Proyecto Río Sahuaripa

April 20151

Number 74, File 12

Archaeological Investigations in the Río Sahuaripa Region

of Eastern Sonora, Mexico

John Carpenter, Ph.D.

Centro INAH Sonora

The Proyecto Arqueológico Río Sahuaripa y la Sierra Central (Sahuaripa River and Central Mountains

Archaeological Project) of the Centro INAH (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia) Sonora rep-

resents the first systematic archaeological investigation of the Sahuaripa River basin, located in the ex-

treme eastern margins of Sonora (Maps 1 and 2 in Old Pueblo Archaeology bulletin No. 74, File 2 – see

Footnote 2 below). This project encompasses the region between approximately Guaguasari, in the muni-

cipio of Yécora, and where the principal tributary arroyo arises in

the Sierra Madre Occidental, northward to just beyond the Bato-

comachi Ranch, situated at the confluence of the Río Sahuaripa and

Río Yaqui, in the municipio of Sahuaripa. The project area roughly

comprises an area approximately 100 kilometers north to south by

some 50 kilometers east to west (ca. 62 x 31 miles), or a total of

some 5000 square kilometers (1,022 square miles) and includes

portions of the municipios of Arivechi, Bacanora, Sahuaripa and

Yécora.

1 Issue no. 2 for the 2013 membership year. Due to production difficulties this issue was not actually published until 2015.

2 File 2 of this issue contains maps referred to in Dr. Carpenter’s lead article about the Proyecto Arqueológico Río Sahuaripa y

la Sierra Central.

Bulletin of Old Pueblo Archaeology Center Tucson, Arizona

Think about this:

How does eastern Sonora archaeology

relate to that of the U.S. Southwest?

Also in this issue:

Castlehill Country Day School 4th Graders at

the OPEN3 Simulated Excavation............. 10

Upcoming Activities ..................................... 13

Maps to accompany Dr. Carpenter’s article in

this file ........................................ File 2, p. 15

View of northern Mexico’s Sierra Madre Occidental from Matarachi, looking east toward Chihuahua

Old Pueblo Archaeology Number 74, File 1

The primary research objectives include: 1) Reconstruct the cultural-historical occupation of this re-

gion; 2) identify and define the cultural transitions manifest between the Río Sonora and Serrana archaeo-

logical traditions previously defined by Richard Pailes; 3) define the southwestern limits of the Paquimé

(Casas Grandes) interaction sphere; 4) examine the role this region played in regional and long distance

exchange systems; 5) investigate the timing and nature of Opata-Pima interaction and/or intrusions;

6) document late Prehispanic sociopolitical organization; and 7) confirm the possible routes of the earliest

Spaniards to traverse northwestern Mexico as well as document evidence for early seventeenth and

eighteenth century Colonial/Historic period mining and ranching activities.

Geographical and Environmental Setting

The Sahuaripa River valley (see Map 2 in File 2, and photo on this page) is located approximately 300

kilometers (187 miles) south of the Arizona border and lies within what is among some of the most rug-

ged terrain within the Sierra Madre Occidental physiographic province. The valley represents the eastern-

most of the series of parallel basins and ranges that comprise a significant portion of Sonora, and lies at an

average elevation of 650 meters (1,430 ft). In its natural state, the vegetation presents a dense and exuber-

ant Sinaloan thornscrub dominated by various species of acacia and trees such as palo blanco (Ipomea ar-

borescens), guayacan (Guaiacan coulter), and several species of torote (Bursera sp.) along with mesquite

and palo verde, and punctuated by the columnar etcho cactus (Pachycereus pecten-aborignum), with oc-

casional cholla, prickly pear, agave and barrel cactus intermixed. Ascending to the upper elevations of the

Sierra Madre above 1,400 meters (4,593 ft) to the east are woodlands with numerous species of pine, fir,

and oak.

A view of the Río Sahuaripa

April 2015 Old Pueblo Archaeology

Previous Investigations

Both Adolph and Carl Lumholtz offered general observations of the broader project area during the

waning years of the nineteenth and nascent twentieth centuries. However, the first descriptions of archae-

ological remains in the Sahuaripa Basin were provided by the self-described archaeogeographers, Carl

Sauer and Donald Brand, in their pioneering monograph Prehistoric Settlements in Sonora, with Special

Reference to Cerros de Trincheras, where they documented two habitation sites and indicated that this

zone also denoted the southeastern limits of red-on-buff ceramics (the signature ware of southern Arizo-

na’s Hohokam culture) and was located in what they perceived as part of the Río Sonora archaeological

tradition, which had been described a few years earlier by Monroe Amsden.

In the late 1930s, Gordon Ekholm conducted a brief reconnaissance in this region, documenting a total

of nine sites within the valley and extending into the High Sierra to the east, including the two previously

mentioned by Sauer and Brand. Ekholm also carried out limited testing and excavations of structures at

his Site #55. Following a hiatus of 30 years, both Thomas Bowen and William Wasley of the Arizona

State Museum recorded a few sites in the vicinity of Sahuaripa. A decade later, Victoria Dirst and Wil-

liam Doolittle conducted brief visits to the area in association with Richard Pailes’ field project in the Río

Sonora. Also, during this approximate period, Charles Di Peso noted the importance of Sahuaripa with

respect to the long-distance exchange network between the West Mexico/Aztatlán tradition and Paquimé.

Arivechi looking west towards Cerro Cabez n and Los Pilares


According to his reconstruction

(Map 3 in File 2), this same route

served as the routes taken by de

Vaca, de Niza, Coronado and

Ibarra; this route enters the Río

Sahuaripa basin from the headwa-

ters of the Arroyo Cedros to the

south. Di Peso also tried unsuc-

cessfully to persuade Jane Kelley

to undertake research in this re-

gion, which he perceived to be

critical with respect to regional

developments (Jane Kelley, per-

sonal communication, 2013).

Subsequently, Carroll Riley,

utilizing both ethnohistorical data

and the archaeological data ema-

nating from the Río Sonora pro-

ject, proposed the existence of

nine “statelets”; including one

identified as Sahuaripa, although

curiously situated much further to the north in the Bavispe Basin (see Map 4 in File 2).

Additionally, some 40 archaeological sites located within and surrounding the project area are Regis-

tered in the Centro INAH Sonora archives. These include a number of sites recorded during the 1990s as

well as those sites previously recorded.

Preliminary Project Results

Regional reconnaissance (archaeological survey) projects offer the advantage of obtaining a great deal

of information at relatively limited expense, and the first season was certainly successful in this regard.

We were able to create a database that integrated the existing data with the new information documented

in order to construct a preliminary regional culture history; cataloguing settlement types along with their

associated artifact assemblages and the probable social, cultural, and chronological relationships evident

between them. Although the information is as yet somewhat limited within each subregion, in the future

we hope to continue additional regional reconnaissance, along with systematic full coverage pedestrian

surveys with excavations among selected sites in order to explore the dynamics of the social networks

present, community site hierarchies, and those sites pertaining to each archaeological or ethnographic

tradition identified.

Fifteen of the 39 archaeological sites we documented had been previously registered by INAH; how-

ever, 10 of these, primarily in the vicinity of Sahuaripa, had been completely destroyed as a result of con-

struction activities, field-leveling, or raw material extraction. The site inventory (Map 5 in File 2) includes

16 sites with evidence of architectural remains ranging from isolated masonry walls to residential sites

with an identifiable plaza (Mesa Colorada) and a minimum of 20 visible structures (Mesa Colorada and

Buenavista); four rockshelters; six sherd and stone artifact concentrations; two rock art localities; and one

site with several roasting pits and possible pithouses.

Mesa Colorada (site SON L:16:10) (Map 6 in File 2, and Mesa Colorada figure above), situated adja-

cent to Sahuaripa, and Buenavista (SON P:4:2) (Map 7 in File 2 and Buenavista figure on page 5), located

approximately 20 kilometers upriver (south) near the town of Arivechi (see photo on page 3), reflects the

greatest degree of Prehispanic architectural complexity documented thus far, each with more than 20 visi-

ble structures located on the second and third alluvial terraces overlooking the Río Sahuaripa. The Mesa

Colorada site also appears to have a plaza defined on three sides by mounded room-blocks (possibly indi-

Mesa Colorada artifacts and archaeological features


cating two stories), with a dry-laid

cobble wall enclosing the northern

end, situated at the highest third

terrace portion of the mesa. Two

obsidian artifacts were also recov-

ered from Mesa Colorada. At both

sites, structures are indicated by

both single and double cobble

alignments, often with contiguous

rooms evident, and both sites

share the same ceramic types, pro-

visionally designated as Sahuaripa

1 in our type-variety analysis. A

single fragment of a Glycymeris

sp. shell bracelet and eight deli-

cate beads of mother-of-pearl shell

were recovered from the Buena-

vista site along with two tubular

beads of green stone (see photos

below).

At the southern end of the val-

ley, near Onapa, another interesting site with surface architecture and at least two temporal components

was documented (SON P:8:4) (see Map 8 in File 2 and upper left photo on page 6). A Prehispanic compo-

nent consisting of at least 15 structures, primarily indicated by double cobble alignment foundations con-

sistent with those elsewhere in the valley, are situated atop and surrounding a low hill. Interspersed, there

are presumably historic structures composed of much larger foundation rocks and associated with early

historic period majolica from Puebla and an horno feature with scoria. It seems likely that this site repre-

sents the protohistoric pueblo of Onapa where the Santa Rosalia de Onapa mission was established in

1677. Additionally, at the Cañada de la Arena petroglyph site (SON P:8:12) nearby, we documented what

probably represents a Jesuit-style cross (see lower photo on page 6).

Additionally, six sites composed of circular “corralito” rock structures were documented. Four of

these were located within the mixed oak-conifer forest of the high sierra in the vicinity of Matarachi (see

upper left photo on page 7). Artifacts were generally scarce among these sites, but included small grinding

implements and at least one corrugated sherd. Corralito sites were also documented at the Cerrito del

Mortar

Buenavista artifacts and archaeological features

Left, delicate shell beads found at the Buenavista site; right, tubular green stone beads found at Buenavista site;

scale in each photograph is 5 cm (1.97 inches)


Águila (SON L:15:4) site located at the confluence

of the Yaqui and Sahuaripa rivers and at La

Guacamaya (SON P:8:5), another archaeological

site near Onapa.

At El Salto (SON P:8:3) (see upper right photo

on page 7), one of the four rockshelters recorded,

we recovered the partial remains of two individuals

(one male and one female) that had been recently

disturbed by looters. Although ground stone and

flaked stone artifacts were observed, no ceramics

were present.

Lastly, Los Zopoquis (SON P:4:8) reflects a

unique site in comparison with those documented

in the Río Sahuaripa valley. Here, sherd and flaked

stone materials, along with the remains of numer-

ous roasting pits, are distributed over an area of 300

by 300 meters (984 x 984 ft) (see Map 9 in File 2 and lower left photo on page 7). The sherds collected

are all of a light brown ware with a fine paste designated Los Zopoquis. This ceramic type probably

antedates the Sahuaripa 1 type. A Cienega projectile point (see lower left photo on page 7) – a type first

identified in southern Arizona – was collected, suggesting a possible affiliation with an Early Agricul-

tural/Formative period (ca. 800 B.C.E. to 200 C.E.) occupation of the site. It is likely that this projectile

point was manufactured at the site as retouch flakes of the distinctive chalcedony utilized in its manufac-

ture were also present. Artifacts also included a Glycymeris shell fragment.

Discussion

Historic documents indicate that this region was

occupied primarily by Eudeves (also referred to as

Sisibotaris) with Pima Bajos (Nebomes) in both the

southernmost portions of the Sahuaripa river valley

around Onapa (also extending west into the Yaqui

River basin) and in the High Sierra to the east (see

Map 10 in File 2). For example, the Jesuit priest,

Juan Nentvig, identified the Nebome as comprising

the principal parishioners at the Mission of Santa

Rosalía de Onapa, which was established in 1677. In

the early to mid eighteenth century, groups of Jovas

from the Río Aros region of the Sierra Madre were

resettled from Nátora and Teópari to the valley at Sa-

huaripa, Santo Tomás, and Pónida due to the poor

condition and length of the road connecting these

communities, and to frequent Apache raids.

With respect to the archaeological traditions,

there is little doubt given their shared geographical

distributions that a great degree of cultural continuity

exists between the Río Sonora archaeological tradi-

tion and the Opata (collectively subsuming Eudeve,

Teguima, and Jova groups) described by the Span-

iards in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. I

have previously proposed that Río Sonora repre-

Remnants of a structure at the Onapa site

Jesuit cross petroglyph at Cañada de la Arena


sents the northernmost extension of Cahitan-speaking peoples (ancestors of the Mayo and Yaqui) who in-

habited the region between central Sinaloa and the Arizona border region (see Map 11 in File 2). The dis-

tinction between the Río Sonora and Serrana archaeological traditions remains somewhat vague and ill-

defined bearing in mind that the Serrana tradition was initially identified as the Southern, or Alamos

branch, of Río Sonora. In recognizing subtle distinctions evident in their respective ceramic assemblages,

in 2007, Richard Pailes and I agreed upon the term “Serrana.”

The preliminary data suggest that the Sahuaripa Valley settlements, between approximately Tacupeto

and to the Los Tairices site beyond the confluence with the Yaqui River, predominantly reflect cultural

affinities with the Río Sonora tradition and are tentatively dated to between 1200 and 1500+ C.E. The

Onapa site appears to contain an

early phase with architectural

styles associated with Río Sono-

ra/Serrana but with the large cob-

ble structures probably dating to

the protohistoric period associated

with the historically documented

Nebome occupation, and which

may likely be indicative of terri-

torial expansion from the Sierra

Madre uplands.

In regard to sociopolitical

complexity and the concept of

“statelets” proposed by Carroll

Riley and advanced by Bill Doo-

little’s interpretation of the Río

Sonora settlement data, I have

long considered myself among the

ranks of the skeptics, suggesting

in animated but friendly discus-

sions with these esteemed col-

Left, El Datil artifacts and archaeological feature; right, El Salto rockshelter archaeological site

Los Zopoquis artifacts and archaeological features


leagues that, in fact, the settlement data do not support their

proposed site hierarchies but are consistent with a middle-

range, or chiefdom, level of sociopolitico-economic organi-

zation; considering that Mesa Colorada and Buenavista re-

flect the largest residential sites documented within the Sa-

huaripa River basin suggests a settlement pattern consistent

with the Moctezuma Valley (Matt Pailes, personal commu-

nication 2015).

However, it is interesting to note that the early seven-

teenth century Jesuit missionary, Andrés Pérez de Rivas,

first heard of the great cacique (chief) Sisibotari (see photo

at left) while he was establishing missions among the Mayo

(Yoreme) of southern Sonora and northern Sinaloa; in 1614,

Sisibotari solicited Pérez de Ribas to send missionaries to

his people, who reportedly inhabited 70 rancherías. Howev-

er, missionization was delayed until 1627, when the mis-

sionary Pedro Méndez finally arrived and established mis-

sions in Sahuaripa, Arivechi, and Bacanora. This suggests

that these locales fell within the dominion of Sisibotari, and

would, minimally, have included a significant portion of the

Río Sahuaripa valley and extended into the adjacent valley

at Bacanora. Although anecdotal, this would seemingly sug-

gest a more complex level of sociopolitical organization

than has been documented in either the Sonora or Moctezu-

ma River valleys, but remains to be confirmed by additional

settlement data and excavation.

Interestingly, we did not encounter any ceramic types

associated with Paquimé (Casas Grandes), suggesting that

this region remained outside of that interaction sphere. The

few nonlocal artifacts encountered can more likely be at-

tributed to transverse “regional” exchange and are not in-

dicative of the long-distance exchange route linking West

Mexico.

The only evidence we have pertaining to the routes of

the earliest Spaniards remains that of the battle fought by

the Francisco Ibarra expedition and the inhabitants of Zaguaripa in 1654. We also believe that the Mesa

Colorada site fits Baltesar de Obregon’s description and question Di Peso and Riley’s placing its location

further north in the Bavispe Valley. Although, the sites in the Sahuaripa appear to be relatively small, they

are densely distributed and suggestive of a significant number of inhabitants. However, we agree with

Charles Di Peso that Ibarra was most likely following the recognized long-distance exchange route con-

necting West Mexico with Paquimé (as, we suspect, Cabeza de Vaca, Marcos de Niza and Coronado had

followed previously).

Conclusions

Undoubtedly, this little-studied and poorly known region offers archaeological and historical data of

extreme significance and importance for reconstructing the culture history of this portion of the Sierra of

eastern Sonora. The data recovered during the 2014 field season represents a significant advance in our

understanding of the archaeology of the Sahuaripa River valleys and the adjacent regions.

Our preliminary interpretations of the artifacts and site data recovered during the initial field season

represent a significant step in the archaeological investigation of the Sahuaripa River basin and adjacent

Sisibotari, a native Sonoran culture hero


regions and will need to be tested and evalua-

ted through additional regional reconnaissance

with systematic surveys, in conjunction with

testing and limited excavations at selected sites

during future field seasons. To date, we have

documented occupations reflecting an approxi-

mate chronological range of circa 800 B.C.E.

to the nineteenth century. Presently, we will

need an additional season of regional recon-

naissance to conclude this phase of investiga-

tion. Placing the Río Sahuaripa sites within

their broader archaeological context will re-

quire additional site documentation in adjacent

regions, including Bacanora to the west, and

the Nátora, Tarachi, and Matarachi regions

within the high Sierra Madre to the east.

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The Río Sahuaripa

in eastern Sonora, Mexico

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Proyecto Río Sahuaripa

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