UNIDAD: 2.- UNA NAVE ESPACIAL LLAMADA TIERRA

LUNA: • Es el satélite de la Tierra.• Movimientos de la Luna:

- Rotación: gira sobre si misma - Traslación: gira alrededor de la Tierra.

• Fases de la Luna:- Luna Nueva: la Luna no se ve porque el Sol la está iluminando por detrás.- Cuarto Creciente: cada día vemos un poco más grande la parte iluminada de la Luna. Tiene forma de D.- Luna Llena: la Luna se ve totalmente iluminada por el Sol.- Cuarto Menguante: cada día vemos un poco más pequeña la parte iluminada de la Luna. Tiene forma de C.

ECLIPSE:• Es un fenómeno por el cual un astro no se ve, porque queda oculto total o

parcialmente.- Eclipse de Luna: Se produce cuando no se ve la Luna porque se mete en la sombra de la Tierra. Puede ser eclipse total de Luna: si no vemos nada de la Luna, o eclipse parcial de Luna: si vemos parte de la Luna.- Eclipse de Sol: Se produce cuando no vemos el Sol porque la Luna se pone entre el Sol y la Tierra. Puede ser eclipse total de Sol: si no vemos nada del Sol, o eclipse parcial de Sol: si vemos parte del Sol.

LAS MAREAS:• Son variaciones periódicas del nivel de las aguas de los océanos por efecto de las

atracciones de la Luna y del Sol (en menor medida).• Cada día se producen dos mareas altas y dos mareas bajas.• El nivel más alto del agua se llama pleamar y el nivel más bajo bajamar• Cuando el Sol y la Luna están alineados, las atracciones de ambos astros se suman y

las mareas son más altas. A esta marea tan alta se le llama marea viva.• Cuando el Sol y la Luna no están alineados (en ángulo de 90º), las atracciones de

ambos astros se contrarrestan un poco y las mareas no son tan altas. A esta marea se le llama marea muerta.

MOVIMIENTOS DE LA TIERRA:• Movimiento de Rotación: Es el giro sobre si misma. Tarda 24 horas (1 día) y es el

responsable de los días y las noches.• Movimiento de Traslación: Es el giro de nuestro planeta alrededor del Sol. Tarda

365 días y 6 horas, y es el responsable, junto con la inclinación terrestre de las estaciones. Como el año tiene 365 días, las seis horas se van guardando y al cabo de 4 años tenemos un año bisiesto con 366 días.

LAS ESTACIONES:• Como el eje de la Tierra está inclinado, el Sol no incide sobre nuestro planeta de

igual manera a lo largo del año.• Verano: Los rayos solares inciden sobre la Tierra más perpendicularmente y por eso

calientan más.• Invierno: Los rayos solares inciden sobre la Tierra oblicuamente y por eso calientan

menos.• Primavera: Es el caso intermedio entre el invierno y el verano.• Otoño: Es el caso intermedio entre el verano y el invierno.

LAS CONSTELACIONES:• Son grupos de estrellas que se ven próximas en el cielo y que parecen dibujos si se

unen con líneas. Hay muchas constelaciones: la Osa Mayor, la Osa Menor, Casiopea, Piscis, Tauro, Sagitario,…

LAS CAPAS DE LA TIERRA:• ATMÓSFERA: Es la capa gaseosa que rodea a la Tierra. Está formada por una

mezcla de gases que llamamos aire.• HIDROSFERA: Es la capa formada por todo el agua que hay sobre el planeta:

océanos, mares, lagos, ríos, aguas subterráneas, etc.• GEOSFERA: Es la capa sólida o fundida de la Tierra. Está formada por rocas y

minerales. Tiene a su vez tres capas:- Corteza: es la capa sólida más externa.- Manto: es la capa intermedia. Los materiales están fundidos.- Núcleo: es la capa más profunda y compuesta sobretodo de metales. Tiene a su vez dos

partes: el núcleo externo y el núcleo interno.• LA BIOSFERA: Es la parte de la Tierra donde habitamos los seres vivos. La

biosfera abarca tanto la parte baja de la atmósfera, como la hidrosfera y la parte superficial de la geosfera.

• RECURSO NATURAL: Es cualquier material o energía que sea útil para el ser humano y que se origine en un proceso natural.

• RECURSOS RENOVABLES: Son aquellos que se consumen, pero da tiempo a su regeneración.

• RECURSOS NO RENOVABLES: Son aquellos que se consumen y no da tiempo a que se regenere de forma natural.

• PROBLEMAS EN LA UTILIZACIÓN DE LOS RECURSOS NATURALES: Al buscar nuestro bienestar, incrementamos el consumo de los recursos naturales. Esto está provocando:

- El agotamiento de los recursos naturales.- La degradación del medio debido a la sobreexplotación de los recursos naturales.- La existencia de grandes injusticias sociales, los países ricos se benefician de los

recursos naturales de los países pobres.• UNA SOLUCIÓN: EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE: Debemos comprender

que un menor consumo de estos recursos no disminuye la calidad de vida. El desarrollo sostenible consiste en:

- Reducir el consumo de recursos y repartirlos más equitativamente.- Sustituir, cuando podamos, el uso de energías muy contaminantes (no renovables) por el

de energías menos contaminantes (renovables).- Reducir la cantidad de residuos que generamos, reciclando y reutilizando materiales, y

reduciendo el consumo de materiales no biodegradables.

NAME: __________________________________________ DATE: ____________ 1º ___ (Bilingual)

UNIT: 2.- A SPACECRAFT CALLED EARTH. THE MOON: • It is the satellite of the Earth. • Movements of the Moon:

- Rotation: The Moon rotates on itself.- Revolution The Moon revolves around the Earth.

• The Phases of the Moon:- New Moon: The Moon cannot be seen because the Sun illuminates its back.- First quarter: With each passing day we see a slightly larger area of the moon illuminated. It looks like a "D".- Full Moon: The Moon is completely illuminated by the Sun.- Last quarter: With each passing day we see a slightly smaller area of the moon illuminated. It looks like a "C".

1. - Copy this information:

2. - Translates these words:Rotation: Revolution: First quarter: New Moon: Full Moon: Last quarter:

3. - Look at the illustration (on the right). When the Moon looks smaller than a First Quarter, is it Waxing Crescent or Waning Gibbous? __________________

4. – Look at the illustration (on the left) Which is this phase of the Moon? _________________________

5. - Explain the movements of the Moon:

6. - What is the difference between Full Moon and New Moon?

ECLIPSE:• It is a phenomenon by which a celestial body cannot be seen, because it remains

hidden in whole or in part.- Lunar Eclipse: It occurs when the Moon cannot be seen because it is in the shadow of the Earth. May be: Full eclipse of the Moon: If we cannot see anything of the Moon or Partial eclipse of Moon if we see part of the Moon.

- Eclipse of Sun: It occurs when the Sun cannot be seen because the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth. May be: Full eclipse of the Sun: If we cannot see anything from the Sun, or Partial eclipse of the Sun if we see part of the Sun

7. - Translate the words:Full eclipse of the Moon:Partial eclipse of the Sun:Partial eclipse of the Moon:Full eclipse of the Sun:

8. - Look at the illustration. Is it an eclipse of the Moon or the Sun?

9. - Explain an eclipse of the Moon:

10.- Read the information above and complete:a) ________________ : It is a phenomenon by which a celestial body cannot be seen, because it remains hidden in whole or in part.

b) _________________: It occurs when the Sun cannot be seen because the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth.

c) __________________: It occurs when the Moon cannot be seen because it is the shadow of the Earth.

d) __________________: we don’t see anything of the Moon.

e) __________________: we see part of the Sun.

NAME: __________________________________________ DATE: ____________ 1º ___ (Bilingual)

THE TIDES:• Are periodic variations of the level of the waters of the oceans caused by the

attractions of the Moon and of the Sun (in minor measure).• Every day has two high tides and two low tides.

The highest level of water is called high tide and the lowest level is called low tide.• When the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon are in a line, the gravitational forces of the

Moon and the Sun both contribute to the tides rising and the tides are higher. This very high tide is called spring tide.

When the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon are not in a line (in angle of 90º), the attractions of both are reduced a bit and the tides are not so high. This tide is called neap tide.

1. - Copy this information:

2. - How are the tides produced?

3. - Look at the pictures and say which type of tide corresponds to each drawing.

a)________________ b) __________________

c) _______________

4. - What celestial body has more influence on the tide?

5.- a) Could there be three high tides in a day?:b) What is a “high tide”?:c) What is a “neap tide”?:d) What is a “spring tide”?e) What is a “low tide”?

MOVEMENT OF THE EARTH:• Movement of Rotation: The Earth rotates on itself once every 24 hours (1 day) and

this is the cause of day and night.• Movement of Revolution: The Earth turns around the Sun once every 365 days and

6 hours. This movement along with the inclination of the Earth is responsible for the seasons. As the year has 365 days, six hours are left, and after 4 years we have a leap year with 366 days.

6. - Write tick if the phrase is correct, and cross X if the phrase is incorrect.

a) The Earth has three movements: rotation, revolution and ciclostatic.

b) The leap years have 366 days

c) The leap years have 365 days

d) The Earth turns around the Sun once every 24 hours

7. - Look at the pictures and write the name of each movement

_________________________ ___________________________

8. - Why is the inclination of the Earth important?Answer: Because it is the cause of ______________.

9. - Read the information above and respond. Why is there a leap year each 4 years?

10 a). - What movement is responsible for day and night?

b). - How long does it take for the earth to revolve around the Sun?

NAME: __________________________________________ DATE: ____________ 1º ___ (Bilingual)

THE SEASONS:• As the axis of the Earth is tipped, the Sun does not shine on our planet in the same

way throughout the year. • Summer: The sun's rays hit the Earth more perpendicular and therefore produce

more heat.• Winter: The sun's rays hit the Earth obliquely and therefore less heat.• Spring: This is the season between winter and summer. • Autumn (Fall): This is the season between the summer and winter.

1. - Copy this information:

2.- Translate these words:Seasons: Winter:Summer: Spring:Axis: Sun:Heat: Obliquely:Fall: Perpendicular:Autumn: Year:

3. - Write tick if the phrase is correct, and cross X if the phrase is incorrect.

a) The Earth has three seasons

b) In the summer, the Sun’s rays affect the Earth more perpendicular

c) Autumn is the season between summer and winter

d) Every three months, the season changes

4. - Write the names of the seasons:

5. - Look at the pictures. We live in the Northern Hemisphere. What is each season in the picture?

6. - In which season do the Sun's rays affect the Earth at the most direct angle?:________________________

7. - Copy this information

8.- Translate:Constellation: Sky:Ursa Major: Ursa Minor:Cassiopeia: Pisces:Taurus: Sagittarius:

9. - Write the names of five constellations:

10. - What is a constellation?

THE CONSTELLATIONS:• They are groups of stars that seem to be near in the sky and that look like drawings

if they are joined with lines.• There are many constellations: Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Cassiopeia, Pisces, Taurus,

Sagittarius, etc

NAME: __________________________________________ DATE: ____________ 1º ___ (Bilingual)

THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH:• ATMOSPHERE: The gaseous layer that surrounds the Earth. It consists of a

mixture of gases we call air.• HYDROSPHERE: The layer formed by all the water that there is on the planet:

oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, groundwater, etc..• GEOSPHERE: The solid or molten layer of the Earth. It consists of rocks and

minerals. It in turn has three layers:- Crust: is the solid layer most external.- Mantle: is the intermediate layer. The materials are molten. - Core: is the layer more internal and is a compound overcoat of metals. It has in turn two

parts: the outer core and the inner core. • THE BIOSPHERE: Is the part of Earth that living creatures inhabit. The

biosphere covers the bottom of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and the superficial part of the geosphere.

1. - Copy this information:

2. - Write the names of the layers of the Earth.

3. - What is the biosphere?

4. - Write the names of the layers of the geosphere:

5. - Translate the following words:Atmosphere: Earth: Gaseous layer:Air: Crust: Core:Mantle: Ocean: Sea:Lake: River: Groundwater:

6. – a) Write on the left again the b) Write on the right the layerslayers of the Earth in English of the Earth in Spanish

7. - What is the hydrosphere?

8.- What is the core?

9.- What is the mantle?

10.- Match the two columns with arrows

ATMOSPHERE airoceans

HYDROSPHERE inner coregaseous layer

GEOSPHERE water layer living creatures inhabit

THE BIOSPHERE Crustsolid or molten layer

NAME: __________________________________________ DATE: ____________ 1º ___ (Bilingual)

• NATURAL RESOURCE: It is any material or energy that it is useful for human being and that originate in a natural process.

• RENEWABLE RESOURCES: They are those that waste away, but given time to their regeneration.

• NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES: They are those that waste away and it doesn't give time they can regenerate.

• PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES: When considering our well-being, we increase the consumption of the natural resources. This is causing:

- The exhaustion of natural resources. - The degradation of the environment due to the overexploitation of natural resources. - The existence of great social injustices, as the rich countries benefit from the natural resources of the poor countries.

• A SOLUTION: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: We should understand that less consumption of these resources doesn't diminish our quality of life. Sustainable development consists of:

- Reducing the consumption of resources and distributing them more equally. - Substituting, when we can, the use of polluting energy (not renewable) for that of less polluting energy (renewable). - Reducing the quantity of residuals that we generate, recycling and reusing material, and reducing the consumption of non biodegradable materials.

1. – Copy: natural resource, renewable resources and non renewable resources:

2. – Translate these words:Natural resource: well-being:Renewable resources: waste away:Non renewable resources: useful:

3.- Translate these words:Degradation of the environment: Overexploitation of natural resources: Exhaustion of natural resources:Rich countries and poor countries:Sustainable development:Recycling and reusing material:

4.- What is a Natural resource?

5. - What is the difference between Renewable resources and Non-renewable resources?

6. - What three important problems come from a bad use of natural resources?

7. - What are the three solutions of sustainable development?

8. – Fill-in the blanks:

_____________________: It is any ______________________ that it is useful for _____________

and that originate in a __________________.

_____________________: They are those that ______________________, but given time to their __________.

_____________________: They are those that _______________ and it doesn't give time they can

_____________.

9.- Complete with vowels:

W__ sh__ __ld __nd__rst__nd th__t l__ss c__ns__mpt__ __n __f th__s__ r__s__ __rc__s d__ __sn't d__m__n__sh __ __r q__ __l__ty __f l__f__.

10.- Write “T” if the statement is true, or “F” if the statement is false.a) Natural resource: It is any energy or material that it is useful for human being and that originate in a natural process.

b) Renewable resources: They are those that waste away and it doesn't give time they can regenerate.

c) Non renewable resources: They are those that waste away, but given time to their regeneration.