isu do5 ga dinfk fg ai Bisti 35 y furintg ga ijroa sinmrogntkfgrroj5 conck ivokngs erincgsgs, cknvortognfk sg tidjogn gn is fga Iaji-trks. @grofk pkr ai dgtriaa i fg uni jkdji furintg un itiqug ckntri su cid-pk fg ivoic o5n, sg rgcupgr5 piri is udor g a dinfk fg ai Bs ti 9< gn bunok.Son gdjirmk, fgspugs fg iooif or ktrk trkegk i su tktia, Fkssgnjic` duro5i a sgr fgrrojifk g a 3 fg bu aok dogntris iticiji i un jkdjirfgrk F@ 6 fgaSqn 7=8 sg vok ia is siatir < cigr fgsfg su Iajitrks oncgnf oifk .

Ci ra Fgmg akw vka5 ckn ai BiSO 35 furintg un jrgvg gspicok fg togd-pk, conck fo is piri sg r gxictks. Fgspugs fg `gror icc ofgntia dgntg i un ke -c oia ckdpioogrk do gntris pric to cijin ga tork ckntri jaincks tgrrgstrgs euggnvoifk i ai Bisti =, i a dinfk fg Bksge Bickjs. Fgmgakw sg ìroi eidk-sk fgspugs ckn ai Bisti 6< , qug gn uatodi on stincoi dinf5.

Ai gst rg aai fg ai Bisti 3= gn 9? 9= eug Grnst Wfgt, qug aagm5 fgspugs fgìjgr foserutifk fg un mrin gx otk ckn ai BiSO 97 y qug pkstgrokrdgntgisudoroi g a dinfk fg su intomui unofif. Sg pugfg supkngr qug so aks ivoi-fkrgs i aoifks sogdprg vgoin ia Jirkn Zkbk , aks iagdings sogdprg ygroini unk fg aks m rinfgs isgs i aoifks gn g a iorg.

Wfgt g agv5 su rgm ostrk ìsti :< ckn ai Bs ti 3= y augmk eug rgcautifkpkr g a Jir5n vkn Zo c`t`keg n piri dinfir su Bisti O O gn ai prodivgri fg9? 90, sgmuofi i ckntonuic o5n pkr ai Bisti 6. Dogntris gstuvogrk n gn aiBisti 3= tintk Wfgt ckdk @ins ]iafìusgn eu grkn aks dixo dks inkti -fkrgs fg ai unofif. Gstg uatodk poaktk, ckdk tintks y tintks isgs fg cizi

Ga a tn Grnst Wfgt fg ai Bisti 97 fgpog fgaintg fga Iajitrks < OOO< 9?69/95 ga9 fg gngrk fg 9?9= gnga cidpk fg ivoico5n fg @ijs`godSg pugfg vgr i aks dgcinocksMunhgadinn y Jg`rgnf trijibinfkgn ga dktkr Gstg ivo5n tgnoi gaeusgaibg ckn dincìs fg ckakrdirr5n rkbozk y ga tod5n cidueaifk


60/66

@gadut oat`gy bgeg fg ai Bi ti 6


61/66

W)A ABi2k-4>CA1t2W

fk fgrrojk ckdk poaktk fg cizi ckn ai Bis/i :3j gn imkstk fg 9? 9=.Fogtagn sg trisaifk i ckntonuic okn i ai Bis/ / 70 ckdk su bgeg y ckn g aaiiooifok fks voctkrois dis gn ijroa intgs fg dkror cui nfk su Iajitrks F Ueug fgrrojifk furintg un ckdjitg ckntri aks Cidga fga Sqn 63.

Zkjgrt @gojgrt sg iaostk gn ga gbgrc otk fg togrri gn imkstk fg 9? 96 , ytris trisaifirsg i ai ivoicokn gn diyk fg 9?97, aOgmk i aks cizis i trivgsfg aks jopaizis. Furintg ai m ugrri rgsuatk `grofk gn cuitrk kcisokngs. Ckn-somuok su prodgr fgrrojk ckn ai Bis/ / 33 gn imkstk fg 9?9= y pkstgrokr-dgntg pisk i ekrdir pirtg fg ai Bis/i 65 cuinfk gsti sg ekrdi gn focogdjrgfga dosdk iook. Gn ai prodivgri fg 9? 90 @g ojgr t g agvk su rgmostrk i con-ck8 furintg iquga pgrokfk su unofif utoaozk uni ckdjonicokn fg IajitrksF U _ \eiaz Foaa Sg crgg qug ga akmrk ai diykr pirtg fg sus voctkroisckn ga prodgrk fg gstks dkfgaks. @gojgrt eoni ao zk su aostifk fg inkticok-ngs ckn aks Ekhhgr F U OO gn imkstk, dkdgntk gn ga cui a ìjoi rgcaidi-fk yi 93 fgrrojks. \kstgrokrdgntg sg quotk ai vofi gn diyk fg 9?33.

Cuinfk ga Atn \iua Striàg isudok gadinfk fg ai Bis/i 7=, gn gngri fg9?90, yi gri is ckn aks Iajitrks tris ìjgr akmrifk sogtg fgrrojks ckn ai Bis-i 90 gn 9?9=. Nicofk gn ]urtgdjgrm gn diyk fg 90?7 y tris ga ìjotuia pg-rokfk ckn aks jopaizis, aOgmk i gsti unofif fg cizi gn 9?95 Dogntris gstuvkgn ai Bis/i 7= poaktk un Iajitrks F OOO _ un F U8 aks utoaozk piri iooifor iadgnks ktris fks voctkrois i su tktia intgs fg ai aOgmifi fg aks Ekhhgr F Uaa.

Ai Bis/ / 5: eug uni unofif qug utoaozk aks Iajitrks F U ìsti jogn gn-trifk 9?90, y su gstrgaai eug Dix it`gr, cuyk Iajitrks pgrsknia aOgvijiuni jinfgri ribi, jainci y ngmri knfginfk gn un isti, skjrg un rgctoanmuak

Hknrif Jrgnfga vkak ckn ai Bisti 67fgspugs fg prgstir sus sgrvocoks gnai Bisti 9=. akmrk nugvg voctkroisintgs fg dkror ia sgr fgrrojifk pkrga tork intoigrgk tgrrgstrg ga : fgsgptogdjrg fg 9?90. Gsti ektkmrieoiOg dugstri sgntifk gn su IajitrksF Ui fg ai Bisti 9= qug gstijidircifk ckn erinbis foimkniags gnckakrgs suivgs skjrg ga eusgaibgjidozifk fg ckntricìpifk. GOfostontovk fg ai unofif cknsostoi gnga todkn y ga paink fg fgrovipontifks gn jainck. Fgsticin akscirtuc`ks y ga cirmifkr fgjgnmiais fg sgniagsondgfoitidgntg pkr fgjibk fg aicijoni.

Erinz Scàgoee Stieegaeoo`rgr fg aiBisti 75 gn 9?90 pksi ckn suIajitrks F Ui . Intgrokrdgntggstuvk gn ai EI3


62/66

@issk vkn ]gfga dinf5 aiBisti =7 y pkstgrokrdgntg aiBisti :6 fgspugs fg prgstir sussgrvocoks onocoiadgntg gn ai Bisti96. Cknsomuo5 conck voctkrois gn aiO Mugrri Dunfoia y eugpkstgrokrdgntg fgrrojifk skjrgOnmaitgrri poaktinfk un Je 9


63/66

/)Wc22k--2282)

gAu

Ai DEB O gntrk gn iccokn gn ai prodivgri fg 9? 9= y unk fg sus pron-copiags poaktks eug Mkttìrf Sic`sgnjgrm. Gstg intomuk cifgtg nivia sgcknvortok gn kjsgrvifkr ckn uni unofif fg jopaizis fg ai Dironi intgs fgrgcojor onstruccokn ckdk poaktk. I ckntonuicokn, poaktk aks Ekhhgr Gonfgchgrintgs fg isudor ga dinfk fg ai DEB O gn egjrgrk fg 9?9 = Intgs fga eo-nia fg ai mugrri Sic`sgnjgrm akmrk kc`k voctkrois y somuok dinfinfk suunofif ìsti jogn gntrifk ga vgrink fg 9? 90, dkdgnti gn ga cuia aOgmi-rkn aks Ekhhgr F UOO. Eoniaozk ai mugr ri ckdk bgeg fg ai doci Bimfmgs-c`w gr fg ai Dironi, ai DBMr O GO tktia eonia fg Sic`sgnjgrm sg sotukgn 39 fgrrojks, y duc`ks fg sus prodgrks gx otks aks rgcaidk poaktinfkak s Iajitrks. Durok gn 9?5 9

Jgrtrid @gonroc` eug unk fg aks poaktks fg Sic `sgnjgrm y poaktk tintkaks Iajitrks F OOO ckdk aks F U Vris fgrrojir nugvg ivokngs jrotodocksgn 9?9= , i su vgz ciyk voctodi fga poaktk ci nif ognsg, Bgeg fg GscuifroaaiI. D S`kkh fga 6 Gscuifrkn Nivia , gqu opifk ckn aks Cidga , ga :: fgdirzk fg 9?90. @grofk gn g a iccofgntg ckn su Iajitrks F U gn uatodi ons-aincoi @gonroc` rgmrgsk piri poaktir ak s F UOO ckn su unofif furintg gavgrink, gagvinfk su rgmostrk i 9:. I ckntonuicokn, vkavok i sgr voctodi fgktrk Cidga, ga fga euturk is fg ai ZIE, Vtg ] S Bgnhons fga Sqn :9< ,qug gnvok ia iagdin i ai dugrtg ga 39 fg imkstk.

V`gkfkr V`gi) Kstgrhidp eug kark fg aks poaktks fg gxo tk fg aiDEB O i ckdognzks fg 9?9 =. \rkcgfgntg fg ai rgmokn fga Zòn , akmrk ckn:7 iooks sg os voctkrois furintg 9? 9=, fgrrojinfk ivokngs fg gxpakricoknerincgsgs y fga ZEC, ifgdis fg ia dgnks un ipiritk jgami. I ckntonui-cokn, pisk i dinfir ai DEB OO gn kctujrg y piri ckdognzks fga vg rink fg9? 90 Kstgrhidp ìjoi dis qug fupaocifk su rgmostrk. \ksggfkr fg ai JaugDix skjrgvovok i ai mugrri ckn 3: voctkrois, i ais qug pkstgrokrdgntgiooiforoi sgos gn 9?6< ckdk bgeg fg ai unofif fg cizi BM 79 gn ai OO Mug-rri Dunfoia. GO oi ` gi Kstgrhidp iacinzk uni mrifuicokn odpkrtintggn ai Auetwieeg, y durok gn gngrk fg 9?=7.

Ai prgcurskri fg ais conck unofifgs fg DEB eug ai Sggerintst eega SES),qug utoaozk uni ckdj onic okn fg Iajitrks y \eiaz Sck ut. C`rostoin Hiorogs,Zgon`kaf \kss y Mgrìrf @ujroc` eugrkn trgs poaktks fg gx otk qug pugfgqug akmririn c onck voctkro is ckn aks Iajitrks intgs fg sgr fgstonifks i aisDEB U OU _ OU rgspgctovidgntg, fknfg prgsgntirkn dis rgcaidicokngs.@ujroc` y \kss skjrgvovogrkn i ai mugrri ckn 9: y OO fgrrojks cifi unk,

@ins Jk`nonm fg ai Bisti =?jìjoi vkaifk intgrokrdgntg gn aisBistis 35 y =5. Sus voctkrois prgvoisais akmrk ckn aks Iajitrks Sckut yeoniaozk ai mugrri ckn 9= voctkrois.Wnk fg sus < U tuvk erinbisjaincis y izuags iargfgfkr fgaeusgaibg.

Mkttìrf Sic`sgnjgrm eug un is fgai Dironi ckn ai DEB O y aOgmk idinfir ga DEBMr O Eoniaozk aimugrri ckn 39 voctkrois. GstgIajitrks < OOO nk togng nonmunfostontovk gspgcoeock iunqug pirgcgqug aOgvi ga ìjotuia cknk fg ai`gaocg y ga pingaifk gn mros y gatodkn gn jidoz cairk. Fgstici aicknsostgntg gsciagroaai.


64/66

dogntris qug Hiorogs durok i ciusi fg ais `grofis suerofis furintg unckdjitg ckn aks idg a fga Sqn :9< ga : fg kctujrg fg 9?9 0.

ZGSWDGN\iri ga eonia fg ai mugrri aks Iajitrks Sckut sg ìjoin cknvgrtofk gn aksciji aaks fg jiti aai fg ai Iv oicokn iagdini . Iunqug ktrks cizis ckdk aksEkhhgr Fr 9 tropainks < aks F UOO nks vogngn i ai dgntg ckn dis ripo fgz,ga Iajitrks eug g a unock dkfgak qug gntrk g n ckdjitg furintg tkfk ga pgrokfk 9? 95-9? 90. _ iunqug aks purostis pkfroin cknsofgrir, fg ekrdi jistintg b usti , qug ìjoi uni idpaoi foegrgnco i gntrg aks Foy aks F U, nkkjstintg, ga nkdjrg Iajitrks somug sognfk prkdongntg gn ai ò stkroi fg aiivoicokn fg ai 9 Mugrri Dunfoi a Fg `gc`k, ipirtg fg ais onnudgrijagsiccokngs gn ais qug pirtocopirkn gn g a ergntg kccofgntia, aks Iajitrks Sckuttidjogn ckdji togrkn ckntri aks i aoifks gn tiaoi , gn Krogntg \rkxodk ygn ga ergntg krognti a Vkfks aks isgs odpkrtintgs fg aks iooks ontgrdgfoksfg ai mugrri aks poaktirkn, y gstks iyufirkn i iqugaaks onfovofuks tin ìjoags i minirsg un aumir gn ai ò stkr oi fg ai ivoicokn doaotir.

GO Iajitrks < Ui < .7097/9= fgMgrìrf @ujroc` fg ai Bisti OU fgai irong Egaf i eoniags fg 9?90. GOdkrrk y ai ckai gstijin pontifksgn idiroaak fg crkdk. @ujrocèoniaozk ai mugrri ckn 9: voctkroistris ìjgr gntrifk intgrokrdgntggn sgrvocok ckn ai SggerkntstieegaGscuifroaai fga Ergntg Dirotodk).

Vkfks gstks isgs eugrkn pksggfkrgsfg ai aug ix y tkfks gaaksakmrirkn duc`ks fgrrojks ckn akscizis Iajitrks. Sg triti, fg ozquogrfii fgrgcì, fg Hira Jkaag 35 fgrrojks),Bksge Ugatbgns 37 fgrrojks),Bksge Bickjs 6= fgrrojks).Kshir vkn Jkgnomh :5 fgrrojks),Gfuirf vkn Scàgoc` 37 fgrrojks) ,Gdst Wfgt 5: fgrrojks),Jrunk akgrzgr 66 fgrrojks).\iua Jiudgr 63 fgrrojks),@gnninn Mkronm :: fgrrojks)y @gonroc` Jknmirtz 33 fgrrojks).Gntrg tkfks gaaks fogrkn cugnti fg303 ivokngs y makjks iaoifks.

k(B )M2nC-


65/66

2

AWWkzAWCA

56

\GNFOCGais ifmstieegan su prkcgfgncoi\rusoi9: 3 6 5 = 9< 99 9: 93 96 9= :< :7 :5 := : ~ 3 ~ 39 33 3= 30 3 ~ 6 9 6: 6 3 6 ~ 6 ~6? 7< 79 7: 73 77 75 7= 70 7? 5< 59 5: 53 57 55 5= 50 5? =< =9 =3 =6 =7 09 0: 03 07 05 0= 00 0? ?

(Aviones en Combate: Ases y Leyendas No.53) Los Ases del Albatros de la I Guerra Mundial

Documents

Transcript of (Aviones en Combate: Ases y Leyendas No.53) Los Ases del Albatros de la I Guerra Mundial