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VI SIMPOSIO NACIONAL V INTERNACIONAL DE BACTERIAS FITOPATÓGENAS II DE BACTERIAS BENÉFICAS DE LAS PLANTAS 2016

Transcript of VI SIMPOSIO NACIONAL V INTERNACIONALdigital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/165577/1/endofitos...VI Simposio...

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VI SIMPOSIO NACIONAL

V INTERNACIONAL DE BACTERIAS FITOPATÓGENAS

II DE BACTERIAS

BENÉFICAS DE LAS PLANTAS 2016

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VI Simposio Nacional y V Internacional de Bacterias Fitopatógenas 2016

DIRECTORIO

COMITÉ ORGANIZADOR

Cuerpo Académico UDG-CA 770

Coordinador general

Dr. Gil Virgen Calleros

Dr. Enrique Pimienta Barrios

Coordinador académico

Dr. Víctor M. Medina Urrutia

Dr. Alberto Valencia Botín

Comité editorial

Dr. Jaime Reyes Hernández

Dra. Ma. De Lourdes Roma Campo

Coordinador de difusión

QFB Mónica Lorena Limón Corona

Coordinación Logística

M.C. Francisco Bernal

COMITÉ HONORÍFICO

UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA

CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO DE CIENCIAS

BIOLÓGICAS Y AGROPECUARIAS

DEPARTAMENTO

DE PRODUCCIÓN AGRÍCOLA

SAGARPA - JALISCO

COMITÉ ESTATAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL

DE JALISCO, AC

La cita correcta de este documento es: [Autor(es)]. 2016. [nombre de ponencia]. En:

Reyes, J. y G. Virgen (eds). Memorias VI Simposio

Nacional y V Internacional de Bacterias

Fitopatógenas. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México

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VI Simposio Nacional y V Internacional de Bacterias Fitopatógenas 2016

MENSAJE

El reciente cambio climático ha tenido consecuencias directas en la población, propiciando una serie de fenómenos cada día más

severos como huracanes, tornados, lluvias atípicas, etc. Además de manera indirecta ha favorecido el desarrollo de múltiples

enfermedades causadas por diferentes patógenos entres estas bacterias y fitoplasmas. De tal manera que el objetivo de este

Simposio es difundir de manera especializada los estudios generados en diversas áreas de la fitobacteriología, con el fin de fortalecer

vínculos entre instituciones, investigadores, estudiantes y productores, buscando fomentar la investigación y aplicación de

conocimientos en esta importante área de conocimiento.

Así mismo el Simposio abordará temáticas relacionadas con los problemas causados por bacterias en diversos cultivos, tales como:

chile, cebolla, cucurbitáceas, arándano, etc, además de tópicos, relación insecto-bacteria, resistencia sistémica como mecanismos de

control, entre otras.

Estas conferencias serán impartidas por destacados especialistas de reconocido prestigio internacional.

En este evento se abordarán temas también sobre el uso de bacterias benéficas de las plantas, sin duda alguna una actividad

creciente en el ámbito agrícola, donde el conocimiento sobre estas permitirá establecer de manera adecuada el manejo de las

mismas.

Gil Virgen Calleros

Presidente del Comité Organizador

Septiembre de 2016

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VI Simposio Nacional y V Internacional de Bacterias Fitopatógenas 2016

Conferencias Magistrales

1. Las bacterias cambian a plantas e insectos en Zombies D r a . S a s k i a H o g e n h o u t John Innes Centre Norwich Research Park Norwich, Inglaterra

2. Estado actual de las enfermedades causadas por bacterias en cultivos en México D r . S e r g i o A r a n d a Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, México

3. Biología y manejo de Fruit Blotch en cucurbitáceas Dr. Ron Wallcot Departament of Plant Pathology. University of Georgia USA

4. Avances en la Biología y Manejo de mancha bacteriana en Chile y Tomate Dr. Jeffrey B. Jones Departament of plant pathology. University of Florida, USA

5. Biología y manejo de Enfermedades en cebolla Dra. Beth K. Gugino Departament of Plant Pathology and Enviromental Microbiology. College of Agricultural Science. PennState University, USA

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VI Simposio Nacional y V Internacional de Bacterias Fitopatógenas 2016

6. Enfermedades causadas por Bacterias y Hongos en Arándano

Dr. Phil Brannen Departament of Plant Pathology. College of Agricultural and Enviromental Sence. University of Georgia USA

7. Mecanismos de defensa de plantas a bacterias fitopatógenas Dr. Miguel Angel Gómez Lim Investigador del Departamento de Ingeniería Genética. CINVESTAV, Unidad Irapuato, México

8. Endófitos bacterianos y su potencial en biotecnología agrícola: el caso de Pseudomonas fluorescens PICF7 Dr. Jesús Mercado Blanco Dep. Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba España

9. Rhizobacterias promotoras de crecimiento de las plantas como Biofertilizantes Dr. Yoav Bashan Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), México

10. Interacción de Microalgas y Rizobacterias Promotoras del Crecimiento de las Plantas (PGPR) Dra. Luz Estela González de Bashan Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), México

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VI Simposio Nacional y V Internacional de Bacterias Fitopatógenas 2016

11. Formulaciones Microbianas para la Agricultura, Silvicultura y Salud Pública: Una Revisión de los Progresos, Oportunidades futuras y cambios Dr. Bala Devisetty Research Departament Valent BioSciences, Corporation USA

12. Uso potencial en la agricultura de rhizobacterias productoras de ACC deaminasa bajo condiciones de stress Dr. Francisco X. Nascimento Laboratorio de Microbiología do Solo. Florianópolis SC, Brazil

13. Solución Biológica para el control de nematodos Dr. Andre L. Bachiega LATAM Syngenta Regional Technical Lead for Seedcare - based in Sao Paulo, Brazil

14. Factores que afectan el manejo de microorganismos benéficos

Dr. Víctor Olalde Portugal Investigador del Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica. CINVESTAV, Unidad Irapuato, México

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VI Simposio Nacional y V Internacional de Bacterias Fitopatógenas 2016

Carteles

B1 Biología

CLAVE DATOS DEL CARTEL

B1-01 BIOCONTROL DE Bacillus spp., FRENTE A Fusarium spp,. BAJO DIFERENTES TEMPARATURAS Orozco M, Rodriguez, M y Roa, M. [1] Investigación y Desarrollo. INNOVAK GLOBAL.

Chihuahua, Chih., México. [2] Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Chihuahua. México. [email protected]

B1-02 BIOINOCULANTE Y PROMOTOR DE EXUDADOS: EFECTO SOBRE EL ESTRÉS ABIÓTICO. Rivera, N. Orozco, M. Roa, M. Investigación y Desarrollo. INNOVAK GLOBAL. Chihuahua, Chih., México.

[email protected]

B1-03 COLONIZACION RIZOSFERICA: EFECTO DE EXUDACION RADICULAR. Orozco M, Rodriguez, M y Roa, M. [1] Investigación y Desarrollo. INNOVAK GLOBAL. Chihuahua, Chih., México.[2] ITESM Campus

Chihuahua. México. [email protected]

B1-04 EFECTO DE LA COLONIZACIÓN RADICULAR DE Bacillus spp. Y DAÑO POR NEMATODOS. Rivera, N. Chacón, C. y Roa, M. [1] Investigación y Desarrollo. INNOVAK GLOBAL. Chihuahua, Chih., México.

[email protected]

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B1-05 RIZOBACTERIAS PROMOTORAS DEL CRECIMIENTO VEGETAL EN CULTIVOS DE CEBOLLA (Allium cepa L.).Ocegueda-Reyes M.D., Casas-Solís J., Virgen-Calleros G., González-Eguiarte D.R. y Olalde

Portugal Victor. Depto. de Biología Celular y Molecular, Depto. de Producción Agrícola, Depto. Desarrollo Rural Sustentable; departamentos del Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias,

Universidad de Guadalajara. Guadalajara, Jalisco. Depto. de Biotecnología y Bioquímica del Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Irapuato.

B2 Relación Bacteria – Insecto

CLAVE DATOS DEL CARTEL

B2-01 DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRÁFICA Y DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA DE Xylella fastidiosa EN VID DE MÉXICO. 1Aguilar G. A., 1Xoconostle C. B., 2Hernández, M. B., 2Guadarrama, V. L.2Moya, H. S. L.

1Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería. CINVESTAV-IPN, CDMX., 2Laboratorio de Bacteriología/ Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria-CNRF -SENASICA- SAGARPA, Tecámac, Edo. De México.

[email protected]

B4 Métodos de diagnostico

CLAVE DATOS DEL CARTEL

B4-01 PROTOCOLO PARA LA DETECCIÓN DE Erwinia amylovora. 1Moya, H. S. L., 1Hernández, M. B., 1Aguilar G. A. [1] Laboratorio de Bacteriología/ Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria -SENASICA- SAGARPA,

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Tecámac, Edo. De México. [email protected]

B4-02 PROTOCOLO PARA LA DETECCIÓN DE Xylella fastidiosa MEDIANTE LA REACCIÓN ISOTÉRMICA LAMP.1Hernández, M. B., 1Aguilar G. A., 1Guadarrama, V. L.1Moya, H. S. L.,

[email protected]

B5 Control Biológico

CLAVE DATOS DEL CARTEL

B5-01 BIOCONTROL DE Fusarium spp CON CEPAS DE Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. . Epifanio Castro del Ángel, Francisco Daniel Hernández Castillo, Yisa María Ochoa Fuentes, Gabriel Gallegos Morales. Departamento de

Parasitología, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Buenavista, Saltillo.

B5-02 CONTROL BIOLÓGICO DE Streptomyces scabies CON Bacillus subtilis EN RABANITO. Ma. Elizabeth Galindo Cepeda, José Adrián Bustos Tapia, Epifanio Castro del Ángel, Abiel Sánchez Arizpe, María

Magdalena Rodríguez Valdez. Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Buenavista, Saltillo. [email protected]

B5-03 PROGRAMA EN EL CIATEJ PARA EL DESARROLLO DE PRODUCTOS A BASE DE ACTINOMICETOS DE BIOCONTROL DE BACTERIAS, HONGOS Y OOMICETOS FITOPATÓGENOS DE IMPORTANCIA AGRÍCOLA.Gabriel Rincón-Enríquez1, Evangelina Esmeralda Quiñones-Aguilar1, Zahaed Evangelista-

Martinez1, Luis Lopez-Perez3, 1CIATEJ Zapopan Jalisco- Mérida Yucatán, 3UMSNH Morelia Michoacán.

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[email protected]

B5-04 PROGRAMA EN EL CIATEJ PARA EL DESARROLLO DE PRODUCTOS A BASE DE BACTERIÓFAGOS PARA EL CONTROL DE BACTERIAS FITOPATÓGENAS DE IMPORTANCIA AGRÍCOLA. Evangelina Esmeralda Quiñones-Aguilar1, Luis Hernández-Montiel2, Gabriel Rincón-Enríquez1. 1CIATEJ Zapopan Jalisco, 2CIBNOR La Paz BCS. 1CIATEJ Zapopan Jalisco, 2CIBNOR La Paz BCS. [email protected]

B7 Otros

CLAVE DATOS DEL CARTEL

B7-01 AISLAMIENTO Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE BACTERIAS TOLERANTES A SALINIDAD, CON ACTIVIDAD ACC-DESAMINASA Y SOLUBILIZADORAS. 1Carla V. Blanco Castellanos, 2Gilberto Iñiguez Covarrubias, 3Gil Virgen Calleros, 4Cecilia Neri Luna, 5Diego R. González Egiarte, 6Josefina Casas Solis. [1] CUCBA,

Guadalajara, [2] Depto. de Madera, Celulosa y Papel, [3] Depto. de Producción Agrícola, [4] Depto. de Ecología, [5] Depto. de Desarrollo Rural Sustentable, [6] Depto. de Biología Celular y Molecular.

[email protected]

B7-02 CEPAS NATIVAS CON POTENCIAL EN LA PROMOCIÓN DE CRECIMIENTO EN EL CULTIVO DE MAÍZ. 1López-Valenzuela BE, 2Bojorquez-Armenta AD, 3Hernández-Verdugo S, 1Apodaca-Sánchez MA,

1Valenzuela-Escoboza FA, 1Palacios-Mondaca CA. [1] Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Facultad de Agricultura del Valle del Fuerte. Av. Japaraqui y Calle 16 s/n. Juan José Ríos, Ahome, Sinaloa. [2] Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad

Sinaloa; Blvd. Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes No. 250. Guasave, Sinaloa. [3] Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Facultad de Agronomía. Carretera Culiacán - El Dorado, Km 17.5. Culiacán Rosales, Sinaloa.

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[email protected]

B7-03 CONTROL DE Botrytis cinerea EN FRUTOS DE FRESA POR RECUBRIMIENTO A BASE DE EXTRACTOS DE PLANTAS DE FRESA. 1Oregel-Zamudio E., 1Angoa-Pérez M.V., 1 Oyoque-Salcedo G., 1Mena-Violante H.G. 1] Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Michoacán, Justo Sierra 28, Centro, Jiquilpan,

Michoacán, C.P. 59510, México. [email protected]

B7-04 EFECTO DE Bacillus subtilis EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DE PLANTA DE FRESA EN CAMPO. Guadalupe Oyoque Salcedo1, Elizabeth Fernández-Rivera1, Ernesto Oregel- Zamudio1, Cristina Rodríguez- González1.,

María Valentina Angoa-Pérez1, Hortencia Gabriela Mena- Violante1, José Antonio Ceja-Díaz1. [1] Investigación/Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR- Michoacán, Justo Sierra # 28, Centro, Jiquilpan,

Michoacán, C.P. 59510, México. [email protected]

B7-05 EVALUACIÓN DE LA DINÁMICA DE POBLACIÓN DE HONGOS Y BACTERIAS TOTALES EN PLANTAS DE LIMÓN MEXICANO INFECTADAS CON CLAS Y TRATADAS CON MICROORGANISMOS

BENÉFICOS. Christian Mendoza-Hernández1,2, Gabriel Rincón-Enríquez1, Carlos Alberto Lopez-Garcia2 y Evangelina Quiñones-Aguilar1. [1] Departamento de Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y

Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Zapopan, Jalisco. [2] Departamento de Ingeniería em Agrotecnología, Universidad Politécnica Del Bicentenario, Silao, Guanajuato.

[email protected]

B7-06 SISTEMA DE VISIÓN ARTIFICIAL PARA LA DETECCIÓN DE LA SINTOMATOLOGÍA DEL HLB Y SU CORRELACIÓN CON LA CONCENTRACIÓN DE Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, EN LIMÓN

MEXICANO.Christian Mendoza-Hernández1,2, Gabriel Rincón-Enríquez1, Evangelina Quiñones-Aguilar1y Víctor Flores-Muñoz1, [1] Departamento de Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Zapopan, Jalisco. [2]Departamento de Ingeniería en

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Agrotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Bicentenario, Silao,Guanajuato. [3] Departamento de Ingeniería Robótica, Universidad Politécnica del Bicentenario, Silao, Guanajuato. [email protected]

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8 Endófitos bacterianos y su potencial

en biotecnología agrícola: el caso de Pseudomonas fluorescens PICF7

Jesús Mercado Blanco Dep. Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Córdoba España

Endophytes, from the Greek ‘endon’ (inside) + ‘phyton’ (plant), are microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) that can be detected at any moment within the tissues of healthy plants without producing any visible symptom. Phytopathogenic microorganisms, nitrogen-fixing nodule-producing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi also exhibit endophytism during part of their life cycle, but they will not be considered in this presentation. Moreover, the focus will be on endophytic bacteria. Most of the components of plant-associated microbiomes colonize and persist on the surface of plant tissues/organs or in the rhizosphere, but some are also able to establish themselves as non-deleterious endophytes. It is now generally accepted that all plants harbor an amazing diversity of endophytic communities which play relevant roles, poorly understood though, in the development, growth and health of the host. They also help the plant to cope with diverse types of (a)biotic stresses. Powerful metagenomics and culture-independent approaches are revealing that the plant inner microbiome is more diverse and complex than the rather partial portrait obtained by traditional culture-dependent methods. It must be emphasized that the ability of a given bacterium to internally colonize plant tissues must be verified by microscopy techniques, along with the demonstration of its capacity to re-colonize plant tissues (e.g. from inoculation of disinfected seeds). Therefore, the mere isolation from surface-disinfected tissues is not enough to claim true endophytism.

Endophytic bacteria enter into plant tissues mostly by the roots. However, they can also

penetrate through leaves, stems, flowers or cotyledons. In 1887, Victor Galippe formulated for the first time the hypothesis that bacteria he affirmed to detect inside diverse vegetables originated from the soil. At that time, this idea was severely questioned and criticized since it was generally assumed that healthy plants were free of microbes. Time and accumulating evidence eventually did justice to the claim of the French physician. While some bacterial endophytes remain close to the initial entry spot, others can move systemically and settle at distant tissues from the initial access sites. Many can enter passively by means of cracks, wounds or places of emergence of lateral roots. Others use active penetration mechanisms, mainly through the root differentiation and elongation zones, using the intercellular spaces of the root epidermal layer. Our studies showed for the first time that root hairs play an important role in the endophytic colonization of olive (Oleae europaea L.) root tissues by strains of

INDICE

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Pseudomonas spp. Since then, this phenomenon has been reported in other plant-endophytic bacteria interactions, and it is likely this event might have been overlooked in many studies. Nevertheless, how and when root hair penetration by bacteria takes place is not known. Likewise, how bacteria move towards deeper tissues within the root, or whether the access happens actively or passively are questions yet to be elucidated. Overall, our knowledge on bacterial traits involved in surface attachment, inner colonization and persistence of plant tissues is also insufficient (see below). The type IV 'pili', lipopolysaccharide and exopolysaccharides have been confirmed as key components. On the contrary, we have demonstrated by mutant analysis that 'swimming’ motility and production of the siderophore pyoverdine are not involved in the inner colonization ability of olive roots by strain Pseudomonas fluorescens PICF7, an indigenous endophyte of this woody plant. It is expected that comparative analysis of available endophytic bacteria genomes will aid in the identification of bacterial traits involved in endophytic lifestyle. Yet, current data are still scant and controversial.

Living within plant tissues means that endophytes have managed to settle in an

environment providing a constant and reliable source of nutrients. They are also less exposed to a range of a/biotic stresses prevailing in the rhizosphere and/or the bulk soil. Therefore, bacterial endophytes have evolved to adapt to the availability of nutrients (e.g. certain carbon sources) found within plant tissues, although our knowledge on how this adaptation took place is almost null. As a toll to live inside a more favorable environment, endophytes had to develop strategies enabling them to evade or modulate the array of defense responses deployed by the host plant against their penetration, thereby being identified (or ‘tolerated’) as non-hostile invaders. Little it is known on how endophytes are able to overcome these responses. It has been demonstrated that penetration and inner colonization by artificially-inoculated endophytic bacteria provoke broad changes in the host at the transcriptomic level. Our studies have thus shown that colonization of olive roots by P. fluorescens PICF7 causes both local (roots) and systemic (above-ground tissues) transcriptomic changes, and that many of them are related to defense responses. These responses may not only be involved in the endophytic lifestyle of PICF7 but also contribute to explain the biocontrol effectiveness of this versatile bacterium.

What bacterial traits define the endophytic way of life? As mentioned above, this question does not have a clear answer either. An ecological niche that, on the one hand, provides nutrients but, on the other hand, constitutes a hostile environment due to the defense response operating therein, precisely determines the two main driving forces to select the best bacterial phenotypes to live in the interior. Comparative genomics of endophytic bacteria can help us to identify these traits, although we are far to get a complete picture. For example, type III secretion systems (T3SS) seem to be present at lower frequency in endophytic bacteria compared to the occurrence of the T6SS. The olive root endophyte P. fluorescens PICF7 carry these two secretion systems (two putative T6SS and one putative T3SS). The analysis of strain PICF7 genome has also revealed the presence of other genes potentially contributing to its endophytic way of life, such as genes coding for diverse adhesion proteins, for the synthesis of compounds involved in detoxifying processes, for the enzyme aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase which reduces the level of the stress hormone ethylene, for the enzyme phytase, and for many others. To determine the functionality of these genes and their implication in strain PICF7’s ability to colonize and endure within olive roots tissues is an ongoing, exciting task ahead.

There is an increasing interest on endophytic bacteria due to the numerous applications that can have in agricultural biotechnology. Endophytes also pose interest in other biotechnological fields due to their ability to produce a repertoire of bioactive metabolites with huge interest in biomedicine (e.g. antibiotics, antitumor compounds, anti-inflammatory agents, etc.). Among the beneficial properties associated with endophytic lifestyle, promotion of plant growth and control of plant diseases have a special significance. However, the underlying mechanisms of these two valuable aspects need to be elucidated in most of the cases. Considering that many endophytic bacteria originate from the rhizosphere, it is reasonable to assume that mechanisms traditionally linked to plant growth promotion by rhizobacteria when they colonize this ecological niche can also operate once they settle inside the plant. Nevertheless, this assumption needs to be confirmed.

Plant growth promotion exerted by beneficial bacteria can be due to direct or indirect mechanisms. Direct plant growth promotion can be a consequence of mobilization of

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(micro)nutrients (biofertilization) or synthesis of phytohormones (phytostimulation). Strain PICF7 is thus able to promote plant growth and yield increase in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), but not in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Therefore, even though PICF7 was originally isolated from olive roots, it is able to endophytically colonize roots of distant species, such as cereals providing benefits to them. However, the mechanism(s) involved in growth promotion of barley is not known. Interestingly, presence of PICF7 cells in wheat and barley produced considerable changes in their root proteomes.

Indirect plant growth promotion is usually a consequence of suppressing the effects caused by deleterious microorganisms. In this case, mechanisms involved can be diverse and not mutually exclusive: antagonism or direct antibiosis against the pathogen, competition for nutrients and/or space, or stimulation of defensive mechanisms of the plant host against pathogens attack. For instance, gene expression changes observed in roots and aerial tissues upon PICF7 colonization of olive roots could explain, at least partially, the biocontrol effectiveness of this bacterium against one of the most damaging pathogens affecting olive cultivation, the soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae Kleb. While some of these responses are also induced systemically, they seemed insufficient or not involved at all in the suppression of another relevant olive pathogen: the bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (Psv) causing olive know disease. Indeed, presence of strain PICF7 in roots does not hinder the disease development. However, when the biocontrol agent and Psv are co-inoculated in the stems, PICF7 altered the appearance and the anatomy of the tumors as well as the localization of the pathogen within the hyperplasic tissue. This may have important epidemiological consequences deserving attention from the disease management perspective. Finally, endophytic bacteria can also stimulate plant growth in an indirect way by aiding the host to cope with the negative consequences of the presence of pollutants or heavy metals in soil (rhizoremediation) or due to water and/or saline stress. Related to this, the synthesis of the enzyme ACC deaminase reduces the level of ethylene by turning its precursor ACC into ammonium and α-ketobutyrate. The production of this enzyme by plant growth promotion bacteria, including those able to develop an endophytic way of life, may confer to the hosts an enhanced level of tolerance to certain stresses.

In conclusion, many relevant questions on how, when and why an endophytic bacterial consortium is set within a host plant remain open. They can basically be summarized in: (i) which are the driving forces operating to build a certain endophytic community? and (ii) what does the endophytic microbiome do for the plant? The answers will be instrumental to take full advantage of the potential of these hidden communities as sustainable and environment-friendly biotechnological tools in agriculture and forestry.

References:

Compant et al. (2016) Plant Soil 405: 1-11. Gómez-Lama Cabanás et al. (2014) Frontiers in Microbiology 5: 427. Hardoim et al. (2015) Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 79: 293-320. López-Escudero and Mercado-Blanco (2011) Plant and Soil 344: 1-50. Maldonado-González et al. (2013) Microbial Biotechnology 6: 275-287. Maldonado-González et al. (2015) Environmental Microbiology 17: 3139–3153. Maldonado-González et al. (2015) Frontiers in Microbiology 6: 266. Martínez-García et al. (2015) Standards in Genomic Sciences 10:10. Mercado-Blanco (2015) In: Lugtenberg BJJ (ed) Principles of Plant-Microbe Interactions, pp. 25–32. Mercado-Blanco (2015) In: Ramos, J.L., Goldberg, J.B., Filloux, A. (Eds.), Pseudomonas.

Volume 7: New Aspects of Pseudomonas Biology, pp. 121-172. Mercado-Blanco and Lugtenberg (2014) Current Biotechnology 3: 60–75. Mercado-Blanco and Prieto (2012) Plant and Soil 361: 301-306. Mercado-Blanco et al. (2016) FEMS Microbiology Ecology 92: fiw092 Prieto and Mercado-Blanco (2008) FEMS Microbiology Ecology 64: 297-306. Prieto et al. (2009) Microbial Biotechnology 2: 499-511. Prieto et al. (2011) Microbial Ecology 62: 435-445. Schilirò et al. (2012) PLoS ONE 7: e48646.

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Acknowledgment: Research supported by grants P07-CVI02624 and P12-AGR667 (Junta de Andalucía, Spain), co-financed by ERDF from the EU.