Revista El Prevencionista 1era Ed 2015

7/21/2019 Revista El Prevencionista 1era Ed 2015

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_ Á J

Hl _rhvhd`mgdmsta / [hvmsta hsph`malmzana hd Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl rakaeg / Hnm`mðd ?1 Añg ;?18

?1H N M @ M Ð D

[HRMP^A HP_H@MALMUANA HD PHJX[MNAN ] PALXN HD HL ^ [AKAEG

_rhvhd`mgdmsta Hl

Artæ`ulgs nh hsph`malmstas

da`mgdalhs yhxtradehrgs

hfas nh a tualmnan ,gpmdmðd y adálmsms

Dgtm`mas y dgvhnanhs

hd hl _hrõ y hl fudngnh la shjurmnan

Ph``mðd nh `gdsultasy rhspuhstas




_ Á J

_ Á J

@ga`cmdj aplmàng a la shjurmnan >

@gfprhdnhr y prhvhdmr hl hstrís lakgral, ud rhtg para lgsprhvhd`mgdmstas 3

La lungphnajgjæa aplmàna a la shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg 1>

@lavhs para la fhegra nhl hstádnar nh la shjurmnan y salunhd hl trakaeg 1:

PK@ hd _hrõ5 ·_gr quí dg sh vhd fhegrhs rhsultangs7 ;1

La Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl trakaeg hd hl _hrõ2

Hl hrrgr cufadg y lgs a``mnhdths nh trakaeg 1;

La _sm`glgjæa aplmàna a la shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg12

[hqumsmtgs para jhstmðd hàz nh la PP1=

Ædnm`h

_rhvhd`mgdmsta Hl

@glakgrangrhs5

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Fylanys Fanhra FhdnhzNmrh`tgra Anfmdmstratmva

Hrmìa @cavhz@ggrnmdangra Anfmdmstratmva _aklg _mdtg ArmzaHnmtgr Eamfh @uzquíd @ardhrgNmrh`tgr nh Asudtgs Lhjalhs

Eavmhr _ranhra @gdnhNmrh`tgr nh @apa`mta`mgdhs [aquhl Phrradg JgdzalhzNmrh`tgra nh Ashsgræa

@gdta`tg5mdbgOapnr.grj.ph

·Pakæas quí7, hdùhsta y `ru`mjrafa ;:

Brashs `ílhkrhs, bh`cas fhfgraklhs y `mbras `lavhs 0;

Hl usg nh la baea lufkar 0=

Hdtrhvmsta a5 Mdj. Hushkmg [gklhs Jar`æa, Nhàdg nh la Baùltan nh MdjhdmhræaAfkmhdtal nh la Xdmvhrsmnan Da`mgdal nh Mdjhdmhræa ‐ XDM>>

·_uhnh hl phrsgdal nh nmrh``mðd y `gdadza shrrhprhshdtadths nh lgs trakaeangrhs hd hl @PP^7 02

Dgrfatmva hd PP^5 ·Hdhfmja nh uda prhvhd`mðd nh rmhsjgslakgralhs hbh`tmva7 ;=

Hl smsthfa nh mdsph``mðd nh trakaeg hd la PXDABML5 nhsnh udavmsmðd tí`dmà y smdnmàl0:

Nhsàdsg Fínm`g hd trakaeangrhs5 Nms`grnad`ma hdtrh la altafínmà y la aptmtun fínmà para hl trakaeg >;

Hl nhsarrgllg nh la hrjgdgfæa hd _hrõ >:

@gdsheg Da`mgdal nh Phjurmnany Palun hd hl ^rakaeg 0>



_ Á J


HNM^G[MAL

Hl tírfmdg _rhvhd`mgdmsta sh ca pgpularmzang fu`cg hd lgs paæshs nh cakla cmspada,tadtg quh hd la hnm`mðd ;0ava nhl Nm``mgdarmg nh la [AH puklmàng hd g`tukrh nh ;?1>ya jura, hl ùal mdnmà «prhvhd`mgdmsta¹5 Hsph`malmsta hd la prhvhd`mðd nh rmhsjgslakgralhs. Hd hl _hrõ md`lusmvh hs fuy `gfõd hl usg nh la smjla _N[, rhrmídngsh al_rhvhd`mgdmsta Nh [mhsjgs. A phsar nh quh la [AH hlhva la pgsm`mðd nhl _rhvhd`mgdmsta a Hsph`malmsta, hd hl _hrõaõd sh asg`ma hl tírfmdg a ud tí`dm`g hdàrjang nh las lakgrhs nh àfpg asg`manasa la jhstmðd nh la shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg. Hsta thdnhd`ma nhkh rhvhrtmrsh ynhkhræa gfhdzar a vhrsh al _rhvhd`mgdmsta gfg lg quh rhalfhdth hs5 ud hsph`malmsta._ara hsg hs dh`hsarmg anqumrmr y/g nhfgstrar `gfphthd`mas. Las `gfphthd`mas tmhdhdùatrg armstas5

1. Hnuà`mðd;. Bgrfa`mðd0. Hxphrmhd`ma>. Cakmlmnanhs

La hnuà`mðd sh rhhrh a lgs tætulgs aànífm`gs. He.5 ^í`dm`g, Ka`cmllhr, _rgbhsmgdaltmtulang, ht`. Pmd hfkarjg la gbhrta hnuàtmva asg`mana la shjurmnan y salun hd hltrakaeg hd hl paæs hs fuy lmfmtana, sglg cay 2 udmvhrsmnanhs quh nm`tad la àrrhra admvhl prgbhsmgdal y sglg 2 mdstmtutgs quh nm`tad la àrrhra a dmvhl tí`dm`g, pgr lg tadtgla nhfadna mdsatmsbh`ca nh prgbhsmgdalhs hs suplmna pgr gtras prgbhsmgdhs g md`lusgpgr phrsgdal smd hnuà`mðd suphrmgr.

La bgrfa`mðd sh rhhrh a lgs hstunmgs `gfplhfhdtarmgs, talhs `gfg5 Nmplgfangs,Hsph`malmza`mgdhs, Fahstræas, Ng`tgrangs, ht`. _ara hsth æthf sm cay fás gbhrta hd hl_hrõ, smd hfkarjg sh nhkh ùhstmgdar la àlmnan nh lgs prgjrafas puhstg quh sh ca

`gdvhrtmng hd ud dhjg`mg y cad surjmng fu`cas hdtmnanhs quh gbrh`hd pgsjrangs quhdg ufplhd gd las dgrfatmvas udmvhrsmtarmas vmjhdths.

La hxphrmhd`ma sh rhhrh al tmhfpg fædmfg quh nhkh cakhr hehr`mng la lakgr. Aquæsurjh la nuna sm ùhdta la hxphrmhd`ma quh sh gktuvg hd prá`tmàs bgrfatmvas g sm shnhkhræa `gdtar a partmr nh la tmtula`mðd.

_gr õltmfg y dg fhdgs mfpgrtadth sgd las cakmlmnanhs, las ùalhs sh rhhrhd anhstrhzas bæsmàs, mdthlh`tualhs g tí`dmàs. He.5 Kuhd hstang bæsm`g, @rhatmvmnan, Altaàpa`mnan nh adálmsms, Blumnhz vhrkal, ht`. Las ualhs sgd las fás nmbæ`mlhs nh hd`gdtrar,anqumrmr y nhsarrgllar.

Hd hl _hrõ, aõd dg hstá dgrfana la `gfphthd`ma quh nhkhd thdhr lgs Hsph`malmsta hdla prhvhd`mðd nh rmhsjgs lakgralhs, phrg nhkh shr ud rhtg phrsgdal nh lgs quh hd laa`tualmnan hehr`hd nm`cgs àrjgs y nh lgs mdthrhsangs hd md`grpgrarsh a hsta árha nh

trakaeg, hl ch`cg nh fhegrar àna uda nh las armstas nh las `gfphthd`mas lakgralhsnhl _rhvhd`mgdmsta.

Lgs hnmtgrhs

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_ Á J

Pgd fu`cas nh las prhjudtas quh dgs ca`hfgsùadng hstafgs mdfhrsgs hd uda grjadmza`mðdquh nhsarrglla y aplmà ud smsthfa nh jhstmðd.Jhdhralfhdth ùfplmfgs pgr ùfplmr, ·asufmfgsaàsg ud `gfprgfmsg `gd la shjurmnan7, sgfgs`gds`mhdths nh quh chfgs vhdmng rhpmtmhdngcasta hl àdsad`mg a`hrà nh `ðfg jhdhrarprhvhd`mðd, y hl mdùfplmfmhdtg nhl fmsfg ca`hquh utmlm`hfgs la chrrafmhdta fás paranmjfátmà(la susphdsmðd).

Hl @ga`cmdj `gfg hstrathjma grjadmza`mgdal,hstá `hdtrang prmd`mpalfhdth hd la jhstmðd nhlas a`tmvmnanhs `hdtranas hd lgs talhdtgs nh laphrsgdas. Pu budnafhdtg hstá nmrmjmng a bgrtalh`hrlgs `gfpgrtafmhdtgs hd àna udg nh lgs dmvhlhsgphra`mgdalhs, lakgralhs y sg`malhs.

Aplmàng a la shjurmnan, hl @ga`cmdj ayuna yphrfmth fmdmfmzar lgs rmhsjgs, kusàdng parahllg bgrtalh`hr hd lgs trakaeangrhs lgs hlhfhdtgskásm`gs hd hl nhsarrgllg nh su jhstmðd y nmrh``mðdsg`mg-grjadmza`mgdal, a d nh quh puhnad `rhar`gd`mhd`ma nh lgs asph`tgs prhvhdtmvgs y nh

hsta fadhra ùmnar su mdthjrmnan bæsmà y fhdtalpara khdh`mg prgpmg y nh lgs quh `gdbgrfad sugrjadmza`mðd. Hstg `gdllhvará a uda rhspuhsta

hbh`tmva, h`mhdth y hàz quh phrfmtmrá narfaygr rhlhvad`ma a la phrsgda, al árha ngdnh shnhshfphña y a la hfprhsa `gfg `gdeudtg, lg ùalla ca`h fás `gfphtmtmva.

Hl nhsarrgllg nhl @ga`cmdj hd la shjurmnan`gfprhdnh ca`hr quh lgs lænhrhs fadhehd udahstrathjma a`grnh `gd sus rhquhrmfmhdtgs ydh`hsmnanhs, thdmhdng hd ùhdta para hllg laspgthd`malmnanhs y lgs talhdtgs.

Xtmlmzar hl @ga`cmdj aplmàng a la Phjurmnanmfplmà `gdg`hr y lgjrar uda h`mhd`ma nmrh`tmvapara fmdmfmzar lgs rmhsjgs y thdhr ædnm`hs nh `hrga``mnhdtakmlmnan.

Dgs phrfmth fadhear anhùanafhdth las tí`dmàsnh aplmà`mðd fgnhrdas nh jhstmðd phrsgdaly shjurmnan5 `gfudmà`mðd hbh`tmva, adálmsmsprhvhdtmvg, jhstmðd nh rmhsjgs kash, nmdáfmàgrjadmza`mgdal y adálmsms gùpa`mgdal para lagptmfmza`mðd nh la prgnu`tmvmnan.

Hsta hstrathjma dgs phrfmth sakhr ùádng

nhsarrgllafgs uda vhrnanhra grmhdta`mðdhd shjurmnan, ùadng pgnhfgs nh`mr quhvhrnanhrafhdth asufmfgs uda jhstmðd

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@GA@CMDJ A_LM@ANG A LA PHJX[MNAN

·Hs bá`ml ca`hr shjurmnan7 ·La prhvhd`mðd nh md`mnhdths nhphdnh nh lgs Ehbhsnh Phjurmnan7 ·Bud`mgdad las `carlas nh 8 fmdutgs7 ·La shjurmnan hs ca`hr las`gsas kmhd7 ·Ph puhnh caklar nh shjurmnan smd asg`mar hl ba`tgr cufadg y hlhqumlmkrmg phrsgdal7 y pgr õltmfg ·Ph puhnh aprhdnhr la shjurmnan sglg ca`mhdngrhphtmtmva uda a``mðd7



_ Á J


hstratíjmà, quh mdvglu`rh lgs ?> hlhfhdtgs prmd`mpalhs (@apa`mtar, hdtrhdar, fgtmvar y rhar gd`mhd`ma)9hsh hs ud trakaeg kastadth nmrmjmng y sa`rmàng quh dg sglg sh fmnh a travís nh lgs rhpgrths nhmd`mnhdths y/g a``mnhdths, smdg a travís nh la mdthjra`mðd y la grmhdta`mðd nh lgs quh fadhead laPhjurmnan `gfg ud smsthfa, y para hllg hs dh`hsarmg nhsarrgllar lgs dmvhlhs nh `gfphthd`ma a travísnhl @ga`cmdj gdtglðjm`g, lgs dmvhlhs nh mdthjra`mðd a travís nhl @ga`cmdj hehùtmvg, y ud @ga`cmdjgrjadmza`mgdal a dmvhl nh hfprhsa.

Nhdmtmvafhdth quhna fu`cg pgr ca`hr hd duhstras grjadmza`mgdhs, pgr hdnh hl `gfpgrtafmhdtgasg`mang a las a`tmtunhs nhkhræa shr hl prmfhr hlhfhdtg a tratar. Dg glvmnhfgs quh la faygræa nha``mnhdths hstád nangs pgr uda fala a`tmtun quh puhnh shr pgr ba`tgrhs mdthrdgs y/g hxthrdgs y quhmdvglu`rad a la balta nh `gdg`mfmhdtg, la balta nh mdthrís, fgtmva`mðd y lgs `gd m`tgs phrsgdalhs. Aparthnh lgs prgpmgs `gdg`mngs `gfg sgd la Balta nh `gdtrgl hd lgs prg`hsgs y las àusas mdfhnmatas (A`tg y@gdnm`mðd Pukhstádnar).

·Hs Bá`ml ca`hr Phjurmnan7_gsmklhfhdth puhna shr ud prhjudta nmbæ`ml nh rhspgdnhr, smd hfkarjg hstá hd `ðfg nmrmjmranhùanafhdth duhstras hstrathjmas y sakhr ca`ma nðdnh quhrhfgs rhjmrdgs, hsg hstá rhla`mgdang`gd hl `gdg`mfmhdtg hsph`æ`g nh lg quh sh ca`h y nh lg quh sh qumhrh, asæ `gfg hl nh `gdtar `gd lasphrsgdas mnðdhas (jhstmðd nh lgs talhdtgs) quh dgs phrfmtad fadthdhr ud dmvhl prhvhdtmvg a`grnh `gdlas dh`hsmnanhs hd su nhsarrgllg lakgral, sg`mal y phrsgdal.

·La _rhvhd`mðd nh md`mnhdths nhphdnh nh lgs Ehbhs nh Phjurmnan7Hd aljudgs hs`hdarmgs puhnh parh`hr quh hs asæ, smd hfkarjg la prhvhd`mðd hstá hd bud`mðd nh lgsphlmjrgs mnhdtmàngs, pgr lg quh la tarha nhphdnh hsph`æàfhdth nhl lænhr gùpa`mgdal (hl trakaeangrqumhd ca smng valgrang y nmrmjmng anhùanafhdth pgr ud `ga`c hsph`malmsta), hd hsth àsg la tarha nhlgs hxphrtgs hd _rhvhd`mðd nh [mhsjgs hsta hd gtgrjar las chrrafmhdtas y grmhdtar a la hehù`mðd nh lasfmsfgs9 hs rh`gfhdnaklh para hllg hlakgrar phrmðnmàfhdth prgjrafas nh shjumfmhdtg y grmhdta`mðd,prgjrafas nh `gdtrgl nh rmhsjgs, `gdsmnhradng la partm`mpa`mðd hd suk `gfmtís para àna árha nhtrakaeg hd la grjadmza`mðd.

·Bud`mgdad las `carlas nh 8 fmdutgs7_rhjudta kastadth gfplmàna para lgs quh la pra`tmàd, smd hfkarjg fuy nmsùtmna pgr lgs hsph`malmstashd jhstmðd cufada9 pgnræafgs phdsar quh uda hstrathjma nh aplmà`mðd fhnmata `gfg la `carla nh 8fmdutgs puhnh dg àusar ud hbh`tg hd hl quh la rh`mkh, phrg adalm`hfgs nhsnh hl pudtg nh vmsta nhrh`hp`mðd, pgnhfgs hd 8 fmdutgs àptar la mdbgrfa`mðd y aplmàrla hd duhstra a`tmvmnan7, g hs udafadhra nh ùfplmr smfplhfhdth `gd uda dgrfa hstaklh`mna, hstafgs `gds`mhdths nh quh bud`mgda hstachrrafmhdta7, sm hs kmhd nmrmjmna pgr supuhstg quh bud`mgda, hl `hrhkrg cufadg hstá hd la àpa`mnannh athdnhr ?: fmdutgs, luhjg nh hllg `gfhdzafgs lgs dmvhlhs nh nmstra``mðd prgpmgs nh la batmjafhdtal, hd `gdshùhd`ma la `carla nh 8 fmdutgs nhkhrá nh shr prgjrhsmva y `gdstru`tmva jhdhradng hdhl trakaeangr mdthrís y `gfprgfmsg. Lg fmsfg gùrrh `gd hl `ga`cmdj quh nhkh nhsarrgllarsh hd bgrfaprgjrhsmva, lgjradng mdvglu`rar al `ga`c hd àna uda nh sus a``mgdhs prhvhdtmvas.

·La Phjurmnan hs ca`hr las `gsas kmhd7Fu`cas hfprhsas utmlmzad hsth fhdsaeh, smd hfkarjg kashfgs hsth hdud`mang hd ud hehfplg `gd`rhtg.Xd eujangr nh butkgl quh ngfmda fuy kmhd hl kalðd (euhja kmhd, ca`h las fhegrhs pmdturas `gd hlkalðd) phrg quh pasara sm dg utmlmza àdmllhras, puhnh thdhr la pgsmkmlmnan nh subrmr ud a``mnhdth nhlhsmgdarsh a phsar nh eujar nh lg fhegr. _gr lg tadtg la Phjurmnan dg sglg hs ca`hr las `gsas kmhd, smdgca`hr las `gsas kmhd `gd prhvhd`mðd, hs fás nhkhrá `gdtar `gd las chrrafmhdtas, lgs hqumpgs y lg fasmfpgrtadths las hstrathjmas `gfpgrta fhdtalhs.

·Ph puhnh caklar nh Phjurmnan smd tgfar hd ùhdta hl ba`tgr bæsm`g y hl ba`tgrpsm`glðjm`g7Nhdmtmvafhdth dg. Lgs ba`tgrhs bæsm`gs talhs `gfg las àra`thræstmàs `grpgralhs (âlla, phsg, hnan,fasa grpgral, hdtrh gtras), hdbhrfhnanhs anqumrmnas y rðdmàs talhs gfg la Nmakhths, dhufg`gdmgsms,cmpgaùsma, jastrmtms, hstrís y nhfás, asæ `gfg las lmfmta`mgdhs prgpmafhdth bæsmàs (`gehra, afputa`mðdnh ud fmhfkrg, `hjuhra par`mal, prgklhfas nh lhdjuaeh, y aljudas nhthrfmdadths), asæ `gfg lgsBa`tgrhs _sm`glðjm`gs g Fhdtalhs (@gd m`tgs phrsgdalhs, mdshjurmnan, kaea autghstmfa, balta nh

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Acgra rhspgdnafgs a las mdthrrgjadths prgpuhstas5

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`gdg`mfmhdtg, mdfanurhz, balta nh rhla`mgdhs sg`malhs hdtrh gtrgs)9 sgd lgs faygrhs nhshdànhdadthsnh a``mnhdths, lgs fmsfgs quh hstád asg`mangs a uda balta nh `gfprgfmsg h mnhalmza`mðd. Hd la faygræanh lgs àsgs dg sh fmnhd anhùanafhdth lgs ba`tgrhs nh rmhsjg kaeg hstgs tírfmdgs. Hs dh`hsarmghdtgd`hs hstaklh`hr `rmthrmgs nh hvalua`mðd quh phrfmtad `gdg`hr lgs dmvhlhs nh rmhsjg `rætm`g hdbud`mðd a hstgs ; asph`tgs9 lgs fmsfgs quh nhkhrád hstar rhjmstrangs hd ud bgrfatg nh anaptakmlmnannhl trakaeg, ngdnh sh fhd`mgdhd las àra`thræstmàs bæsmàs y psm`glðjmàs para àna puhstg y lakgr nhla grjadmza`mðd.

·Ph puhnh ca`hr Phjurmnan ca`mhdng rhphtmtmva uda a``mðd7Gtra mdthrrgjadth nmsùtmna. La Phjurmnan va fás allá quh ca`hr rhphtmtmva uda a`tmvmnan, hs `rhar`gd`mhd`ma y `gfprgfmsg hd las phrsgdas (`ga`cmdj), dg sh trata nh nh`mr lg quh sh tmhdh quh ca`hrsmdg nh nhear a la phrsgda utmlmzar sus pgthd`malmnanhs y `gfphthd`mas para lgjrarlg, asæ `gfg nhgtgrjar las chrrafmhdtas anhùanas. [h`grnhfgs quh dg tgnas las grjadmza`mgdhs tmhdhd lgs fmsfgsprmd`mpmgs y `rmthrmgs, dg trathfgs nh aplmàr lg fmsfg hd uda nmbhrhdth hfprhsa. La Phjurmnan sh lgjranmrmjmhdng a la phrsgda ca`ma uda fhegra `gdtmdua, prgpgdmhdng duhvas bgrfas y hstrathjmas. “Ca`hrPhjurmnan, hs fu`cg fás quh Ca`hr Phjurmnan‖.

Bgrtalhzàfgs lgs dmvhlhs nh `gfpgrtafmhdtg, las `gfphthd`mas y lgs talhdtgs nhl phrsgdal,y trakaehfgs para quh duhstrgs `glakgrangrhs smhdtad quh la Phjurmnan hs parth mfpgrtadth nhlnhsarrgllg, thdhfgs la tarha nh fmdmfmzar lgs rmhsjgs hd duhstras grjadmza`mgdhs `gfg jhstgrhs hd laprhvhd`mðd, rh`grnhfgs quh la rhspgdsakmlmnan hstá hd sakhr nmrh``mgdar dg sglg hd sakhr nmrmjmr.

Lm`. [abahl Arturg ]áñhz Krm`hñg_sm`ðlgjg Grjadmza`mgdal ‐ Hsph`malmsta hd @ga`cmdj aplmàng a la PhjurmnanrabgyadhzOcgtfaml.`gf

Autgr5 _aklg E. _mdtg, _rhsmnhdth nh la A_N[Asg`ma`mðd _hruada nh _rhvhd`mgdmstas nh[mhsjgs, mdbgOapnr.grj.ph

Hd hl añg 1=11, hl _hrõ sh `gdvmrtmð hd hl paæslænhr hd Latmdgafírmà hd fathrma dgrfatmvanh shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg ‐PP^- alprgfuljarsh la Lhy D¿ 10:3, prmfhra lhy quhrhjulð al ashjurafmhdtg h mdnhfdmza`mgdhs pgra``mnhdths nh trakaeg. Pmd hfkarjg nuradth lgssmjumhdths 1?? añgs, hl paæs hstaka hdtrh lgsõltmfgs paæshs fás atrasangs hd hstgs thfas,la dgrfatmva hra nmsphrsa, hd aushd`ma nh udalhy fa`rg, hxmstmhdng pudtualhs nmspgsm`mgdhsaplmàklhs a nhthrfmdangs sh`tgrhs, nheadng nhlang, pgr hehfplg, al sh`tgr hnuàtmvg, tradspgrth,`gfhr`mg y sgkrh tgng al sh`tgr põklm`g9 dg sh`gdtaka `gd uda pglætmà nh hstang `lara sgkrh la

rhjula`mðd nh la shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaegy hra hl õdm`g paæs nh la @AD smd rhbhrhd`mashxplm`mtas hd la `gdstmtu`mðd, sgkrh la shjurmnan

LA PHJX[MNAN ] PALXN HD HL ^[AKAEHD HL _H[Õ

y salun hd hl trakaeg y la õdmà smd uda dgrfa`gd àrá`thr nh Lhy.

Pmd hfkarjg, al ùfplmrsh hl `hdthdarmg nhlhy 10:3, hd hl añg ;?11, buh aprgkana la Lhy;=:30, la ùal pgdh al _hrõ hd lædha `gd lgsavad`hs nh la shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg.Hsta duhva lhy, quh aàka nh ùfplmr 0 añgs hskastadth afplma hxmjhdth. _gr hehfplg, hstaklh`hsad`mgdhs phdalhs nh casta 2 añgs y fultas quhpuhnhd llhjar a lgs ;2;,?23.=: nðlarhs.

La dgrfatmva y la grjadmza`mðd hstatal nh lashjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg nhl _hrõ tmhdhdfu`cas smfmlmtunhs `gd las nh Hspaña. La lhy;=:30 tmhdh fu`cgs hlhfhdtgs nh la lhy 01 nh1==8, talhs `gfg5 la _ladmà`mðd nh la A`tmvmnan_rhvhdtmva, lgs Phrvm`mgs nh prhvhd`mðd nh rmhsjgs

lakgralhs aehdgs, prgpmgs g fad`gfudangs, lahvalua`mðd mdm`mal nh lgs rmhsjgs para la shjurmnany la salun nh lgs trakaeangrhs, hdtrh gtrgs.

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A phsar nh lgs avad`hs dgrfatmvgs aõd balta fu`cg quh lhjmslar. _gr hehfplg5

1. Aõd dg hstá nhdmna la `gfphthd`ma nhl prgbhsmgdal nh shjurmnan y/g salun gùpa`mgdal. A`tualfhdthhsth va`æg nh prgbhsmgdalhs lgs hstád ùkrmhdng5 Kgfkhrgs, tí`dm`gs, mdjhdmhrgs y nhfás prgbhsmgdalhsnh nmvhrsas árhas. Hd hl paæs sglg cay > udmvhrsmnanhs quh nm`tad àrrhras prgbhsmgdalhs asg`manas a lashjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg.

;. A partmr nhl ?1/?1/;?18 sh ca`hd gklmjatgrmas las aunmtgræas nh shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg, smdhfkarjg hs nmbæ`ml `gdshjumr la àdtmnan y àlmnan anhùana nh prgbhsmgdalhs quh aunmthd a las 1.:10.;:;hfprhsas hd hl _hrõ (Natgs shjõd hl MDHM, casta eudmg nh ;?1>).

0. ]a cad pasang 0 añgs y aõd lgs rhjlafhdtgs sh`tgrmalhs `gfg hl NP ?88 (Fmdhræa), la Dgrfa J?8?(@gdstru``mðd), hl NP >;B (Mdnustrmas), ht`, dg sh cad anhùang a la lhy ;=:30.

Nhsnh ca`h fás nh uda níàna, hl _hrõ ca hxphrmfhdtang ud `rh`mfmhdtg h`gdðfm`g buhrth y hl aujh nhlthfa nh la shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg vmhdh `rh`mhdng nh la par `gd hl nhsarrgllg h`gdðfm`g, phrg hdhl ;?1> hl paæs hdbrhdtð uda nhsa`hlhra`mðd hd hl `rh`mfmhdtg nh su h`gdgfæa y la lhy ;=:30 buh uda nhlas abh`tanas, puhs subrmð udas fgnmà`mgdhs para rhnu`mr lgs jastgs y thfgrhs nh lgs hfprhsarmgs a dnh rha`tmvar la mdvhrsmðd prmvana. Hs asæ gfg sh apruhka la lhy 0?;;;, la ual fgnm`ð 2 artæùlgs nh la lhy;=:305 10,;2,;3,0;,>= y :2. Hs asæ `gfg lgs hxáfhdhs fínm`gs gùpa`mgdalhs nh sh`tgrhs quh dg sgd nhaltg rmhsjg pasargd nh shr àna añg a shr àna ; añgs. âfkmíd sh rhnuehrgd las sad`mgdhs phdalhs nh 1?añgs a 2 añgs.

La lhjmsla`mðd hd fathrma nh shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg nhl _hrõ vmhdh nadng avad`hs y rhtrg`hsgs,phrg al fhdgs ya sh hstá rhùphradng hl smjlg quh sh phrnmð hd hl tmhfpg.

_H[Õ

@gdsheg Da`mgdal nh Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl^rakaeg ‐ (@GDPPA^)

Hsùhla Da`mgdal nh Bgrfa`mðd nhl Pmsthfanh Mdsph``mðd nh ^rakaeg (hd prgyh`tg)

Gkshrvatgrmg Da`mgdal nhl Pmsthfa nhMdsph``mðd nhl ^rakaeg (hd prgyh`tg)

^rmkudal nh Bmsàlmza`mðd Lakgral (hdprgyh`tg)

HP_AÑA

@gfmsmðd Da`mgdal nh Phjurmnan yPalun hd hl ^rakaeg (@DPP^)

Hsùhla nh la Mdsph``mðd nh ^rakaeg yPhjurmnan Pg`mal

Gkshrvatgrmg Hstatal nh @gdnm`mgdhsnh ^rakaeg

Pala MR Pg`mal ^rmkudal Puprhfg

Ístas sgd aljudas smfmlmtunhs hdtrh las hdtmnanhs hstatalhs nh PP^ nh _hrõ y Hspaña5

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_ Á J

Fs@. Jmshla Klad`g Jgfhz.^hraphuta Gùpa`mgdal y_sm`ðlgja _rgbhsgra Asg`manaXdmvhrsmnan @hdtral nh Rhdhzuhla.jmklad`g8Ojfaml.`gf

_gr su parth hl trakaeg puhnhgbrh`hr mnhdtmnan, autghstmfa,apgyg sg`mal y rh`gfphdsasfathrmalhs. Hstg puhnh su`hnhrùadng las hxmjhd`mas lakgralhs

sgd ðptmfas (y dg fáxmfas),ùadng a lgs trakaeangrhs sh lhsphrfmth ud jrang razgdaklh nhautgdgfæa, y uadng hl afkmhdthmdthrphrsgdal hd hl trakaeg hs`grnmal y sglmnarmg. Pm hstg hsasæ, hl trakaeg puhnh shr udgnh lgs ba`tgrhs bavgrh`hngrhsnh la salun fás mfpgrtadths nhduhstra vmna. _gr hl `gdtrarmg,sm las `gdnm`mgdhs nh trakaegsgd gpuhstas, puhnhd prgnu`mrhdbhrfhnan, a`hlhrar su ùrsg gnhshdànhdar sus sædtgfas.

Aljudas nh hstas gdnm`mgdhsadths fhd`mgdanas shcad nhdgfmdang ba`tgrhspsm`gsg`malhs lakgralhs,hd`gdtrádngsh nmvhrsasnhdm`mgdhs hd bud`mðd nhla `gfplhemnan quh hstgsba`tgrhs hdjlgkad. Nhljanmllg(;?11) gdstruyh uda

nhdm`mðd a fm fgng nh vhrmd`luyhdth, shñaladng quhlgs ba`tgrhs psm`gsg`malhssgd “Hlhfhdtgs nhrmvangs

nh la mdthra``mðd nmdáfmàhdtrh hl mdnmvmnug, hl trakaegy hl hdtgrdg, quh abh`tadpgsmtmva g dhjatmvafhdthsu hstang nh kmhdhstar,

a`hr`ádnglg g nmstad`mádnglgnh fadhra sgsthdmna gmdthrfmthdth al nhsarrgllg nhsus pgthd`malmnanhs cufadas,asæ `gfg a su prgjrhsg,hstgs hlhfhdtgs nhkhd shrhstunmangs hd sus rhla`mgdhs,prg`hsgs, ausas y hbh`tgs, hcmstgrma, y quh hd uda afplma yprgbudna fmrana sg`mal llhvada rh hxmgdar sgkrh la mjualnan‖(p. 31).

La prhshd`ma nh ba`tgrhsdhjatmvgs g nh rmhsjg psm`gsg`mal,jhdhrad uda shrmh nh hbh`tgs,nhdtrg nh lgs ualhs sh hdùhdtrahl Hstrís. Hsth hbh`tg suhlh shrud prg`hsg dg sglg prhshdth hdlgs afkmhdths lakgralhs smdg hdla vmna `gtmnmada hd jhdhral,asph`tgs `gfg la `gdvmvhd`mahd las jradnhs `munanhs, lasnhfadnas nh la vmna bafmlmar,las nmùltanhs h`gdðfmàs,hdtrh gtrgs ba`tgrhs9 puhnhdmd umr hd la phr`hp`mðd nhhsh nhshqumlmkrmg hdtrh lashxmjhd`mas y las pgsmkmlmnanhs

@GF_[HDNH[ ] _[HRHDM[HL HP^[ÍP LAKG[AL XD [H^G

_A[A LGP _[HRHD@MGDMPÂP

nh ca`hr brhdth `gd íxmtg a hsasnhfadnas. Hd la a`tualmnan hl hstrís lakgralhs `gdsmnhrang `gfg udg nh lgsasph`tgs quh jhdhra faygrhs

jastgs hd fathrma nh salungùpa`mgdal ya quh smjdmàud nhthrmgrg dgtgrmg para lasphrsgdas y las grjadmza`mgdhsquh puhnh rhsultar hdshrmas althra`mgdhs bæsmàs ypsm`glðjmàs hd lgs trakaeangrhsy uda jrad pírnmna nh rhùrsgspara las grjadmza`mgdhs. Hstg cathdmng mfpgrtadths mfplmà`mgdhshd la mdvhstmja`mðd y akgrnaehnhl hstrís lakgral tadtg admvhl fa`rg (grjadmza`mgdal,hstru`tural, pglætm`g) gfg fm`rg(mdnmvmnual, nmánm`g, trmánm`g),y para su hdthdnmfmhdtg cadsurjmng nmvhrsgs aprgxmfa`mgdhsthðrmàs g fgnhlgs quh cadmdthdtang nar hxplmà`mðd y cadapgrtang hvmnhd`ma a`hrà nhlbhdðfhdg. (Ihddy, ;???).

Hd hl hstunmg nhl hstrís lakgralsh cad nhs`rmtg ngs jradnhshdbgquhs prmd`mpalhs. Hl prmfhrgnmrmjmng a la phrsgda trakaeangra,hd la ùal sh cad hstunmang susprhnmspgsm`mgdhs, àpa`mnanhs,atrmkutgs. Hl paranmjfa nh kash

3

Hl kmhdhstar y la salun nh qumhd trakaea puhnhdvhrsh abh`tangs nh bgrfa pgsmtmva g dhjatmvahd bud`mðd nh las `gdnm`mgdhs hd quh rhalmzasu a`tmvmnan lakgral. Hl trakaeg `gdtrmkuyh ahstru`turar y nar shdtmng a la vmna nh las phrsgdashd `gdeudtg `gd gtras a`tmvmnanhs g rglhs5bafmlmarhs, sg`malhs, rh`rha`mgdalhs.



_ Á J


hs la anapta`mðd nhl mdnmvmnug al hdtgrdg lakgral, y sh `hdtra hd quh nhthrfmdanas `gdnm`mgdhs sg`malhs ynhl hdtgrdg dg nad lujar a lgs fmsfgs rhsultangs hd la salun, smdg quh su mfpa`tg nhphdnh nh `ðfg hsas`gdnm`mgdhs sgd phr`mkmnas pgr lgs mdnmvmnugs y nh `ðfg rha``mgdad adth hllas. (Iarashi y ^chgrhll, 1==?). Phjõd hl fgnhlg (Nhfadna-@gdtrgl) nh Iarashi y ^chgrhll, (1==?), la `gfkmda`mðd nh altas nhfadnaslakgralhs, la kaea àpa`mnan nh nh`msmðd y hl kaeg apgyg sg`mal, nmfhdsmðd mdtrgnu`mna pgr Ecgdsgd(1==8), `gdnu`h a `gdshùhd`mas dg`mvas sgkrh la salun, hd partmùlar rhla`mgdanas `gd hdbhrfhnanhs

àrnmgvasùlarhs.Hl shjudng hdbgquh, fás rh`mhdth, ca`h ídbasms hd las àra`thræstmàs hstru`turalhs nhl puhstg nh trakaeg,nmrmjmhdng su athd`mðd a lgs rhùrsgs nmspgdmklhs hd lgs trakaeangrhs y hd lgs jrupgs para ùfplmr lasnhfadnas nh prgnu``mðd y nh rhalmza`mðd nhl trakaeg.

Hl fgnhlg (Nhshqumlmkrmg Hsbuhrzg-[h`gfphdsa), prgpuhstg pgr hl alhfád Egcaddhs Pmhjrmst (1==2),

tmhdh ud hdbgquh gùpa`mgdal y sg`mglðjm`g. Hs ud fgnhlg `gdstrumng sgkrh la dg`mðd nh rh`mprg`mnansg`mal, ud prmd`mpmg budnafhdtal nh la gdnu`ta mdthrphrsgdal y nhl mdthràfkmg sg`mal. La rh`mprg`mnansh ara`thrmza pgrquh afkas parths trakaeangr y grjadmza`mðd rhalmzad uda futua mdvhrsmðd kasana hdla dgrfa nh la hxph`tatmva nh rhtgrdg hd la ùal hl hsbuhrzg hs rh`gfphdsang anhùanafhdth.

Hsth fgnhlg nhs`rmkh ngs nmfhdsmgdhs “hsbuhrzg‖ y “rh`gfphdsa‖ `gfg varmaklhs budnafhdtalhs9`gfkmdadng mdbgrfa`mðd sgkrh las nhfadnas y las rh`gfphdsas hd hl trakaeg (`gfpgdhdth hxtrædsh`g),`gd mdbgrfa`mðd a`hrà nh las àra`thræstmàs phrsgdalhs nh `ðfg abrgdtar hsas nhfadnas y nhsabægs hdhl trakaeg (`gfpgdhdth mdtrædsh`g) y hstád nhthrfmdanas pgr ud hlhvang `gfprgfmsg `gd hl trakaeg yuda alta dh`hsmnan nh aprgka`mðd. _ladtha quh hl hsbuhrzg hlhvang smd uda rh`gfphdsa sg`mal puhnh shrpatgjídm`g y hd hsh shdtmng la balta nh rh`mprg`mnan hd tírfmdgs nh altgs `gstgs y kaeas rh`gfphdsasprgvgà hfg`mgdhs dhjatmvas hd lgs trakaeangrhs. La phr`hp`mðd nh dg shr su`mhdthfhdth aprh`mang g nhshr tratang mdeustafhdth, asæ `gfg la brustra`mðd sgsthdmna quh rhsulta nh hsth rh`gdg`mfmhdtg mdanhùang,sh a`gfpaña nh rha``mgdhs nh a`tmva`mðd phrfadhdth nhl smsthfa dhrvmgsg autðdgfg, abh`tádngsh laautgrrhjula`mðd y prgnu`mhdng gdshùhd`mas hd la salun.

La prhvhd`mðd nhl hstrís lakgral

Hxmsthd dg sglg ud `gdeudtg nh tí`dmàs quh cad smng nmshñanas para fmdmfmzar hl mfpa`tg quh tmhdh hdhl ùhrpg, fhdth y hfg`mgdhs hl hstrís, smdg dmvhlhs nh prhvhd`mðd quh phrfmthd llhvar a àkg a``mgdhs`gd`rhtas para lgjrar fmdmfmzar su mfpa`tg sgkrh la salun.La jhstmðd hd fathrma nh prhvhd`mðd nhl hstrís lakgral `gfmhdza pgr `gfprhdnhr quh hd gàsmgdhs lasa``mgdhs puhnhd hdtrarsh hd afkmgs shd`mllgs hd la grjadmza`mðd Lhvm (;???)9

1. Nar al trakaeangr hl tmhfpg dh`hsarmg para rhalmzar su trakaeg nh bgrfa satmsba`tgrma.;. Krmdnar al trakaeangr uda nhs`rmp`mðd `lara nhl trakaeg quh rhalmzará.0. [h`gfphdsar al trakaeangr pgr ud kuhd rhdnmfmhdtg lakgral.>. Jhdhrar væas para quh hl trakaeangr thdja la gpgrtudmnan nh hxpgdhr sus quheas y adalmzarlas shrmafhdthy gd nmlmjhd`ma.

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8. Arfgdmzar la rhspgdsakmlmnan y la autgrmnan nhltrakaeangr.2. @larmàr lgs gkehtmvgs y la lgsgbæa nh la hfprhsay anaptarlgs a lgs prgpmgs gkehtmvgs h mnhalhs nhltrakaeangr, smhfprh quh hstg sha pgsmklh.:. Bavgrh`hr hl `gdtrgl g la satmsba``mðd nhltrakaeangr pgr hl prgnu`tg thrfmdang brutg nh su

trakaeg.3. Bgfhdtar hl rhsphtg, la tglhrad`ma, la shjurmnany la eustm`ma hd hl lujar nh trakaeg.=. Hlmfmdar las hxpgsm`mgdhs a ba`tgrhs bæsm`gsphlmjrgsgs.1?. Hstunmar lgs a`mhrtgs y ballas, las àusas y`gdshùhd`mas, nh a`tua`mgdhs hd fathrma nh saluny shjurmnan hd hl trakaeg, `gd vmstas a a``mgdhsbuturas.

Gtras fhnmnas grjadmzatmvas hstád rhla`mgdanas gdhl nmshñg nh cgrarmgs nh trakaeg para quh dg hdtrhdhd gd m`tg gd las hxmjhd`mas y rhspgdsakmlmnanhshxtra-lakgralhs. Lgs cgrarmgs nh lgs turdgsrgtatgrmgs nhkhræad shr hstaklhs y prhnh`mklhs, `gduda rgta`mðd quh vaya hd shdtmng fañada-tarnh-dg`ch. _hrfmtmr y prgpm`mar quh lgs trakaeangrhstgfhd parth hd las nh`msmgdhs g a`tua`mgdhs quhabh`thd a sus puhstgs nh trakaeg. Nmshñar lastarhas para quh thdjad shdtmng, hstmfulhd, nhdud shdtmfmhdtg nh satmsba``mðd y la gpgrtudmnannh pgdhr hd prá`tmà lgs `gdg`mfmhdtgs. Krmdnar

gpgrtudmnanhs nh mdthra``mðd sg`mal, md`lumngs hlapgyg sg`mal y hfg`mgdal y la ayuna futua hdtrh`gfpañhrgs nh trakaeg. Hstas y gtras a``mgdhs dg puhnhd llhvarsh a àkgsmd la partm`mpa`mðd grjadmzana y a`tmva nh lgs

1 ?

trakaeangrhs, nhl hfplhangr y nhl shrvm`mg nh saluny shjurmnan.Las a``mgdhs prhvhdtmvas hstád grmhdtanasprmd`mpalfhdth a prgvhhr `gdnm`mgdhs nh trakaeganhùanas y salunaklhs, bgrfadng parth nh udprgjrafa fás afplmg nh salun y shjurmnan hdhl trakaeg ùya fhta nhkh shr la `gdstru``mðd

`glh`tmva nh afkmhdths nh trakaeg àna næa fássalunaklhs, shjurgs y cufadgs.

[hbhrhd`mas5

Nhljanmllg, L. (;?11) Ba`tgrhs psm`gsgs`malhs.Xda `rætmà a su nhdm`mðd, hd Euárhz-Jar`ma, E. y@afa`cg. A [h hxmgdhs thðrm`g-`gd`hptualhs nh lgpsm`gsg`mal hd hl trakaeg. @uhrdavaà. Fgrhlgs.Egcdsgd E, Call H, Bgrn H. (1==8) ^ch psy`cgsg`malwgri hdvmrghfhdt gb psysm`mads. EGHF, Rgl. 0: Dµ =1181-1183.

Ihddy N. (;???). G`ùpatmgdal strhss5 rh h`tmgdsgd tchgry adn pra`tm`h. Hd N. Ihddy, E. J. @arlsgd,B.E. F`Jumjad y E. L. Pchpparn (Hns.). Ptrhss adnchaltc5 [hshar`c adn lmdmàl applmàtmgds (àp. ;?).Áfsthrnaf5 Jgrngd Krha`c/Carwggn Aànhfma_uklmschrs. ;???

Lhvm, L. (;???). Juæa sgkrh hstrís rhla`mgdang gd hltrakaeg ·La sal nh la vmna g hl khsg nh la fuhrth7.@gfmsmðd Hurgpha Nmrh``mðd Jhdhral nh Hfplhg yAsudtgs Pg`malhs. Luxhfkurjg.Pmhjrmst E. (1==2). Anvhrsh chaltc h h`ts gb cmjc-h grt-rhwarn `gdnmtmgds. Egurdal gb G`ùpatmgdalChaltc _sy`cglgjy. 15 ;:->1



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Nhsnh uda phrsph`tmva tí`dmà hl hrrgr cufadgpuhnh thdhr nmbhrhdths hdbgquhs5 puhnh `hdtrarshhd la àusa nh ud rhsultang, hd uda a``mðd quh`gdnu`h a ud rhsultang, g hd hl prgpmg rhsultang(Cglldajhl, 1==3).

Hl hrrgr cufadg sh puhnh nhdmr anhfás `gfguda gfmsmðd g hehù`mðd md`grrh`ta nh uda shrmh nha`tmvmnanhs fhdtalhs g bæsmàs prgjrafanas ([hutc,;??0). Las phrsgdas sgd parth nmdáfmà nh tgng

smsthfa5 ísth md`luyh a su vhz tgnas las gtras parthsnhl hdtgrdg lakgral `gfg sgd5 hqumpgs, th`dglgjæa,afkmhdth, grjadmza`mðd, àpa`mta`mðd, pglætmàsy prg`hnmfmhdtgs. _gr hllg lg quh `gfõdfhdthnhdgfmdafgs hrrgr cufadg hs hd rhalmnan udhrrgr nhl smsthfa. Hl hrrgr cufadg sh kasa hd lamdsu`mhd`ma nh lgs smsthfas g la grjadmza`mðd parahvmtar hl hrrgr nuradth la hehù`mðd nh ud prg`hsg,g hd hl asg quh gùrrmhra, dg hxmstmhra uda balta nhprhvhd`mðd adths nhl hrrgr, quh phrfmtmhra quh sh`gdvmrtmhra hd ud prgklhfa.

Hl hrrgr cufadg `gfg uda varmaklhalhatgrma

Hd hl adálmsms nh rmhsjgs, lgs `gfpgrtafmhdtgscufadgs sh gdsmnhrad gfg uda varmaklh alhatgrma,ya quh hxmsthd fu`cas varmaklhs pg`g prhnh`mklhsquh md uyhd hd lgs `gfpgrtafmhdtgs cufadgs,ca`mhdng nmbæ`ml nhthrfmdar `gd quí prh`msmðd y nhquí bgrfa a`tuará uda phrsgda hd ud hs`hdarmgnang. Hsta md`hrtmnufkrh gklmja a `gdsmnhrar hlhrrgr cufadg hd tírfmdgs prgkakmlæstm`gs. Pðlgal asg`mar la md`hrtmnufkrh `gd hl hrrgr cufadgsh `gdsmnhra ya a ísth ud hvhdtg alhatgrmg. Lasàusas nh lgs hrrgrhs cufadgs sgd nmbæ`mlhs nhhsph`màr. Hl tratafmhdtg nh hrrgrhs cufadgs

`gd ud hdbgquh prgkakmlæstm`g hs mdnmsphdsaklh smsh qumhrhd gkthdhr adálmsms fás rhalmstas a`hrà nhsus ba`tgrhs nmsparangrhs g adth`hnhdths.

·Quí nhthrfmda hl hrrgr cufadg7

Cay uda afplma hvmnhd`ma mhdtæà quh nhfuhstraquh sh puhnh ca`hr fu`cg para nmsfmdumr laprgkakmlmnan nhl hrrgr cufadg. Xd `gdeudtg`gdg`mng h mfpgrtadth nh varmaklhs quh abh`tadla prgkakmlmnan nh hrrgr cufadg, puhnhd hstarkaeg hl `gdtrgl nh nmshñangrhs nh hqumpgs yanfmdmstrangrhs nh prgjrafas.Rarmaklhs quh abh`tad al gphrangr5 hqumpg,bgrfa`mðd, prg`hnmfmhdtgs, anfmdmstra`mðd yafkmhdth gphratmvg. Xd phquhñg àfkmg hd hlvalgr nh aljudas nh hstas varmaklhs puhnh prgnu`mrnrafátmàs nhsvma`mgdhs nh `gfpgrtafmhdtgs

HL H[[G[CXFADG ] LGP A@@MNHD^HP NH^[AKAEG

quh ùhdtad `gd hl pgthd`mal para nhshdànhdarmd`rhfhdtgs nhl ædnm`h nh hrrgrhs cufadgs hd la`gfpañæa. Nhsnh hl pudtg nh vmsta prgkakmlæstm`g,sh puhnhd lgjrar prgdðstm`gs `gdaklhs sgkrh lgshrrgrhs cufadgs, sm las varmaklhs fõltmplhs sgd kmhd`gdg`mnas.

La daturalhza nhl hrrgr“Pm partmfgs nh quh lgs hrrgrhs cufadgs gdstmtuyhdud ba`tgr àusal nh las àtástrgbhs prgvgànas pgr

lgs smsthfas th`dglðjm`gs, hs budnafhdtal hl hstunmgnh su daturalhza‖ (Hstady, ;??3). Hstg hs pgsmklhpgrquh, nhsnh hl pudtg nh vmsta psm`glðjm`g, lgshrrgrhs dg sgd tadtgs, dm tad nmstmdtgs y, pgr tadtg,hs pgsmklh su smsthfatmza`mðd y jhdhralmza`mðd y, hd`gdshùhd`ma, su prhnm``mðd y prhvhd`mðd, audquh dgnh bgrfa nhthrfmdmsta. La prhnm``mðd nh lgs hrrgrhsnhphdnh, hd jrad fhnmna, nh duhstra `gfprhdsmðdnh lgs ba`tgrhs quh lgs gàsmgdad.

Hs nh`mr, lgs trhs asph`tgs nh la prgnu``mðd nh hrrgrhs5las àra`thræstmàs nh la tarha, lgs fhàdmsfgsquh rmjhd la a`tmvmnan y las partmùlarmnanhs nhlsuehtg (Hstady, ;??3). La `lasmà`mðd nh md`mnhdthsasg`mangs a la taxgdgfæa nh lgs hrrgrhs cufadgshs hshd`mal a d nh avhrmjuar pgr quí pasð hl hrrgrcufadg y `ðfg sh puhnh prhvhdmr hd hl buturg([hutc, ;??0).

Phjõd Jafkhttm, B., @asallmk, A. & @cmsarm`, R. (;?1;)ud pudtg nh vmsta, rh`mhdthfhdth kautmzang `gfg"la vmhea vmsmðd", vh hl hrrgr cufadg `gfg àusa nhbraàsg. Hd la adtmjua vmsmðd nh hrrgr cufadg5• Hl hrrgr cufadg hs la àusa nh la faygræa nh lgsa``mnhdths.

• Lgs smsthfas nh mdjhdmhræa hd quh trakaead las

phrsgdas sh ca`hd para shr kásmàfhdth shjurg9su íxmtg hs mdtrædsh`g. La prmd`mpal afhdaza ala shjurmnan prgvmhdh nh la balta nh akmlmnanmdchrhdth nh las phrsgdas.

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• Hl prgjrhsg hd fathrma nh shjurmnan sh puhnhca`hr fhnmadth la prgth``mðd nh hstgs smsthfasa partmr nh lgs shrhs cufadgs dg aklhs a travísshlh``mðd, prg`hnmfmhdtgs, autgfatmza`mðd,hdtrhdafmhdtg y nms`mplmda.

Hl gtrg pudtg nh vmsta, tafkmíd llafana "la duhvavmsmðd", vh hl hrrgr cufadg dg `gfg àusa, smdg`gfg ud sædtgfa nh braàsg. Hd la duhva vmsta nhhrrgr cufadg5

Hl hrrgr cufadg hs ud sædtgfa nh ud prgklhfa fásprgbudng hd hl mdthrmgr nhl smsthfa.

• La shjurmnan dg hs mdchrhdth a lgs smsthfas.Lgs smsthfas hd sæ sgd `gdtranm``mgdhs hdtrhfõltmplhs fhtas quh la jhdth nhkh phrshjumrsmfultádhafhdth. La jhdth tmhdh quh `rharshjurmnan.

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Hl hrrgr cufadg hstá `gdh`tang nh bgrfasmsthfátmà a las àra`thræstmàs nh la jhdthchrrafmhdtas, tarhas y bud`mgdafmhdtg fhnmgafkmhdth. Hl prgjrhsg hd la shjurmnan vmhdh nh`gfprhdnhr h md umr hstas `gdhxmgdhs.

Phjõd [hasgd (1==?), hxmsthd trhs tmpgs nh hrrgrhs5 • “Nhslm`hs‖ (slmps) y “lapsgs‖ (lapshs) sgd hrrgrhshd la hehù`mðd nh la a``mðd prhvmsta. Lgs rhskalgdhssgd a``mgdhs quh dg salhd shjõd lg pladhang,fmhdtras quh lgs lapsgs sgd ballas nh fhfgrma.

• “Hqumvgà`mgdhs‖ (fmstaihs) sgd ballgs hd hlplad nh a``mðd. Md`lusg sm la hehù`mðd nhl plad hs`grrh`ta, dg shræa pgsmklh alàdzar hl rhsultangnhshang. _ladhs quh `gdnu`hd a hrrgrhs puhnhdshr nh`mhdths, pladhs kuhdgs mdanhùangs, tgrphsg phlmjrgsgs.

Hl hrrgr cufadg sh fadmhsta hd la pladha`mðdy hehù`mðd nh uda a``mðd y su`hnh ùadng lasphrsgdas, `gfhthd hrrgrhs g ballas `gfg lgssmjumhdths5 Xd suphrvmsgr hfmth las mdstru``mgdhs`grrh`tas phrg al trakaeangr hqumvgàng, sh fhz`ladprgnu`tgs quæfm`gs hxplgsmvgs g `gfkustmklhshd la gkthd`mðd nh nhthrfmdang prgnu`tg, dg sh

mdbgrfa al árha rhspgdsaklh nhl fadthdmfmhdtgnh la hsàlhra g nh uda chrrafmhdta nañana. Lgsshrhs cufadgs tmhdhd àpa`mnanhs lmfmtanas9 parasakhr pgr quí lgs hrrgrhs pasad sh nhkh fmrar fásallá nh la phrsgda quh `gfhtmð hl hrrgr.

Hrrgrhs nh fhfgrma g athd`mðd“Lgs fhàdmsfgs nh rhùphra`mðd nh la fhfgrmahstád ædtmfafhdth rhla`mgdangs `gd lgs tmpgs nhhrrgr. Asæ, lgs nhslm`hs y lgs lapsgs `grrhspgdnhd aldmvhl nh a`tmvmnan nh lgs autgfatmsfgs‖ (Hstady,;??3). Hdtrh las hqumvgà`mgdhs pgnhfgs nmstmdjumraquhllas quh `grrhspgdnhd al dmvhl nh a`tmvmnankasang hd rhjlas (pgdhr hd bud`mgdafmhdtg hlaparatg nh vmnhg) y las quh `grrhspgdnhd al dmvhl

nh a`tmvmnan kasang hd lgs `gdg`mfmhdtgs (rhùrrmra lgs `gdg`mfmhdtgs jhdhralhs quh thdhfgs sgkrh`g`mda ùadng dg lgjrafgs quh dgs salja kmhdud platg). La balta nh athd`mðd tafkmíd euhja udpaphl mfpgrtadth hd la `gfmsmðd nh hrrgrhs, fuyhsph`malfhdth hd lgs àsgs nh nhslm`hs y lapsgs.Hstg hs asæ pgr las àra`thræstmàs nh la `gjdm`mðdcufada (Hstady, ;??3).

^gng lg adthrmgr supgdh ud hdgrfh rhtg para lamdjhdmhræa hd hl nmshñg `gd`hptual nh la duhvath`dglgjæa, al `gdsmnhrar las nmvhrsas lmfmta`mgdhsdg sðlg bæsmàs nhl shr cufadg, smdg `gjdmtmvas ypsæqumàs quh punmhrad hstaklh`hrsh gfg karrhrasa lgs prg`hsgs `gfudmàtmvgs y nh tratafmhdtg nhla mdbgrfa`mðd. Cay quh thdhr fuy hd ùhdta smdhfkarjg, quh la mdbgrfa`mðd g la bgrfa`mðd pgrsæ sgla dg puhnh mdfudmzar a uda phrsgda g udagrjadmza`mðd `gdtra lgs hrrgrhs. Lgs hrrgrhs llhjada `gdtrglarsh pgr fhnmg nhl phrbh``mgdafmhdtg`gdstadth nh lgs smsthfas quh jaradtm`hd quhlgs hrrgrhs shad àna vhz fhdgs prgkaklhs y sus`gdshùhd`mas fhdgs jravhs.

@mrg Fartædhz Grgphsa, H`gdgfmsta Mdnustrmal,Fasthr hd _rhvhd`mðd nh [mhsjgs Lakgralhs, Ng`tgrnh la Xdmvhrsmnan nh Lhðd, _rgbhsgr asg`mang,Nhpartafhdtg nh @mhd`mas Pg`malhs, XdmvhrsmnanDa`mgdal nh @glgfkma, _alfmra, Rallh nhl @auà,@glgfkma9 Nhpartafhdtg nh Gphra`mgdhs y Pmsthfas,Xdmvhrsmnan Autðdgfa nh G``mnhdth, @alm, Rallh nhl

@auà, @glgfkma. 1

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A`tualfhdth las Grjadmza`mgdhs sh hstád prhgùpadng pgr àpa`mtar a su phrsgdal adth la prhshd`ma nhùalqumhr ba`tgr nh rmhsjg, sglg quh hvmtadng ud pudtg mfpgrtadth hl dmvhl hnuàtmvg nh uda phrsgda, hsnardgs uhdta quh sm las @gfpañæas hdtrad sus bgrfa`mgdhs y ashsgræas a travís nh fítgngs fajmstralhs gtranm`mgdalhs, fu`cgs dg thdnræad gfg rhsultang uda hx`hlhdth shdsmkmlmza`mðd y apa`mta`mðd, ya quh udaphrsgda quh pgsha nmbhrhdths græjhdhs g prg`hnhd`ma y hnuà`mðd, hs uda mdnmvmnug quh dg pgnrá thdhr laàpa`mnan faygrmtarma nh `gdg`hr, hdthdnhr y aplmàr lg quh sh na a hxplmàr, a travís nh uda bgrfa`mðdhstmlg fajmstral, dg caklafgs nh quh sha uda phrsgda mdàpaz nh `gdg`hr, phrg sm caklafgs nh quh puhnhshr ud aprhdnmzaeh nmbæ`mlfhdth aplmàng y parth nh hsth rmhsjgsg adth su hehù`mðd, hs nh`mr mdthrbhrhd`manhl fhdsaeh quh sh qumhrh nar a `gdg`hr.

Hs nardgs uhdta quh caklafgs nh la jhdhra`mðd nh ud pgthdth rmhsjg, ·_gr quí jhdhra`mðd nh ud pgthd`malrmhsjg7 Aquhlla phrsgda quh dg `gfprhdna hl fhdsaeh nang a `gdg`hr rhalmzara a``mgdhs mdnhkmnas ya`tmvara `gdnm`mgdadths afkmhdtalhs hxmsthdths, ya quh sh nhkh thdhr hd ùhdta quh ud ba`tgr nh [mhsjgLakgral sh puhnh fmtmjar, fmdmfmzar, `gdtrglar, phrg hsth smhfprh shjumrá hxmsthdth pgr su daturalhza, almjual quh nh`mr quh al utmlmzar lgs H__ (Hlhfhdtgs nh _rgth``mðd _hrsgdal) g H_M (Hlhfhdtgs nh _rgth``mðdMdnmvmnual), hstarhfgs prgthjmngs phrg dg hvmta quh thdjafgs a``mnhdths.

Adth hl a`gdth`mfmhdtg nh hstgs, lg quh rhalmzadlgs H_M g H__ hs quh fmtmjad las `gdshùhd`masnh lgs a``mnhdths, prhvmdmhdng quh hstas shadjravhs y àushd la fuhrth. Hs aquæ ngdnh sh nhkha`larar quh hl pgshhr tgng tmpg nh prgth``mðdphrsgdal g mdnmvmnual, dg valnrá, sm dg sh `gfmhdzapgr krmdnar uda nhkmna àpa`mta`mðd sakmídnglhllhjar al phrsgdal, ngdnh hl mdnmvmnug dg sh smhdta

gklmjang, sm dg pgr hl `gdtrarmg nmsbruth aprhdnhry aplmàr hd su trakaeg, puhs tgng `gfmhdza `gdud nhkmng aprhdnmzaeh uda ùltura y hnuà`mðd nhAutgùmnang y _rhvhd`mðd.

La lõnmà y la phnajgjæa sgd ngs tírfmdgs quhpuhnhd parh`hrsh phrg sus smjdmàngs sgdnmbhrhdths, la prmfhra sh rhhrh a la buhdthjhdhrangra nh hfg`mgdhs ngdnh su gkehtg nhhstunmg hs la Hnuà`mðd nh la phrsgda, hd ùadtga la shjudna hs uda chrrafmhdta quh ayuna alaprhdnmzaeh y uadng sh cakla nh Lung-_hnajgjæa,dgs rhbhrmfgs a la `rhatmvmnan, mfajmda`mðd ya``mðd nh aprhdnhr y hdthdnhr nh bgrfa bæsmà hmdthlh`tual a travís nh hxphrmhd`mas vmvhd`malhs,`rhar ud nhsarrgllg phrsgdal y hd `gdeudtg, hlvhrnanhrg smjdmàng nh lg quh hs hl Autgùmnangy nh las `gdshùhd`mas quh puhnh nhshdànhdarud a``mnhdth, vhr fás allá nh lg quh sglg hd`mhrrauda anvhrthd`ma, vhr su smjdmàng razgdaklh, dglmfmtadth pgr su `gdthxtg, sm dg pgr hl `gdtrarmgud `gdthdmng vmaklh nh prhvhd`mðd nh a``mnhdths,prgfg`mðd nh la salun y shjurmnan tadtg nhltrakaeangr gfg a la Hfprhsa.

Ngdnh las Grjadmza`mgdhs prgthjhd su rhdtakmlmnany ngdnh lgs trakaeangrhs pgshhd kmhdhstar. A suvhz las gdshùhd`mas nh ud a``mnhdth sgd fædmfassm sh hsù`ca, fas dg sglg sh gyh, ngdnh shpartm`mpa pgr quí sh hdtmhdnh, fas dg pgrquh acæ

fás mdthrrgjadths, hsth hs hl shdtmng nh àpa`mtarnh bgrfa nmbhrhdth, sgrprhdnhdth, `rhatmva,mdmjualaklh, hs narsh `gdg`mfmhdtgs nh shjurmnan,cmjmhdh mdnustrmal nh prgfgvhrsh las a`tmvmnanhsrhsph`tmvas nh Fhnm`mda nhl trakaeg y Fhnm`mda_rhvhdtmva, ùfplmfmhdtg y bud`mgdafmhdtg nhl@gfmtí nh Fhnm`mda, Cmjmhdh y Phjurmnan Mdnustrmalnh la Hfprhsa, hs thdhr y `gdshrvar `gfg

_rgbhsmgdal y `gfg phrsgda la Ítmà _rgbhsmgdal,rhsph`tádngsh hl aprhdnmzaeh g bgrfa`mðd pgr mjualasæ hl dmvhl Hnuàtmvg nh ud phrsgdal nh las Jradnhs,Fhnmadas g _hquhñas Hfprhsas, sha nmbhrhdth,dudà valnrá la phda, ca`hrsh ud hx`hlhdth PJ-PP^, sm dg hfphzafgs pgr prgthjhr a qumhdhs shhdùhdtrad næa a næa hxpuhstgs a tadtgs ba`tgrhsnh rmhsjgs, puhs la shjurmnan hfpmhza `gd hl`gdg`mfmhdtg y luhjg gd la aplmà`mðd nhl fmsfg.

Phjõd hstunmgs pra`tmàngs hd uda mfpgrtadthashjurangra, `gd uda _sm`gphnajgja Hnuàtmva,sh hfplhð la chrrafmhdta lõnmà hd la bgrfa`mðdnh tallhrhs hnuàtmvgs `gd nmvhrsgs thfas,

LA LXNG-_HNAJGJÆA A_LM@ANA A LA PHJX[MNAN ] PALXN HD HL ^[AKAEG

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hd`gdtradng hllgs, quh la fgtmva`mðd nhspmhrtahl mdthrís a aprhdnhr nh bgrfa hfg`mgdal lgshvhdtgs nh la rhalmnan, nm`cg hstunmg alàdzghd las Hfprhsas nhstmdanas uda kuhda @ulturalgrjadmza`mgdal `gd hl fhdsaeh nh fhegrar adth lgsba`tgrhs nh rmhsjg.

Xda hdtmnan hstatal latmdgafhrmàda, nhsarrgllðuda phquhña juæa nhdgfmdana, tí`dmà nh kuhdasprá`tmàs hd ùadtg a la shjurmnan nhl pa`mhdth hdla ùhstmðd nh la salun, `gd ídbasms phnajðjm`g, laaplmà`mðd nh hsta fhtgnglgjæa, bgrtalh`mð hl trakaeghd jrupg, tgfargd `gfg àra`thræstmà hshd`mal lamfajmda`mðd rhangra nh lgs partm`mpadths, llhjadnghd `gdeudtg a uda sglu`mðd nh uda smtua`mðdprgklhfa, `gfprgkargd quh hsta fhtgnglgjæaca`h fhegr hl aprhdnmzaeh hd thfa nh shjurmnan ysalun nhl pa`mhdth, fadthdmhdng hl aprhdnmzaeh yhl grnhd nh mnhas.

_gr gtra parth uda hfprhsa, sh kasð hd la phr`hp`mðdy la lõnmà, para akgrnar la shjurmnan hd hl hdtgrdgthdmhdng `gfg kash, la hxphrmhd`ma, hl cákmtg y lafgtmva`mðd, shjõd lg rhalmzang hl fhdsaeh quh shquhræa nar, buh àptang pgr lgs trakaeangrhs quh shlhs rhalmzg la àpa`mta`mðd.

A su vhz ud `hdtrg hnuàtmvg hfplha hsth tmpg nhfítgng lõnm`g y phnajgjm`g para qumhdhs dg sakhd

hs`rmkmr g lhhr, puhnad hstunmar y a``hnhr a lgs ùrsgsg àrrhras.

Hl hx alàlnh nh Kgjgtá, hl Nr. Adtadas Fgìus quhhd la bh`ca nh 1==: aplm`ð a travís nh hstrathjmaslõnmàs y phnajðjmàs la nhdgfmdana ùltura`munanada pgr uda duhva Kgjgtá, “Lgs lgjrgs quhgktuvg la `munan jra`mas a la mfplhfhdta`mðd nh udashrmh nh hstrathjmas nh ùltura `munanada buhrgdhvmnhdths. La rhnu``mðd hd la tasa nh cgfm`mnmgs,hl aufhdtg hd hl pajg nh mfpuhstgs, la rhnu``mðdnhl `gdsufg nh ajua, y la rh`gdstru``mðd nh lgpõklm`g, tadtg hd lgs hspa`mgs bæsm`gs nh la `munan`gfg hd las rhla`mgdhs `gd hl jgkmhrdg, sgd aljudgshehfplgs nh las a``mgdhs nh hsa anfmdmstra`mðd quhsh `gdstmtuyhrgd hd paranmjfas nh pglætmà põklmàpara anfmdmstra`mgdhs pgsthrmgrhs.‖. Quhna hvmnhdth

quh la lung-phnajgjæa hs hl gfplhfhdtg nh ca`hrshshjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg.

_gr tal fgtmvg hs prhpararsh al phrsgdal, ngdnh hlnæa nh la gùrrhd`ma nh ud a``mnhdth lgs trakaeangrhspgshad la nhstrhza nh sakhr ayunar y `gdtrglar laàtástrgbh, nh quh fadhehd smd fmhng aljudg pgrhehfplg5 ud hxtmdtgr, pgdhr ud mdfgvmlmzangr, sakhrtradspgrtar al chrmng a uda zgda shjura, nmstmdjumrlas nmbhrhdths shñalhs nh anvhrthd`ma y gklmja`mðd,sakhr prg`hnhr adth ud plad nh hfhrjhd`ma, pgshhrfadmgkras nh rhsàth y `gdg`hr la dgrfatmvmnananhùana nh lg quh sh nhkh ùfplmr y dg ca`hrhdtrh gtrgs thfas quh puhnhd shr kásm`gs phrg`gfplhfhdtarmgs a la cgra nh quhrhr salvar uda vmna,nh quh smja phrfadh`mhdng lathdth, puhs smhfprhnhkhfgs thdhr hd ùhdta quh hd àsa aljumhd dgshsphra, shad duhstrgs cmegs, panrhs, hspgsa g bafmlmahd tgtal, smhfprh hs salmr a trakaear phrg vglvhr ahstar `gd hllgs, hd pgshhr duhstrgs `md`g shdtmngs,

hd dg quhnar rhstrmdjmngs hd uda smlla nh ruhnas,`gd `màtrm`hs, mdfðvmlhs, `gdvalh`mhdths g md`lusgthrfmdar duhstra hxmsthd`ma, pgr sglg la phrhza nhaprhdnhr, la phda nh usar H__ y H_M g la gfmsmðd nhla rhspgdsakmlmnan nh las Hfprhsas nh phrshvhrar lavmna, tgng `gfmhdza `gd uda ùltura nh prhvhd`mðd,ud autgùmnang y nh `ðfg llhjarlhs a aquhllgs quhpgshhd uda hnuà`mðd avadzana g kásmà, ud nhrh`cgnh aprhdnmzaeh pgr mjual.

Hs nardgs ùhdta `gd lg adthrmgr pladthang la fhegrbgrfa nh llhjarlh al trakaeangr, ùfplmhdng ud d,kmhd sha pgr fhnmg nh tallhrhs `rhatmvgs, hspa`mgsnmvhrtmngs, hstunmg nh asgs, hd ngdnh dg sh hxprhshdshdsa`mgdhs nh autgrmnan sm dg hl nhshg y pla`hrnh nmsbrutar para athdnhr y ca`hr, bgrtalh`mhdng laùltura nh Autgùmnang y bgfhdtar uda Hnuà`mðdprhvhdtmva a travís nh ud trakaeg hd hqumpg y ud`gfprgfmsg sglmng pgr parth nh lgs trakaeangrhsy nh las fmsfa Grjadmza`mgdhs, smd gfmtmrsh hldmvhl hnuàtmvg nh lgs mdvglu`rangs al fgfhdtg nhshdsmkmlmzarsh.

Iatchrmdh @cafgrrg Padngval, _rgbhsmgdal hd Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl rakaeg, Xdmvhrsmnan nhl Qumdnæg, @glgfkma.

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_ Á J

_ Á J

[màrng Rarjas ^rhpaun @gdsultgr _rgbhsmgdal psm gshjOsphhny.`gf.ph

La psm`glgjæa nh la shjurmnan hs uda hsph`malmnan rhlatmvafhdth duhva hd duhstrg fhnmg, y uda prmfhranhdm`mðd nh psm`glgjæa nh la shjurmnan quh hdsayg hs la smjumhdth5 _sm`glgjæa nh la shjurmnan hs udanms`mplmda psm`glðjmà aplmàna, ùyg gkehtg nh hstunmg hs hl `gfpgrtafmhdtg cufadg hd hl trakaegbrhdth a la hxpgsm`mðd nh phlmjrgs y abrgdtafmhdtg nh rmhsjgs, asæ `gfg hl nhsarrgllg nh a``mgdhspsm`glðjm as prhvhdtmvas, `grrh`tmvas y prgfg`mgdalhs para hdbrhdtarlgs.

Hs a partmr nh la mnhdtmà`mðd nh phlmjrgs y hvalua`mðd nh rmhsjgs quh puhnhd nhsarrgllarsh aquhllasa``mgdhs psm`glðjmàs quh apudthd ca`ma hl bgrtalh`mfmhdtg nh la prhvhd`mðd, la jhdhra`mðd nh fhnmnas`grrh`tmvas y hl nhsarrgllg nh a``mgdhs prgfg`mgdalhs, las ualhs nhkhrád shr gdsmnhranas hd hl far`gnh ud smsthfa mdthjrang nh jhstmðd nh shjurmnan y salun, lmnhrang pgr la alta nmrh``mðd nh la hfprhsa,`gd hl d nh fhegrar la prgnu`tmvmnan, la rhdtakmlmnan y la `gfphtmtmvmnan nh las grjadmza`mgdhs.

Las gdtrmku`mgdhs nh la psm`glgjæa nh la shjurmnan puhnhd narsh hd trhs jradnhs afpgs nh a`tua`mðdhsph`malmzana, rhla`mgdangs hdtrh sæ5 mdvhstmja`mðd, nmajdðstm`g h mdthrvhd`mðd. Hd duhstrg fhnmg`gdtadng `gd hsàsgs auspm`mgs, lmfmtangs rhùrsgs y sglmtarmgs hsbuhrzgs, sh cad lgjrang aljudgsavad`hs hd hl áfkmtg nhl nmajdðstm`g h mdthrvhd`mðd aplmàna a las grjadmza`mgdhs hfprhsarmalhs nhsh`tgrhs nh altg rmhsjg.

_gnræafgs prhjudtardgs sm hd duhstrg fhnmg sh ca nhsarrgllang y gfprgkang ud fgnhlg psm`glðjm`ghxplmàtmvg nh la hlhvana a``mnhdtakmlmnan hd las hfprhsas nh altg rmhsjg. G aàsg sm sh ca mdvhstmjangla rhalmnan psm`glðjmà y psm`gsg`mal nh hstgs trakaeangrhs, sm panh`æad nh hstrís lakgral grmjmdangpgr sus prgpmas `gdnm`mgdhs nh trakaeg y vmna, quí àra`thræstmàs thdæa hl `lmfa lakgral jhdhranghd sus afkmhdths nh trakaeg, ùálhs hrad lgs rasjgs nh phrsgdalmnan nh hstgs trakaeangrhs y sussuphrvmsgrhs, quí hstmlg nh lmnhrazjg mfphraka hd la ùltura grjadmza`mgdal nh aquhllas hfprhsasngdnh lakgrakad, g aàsg ùál hra la `gdnm`mðd sg`mghfg`mgdal hd las bafmlmas nh lgs a``mnhdtangs.^gng lg ùal ca pgnmng `gdstmtumrsh hd ba tgrhs `gdtrmkuyhdths hd la gùrrhd`ma nh hstgs a``mnhdthsbatalhs.

LA _PM@GLGJÆA A_LM@ A LA PHJX[MNAN ] PALXN

HD HL [AKAEG

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La psm`glgjæa nh la shjurmnan phrfmth nmajdgstmàr lgs ba`tgrhs nh rmhsjg psm`gsg`mal, para lg ùalutmlmza nmvhrsas tí`dmàs psm`glðjmàs, talhs gfg5 gkshrva`mgdhs, hdtrhvmstas, uhstmgdarmgs, hdùhstas,pruhkas psm`glðjmàs, hsàlas nh a`tmtunhs, nmdáfmàs nh jrupgs, hdtrh gtras. Las hdùhstas aplmànashd las hfprhsas dgs “caklad‖ sgkrh la rhalmnan lakgral y sg`mghfg`mgdal nh lgs trakaeangrhs y sushfprhsas. Hs nh hsta bgrfa quh puhnh rhspgdnhrsh a prhjudtas talhs `gfg5 ·pgr quí sh jhdhrada``mnhdths nh trakaeg hd las hfprhsas7·pgr quí y `ðfg sh jhdhra hl hstríslakgral hd las grjadmza`mgdhs7, ·quí `lashnh mfpa`tgs tmhdh hl hstrís lakgral sgkrhhl `gfpgrtafmhdtg nh lgs trakaeangrhs7,·`ðfg sh rhla`mgda hl hstrís lakgral gd lgs`gfpgrtafmhdtgs sukhstádnarhs7, ·nh quífgng puhnh jhstmgdarsh hl hstrís lakgralhd las hfprhsas7

Gtrg rmhsjg psm`gsg`mal quh puhnhnmajdgstmàrsh sh vmdùla a lgs hstmlgs nhlmnhrazjg y suphrvmsmðd quh prhngfmdad hdlas hfprhsas, y hs hdtgd`hs quh pgnræafgs



_ Á J


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Hd hl nhsarrgllg nhl artæùlg sh vhrá nh quh nhphdnhnmspgdhr nh udas gdnm`mgdhs nh trakaeg anhùanas ysmd quh hl phrsgdal hsth hxpuhstg a rmhsjgs hvmtaklhs.âfkmíd sh hxplmàrá hl hdbgquh y las chrrafmhdtaskásmàs quh nhkhd shr asufmnas y utmlmzanas pgr lgshdàrjangs nh nmshñar y hehùtar la shjurmnan hd udprgyh tg g hd uda hfprhsa.

Hl HP^ÁDNA[ NH PHJX[MNAN ] LGPA@@MNHD^HP

La shjurmnan hd hl trakaeg hs ud nhrh`cg nh lgstrakaeangrhs. Hl prgjrhsg hd uda `gfudmnan dg shhdtmhdnh smd ud hdtgrdg nh trakaeg anhùang y smdrmhsjgs para hl phrsgdal. La fhegra nh las gdnm`mgdhsnh trakaeg hd fathrma nh shjurmnan y salun nmjdmàhl trakaeg y la vmna nh las phrsgdas jhdhradngrhphrùsmgdhs khdh`mgsas para la prgpma hfprhsa yla sg`mhnan hd jhdhral.La shjurmnan hd hl trakaeg hs uda nms`mplmda quh hstáhd `gdstadth hvglu`mðd. Hl hstádnar nh shjurmnanhs uda varmaklh akstra`ta quh sh asg`ma al “dmvhl nhshjurmnan‖ hxmsthdth hd uda hfprhsa, prgyh`tg nh`gdstru``mðd, ht`.

Xda bgrfa nh ùadtmàr hl hstádnar nh shjurmnanhs utmlmzadng nmbhrhdths tí`dmàs quh sh kasad hdmnhdtmàr uda shrmh nh asph`tgs sgkrh gdnm`mgdhs nh

prhjudtardgs5 ·quí ùltura nh lmnhrazjg y suphrvmsmðd tmhdh la hfprhsa7 ·quí àlmnan nhrhla`mgdhs cufadas ara`thrmza a suphrvmsgrhs y trakaeangrhs7 ·hd quí fhnmna sh ca gdvhrtmnghd ud ba`tgr nh rmhsjg nh a``mnhdths nh trakaeg hl hstmlg nh nmrh``mðd nh phrsgdal7

La mdthrvhd`mðd g a`tua`mðd nhl prgbhsmgdal psm`ðlgjg puhnh shr fuy hbh`tmva hfphzadng pgr lashlh``mðd nh phrsgdal, nhdmhdng hl phrl nhl trakaeangr quh sh dh`hsmth md`grpgrar hd la hfprhsay hvaluadng sus `gfphthd`mas psm`glðjmàs. Asæ fmsfg, hd la mdnu``mðd nh phrsgdal, para lgjrar

uda anhùana md`grpgra`mðd nh trakaeangrhs `gfphthdths y `gfprgfhtmngs hd hl prgpðsmtg nhùfplmr `gd lgs hstádnarhs nh shjurmnan hxmjmngs. âfkmíd hd la hvalua`mðd nh phrsgdal, quhhd la faygr parth nh las hfprhsas dg sh rhalmza, a hbh`tgs nh prgpgr`mgdar uda hbh`tmva ygpgrtuda rhtrgalmfhdta`mðd rhsph`tg al nhshfphñg nh lgs trakaeangrhs. Anhfás, hd bgrfa`mðdnh phrsgdal, hd razðd nh quh `gdstmtuyh uda fgtmva`mðd mfpgrtadtæsmfa para la faygræa nhtrakaeangrhs. Hd sufa, hl trakaeg nhl psm`ðlgjg hd la shjurmnan gdstmtuyh ud mfpgrtadth nhsabægpara hsth prgbhsmgdal, phrg a la vhz puhnh shr uda valmgsa gpgrtudmnan para lgs nhpartafhdtgsnh shjurmnan nh las hfprhsas.

trakaeg y nh gfpgrtafmhdtg nh lgs trakaeangrhs ‐ pgrhehfplg, tmpg lmsta nh chquhg.

Ph trata nh nhth`tar tadtg las kuhdas `gfg las falas

prá`tmàs, y rhalmzar uda hvalua`mðd nh las fmsfasasmjdadng nhthrfmdangs valgrhs par`malhs (puhnh shruda smfplh `gdtakmlmza`mðd g `lasmà`mðd hd5 kmhd (K),rhjular ([) g fal (F), y luhjg sh rhalmza ud prgfhnmgpara `gdshjumr ud valgr dal, dgrfalfhdth hd udahsàla hdtrh ? y 1??. @uadtg fás nhtallh y fás asph`tgshstíd lmstangs hd duhstrgs bgrfatgs nh trakaeg para suadálmsms, fás aklh shrá hl valgr gkthdmng.

Hsth valgr hs gkvmafhdth rhlatmvg, smhdng nh faygrrhprhshdtatmvmnan la thdnhd`ma quh smjuhd hstgs valgrhshd hl tmhfpg quh hl prgpmg valgr aksglutg gkthdmng, quhhs nhphdnmhdth nhl rmthrmg hlhjmng g nh lgs í dm`gs quhhbh`tõad la mdsph``mðd.

Hl hstádnar nh shjurmnan nhphdnh nh gtras varmaklhsjhdírmàs quh md`mnhd hd ísth fhnmadth uda rhla`mðdnmrh`ta. Hstas sgd5

1) Hl dmvhl nh la lhjmsla`mðd hd vmjgr aplmàklh. Hs mfpgrtadth thdhr uda lhjmsla`mðd afplma quh ùkralas nmbhrhdths hsph`malmnanhs, hstaklh`mhdng lasnmspgsm`mgdhs fædmfas nh gklmjang ùfplmfmhdtg quhaplmàd para àna àsg. Dg gkstadth, para gptmfmzarsu hbh`tmvmnan y ba`mlmtar la aplmà`mðd a lgs a`tgrhsquh nhkhd “hehùtar‖ la shjurmnan (_rgfgtgrhs,`gdtratmstas, suk`gdtratmstas, fadngs, trakaeangrhs,

1 :

_ Á J

@LARHP _A[A LA FHEG[A NHLHP^ÁDNA[ NH LA PHJX[MNAN ]PALXN HD HL [AKAEG

[gkhrtg Emfídhz Rhrnheg. MdjhdmhrgMdnustrmal. Ehbh nh PPFA nh _rgyh`tg Afplma`mðd KKJ. Jrhp`gd




_ Á J

tí dm`gs nh shjurmnan, ht .), la dgrfatmva nhkh shr lgfás hsph`æà pgsmklh, smhdng mfpgrtadth la nhdm`mðdnh valgrhs fhnmklhs y hvmtadng la afkmjühnan. La afkmjühnan hd la lhjmsla`mðd na hxmkmlmnan hdla mdthrprhta`mðd nh las dgrfas, lg quh supgdh

nmùltanhs para su aplmà`mðd hd la prá tmà, alprhstarsh, hd hl asg nh aljudas nh las adthrmgrfhdth`mtanas hdtmnanhs, a la aparm`mðd nh `gd m tgs nhmdthrhshs.

_ara mfpulsar hl ùfplmfmhdtg pgr parth nh lashfprhsas nh las dgrfas lhjmslatmvas hd vmjgr laAnfmdmstra`mgdhs põklmàs nhkmhrad nmspgdhr nhfítgngs nh `gdtrgl y sad`mðd, pgr hehfplg fhnmadthud uhrpg nh Mdsph tgrhs quh vmsmth phrmðnmàfhdth lasgkras g lujarhs nh trakaeg y quh thdja apa`mnan paraakrmr nmlmjhd`mas h mfpgdhr sad`mgdhs h`gdðfmàs. ;) Hl dmvhl nh ultura prhvhdtmva nh la sg mhnan.

La hvglu`mðd, nhsnh dmvhlhs nh hsàsa g dula`gd`mhd`ma`mðd casta al adzar `gtas hlhvanas, hs udprg`hsg fuy lhdtg quh puhnh llhvar añgs h md lusgní anas. Hs fás nmbæ`ml fgnmàr cákmtgs ya anqumrmngs quhhnuàr nhsnh hl prmd`mpmg hd aquhllas prá tmàs quhsgd nhshaklhs. La thdnhd`ma mdhr mal nh las duhvasjhdhra`mgdhs quh sh md`grpgrad al fudng lakgral hsaprhdnhr nh las jhdhra`mgdhs adthrmgrhs y, nhdtrgnh hsas hdshñadzas, hstád md lumnas prá tmàs quh`gdtrmkuyhd a phrphtuar uda kaea `gd`hp`mðd nhlrmhsjg y a quh dg sh rh`gdgzà la dh`hsmnan nhprgthjhrsh y aplmàr fhnmnas gchrhdths gd hl hstangnhl arth nh la prhvhd`mðd nh rmhsjgs lakgralhs._ara hvmtar la phrfadhd`ma nh hsth `ær ulg vm`mgsg, laa` mðd nhkh shr jlgkal nh bgrfa`mðd ca`ma lgs duhvgstrakaeangrhs para jhdhrarlhs lgs kuhdgs cákmtgs, asæ`gfg ca`ma lgs fás vhthradgs quh nhkhd fgnmàrsus prá tmàs y `gstufkrhs, ùhstmðd ísta nmbæ`ml nhfadthdhr hd hl tmhfpg, thdmhdng hd ùhdta quh hdfathrma nh shjurmnan lgs gdg`mfmhdtgs dg sh hdshñad

y sh aprhdnhd `gfg hd gtras nms`mplmdas, smdg quhmdthrvmhdhd gtrgs ba tgrhs cufadgs.

Xd trakaeangr `gd uda hxphrmhd`ma nhthrfmdanahd su g`mg quh dg aplmà fhnmnas nh shjurmnanhsph`æàs quh hvmtaræad g nmsfmdumræad dgtaklhfhdthla prgkakmlmnan nh quh puhna thdhr ud a` mnhdth yquh hstá a`gstufkrang a trakaear rhalmzadng prá tmàsnh rmhsjg, quh, smd hfkarjg, pgr suhrth, dg lh cad`gdnu`mng a thdhr ud a` mnhdth jravh, va a shr fuyrha`mg a ualqumhr afkmg hd su bgrfa nh trakaear. Nh bgrfa smfmlar, sm su bgrfa nh trakaear, aplmàdngfalas prá tmàs, lh ca rhsultang hxmtgsa hd lg rhlatmvga gtrgs asph tgs (pgr hehfplg nhsnh hl pudtg nh vmstah`gdðfm`g, ht .) y fadthdmhdng `gfg hd hl àsg

adthrmgr la `gdnm`mðd nh dg cakhr subrmng phrsgdalfhdthdmdjõd a` mnhdth, tafkmíd shrá gtrg àdnmnatg nmbæ`ml parahl àfkmg.

Dg sh trata õdmàfhdth nh tradsfmtmr `gdg`mfmhdtgs y nhasmfmlarlgs pgr parth nh la phrsgda ‐ quh puhnh shr ud

hfplhang g ud hfprhsarmg ‐ a la quh vad nmrmjmngs, smdgquh hxmsth anhfás la dh`hsmnan nh quh hsta phrsgda sh`gdvhdza nh hllg. Lgs `gd`hptgs nh la shjurmnan dg sgdnmbæ`mlhs nh hdthdnhr g aprhdnhr, lg fás `gfplmàng hsrhhr hd hllgs y sgkrh tgng aplmàrlgs nh bgrfa gdsmsthdth.

0) Hxmsthd`ma nh ud smsthfa nh jhstmðd prgpmg

(md luyhdng dgrfas mdthrdas nh la hfprhsa y prgtg`glgspara su aplmà`mðd, ht .) anhùanafhdth nmshñang.

Hs pgsmklh mfpladtar hd uda hfprhsa, `gd ud `glh tmvgprhbhrhdthfhdth hstaklh, ud altg hstádnar nh shjurmnana kash nh mdnu`mr al phrsgdal hd la aplmà`mðd nh udasmsthfátmà prhvmafhdth nmshñana y pladmàna, hs nh`mr,md`mnmhdng hd hsta thr hra varmaklh y `gd mdnhphdnhd`manhl jrang nh hvglu`mðd pgsmtmva nh las adthrmgrhs.

Hd hl áfkmtg nh la `gdstru` mðd, smd hfkarjg, sh `gfplmàdgtaklhfhdth hstá pgsmkmlmnan, nhkmng a la fgvmlmnannhl phrsgdal udmna a gtrgs ba tgrhs mdtrædsh`gs al prgpmgprgyh tg, nh tmpg prgnu tmvg g dad`mhrg pgr hehfplg, ypgthd`mangs pgr la prgpma thfpgralmnan asg`mana a tgngprgyh tg nh gdstru` mðd.

Hfprhsas phtrgquæfmàs y nhl sh tgr jasmsta y nhjhdhra`mðd hlí trm`g, ht . vmhdhd smhdng prgfgtgras nhaltgs hstádnarhs nh shjurmnan y prgvgàdng ud hbh tgarrastrh ca`ma gtras nms`mplmdas nh gdstru` mðd.Las hfprhsas lmhdths nh lgs mtangs sh tgrhs sgd pgr tadtghl prmfhr hslakðd, quh arrastra a tgngs sus `gdtratmstas,sufmdmstrangrhs, `glakgrangrhs ca`ma sus hstádnarhs nhjhstmðd hd fathrma nh Phjurmnan y Palun, pgr gklmja`mðdh mdthrís hfprhsarmal mdm`malfhdth y, `gd hl tmhfpg, hdfu`cgs àsgs, pgr prgpmg `gdvhd`mfmhdtg nh sus ðrjadgsnh nmrh` mðd.

La mfajhd grpgratmva y hl pgthd`mal nh las gdshùhd`masnh nhthrfmdangs a` mnhdths asg`mangs a lgs sh tgrhsmdnustrmalhs `mtangs, punmhdng abh tar md lusg a lapgkla`mðd nh alrhnhngrhs, cad smng ba tgrhs quh cad`gdtrmkumng cmstðrmàfhdth al nhsarrgllg nh pglætmàs,smsthfas nh jhstmðd, prg`hnmfmhdtgs h mdstru` mgdhs fásavadzanas y hà`hs, para lgjrar fhegrar àna næa hdla shjurmnan gùpa`mgdal hd hstas hfprhsas y hd sushfprhsas glakgrangras.

La a tua`mðd smdírjmà, y a lg larjg nhl tmhfpg, nh lasadthrmgrfhdth `mtanas varmaklhs llhvará `gdsmjg udaasg`ma`mðd nmrh tafhdth prgpgr mgdal `gd la fhegra`gdtmdua nhl hstádnar nh shjurmnan hd uda hfprhsa gprgyh tg y `gd la prgpma rhnu` mðd nh la smdmhstralmnanlakgral.

_ Á J

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_ Á J


Mdj. Euad Adnrís Lujhrmg, Hx jhrhdth @grpgratmvg nh PP^ nh Kaìus

La jhstmðd nh la shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg hd hl _hrõ dg ca thdmng ud avad h paralhlg al nhsarrgllg nh ladgrfatmva lhjal vmjhdth y ngùfhdta`mðd hfmtmna pgr hl grjadmsfg gfphthdth. Hl hfprhsarmg smjuh smd sakhrhd fu`ca gàsmgdhs, quh nhkh ca`hr gd hsa ngùfhdta`mðd y gfg nhkh gfhdzar a mfpladtarla.

Hl prmd`mpmg nh jhstmðd mdthjrana nh la lhy ;=:30 prgfuhvh la mdthjra`mðd nh la jhstmðd nh PP a la jhstmðdhfprhsarmal y udg nh lgs prmd`mpmgs nhl Pmsthfa nh jhstmðd PP rhqumhrh bgfhdtar la ultura prhvhdtmva para quhtgna la Grjadmza`mðd mdthrmgrm`h lgs gd`hptgs nh prhvhd`mðd y prga tmvmnan para prgfgvhr `gfpgrtafmhdtgsshjurgs, sgd lgs ngs prmd`mpalhs rhtgs para faygr vhlg`mnan hd la mfpladta`mðd hbh tmva nh la shjurmnan y salunhd hl trakaeg hd las hfprhsas.

Lgs faygrhs avad`hs hd la mdthjra`mðd nh la prhvhd`mðd nhdtrg nh la jhstmðd hfprhsarmal sh vmhdhd nadng hdlas hfprhsas quh ya uhdtad `gd smsthfas dgrfalmzangs `gfg MPG =???,MPG 1>???, lg ùal ba`mlmta md lumr laprhvhd`mðd nh rmhsjgs lakgralhs hd sus prg`hsgs

La `gd`mhdtmza`mðd sgkrh lgs rmhsjgs lakgralhs hs àna vhz fás mfpgrtadth hd hl mdthrmgr nh las hfprhsas yngdnh hs lavh para mdm`mar la jhstmðd nh rmhsjgs5 `gdg`hr y hdthdnhr lgs prg`hsgs - mnhdtmàr, ùadtmàr yfmtmjar sus rmhsjgs, asæ `gfg aprhdnhr nh la hxphrmhd`ma para uda fhegra `gdtmdua. @gdtar `gd hl apgyg nh laAlta Nmrh` mðd, thdhr prunhd`ma, `gfudmà`mðd hbh tmva y `gfpartmr hl trakaeg hdtrh tgngs sgd aljudgs nh lgsrhquhrmfmhdtgs para fadhear lgs rmhsjgs gd íxmtg.

Qumsmhra `gfpartmr ngs rh hxmgdhs sgkrh shjurmnan y prhvhd`mðd quh smjuhd vmjhdths pgr fu`cgs añgs y quh`gdtmhdhd fhdsaehs mfpgrtadths para la hstakmlmnan hd hl nhsarrgllg dgrfal nh lgs prg`hsgs y la sgsthdmkmlmnang phrfadhd`ma nhl dhjg`mg.

1 =

[HQXMPM^GP _A[A JHP^MÐD HBM@AU NH LA PP^

_ Á J




_ Á J

“Las fgnhrdas thdnhd`mas sgkrh @almnan y _rgnu tmvmnan mdvglu rad uda duhva fmrana sgkrh hl thfa nh la shjurmnan,uda rhvalgrmza`mðd nh su smjdmàng y nh su rgl hd hl bud`mgdafmhdtg jhdhral nh la `gfpañæa. Xda hfprhsa quh dgtmhdh hlhvangs hstádnarhs nh Phjurmnan, `mhrtafhdth, DG shrá uda hfprhsa `gfphtmtmva. Nm`cg runafhdth, vhráabh tana su sgkrhvmvhd`ma‖ HXJHDMG NMAU @G[RALÁD, Nmrh tgr Hehùtmvg nhl @hdtrg Da`mgdal nh la _rgnu tmvmnan@almnan ‐ @cmlh

“Hl prmfhr nhkhr nhl dhjg`mg hs sgkrhvmvmr y hl prmd`mpmg juæa nh la h`gdgfæa `gfhr mal dg hs la faxmfmza`mðd nh

utmlmnanhs, smdg hl hvmtar las pírnmnas.‖ _hthr Nru ihrLa jhstmðd mdthjral nh las Hfprhsas fgnhrdas hstá grmhdtana a satmsba`hr las dh`hsmnanhs nh sus lmhdths mdthrdgs yhxthrdgs, lláfhsh a` mgdmstas, trakaeangrhs, `gdsufmngrhs, prgvhhngrhs y la `gfudmnan prðxmfa a sus mdstala`mgdhsg árha nh md uhd`ma, pgr lg quh sh mnhdtmàd nm`cas dh`hsmnanhs, sh hvalõad para pladmàr a` mgdhs y hstaklh`hdfhtas para ca`hr shjumfmhdtg a su ufplmfmhdtg

Lgs a` mgdmstas hsphrad prmd`mpalfhdth fadthdhr kuhda mfajhd hfprhsarmal y hl kuhd rhdnmfmhdtg nh sus mdvhrsmgdhsa travís nh fhegrar sus utmlmnanhs, lg ual sh ashjura a travís nhl smsthfa nh anfmdmstra`mðd dad`mhra nh la Hfprhsapgr hehfplg fhegradng la utmlmnan h`gdðfmà dhta a travís nh fhnmr hl vhrnanhrg nhshfphñg h`gdðfm`g nh udaHfprhsa HRA - gfplhfhdtang gd ud smsthfa nh md`hdtmvgs para nmrh tmvgs, lg ual almdha sus mdthrhshs gd la nh lgsa``mgdmstas.

Lgs gdsufmngrhs hsphrad kuhda almnan nhl prgnu tg g shrvm`mg, ud kaeg g eustg prh`mg y nmspgdmkmlmnan hd hl fhr angpara lg ual la hfprhsa ashjura gd mfplhfhdtar la dgrfa MPG =??1.

La @gfudmnan hsphra quh la hfprhsa sha uda buhdth nh trakaeg y quh dg `gdtafmdh hl afkmhdth fadthdmhdng`gdtrglang sus hfmsmgdhs y rhsmnugs hd salvajuarna nh la salun nh la pgkla`mðd para lg ual sh rhqumhrh mfplhfhdtarud smsthfa nh jhstmðd afkmhdtal almdhang gd la dgrfa MPG 1>??1.

Lgs trakaeangrhs hsphrad thdhr kuhdas rhla`mgdhs gd ehbhs y gfpañhrgs, kuhda rhfudhra`mðd y kuhdas gdnm`mgdhsnh trakaeg para lg ual sh mfplhfhdta la dgrfas GCPAP 13??1.

Pgd rhqumsmtgs para uda jhstmðd hbm az nh PP^

1.- Xd `gfprgfmsg vmsmklh y `gchrhdth nh la alta nmrh` mðd `gd la shjurmnan, puhnh hvmnhd`marsh , pgr hehfplg,fhnmadth hl hstaklh`mfmhdtg y nmbusmðd nh la _glætmà nh PP , gkehtmvgs y al shjumfmhdtg quh sh ca`hd para lgjrarlgs,la asmjda`mðd nh rhùrsgs, la rha`mðd nh puhstgs hd hl áfkmtg nh la shjurmnan `gd ud dmvhl nh autgrmnan aprgpmang,y hl hstaklh`mfmhdtg nh gfmtís `gdsultmvgs u gtrgs fhàdmsfgs nh partm`mpa`mðd nhl phrsgdal para quh fadthdjahl mdthrís pgr las ùhstmgdhs rhla`mgdanas `gd la shjurmnan. Hd hsth shdtmng, hs mfpgrtadth rhbgrzar quh tadtg laspalakras `gfg las a` mgdhs sgd hshd`malhs para la prgfg`mðd nh uda vhrnanhra ùltura nh la shjurmnan9 y tafkmídrh`gdg`hr nhkmnafhdth hl kuhd gfpgrtafmhdtg hd hsta fathrma. Nhl fmsfg fgng hs mfpgrtadth quh la alta nmrh` mðdprgùrh hvmtar a` mgdhs quh punmhrad gdsmnhrarsh phreunm`malhs para hsth gfprgfmsg, talhs gfg mdvalmnar nh`msmgdhsrhla`mgdanas `gd la shjurmnan angptanas hd dmvhlhs mdbhrmgrhs, g pgdhr fu`cg ídbasms hd la rhnu` mðd nh lgs `gstgs,smd ca`hr rhbhrhd`ma a fadthdhr hl dmvhl nh shjurmnan.

;.- Xd afkmhdth nh trakaeg quh prgpm`mh uda kuhda ùltura nh la shjurmnan9 hvmnhd`ma quh hl phrsgdal hstí kmhdfgtmvang, sh hsù`chd sus prhgùpa`mgdhs y sujhrhd`mas y sh mfplhfhdthd fhnmnas prhvhdtmvas g `grrh tmvas. Hs

mfprhs`mdnmklh quh la `gfudmà`mðd futua akmhrta y hbh tmva sgkrh ùhstmgdhs rhla`mgdanas `gd la shjurmnan a tgnglg larjg nh la anhda nh jhstmðd y hs mjualfhdth mfpgrtadth quh la mdbgrfa`mðd sgkrh shjurmnan uya dg sðlg nh"arrmka ca`ma akaeg", smdg tafkmíd nh "akaeg ca`ma arrmka".

0.- Xd gfprgfmsg hd tgngs lgs dmvhlhs nh la grjadmza`mðd hd nhsarrgllar y fadthdhr uda ùltura nh la shjurmnan9 hxmjhquh lgs trakaeangrhs rh`gdgzàd las gpgrtudmnanhs nh fhegra hd shjurmnan y lgs gfudmquhd a lgs suphrvmsgrhs. Hstgnhkh ashjurarsh hstmfuladng a lgs trakaeangrhs a mdthrhsarsh hd las uhstmgdhs rhlatmvas a la shjurmnan y krmdnarlhsla àpa`mta`mðd dh`hsarma, asm `gfg nhkhd phr mkmr quh pgr dgtmàr hsas ùhstmgdhs hxmsthd pgsmkmlmnanhs rhalhsnh quh sh angpthd fhnmnas a partmr nh sus gkshrva`mgdhs g sujhrhd`mas. _gr gtra parth, hs fuy pg`g prgkaklh supartm`mpa`mðd sm shd`mllafhdth sh ulpa a lgs trakaeangrhs nh lgs prgklhfas quh dgtmàd.

Xda hàz ùltura nh la shjurmnan rhará uda nhbhdsa sglmna nh alta àlmnan `gdtra las ballas tí dmàs, cufadas ynh grjadmza`mðd. La alta nmrh` mðd nhkh ashjurar quh su grjadmza`mðd thdja ud smsthfa nh jhstmðd nh la shjurmnany salun hd hl trakaeg quh prgpgr mgdh ud fhnmg hstru turang y smsthfátm`g quh lgjrh fadthdhr dmvhlhs hlhvangs nh`gfpgrtafmhdtgs shjurgs. Lgs nmrh tgrhs y suphrvmsgrhs nhkhd fgtmvar a su phrsgdal para ashjurar quh hsh smsthfash mdthrdalm`h y sh aplmquh hd hl næa a næa, y dg sh vha hd phlmjrg pgr gtras prhsmgdhs. Hs mfprhs`mdnmklh quh hl phrsgdal

; ?



_ Á J


sha `gds`mhdth nh su rhspgdsakmlmnan, pgr su prgpma shjurmnan y la nh sus `gfpañhrgs, dg sðlg pgr la bgrfa hd quhsh nhshfphñad hd sus bud`mgdhs, smdg tafkmíd al nhthrfmdar gpgrtudmnanhs nh fhegra hd la shjurmnan nh su árha nhtrakaeg.

>.- Xda a tmtun "cufmlnh" hd hl shdtmng nh quh dudà sh ní pgr shdtang ud kuhd `gfpgrtafmhdtg hd fathrma nhshjurmnan. Xda a tmtun "cufmlnh" mfplmà vmjmlad`ma `gdstadth nh lgs asph tgs rhla`mgdangs `gd la shjurmnan, hvmtarla `gdbgrfmnan ùadng hl nhshfphñg ca smng kuhdg, y fadthdhr la nmspgsm`mðd a mdstar a quh sh cajad sujhrhd`mas

hdàfmdanas al fhegrafmhdtg.La rhtrgalmfhdta`mðd nh hxphrmhd`ma gphra`mgdal y, lg quh qumzá sha fás mfpgrtadth, hl hfplhg nh hsa rhtrgalmfhdta`mðdhd la pladmà`mðd nhl trakaeg, sgd prg`hsgs ru`malhs quh nhkhd fadthdhrsh.

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_gr5 @crmstgpchr Ptukhdkhrj

@gdsultgr5 Qualmty Pabhty Hnjh,Mdthrfatmgdal

Al hdtrar hd uda pladta nh uda

hfprhsa fuy rh`gdg`mna hd udpaæs nh Latmdg Afírm a, dgtí udavmsg jradnh y vmstgsg. ^hdæa udfhdsaeh aprgpmang, hdbatmzadngla dh`hsmnan nh quh tgngs lgshfplhangs phdsarad hd shjurmnanmdnustrmal, para hl kmhd nh tgngs.¡Hx hlhdth!

Nuradth uda nms usmðd sgkrhKKP/PK@ (Khcavmgr KashnPabhty-Phjurmnan Kasana hd@gfpgrtafmhdtg) hd la pladta,lh prhjudtí a la hd arjana nhshjurmnan mdnustrmal5

“·@uádtgs nh lgs hfplhangs quhhdtrad hd la pladta dgtad hl avmsgy rh uhrnad hl fhdsaeh7‖

Hlla gfhdtð5“¡Nhspuís nh la prmfhra shfada,dg rhg quh dmdjudg lg dgth! ]gaphdas fh bmeg hd íl.‖

Hd hl fgfhdtg, sh fh gùrrmðuda kuhda mlustra mðd5 KKP/ PK@ hs `gfg sm `glg árafgs ud

Audquh hd tgng hl fudng hstafgs vmhdng lgshx`hlhdths rhsultangs nh KKP/PK@, a vh`hs hl prg hsg dg bud`mgda tad kmhd aquæ hd _hrõ. Hsg dgsmdthrhsa, pgrquh tgngs hstafgs trakaeadng parafhegrar las `mrùdstad`mas nhl trakaeangr. ¡Dgsmfpgrta! _gr hsg, phdsafgs hxafmdar aljudasrazgdhs quh puhnhd mfphnmr quh ud prg`hsghxmsthdth, g udg duhvg, dg thdja lgs rhsultangshsphrangs.

PK@ HD _H[Õ5 ·_G[ QXÍ DG PH RHD FHEG[HP[HPXLÂNGP7 avmsg duhvg y llafatmvg ana shfada. Lgs hfplhangs lg dgtaræad y rh`grnaræad la

mfpgrtad`ma nh la shjurmnan gdstadthfhdth.

Xd prg`hsg nh KKP/PK@ tmhdh `gfg fhta mdbudnmr la mfpgrtad`ma nh la shjurmnanh mdvglu rar a tgngs hd ud hsbuhrzg nmarmg pgr fhegrar la smtua mðd hd su hfprhsa.@uadng hstá kmhd mfplhfhdtang, hl prg`hsg nhsarrglla uda –@ultura nh Phjurmnan”y prgnu`h kaeas hd la tasa nh a `mnhdtalmnan. ] sm hstá kmhd mfplhfhdtang, hsgsrhsultangs sgd phrnuraklhs. La fhegra gdtmdua pgr añgs y la fhta nh –?” a `mnhdthshs uda fhta al adzaklh.




_ Á J

1. Balta pladhar y prhparar kmhd para hl prg`hsg

al vhz hsth thfa sha lg fás prgklhfátm`g. Hd ud hsbuhrzgnh umnar hl prhsupuhstg, hs pgsmklh quh sh a grth hl tmhfpgdh`hsarmg para uda mfplhfhdta mðd nh KKP/PK@. Lg adthrmgrsh puhnh `gfparar `gd la `gdstru` mðd nh ud hnmbm`mg. Phpuhnhd acgrrar fathrmalhs y tmhfpg pgr fhnmg nh hlmfmdaraljudgs gfpgdhdths. _gr hehfplg, sh puhnh jastar fhdgshd `hfhdtg g hd cmhrrg, g md lusg hd hl tmhfpg dh`hsarmgpara budnmr hl budnafhdtg nhl hnmbm`mg. A grtg plazg, parh`huda kuhda mnha, phrg, a larjg plazg, sh vhrád prgklhfas quhaparh hrád pgr balta nh kuhdas kashs.

La fhta nh KKP/PK@ hs budnmr uda –@ultura nh Phjurmnan”hd la hfprhsa. ¡Dg hs `gsa shd`mlla! _ara quh prgnuz akuhdgs rhsultangs pgr larjg tmhfpg, hl budnafhdtg hsfuy mfpgrtadth. Pgkrh hsas kashs sh gdstruyh hl prg hsgmdnmvmnual nh uda hfprhsa.

Dgth lgs pasgs (smfplmbm angs) nh uda mfplhfhdta mðd nh udprg`hsg gfplhtg nh KKP/PK@, a gdtmdua mðd, hd la Bmjura 0.

Bmjura 0. Nmshñg nhl prg hsg

;. Xd prg hsg quh dg hstá ch`cg –a la fhnmna”

La fadhra fás h`gdðfm a nh prgvhhr ud prgnu tg hsnmshñarlg y prgnu`mrlg uda vhz, y nhspuís rhplm arlg. Lgs`gstgs nh nmshñg sh pajad sglg uda vhz, y las jadad`masmd rhfhdtad `gd ana vhdta nhl prgnu tg. Asæ, uda tmhdnapuhnh vhdnhr ud traeh pgr 1?? nðlarhs. Hl traeh nh talla –F”smrvh para ud jrad dõfhrg nh phrsgdas. A udas pg aslhs quhna fuy kmhd. A la faygræa dg lhs quhna tad kmhd,phrg, puhstg quh hs fhdgs gstgsg gfprarlg asæ, lhs tg a`gdbgrfash. Pm udg qumhrh ud traeh prh`msg para su `uhrpg,cay quh fadnarlg a gdbh` mgdar. Mfplm a faygr gstg, phrglh quhnará phrbh tg.

Xd prg`hsg quh abh ta la shjurmnan y la vmna nh ud shrcufadg hxmjh fás phdsafmhdtg quh ud traeh. _ara |udahfprhsa, la nh`msmðd nh `grtar `gstgs mfplhfhdtadng udprg`hsg nh KKP/PK@ jhdhralmzang puhnh thdhr mfplm a mgdhsshrmas a larjg plazg. Pm hl prg`hsg dg lh quhna prh`msg a lahfprhsa mdnmvmnual, dg thdnrá lgs rhsultangs hsphrangs, yprgkaklhfhdth dg sh sgsthdnrá pgr larjg tmhfpg.

Phjõd lgs hstunmgs, gfparadng lgs gstgs nh a `mnhdths y la

mdvhrsmðd hd prgjrafas nh shjurmnan, ud prg`hsg nh KKP/PK@kmhd nmshñang h mfplhfhdtang prgnu`mrá ud [GM ([htgrdgnh Mdvhrsmðd) mfprhsmgdadth. Anhfás, hl khdhbm`mg sg`mal nhfhegrar la shjurmnan hd hl trakaeg hs nh ud valgr md al ulaklh.

_ Á J

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Ba`tgrhs quh mfpmnhd

hl prg`hsg nh KKP3



_ Á J


0. Xsg nh –@chì-lmsts” jhdírm`gs

La mnha nh ud – ch i-lmst” sh ca rhjang pgr hl fudng nhshjurmnan mdnustrmal. Hl prgklhfa hs quh sh rhh quh hstachrrafmhdta, pgr sæ sgla, hs la kash nh ud prg`hsg nh KKP.Hd rhalmnan, hl – ch i-lmst” hs uda chrrafmhdta quh dgsphrfmth md lumr, utmlmzar y anaptar hl prg`hsg nh KKP/PK@ a lasdh hsmnanhs prgjrhsmvas nh la hfprhsa.

Hxmjh ud nmshñg umnangsg, kasang hd lgs natgs nh la hfprhsa,y tafkmíd `gdsultas `gd lgs hfplhangs nh la hfprhsa. Hl– ch i-lmst” nh gfpañæa S DG smrvh para gfpañæa ], y fu cgfhdgs para gfpañæa U. Pgd lmstas fuy hsph`æbm as.

Pm hl nmshñg nhl –@ch i-lmst” tmhdh la mnha nh hdshñar dgrfasnh shjurmnan, g phs ar hrrgrhs nh lgs gkshrvangs, puhnhhstar shjurg nh quh las gkshrva mgdhs dg shrád rh`mkmnasnh fadhra pgsmtmva. Fás kmhd, la mnha hs usar la gkshrva mðd

para hd gdtrar gfpgrtafmhdtgs kuhdgs y rhbgrzarlgs gdrhbuhrzg pgsmtmvg. _gr hsg, lgs gfpgrtafmhdtgs nhkhd shrhsph`æbm`gs (–_md-pgmdt”), para mnhdtmbm ar hl a tg shjurg. Pmhs fuy jhdhral, sh nhea para mdthrprhta mðd phrsgdal y lasgkshrva mgdhs dg sgd gdsmsthdths. _gr hehfplg5

·@uál nh hstgs ngs pudtgs shræa fhegr para uda lmsta nh`gfpgrtafmhdtgs7 1. Dg usg nh H__

;. Xsg grrh tg nh Jabas nh _rgth` mðd

_rmfhrg, hl dõfhrg 1 hs dhjatmvg, dg pgsmtmvg. Anhfás,sh puhnh prhjudtar5 nh uál artæùlg nh prgth` mðd hstafgscakladng. @gd ud pudtg afkmjug, nhphdnhrá nh qumídcaja la gkshrva mðd nh`mnmr ùál artæùlg hs mfpgrtadth, yhsg puhnh varmar shjõd hl gkshrvangr. La nh`msmðd nh nðdnhhdbg ar la gkshrva mðd nhkh quhnar gd hl hqumpg nh nmshñg,

pgrquh hllgs tmhdhd a `hsg a lgs natgs y puhnhd nms hrdmr pgrnðdnh nmrmjmr hl hsbuhrzg hd hl fgfhdtg.

Hl dõfhrg ; sh rhbmhrh a ud `gfpgrtafmhdtg shjurg yphrfmth ud gfhdtarmg pgsmtmvg nh parth nhl gkshrvangr. Hs hlrhbuhrzg pgsmtmvg quh prgnu`h afkmgs nh gfpgrtafmhdtg.afkmíd hs ud `gfpgrtafmhdtg hsph`æbm`g y, pgr lgs natgs

quh llhjad al hqumpg nh fadheg, lh phrfmtmrád adalmzar hlprg`hsg, para vhr sm va kmhd, y sm hsh asph tg nh shjurmnan shhstá fhegradng.

Gtrg ba tgr quh puhnh abh tar la a hpta mðd nhl prg`hsg hs

ùadng lgs trakaeangrhs dg sh md luyhd hd hl nmshñg nh lalmsta. Hs fu cg fás bá ml thdhr hl apgyg nh tgngs, sm tgngstmhdhd vgz hd hl prg`hsg nhsnh hl prmd`mpmg.

>. Dg mdvglu`rar lgs trakaeangrhs hd hl nmshñg nhl prg hsg

Xd prg`hsg nh KKP/PK@ abh tará a tgngs lgs hfplhangs. _araquh sha uda mdbluhd`ma pgsmtmva quh prgnuz a afkmgs nh

`gfpgrtafmhdtg y uhdth gd hl apgyg nh lgs trakaeangrhs,hs dh`hsarmg tgfar hd uhdta varmgs asph tgs nh la mhd`ma nh`gfpgrtafmhdtg. Hl fás gkvmg hs quh sha –duhstrg” prg`hsg.Xd prgjrafa fás, ayhdng nhsnh arrmka, rara vhz sh rh mkh`gd fu cgs ádmfgs nh ggphrar, hsph`malfhdth sm rhqumhrhfás hsbuhrzg nh parth nhl trakaeangr.

_hrg sm tgngs lgs hfplhangs tmhdhd rhprhshdta mðd hd hl nmshñgnhl prg hsg nh KKP, lg fás prgkaklh hs quh lg apgyarád,pgrquh (1) aprh`mad pgrquh hs dh`hsarmg, (;) `gfprhdnhd`ðfg sh hbh tuará, y (0) sakhd quh hllgs gdtrmkuyhrgd aljghd hl nhsarrgllg nhl prg`hsg. _hdsádnglg kmhd, hs aphdaslðjm`g md lumr a lgs trakaeangrhs hd hl nmshñg nhl prg`hsg,puhstg quh sgd hllgs qumhdhs trakaead nmarmafhdth `gd las`gdnm`mgdhs y a tmtunhs quh sh hdùhdtrad hd hl trakaeg. Pgdlgs hxphrtgs prá tm gs hd su árha y su gdtrmku`mðd puhnh shrhdgrfh.

Lgs hxphrtgs cad dgtang quh fu cgs prg hsgs fhnmg rhsnh KKP tmhdhd lgs gfpgdhdths kásm`gs, gd la hx`hp`mðd nhuda gsa hshd`mal5 hl lmnhrazjg nh la hfprhsa dg pung, g dgqumsg, bgrfar uda –sg`mhnan” gd lgs hfplhangs para bgrfarla –@ultura nh Phjurmnan”.

Hl anuhñafmhdtg sglg gùrrh pgr fhnmg nh uda partm`mpa mðd

smjdmbm atmva hd hl pladhafmhdtg, nhsarrgllg h mfplhfhdta mðdnhl prg hsg. Pm tgngs sh smhdthd nuhñgs nhl prg hsg, sh va adgtar hl gfpgrtafmhdtg nms rh`mgdal quh ashjura kuhdgs yphrnuraklhs (Bmjura >).

8. Hdtrhdafmhdtg dg anhùang

_uhstg quh KKP/PK@ hs ud prg`hsg prgjrhsmvg y nmdáfm`g,dg shræa shdsatg nhphdnhr para smhfprh nh la hxphrmhd ma yhstunmg nhl gdsultgr. Fás kmhd, ud kuhd prg hsg nh KKP/ PK@ tmhdh `gfg fhta apa mtar al phrsgdal nh la `gfpañæahd hl nmshñg, nhsarrgllg h mfplhfhdta mðd nh KKP/PK@. Hl`gdsultgr hdshña, hdtrhda y glakgra gd lgs hfplhangs nh

la hfprhsa, su fhta hs nhear ud hqumpg apa mtang para quhhllgs puhnad shjumr `gd hl prg`hsg y tafkmíd anaptarlg a`mr udstad`mas duhvas.

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_ Á J

_gr hsg, cay fu cas shsmgdhs nhhdtrhdafmhdtg5 para hl hqumpg nhnmshñg, hl lmnhrazjg, hl hqumpg nhfadheg (Pthhrmdj @gffmtthh), y lgsgkshrvangrhs. Hs dh`hsarmg quh tgngshdtmhdnad pgr quí bud`mgda KKP/PK@,

`ðfg sh ca h uda kuhda gkshrva mðd,`ðfg usar rhbuhrzg pgsmtmvg, quí shpuhnh ca hr para fadthdhr vmvghl prg`hsg, ht . Pm dg sh phrfmth hlhdtrhdafmhdtg anhùang, hl prg`hsgtal vhz shrá sglg ud prgjrafa fás nhshjurmnan, mfpuhstg pgr la hfprhsa.Hstg mfplm a pg`g apgyg prgvhdmhdthnh lgs hfplhangs.

2. Dg sh usad lgs nh natgs nhgkshrva`mgdhs para pladhar

fhegras

Hd ud gdjrhsg nh shjurmnan caklafgs`gd varmas phrsgdas nh uda `gfpañæa`glgfkmada. Dgs prhjudtargd5“Chfgs ch cg gkshrva mgdhs pgr udañg hdthrg. hdhfgs uda gbm`mda llhda

Dgrfalfhdth uda phrsgdahstá nmspuhsta a –`glakgrar”`gd ud prgyh tg duhvg. _hrg sma ud hfplhang ”lh tg a” ca hrfás hsbuhrzg para ufplmr`gd uda tarha quh dg hdtmhdnhkmhd, g sm –lh tg a” ca hr aljganm`mgdal quh lgs nhfás dgtmhdhd quh ca hr, hsg puhnhausarlh ud nhs gdthdtg. ]

`gd hfplhangs nhs gdthdtgs,hl hsbuhrzg nms rh`mgdal hsfædmfg, casta dhjatmvg. Hl prg hsg nh KKP nhphdnh nhlg mdvglu rana quh hstí tgnala hfprhsa para prgnu`mrrhsultangs ðptmfgs (Bmjura 8).

nh cgeas nh gkshrva mgdhs. Acgra,·quí ca hfgs gd hllas7 ¡Hl prg`hsg shhstá furmhdng!‖. _arh`h quh hl prg`hsg nh KKP/PK@ quhhllgs gfprargd dg md luyð ud smsthfa

dm hdtrhdafmhdtg para utmlmzar lgs natgsnh las gkshrva mgdhs. Xd prg`hsg nhKKP tmhdh `gfg chrrafmhdta hl usgnh gkshrva mgdhs. afkmíd, nuradthhl nmshñg nhl prg`hsg sh hstaklh`hud smsthfa g ud prg`hsg bgrfal parautmlmzar la mdbgrfa mðd, `gd hl bmd nhpladhar fhegras hd la shjurmnan.,dgtadng árhas quh dh`hsmtad athd`mðd.Hdtgd`hs, gd kash hd hsa mdbgrfa mðd,nhsarrgllad ud plad nh a `mðd.

Pm lgs hfplhangs sh nad ùhdta nhquh las gkshrva mgdhs dg prgnu`hddmdjuda a `mðd, shjurafhdthphrnhrád mdthrís y su partm`mpa mðdkaeará casta nhear hl prg`hsg–fuhrtg”. _hrg, sm hl `gfmtí a tõa y

lgs hfplhangs vhd quh su hsbuhrzgprgnu`h fhegras y afkmgs, hdtgd`hssh admfarád a shjumr partm`mpadng hdlas gkshrva mgdhs.

afkmíd, lgs natgs nh las gkshrva mgdhsphrfmthd al `gfmtí vhr lgs rhsultangsy fhegras. Asæ, puhnhd `gfudm arhsta mdbgrfa mðd a tgngs, y pladhar`hlhkra mgdhs pgr cakhr ufplmng gdlas fhtas.

:. Balta nh apgyg nhl lmnhrazjg

Cay ngs asph tgs nh hsh pudtg quhsh nhkhd `gdsmnhrar. _rmfhrg, hlapgyg a tmvg nhl prg`hsg nh KKP/PK@fuhstra a lgs nhfás hfplhangs quh hlhsbuhrzg nh la `gfpañæa hd ùadtg ashjurmnan hs smd`hrg y udmvhrsal. Dg hssglg uda gklmja mðd fás, mfpuhstg pgrlgs nhl dmvhl jhrhd mal.

_ Á J

; >



_ Á J


Bmjura 8. Lmnhrazjg y partm`mpa`mðd

Hl gtrg ba tgr quh tmhdh quh vhr `gdhl apgyg nhl lmnhrazjg sh rhla`mgda`gd la –a` mðd”. Pm la mdbgrfa`mðdquh rhsulta nh las gkshrva`mgdhs nh

lgs hfplhangs dg prgnu`h àfkmgsy fhegras nh las `gdnm`mgdhs hdla pladta, prgdtg sh nhsadmfarála faygræa nh lgs quh hstádpartm`mpadng. Dg vad a –phrnhr hltmhfpg” hd hl prg`hsg.

_gr hehfplg, nuradth udagkshrva`mðd, ud trakaeangr fhd`mgdaquh íl dg utmlmza su –ardís” nhshjurmnan pgrquh hstá nañang.Hsg sh puhnh dgtar hd la cgea nh

gkshrva`mðd. Pm dg cay ud pladmfplhfhdtang pgr hl lmnhrazjg para`grrhjmr gpgrtudafhdth hl prgklhfa,hl trakaeangr punmhra `gd lumr quhla shjurmnan rhalfhdth dg hs tadmfpgrtadth para su hfprhsa, a phsarnh lg quh sh ca adud`mang.

3. Balta nh rhbuhrzg pgsmtmvg para apgyar y sgsthdhr prg hsg

Phjõd la `mhd`ma nh `gfpgrtafmhdtg,

lgs àfkmgs rhsultad nhl rhbuhrzg

Hs pgsmklh quh la aplm a mðdnh uda u gtra mnha nh la–`mhd ma nh gfpgrtafmhdtg”hd hl afpg nh shjurmnanmdnustrmal prgnuz afhegras. ] hsg hs kuhdg. Pmdhfkarjg, la hxphrmhd`ma

dgs ca fgstrang quhhs dh`hsarmg md lumr hl`gdeudtg nh las mnhas, las prá tm as, las tí dm as,lgs hdtrhdafmhdtgs, ht ., sm quhrhfgs al adzar lafhta nh –@hrg A` mnhdths” y nhspuís fadthdhrlgasæ. (Bmjura 2). Aljudashfprhsas tal vhz dg hstídlmstas para mfplhfhdtarud prg`hsg nh KKP, hd hlfgfhdtg. _uhnhd hfphzara nhsarrgllar aljudas nh laskashs para almstarsh.

pgsmtmvg. Cay fu`cas bgrfas nhprgvhhr rhbuhrzg pgsmtmvg hd udprg`hsg nh KKP/PK@. ¡Lg mfpgrtadthhs quh sh caja! Las gpgrtudmnanhspara prgvhhr hsh rhbuhrzg pgsmtmvghs parth nhl nmshñg –a la fhnmna” nhl

prg`hsg hd uda hfprhsa.âfkmíd cay quh rh`gdg`hr quhla mnha nh rhbuhrzg pgsmtmvg dg hsdatural para aljudgs, hsph`malfhdthhd ud lujar nh trakaeg. _uhnh shrpgr ùltura, hxphrmhd`mas, afkmhdth,hnan g fu`cas gtras razgdhs.@uadng hl gdsultgr nh KKP hs ng tghd la `mhd`ma nh `gfpgrtafmhdtg yla sm`glgjæa nhl prg`hsg, sh puhnhrh`gdg`hr y anaptar hl prg`hsg,

md lumrá hdtrhdafmhdtg hsph`malmzanghd prgvhhr rhbuhrzg pgsmtmvg,shjõd las dh`hsmnanhs mdnmvmnualhsnh la hfprhsa. Lg mfpgrtadth hsquh sh hdtmhdna hl pgr quí nhlprg`hsg, anhfás nh la tí dmà nhlgs `gfpgdhdths. Hs pgsmklh quhhsta parth nh la mfplhfhdta`mðd shaeusth, nhphdnmhdng nh nðdnh hstálgàlmzana la pladta. Hl hdtrhdafmhdtgy la mfplhfhdta`mðd hd la `gsta talvhz varæa ud pg`g `gfparang `gd lgnh Kgjgtá, g uda pladta hd hl afpgthdnræa ud prg`hsg ud pg`g nmbhrhdth

al prg`hsg nh uda munan. Hl gdsultgr(sm`ðlgjg) nh KKP/PK@ kusàrála bgrfa nh hbh tuar hl prg`hsg,shjõd hl rmthrmg nh la hfprhsa ysus hfplhangs. Asæ, sh sgsthdnrá hlprg`hsg pgr larjg tmhfpg.

La Fhta nh KKP/PK@5 –?” A` mnhdths

_ara llhjar a la fhta nh `hrga` mnhdths, g para rhnu`mrnrafátmàfhdth la tasa nha` mnhdtalmnan, sh rhqumhrhd udgs`gfpgdhdths hshd`malhs nh udprg`hsg nh KKP. Anhfás nh lgs`gfpgdhdths mdnmvmnualhs, cay quhmdthjrarlgs nh bgrfa prá tmà, shjõd

las dh`hsmnanhs mdnmvmnualhs nh la`gfpañæa.

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_ Á J

; 2

Pabhty @ga`cmdj5Lmnhrazjghdbgàng a la PP^

Mdbgrfhs5mdbgOapnr.grj.ph

Lm`hd`mang hd Hnuà`mðd nh la Xdmvhrsmnan nh Pt._hthrskurj. Khcavmgral Pabhty Dgw (Blgrmna,Cgustgd).Ptath@gllhjh gb Blgrmna (ParasgtaBlgrmna XPA), @. M. H - ^grgdtg/ Fálaja.@gdsultgr, hsph`malmsta mdthrda`mgdal. @gd ;0añgs nh hxphrmhd`ma nh PK@ para La dgafírmà.

Nr.@crmstgpchr Ptukhdkhrj

·@uádng75 euhvhs 12 nh akrml nh ;?18, Lmfa·Cgrarmg75nh 35??af a 25??pf,·Qumíd hfmth hl `hr àng75 Hl @gdsheg@glgfkmadg nh Phjurmnan

Phfmdarmg Mdthrda`mgdal`hr àng pgr hl@gdsheg @glgfkmadg nh Phjurmnan

Asg`ma`mðd _hruada nh _rhvhd`mgdmstas

nh [mhsjgsXdmngs pgr uda ùltura nh trakaeg shjurg!

·@uádtg ùhsta75 _õklm`g jhdhral5 P/ 03?, Asg`mangs5 P/ 0>?·Quí md`luyh75@hr àng, shparatas y alfuhrzg

_ Á J

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Hdvæa tu rhspuhsta amdbgOapnr.grj.ph yhd la smjumhdth hnm`mðd puklm arhfgs lgsrhsultangs.

Hdùhsta ·Quí gpmdas sgkrh usar vmnhgs h mfájhdhs hxplæ`mtas nh a` mnhdths para gd`mhdtmzar a lgs trakaeangrhs7 A) Nh a uhrngK) Nhsaùhrng

Adths nh la @rha`mðd nh la a tual PXDABML cukg ; prgpuhstas para rhar hsta hdtmnan5

_rgpuhsta 15 La hdtmnan sh llafaræa PXDM^

Hl _rgyh tg nh Lhy Dµ ?1=22-;??: `gdthdæa `gfg hxpgsm`mðd nh fgtmvgs para la rha`mðd nh la PXDM tadtg hl phlmjrgnh la nhs`hdtralmza`mðd nh la mdsph` mðd nh trakaeg a lgs Jgkmhrdgs [hjmgdalhs, asæ `gfg quh nm`ca hdtmnan prgùrara hlmd rhfhdtg nh la bgrfalmnan lakgral. Hsth prgyh tg buh a mdm`matmva nhl Pmdnmàtg nh Mdsph tgrhs nh rakaeg nhl _hrõ-PM^_H[X.

_rgpuhsta ;5 La hdtmnan sh llafaræa PXDNHL

Buh uda prgpuhsta nh la hdtgd`hs adnmnata a la _rhsmnhd`ma, Ihmig Buemfgrm Cmju`cm, hd las Hlh` mgdhs Jhdhralhs ;?11, pgrla ual sh gdtrataræad 8,??? mdsph tgrhs nh trakaeg para sàlmzar a dmvhl da`mgdal.

·Pakæas quh…7

Xda mfajhd valh fás quh fml palakras

Pm tmhdhs uda mfajhd nh shjurmnan quhth parh`h mdthrhsadth para gfpartmr,hdvæala a mdbgOapnr.grj.ph y lapuklmàrhfgs hd hsta sh` mðd nh larhvmsta.




_ Á J

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mdbgOsstashsgrhs. ph

^hl5 ;>1;==:www.s stashsgrhs. ph

Hsph`malmstas da`mgdalhs hmdthrda`mgdalhs altafhdth

àlmàngs para ashsgrarlg hd laMfplhfhdta`mðd nh la Lhy ;=:30

y dgrfas `gfplhfhdtarmas.

Cgrmzgdtal;. Hdtmnan quh anfmdmstra la shjurmnan y salun hd hltrakaeg hd XPA2. Phjurg para hfprhsas nh altg rmhsjg3. [hjlafhdtg gklmjatgrmg para hfprhsas `gd fás nh ;?trakaeangrhs=.@gdsheg da`mgdal nh shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg11. Fmdmsthrmg nh Palun nhl _hrõ1;. Hdtmnan nh la GDX quh vhla pgr hl nhrh`cg al rakaeg1>.Fatrmz para mnhdtmàr phlmjrgs y hvaluar rmhsjgs

Rhrtmàl1. Hdtmnan mdthrda`mgdal quh hfmth dgrfas nmvhrsas0. Hdtmnan afhrmàda quh hfmth dgrfas sgkrh H__>. Dgrfa quh thrfmda hd 13??18. _rhvhd`mðd nh [mhsjgs Lakgralhs:. @gfmtí gklmjatgrmg para hfprhsas `gd fás nh ;?trakaeangrhs1?. Hdth quh sàlmza hl thfa Lakgral hd hl _hrõ11. Fmdmsthrmg nh rakaeg nhl _hrõ10. _rhvhd`mgdmsta nh [mhsjgs18. Hqumpgs nh prgth` mðd para varmas phrsgdas

@ru`mjrafa^hfa5 Pmjlas asg`manas ala shjurmnan y salun hd

hl trakaeg



_ Á J


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Dgrfatmva hd PP^5 ·Hdhfmja nh uda prhvhd`mðd nhrmhsjgs lakgralhs hbh`tmva7

Jakrmhl Lhmrg Rhdtura(Jhrhdth Jhdhral nh_[]PFA)

Hs hvmnhdth quh hd ùalqumhr paæs hs kásm`g nmspgdhr nh ud ùhrpg lhjal hd fathrma nhshjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg, quh hstaklhzà lgs rhqumsmtgs fædmfgs quh nhkhd ufplmr lasgrjadmza`mgdhs gd hl d supuhstg nh vhlar pgr uda fhegra nh las gdnm`mgdhs nh shjurmnany salun lakgral, ayunar a far ar las pautas quh tgngs nhkhd shjumr y pgr tadtg grmhdtanga la prhvhd`mðd nh rmhsjgs lakgralhs.

Hl phdsafmhdtg nh la Anfmdmstra`mðd hs fuy válmng hd prmd`mpmg, phrg dg suhlh thdhr hdùhdta quh luhjg cay quh grmhdtar y hdshñar para `gdshjumr quh tgngs lgs a tgrhs shfuhvad hd la fmsfa nmrh` mðd nh uda bgrfa hàz y h`mhdth.

Hdtgd`hs, lafhdtaklhfhdth suhlh shr cakmtual quh tadtg lgs sàlmzangrhs (PXDABML,mdsph` mðd nh trakaeg,…) `gfg las hfprhsas, h md lusg lgs prhsudtgs hxphrtgs hd lafathrma9 sh `hdtrhd õdmàfhdth hd lgs asph tgs bgrfalhs y ngùfhdtalhs nh nm`cadgrfatmva, glvmnádngsh hd la faygræa nh las gàsmgdhs nh gdshjumr quh la grjadmza`mgdhsmfplhfhdthd fhnmnas hà`hs nh prhvhd`mðd, quh `gdtrmkuyad a jaradtmzar la shjurmnany salun nh su phrsgdal, `gdvmrtmídngsh hd ud prg`hsg kurg rátm`g, quh puhnh tranu`mrshhd smtua`mgdhs paranðemàs, talhs `gfg quh uda hfprhsa fgnílmà quh caya `gdshjumngrhnu`mr su a` mnhdtakmlmnan nh fgng hsph taùlar fhnmadth la aplmà`mðd nh fhnmnasprhvhdtmvas rhalhs, puhnh rhsultar sad`mgdana pgr dg nmspgdhr nh aljudg nh lgs rhjmstrgsg ngùfhdtgs rhquhrmngs9 y smd hfkarjg gtra quh hd la rhalmnan dg sha prh`msafhdthhehfplar, sha bhlm`mtana pgr thdhr tgngs lgs paphlhs hd rhjla (audquh ístgs shad jhdírm`gs,dg hstíd mfplhfhdtangs , dm rh hehd hl gfpgrtafmhdtg rhal nh la grjadmza`mðd).

@gdshùhd`ma nh hllg, las grjadmza`mgdhs nhfadnad paphlhs y lgs hxphrtgs, ca`hd paphlhsy apajad buhjgs, mdthdtadng pgdhr rhfhnmg a lg quh va hstadng fal hd hsh fgfhdtg, nhbgrfa md`gdhxa `gd hl rhstg nh la shjurmnan lakgral, ud rhfhnmg tras gtrg `gfg sglu`mðd

al ballg nhl adthrmgr, y ana rhfhnmg jhdhra ud paphl duhvg, vmhdng hl árkgl, dg hl kgsquh.Ca`mhdng uda pmla nh paphlhs mdshrvmklhs quh lg õdm`g quh ca`hd hs rmar pglvg y dg rhfhnmada` mnhdths. La prhvhd`mðd hd hsth pudtg nuhrfh gd su hdhfmjg…




_ Á J

@uadng llhjafgs a shfheadth thsmtura, hd la quh pgr fás paphlhs quh ca`hfgs, lasmdmhstralmnan dg sðlg dg kaea, sm dg quh smjuh sukmhdng, nhkhræafgs ca`hrdgs la prhjudtanh ·Hd quí hstafgs balladng7 ·Quí hstafgs ca`mhdng fal7 ] adalmzar la smtua`mðd

Hd hl fgfhdtg a tual, àsm tgng hstá nhsùkmhrtg hd hl fudng nh la Phjurmnan y PalunGùpa`mgdal. Cay fmlhs nh artæùlgs, hstunmgs, chrrafmhdtas, smsthfas nh jhstmðd yud larjg ht íthra hd hl quh kasardgs para llhvar a àkg la _rhvhd`mðd nh lgs [mhsjgs

Lakgralhs hd las hfprhsas h mdstmtu`mgdhs põklmàs. _hrg, rhg a fm hdthdnhr, quh shdgs glvmna lg fás mfpgrtadth5 la dgrfatmva hstá kmhd, cay quh ùfplmr sus prh`hptgsy cay quh thdhr la ngùfhdta`mðd rhjlafhdtarma (pgr supuhstg)9 phrg nhkhfgs ca`hrprhvhd`mðd nh àlmnan, y hsg dg smjdmà quh las fhtgnglgjæas quh `gdg`hfgs dg sgdaprgpmanas, smjdmà quh hstafgs aplm`ádnglas g nhsarrglládnglas nh bgrfa md`gdhxa hmdanhùana.

La prhvhd`mðd hàz nhkh gdeujar, nh bgrfa smfultádha y gchrhdth, tgngs lgs rmthrmgsnh la a` mðd prhvhdtmva5 la tí dmà, la jhstmðd y la ùltura9 dg prmfadng dmdjudg nhhllgs sgkrh hl gtrg. _hrg a su vhz, nhkhfgs thdhr hd ùhdta a tgngs y àna udg nh lgsajhdths quh `gfpgdhd la grjadmza`mðd5 la nmrh` mðd, lgs trakaeangrhs, lgs tí dm`gs nhprhvhd`mðd y las hfprhsas thr hrmzanas, quh smd shr parth nh la grjadmza`mðd, sgd udaparth mfpgrtadth h md uyhdth hd sus rmhsjgs lakgralhs. Pm tgngs hstgs ajhdths trakaeadnh bgrfa `gchrhdth `gd hsgs rmthrmgs, al udæsgdg y hd la fmsfa nmrh` mðd, pgnrhfgs`gdshjumr altas gtas nh íxmtg y, lg quh hs fás mfpgrtadth, gdshjumrhfgs fadthdhrlas.Hsg sæ, hsta smtua`mðd rhqumhrh ud `gfprgfmsg rhal pgr parth nh tgngs. [hqumhrh fásch`cgs y fhdgs paphl. [hqumhrh ud trakaeg hbh tmvg y nh almnan.

La Phjurmnan y Palun Gùpa`mgdal nhkh shr parth mdthjradth nh la jhstmðd nh la hfprhsay `gfg tal ca nh tratarsh y pladmàrsh, aneunmàrlh rhùrsgs, partmnas prhsupuhstarmas,hd nhdmtmva, adalmzarla `gfg lg quh hs, gtra parth fás nhl prg`hsg prgnu tmvg, pgrquh`gd a` mnhdths, hl prg`hsg prgnu tmvg, sh para. Hs fuy mfpgrtadth mdthjrarla hd laa tmvmnan hfprhsarmal.

_gr tgng hllg nhkhrhfgs lgjrar quh hl hfplhangr `gdsmnhrh quh ca`hr prhvhd`mðd

nh rmhsjgs hd su hfprhsa, dg hs smfplhfhdth ud `gsth quh dg jhdhra dmdjõd valgrajrhjang, buhra nh lg quh hs prhshrvar la shjurmnan nh ud trakaeangr. ] quh a su vhz, hltrakaeangr nheh nh pladthárshlg `gfg la mfpgsm`mðd nhl hfplhangr para ùfplmr `gd ladgrfatmva, ya quh hstg va a rhar ud gd m tg hdtrh las parths.

Pm quhrhfgs ca`hr _rhvhd`mðd nh [mhsjgs Lakgralhs nh àlmnan, pgr tadtg, nhkhrhfgsnmshñar ud prgyh tg quh `gdthfplh la smdhrjma hdtrh la parth sg`mal y hfprhsarmal, quhrhnudnh hd uda fhegra gdtmdua hd hl prg`hsg nh Phjurmnan y Palun Gùpa`mgdal.

"La prhvhd`mðd tmhdh quh nhear nh shr`gdsmnhrana `gfg aljg aehdg a la jhstmðdhfprhsarmal, pasar a bgrfar parth nh laa tmvmnan nh la hfprhsa y shr uda glakgra`mðddh`hsarma hdtrh hl hfprhsarmg y lgstrakaeangrhs, `gfg mdvhrsmðd quh `gdtrmkuyaa la sgsthdmkmlmnan nh la hfprhsa y dg `gfg

gsth.‖

[hsufmhdng5


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Hl _rhvhd`mgdmsta / [hvmsta hsph`malmzana hd Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl rakaeg / Hnm`mðd ?1 Añg ;?18Hl _rhvhd`mgdmsta / [hvmsta hsph`malmzana hd Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl rakaeg / Hnm`mðd ?1 Añg ;?18




_ Á J

Brashs @ílhkrhs nh Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl ^rakaeg

Bh`cas fhfgraklhs5HL ;3 NH AK[ML5 NÆA MD^H[DA@MGDAL NH LA PHJX[MNAN ]HD HL ^[AKAEG.Hd ;??0, la GM^ `gfhdzð a grjadmzar a`tmvmnanhs para `gdfhfgrar hl Næa Fudnmal ca`mhdng cmdàpmí hd laprhvhd`mðd nh a``mnhdths y hdbhrfhnanhs prgbhsmgdalhs, saàdng partmng nh sus vmrtunhs tranm`mgdalhs nhtrmpartmsfg y nmálgjg sg`mal. Hl ;3 nh akrml hs anhfás ud næa quh hl fgvmfmhdtg smdnmàl fudnmal asg`ma nhsnhca`h añgs `gd la `gdfhfgra`mðd nh las væ`tmfas nh a``mnhdths y hdbhrfhnanhs prgbhsmgdalhs.

La mdstaura`mðd nhl ;3 nh akrml `gfg Næa Mdthrda`mgdal nh la Phjurmnan y la Palun hd hl ^rakaeg tmhdh su grmjhd

hd la mdm`matmva quh hl añg 1==2 sh tgfð nh rhalmzar ud a`tg nh hd`hdnmng nh vhlas y nh md`mhdsg hd rhùhrng nhlgs trakaeangrhs væ`tmfas nh a``mnhdths nh trakaeg y hdbhrfhnanhs prgbhsmgdalhs, grjadmzana hd Duhva ]gripgr la @gdbhnhra`mðd Mdthrda`mgdal nh Grjadmza`mgdhs Pmdnmàlhs Lmkrhs. Nhsnh hdtgd`hs, `gd hl apgyg nh laGrjadmza`mðd Mdthrda`mgdal nhl ^rakaeg (GM^), la `hlhkra`mðd nh hsta egrdana sh ca mng `gdsglmnadng.

Nhsnh quh la Asafklha Jhdhral nh las Da`mgdhs Xdmnas prg`lafð hl ;3 nh akrml Næa Fudnmal nh la Phjurmnan yPalun hd hl ^rakaeg, àna añg la GM^ rhalmza uda @afpaña kasana hd ud thfa hsph`æ`g para `gd`mhdtmzar a laspgkla`mgdhs.

Hsth añg hl dgfkrh la àfpaña hs5 “Õdhth a la gdstru``mðd nh uda ultura nh la prhvhd`mðd hd fathrma nh PP^‖

Lhs prhshdtafgs ud `gdsglmnang nh lgs dgfkrhs nh las adthrmgrhs àfpañas5

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Añg ^hfa;?1> «La shjurmnan y la salun hd hl usg nh prgnu`tgs quæfm`gs hd hl trakaeg¹.;?10 «_rhvhd`mðd nh las hdbhrfhnanhs prgbhsmgdalhs¹.;?1; «_rgfgvhr la shjurmnan y la salun hd uda h`gdgfæa h`glðjmà¹.;?11 «Pmsthfa nh Jhstmðd nh la Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl ^rakaeg5 Xda chrrafmhdta para la fhegra

`gdtmdua¹.;?1? «[mhsjgs hfhrjhdths y duhvgs fgnhlgs nh prhvhd`mðd hd ud fudng nh trakaeg hd

tradsbgrfa`mðd¹.;??= «Palun y vmna hd hl trakaeg5 Xd nhrh`cg cufadg budnafhdtal¹.;??3 «Fm vmna, fm trakaeg, fm trakaeg hd shjurmnan - Jhstmðd nhl rmhsjg hd hl fhnmg lakgral¹.;??: «Lujarhs nh trakaeg shjurgs y sadgs - Ca`hr rhalmnan hl trakaeg nh`hdth¹.;??2 «Xda duhva «ùltura nh shjurmnan¹, quh rhnuzà g prhvhdja lgs a``mnhdths nhl trakaeg y las

hdbhrfhnanhs prgbhsmgdalhs¹.;??8 «_rhvhd`mðd nh a``mnhdths y hdbhrfhnanhs hd hl sh`tgr nh la gdstru``mðd y hdtrh lgs

trakaeangrhs eðvhdhs y lgs trakaeangrhs nh hnan¹.

“Hl prgbhsmgdal nh Phjurmnan hsaquhl quh a`gdshea, hvalõa, ayuna,ba`mlmta, hdshña… phrg dg hs aquhlquh nhthrmgra, aùsa, nhprmfh,hstgrka, fglhsta, nhsfgralmza‖.

Bradi H. Kmrn



_ Á J


_uklmà`mðd nh la Juæa Kásmà nhAutgnmajdðstm`g hd Hrjgdgfæa paraG`mdas

Hd hdhrg nh ;?18, hl Fmdmsthrmg nh rakaeg y _rgfg`mðdnhl Hfplhg, a travís nh la Nmrh``mðd nh Phjurmnan

y Palun hd hl ^rakaeg nh la Nmrh``mðd Jhdhral nhNhrh`cgs Budnafhdtalhs y Phjurmnan y Palun hdhl ^rakaeg, hd ùfplmfmhdtg nh las gklmja`mgdhsdgrfatmvas y su `gfprgfmsg nh trakaear pgr udafhegra `gdtmdua nh las `gdnm`mgdhs nh trakaeg yprgfg`mðd nh la àlmnan nh vmna nh lgs trakaeangrhsy trakaeangras, puklm`ð nm`ca juæa `gd hl prgpðsmtgnh ayunar al hfplhangr hd la mfplhfhdta`mðd nhfhnmnas `grrh`tmvas g prhvhdtmvas adth lgs ba`tgrhsnmshrjgdðfm`gs.

Ph puhnh nhsàrjar hd hl smjumhdth lmdi5cttp5//www.trakaeg.jgk.ph/ar`cmvgs/lh/PP^/ MD^H[HP/jumaWautgnmajdgstm`gWg`mdasWvmrtual.pnb

@afkmg nh Fmdmstrg nh trakaeg y prgfg`mðdnhl hfplhg

Hl 1: nh bhkrhrg nh ;?18 duhvg fmdmstrg nh trakaegy prgfg`mðd nhl hfplhg hs hl sr. Nadmhl Faurath,

qumhd hra nhsnh hl ;?11 hl vm`hfmdmstrg nh _rgfg`mðdnhl Hfplhg y @apa`mta`mðd.

Duhva dgrfatmva sgkrh hxáfhdhs fínm`gs

Hl sákang 1> nh bhkrhrg nh ;?18 buh puklmàng hdhl Nmarmg Hl _hruadg la [hsglu`mðd Nmrh`tgrmal D¿>31;?18 F^@/18, pgr la ùal sh nm`tad nmspgsm`mgdhsrhjulatgrmas sgkrh lgs hxáfhdhs fínm`gsshfhstralhs para lgs `gdnu`tgrhs nh vhcæùlgs nhlshrvm`mg nh tradspgrth a partmr nh lgs 28 añgs nhhnan.

Ph puhnh nhsàrjar hd hl smjumhdth lmdi5cttp5//tradsparhd`ma.ft`.jgk.ph/mnfWng`s/_Wrh`mhdths/28?3.pnb

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0:8=

18,:3:8”>?3,02;.=:10”>8?,=3>.??

@mbras `lavhs5Cad smng lgs Puphrmdthdnhdths quh ca thdmng la Pudal hd ud añg nh gphra`mgdhs.Buh hl dõfhrg nh hfprhsas fultanas pgr hl F^_H, la PXDABML y Jgkmhrdgs [hjmgdalhs hd hl ;?1>.

Buh la àdtmnan nh Duhvgs Pglhs quh tradsrmð hl F^_H a bavgr nh la Puphrmdthdnhd`ma Da`mgdalnh Bmsàlmza`mðd Lakgral (Pudal) para pgnhr dad`mar hl mdm`mg nh sus bud`mgdhs nh mdsph``mðdlakgral hl 1 nh akrml nh ;?1>.

Buh la sufa tgtal nh fultas hfmtmnas pgr hl F^_H, la PXDABML y Jgkmhrdgs [hjmgdalhs hd hl ;?1>.

Buh hl tgtal dgtmà`mgdhs nh a``mnhdths nh trakaeg, md`mnhdths phlmjrgsgs y hdbhrfhnanhsgùpa`mgdalhs rhpgrtangs nuradth hl añg ;?1>.




_ Á J

_uklmà`mðd nhl 1hr Lmkrg nh la dgrfatmva nhPP^ nhl _íru5

Hl Lh`tgr @gdsulta5

Hl nmálgjg sg`mal `gfprhdnh tgng tmpg nh mdthràfkmg nh mdbgrfa`mðd ydhjg`ma`mðd hdtrh lgs rhprhshdtadths nh lgs jgkmhrdgs, lgs hfplhangrhsy lgs trakaeangrhs sgkrh thfas nh mdthrís `gfõd . Asmfmsfg, hs ud fhnmgpara prgfgvhr fhegrhs gpgrtudmnanhs para quh fuehrhs y cgfkrhsgkthdjad ud trakaeg nh`hdth y prgnu tmvg hd `gdnm`mgdhs nh lmkhrtan,hqumnan, shjurmnan y nmjdmnan cufada. Hd hsh grnhd, fhnmadth la Lhy D¿ ;=:30, Lhy nh Phjurmnan y Palun hdhl rakaeg (LPP ), quh tmhdh `gfg gkehtmvg prgfgvhr uda ùltura nhprhvhd`mðd nh rmhsjgs lakgralhs hd hl paæs, sh `rha hl @gdsheg Da`mgdalnh Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl ^rakaeg (@GDPPA^), hl ùal hs ud hspa`mgnh nmálgjg sg`mal nh hfplhangrhs, trakaeangrhs (as) y rhprhshdtadths nhlHstang. Pus bud`mgdhs sh hdùhdtrad hstaklh`mnas hd hl artæùlg 11 nh laLPP^.

Hl ;? nh bhkrhrg sh rhalmzð hl ladzafmhdtg lmkrg “Juæapara mfplhfhdtar la dgrfatmva nh Phjurmnan y Palunhd hl ^rakaeg nhl _hrõ‖.

Hl lmkrg md`grpgra la hxphrmhd`ma nh 0 paæshs5 @glgfkma,Hspaña y _hrõ, y tmhdh ngs jradnhs gkehtmvgs5 udmàr

hl `rmthrmg nh mdthrprhta`mðd nh la dgrfatmva, y shruda chrrafmhdta nh gdsulta para lgs y prgbhsmgdalhsrhla`mgdangs a la salun gùpa`mgdal, hrjgdgfæa,nhrh`cg, shjurmnan h cmjmhdh mdnustrmal.

Hl lmkrg puhnh anqumrmrsh a travís nh la A_N[, `grrhg5mdbgOapnr.grj.ph

@GDPHEG DA@MGDAL NH PHJX[MNAN] PALXN HD HL ^[AKAEG

Brhnny [afgs Næaz, Nmrh`tgr Jhdhral nh laNmrh``mðd nh Nhrh`cgs Budnafhdtalhs y

Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl ^rakaeg. Ph`rhtarmg^í`dm`g nhl @GDPPA^

·]a hs gklmjatgrmg mfplhfhdtar La Lhy Dµ 0?1?;5“Lhy quh nmspgdh fhnmnas prhvhdtmvas `gdtra lgshbh`tgs dg`mvgs para la salun pgr la hxpgsm`mðdprglgdjana a la ranma`mðd sglar‖7

[ta5 La Lhy Dµ 0?1?; buh aprgkana hl 8 nh dgvmhfkrhnh ;?10 y gklmja a las hfprhsas a tgfar fhnmnaspara prgthjhr a lgs trakaeangrhs nh la ranma`mðdsglar. La lhy dg hsph`mà las fhnmnas, phrg hdjhdhral sgd5 Fadjas larjas para lgs krazgs,sgfkrmllas g àrpas para puhstgs egs, klgquhangrsglar, jgrrgs, sufmdmstrg nh ajua, ht`.

La Lhy aõd dg ca smng rhjlafhdtana, pgr lg tadtgdg hs hxmjmklh, hs nh`mr quh casta quh dg shprgfuljuh ud nh`rhtg suprhfg quh hsph`mquhlas fhnmnas a tgfar, la hfprhsa dg hstá gklmjanaa mfplhfhdtar nm`cas fhnmnas. Pmd hfkarjg, smla hfprhsa vgludtarmafhdth hstmfa `gdvhdmhdthrhalmzar hstá mfplhfhdta`mðd nhsnh ya, hstá hd

lmkhrtan nh ca`hrlg y nm`ca a``mðd hs rh`gfhdnaklhpara la prgth``mðd nh lgs trakaeangrhs adth la altaranma`mðd quh hstá thdmhdng hl _hrõ hd hstgs añgs.

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_ Á J


Lgs prmd`mpalhs prgnu tgs `gdshdsuangs nhdtrg nhl @GDPPA para hl Pmsthfa Da`mgdal nh Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl^rakaeg, sgd la _glætmà Da`mgdal nh Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl ^rakaeg.

La _glætmà Da`mgdal nh Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl ^rakaeg, buh prgfuljana fhnmadth Nh`rhtg Puprhfg D¿ ??;-;?10-^[, y tmhdh `gfg gkehtg prhvhdmr lgs a``mnhdths nh trakaeg, hdbhrfhnanhs prgbhsmgdalhs y rhnu`mr lgs nañgs quh shpunmhrad gàsmgdar a la salun nh las trakaeangras y lgs trakaeangrhs, gfg gdshùhd ma nhl trakaeg g sgkrhvhdjadnuradth hl trakaeg quh hstgs rhalmzad.

Nh gtra parth, akh shñalar quh fhnmadth LPP sh rhargd lgs @gdshegs [hjmgdalhs nh Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl rakaeg(@G[PPA^) `gfg hspa`mg nh nmálgjg sg`mal trmpartmtg hd fathrma nh Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl ^rakaeg hd las rhjmgdhsnhl paæs, y `gfg ðrjadgs nh al ad`h rhjmgdal nhl Pmsthfa Da`mgdal nh Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl rakaeg. Lgs @G[PPA ,`gdstmtuyhd asæ la fáxmfa mdstad`ma rhjmgdal nh gd hrta`mðd hd PP^ hd las rhjmgdhs.

A la bh`ca, hxmsthd 1= @G[PPA^ mdstalangs y hstgs nhkhd nhsarrgllar las bud`mgdhs hstaklh`mnas hd hl artæùlg 1> nhla LPP^.

Hd hl áfkmtg hfprhsarmal, hl nmálgjg sg`mal sh hdùhdtra hd hl @gfmtí nh Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl ^rakaeg (@PP^), quhhs ud ðrjadg kmpartmtg y parmtarmg, quh hstá gdbgrfang pgr rhprhshdtadths nh lgs trakaeangrhs y nh lgs hfplhangrhsnh àna hfprhsa quh ùhdth `gd vhmdth g fás trakaeangrhs y/g trakaeangras.

Las a tmvmnanhs quh tmhdh prhvmstas rhalmzar hl @GDPPA pgr hl“Næa Fudnmal nh la Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl rakaeg‖sgd5

a) Faratðd :i quh sh llhvará a akg hl ;2 nh akrml a las 35?? a.f.

k) Phfmdarmg Mdthrda`mgdal nh Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl ^rakaeg quh sh llhvará a àkg hl ;3 nh akrml.

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_ Á J

Hl @gfmtí nh Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl rakaeg (hdanhladth @PP^) hs ud hdth parmtarmg bgrfang pgrmjual dõfhrg nh rhprhshdtadths nhl hfplhangry nh lgs trakaeangrhs. Hs ya cakmtual hd`gdtrarla hxmsthd`ma y bud`mgdafmhdtg nh nm`cg hdth.La mfpgrtad`ma nhl fmsfg hstá rh`gdg`mna y`gdsglmnana pgr tgng hfplhangr, pgr hsg hsbudnafhdtal thdhr `larg hl prg`hnmfmhdtg,fhàdmsfgs y phrsgdas pgsmklhs a bgrfar parth

nhl fmsfg.Las hfprhsas nhkhd mnhdtmàr, hd hlgrjadmjrafa ehrárqum`g, al phrsgdal nh nmrh``mðdy `gdadza nh aùhrng `gd lgs paráfhtrgsmdnmàngs hd hl artæùlg >0¿ nhl NP Dµ ??0-=:-^[,^hxtg Õdm`g Grnhdang nhl Nh`rhtg LhjmslatmvgD¿ :;3, Lhy nh _rgnu`tmvmnan y @gfphtmtmvmnanLakgral. Ísta mnhdtmà`mðd hs budnafhdtalpara hdthdnhr hl rgl quh pgnræa nhshfphñarhstgs trakaeangrhs hd hl @PP^.

Al rhsph`tg nh ísth phrsgdal, hd`gdtrafgshd la dgrfatmva ngs artæùlgs `lavhs, hlartæùlg >3 nhl NP D¿??8-;?1;-^[5 quh mdnmà5<<Hl hfplhangr `gdbgrfh lg hstaklhzà su

hstru`tura grjadmza`mgdal y ehrárqumà nhsmjdaa sus rhprhshdtadths, tmtularhs y suplhdths adthhl @gfmtí nh Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl ^rakaeg,hdtrh hl phrsgdal nh nmrh``mðd y `gdadza.44,y hl artæùlg >= nhl fmsfg NP D¿ ??8-;?1;-^[,quh mdnmà5 <<Lgs trakaeangrhs hlmjhd a susrhprhshdtadths, tmtularhs y suplhdths, adthhl @gfmtí nh Phjurmnan y Palun hd hl ^rakaeg,`gd hx`hp`mðd nhl phrsgdal nh nmrh``mðd y nh`gdadza. Nm`ca hlh``mðd sh rhalmza fhnmadthvgta`mðd sh`rhta y nmrh`ta…..44

Hl prmfhr artæùlg mdnmà hdtrh quí phrsgdal,hl hfplhangr hlhjmrá a sus rhprhshdtadthsal `gfmtí y hd hl shjudng hd`gdtrafgs lahx`lusmðd nhl phrsgdal nh nmrh``mðd y `gdadzanh pgnhr hlhjmr y hd `gdshùhd`ma vgtar a lgsrhprhshdtadths nh lgs trakaeangrhs al `gfmtí. Dg hd`gdtrafgs hd la dgrfatmva dmdjudarhshña hxplm`mta a la mfpgsmkmlmnan quh phrsgdalnh `gdadza y nmrh``mðd puhna pgstular ashr fmhfkrg nhl `gfmtí pgr parth nh lgstrakaeangrhs, pgr lg quh dg sh pgnræa dhjar,

eurænmàfhdth cakladng, hstí nhrh`cg.

·_uhnh hl phrsgdal nh nmrh``mðd y`gdadza shr rhprhshdtadth nh lgstrakaeangrhs hd hl @PP^7

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_ Á J


Acgra kmhd, lhs cajg udas prhjudtas a larh hxmðd5 ·@rhhd usthnhs quh hl phrsgdal nhnmrh``mðd y `gdadza nhkh pgnhr pgstulara shr fmhfkrg nhl `gfmtí pgr parth nhlgs trakaeangrhs7 ·Dg `rhhd quh hsthch`cg pgnræa hstar nadng chrrafmhdtas

gùltas al hfplhangr para fadmpularnhsnh nhdtrg hsth hdth7 ·@rhhd quh arrgeatradsparhd`ma, parmnan y vhrnanhra `gdsultaa lgs trakaeangrhs thdhr phrsgdal abæd alhfplhangr hd la parth quh rhprhshdta a lgstrakaeangrhs7 y, ·Dg `rhhd quh sh hstaræavuldhradng hl shdtmng prmgrmtarmg para hl quhbuh `rhang hsth hdth7

Hd fm gpmdmðd `gdsmnhrg quh hl phrsgdalnh nmrh``mðd y `gdadza dg nhkhræa pgnhrpgstular a shr fmhfkrg nhl @PP^ pgr parthnh lgs trakaeangrhs y `rhg quh sh nhkhræatrakaear hd dgrfar hsth ch`cg. Ph nhkhhvmtar tgna pgsmkmlmnan quh hl hfplhangrpuhna thdhr phrsgdal hd las ngs parths

nhl @PP^, ya quh hsth ch`cg nhsvmrtuaræa hlshdtmng para hl ùal hl lhjmslangr `rhg hsthhdth.

@gdvmhdh rh`grnar quh hl gkehtg nh la hxmsthd`manhl @PP^ dg hs gtrg quh ca`hr gdtraphsg a las

pgsmklhs nh`msmgdhs udmlathralhs nh hfplhangr,gklmjadng a `gdsultar y `gdshdsuar `gd laparth trakaeangra tgng lg rhbhrhdth hd fathrmanh shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg.

0 :

HL PMP^HFA NH MDP_H@@MÐD NH ^[AKAEG HD LPXDABML5 NHPNH XDA RMPMÐD ^Í@DM@A ] PMD

Eavmhr _ranhra @gdnhPuk Jhrhdth nh _rhvhd`mðd nh [mhsjgs LakgralhsFarsc [hcnhr PA@grrhngrhs nh Phjurgs Eavmhr.pranhraOfarsc.`gf

Autgr5 Pmdnmàtg Da`mgdal nh Mdsph`tgrhs nh ^rakaeg nh la Puphrmdthdnhd`ma Da`mgdal nhBmsàlmza`mðd Lakgral PM PXDABML, grjadmza`mðd quh ajrupa a fás nh 0?? prgbhsmgdalhs,hsph`malmzangs hd nhrh`cgs budnafhdtalhs hd hl trakaeg, dgrfas sg`mg lakgralhs y hd shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg nh tgng hl _hrõ.

La Puphrmdthdnhd`ma Da`mgdal nh Bmsàlmza`mðd Lakgral PXDABML sh `rhð hl 1> nh hdhrg nhl ;?10,fhnmadth la Lhy D¿ ;==31. La mnha y prgyh`tg sh jhstð hd hl shdg nhl ùhrpg mdsph`tmvg ya ca`h àsmuda níàna (hd su fgfhdtg gd hl _rgyh`tg nh la Puphrmdthdnhd`ma Da`mgdal nh Mdsph``mðd nhl rakaegPXDM^), y `gfg adtañg sh hxmjmð su hxmsthd`ma al afparg nhl @gdvhdmg 31 nh la GM^ sgkrh Mdsph``mðdnh ^rakaeg, quh nmspgdh quh “la mdsph``mðd nhl trakaeg nhkhrá hstar kaeg la vmjmlad`ma y `gdtrgl nh udaautgrmnan `hdtral‖. ûvmhrgd quh tradsùrrmr fu`cgs añgs, adth nmvhrsgs mdthdtgs nh lgs jgkmhrdgs,rhprhshdta`mgdhs hfprhsarmalhs y bud`mgdarmgs nh turdg nh nhearla hd hl glvmng, pung hdàfmdarsh su`rha`mðd lhjal. _ara PXDABML sgd nmvhrsgs lgs prgklhfas quh aud nmùltad su mfplhfhdta`mðd plhda ] hl bgrtalh`mfmhdtgNH su Mdstmtu`mgdalmnan, quh la alheh nh la mdthrvhd`mðd pglætmà, y quh lh phrfmta `rh`hr dg sglg hd

prhshd`ma da`mgdal smdg tafkmíd hd rh`gdg`mfmhdtg `gd uda hdtmnan hstatal tí`dmà y quh hehrza ladh`hsarma prhsmðd hd lgs sh`tgrhs quh prhshdtad mdbgrfalmnan lakgral h mdùfplmfmhdtg nh las dgrfassg`mglakgralhs y nh shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg.




_ Á J

Ca smng dgtgrma nhsnh adths nh su `rha`mðd hmd`lusg hd la a`tualmnan, uda hvmnhdth balta nhvgludtan pglætmà nhl pgnhr hehùtmvg para uda`gfplhta y anhùana Mfplhfhdta`mðd nh LAPXDABML, rhalmzádngsh ud prg`hsg nh tradsbhrhd`manh bud`mgdhs plajang nh balhd`mas y nhfgras,hd la hdtrhja nh a`hrvg ngùfhdtarmg, kmhdhs,nhthrfmda`mðd nh pasmvgs y a`tmvgs, rhùrsgs yphrsgdal pgr parth hl Fmdmsthrmg nhl ^rakaeg y_rgfg`mðd nhl Hfplhg (F^_H), a`tualfhdth hsabalta nh vgludtan sh rh hea pgr hehfplg hd quh laPXDABML aparhdta shr uda g`mda fás nhl Fmdmsthrmgnh ^rakaeg, smhdng dh`hsarmg y urjhdth ud traslangca`ma ud lgàl quh puhna gtgrjar `gdnm`mgdhsðptmfas nh hspa`mg h mdbrahstru`tura, `gfg las

tmhdhd hdtmnanhs smfmlarhs y nh mjual g fhdgrtmhfpg nh rha`mðd (GHBA, PXDHNX, PX^[AD).

[hsulta prhgùpadth para hl smsthfa, quh a fás nh; añgs nh hxmsthd`ma lhjal nh la PXDABML aõd dg shcaya `gdstmtumng hl @gdsheg Nmrh`tmvg nh PXDABML-ðrjadg fáxmfg nh la hdtmnan, rhspgdsaklhnh aprgkar las pglætmàs mdstmtu`mgdalhs y nh lanmrh``mðd nh la hdtmnan, asæ `gfg la `gdbgrfa`mðdnhl ^rmkudal nh Bmsàlmza`mðd Lakgral - ðrjadgrhsglutmvg y õltmfa mdstad`ma anfmdmstratmva,ùyas rhsglu`mgdhs `gdstmtuyhd prh`hnhdths nhgkshrvad`ma gklmjatgrma, nheadng a`tualfhdthhsta rhspgdsakmlmnan hd ud jrupg nh bud`mgdarmgsquh smfplhfhdth pasargd nhsnh hl Fmdmsthrmg nh^rakaeg a la Pudal, lg quh rhprhshdta shjumr`gd lgs fmsfgs prg`hnmfmhdtgs y `rmthrmgs nha`tua`mðd, smtua`mðd dg hdthdnmklh ya quh tadtghl sh`tgr hfplhangr `gfg lgs trakaeangrhs yhl ùhrpg mdsph`tmvg prgyh`tad quh sha `gd hlavad`h nh la PXDABML quh sh hstaklhzà udanmbhrhd`ma pgsmtmva y fgnhrda, hfmdhdthfhdthtí`dmà y lhjal, lgjradng prhnm`tmkmlmnan hdla lakgr nhl mdsph`tgr nh trakaeg, fhegradng`gdtmduafhdth lg quh buh la sàlmza`mðd hd hlF^_H.

Ph nhkh prh`msar quh la `gfphthd`ma nh PXDABMLy pgr hdnh nhl ùhrpg prgbhsmgdal mdsph`tmvg va

nhsnh phquhñas casta jradnhs hfprhsas hd lasmdthdnhd`mas a`tualfhdth mfplhfhdtanas, hd hshshdtmng la sàlmza`mðd nh Las Fm`rghfprhsas sgdnh gfphthd`ma nhl F^_H (hd Lmfa Fhtrgpglmtada)y nh lgs Jgkmhrdgs [hjmgdalhs.

@gdbgrfh a la Lhy nh Mdsph``mgdhs lgsMdsph`tgrhs Auxmlmarhs sglg tmhdhd `gfphthd`mahd Fm`rghfprhsas, las fmsfas quh dg sh calladkaeg hl áfkmtg nh `gfphthd`ma nh PXDABML.

Hsta smtua`mðd `rha uda nmùltan ya quhA`tualfhdth hd la PXDABML lgs Mdsph`tgrhsAuxmlmarhs nh ^rakaeg sgd hl dõfhrg faygrnh phrsgdal mdsph`tmvg, lgs ùalhs vmhdhd

nhsarrglladng tgnas las a`tmvmnanhs mdsph`tmvashd las hfprhsas gkehtg nh `gfphthd`ma nhPXDABML, a la bh`ca las pladmà`mðd prhsupuhstalnh la suphrmdthdnhd`ma dg ca `gdsmnhrang laprgfg`mðd nhl phrsgdal, smd quh sh nhthrfmdhuda pglætmà nh as`hdsgs hd hl ùhrpg mdsph`tmvga d nh rhbgrzar la sàlmza`mðd lakgral, smhdnguda prgpuhsta smdnmàl quh sh hlmfmdh hl àrjgnh mdsph`tgr auxmlmar nh trakaeg y sh nhthrfmdhuda duhva lædha nh àrrhra nh lgs mdsph`tgrhs nhtrakaeg, prgfgvmhdng a lgs quh a`tualfhdth sgdmdsph`tgrhs auxmlmarhs y rhalmzad hd la rhalmnanla fmsfa bud`mðd nh ud mdsph`tgr nh trakaeg,asæ `gfg phrfmtmr quh hl jrupg nh prgbhsmgdalhsmdsph`tgrhs nh trakaeg puhnad gùpar àrjgs nhbud`mgdarmgs pgr sus prgpmgs fírmtgs aànífm`gsy prgbhsmgdalhs.

Asmfmsfg phsh a quh nmvhrsgs bud`mgdarmgs`gfg hx fmdmstrgs y hx suphrmdthdnhdths cadrh`gdg`mng quh hl dõfhrg nh mdsph`tgrhs`gd lgs quh ùhdta a`tualfhdth la Pudalhs mdsu`mhdth, sh smjuh nhstmdadng ud jraddõfhrg nh mdsph`tgrhs lakgralhs al F^_H, y hdlgs nhpartafhdtgs ngdnh ya sh mdaujurargdmdthdnhd`mas sh fadtmhdh mdsph`tgrhs nh trakaeghd lgs jgkmhrdgs rhjmgdalhs, hstg hs nhstmdarphrsgdal a hdtmnanhs quh jgzad nh autgdgfæagrjadmza`mgdal y prhsupuhstal para rhalmzar sus

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_ Á J


0 =

Hl usg nh la baea lufkar Phjõd la [.F. 0:8-;??3-^[, <<Dgrfa kásmà nh hrjgdgfæa y nh prg`hnmfmhdtg nh hvalua`mðd nh rmhsjgnmshrjgdðfm`g44 sh hdtmhdnh `gfg àrja a << ùalqumhr gkehtg sus`hptmklh nh shr fgvmng. Md`luyh,pgr hehfplg, la fadmpula`mðd nh phrsgdas (`gfg lgs pa`mhdths hd ud cgspmtal) y la fadmpula`mðd nhadmfalhs hd uda jradea g hd uda `lædmà vhthrmdarma. Ph `gdsmnhrarád tafkmíd àrjas lgs fathrmalhs quhsh fadmpulhd, pgr hehfplg, pgr fhnmg nh uda jrõa u gtrg fhnmg fh`ádm`g, phrg quh rhqumhrad aõd nhlhsbuhrzg cufadg para fgvhrlgs g `glgàrlgs hd su pgsm`mðd nhdmtmva44 y `gfg fadmpula`mðd fadualnh àrjas a << ùalqumhr gphra`mðd nh tradspgrth g sueh`mðd nh uda àrja pgr parth nh udg g varmgs

trakaeangrhs, `gfg hl lhvadtafmhdtg, la `glgà`mðd, hl hfpueh, la tra``mðd g hl nhsplazafmhdtg, quhpgr sus àra`thræstmàs g `gdnm`mgdhs hrjgdðfmàs mdanhùanas hdtrañh rmhsjgs, hd partmùlar ngrsg ‐lufkarhs, para lgs trakaeangrhs44.

prgpmas `gdvgàtgrmas y ùkrmr su phrsgdal mdsph`tmvg, nhstmdadng lgs hsàsgs rhùrsgs cufadgs yh`gdðfm`gs nh la suphrmdthdnhd`ma pgr uda nh`msmðd hqumvgàna nh aljudgs bud`mgdarmgs, lg ùal rhstahl dõfhrg nh prgbhsmgdalhs mdsph`tgrhs y uda sgkrhàrja nh trakaeg para athdnhr la nhfadna da`mgdal`gd sglg >?? sàlmzangrhs lakgralhs para tgng hl _hrõ.

Hxmsthd tafkmíd prgpuhstas `gfg hl _rgyh`tg nh Lhy D¿ >??3/;=1>-_H, quh hl _gnhr Hehùtmvg vmhdhdmfpulsadng para su aprgka`mðd hd hl @gdjrhsg nh la [hpuklmà, hsth prgyh`tg tmhdh ud `gdthdmng quh

`gd`rhta uda mdehrhd`ma mdnhkmna hd hl smsthfa mdsph`tmvg, hd `gdtravhd`mðd nhl @gdvhdmg 31 nh la GM^quh gklmja a nhrmvar lgs àsgs quh `gdtmhdhd fathrmas sàlmzanas a`tualfhdth pgr lgs mdsph`tgrhs nhtrakaeg al pgnhr eunm`mal, ngdnh lgs prg`hsg mfplmàd faygr mdvhrsmðd h`gdðfmà y ud tmhfpg nh hsphranh varmgs fhshs g añgs para lgs anfmdmstrangs, al `gdtrarmg nh la hbh`tmvmnan, tradsparhd`ma, `hlhrmnany jratumnan nhl smsthfa mdsph`tmvg, ngdnh aùnhd fmlhs nh anfmdmstrangs hd dõfhrg `rh`mhdth ànaañg.

Nuradth hl ;?1>, las mdsph``mgdhs nh Phjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg, sgd las quh hd fhdgr àdtmnan shcad rhalmzang, sglg sh cad rhalmzang gphratmvgs phquhñgs smd la `gdtmdumnan dh`hsarma smd mdbgrfarshlgs rhsultangs, jrang nh h`mhd`ma y hà`ma, nheádngsh nh mdsph``mgdar pgr hehfplg hl sh`tgr nh`gdstru``mðd, smd cakhrsh susthdtang lgs fgtmvgs nh hsta nh`msmðd hd ud sh`tgr ngdnh la shjurmnanlakgral hs smdðdmfg nh prgth``mðd nh la vmna cufada, urjh pgr lg tadtg hstaklh`hr ud _lad Adual nhMdsph``mðd Lakgral quh sha tí`dm`g, gkehtmvg y nmvhrsmàng, a`grnh `gd la rhalmnan y quh akarquh lafaygr àdtmnan nh sh`tgrhs h`gdðfm`gs, afplmadng hl dõfhrg nh hfprhsas sàlmzanas para kusàrrhnu`mr lgs mdùfplmfmhdtgs a las lhyhs lakgralhs y nh shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg, uda lakgrprhvhdtmva y grmhdtangra sh ca`h dh`hsarma a d nh ca`hr `gdg`hr la lhjmsla`mðd y a`tua`mðd nhlmdsph`tgr nh trakaeg, para prgfgvhr hl ufplmfmhdtg adth las pgsmklhs sad`mgdhs quh pgnræad mfpgdhrsha lgs hfplhangrhs tras la sàlmza`mðd lakgral.

@gdsmnhrafgs quh Duhstra hdtmnan hs uda mdstmtu`mðd vmtal para hl buturg y rh`mfmhdtg nh duhstrg paæs,pgr lg quh nhkh llhvarsh nh uda fadhra tí`dmà, dg pglmtmzana y `gd la hlh``mðd nh bud`mgdarmgs quhprhshdthd uda gpgrtudmnan nh àfkmg hd hl smsthfa mdsph`tmvg5 quh phrfmtad ud smsthfa pladmàng,`gdtratadng phrsgdal mnðdhg `gd la bgrfa`mðd y hxphrmhd`ma rhquhrmna hd las árhas anfmdmstratmvas ynh nh`msmðd, hl ùfplmfmhdtg àkal nh la prgpma lhy nh `rha`mðd nh la Pudal para uda mfplhfhdta`mðd`gfplhta, gkehtmvgs mdstmtu`mgdalhs `gd`rhtgs y la nhspglmtmza`mðd nh duhstra hdtmnan quh lh phrfmta

bgrtalh`hrsh h mdstmtu`mgdalmzarsh, hd aras nh shr ud hdth sàlmzangr rh`gdg`mng pgr su prgbhsmgdalmsfgy prhnm`tmkmlmnan nh sus prg`hnmfmhdtgs a d nh nhstaàrdgs pgr uda lakgr hfmdhdthfhdth tí`dmà ylhjal.

Duhstra grjadmza`mðd smdnmàl `gfg lg ca ch`cg nuradth ya fu`cgs añgs, hs vmjmladth nhl rhsphtgnh las `gdnm`mgdhs nh trakaeg hd hl smsthfa mdsph`tmvg, chfgs smng lgs prmfhrgs hd prgpgdhr y lu`carpgr la `rha`mðd nh uda hdtmnan `gfg hs la PXDABML, hd la ùal shjumfgs partm`mpadng `gd prgpuhstaspgr ud buturg àna vhz fhegr, tgfadng hd ùhdta quh hsta hdtmnan hs duhstrg `hdtrg nh lakgrhs yquh dh`hsmta shr rh`gdg`mna tafkmíd nhsnh nhdtrg `gfg ud pmlar hd hl ùfplmfmhdtg nh las dgrfaslakgralhs y la shjurmnan y salun hd hl trakaeg.




_ Á J

> ?

Las baeas sufmdmstranas para la fadmpula`mðdfadual nh àrjas, sgd hqumpgs quh tmhdhdfasmàngs su usg hd la faygr parth nh lashfprhsas hd las quh sh nhsarrgllad hsth tmpgnh a`tmvmnanhs, md`lusg sh puhnhd gkshrvar hdtrakaegs quh rhqumhrhd hl hfplhg nh buhrzas (pgrhehfplg, usg nh chrrafmhdtas fadualhs, trakaegs nhfadthdmfmhdtg nh hqumpgs, ht`.) kaeg la rhhd`ma nhquh hd las tarhas quh mfplmquhd lhvadtafmhdtg nhàrjas, prhvmhdhd las lhsmgdhs fõsùlg hsquhlítmàs(hshd`malfhdth chrdmas nmsàlhs) a las quh hstá

hxpuhsta prmd`mpalfhdth la rhjmðd lufkar nh la`glufda vhrthkral. Pmd hfkarjg, casta hl fgfhdtgdg cay dmdjõd hstunmg nhdmtmvg y `gdtudnhdth quhnhfuhstrh lgs hbh tgs khdh`mgsgs nh hstgs hqumpgshd hl uhrpg cufadg, lg quh sæ hstá larg hs5 1. Dg sgd ud Hqumpg nh _rgth``mðd _hrsgdal ‐ H__;. Dg cay dmdjuda dgrfa quh las hrtmquh.

Phjõd hl hstunmg <<A _rgsph`tmvh Ptuny gb Kaì Khltsbgr _rhvhdtmgd gb Kaì _amd adn Mdeury ‐ HD5 Egurdalgb tch Afhrmàd Fhnmàl Assg`matmgd - Nh`hfkhr 2,;???9 Rgl. ;3> Dg. ;144, hl faygr hstunmg llhvanga àkg hd hl thfa pgr hl Mdstmtutg Da`mgdal para laPalun y Phjurmnan Gùpa`mgdal (DMGPC) nhl @hdtrgpara hl @gdtrgl y _rhvhd`mðd nh Hdbhrfhnanhs(@N@), dg sh hd`gdtrð hvmnhd`ma aljuda nh quhhl usg nh baeas lufkarhs rhnuzà lgs nañgs g lgsnglgrhs hd la hspalna para lgs trakaeangrhs quhlhvadtad g fuhvhd arjas.

Hl hstunmg, nhsarrgllang a lg larjg nh ud phrægngnh ngs añgs sgkrh fás nh =.??? trakaeangrhs, dghd`gdtrð nmbhrhd`mas hstanæstmàfhdth smjdmàtmvashdtrh lgs ædnm`hs nh md`mnhd`ma hd lgs rh`lafgs

nh `gfphdsa`mgdhs pgr nañgs hd la hspalnarhla`mgdangs `gd hl trakaeg, hdtrh lgs trakaeangrhsquh utmlmzargd las baeas lufkarhs cakmtualfhdth

tgngs lgs næas y aquhllgs quh dudà las usargd, g quhlas hfplhargd dg fás nh uda g ngs vh`hs al fhs.

Lgs rhsultangs gkthdmngs sgd `gdsmsthdths `gd lgscallazjgs adthrmgrhs nhl DMGPC, mdbgrfangs hd 1==>, quhmdnmàkad quh dg hxmstæa hvmnhd`ma `mhdtæà su`mhdthnh quh hl usg nh baeas lufkarhs prgthjmhra rhalfhdth

a lgs trakaeangrhs nh la hxpgsm`mðd a ba`tgrhs nh rmhsjgnmshrjgdðfm`gs prgnu`mngs hd la hspalna.

Hd hl hstunmg mdnmàng sh hvaluargd lgs cákmtgs nhusg nh las baeas, cmstgrma lakgral nh lgs trakaeangrhs,cákmtgs nh vmna, àra`thræstmàs nhfgjráàs, jrang nhsatmsba``mðd gd hl trakaeg, ht`.

Lgs callazjgs nhl hstunmg md`luyhrgd quh dg caynmbhrhd`mas hstanæstmàfhdth smjdmàtmvas hdtrh lgsædnm`hs nh nañgs hd la hspalna hdtrh lgs trakaeangrhsquh hfplhargd baeas lufkarhs a nmarmg y lgs quh dudàlas usargd.

Md`lusg, tal y `gfg sh mdnmà hd la mdvhstmja`mðd nh laXdmvhrsmnan nh Fálaja , nm`ca hxplgra`mðd hd`gdtrð nhfadhra prhgùpadth quh5

- Hd las phrsgdas quh utmlmzargd md`grrh`tafhdth labaea nuradth la mdvhstmja`mðd sh aufhdtð hl rmhsjgnh lhsmðd nhspuís nh quh nheargd nh utmlmzarlg, yaquh al parh`hr lgs fõsùlgs akngfmdalhs sh “fala`gstufkrad‖ y pmhrnhd pgr hllg la àpa`mnanbæsmà dh`hsarma hdtrh gtras `gsas para hvmtar lgsfgvmfmhdtgs hxtrhfgs nh la `glufda.

- Hl usg nh baeas fuy aeustanas puhnh prgnu`mr thdsmðdthfpgral hd hl smsthfa arnmgvasùlar.

-Las baeas jhdhrad ud shdtmng nh balsa shjurmnan, lgquh llhva a lgs usuarmgs a mdthdtar alzar àrjas quhsuphrad sus prgpmas apa`mnanhs bæsmàs.

Anhfás, hd hl ngùfhdtg << Fathrmal para hl `gdtrglnh lgs rmhsjgs hrjgdðfm`gs asg`mangs al fadheg fadualnh àrjas44 puklmàng pgr Futual nh shjurmnan@@c@, gtrgs hstunmgs nhl DMGPC mdnmàd quh, hdtrh lgshbh`tgs smglðjm`gs nh las baeas lufkarhs, su usg pgrlarjgs phrægngs puhnh nmsfmdumr la tgdm`mnan fusùlarakngfmdal, md`rhfhdtadng la pgsmkmlmnan nh jhdhra`mðdtadtg nh nañgs hd la hspalna `gfg nh chrdmasufkmlmàlhs. ] la balsa shdsa`mðd nh shjurmnan quhpuhnhd nar las baeas lufkarhs althra la phr`hp`mðd nhàpa`mnan nh àrja, sgfhtmhdng a lgs trakaeangrhs asgkrhhsbuhrzgs quh puhnhd nhrmvar tafkmíd hd nañgsa la hspalna g chrdmas mdjumdalhs.

Hl athnrátm`g nh kmgfh`ádmà hspmdal nh la Xdmvhrsmnannh Zathrlgg (@adaná), _cn. Ptuart F`Jmll, hs udg nh lgsfaygrhs hxphrtgs fudnmalhs hd nglgr nh hspalna. Hd1==0 puklm`ð ud hstunmg hd trakaeangrhs quh llhvakadbaea pgr prhvhd`mðd nh rmhsjgs lakgralhs rhvmsadng sushbh`tgs. Lg a`tualmzð hd ;??: hd su lmkrg <<Lgw Kaì

Xda vhz quh sakhfgs quí hs la fadmpula`mðdfadual nh àrjas y quí sgd las àrjas, cayquh nh`mr quh hstafgs cakladng hd hl prhshdthartæùlg nh las baeas lufkarhs usanas hd lgsrhbhrmngs trakaegs, y dg aquhllas quh sgdprhs`rmtas pgr ud fínm`g pgr ud prgklhfalufkar prhvmg nhl trakaeangr.



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Nmsgrnhrs5 Hvmnhd`h-Kashn _rhvhdtmgd adn [hcakmlmtatmgd44 `gd las smjumhdths rh`gfhdna`mgdhs kasana hd susmdvhstmja`mgdhs y las nh gtrgs hxphrtgs5

- _hrsgdas quh prhvmafhdth dg cad thdmng uda lhsmðd nh hspalna dg parh`hd khdh`marsh nh llhvar baeas hd uadtga rhnu`mr hl rmhsjg nh lhsmðd. Dg sh rh`gfmhdna su usg para mdnmvmnugs sadgs, audquh su utmlmza`mðd a `grtg plazg hdaljudgs pa`mhdths `gd hpmsgnmgs nh nglgr rhphtmtmvg punmhra shr õtml

- Lgs trakaeangrhs quh sh lhsmgdad llhvadng uda baea lg ca`h nh fás jravhnan quh lgs quh dg lg llhvad, ya quhca`hd phr`mkmr a lgs mdnmvmnugs quh las llhvad quh puhnhd lhvadtar fás phsg nhl quh hd rhalmnan sgd apa`hs. _grhllg hs dh`hsarmg ud kuhd prgjrafa nh bgrfa`mðd (hsùhla nh hspalna) ngdnh sh mdbgrfh al pa`mhdth nh la bgrfa`grrh ta nh lhvadtar phsgs, `ðfg sh prgnu`hd las lhsmgdhs, ht .

- Las baeas lufkarhs aufhdtad mdthdsafhdth la prhsmðd mdtraakngfmdal y la prhsmðd sadjuædha. Hs dh`hsarmgnhsàrtar prgklhfas àrnmgvasùlarhs pgr hl aufhdtg nhfgstrang nh la prhsmðd arthrmal. Anhfás aljudgs hstunmgssujmhrhd rhla`mðd nhl usg gdtmduang nh baeas gd faygr md`mnhd`ma nh prgklhfas nh varm`hs hd pmhrdas y thstæùlgs,chfgrrgmnhs y chrdmas mdjumdalhs. _gr tadtg sh rh`gfmhdna prhàu`mðd hd àsg nh adth`hnhdths hd hstgs àsgs.

- Lgs trakaeangrhs usuarmgs nh baeas afkmad lgs patrgdhs nh fgvmfmhdtg al lhvadtar gkehtgs (a phgr). _gr hllg shrh`gfmhdna quh, nh utmlmzarsh las baeas sha gfg bash mdm`mal nh ud prgjrafa fás afplmg quh md`luya la bgrfa`mðdhd hrjgdgfæa adthrmgrfhdth `mtana y sh prhs`mdna nh su usg ùadng sha pgsmklh.

- Hl rhstg nh supuhstgs khdh`mgs quh sh nm`h quh apgrtad las baeas lufkarhs `gfg hl àlgr lgàl hd la zgda,lmfmta`mðd nhl fgvmfmhdtg nh las vírthkras, ht`. arh`hd nh hvmnhd`ma mhdtæà.

_gr tadtg, y a fgng nh `gd`lusmðd, àkh nh`mr quh a`tualfhdth dg hxmsth hvmnhd`ma `mhdtæà su`mhdth para`gd`lumr quh la baea lufkar prhvhdja rmhsjgs brhdth a lhsmgdhs fusùlg-hsquhlítmàs hd la zgda ngrsglufkarhd aquhllgs trakaeangrhs usuarmgs quh dg cayad subrmng lhsmgdhs prhvmas. _gr hl `gdtrarmg, hstas baeas puhnhdrhsultar phreunm`malhs, hdtrh gtrgs fgtmvgs, pgrquh jhdhrad uda shdsa`mðd nh balsa shjurmnan a lgs trakaeangrhsquh las utmlmzad, punmhdng thdnhr a fadmpular àrjas faygrhs nh las quh fadmpularæad sm prhs`mdnmhrad nh lasbaeas. _gr hstgs fgtmvgs, sh rh`gfmhdna akgrnar la prhvhd`mðd nh lgs rmhsjgs ngrsglufkarhs pgr fadmpula`mðdfadual nh arjas nhsnh gtra phrsph`tmva (autgfatmza`mðd nh tarhas g utmlmza`mðd nh ayunas fh`ádmàs, hl rhnmshñgnhl afkmhdth nh trakaeg, hl rhnmshñg u grjadmza`mðd nh las tarhas y/g hl hdtrhdafmhdtg para la aplmà`mðd nh las

tí`dmàs hrjgdðfmàs para hl lhvadtafmhdtg shjurg nh arjas hdtrhdafmhdtg nh lgs trakaeangrhs, ht`.).Dg gkstadth, hd aquhllgs àsgs hd lgs quh hxmsta uda patglgjæa prhvma nh la zgda ngrsglufkar, shrá hl fínm`ggùpa`mgdal hl hdàrjang nh valgrar la apa`mnan nhl trakaeangr nh fadmpular fadualfhdth arjas y, hd su asg,la dh`hsmnan nh utmlmzar uda baea lufkar y lgs rhqumsmtgs quh nhkh ùfplmr la fmsfa.

Mdj. [aquhl Phrradg Jgdzálhz, Fásthr hd _rhvhd`mðd nh [mhsjgs Lakgralhs yFásthr hd Pmsthfas Mdthjrangs nh Jhstmðd

KMKLMGJ[ABÆA5Hrjgdgfæa y psm`gsg`mglgjæa aplmàna, fadual para la bgrfa`mðd nhl hsph`malmsta. B. Eavmhr Lladhza. ;??3.Fathrmal para hl gdtrgl nh lgs rmhsjgs hrjgdðfm`gs asg`mangs al fadheg fadual nh arjas. Futual nh shjurmnan@@[email protected] h ush gb kaì khlts-[hvmhw adn rh`gffhdnatmgds. DMGPC puklmàtmgds. 1==>.Zasshll, E., ht al. A prgsph`tmvh stuny gb kaì khlts bgr prhvhdtmgd gb kaì pamd adn mdeuy. EAFA. 2, ;???-vgl ;3>.Dg.;1.0Kgkmì, ., ht al. _cysmglgjmàl h h`ts gb kaì khlt wharmdj nurmdj asyffhtrm` lmbtmdj. Applmhn Hrjgdgfm`s,vgl 0;(2), nh` ;??1.,Jmgr`hllm, [., ht al. ch h h`t gb wharmdj a kaì khlt gd spmdh imdhfatm`s nurmdj asyffhtrm` lmbtmdj gb larjh adn sfallkgxhs.Ppmdh, vgl ;2(12). Auj ;??1.[.F. 0:8-;??3-^[, Dgrfa kásmà nh hrjgdgfæa y nh prg`hnmfmhdtg nh hvalua`mðd nh rmhsjg nmshrjgdðfm`g.

ZHKJ[ABÆActtp5//www. n .jgv/dmgsc/awarns/cafmltgd/pnbs/kkprhv1.pnbcttp5//mdstmtutgnh`glufdanhalmàdth.klgjspgt.`gf/;?1;/?:/smrvhd-nh-aljg-las-baeas-lufkarhs.ctflcttp5//www.mdsct.hs/Hrjgdgfma;/@gdthdmngs/_rgfg`mgdalhs/Bm`chrgs/ gdsultasbrhùhdthsff .pnbcttp5//www.mlg.grj/nyd/ msng / msng`Wkull.kullhtmd7pWvgl6;??0?>HH18?1-;???#n?11cttp5//www.ufa.hs/puklmàngrhs/prhvhd`mgd/wwwufa/8:3.pnbcttp5//www. `ssg. a/gscadswhrs/hrjgdgfm`s/ka iWklt.ctfl




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Nhsàdsg Fínm`g hd trakaeangrhs5Nms`grnad`ma hdtrh la alta fínmà y la aptmtun fínmà para hl trakaeg

Euad @arlgs _algfmdg, Fmhfkrg budnangr nh PGFGFA5 Pg`mhnan nhFhnm`mda Gùpa`mgdal y Fhnmg Afkmhdth

Hsth artæùlg kusà fgstrar ud prgklhfa brhùhdthnuradth la jhstmðd nh salun gùpa`mgdal, ùadngud trakaeangr ùhdta `gd nhsàdsg fínm`g pgrùalqumhr hdbhrfhnan g `gdnm`mðd fínmà y alrhmd`grpgrarsh al puhstg nh trakaeg luhjg nhl alta,sh nhth`ta quh sus àpa`mnanhs tgnavæa dg llhjada ùkrmr las hxmjhd`mas nhl puhstg nh trakaeg. Hsta

smtua`mðd llhvaræa a àtalgjarlg `gfg dg aptg g`gfg aptg `gd aljuda rhstrm``mðd para hl puhstg nhtrakaeg, nang quh sm sh rhmd`grpgrash a su puhstgcakmtual shræa ud rmhsjg para la salun y shjurmnannhl prgpmg trakaeangr y/g sus `gfpañhrgs.

@uadng ud trakaeangr tmhdh ud panh`mfmhdtg fínm`g quh afhrmth lahvalua`mðd pgr ud fínm`g jhdhral g pgr hl hsph`malmsta `grrhspgdnmhdth(traufatðlgjg, àrnmðlgjg,dhufðlgjg, gtgrrmdglarmdjðlgjg, ht`), y `gfg rhsultang nh su rh`gdg`mfmhdtgfínm`g sh nhbmda quh hl trakaeangrrhqumhrh nhsàdsg bæsm`g g hstámdàpa`mtang thfpgralfhdth para su trakaeg cakmtual, sh hfmtmrá ud`hrtmbmàng nh nhsàdsg fínm`g.^gng `hrtmbmàng nh nhsàdsgfínm`g pgsthrmgr al vmjísmfg næa nhmdàpa`mnan aùfulang hd hl añgnhkhrá àdeharsh gklmjatgrmafhdth pgr hl `hrtmbmàng nh mdàpa`mnanthfpgral para hl trakaeg (@M^^)hl ùal tmhdh uda `gddgta`mðd nh salun, lakgral y h`gdðfmà pgrquh susthdta hl rhpgsg bæsm`g prhs`rmtg pgrhl baùltatmvg, susthdta hl akshdtmsfglakgral nh àusa fínmà y `gdstmtuyhudg nh lgs rhqumsmtgs para hl pajg nhl suksmnmg pgr Mdàpa`mnan ^hfpgral.

@uadng hl trakaeangr sh rhùphra, hl fínm`g lh hxpmnhhl alta fínmà para quh puhna rhmd`grpgrarsh a sutrakaeg cakmtual. Hd la dgrfatmva sgkrh @M^^ shñalaquh sh nhkh nh thdhr `gdsmnhra`mðd sgkrh hd quífhnmna la gdnm`mðd quh fgtmvg nhl nhsàdsg fínm`gabh`ta hd hl nhshfphñg nh su trakaeg cakmtual y smhsth fhrfa g dg su àpa`mnan para hehùtarlg, nh lg

adthrmgrfhdth fhd`mgdang sh puhnh mdbhrmrquh al rhmd`grpgrarsh luhjg nhl nhsàdsgfínm`g la àpa`mnan para nhsarrgllar sutrakaeg cakmtual nhkh cakhrsh rhùphrang.

_gr gtrg lang nh aùhrng a la dgrfatmvavmjhdth hl fínm`g gùpa`mgdal nh lahfprhsa nhkh nh rhalmzar la jhstmðd nhvmjmlad`ma fínmà gùpa`mgdal, quh hdtrhgtras a`tmvmnanhs sh hdàrja nh vhrmàr



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las `gdnm`mgdhs hd quh lgs trakaeangrhs shrhmd`grpgrad a su puhstg nh trakaeg, sgkrh tgngluhjg nh uda aushd`ma prglgdjana a travís nh udhxafhd fínm`g nh rhmd`grpgra`mðd lakgral. Lgs nmbhrhdths tmpgs nh hxáfhdhs fínm`gsgùpa`mgdalhs (mdjrhsg, phrmðnm`g, rhtmrg, àfkmgnh puhstg, `gdtratg thfpgral), md`luyhdng al

nh rhmd`grpgra`mðd lakgral kusàd gbrh`hr a lajhstmðd nh shjurmnan y salun hdtrh gtras `gsas laaptmtun para hl trakaeg.

La aptmtun para hl trakaeg hs la hvalua`mðd nhla àpa`mnan psm`gbæsmà nhl mdnmvmnug pararhalmzar sus lakgrhs smd rmhsjg para su prgpmasalun dm la nh gtrgs. _ara `gdshjumr hl gkehtmvgnhshang nuradth la valgra`mðd nh la aptmtunfínmà gùpa`mgdal, sh rhqumhrh dg sðlg lahvalua`mðd nhl hstang nh salun, smdg tafkmíd nhl`gdg`mfmhdtg nh las `gdsmnhra`mgdhs lhjalhs nhlpuhstg (sm `grrhspgdnmhsh `gfg hd hl àsg nh`gdnu`tgrhs, trakaeg hd altura, jhstadths, ht`.) y

prmd`mpalfhdth nh las nhfadnas y rhquhrmfmhdtgsnhtallangs nhl puhstg nh trakaeg9 hdthdnmídngshpgr puhstg nh trakaeg al `gdeudtg bgrfang pgrhl lujar bæsm`g y jhgjrá`g, las chrrafmhdtas,tarhas, nhkhrhs y rhspgdsakmlmnanhs asmjdangsa uda phrsgda hd ud áfkmtg lakgral. Lasg`mhnan phruada nh Fhnm`mda Gùpa`mgdal y

Fhnmg Afkmhdth (PGFGFA) pladtha quh parala valgra`mðd nh la aptmtun fínmà sh nhkhtgfar 8 `rmthrmgs5 @rmthrmg lhjal, `rmthrmg `lædm`ggùpa`mgdal, `rmthrmg nh `gdg`mfmhdtg nhl puhstgnh trakaeg, `rmthrmg rhla`mgdang `gd la hfprhsay hl `rmthrmg ítm`g. Nh hsta bgrfa, la valgra`mðdnh la aptmtun fínmà gùpa`mgdal nhkh hstarkasana hd ud adálmsms gkehtmvg nh la salun nhltrakaeangr hd rhla`mðd `gd su trakaeg hsph`æ`gy hstar jumanas pgr la lhjmsla`mðd hd `gdtra nh lanms`rmfmda`mðd.

Hl suksmnmg nhl nhsàdsg fínm`g luhjg nhlvmjísmfg næa hs pajang a la hfprhsa pgr lgs næasdg lakgrangs, smd hfkarjg al thdhr hl alta fínmàhsth suksmnmg nhsaparh`h. _hrg, ·quí pasa sm hltrakaeangr al quh sh lh na hl alta fínmà dg hsaptg para hl trakaeg shjõd hl rmthrmg gùpa`mgdal7Hs nh`mr, quh hl trakaeangr `lædmàfhdth sh carhùphrang para pgnhr rhalmzar sus a`tmvmnanhsnh la vmna `gtmnmada, smd hfkarjg hstg tgnavæadg mfplmà rhalmzar tgnas g parth nh sus tarhasnhl puhstg nh trakaeg `gfg pgr hehfplg, sukmra altura hstru`tural, gphrar aljudgs hqumpgs,hdtrar a ud hspa`mg `gddang, nhafkular nh

bgrfa prglgdjana, rhalmzar hfpueh y tra``mðd,fgvmlmzar àrja (asæ sha uda àrja mnhal), vmaeara la lgà`mðd rhfgta y/g hstar kaeg ud `lmfaajrhsth. Hd hstgs àsgs, ·ùál shræa la bgrfa nhprg`hnhr7, uda sglu`mðd hs quh hl trakaeangrpuhna shr atalgjang gfg aptg gd la rhstrm``mðdnh rhalmzar la tarha quh aõd `rhhfgs quh dg hstárhùphrang para rhalmzar9 smd hfkarjg, fu`casvh`hs dgs hd`gdtrafgs quh la lmfmta`mðd fínmà(ya sha mfpgrtadth g fædmfa, ya sha thfpgral gnhdmtmva), mfphnmræa la faygr parth nh las tarhasnhl puhstg nh trakaeg, punmhdng shr rhalfhdthàtalgjang `gfg dg aptg para nm`cg puhstg. Ph`gfplmà aõd fás sm hl panh`mfmhdtg hs `rðdm`gy sakhfgs quh dg sh rhùphrará `gfplhtafhdth`gfg para shr aptg para hl puhstg. Gtra sglu`mðdpgnræa shr hl àfkmg nhl puhstg nh trakaeg, smdhfkarjg hsta fhnmna hs `gdtrgvhrsmal nhkmnga quh fu`cas nh hstas `gdnm`mgdhs fínmàs dgsgd `gdshùhd`mas nh a``mnhdths nh trakaeg ghdbhrfhnan prgbhsmgdal. Pm hl àsg sh tratashnh uda `gdnm`mðd thfpgral quh sh pgnrárhùphrar, hl àfkmg nhl puhstg nh trakaeg shræathfpgral9 smd hfkarjg, hstg fmsfg dg gùrrh `gdaquhllgs àsgs quh sgd `gdnm`mgdhs `rðdmàs ypgsmklhfhdth dg sh rhùphrhd g tgfhd ud tmhfpgprglgdjang para ca`hrlg.

Hl thdhr ud trakaeangr `gd alta fínmà phrg




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al fmsfg tmhfpg dg pgnhr `gdsmnhrarlg aptgpara hl trakaeg, aàrrha `gdshùhd`mas para hltrakaeangr. Hd hstas smtua`mgdhs, al cakhrshàfkmang nh puhstg a phsar nh dg nmsfmdumr surhfudhra`mðd ea, hl `glakgrangr pgnræa nhearnh phr`mkmr la rhfudhra`mðd varmaklh pgr lakgrhshxtras (cgras hxtras, turdgs dg`turdgs g trakaegs

hd zgda rhfgta, ht`.), anm`mgdalfhdth al prgpmghstrís quh mfplmà shr rhtmrang nhl puhstg nhtrakaeg rhjular. _gr gtrg lang, para la hfprhsaaàrrha prgklhfas hl dg gdtar gd ud trakaeangrhdtrhdang para hl puhstg hd ùhstmðd (phrsgdalnh rhhfplazg, urva nh aprhdnmzaeh, hrrgrhs, ht`.),lg ùal sh sufa al prgklhfa nh dg thdhr suksmnmgpgr lg næas quh hl trakaeangr hs `gdsmnhrang`gfg dg aptg y a lgs `gstgs quh mfplmà lgs næasprhvmgs al vmjísmfg næa nh nhsàdsg fínm`g.

@gfg sh puhnh aprh`mar, lgs pudtgs nh grmjhdnh hsth prgklhfa vad nhsnh la aparm`mðd nh udahdbhrfhnan g `gdnm`mðd fínmà nh grmjhd lakgraly dg lakgral9 pgr lg quh las hfprhsas nhkhd nhnhsarrgllar prgjrafas prhvhdtmvgs fuy nhnmàngs

para hvmtar hl mdm`mg nh hdbhrfhnanhs y/g `gdtrglnh las àusas fás `gfudhs nh nhsàdsg fínm`g.

Gtrg grmjhd nhl prgklhfa hs la nms`grnad`manh la àlmà`mðd nh la alta fínmà `lædmà y lavalgra`mðd nh la aptmtun fínmà gùpa`mgdal.Hd hsth asph`tg sh rh`gfhdnaræa quh ùadng

hl fínm`g gùpa`mgdal nhth`th ud trakaeangrhd nhsàdsg fínm`g ngdnh puhna prhshdtarshhsta nms`grnad`ma, sh hdtrhvmsth `gd hl fínm`gtratadth prhvmafhdth al alta (quh pgnræa shrtafkmíd hdvmarlh uda krhvh nhs`rmp`mðd nhlpuhstg nh trakaeg) para hxplmàrlh las hxmjhd`masnh las tarhas nhl puhstg y `gd hsg sh tgfh lafhegr nh`msmðd para hl alta fínmà.

_gsmklhfhdth hstas rh`gfhdna`mgdhs shad`gfplheas nh rhalmzar hd la prá`tmà pgrquh caygtrgs ba`tgrhs quh pgnræad mfphnmr la rhvmsmðd nhàna àsg smd hfkarjg hs mfpgrtadth thdhrlashd ùhdta ùadng sh rhalm`h jhstmðd nh salungùpa`mgdal.

·Quí gbhrta hnuàtmva hdfathrma nh shjurmnan y salun hdhl trakaeg tmhdh la XDM7

^hdhfgs la prmfhra àrrhraprgbhsmgdal nhl _hrõ nh hstaárha5 Mdjhdmhræa hd Cmjmhdh yPhjurmnan Mdnustrmal, la ùal

buh budnana hd 1=:2, ukmàdngal paæs `gfg pmgdhrg hd hstafathrma hd latmdgafírmà.âfkmíd thdhfgs la Fahstræa hdCmjmhdh Gùpa`mgdal, uda nh lasprmfhras fahstræas nh hsta árhahd hl _hrõ.

·@uál hs hl la vhdtaea gfphtmtmvanh la àrrhra hd Mdjhdmhræa hdCmjmhdh y Phjurmnan Mdnustrmalnh la XDM brhdth a gtras gbhrtasquh ya hxmsthd hd hl paæs7

Anhfás nhl pgsm`mgdafmhdtg nh laXDM `gfg lænhr hd la bgrfa`mðd nh

Hdtrhvmsta a5Mdj. Hushkmg [gklhs Jar`æa, Nhàdg nh laBaùltan nh Mdjhdmhræa Afkmhdtal nh laXdmvhrsmnan Da`mgdal nh Mdjhdmhræa ‐XDM



_ Á J


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mdjhdmhrgs hd hl _hrõ y hl idgw cgw nh hstgs asm>? añgs nh hxphrmhd`ma, tafkmíd hstá hl ch`cgnh quh shrá la prmfhra àrrhra nh su tmpg hd shra`rhnmtana adth hl PMDHA@H5 Hl Pmsthfa Da`mgdalnh Hvalua`mðd, A`rhnmta`mðd y @hrtmà`mðd nhla @almnan Hnuàtmva, lg ùal nhfuhstra la altaàlmnan nhl prgjrafa.

·@uál hs hl phrl nh lgs hjrhsangs nh la àrrhrahd Mdjhdmhræa hd Cmjmhdh y Phjurmnan Mdnustrmalnh la XDM7

Hl mdjhdmhrg nh Cmjmhdh y Phjurmnan Mdnustrmalbgrfang hd la XDM, hs ud prgbhsmgdal `gdshdtmng `rhangr, hfprhdnhngr y lænhr, `gdsðlmngs `gdg`mfmhdtgs para shjumr uda lædha nhmdvhstmja`mðd `gdtmdua y suphra`mðd phrsgdal.

·_gnræa ca`hrdgs ud rhsufhd nh la cmstgrma nhla àrrhra7

Nhspuís nh =: añgs nh `rhana la XdmvhrsmnanDa`mgdal nh Mdjhdmhræa, sh `rha la hsph`malmnan nhMdjhdmhræa nh cmjmhdh y Phjurmnan Mdnustrmal hd la

baùltan nh Mdjhdmhræa Afkmhdtal.Hstg a partmr nh quh hl mdjhdmhrg Egrjh Cufkhrtg[umz Kgttg, vmsmgdg quh hsta hs la àrrhra nhlbuturg, y quh nh acæ a udgs añgs las hfprhsasdh`hsmtaræad mdjhdmhrgs nh hsta hsph`malmnan.

Hd 1=:2 hl Mdjhdmhrg Lums Alkhrtg Dgrhs [gfhrg,duhstrg prmfhr hjrhsang nh la hsph`malmnan yalufdg fás àrg nhl _hrõ, hfphzð a hstunmarduhstra àrrhra, nh acæ lh smjumhrgd gtrgsrh`gdg`mngs mdjhdmhrgs, quh acgra hstád hdpuhstgs mfpgrtadths nh nmbhrhdths hfprhsasg hdtmnanhs `gfg hl mdjhdmhrg Euad HnjarngDar`msg @cávhz a`tual Nmrh`tgr Jhdhral nh@almnan Afkmhdtal, g hl mdjhdmhrg Eavmhr Hdrmquh

âmph [geas, @gdsultgr nh Mdjhdmhræa nh Cmjmhdhy Phjurmnan Mdnustrmal h Mdbgrfátmà aplmàna ala Jhstmðd nh [mhsjgs asæ `gfg gtrgs hjrhsangs.

Aljudgs nh duhstrgs prmfhrgs hjrhsangs sgdprgbhsgrhs nhstaàngs hd la baùltan, `gfg lgsya fhd`mgdangs, `gfpartmhdng sus hdshñadzas yhxphrmhd`mas a lgs buturgs mdjhdmhrgs.

Hd hsta hsùhla dg sglg sh bgrfad prgbhsmgdalhs,smdg phrsgdas `gd valgrhs y `gd nmvhrsgs`gdg`mfmhdtgs, hd las ùalhs dgs hdshñad a `ðfghdbrhdtar prgklhfas nmvhrsgs quh hsh prhshdtad,ùrsgs `gfg psm`glgjæa nh la shjurmnan yrhla`mgdhs cufadas, dgs hdshñad `ðfg nhkhfgstratar a las phrsgdas, ya quh sgd la buhdth, lafathrma prmfa prmfgrnmal para rhalmzar lgs trakaegs, y pgr tal shdtmng tmhdh quh cakhr rhsphtg,`gdsmnhra`mðd, sakhrlgs hsù`car, fgtmvarlgs,`gdg`hrlgs kmhd para pgnhr prhvhr aljõd tmpgnh a``mnhdth g md`mnhdth, ya sha pgr sus a`tgs,pgrquh punmhrad hstar pasadng ud fal fgfhdtg.@ursgs `gfg a``mnhdths y shjurmnan, hrjgdgfæa,lhjmsla`mðd mdnustrmal lakgral y trmkutarma, ajhdths

afkmhdtalhs, sadhafmhdtg mdnustrmal, adálmsmsmdstrufhdtal, shjurmnan ranmglðjmà, fhnm`mda nhltrakaeg, bgrfadng asæ ud prgbhsmgdal `gfplhtg,la ùal `gfplhfhdtad aõd fás `gd las prá`tmàsprh y prg prgbhsmgdalhs.

_gr hsg sh puhnh nh`mr quh lgs prgbhsmgdalhssalmngs nh la XDM, sgd prgbhsmgdalhs `gd lgs`gdg`mfmhdtgs hd lgs quh ùalqumhr hfprhsapuhnh `gdtar.

Pm nhsha fás mdbgrfa`mðd sgkrh hsta àrrhra,puhnh mdjrhsar hd hl smjumhdth lmdi5cttp5//www.udm.hnu.ph/smtmg/aànhfm`g/ baùltanhs/afkmhdtal/hsph`malmnanhs.ctfl




_ Á J

Hd`uhdtra las nmbhrhd`mas

Hd`uhdtra 8 a`tgs y `gdnm`mgdhs mdshjuras

> 2



_ Á J


> :

Hl `gd`hptg nh Hrjgdgfæa hd hl _hrõrh`mhdthfhdth hstá aufhdtadng, sh hdùhdtrahd ud hstang nh nhsarrgllg y nmbusmðd. Ph tratanh uda @mhd`ma fultmnms`mplmdarma ùyg mdthrísprmgrmtarmg sh `hdtra hd la salun, shjurmnan ykmhd hstar nh lgs trakaeangrhs. Pmd hfkarjg,hsth gkehtmvg prmd`mpal vmhdh nh la fadg `gd udaufhdtg hd la prgnu`tmvmnan nh la hfprhsa. Hd lgssh`tgrhs fmdhrgs, cmnrgàrkurgs, cad prmgrmzang

hl `gd`hptg nhdtrg nh las árhas nh PalunGùpa`mgdal y Phjurmnan Mdnustrmal, khdh`madngtadtg lgs bud`mgdarmgs `gfg tafkmíd la h`mhd`maùalmtatmva y ùadtmtatmva nh la hfprhsa.

Cgy hd næa hl prmd`mpal gkehtmvg nh las jradnhs yfhnmadas hfprhsas shrá hd hl md`rhfhdtg nh laprgnu``mðd phrg `gdshjumrlg smd abh`tar la salunnhl trakaeangr, y hsg sðlg hs pgsmklh fhnmadthmdthrvhd`mgdhs hrjgdðfmàs, rhalmzadng fhegrastadtg a dmvhl nh puhstg nh trakaeg (H[JGDGFMABMPM@A) `gfg a dmvhl nh smsthfa y grjadmza`mðdnhl trakaeg (H[JGDGFMA G[JADMUA@MGDAL).Lgs rhsultangs nh hstas mdthrvhd`mgdhs sgd udaufhdtg hd hl rhdnmfmhdtg y uda nmsfmdu`mðd hdhl dõfhrg nh hrrgrhs (H[JGDGFMA @GJDM^MRA).Hd gtras palakras, las phrsgdas trakaead fásy sh hqumvgàd fhdgs, puhs hl trakaeg sh caanaptang fhegr al trakaeangr hd lujar nh gklmjaral trakaeangr a anaptarsh a íl.

La rhnu``mðd hd hl dõfhrg nh hrrgrhs vala nmsfmdu`mðd hd la tasa nh md`mnhdths ya``mnhdths jhdhrangs hd la hfprhsa, smhdngudg nh lgs prmd`mpalhs lgjrgs nh la hrjgdgfæa

hs la nmsfmdu`mðd nh a``mnhdths y hdbhrfhnanhslakgralhs. Jhdhradng para hl bud`mgdarmg udafhegra hd su `gfgnmnan, nmsfmdu`mðd nh la batmjapgr `gdshùhd`ma uda fhegra hd su satmsba``mðdlakgral.

Anhfás, hs mfpgrtadth thdhr hd `gdsmnhra`mðdquh ùadtg fás thfpradg sha hl Adálmsms nh lgs[mhsjgs Nmshrjgdðfm`gs, fhdgrhs shrád lgs gstgsy faygrhs lgs khdh`mgs. _gr hsg sh rh`gfmhdnaca`hr la Hrjgdgfæa @gd`hptual quh hs hl Adálmsmsnhl afkmhdth, mdbrahstru`tura y fgkmlmarmg, quhhvalõa y prh nhthrfmda `gd adtm`mpa`mðd fhnmnasnh `gdtrgl adths nh la mdthra``mðd (PCFA) PmsthfaCgfkrh Faqumda Afkmhdth. ] dg la Hrjgdgfæa

@grrh`tmva quh hs ùadng ya cay la mdthra``mðd luhjgpgsmklhs falhstarhs a la salun nh lgs trakaeangrhs yjhdhralfhdth sgd nh altg `gstg, y ya `gd dmvhlhs nhjravhnan y urjhd`ma sgd fás hlhvanas.Hd la a`tualmnan, jra`mas a lgs avad`hs th`dglðjm`gsy la hrjgdgfæa, sh nhkh shr àpaz nh nmshñar

puhstgs adtrgpgfítrm`gs nh trakaeg y smsthfas nhtrakaeg shjurgs y sadgs quh phrfmtad ud fáxmfgrhdnmfmhdtg `gd ud fædmfg hsbuhrzg. _unmhdnglgjrar nh hsta fadhra quh hl trakaeg sha mdthrhsadth,ajranaklh y `gdbgrtaklh, phrfmtmhdng al trakaeangrnhsarrgllar sus àpa`mnanhs, a la vhz la hfprhsathdhr vhdtaeas h`gdðfmà gfphtmtmva hd hl fhràng,lg quh sh ca nhdgfmdang “rhdnmfmhdtg cufadafhdthsusthdtaklh‖.

HL NHPA[[GLLGNH LA H[JGDGFÆA

HD _H[Õ

_ Á J

Eulmada Pmquhmra nh Quhmrgz Pmføhs ^mtular Jhrhdthnh H[JG @GDPXL^MDJ @athnrátmà, Hrjðdgfa,Nmshñangra Mdnustrmal Krasmlhña, Fahstræa hdHrjgdgfæa (Mdjhdmhræa Cufada) y Xsakmlmnan, _X@-[E (_gdtmbæ`ma Xdmvhrsmnan @atðlmà nh [mg nh Eadhmrg,Krasml) esmquhmraOhrjgdsultmdj. gf.ph

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[HRMP^A HP_H@MALMUANA HD PHJX[MNAN ] PALXN HD HL ^[AKAEG

_rhvhd`mgdmsta Hl

@gdtá`thdgs5mdbgOapnr grj ph

Revista El Prevencionista 1era Ed 2015

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