Presa de las Tres Gargantas Yangtze Proyecto de las Tres Gargantas La presa en septiembre de 2009La presa de las Tres Gargantas es una hidroelctrica represa que se extiendeporel roYangtzeenlaciudaddeandouping! situadaenYiling"istrito!Yichang !#ubeipro$incia!de%hina& La presadelas Tres Gargantaseslacentral elctricam'sgrandedel mundoentrminosdecapacidadinstalada(22&)00*+,& Lapresaeslasegundam'sgrandequeoperainstalaci-nhidroelctricaentrminosdegeneraci-ndeenergaanual! generando9.!/T+hen20/20.1!2T+hen20/1! mientrasquelageneraci-nanual deenerga de la represa de 3taip4 en 5rasil 0 Paragua0 6ue 9.!1 T+h en 20/2 09.!7 T+h en 20/1 & 8 excepci-n de un ele$ador de barcos ! el pro0ecto de la presa 6ue terminada 0completamente 6uncional a partir del 9 de :ulio de 20/2 cuando el 4ltimo de losprincipales turbinas de agua en la planta subterr'nea se inici- la producci-n&%ada turbina principal de agua tiene una capacidad de 200 *+&;l cuerpo depresa se complet- en 2007& ;l acoplamiento 12 turbinas principales de la presacon dos generadores m's pequen o6 andouping! located in Yiling"istrict!Yichang! #ubei pro$ince! %hina& The Three Gorges "amisthe >orld?slargest po>er station in terms o6 installed capacit0(22!)00 *+,& The dam is thesecond largest operating h0droelectric 6acilit0 in terms o6 annual energ0generation! generating9.&/T+hin20/2and.1&2T+hin20/1! >hiletheannual energ0generationo6 the 3taip4"am in 5razil and Paragua0 >as9.&1T+h in 20/2 and 9.&7 T+h in 20/1& @2A;xcept 6or a ship li6t! the dam pro:ect >as completed and 6ull0 6unctional as o6Bul0 9! 20/2!@1A@9A >henthelast o6 themain >ater turbines intheundergroundplant began production& ;ach main >ater turbine has a capacit0 o6 200 *+&@)A@7A The dam bod0 >as completed in 2007& %oupling the dam?s 12 main turbines>ith t>o smallergenerators ()0 *+ each, to po>ertheplant itsel6!the totalelectric generating capacit0 o6 the dam is 22!)00 *+&@)A@2A@.A8s >ellas producing electricit0! the dam is intended to increase the Yangtze=i$er?sshippingcapacit0andreducethepotential 6or6loodsdo>nstreamb0pro$iding 6lood storage space& The %hinese go$ernment regards the pro:ect asa historic engineering! social and economic success!@9A >ith the design o6 stateCo6CtheCart large turbines!@/0A and a mo$e to>ard limiting greenhousegasemissions&@//A #o>e$er! the dam6looded archaeological and cultural sitesanddisplacedsome/&1 millionpeople! andiscausingsigni6icant ecologicalchanges! includinganincreasedrisDo6 landslides&@/2A Thedamhasbeenacontro$ersial topic both domesticall0 and abroad&@/1AEna gran presa en el ro Yangtze! concebido originalmente por un YatCsen eneldesarrollo internacionalde %hina! en /9/9& @ /) A @ /7 A Fldeclar- que undique capaz de generar 10 millones de caballos de 6uerza (22 G+, 6ue posibleaguas aba:o de las Tres Gargantas & @ /7 A ;n /912! el gobierno nacionalista!liderado por %hiang GaiCsheD ! comenzaron los traba:os preliminares sobre losplanes de las Tres Gargantas& ;n /919! las 6uerzas militares :aponesasocuparonYichang0encuestaronalazona& Endiseasoriginall0en$isionedb0 unYatCsen in The InternationalDevelopment of China! in /9/9&@/)A@/7A #e stated that adamcapable o6 generating 10 million horsepo>er (22 G+, >as possibledo>nstreamo6 the ThreeGorges&@/7A 3n/912! theIationalist go$ernment! ledb0 %hiang GaiCsheD! began preliminar0 >orD on plans in the Three Gorges& 3n/919! Bapanese militar0 6orces occupied Yichang and sur$e0ed the area& 8design! the Htani plan! >as completed 6or the dam in anticipation o6 a Bapanese$ictor0 o$er %hina&%omposici-n 0 dimensiones @ editar A*odelo de la presa de las Tres Gargantas buscando ascendente! muestra elcuerpodelapresa(centroizquierda,! el $ertedero(enmediodel cuerpodepresa, 0 el ele$ador de barcos (a la derecha,&;conoma @ editar A;l gobierno estima que el pro0ecto de la presa de las Tres Gargantas costara/.0 mil millones de 0uanes (E J 22&) mil millones,& @ 22 A 8 6inales de 200.! elgasto haba alcanzado /9. 17) 000 000 0uanes! de los cuales 797/1 millonesde 0uanes 6ueron gastados en la construcci-n! 7.&))2 mil millones de 0uanesen la reubicaci-n de los residentes a6ectados! 0 /)/9) millones de 0uanes en6inanciamiento& @ 2. A e estima que el costo de la construcci-n se recuperar'cuando la presa ha generado /&000 tera$atiosChora (1&700 PB, de electricidad!produciendo 2)0 mil millones de 0uanes& e espera una recuperaci-n total delos costos queseproduzcadiez aash! and transport the coal6rom northern %hina&Krom2001to2002! po>er productionequaledthat o6 .9 milliontonneso6standard coal! reducing carbon dioxide b0 /90 million tonnes! sul6ur dioxide b02&29 million tonnes! and nitrogen oxides b0 9.0!000 tonnes&@7)AThe damincreased the Yangtze?s barge capacit0 six6old! reducing carbondioxide emission b0 710!000 tonnes& Krom 2009 to 2002 a total o6 /9. milliontonnes o6 goods passed through the ship locDs& %ompared to using trucDing!bargesreducedcarbondioxideemissionb0ten milliontonnesandlo>eredcosts b0 2)L&@7)AErosion and sedimentation@editAT>o hazards are uniquel0 identi6ied >ith the dam&@77A Hne is that sedimentationpro:ections are not agreed upon! and the other is that the dam sits on a seismic6ault&8t current le$els! .0Lo6 thelandintheareaisexperiencingerosion!depositing about 90 million tons o6sediment into the Yangtze annuall0&@72A 5ecause the 6lo> is slo>er abo$e the dam! much o6 this sediment >ill no>settlethereinsteado6 6lo>ingdo>nstream! andthere>ill belesssedimentdo>nstream&The absence o6 silt do>nstream has three e66ectsM ome h0drologists expect do>nstreamri$erbanDs to become more$ulnerable to 6looding&@7.A hanghai! more than /!700 Dm(990 mi, a>a0! rests on a massi$esedimentar0 plain& The Narri$ing siltTso long as it does arri$eTstrengthensthebedon>hich hanghai is built&&& theless thetonnageo6 arri$ingsediment the more $ulnerable is this biggest o6 %hinese cities toinundation&&&N@79A 5enthic sediment buildup causes biological damage and reducesaquatic biodi$ersit0&@20AEarthquakes and landslides@editA;rosion in the reser$oir! induced b0 rising >ater! causes 6requentma:or landslides that ha$e led to noticeable disturbance in the reser$oir sur6ace!includingt>oincidentsin*a02009>hensome>herebet>een20!000and)0!000cubicmetres(27!000and7)!000 cu 0d, o6 material plungedintothe6looded +uxia Gorge o6 the +u =i$er&@2/A 8lso! in the 6irst 6our months o6 20/0!there >ere 92 signi6icant landslides&@22Aaste management@editAOigui %ount0 seat source>ater protection areain *aopingTo>n! a6e>Dmupstream o6 the damThe dam catal0zed impro$ed upstream >aste>ater treatmentaround %hongqing and its suburban areas& 8ccording to the *inistr0 o6;n$ironmental Protection! as o6 8pril 2002 more than )0 ne> plants could treat/&.9 milliontonnesper da0! 7)Lo6 thetotal need& 8bout 12land6ills>ereadded! >hichcouldhandle2!779&) tonneso6 solid>astee$er0da0&@21A H$erone billion tons o6 >aste>ater are released annuall0 into the ri$er!@72A >hich >asmore liDel0 to be s>ept a>a0 be6ore the reser$oir >as created& This has le6t the>ater looDing stagnant! polluted and murD0&@22A!orest co"er@editA3n/992the Three Gorgesareahad /0L6orestation! do>n6rom20Linthe/9)0s&@72A=esearchb0the EnitedIations Koodand8gricultureHrganization researchsuggested that the 8siaCPaci6ic region >ould! o$erall! gain about 7!000 squareDm o6 6orest b0 200.& That is quite a turnaround 6rom the /1!000 square Dm netloss o6 6orest each0ear in the /990s& The mainreasonis %hina?s hugere6orestation e66ort& This accelerated a6ter the /99. Yangtze =i$er6loods con$inced the go$ernment that it must restore tree co$er! especiall0 inthe Yangtze?s basin upstream o6 the Three Gorges "am&@29Aildli#e@editA%oncernsabout thepotential >ildli6e impacto6 the"am predate the IationalPeople?s %ongress?s appro$al in /992&@2)A This region has long been Dno>n 6orits rich biodi$ersit0& 3t is home to 7!1.. species o6 plants! >hich belong to 21.6amilies and /)0. genera& H6 these plant species! )2 percent are endangered&@27A Theserarespecies arealso usedas ingredients in traditional %hinesemedicines&@22A 8lread0! the percentage o6 6orested area in the region surroundingthe Three Gorges "am has dropped 6rom t>ent0 percent in /9)0 to less thanten percent as o6 2002!@2.A negati$el0 a66ecting allplant species in this localit0&Theregionalsopro$ideshabitatstohundredso6 6resh>ater andterrestrialanimal species&@72A Kresh>ater 6ish are especiall0 a66ected b0 dams due tochanges in the >ater temperature and 6lo> regime& *an0 other 6ish are hurt inthe turbine blades o6 the h0droelectric plants as >ell& This is particularl0detrimental to the ecos0stem o6 the region because the Yangtze =i$er basin ishome to 17/ di66erent 6ish species and accounts 6or t>ent0Cse$en percent o6 allendangered6resh>ater 6ishspeciesin%hina&@29A Hther aquaticspeciesha$ebeen endangered b0 the dam! particularl0 the 5ai:i! or the %hinese =i$er"olphin!@72A no> extinct& 3n 6act! Go$ernment %hinese scholars e$en claim thatthe Three Gorges "am directl0 caused the extinction o6 the 5ai:i&@.0AH6 the 1!000 to 9!000 remaining criticall0 endangered iberian %rane! a largenumbercurrentl0spendthe>interin>etlandsthat >ill bedestro0edb0theThree Gorges "am&@./AThe dam contributed to the 6unctional extinction o6the 5ai:i Yangtze ri$er dolphin& Though it >as close to this le$el e$en at the starto6 construction! the dam 6urther decreased its habitat and increased ship tra$el!>hichareamongthe6actors causing>hat >ill beitsultimatedemise& 3naddition! populations o6 the Yangtze sturgeon are guaranteed to be Nnegati$el0a66ectedN b0 the dam&@.2AKloods! agriculture! industr0@editA8n important 6unction o6 the dam is to control 6looding! >hich is a ma:or problem6or the seasonal ri$er o6 the Yangtze& *illions o6 people li$e do>nstream o6 thedam! >ith man0 large! important cities liDe +uhan! Ian:ing! and hanghaisituated ad:acent to the ri$er& Plent0 o6 6arm land and %hina?s most importantindustrial area are built beside the ri$er&The reser$oir?s 6lood storage capacit0 is 22 cubic Dilometres(/.!000!000 acreP6t,& This capacit0 >ill reduce the 6requenc0 o6 ma:ordo>nstream 6looding 6rom once e$er0 ten 0ears to once e$er0 /00 0ears& Thedam is expected to minimize the e66ect o6 e$en a NsuperN 6lood&@.1A@.9A 3n /9)9 theri$er 6looded /91!000 Dm2 (29!)/. sq mi,! Dilling 11!/79 people and 6orcing/.!..9!000 people to mo$e& The 6lood co$ered +uhan! a cit0 o6 eight millionpeople! 6or o$er three months! and the Bingguang =ail>a0 >as out o6 ser$ice 6ormore than /00 da0s&@.)A The /9)9 6lood carried )0 cubic Dilometres (/2 cu mi, o6>ater& Thedamcouldonl0di$ert the>aterabo$e%hengling:i! lea$ing10to90 Dm1 (2&2 to 9&7 cu mi, to be di$erted&@.7A 8lso the dam cannot protect againstsome o6 the large tributaries do>nstream! includingthe Qiang! Oishui! Yuanshui! Lishui! #anshui! and the Gan&3n /99. a 6lood in the same area caused billions o6 dollars in damageR2!019 Dm2 (2.2 sq mi, o6 6arm land >ere 6looded& The 6lood a66ected more than2&1 million people! Dilling /!)27&@.2A3n earl0 8ugust 2009! the largest 6lood in 6i$e 0ears passed through the damsite& The damlimited the >ater 6lo>to less than 90!000 cubic metres()2!000 cu 0d, per second! raising the upstream >ater le$el 6rom /9)&/1 metreson 8ugust /! 2009! to /)2&.. on 8ugust .! 2009& 9&22 cubic Dilometres o6 6lood>ater >ere captured and the ri$er 6lo> >as cut b0 as much as /)!000 cubicmetres per second&@97AThe dam discharges its reser$oir during the dr0 season bet>een "ecember and*arch e$er0 0ear&@..A This increases the 6lo> rate o6 the ri$er do>nstream! andpro$ides6resh>ater 6or agricultural andindustrial usage& 3t alsoimpro$esshippingconditions& The>ater le$el upstreamdrops6rom/2) mto/9) m!@.9A preparing 6or the rain0 season& The >ater also po>ers the Gezhouba "amdo>nstream&ince the 6illing o6 the reser$oir in 2001! the Three Gorges "am has supplied anextra // cubic Dilometres o6 6resh >ater to do>nstream cities and 6arms duringthe dr0 season&@90A"uring the 20/0 outh %hina 6loods! in Bul0! in6lo>s at the Three Gorges "amreached a peaD o6 20!000 m1Ss (2!)00!000 cu 6tSs,! exceeding the peaD duringthe /99. Yangtze =i$er Kloods& The dam?s reser$oir rose nearl0 1 m (9&. 6t, in29 hours and reduced the out6lo> to 90!000 m1Ss (/!900!000 cu 6tSs, indischargesdo>nstream! e66ecti$el0alle$iatingseriousimpactsonthemiddleand lo>er ri$er&@9/A@92AHtros e6ectos @ editar A%ultura 0 esttica @ editar ALos 700 Dm (120 millas, de largo embalse inund- unos /&100 sitiosarqueol-gicos 0 alter- la apariencia de las Tres Gargantas! 0a que el ni$el delagua subi- m's de 100 pies (9/ m,& @ //) A Las reliquias culturales e hist-ricosest'nsiendotrasladadosazonasm'saltas! 0aquesedescubren! perolainundaci-n cubri- ine$itablemente reliquias descubiertas& 8lgunos sitios no sepodanmo$er debidoasulocalizaci-n! tama'n tratar' de destruir la presa pro$oc- unaairada respuesta de la parte continental de los medios de comunicaci-n chinos&Popular deLiberaci-ndel ;:rcitogeneral LiuYuan6uecitadoenel %hinaYouth "ail0 diciendo que la =ep4blica Popular de %hina sera Nseriamente enguardia contra amenazas de la independencia de Tai>'n terroristas N& @ //. A3ntegridad estructural @ editar A"as despus del primer llenado del embalse! se obser$aron alrededor de .0grietas en la estructura de la presa& @ //9 A @ /20 A @ /2/ A Las compuertas del$ertederosumergidasdelapresapodrasuponer unriesgodeca$itaci-n!similar a la que daereobser$ed in the dam?s structure&@//9A@/20A@/2/A The submerged spill>a0 gates o6 thedam might pose a risD o6 ca$itation! similar to that >hich se$erel0 damaged thepoorl0designedandca$itatingspill>a0so6 the Glen%an0on"am intheEstateo6 8rizona! >hich>asunabletoproperl0>ithstandthe %oloradori$er6loods o6 /9.1&@/22A #o>e$er /71!000 concrete units o6 the Three Gorges dam allpassed qualit0 testing and the de6ormation >as >ithin design limits& 8n expertsgroup ga$e the pro:ect o$erall a good qualit0 rating&@/21AEpstream dams@editA3norder tomaximizetheutilit0o6 theThreeGorges"amandcut do>nonsedimentation6romthe Binsha=i$er! upstreamo6 theYangtze=i$er be6orereaching Yibin in ichuan! authorities plan to build a series o6 damsdo>nstream o6 Binsha! including +udongde "am!5aihetan "am! along >ith theno> completed Qiluodu! and Qiang:iaba dams& The total capacit0 o6 those 6ourdams is 1.!)00 *+!@/29Aalmost double the capacit0 o6 the Three Gorges&@/2)A 5aihetan is preparing 6or construction and +udongde is seeDinggo$ernment appro$al& 8nother eight dams are in the midstream o6 the Binshaand eight more upstream o6 itName: Liz SantacruzSuperlatives in verbsAdjective Comparative Superlative Translateangry angrier angriest enfadado, enojadobad worse worst malobig bigger biggest grandebitter bitterer bitterestamargo, resentido, agrioblack blacker blackest negrobland blander blandest sosobloody bloodier bloodiest sanguinolentoblue bluer bluest deprimidobold bolder boldest audazbossy bossier bossiest mandnbrave braver bravest valientebrief briefer briefest brevebright brighter brightest brillante, luminosobroad broader broadest ancho, ampliobusy busier busiest ocupado, ajetreadocalm calmer calmest tranquilocheap cheaper cheapest baratochewy chewier chewiest correoso, gomosochubby chubbier chubbiest rechonchoclassy classier classiest eleganteclean cleaner cleanest limpio, sanoclear clear clearest claro, despejadoclever cleverer cleverest listo, ingeniosoclose closer closest cercacloudy cloudier cloudiest nubiadoclumsy clumsier clumsiest torpecoarse coarser coarsest spero, groserocold colder coldest frocool cooler coolest frescocrazy crazier craziest lococreamy creamier creamiest cremosocreepy creepier creepiestespeluznante, repugnantecrispy crispier crispiest crujientecruel crueler cruelest cruelcrunchy crunchier crunchiest crujientecurly curly curliestrizado, crespo, quebradocurvy curvier curviest curvocute cuter cutest monodamp damper dampest hmedodark darker darkest oscuro, morenodeadly deadlier deadliest mortal, mortferodeep deeper deepest profundodense denser densest densodirty dirtier dirtiest suciodry drier driest secodull duller dullestaburrido, soso, tonto, romodumb dumber dumbest estpidodusty dustier dustiest polvorientoearly earlier earliest pronto, tempranoeasy easier easiest faclfaint fainter faintestleve, tenue, vago, ligerofair fairer fairestclaro, sereno, recto, justofancy fancier fanciest lujosofar furtherfarther furthestfarthest lejos, distantefast faster fastest rpidofat fatter fattest gordofew fewer fewest pocosfierce fiercer fiercest fiero, encarnizadofilthy filthier filthiest aaqueroso, obscenofine finer finest finofirm firmer firmest firme, estrictofit fitter fittest apto, en formaflaky flakier flakiest desconchadoflat flatter flattest llano, liso, planofresh fresher freshest fresco, nuevo, originalfriendly friendlier friendliestagradable, amable, amistosofull fuller fullest lleno, completofunny funnier funniest gracioso, curioso, rarogentle gentler gentlesttierno, afectuoso, suavegloomy gloomier gloomiestoscuro, abatido, decadogood better best buenogrand grander grandestgrandioso, ambicioso, impotentegrave graver gravest gravegreasy greasier greasiest grasientogreat greater greatest grande, genialgreedy greedier greediestgoloso, codicioso, vidogross grosser grossestasqueroso, grosero, crasoguilty guilter guiltiest culpablehairy hairier hairiest velludo, peludohandy handier handiestprctivo, til, habilidoso, ma!osohappy happier happiest feliz, contento, alegrehard harder hardest duro, difcilharsh harsher harshest spero, durohealthy healthier healthiest sano, saludableheavy heavier heaviestpesado, grueso, fuerte, durohigh higher highest alto, elevado, agudohip hipper hippest modernohot hotter hottestcaliente, caluroso, picantehumble humbler humblest humildehungry hungrier hungriest hambrientoicy icier iciest helado, froitchy itchier itchiest picajuicy juicier juiciestjugoso, zumoso, suculentokind kinder kindestamable, ben"volo, cari!osolarge larger largest grandelate later latesttarde, restrasado, recientelazy lazier laziest perezosolight lighter lightest ligero, clarolikely likelier likeliest probablelittle littler littlest peque!o, pocolively livelier liveliest animado, vivolonely lonlier lonliest solitariolong longer longest largoloud louder loudest fuerte, altolovely lovelier loveliest precioso, bello, lindolow lower lowest bajomad madder maddestenfadado, enojado, locomean meaner meanestmalo, mezquino, taca!omessy messier messiestsucio, desordenado, desastrosomild milder mildest afable, suave, levemoist moister moistest hmedonarrow narrower narrowest estrecho, escasonasty nastier nastiestasqueroso, desagradablenaughty naughtier naughtiest malo, travieso, picantenear nearer nearest cercano, pr#imoneat neater neatestordenado, aseado, pulcroneedy needier neediest necesitadonew newer newestnuevo, fresco, reciente, modernonice nicer nicestsimpatico, agradable, buenonoisy noisier noisiest ruidoso, clamarosoodd odder oddest raro, e#tra!ooily oilier oiliest grasiento, aceitosoold olderelder oldesteldest viejo, anciano, antiguoplain plainer plainest claro, sencillopolite politer politest educado, cort"spoor poorer poorest pobrepretty prettier prettiest bonito, lindo, hermosoproud prouder proudestorgulloso, soberbio, dignopure purer purest puroquick quicker quickest rpidoquiet quieter quietest tranquillo, silenciosorare rarer rarest raroraw rawer rawest crudo, agrietadorich richer richest rico, abundanteripe riper ripest maduro, curadorisky riskier riskiest arriesgado, peligrosoroomy roomier roomiest espaciosorough rougher roughestspero, tosco, bruto, roncorude ruder rudestmaleducado, grosero, toscorusty rustier rustiest o#idadosad sadder saddesttriste, lamentable, penososafe safer safest segurosalty saltier saltiest saladosane saner sanest cuerdo, sensatoscary scarier scariest espantoso, asustadizoshallow shallower shallowestsuperficial, poco profundosharp sharper sharpestafilado, cerrado, agudoshiny shinier shiniest brillante, relucienteshort shorter shortest corto, bajo, chaparroshy shyer shyest tmidosilly sillier silliest tontosimple simpler simplest sencillo, simple, faclsincere sincerer sincerest sincero, genuinoskinny skinnier skinniest flacosleepy sleepier sleepiest adormilado, so!olientoslim slimmer slimmest delgado, finoslimy slimier slimiestviscoso, pegajoso, empalagososlow slower slowest lentosmall smaller smallest peque!osmart smarter smartestlisto, inteligente, agudosmelly smellier smelliest apestososmoky smokier smokiest humeante, ahumadosmooth smoother smoothestliso, suave, llano, fluidosoft softer softest blando, suavesoon sooner soonest prontosore sorer sorest doloridosorry sorrier sorriest lamentablesour sourer sourest agrio, cidospicy spicier spiciestpicante, especiado, sazonadosteep steeper steepestempinado, pronunciadostingy stingier stingiesttaca!o, rcano, raquticostrange stranger strangestraro, e#tra!o, desconocidostrict stricter strictest estricto, rgidostrong stronger strongestfuerte, slido, intenso,marcadosunny sunnier sunniest soleado, radiantesweaty sweatier sweatiest sudorososweet sweeter sweetest dulcetall taller tallest altotan tanner tannest bronceado, morenotasty tastier tastiestrico, sabroso, apetitosothick thicker thickestgrueso, denso, espeso, pobladothin thinner thinnest delgado, finothirsty thirstier thirstiest sedientotiny tinier tiniest diminuto, minsculotough tougher toughestfuerte, resistente, duro, difciltrue truer truestcierto, verdadero, leal,fielugly uglier ugliest feowarm warmer warmestcaliente, templado, clidoweak weaker weakest d"bil, flojowealthy wealthier wealthiest rico, pudienteweird weirder weirdest raro, e#tra!owet wetter wettestmojado, hmedo, lluviosowide wider widestancho, amplio, e#tensowild wilder wildestsalvaje, silvestre, descontroladowindy windier windiest ventosowise wiser wisestsabio, sensato, prudenteworldly worldlier worldliest mundano, terrenoworthy worthier worthiest virtuoso, dignoyoung younger younges jovenName : Andrs Gonzlez Superlatives - the best, worst, most, & leastverviewIn general, there are three ways to compare nouns: the comparison of equality (as...as), the comparison of inequality (more/less than), and the superlative (the most/least). This reference describes the last form of the comparisons, superlatives, how to form it, and when to use it.Superlatives withAdjectivesSuperlatives indicate the maximum amount of an adjective, usually described as "the most" or "the least" of something. To form the superlative in Spanish, you will use a formula very similar to that of comparisons of inequality except that you will use the defnite article.el/la + menos + adjective + de (least of) ORel/la + ms + adjective + de (most of) Mi hermano es la persona menos responsable de la familia. (My brother is the least responsible person of the family.) Mi madre es la ms inteligente de la familia. (My mother is the most intelligent person of the family.)For adjectives that have single word comparisons (mal - peor, grande - mayor, etc.), you do not need to use ms or menos.el/la + adjective + de Mi padre es el mayor de sus hermanos. (My father is the oldest of his brothers.) Esta pelcula es la mejor de todas. (This movie is the best of all of them.)Comparison Superlative mayor older el/la mayor the oldestmayor bigger/larger el/la mayor the biggest/largestmenor younger el/la menor the youngestpeor worse el/la peor the worstmejor better el/la mejor the bestShort SuperlativesYou can also form a superlative by adding -simo(s) or sima(s) to an adjective and even some adverbs. This can translate to mean very, really, extremely, super, or any other ultimate word youcan think of. Esa comida es buensima! (This food is the best!) Estoy encantadsimo. (I am extremely delighted.) Las chicas all son bellsimas. (Those girls over there are really beautiful.) Los abogados estan ocupadsimos. (The lawyers are super busy.) Llegaste tardsimo! (You arrived super late!) Caminas despacsimo. (You walk extremely slowly.)Irregular SuperlativesBelow you will fnd a chart of the most common irregular adjectives when it comes to the simo/asuperlatives.Adjective Superlativecmico funny comiqusimo hilariousblanco white blanqusimo bright whitefresco fresh fresqusimo super freshlargo long largusimo very longamargo bitter amargusimo really bitterantiguo old antiqusimo very oldagradable nice agradabilsimo super nicefeliz happy felicsimo extremely happycaliente hot calentsimo really hotAlso adjectives which end in -ble tend to change to -bil- in the base before adding -simo. agradable agradabilsimo amable amabilsimo notable notabilsimo miserable misirabilsimoMany qualitative adjectives that have an /r/ in their last syllable do not always take the -simo/-sima ending, but instead replace the fnal -r with -rrimo/-rrima. acre acrrimo clebre celebrrimo libre lebrrima msero misrrimo salubre salubrrimaThe sufx usually changes to -csimo/csima when the adjective ends in an -n, -dor, -or. inferior inferiorcsimo habladorhabladorcsimo joven jovencsimo