°“√‡°‘¥º≈·µ°¢Õß â¡‚™°ÿπ (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Shogun)

„π¿“§„µâ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬·≈–°“√∫√√‡∑“‚¥¬°“√æàπ “√·§≈‡ ’¬¡

·≈–‚∫√Õπ

“¬—≥Àå ¥ÿ¥’ 1 ·≈– √–«’ ‡®’¬√«‘¿“

2

AbstractSdoodee, S.1 and Chiarawipa, R.2

Fruit splitting occurrence of Shogun mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv.

Shogun) in southern Thailand and alleviation by calcium and boron spraysSongklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2005, 27(4) : 719-730

Fruit splitting is a serious problem of Shogun mandarin in southern Thailand. To alleviate this

impact, the applications of calcium and boron by spraying were investigated. An experiment was established

in a farmer orchard (at Amphur Sadao, Songkhla province) where four-year plants were grown at 6 m x 6 m

spacing. The experiment was arranged as a completely randomized design, and 16 trees were used. There

were 4 treatments (1. control or water spray, 2. 1% CaCl2 spray or C treatment, 3. 0.8% boric acid spray or

B treatment and 4. 1% CaCl2+ 0.8% boric acid spray or C+B treatment) with 4 replicates. The application

was started at 4 months after fruit-setting, the sprays were done at 1 month intervals. It was found that the

occurrence of fruit-splitting started at 3 months after fruit-setting, and there were 4 causes of fruit-splitting:

1Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla

90112 Thailand. 2Information Technology Center, Department of Agriculture, Kasetklang, Chatuchak,

Bangkok, 10900 Thailand.

1Ph.D.(Crop Physiology), √Õß»“ µ√“®“√¬å, ¿“§«‘™“æ◊™»“ µ√å §≥–∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ߢ≈“π§√‘π∑√å Õ”‡¿Õ

À“¥„À≠à ®—ßÀ«—¥ ߢ≈“ 90112 2«∑.¡.(æ◊™»“ µ√å), π—°«‘™“°“√‡°…µ√ »Ÿπ¬å “√ π‡∑» °√¡«‘™“°“√‡°…µ√ ‡°…µ√°≈“ß ®µÿ®—°√

°√ÿ߇∑æœ 10900

Corresponding e-mail: sayan.s@psu.ac.th

√—∫µâπ©∫—∫ 13 ∏—𫓧¡ 2547 √—∫≈ßæ‘¡æå 16 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å 2548

π‘æπ∏åµâπ©∫—∫

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.27 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2005 720

Fruit splitting occurrence of Shogun mandarin

Sdoodee, S. and Chiarawipa, R.

1. scab (28.33%), 2. sun scald (11.11%), 3. sun burn (7.78%) and 4. no primary peel damage (52.78%). Various

patterns of fruit splitting were found: vertical, horizontal, oblique and informal shape. The treatments of

calcium and boron sprays did not affect on fruit growth or fruit size compared with the control, but they

significantly enhanced fruit firmness, total soluble solid (TSS) and total acidity (TA). The treatments of C, B,

and C + B can reduce the percentages of fruit splitting to 5.56, 8.89 and 6.67%, respectively, and they were

significantly different from that of the control (52.22%). It is suggested that calcium and boron sprays can

alleviate fruit splitting in Shogun mandarin, and fruit quality is also enhanced.

Key words : fruit splitting, calcium, boron, Shogun mandarin

∫∑§—¥¬àÕ

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«. ߢ≈“π§√‘π∑√å «∑∑. 2548 27(4) : 719-730

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2. ¥à“߇À≈◊Õ߇ªìπ«ß∑’˺‘«º≈ (11.11%) 3. ·¥¥‡º“∑’˺‘«º≈ (7.78%) ·≈– 4. ·µ°‚¥¬‰¡àæ∫Õ“°“√∑’˺‘«‡ª≈◊Õ°

(52.78%) √Ÿª·∫∫≈—°…≥–Õ“°“√º≈·µ°∑’Ëæ∫·∫à߉¥â‡ªìπ 4 ≈—°…≥– §◊Õ ·π«µ—Èß ·π«πÕπ ·π«‡©’¬ß ·≈–°“√

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·§≈‡´’¬¡§≈Õ‰√¥å 1% ‚∫√‘°·Õ´‘¥ 0.8% ·≈–·§≈‡´’¬¡§≈Õ‰√¥å 1% √à«¡°—∫‚∫√‘°·Õ´‘¥ 0.8% ¬—ß “¡“√∂≈¥

‡ªÕ√凴Áπµåº≈·µ°≈߇À≈◊Õ‡æ’¬ß §◊Õ 5.56, 8.89 ·≈– 6.67% µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ‚¥¬·µ°µà“ßÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠°—∫°“√‰¡àæàπ

“√´÷Ëß¡’º≈·µ° 52.22% ®÷ß·π–𔉥â«à“°“√æàπ·§≈‡´’¬¡·≈–‚∫√Õπ∑“ߺ≈ “¡“√∂∫√√‡∑“Õ“°“√º≈·µ°¢Õß

â¡‚™°ÿπ·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡§ÿ≥¿“æº≈¥â«¬

°≈ÿࡠ⡇ª≈◊Õ°≈àÕπ (mandarins À√◊Õ tangerines)

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376,000 ‰√à (»Ÿπ¬å “√ π‡∑»°“√‡°…µ√, 2547) Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡Õ“°“√º≈·µ°´÷Ëß®—¥‡ªìπÕ“°“√º‘¥ª°µ‘∑“ß √’√«‘∑¬“(physiological disorders) Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËߢÕߺ≈ â¡ (Zou

and Xu, 1995) ‰¥â°≈“¬‡ªìπªí≠À“ ”§—≠®π∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑“߇»√…∞°‘®·°à‡°…µ√°√ºŸâº≈‘µ â¡„πªí®®ÿ∫—π∑—Èßπ’ȇæ√“– â¡„π°≈ÿà¡·¡π¥“√‘πÀ√◊Õ â¡‡ª≈◊Õ°≈àÕπ (Citrus

reticulata Blanco) ¡—°¡’ªí≠À“º≈·µ°√ÿπ·√ß°«à“ â¡æ—π∏ÿåÕ◊Ëπ Ê ‡™àπ °≈ÿࡠ⡵‘¥‡ª≈◊Õ° (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck)

«. ߢ≈“π§√‘π∑√å «∑∑.

ªï∑’Ë 27 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 4 °.§. - .§. 2548°“√‡°‘¥º≈·µ°¢Õß â¡‚™°ÿπ

“¬—≥Àå ¥ÿ¥’ ·≈– √–«’ ‡®’¬√«‘¿“721

°≈ÿà¡ â¡‚Õ (C. maxima (Burm.f.) Merr.) ·≈–°≈ÿà¡¡–π“«(C. aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) ‡ªìπµâπ (Davies

and Albrigo, 1994) ‚¥¬‡©æ“– â¡‚™°ÿπ (C. reticulata

Blanco cv. Shogun) ∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥–‡ª≈◊Õ°∫“ß®π¡’º≈·µ°Õ¬Ÿà‡ ¡Õª√–¡“≥ 20-50% ·≈–„π∫“߃¥Ÿ°“≈Õ“®æ∫Õ“°“√º≈·µ°‰¥â¡“°∂÷ß 80-100% (‡ª√¡ª√’, 2544)

≈—°…≥–Õ“°“√º≈·µ°®–‡°‘¥®“°°“√¢¬“¬µ—«¢Õ߇π◊ÈÕº≈·≈–¡’·√ߥ—π¿“¬„πº≈®π à«π¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ° ÷Ëß¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàππâÕ¬ ‰¡à “¡“√∂µâ“π∑“πµàÕ·√ߥ—π¥—ß°≈à“«®π∑”„À⇰‘¥Õ“°“√º≈·µ°¢÷Èπ (Sekse, 1995a) πÕ°®“°Õ“°“√º≈·µ°¢Õß â¡®–‡°‘¥°—∫æ—π∏ÿå∑’Ë¡’‡ª≈◊Õ°∫“ß·≈â« (Gao et al.,

1994) ¬—ß¡’º≈¡“®“°‚§√ß √â“ߢÕ߇ª≈◊Õ°∑’ˉ¡à·¢Áß·√߇æ√“–°“√¢“¥∏“µÿ·§≈‡ ’¬¡∑’ˇªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õ߇槵‘π(Bower et al., 1994) ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π ¿“æÕ“°“»√Õ∫º≈(microclimate conditions) ‡™àπ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘·≈–§«“¡™◊Èπ√«¡‰ª∂÷ߪ√‘¡“≥πÈ”Ωπ®–¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏åµàÕ°“√·µ°¢Õߺ≈¥â«¬ (Peet, 1992) ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫Õ“°“√¥à“߇À≈◊Õ߇ªìπ«ß (sun scald) ∑’ˇªì𠓇Àµÿ∑”„Àâº≈·µ° ‡æ√“–‡°‘¥√Õ¬·º≈∫√‘‡«≥º‘«º≈ â¡®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫· ß·¥¥®—¥„π™à«ß°≈“ß«—π¢≥–∑’Ë¡’≈–ÕÕßπÈ”‡°“–Õ¬Ÿà∑’˺‘«º≈ (√«’ ‡ √∞¿—°¥’µ‘¥µàÕ à«πµ—«) à«π„π ¿“«–·≈âß·≈–µâπ â¡¡’§«“¡‡§√’¬¥πÈ” Ÿß °“√‰¥â√—∫πÈ”∑—π∑’¡’º≈„À⇰‘¥º≈·µ°‰¥â‡™àπ°—π(Huang et al., 2000) πÕ°®“°π’È Qian (1997) æ∫«à“Õ“°“√º≈·µ°¢Õß â¡¡’ 2 ≈—°…≥– §◊Õ °“√·µ°„π·π«µ—Èß·≈–„π·π«¢«“ß ´÷Ëß®–¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—π„π·µà≈–√–¬–æ—≤π“¢Õߺ≈∑—Èß 3 √–¬– §◊Õ √–¬–À≈—ßµ‘¥º≈ √–¬–º≈‡√‘Ë¡‡ª≈’Ë¬π ’ ·≈–√–¬–º≈ ÿ° (Chikaizumi et al., 1984)

πÕ°®“°π’È ¬—ß¡’√“¬ß“π°“√‡°‘¥√Õ¬·µ°µ“¡ à«πµà“ßÊ ¢Õߺ≈ §◊Õ ¢—È«º≈ (stem-end) ¥â“π¢â“ߺ≈(shoulder) (Ueta and Tanno, 2002) ·≈–°âπº≈ (stylar-

end) (Garcia-Luis et al., 1994) ‡ªìπµâπ ”À√—∫·π«∑“ß„π°“√ªÑÕß°—πº≈·µ°π—Èπ Christensen (1996) ‰¥â·π–π”«à“§«√®—¥°“√‡æ◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡·¢Áß·√ß„Àâ°—∫ºπ—߇´≈≈å¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°º≈·≈–À≈’°‡≈’ˬßÀ√◊ÕªÑÕß°—π°“√‰¥â√—∫ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë®–¡’º≈µàÕ°“√·µ°¢Õߺ≈ ‡™àπ °“√æàπ “√∑’Ë¡’Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õß∏“µÿ·§≈‡´’¬¡ (Xu et al., 1994) À√◊Õæàπ “√∑’Ë¡’Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¢Õß∏“µÿ‚∫√Õπ (Kumar et al.,

2001) ´÷Ëß “¡“√∂≈¥Õ“°“√º≈·µ°‰¥â ¢≥–∑’Ë°“√§«∫§ÿ¡

ª√‘¡“≥πÈ”·≈–§à“§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘π„Àâ¡’§«“¡ ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ®–‡ªìπÕ’°·π«∑“ßÀπ÷Ëß∑’˙૬≈¥Õ“°“√º≈·µ°‰¥â‡™àπ°—π (Sekse,

1995b) ¥—ßπ—Èπ‡æ◊ËÕÀ“·π«∑“ß∫√√‡∑“°“√·µ°¢Õߺ≈ â¡‚™°ÿπ ®÷߉¥â∑¥≈Õß„™â«‘∏’°“√æàπ “√·§≈‡´’¬¡·≈–‚∫√Õπ∑’˺≈ ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¢Õߺ≈º≈‘µ∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√·µ°¢Õߺ≈ â¡‚™°ÿπ∑’˪≈Ÿ°„π ¿“æÕ“°“»√âÕπ™◊Èπ·≈–¡’Ωπµ°™ÿ°¢Õß¿“§„µâ

Õÿª°√≥å·≈–«‘∏’°“√

∑”°“√∑¥≈Õß„π «π¢Õ߇°…µ√°√∑’Ë Õ. –‡¥“®. ߢ≈“ µâπ â¡‚™°ÿπ„π «π¥—ß°≈à“«¡’¢π“¥∑√ßæÿà¡ ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ µâπ â¡¡’°“√¢¬“¬æ—π∏ÿå‚¥¬°“√µ‘¥µ“∫πµâπµÕ â¡æ—π∏ÿå∑√Õ¬‡¬Õ√å ™à«ß∑’Ë∑”°“√∑¥≈Õßµâπ â¡¡’Õ“¬ÿ 4 ªï√–¬–ª≈Ÿ° 6 ‡¡µ√ x 6 ‡¡µ√ ¡’°“√§«∫§ÿ¡·≈–°”®—¥‚√§æ◊™ ·¡≈ß»—µ√Ÿæ◊™ ·≈–«—™æ◊™ √«¡∂÷ß„Àâªÿܬµ“¡√–¬–°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ ·≈–¡’√–∫∫„ÀâπÈ”·∫∫ ª√‘߇°≈Õ√å∑’Ë„°≈â√–¥—∫field capacity (FC) µâπ â¡‚™°ÿπ‡√‘Ë¡ÕÕ°¥Õ°„π™à«ß‡¥◊Õπ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π·≈–‡√‘Ë¡µ‘¥º≈„π™à«ß‡¥◊Õπ°√°Æ“§¡ 2546

“¡“√∂‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«º≈º≈‘µ‰¥â„π™à«ß‡¥◊Õπ¡’π“§¡ 2547

¡’°“√«“ß·ºπ°“√∑¥≈Õß·∫∫ ÿࡵ≈Õ¥ (CRD) ¡’ 4 «‘∏’∑¥≈Õߧ◊Õ 1) §«∫§ÿ¡ (æàππÈ”) 2) æàπ “√·§≈‡´’¬¡§≈Õ‰√¥å 1% 3) æàπ “√‚∫√‘°·Õ´‘¥ 0.8% ·≈– 4) æàπ “√·§≈‡´’¬¡§≈Õ‰√¥å 1% √à«¡°—∫ “√‚∫√‘°·Õ´‘¥ 0.8%

”À√—∫ “√‚∫√‘°·Õ´‘¥ 0.8% ‡µ√’¬¡¡“®“° “√‚∫√‘°·Õ´‘¥17.5% °“√æàπ∑”°“√æàπ∑—Ë«∑—Èߺ≈®π™ÿࡇ¥◊Õπ≈– 1 §√—Èßµ—Èß·µàº≈Õ“¬ÿ 4 ‡¥◊ÕπÀ≈—ß®“°µ‘¥º≈ „™â®”π«π 4 ´È”(1 µâπ/ È”) ·≈–«‘∏’∑¥≈Õß≈– 15 º≈/µâπ ª√–‡¡‘π°“√µÕ∫ πÕß∑“ß √’√«‘∑¬“¢Õßµâπ â¡‚™°ÿπ„π™à«ß‡«≈“ 11.00-

13.00 π. ‰¥â·°à °“√«—¥»—°¬å¢ÕßπÈ”„π„∫ (leaf water

potential) ‚¥¬„™â Pressure chamber (PMS, U.S.A.)

°“√«—¥§à“™—°π”ª“°„∫ (stomatal conductance) ‚¥¬„™âPorometer (AP4 : Delta-T, U.K.) «—¥§«“¡‡¢â¡· ߇Àπ◊Õ∑√ßæÿà¡‚¥¬„™â Light meter (Licor, U.S.A.) «—¥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘π∫√‘‡«≥∑√ßæÿà¡∑’Ë√–¥—∫§«“¡≈÷° 30 ´¡.‚¥¬„™â Neutron probe ∫—π∑÷°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ¿“æÕ“°“»∫√‘‡«≥·ª≈ß∑¥≈Õߥ⫬ HoboTemp ·≈–®“° ∂“π’Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“Õ. –‡¥“ ®. ߢ≈“ ∫—π∑÷°°“√µÕ∫ πÕß∑“ß √’√«‘∑¬“

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.27 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2005 722

Fruit splitting occurrence of Shogun mandarin

Sdoodee, S. and Chiarawipa, R.

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Ωπµ°πâÕ¬≈ßÕ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π„π‡¥◊Õπ¡°√“§¡·≈–°ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å(Figure 1) º≈¡’¢π“¥‡ âπºà“π»Ÿπ¬å°≈“߇æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß∑ÿ°‡¥◊Õπ·≈–¡’¢π“¥º≈„°≈⇧’¬ß°—π®π‰¡à¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—π„π·µà≈–«‘∏’∑¥≈Õß (Figure 2) §«“¡‡¢â¡· ß∫√‘‡«≥·ª≈ß∑¥≈Õß‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬ §◊Õ 1,900 ‰¡‚§√‚¡≈/µ√.‡¡µ√/«‘π“∑’ (Figure 3a) §à“»—°¬å¢ÕßπÈ”„π„∫¡’§à“‡©≈’ˬµË” ÿ¥„π‡¥◊Õπ惻®‘°“¬π §◊Õ -2.88 MPa (Figure

3b) ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫§à“™—°π”ª“°„∫∑’Ë¡’§à“‡©≈’ˬµË” ÿ¥„π‡¥◊Õπ惻®‘°“¬π §◊Õ 0.09 ´¡./«‘π“∑’ (Figure 3c) à«π§à“‡©≈’ˬ§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘π∑’Ë√–¥—∫§«“¡≈÷°®“°º‘«¥‘π 30 ´¡.µ—Èß·µà‡¥◊Õπµÿ≈“§¡∂÷ß°ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å Õ¬Ÿà„π™à«ß 18-20% ∑—Èßπ’ȇæ√“–¡’°“√„ÀâπÈ” ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ„π™à«ßΩπ∑‘Èß™à«ß (Figure 3d)

‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå·≈–≈—°…≥–°“√·µ°¢Õߺ≈ â¡‚™°ÿπ

®“°°“√∫—π∑÷°®”π«πº≈·µ°¢Õß â¡‚™°ÿπ æ∫«à“‰¡à¡’Õ“°“√º≈·µ°„π™à«ß‡¥◊Õπ°√°Æ“§¡∂÷ß ‘ßÀ“§¡ ·µà‡√‘Ë¡æ∫Õ“°“√º≈·µ°µ—Èß·µà‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π∂÷ß¡’π“§¡ À√◊Õº≈Õ“¬ÿ 3-9 ‡¥◊ÕπÀ≈—ß°“√µ‘¥º≈ ‚¥¬æ∫¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π™à«ß‡¥◊Õπ惻®‘°“¬π ´÷Ëß¡’Ωπµ°™ÿ° §◊Õ 58.33% ·≈–¡’

·π«‚πâ¡≈¥≈ß®π∂÷߇¥◊Õπ¡’π“§¡ (Figure 4) ®“°°“√∑¥≈Õߧ√—Èßπ’È æ∫ “‡Àµÿ°“√·µ°¢Õߺ≈ 4 “‡Àµÿ §◊Õ1) Õ“°“√º≈·µ°®“°‚√§ ·§Á∫ (scab) 28.33% 2) Õ“°“√¥à“߇À≈◊Õ߇ªìπ«ß (sun scald) 11.11% 3) Õ“°“√·¥¥‡º“ (sun burn) 7.78% ·≈– 4) º≈·µ°‚¥¬‰¡àæ∫Õ“°“√∑’˺‘«‡ª≈◊Õ° ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥∂÷ß 52.78% (Figure 5) ‚¥¬Õ“°“√º≈·µ°®“°‚√§ ·§Á∫ æ∫¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π‡¥◊Õπµÿ≈“§¡§◊Õ 50%

·≈–¡’·π«‚πâ¡≈¥µË”≈ß®π∂÷߇¥◊Õπ¡’π“§¡ à«πÕ“°“√·¥¥‡º“ ‡√‘Ë¡æ∫µ—Èß·µà‡¥◊Õπ∏—𫓧¡§◊Õ 22.58% ®“°π—Èπ¡’·π«‚πâ¡≈¥≈ß®π∂÷߇¥◊Õπ¡’π“§¡ ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—πÕ“°“√¥à“߇À≈◊Õ߇ªìπ«ß æ∫„πª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë„°≈⇧’¬ß°—πµ—Èß·µà‡¥◊Õπµÿ≈“§¡§◊Õ 12.50% ®π∂÷߇¥◊Õπ¡’π“§¡§◊Õ 13.79% ¢≥–∑’ËÕ“°“√º≈·µ°∑’ˉ¡àæ∫Õ“°“√∑’˺‘«‡ª≈◊Õ°π—Èπæ∫‰¥âµ—Èß·µà‡¥◊Õπµÿ≈“§¡·≈–¡’·π«‚π⡇æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ 75.0% „π‡¥◊Õπ°ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å (Figure 6) πÕ°®“°π’È “¡“√∂·∫àß≈—°…≥–Õ“°“√º≈·µ°¢Õߺ≈‡ªìπ 4 ≈—°…≥–„À≠àÊ §◊Õ°“√·µ°„π·π«µ—Èß ·π«πÕπ ·π«‡©’¬ß ·≈–°“√·µ°∑’ˉ¡à¡’√Ÿª·∫∫·πàπÕπ ÷Ëß„π·µà≈–·π« “¡“√∂·µ°‰¥â∑—Èß∫√‘‡«≥¢—È«º≈ °≈“ߺ≈ ·≈–°âπº≈ ·≈–°“√·µ°√Ÿª·∫∫µà“ßÊ ‡À≈à“π’È®–æ∫«à“√–¬–∑’Ë 1 ¢Õß°“√æ—≤π“¢Õߺ≈¡’°“√·µ°·∫∫·π«µ—Èß·≈–·π«‡©’¬ßæ∫¡“°‡©≈’ˬª√–¡“≥50% „π√–¬–∑’Ë 2 ¡’°“√·µ°·π«πÕπ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ √Õß≈ß¡“§◊Õ ·π«‡©’¬ß·≈–·π«µ—Èß à«π°“√·µ°·∫∫‰¡à¡’√Ÿª·∫∫·πàπÕπ¡’πâÕ¬¡“°Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠ à«π√–¬– ÿ¥∑⓬°àÕπ‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«¡’°“√·µ°·∫∫·π«µ—Èß·≈–·π«πÕπ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥‡©≈’ˬª√–¡“≥ 40% à«π·µ°·π«‡©’¬ßæ∫πâÕ¬≈ßÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠ ·≈–°“√·µ°·∫∫‰¡à¡’√Ÿª·∫∫·πàπÕππâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥(Figure 7)

°“√æàπ “√·§≈‡ ’¬¡§≈Õ‰√¥å·≈–‚∫√‘°·Õ ‘¥µàÕ§ÿ≥¿“æ

º≈ â¡‚™°ÿπ

®“°°“√æàπ “√·§≈‡´’¬¡§≈Õ‰√¥å 1% ‚∫√‘°·Õ´‘¥0.8% ·≈–·§≈‡ ’¬¡§≈Õ‰√¥å 1% √à«¡°—∫‚∫√‘°·Õ´‘¥0.8% ∑”„Àâº≈ â¡¡’§«“¡·πàπ‡π◊ÈÕ §à“ TSS ·≈–§à“ TA

Ÿß°«à“º≈ª°µ‘·≈–·µ°µà“ß∑“ß ∂‘µ‘Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠ à«π‡ªÕ√凴ÁπµåπÈ”„π‡ª≈◊Õ°π—Èπ æ∫«à“º≈ª°µ‘¡’§à“ Ÿß∑’Ë ÿ¥ ·≈–·µ°µà“ß∑“ß ∂‘µ‘Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠°—∫«‘∏’°“√æàπ “√ ·≈–∑’Ë· ¥ßº≈‡¥àπ™—¥§◊Õ °“√æàπ “√„π∑ÿ°«‘∏’∑¥≈Õß∑”„Àâ

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Õ“°“√‡ª≈◊Õ°·µ°¢Õߺ≈ â¡‚™°ÿπ≈¥≈ß¡“°·µ°µà“ß®“°«‘∏’∑¥≈Õß∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡ (52.22%) Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘¢≥–∑’Ë„π«‘∏’∑¥≈Õß C, B ·≈– C+B ¡’°“√·µ°¢Õߺ≈

‡æ’¬ß 5.66%, 8.89% ·≈– 6.67% µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ´÷Ë߉¡à¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—π∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ (Table 1)

Figure 1. Weather conditions (daily rainfall and pan evaporation, maximum temperature

and minimum temperature) during July 2003 - March 2004.

Figure 2. Change of fruit diameter in the four treatments (Control, C, B and C + B) during

August 2003 - February 2004.

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.27 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2005 724

Fruit splitting occurrence of Shogun mandarin

Sdoodee, S. and Chiarawipa, R.

Figure 3. Values of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) above the canopy (A), leaf water

potential (B) and stomatal conductance of the citrus trees (C) and soil moisture

content in the experimental plot (D) during October 2003 - February 2004.

Vertical bars indicate standard deviation.

«‘®“√≥åº≈°“√∑¥≈Õß

®“°º≈°“√∑¥≈Õß “¡“√∂ —߇°µ‰¥â«à“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß ¿“æÕ“°“»„π·ª≈ß∑¥≈Õßµ—Èß·µà™à«ß‡¥◊Õπ°√°Æ“§¡∂÷ß¡’π“§¡ (Figure 1) ‰¡à¡’º≈∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡

·µ°µà“ߢÕß°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õߺ≈ â¡‚™°ÿπ (Figure 2)

∑—Èßπ’ȇªìπ‡æ√“–¡’√–∫∫°“√„ÀâπÈ” ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ„π™à«ß∑’ËΩπ∑‘Èß™à«ß · ¥ß«à“æ◊™‰¡à‰¥â√—∫ ¿“«–‡§√’¬¥√ÿπ·√ß ‡æ√“–∂â“À“°µâπ ⡉¥â√—∫ ¿“懧√’¬¥πÈ”√ÿπ·√ß ®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õߺ≈‰¥â (Huang et al., 2000) Õ¬à“߉√

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Figure 4. Percentage of fruit splitting in the control treatment during July 2003 - March

2004. Vertical bars indicate standard deviation.

Figure 5. Incidence of fruit splitting in Shogun mandarin caused by scab (28.33%) (A) sun

scald (11.11%) (B) sun burn (7.78%) (C) and no primary peel damage (52.78%)

(D).

Table 1. Effect of the treatments of fruit sprays on fruit quality and percentage of fruit splitting.

Treatment Fruit firmness (N) TSS (ºBrix) TA (%) Water content (%) Fruit splitting (%)

Control 2.08b 9.80b 4.24b 71.91a 52.22aC 2.36a 10.42a 5.84a 67.24b 5.56bB 2.44a 10.36ab 5.06ab 68.29b 8.89bC + B 2.33a 10.33ab 5.89a 68.88ab 6.67b

C.V. (%) 10.54 6.12 20.40 4.56 36.67F-test * * * * *

Means followed by different letters within the same column are significantly different by LSD (P?0.05).

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

Vol.27 No.4 Jul. - Aug. 2005 726

Fruit splitting occurrence of Shogun mandarin

Sdoodee, S. and Chiarawipa, R.

°Áµ“¡‡¡◊ËÕ¡’ª√‘¡“≥πÈ”Ωπ¡“°®–¡’·π«‚πâ¡°“√·µ°¢Õߺ≈¡“°¢÷Èπ ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π‡¡◊ËÕ¡’ª√‘¡“≥πÈ”Ωπ≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß®”π«πº≈·µ°®–≈¥≈ßµ“¡‰ª¥â«¬‡™àπ°—π (Figure 4)

∑—Èßπ’ȇæ√“–„π ¿“æΩπµ°®–∑”„Àâº≈¡’°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”‡¢â“ Ÿàº≈∑—Èß∑“ß√“°·≈–º‘«º≈Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«®π¡’ª√‘¡“µ√·≈–¡’·√ߥ—π‡µàß¿“¬„πº≈ (fruit turgidity) ¡“° ¢≥–∑’Ë à«π¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ (elasticity) ‰¥âπâÕ¬®÷߉¡à “¡“√∂µâ“πµàÕ·√ߥ—ß°≈à“« ®π∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈·µ°¡“°¢÷Èπ„π™à«ß∑’Ë¡’Ωπµ° (Christensen, 1996) Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡

“¡“√∂æ∫Õ“°“√º≈·µ°„π√–¬–∑’Ë 1 ‰¥âµ—Èß·µàÕ“¬ÿ 3

‡¥◊Õπ ´÷Ë߬—߇ªìπ√–¬–·∫àßµ—«¢Õ߇´≈≈å ·≈–¡’‡ª≈◊Õ°Àπ“µà“ß®“°√–¬–∑’Ë 2 ∑’Ë¡’°“√ √â“ß à«π¢Õß juice sacs ∑”„Àâ¡’°“√¢¬“¬µ—« ¡’°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õߺ≈√«¥‡√Á« ·≈–¡’‡ª≈◊Õ°∫“ß≈ß (Spiegel-Roy and Goldschmidt, 1996)

®÷ß àߺ≈„Àâ¡’‡ªÕ√凴Áπµåº≈·µ°¡“°„π√–¬–∑’Ë 2 ·≈–√–¬–∑’Ë 3

πÕ°®“°π’È ¿“æÕ“°“»¬—ß¡’º≈µàÕ “‡Àµÿ°“√·µ°¢Õߺ≈∑—Èß 4 “‡Àµÿ¥â«¬ (Figure 5) ‚¥¬æ∫Õ“°“√º≈

Figure 6. Average values of the percentage of fruit splitting from scab, sun burn, sun scald

and no primary peel damage during October 2003 - March 2004.

Figure 7. Percentage of fruit-splitting patterns occurred in 3 stages of fruit development.

Columns with the same letter on each stage are not significantly different by LSD

(P<0.05).

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·µ°∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°‚√§ ·§Á∫ „π™à«ß‡¥◊Õπµÿ≈“§¡·≈–≈¥≈ß®π∂÷߇¥◊Õπ¡’π“§¡ ∑—Èßπ’ȇæ√“–™à«ß‡«≈“¥—ß°≈à“«¡’ª√‘¡“≥Ωπµ°™ÿ°„π‡¥◊Õπµÿ≈“§¡ Ÿß∂÷ß 424.90 ¡¡. ·≈–≈¥≈߇ªìπ14.60 ¡¡. „π‡¥◊Õπ¡’π“§¡ ´÷Ëß‚√§π’È¡—°√–∫“¥√ÿπ·√ß„π™à«ßƒ¥ŸΩπ·≈–¡’Õ“°“»√âÕπ®—¥„π‡«≈“°≈“ß«—π ∑”„À⇙◊ÈÕSphaceloma fawcettii Jenkins ‡¢â“∑”≈“¬∫√‘‡«≥‡´≈≈å‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ™—Èπº‘« ·≈–°√–µÿâπ„À⇰‘¥°“√·∫à߇´≈≈庑¥ª°µ‘Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« (hyperplastic tissue) ®π∑”„Àâ‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ¡’≈—°…≥–πŸπ¢÷Èπ§≈⓬ÀŸ¥ (warty outgrowth) ·≈–‡ªìπ·º≈(°√√≥‘°“√å, 2547) ‡¡◊ËÕº≈¢¬“¬µ—«®÷ß àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥°“√·µ°¢Õߺ≈∫√‘‡«≥√Õ¬·º≈¥—ß°≈à“« ¢≥–∑’ËÕ“°“√·¥¥‡º“‡√‘Ë¡æ∫µ—Èß·µà„π™à«ß‡¥◊Õπ∏—𫓧¡ ∑—Èßπ’Èæ∫«à“¡—°‡°‘¥°—∫º≈∫√‘‡«≥™“¬æÿà¡∑’ˉ¥â√—∫· ß·¥¥∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡ Ÿßµ‘¥µàÕ‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π®π‡°‘¥√Õ¬·º≈‰À¡â√ÿπ·√ß (Arndt, 1992)

’º≈®÷߇ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ ’πÈ”µ“≈ ·≈–‡°‘¥°“√¬ÿ∫µ—«¢Õߺπ—߇´≈≈å®π¡’√Ÿª∑√ß∫‘¥‡∫’Ȭ«º‘¥ª°µ‘®“°‡¥‘¡ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡´≈≈å∑’˺‘«º≈∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬·≈–·Àâßµ“¬‰ª ‡¡◊ËÕº≈¢¬“¬µ—«®÷ß∑”„Àâ∫√‘‡«≥·º≈‡°‘¥√Õ¬ª√‘·≈–·µ°¢÷Èπ à«πÕ“°“√¥à“߇À≈◊Õ߇ªìπ«ß º‘«º≈¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ®ÿ¥·º≈ ’‡À≈◊Õß„π™à«ß·√°À≈—ß®“° 1-2 —ª¥“Àå ®ÿ¥·º≈®–‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ ’πÈ”µ“≈·≈–¡’√Õ¬¬ÿ∫µ—«¢Õߺ‘« ®“°π—Èπ®–‡°‘¥√Õ¬ª√‘∑’˺‘«·≈–·µ°„π‡«≈“µàÕ¡“ ‚¥¬¡—°æ∫∫√‘‡«≥º‘«º≈¥â“π∑’ˉ¥â√—∫· ß·¥¥´÷Ëß √«’ (µ‘¥µàÕ à«πµ—«) ‰¥âÕ∏‘∫“¬«à“ ≈—°…≥–Õ“°“√π’ȇ°‘¥®“°°“√¡’À¬¥πÈ”À√◊Õ≈–ÕÕßπÈ”∫√‘‡«≥º‘«º≈‰¥â√—∫· ß·¥¥®—¥®π‡°‘¥√Õ¬‰À¡â‡ªìπ®ÿ¥ ‡æ√“–µàÕ¡πÈ”¡—π (oil gland)

∫√‘‡«≥º‘«º≈ â¡‚™°ÿπ¡’®ÿ¥‡¥◊Õ¥µË”‡æ’¬ß 70ºC ®÷ß∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ªìπ√Õ¬®ÿ¥·º≈‰À¡â‰¥â¡“°°«à“ â¡æ—π∏ÿåÕ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫Õ“°“√ oleocellosis (Knight et al., 2002) Õ“°“√sun scald (Josan et al., 1995) Õ“°“√ rind-oil spot

(Chikaizumi, 2000) ·≈–Õ“°“√ rindstain (Maia et al.,

2004) ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°æ∫«à“‡°‘¥®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫· ߇ªìπ‡«≈“π“π ®π∑”„ÀâµàÕ¡πÈ”¡—π∫√‘‡«≥‡´≈≈å‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ™—Èπº‘«·≈–擇√π‰§¡“‡°‘¥°“√¬ÿ∫µ—«¢Õß à«π flavedo À√◊Õ‡ª≈◊Õ° â¡™—ÈππÕ°®π‡°‘¥‡ªìπ√Õ¬·µ°·≈–∑”„À⇰‘¥Õ“°“√º≈·µ°‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫πÈ” à«πÕ“°“√º≈·µ°∑’ˉ¡àæ∫Õ“°“√∑’˺‘«‡ª≈◊Õ°π—Èπ¡’‡ªÕ√凴Áπµåº≈·µ° Ÿß°«à“ “‡ÀµÿÕ◊ËπÊ ∑—Èßπ’Èπà“®–‡ªìπº≈®“°·√ߥ—π‡µàß¿“¬„πº≈™à«ß∑’ˉ¥â√—∫πÈ”¡“° ·≈–¬—ßæ∫«à“¡’·π«‚π⡇æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„π™à«ß∑’˵âπ ⡉¥â√—∫πÈ”Ωπ„πª√‘¡“≥¡“°

≈—∫°—∫¡’· ß·¥¥®—¥·≈–Õ“°“»√âÕπ®—¥„π‡«≈“°≈“ß«—π Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ª√‘¡“≥°“√√–‡À¬πÈ”∑’Ë¡’§à“πâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥„π‡¥◊Õπµÿ≈“§¡ §◊Õ 76.82 ¡¡. ·≈–¡’§à“°“√√–‡À¬πÈ” Ÿß¢÷Èπ·≈–¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π‡¥◊Õπ°ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å §◊Õ 121.94 ¡¡. ¢≥–∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡©≈’ˬ Ÿß ÿ¥¡’·π«‚π⡇æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ®π∂÷ß 34.89ºC

„π‡¥◊Õπ¡’π“§¡ ∑”„Àâº≈§“¬πÈ”¡“°·≈–‡´≈≈å‡ ◊ËÕ¡ ¿“扥âßà“¬ (Medeira et al., 1999) ´÷ËßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡©≈’ˬ Ÿß ÿ¥∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ¡“°°«à“ 30ºC ®—¥‡ªìπ√–¥—∫∑’Ë “¡“√∂∑”≈“¬º≈‰¥â (Arndt, 1992) ‡æ√“–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õߺ≈®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«·≈–≈¥≈ߙ⓰«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß ¿“æÕ“°“»(Parchomchuk and Meheriuk, 1996)

¿“楗߰≈à“«»—°¬å¢ÕßπÈ”„πº≈®–µË” πÈ”®–‰À≈‡¢â“ Ÿàº≈Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«·≈–‡°‘¥·√ߥ—π¿“¬„πº≈ Ÿß ´÷Ëß¡—°‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ°“√·µ°¢Õߺ≈Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß (Milad and Shackel,

1992; Peet, 1992; Peet and Willits, 1995) πÕ°®“°π’ÈÕ“®‡°‘¥®“°°“√·µ°®“° à«π¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ° ‡™àπ ∫√‘‡«≥ fruit

stomata (Yamaguchi et al., 2003) ™àÕ߇ªî¥¢Õß –¥◊Õ(navel) ·≈–√Õ¬µàÕ¢Õߢ—È«°—∫°â“πº≈ (Garcia-Luis et

al., 1994; Garcia-Luis et al., 2001) À√◊Õ·√ߥ—π®“°°“√¢¬“¬µ—«¢Õ߇π◊ÈÕº≈ (Opara, 1996a) ‡ªìπµâπ ®÷ßπà“®–‡ªì𠓇ÀµÿÀπ÷Ëß∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂ —߇°µÕ“°“√º≈·µ°‰¥â‚¥¬µ√ß À√◊Õ‡√’¬°«à“ cuticle microcracks (Webster and

Cline, 1994) À√◊Õ cuticular fracture (Sekse, 1995b)

∑’Ë¡—°∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈·µ°„π√–¬–µàÕ¡“ (Figure 6) ¢≥–∑’Ë°“√·µ°¢Õߺ≈∑’Ëæ∫„π°“√∑¥≈Õßπ’ȇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â 4 √Ÿª·∫∫§◊Õ ·µ°„π·π«µ—Èß ·π«πÕπ·π«‡©’¬ß ·≈–‰¡à¡’√Ÿª·∫∫·πàπÕπÀ√◊ÕÀ≈“¬∑‘»∑“ß (Figure 7) ‚¥¬°“√·µ°„π·π«µ—Èß·≈–·π«‡©’¬ßæ∫‰¥â¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π∑ÿ°√–¬–°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õߺ≈ ·µà„π·π«πÕπ·≈–À≈“¬∑‘»∑“ßæ∫‰¥âµ—Èß·µà„π√–¬–∑’Ë 2 ·≈– 3 ®÷ß· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“√–¬–æ—≤π“¡’º≈µàÕ√Ÿª·∫∫°“√·µ°¢Õߺ≈ ‡æ√“–°“√·µ°„π·π«µ—Èß·≈–·π«‡©’¬ß “¡“√∂‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕº≈¡’°“√¢¬“¬µ—«„π∑ÿ°√–¬–°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°∫√‘‡«≥¢—È«·≈–°âπº≈¡—°¡’§«“¡µà“ß»—°¬å¢ÕßπÈ”µË” (Milad and Shackel, 1992) ¡’ à«π¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°∫“ß (Chikaizumi et al., 1984) ·≈–¡’™àÕß∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°√Õ¬µàÕ¢Õß°â“π°—∫¢—È«º≈ √«¡∂÷ß°“√¡’™àÕ߇ªî¥¢Õß –¥◊Õ(Garcia-Luis et al., 1994; Garcia-Luis et al., 2001)

®÷ß∑”„Àâº≈·µ°„π·π«¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥âßà“¬ à«π∫√‘‡«≥°≈“ߺ≈

Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.

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Sdoodee, S. and Chiarawipa, R.

®–¡’‡ª≈◊Õ°Àπ“ °“√·µ°„π·π«πÕπ®÷ß¡—°‡°‘¥„π√–¬–∑’˺≈‡√‘Ë¡‡ª≈’Ë¬π ’º≈·≈–√–¬–º≈ ÿ° (Qian, 1997) ¢≥–∑’Ë°“√·µ°À≈“¬∑‘»∑“ßπà“®–‡°‘¥®“°°“√¢¬“¬µ—«¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°µ“¡·√ߥ—π¢Õ߉´‡≈Á¡ ‚ø≈‡ÕÁ¡√Õ∫º≈ (Josan et al.,

1995) ·≈–µ“¡°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√Ÿª∑√ߢÕߺ≈ (Goa,

1995; Opara and Tadesse, 2000) à«πµ”·Àπàß°“√·µ°∫√‘‡«≥º≈πà“®–¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫√Õ¬·º≈À√◊Õ™àÕ߇ªî¥¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ° (skin fracture) ·≈–∑‘»∑“ß°“√¢¬“¬µ—«®“°¿“¬„π‡π◊ÈÕº≈ (flesh fracture) „π™à«ß°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õߺ≈(Opara, 1996a; Opara, 1996b)

πÕ°®“°π’È°“√æàπ “√·§≈‡´’¬¡§≈Õ‰√¥å·≈–‚∫√‘°·Õ´‘¥ “¡“√∂™à«¬‡æ‘Ë¡§ÿ≥¿“æº≈ ⡉¥â¥’°«à“°“√‰¡àæàπ “√ ‚¥¬∑”„Àâ¡’‡ªÕ√凴Áπµåº≈·µ°≈¥≈ß (Table 1) ∑—Èßπ’Èπà“®–‡ªìπº≈®“° “√·§≈‡´’¬¡§≈Õ‰√¥å·≈–‚∫√‘°·Õ´‘¥´÷Ë߇ªìπ “√∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘‡ √‘¡ √â“ߧ«“¡·¢Áß·√ߢÕߺπ—߇´≈≈å∑”„Àâ¡’§«“¡·πàπ‡π◊ÈÕ·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡§à“ TSS ·≈– TA ¢Õߺ≈„À⠟ߢ÷Èπ¥â«¬ (Raese and Drake, 2002) ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫Gao (1995) ∑’Ëæ∫«à“‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡’§«“¡·πàπ‡π◊ÈÕ Ÿß®–™à«¬≈¥Õ“°“√º≈·µ°‰¥â ‡æ√“–„π‡ª≈◊Õ°¡’ “√‡æ§µ‘π∑’ˉ¡à≈–≈“¬πÈ” (insoluble pectin) Ÿß ´÷Ëߙ૬‡ √‘¡ √â“ߧ«“¡·¢Áß·√ß„Àâ°—∫º‘«º≈‰¥â ·≈–À“°¡’ª√‘¡“≥∏“µÿ·§≈‡´’¬¡„π‡ª≈◊Õ°µË”®–¡’‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå°“√·µ°¢Õߺ≈¡“°¢÷Èπ (Opara

and Tadesse, 2000) ·≈–¬—ߙ૬≈¥°“√´÷¡ºà“π¢ÕßπÈ”∑“ߺ‘«º≈‰¥â ‡æ√“– “√≈–≈“¬´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß‡°“–Õ¬Ÿà√Õ∫º≈®–™à«¬ª√—∫§à“§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√≈–≈“¬¿“¬„π·≈–¿“¬πÕ°º≈„Àâ„°≈⇧’¬ß°—π ®÷߇ªìπ°“√™–≈Õ°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”‡¢â“ Ÿàº≈√–À«à“ß∑’Ë¡’Ωπµ°‰¥â (Lang et al., 1997)

¥—ßπ—Èπª√–‡¥Áπ°“√»÷°…“∂÷ß°“√´÷¡ºà“π¢Õß “√≈–≈“¬∏“µÿ·§≈‡´’¬¡·≈–‚∫√Õπ∑“ߺ‘«º≈ πà“®–¡’°“√§âπ§«â“«‘®—¬µàÕ‰ª ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇢Ⓞ®∂÷ß∫∑∫“∑¢Õß∏“µÿ∑—Èß Õß∑’Ë¡’µàÕ≈—°…≥–°“¬¿“æ¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ° â¡ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªìπ “√∑’ˇ§≈◊ËÕπ∑’ˉ¥â™â“·≈–¡—°¡’ª√‘¡“≥‰¡à‡æ’¬ßæÕµàÕ§«“¡µâÕß°“√„π°“√æ—≤π“º≈‡¡◊ËÕ‡¢â“ Ÿà√–¬–∑’Ë 2-3 (Storey and Treeby, 2002) ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π “√∑—Èß 2 ¬—ߙ૬‡ √‘¡ √â“ߧ«“¡·¢Áß·√ߢÕߺπ—߇´≈≈剥⥒¢÷Èπ¥â«¬ (Peryea et al., 2003; Teasdale and

Richards, 1990)

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«. ߢ≈“π§√‘π∑√å «∑∑.

ªï∑’Ë 27 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 4 °.§. - .§. 2548°“√‡°‘¥º≈·µ°¢Õß â¡‚™°ÿπ

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