20 Monreal Serena

Investigación y Desarrollo de Tecnologías para la Eficiencia Energética y Energía Renovable

Aplicadas al Sector Agrícola y Agro-alimentario

Carlos M. Monreal Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada - AAFC

Ottawa, Canada

Seminario Internacional - Seguridad y eficiencia energética: Un aporte cientifico para la generacion de politicas publicas

La Serena, Chile - Abril 17, 2008

Hydro

Biomass

Others less than 1%– Tidal– Solar – Wind– Ethanol– Earth Energy– Municipal Waste– Landfill gas

6 %

11 %

Canadian Energy Supply

Agriculture andAgri-Food Canada

Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada

Coal , 11%

Oil , 32%

Natural Gas, 33%

Nuclear, 7% Renewables &Hydro, 17 %

- 30 % of world oil reserves

Oil, 32 %

Canada’s green advantage -

• 0.5 % of worlds population• 7.0 % of global land area • 10 % of world’s forest

Bioenergy use is large relative to other renewables - second only to hydro-electric power.



Canada’s Green Advantage

• Climate change / environmental• Reducing net greenhouse gas emissions

• Clean water, air and soils • Rural economic development and revitalization

• Creation of economically viable natural resource-based enterprises in rural Canada and reduction of farm subsidies

• Farmer ownership of ethanol and biodiesel production facilities would enhance rural community development

• Farm income• New market opportunities for grains and oilseeds and other biomass feedstocks

• The emerging bioeconomy• Production of new products from natural resources

Renewable Energy Policy Drivers



•Abundant bioresources for national and international markets

•Adding value to biomass revitalizes rural and aboriginal economies and creates innovative industries and markets•The utilization of opportunity biomass resources can turn waste and liability into economic potential

Why is Canada Interested in a Bio-based Economy?



• Climate change / environmental• Reducing net greenhouse gas emissions

• Clean water, air and soils • Rural economic development and revitalization

• Creation of economically viable natural resource-based enterprises in rural Canada and reduction of farm subsidies

• Farmer ownership of ethanol and biodiesel production facilities would enhance rural community development

• Farm income• New market opportunities for grains and oilseeds and other biomass feedstocks

• The emerging bioeconomy• Production of new products from natural resources

Renewable Energy Policy Drivers



Biodiesel in Agricultural Tractors Zero-tillage

PERD -Reducing the Use of Fossil Fuel Sources - Food production

• Due to the lower energy content of the biodiesel, higher fuel consumption & lower fuel efficiency were observed for B50 and B100 blends.

CO

2 e

mis

sion

s (k

g/ha

)

5

15

25

Diesel B20 B50 B100

PERD - Reducing the Use of Fossil Fuel - Food processing

Increasing leafy vegetable stability during storage and distribution

P. Delaquis - [email protected]

Chlorinated H2O at 50°C:-reduced browning and waste -enhanced antimicrobial effectiveness-improved consumer acceptance

Delaying fruit ripening during storage and transport

P. Toivonen - [email protected]

1-methylcyclopropene:-blocks ethylene action to delay fruit ripening-reduced fruit respiration by 30 to 50 %-reduced refrigeration need-good for apples, less predictable for apricots & plums

A Feedlot in Alberta - Highmark Renewables Inc.



Highmark Renewables Inc. - Alberta

• Develops and commercializes an Integrated Manure Utilization System (IMUS) to: a) convert livestock manure into biogas using a thermophilic (55 °C) AD; b) and produce and export electricity to the power grid.

The AD system produces organic fertilizer and reusable water by recovery and concentration of nutrients in the digested beef manure.

IMUS AD system

Cattle: 36,000 cattle in feedlotManure processed: 215 tons slurry/dDigester capacity: 1800 m3 x2Biogas: 9000 m3/d

Energy: 760 kWe, 974 kWtEmission Reduction: 6.3 kt CO2e/yr

AD Energy Cogeneration - Pilot PlantsAD Energy Cogeneration - Pilot Plants



Bio-Terre Systems Inc. - Quebec

• Develops a market-ready AD system for the production of biogas, and cogeneration of electricity and heat from hog manure using a psychrophilic (23 °C) sequencing batch reactor.

Bio-Terre AD system – Peloquin farm

AD Energy Cogeneration - Pilot PlantsAD Energy Cogeneration - Pilot Plants

Hogs: 10,000 marketed/yrManure processed: 11 m3/d Digester capacity: 450 m3 x3Biogas: 405 m3/d

Energy: 88 kWtEmission Reduction: 1.4 kt CO2e/yr



Nano-science - Definitions• Nanotechnology and Nanobiotechnology

– Nanotechnology: a field of applied science and technology focused in the control of matter

at the molecular level in scales normally 1 to 100 nanometers, and the fabrication of devices

within that size range.

– Nanobiotechnology: is the branch of nanotechnology with biological and biochemical

applications or uses. Nanobiotechnology often studies existing elements of nature in order to

fabricate new devices.

1. Renewable energy and bioproducts from biomass conversion

Gases

Animal manures

&crop

residues

Bioliquids

Solids

Primary conversion

(Anaer. digestion gasification,

pyrolysis)

Producers - Canadian Federation of Agriculture- Dairy Farmers of Canada- Canadian Cattlemen’s Association- ACA co-op

Industry- Menova- Enerkem- ENSYN - Highmark Renewables

R&D agencies- AAFC (ECORC, SC), NRC - (BRI, IMB, NINT, IFCI), ARC, University of Ottawa, Carleton University, IRDA, NRCan.

- 50 scientists and engineers

1. Biofuels

2. Biochemicals & biomaterials

3. Biofertilizer

Biosystems & Bioproducts For Use as

Industrial Inputs

- Biohydrogen- BioOil*, Methanol*

- Bioplastics- Coenzyme Q10

- Carotenoids- Lipids& waxes- Activated carbon & nanomaterials

Research Platforms

4. High Quality Feeds

Themes Bioproducts

SecondaryConversion

(microbial, chemical,

algal, enzymatic,

solar energy)- Biochar derived- AD derived

- Algal & bacterial biomass

Biosystems & Bioproducts For Use as

Agricult. Inputs

- ARCNet

Pyrolysis of Agricultural Biomass

Pyrolysis Plant to Produce BioOil, Syngas & Biochar from Chicken Manure

Advanced Bio Refinery Inc., Ottawa, Canada

From - Schnitzer, Monreal, Leinweber, Fransham. 2007. 2008 J. Env. Sc. Health.

Extraction and Separation of Chemicals from Bio-oils

Pyrolysis BioOils and Bio-char derived from chicken manure



N, O, S freeRenewable Bio-fuel

Nanoporous silica

Small metallic nanoparticle

catalysts

N and S to fertilizer

Bio-oils containing N, O and S compounds

Must be removed from organic molecules to obtain Bio-oil

Sample Wt %

C H N O S Ash

Fraction I 44.5 5.0 12 37.6 0.9 0.5

Fraction II 70.0 7.8 7.4 14.3 0.5 0.4

Sample N-Hetero-cyclics

Furans Phenols Benzene & derivatives

Carbo-cyclics

Aliphatics Unknown

Fraction I 7.4 4.5 10.3 12.0 1.0 20.4 44.4

Fraction II 30.2 4.0 9.2 3.2 10.2 2.5 39.7

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1

2

3

4

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

0 10 20 30 40 50Emitter current in mA

Inte

nsity

m / z

60

95/96

BioOil, sample 2FDMS

110 133

163 178

8674

117

125

FDMS

Bio-oil Fraction II

Distribution of Classes of Chemical Compounds (%) in Bio-oils from Chicken Manure

Elemental Analysis of Bio-oil Fractions obtained from Fast Pyrolysis of Chicken Manure

-From Schnitzer, Monreal and Jandl. 2008 (In press, J.Env.Sc.Health.)

1.b. Converting methane to methanol by methanotrophs and MMO*Background

• Methane is one of the Greenhouse Gases that has 25 times the global warming potential of CO2.

• Methane is produced by methanogens through anaerobic decomposition of OM in natural ecosystems. Also by AD, gasification & fast pyrolysis.

• Methanotrophs help decrease methane emissions from terrestrial ecosystems. In marine sediments, anaerobic methane-consumption coupled to sulfate reduction decides the ultimate fate of methane.

• MethanolMethanol is an important intermediate of the metabolic pathway of methane in methanotrophs. Methanol can accumulate under controlled conditions and potentially harvested for biofuel use and high value chemicals (i.e. bioplastics).

• The methane to methanol conversion process is mediated by methane monooxygenase (MMO *).

LornaCarrasco

BinLin

• Methane is one of the Greenhouse Gases that has 25 times the global warming potential of CO2.

• Methane is produced by methanogens through anaerobic decomposition of OM in natural ecosystems. Produced by AD, gasification & fast pyrolysis of biomass.

• Methanotrophs help decrease methane emissions from terrestrial ecosystems. In marine sediments, anaerobic methane-consumption coupled to sulfate reduction decides the ultimate fate of methane.

• MethanolMethanol is an important intermediate of the metabolic pathways of methanotrophs. Methanol can accumulate under controlled conditions and potentially harvested for biofuel use and production of high value chemicals (i.e. bioplastics).

• Methane monooxygenase (MMO *) controls the methane to methanol conversion.

The Microbial Conversion of Methane to Methanol



Ribulose monophosphate (RuMP),

Type II

1: MMO

Metabolic pathway in methanotrophsMetabolic pathway in methanotrophs

2: MDHase

Type I

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

M.tricosporium M.tricosporium + PA

Achieved > 99.5% inhibition for sMMO

Inhibition of sMMO by phenylacetylene

7-h

ydro

xyco

um

arin

(n

M)

Production of Methanol by MethanotrophsKey enzymes for converting and accumulating CH3OH in cell culture:- Soluble MMO and methanol dehydrogenase

- We developed protocols to: a) grow, culture & isolate methanotrophs, b) measure and inhibit both enzyme activities.

Preliminary findings

MethanolMethane

Methylosinus trichosporium Methane

Methanol

Soil Consortium 2.3

The Microbial Conversion of Methane to Methanol

Methanol production by methanotrophic bacteria

From - Lin, Monreal, Miguez, Tambong. 2008. J. Env. Microb.



First Step – Use Model Polymers to Immobilize Model Enzymes

Enzymes are immobilized in alginate microcapsules and silica nano-porous materials to study their loading mechanisms and kinetics.

Urease was used as a model enzyme for MMO to study the immobilization process and enzyme functionality. MMO is not commercially available.

Commercial urease has a low cost and is readily available.

Alginate microcapsule -scanning electron micrograph

Encapsulation of Methanotrophs and sMMO for Bioreactors

Conclusions

•Canada has a diversified portfolio of energy supply, and abundant biomass and natural resources which support the development of renewable energy. •Federal government supports multidisciplinary and multiorganization R&D whose outputs feed into policies for enhancing leading-edge technologies for energy efficiency & renewable energy. • New technologies contribute strengthening the bioeconomy, environmental health and agriculture.



20 Monreal Serena

Technology

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