Suport COMPAR Sc Gandire Majore Si Paradigme Ritzer

8/8/2019 Suport COMPAR Sc Gandire Majore Si Paradigme Ritzer

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Comparaii ntreComparaii ntreperspective sociologiceperspective sociologice

majoremajore


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FUNCTIONALISM CONFLICTUALISM INTERACIONISM

Perspectiva

asuprasocietii

Stabil, bine integrat Tensionat, conflicte ntre

diverse grupuri sociale

Factor de influen activ i

care afecteaz interaciunilesociale zilnice ale oamenilor

Nivelul deanaliza

Macro Macro Microanalize cu rostul de afurniza nelegerea societii nansamblu

Perspectivaasupra

individului

Oamenii sunt socializaipentru a ndeplini diverse

funcii sociale

Oamenii sunt motivai deputere, coerciie i

autoritate

Indivizii manipuleaz simbolurii creeaz propriile lumi de

semnificaii prin interaciunesocial

Perspectivaasupraordiniisociale

Este meninut princooperare i consens

Este meninut prin fori coerciie

Este meninut prin nelegereamutual a comportamentelorcotidiene

Perspectivaasupraschimbriisociale

Este predictibil i cu arecapacitatea de a sereproduce

Schimbarea are loc tottimpul i poate aveaefecte benefice

Se reflect n modificareapoziiei sociale i ncomunicarea cu alii

Autori Emile Durkheim

Talcott Parsons

Robert Merton

Karl Marx

W.E.B. Du Bois

C. Wright Mills

George Herbert Mead

Charles Horton Cooley

Erving GoffmanSchaefer, Lamm, Sociology, 1995, p.23


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RitzerRitzerIlustrri

George Ritzer, Explorations in Social Theory. From Metatheorizing toRationalization, Sage Publications, 2001


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ParadigmaParadigma

y A paradigm is a fundamental image of thesubject matter within a science [imaginea

ideal tipic a obiectului]. It serves to definewhat should be studied, what questionsshould be asked, how they should be asked,and what rules should be followed ininterpreting the answer obtained. Aparadigm is the broadest unit of

consensus within a science and serves todifferentiate one scientific community (orsubcommunity) from another. It subsumes,defines, and interrelates the exemplars,theories, and methods and instruments thatexist within it. [s.n]


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Paradigma (cont.)Paradigma (cont.)

y It is important to underscore the point that inmy view a paradigm has four basic

components: (1) an exemplar [nucleulexemplar], or body of work that stands as amodel for those who work within theparadigm; (2) [subiectul ideal tipic] an imageof the subject matter; (3) theories; and (4)

methods and instruments.Although anumber of other components could

conceivably be added (e.g. values), theseadditions would not increase significantly ourability to analyze the basic sociologicalparadigms. (p.60-61)


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PARADIGMA FAPTELORPARADIGMA FAPTELORSOCIALE 1 (Durkheim)SOCIALE 1 (Durkheim)

y Structural functionalism is oriented to theanalysis of social structures and institutions.The structural functionalist is concerned withthe (functional) relationship betweenstructures, between institutions, and betweenstructures and institutions. (p.64)

y While not oblivious to the individual, thestructural functionalist, following Durkheim,

sees the individual as primarily controlledby social facts that are external andcoercive. (Ritzer, p.62, s.n.)


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PARADIGMADEFINIIILORPARADIGMADEFINIIILORSPAIULUI SOCIAL 2 (Weber)SPAIULUI SOCIAL 2 (Weber)

y Four theories will be discussed under the heading ofsocial definitionism: action theory, symbolicinteractionism, ethnomethodology, and

phenomenology. y Perhaps the major theme consistent for all four

theories is that people are active creators of theirown social reality. Social definitionists stand instark contrast to social factists who view people ascontrolled by such things as norms, values, and socialcontrol agencies. They are also, as we will see, at

variance with the social behaviorists, who see peopleas controlled by contingencies of reinforcement. y Social definitionists tend to be interested in the

mental process as well as the resulting action andinteraction.(p.67, s.n.)


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G.H.MEADG.H.MEAD interacionismulinteracionismulsimbolicsimbolic

y EUL si MINELE sunt structuri interactive apt sstocheze experienele centrale ale insului (eul) i

s le organizeze (minele).y The I is the response of the organism to the

attitudes of the others;y The taking of all of those organized sets of

attitudes gives him his me; that is the self heis aware of . (p.175)

y SINELE:y The self, as that which can be an object to itself,

is essentially a social structure, and it arises insocial experience. (p.140)

y George Herbert Mead, Mind Self and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist,Edited by Charles W. Morris, Chicago: University of Chicago, 1932


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MeadMead (cont(cont.).) civilizaia.civilizaia.

y ALTUL GENERALIZAT experienacomunional (prin preluarea-reacia la

atitudinile celorlali fa de sine):y the given individual taking the attitudes ofothers toward himself, and of his finallycrystallizing all these particular attitudes intoa single attitude or standpoint which may becalled that of the generalized other.(p.89, idem)

y

Altul generalizat este factorul de caredepinde calitatea civilizaieila un momentdat: omul sfinete locul. Civilizaia este,aparent, gradul de ordine a ceea ce estedincolo de mine. Dar ceea ce este dincolo demine trebuie mai nti interiorizat. [comentariul neaparine]


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Paradigma Behaviorist (3)Paradigma Behaviorist (3)

y Bushell and Burgess define the nature of

the subject matter of sociology to thebehaviorist as the behavior of individualsthat operates on the environment insuch a way as to produce some

consequences or change in it which, inturn, modifies subsequentperformances of that behavior(Ritzer, p.71, s.n)


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Paradigma behaviorist (3)Paradigma behaviorist (3)SkinnerSkinner Blau, etc.Blau, etc.

y 3. Principiile schimbului social PETER M. BLAUy Principiile schimbului social pot fi rezumate astfel:

un individ ofer altuia anumite servicii ca

recompens pentru activitatea acestuia; n acest fel,al doilea individ se simte obligat fa de primul;pentru a se achita de aceast obligaie, el trebuie s-i fac, la rndul su, primului individ anumite serviciicare pot avea valoare de recompens; dac serviciilepe care i le fac reciproc cei doi indivizi au o anumitvaloare pentru fiecare dintre ei, fiecare va ncercas-i fac celuilalt ct mai multe servicii pentru a-l

obliga s-i mreasc oferta de rspuns cu scopul dea se achita de obligaii; pe msur ce se primesc ctmai multe bunuri n cadrul acestui schimb nevoiacelor doi indivizi de a schimba servicii ncepe sscad [Peter M. Blau, Exchange and power in sociallife, New York, Willey, 1964, p.89]

... (Ungureanu, Paradigme ... p.37)


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paradigma behaviorist (cont.)paradigma behaviorist (cont.)

y Skinner principiile fundamentale ale comportamentuluiy Organismul are, n general, tendina de a evita experienele

neplcute, dar el poate suporta efectele neplcute ale unorasemenea experiene dac ele reprezint costurile satisfaceriiunor nevoi imperioase;

y organismele manifest anumite tipuri de comportament numaiatta vreme ct acestea produc efectele dorite i ateptate;

y pe msur ce nevoile sunt satisfcute prin anumitecomportamente, predispoziia pentru aceste comportamentedispare;

y dac un comportament s-a dovedit recompensator, dar efectulrecompensator a ncetat subit, organismul p.38 va ncetatreptat s manifest comportamentul respectiv i va reacionaagresiv;

y dac un eveniment s-a produs simultan cu un comportamentsancionat pozitiv sau negativ, evenimentul respectiv poatedeveni un stimul care genereaz comportamentul sau care evit,dimpotriv, manifestarea comportamental asociat. [cf. B.Skinner, Science and Human Behavior, New York, The Macmillan,1953] (ibid.)


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PARADIGMAINTEGRATPARADIGMAINTEGRAT(Ritzer)(Ritzer)

y I want to make it clear that we are

dealing with levels of social analysis, notlevels of social reality. That is, levels areeither theoretical or metatheoretical tools; they are notontological realities.

The idea of levels of analysis does notimply that the social world is divided intolevels. (Ritzer: 81)


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y Analiza societii pe dimensiunile:

y

- macro-micro (ansambluri sociale vs.ini)

y - obiectiv-subiectiv (suport material vs.idei i cunoatere)


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SociologiaSociologia tiintiin multiparadigmaticmultiparadigmatic((RitzerRitzer: 92): 92)

Figure 4.2. Major levels of social analysis

(Note that this is a snapshot in time. It is embedded in an ongoing historical process)

I. Macro-objective. Examples include

society, law, bureaucracy, architecture,technology, and language [social facts

paradigm Durkheim with functionalism -

Merton, conflict theories - Dahrendorf]

III Micro-objective. Examples include

patterns of behavior, action, and interaction

[Social behavior paradigm Skinner,

Homans etc.]

II. Macro-subjective. Examples include

culture, norms, and values. [Social factsparadigm. Nou ni se pare c aici intr i

Weber]

IV. Micro-subjective. Examples include thevarious facets of the social construction of

reality. [Social definition paradigm WEBER

with symbolic interactionism]

Objective

Subjective

Macroscopic

Microscopic

Suport COMPAR Sc Gandire Majore Si Paradigme Ritzer

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