POR SER MUJER - MARCELLA ZUB CENTENO - PORTALGUARANI

7/23/2019 POR SER MUJER - MARCELLA ZUB CENTENO - PORTALGUARANI

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ESLC_Ebrjc``b \uo Jcatcah y _hsb`ob E. Dbrby ZtnbafMub _db

_cdfstrh ic jbshsic vfh`cajfb caCajbrabjfa

[H_ZC_

Mub _Cajbrabjf


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[H_ ZC_ ESLC_. _cdfstrhs ic jbshs ic vfh`cajfb ca Cajbrabjfa.

ESLC_Ebrjc``b \uo Jcatcah y _hsb`ob E. Dbrby ZtnbafMub _db

Cajbrabjfa, ahvfceorc ic ?;;6

_cdfstrh ic jbshs

ic vfh`cajfb caCajbrabjfa

[H_ZC_


4/44

?

Mub _db ?;;6


Cifjfa>:>Jhrrch c`cjtrafjh< hadmuabrhdbKdebf`.jhe

Nfjgb ofo`fhdrjb;;/;; ca `b jfuibi ic Ca-jbrabjfa. Ca ?;;7, ca c` ebrjh ic b prfecrbnbsc ic cstc prhycjth sc rcb`fz `b sfstceb-zbjfa ic `hs jbshs ic vfh`cajfb rcjfofihs ca

c` ?;;4 y ca cstb scduaib pbrtc sc prhjcifb `b sfstcebzbjfa ic` ?;;7, ba`fsfs ic `bfanhrebjfa y rcsueca ic `hs prfajfpb`cs rc-su`tbihs y hoscrvbjfhacs ic beohs bhs.

Jha cstb puo`fjbjfa phacehs b ifsphsfjfaic `hs rcncrcatcs `hjb`cs c fastujfhab`cs cs-ths rcsu`tbihs quc phira scr thebihs jhehfasueh pbrb eclhrbr c` rcdfstrh ic jbshs icvfh`cajfb, jha uab efrbib ic `b rcb`fibi, qucifecasfhac j`brbecatc c` prho`ceb y sfrvb

pbrb `b ùjgb jhatrb `b vfh`cajfb gbjfb `bs eu-lcrcs.

@bs fastujfhacs quc bphrtbrha sus rcdfstrhspbrb cstb favcsdbjfa sha< c` Zcrvfjfh icSrdcajfb ic` Ghspftb` _cdfhab`, c` Luzdbihic [bz, `b [h`fjb Abjfhab` (jhefsbrbs 2, ?,36, 2;> y ?72), c` Efafstcrfh [o`fjh (sjb-`b) y b Jhasclcrb euafjfpb` phr hs icrcjghsic `bs eulcrcs (Jhiceu), thibs ic `b jfuibiic Cajbrabjfa.

Bspcjths dcacrb`cs ic `becthih`hdb

C` holcvh p`batcbih ca `b favcsdbjfa nucrcjhahjcr c` afvc` ic rcdfstrh ic jbshs icvfh`cajfb jhatrb `bs eulcrcs ca c` eofth ih-

Mub _dbcs uab hrdbafzbjfa ncefafstb quctrboblb ca Cajbrabjfa icsic 2667. Catrcssus prfajfpb`cs holcvhs sc cajucatrba `bprhehjfa y `b cxfdfof`fibi ic` juep`fefcathic `hs icrcjghs ic `bs eulcrcs. Sab vfib `f-orc ic thib nhreb ic vfh`cajfb cs ua icrcjghosfjh y c`cecatb` pbrb thibs `bs eulcrcs.

Cajbrabjfa cs b jbpftb` ic Ftbpb, uah ic hsicpbrtbecaths quc jhajcatrb `b ebyhr ics-fdubìbi ic` pbs< cac hs ifstrfths ic ebyhrjrcjfefcath ca trefahs ic fadrcsh pcr jbpf-tb y, b `b vcz, `hs es phorcs, dcacrbaih uajhatrbstc shjfb` quc cvficajfb `b orcjgb icicsfdubìbi cxfstcatc ca c` pbs.

@bs rc`bjfhacs ic phicr catrc gheorcs yeulcrcs tbeofa icahtba `b icsfdubìbicxfstcatc y ah cs blcab b `b ic` rcsth ic` pbs;;/;; jhatrb`b vfh`cajfb ihesjb. Cstb puo`fjbjfa prc-

tcaic scr uab gcrrbefcatb pbrb ifvcrshs e-ofths ic `b shjfcibi.

Cstb favcsdbjfa sc rcb`fzb ca c` ebrjh ic`prhycjth Eulcrcs phr `b Yrbasnhrebjfa ?,quc ``cvb bic`batc Mub _dbjha c` bphyhic` Nhaih ic Icsbrrh``h ic `bs Abjfhacs Saf-


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>

Mub _db ?;;6

esjh, phr pbrtc ic fastujfhacs po`fjbscajbrdbibs ic btcaicr`b.

C` prfecr pbsh nuc ficajbr b `bs fastujfh-acs rcsphasbo`cs, jhanhrec `hs ebaibths`cdb`cs, sb`vh `b Jhiceu quc ah jucatb jhauab ho`fdbjfa `cdb` ca `b btcajfa ic jbshs

ic vfh`cajfb ihesjb, pcrh rcjfoc y hrfcatbb eulcrcs quc jhajurrca b cstb fastujfapbrb c` cncjth. [brb `b hotcajfa ic `b fanhr-ebjfa sc rcb`fz ua ifrcjthrfh ic ibths icjhatbjth y pcrshabs ic rcncrcajfb ca jbibfastujfa.

Ca c` jbsh ic` Ghspftb` _cdfhab`, `bs jhefsb-rbs y c` Luzdbih ic [bz, sc jhat jha `b bu-thrfzbjfa pbrb ``cdbr b `bs nucatcs prfebrfbsic rcdfstrh< c` `forh ic ifbdasjh ic` ghs-

pftb`, `hs `forh ic ahvcibics y icauajfbs ic`bs jhefsbrfbs y `hs cxpcifcatcs y `forhs iccatrbib ic` Luzdbih ic [bz. C` prhjcifefca-th jhasfs ca c` ba`fsfs y cvbùbjfa ic `hsfastruecaths ic rcdfstrh ifsphafo`cs ca `bsfastujfhacs, b a ic jhastrufr uab obsc icibths jhanhrec b vbrfbo`cs, quc nucrha sfstc-ebzbibs phr ecs y bh.

@bs prfajfpb`cs vbrfbo`cs tcafibs ca jucatbnucrha `b cibi ic `bs vjebs, c` vaju`h jha

c` bdrcshr, c` ph ic vfh`cajfb y `bs ecifibsbihptbibs phr `b buthrfibi.

Ca b sjb`b y b Jhiceu ah nuc phsfo`c bjjc-icr b `bs nucatcs ic rcdfstrh, phr `h quc nuc-rha `bs prhpfbs pcrshabs rcsphasbo`cs ic `bsfastujfhacs qufcacs bphrtbrha ibths c fanhr-ebjfa, ehvh phr c` jub` ah sc jucatb jhaibths sujfcatcs shorc b`duabs vbrfbo`cs, afnuc phsfo`c bep`fbr `b fanhrebjfa prhvcib.

@b fanhrebjfa hotcafib ca jbib fastujfa,

prfecrbecatc, nuc bab`fzbib ic nhreb scpb-rbib jhanhrec b `bs vbrfbo`cs ecajfhabibs,``cdbaih b prfajfpb`cs rcsu`tbihs quc ùcdhnucrha jhanrhatbihs catrc `b fanhrebjfabphrtbib phr `bs htrbs fastujfhacs. Ic cstcprhjcsbefcath sc cxtrblcrha `hs prfajfpb`csrcsu`tbihs ic` cstuifh.

Zfa iuibs, b cstbisjb cs ua c`cecath j`bvcpbrb c` ifsch ic ph`jbs po`fjbs bicjub-ibs y bjhrics b `bs acjcsfibics ic `b pho`b-jfa y, ca cstc jbsh, ic `bs eulcrcs prfajfpb`-ecatc. Csth fep`fjb quc c` rc`cvbefcath icibths y `b prhiujjfa ic fanhrebjfa sha ua

cs`boa fephrtbatc pbrb c` jheobtc jhatrb`b vfh`cajfb gbjfb `bs eulcrcs.

Ca cstc scaih, `b biefafstrbjfa ic `b fanhr-ebjfa, icsic su rcjh`cjjfa, ushs y c` bj-jcsh b c``b, sha bspcjths quc ca cstc trboblhsc qufcrca p`batcbr jheh ebtcrfbs pcaifca-tcs phr pbrtc ic `b fastujfhab`fibi po`fjb.Ifabefzbr c` bjjcsh b `b fanhrebjfa po`f-jb, catcaifih jheh ua icrcjgh jfuibibah,cs htrh ic `hs icsbhs quc `b shjfcibi icoc

fastb`br batc `bs ifncrcatcs fastujfhacs p-

o`fjbs, pbrb quc sc jhavfcrtb ca uab nhrebpcrebacatc ic rctrhb`fecatbr `b rcb`fibi yeclhrbr `b btcajfa ic `b pho`bjfa.

[brb Mub _db, `b c`fefabjfa ic `b vfh`ca-jfb gbjfb `b eulcr cs ua bspcjth nuaibecatb`pbrb `hdrbr uab shjfcibi lustb pbrb thibs `bspcrshabs. Ca csc scaih, `bs rc`bjfhacs icphicr catrc gheorcs y eulcrcs cs uab tbrcbquc rcqufcrc ic uab prhnuaib trbasnhreb-jfa, pbrb quc, suebib b htrbs bjjfhacs c

fastujfhacs, sc pucib c`fefabr c` bdc`h ic`b vfh`cajfb jhatrb `bs eulcrcs, j`brb eucstrbic boush ic phicr ic uab rc`bjfa icsfdub`.

Nfabècatc, rcsu`tb j`bvc rcsb`tbr quc c` jhe-obtc b `b vfh`cajfb cs tbrcb ic thihs y thibsca b shjfcibi. Ca csc scaih, c` cstbih ca sucsjb`b `hjb`, `b euafjfpb`fibi, icoc juep`frua pbpc` nuaibecatb` jheh fastujfa esjcrjbab b `b dcatc y jha btrfoujfhacs cspcj-jbs. [hr c``h cs qufca jucatb jha ebyhrcs

phsfof`fibics y eclhrcs jhaifjfhacs ic `fic-rbr, dcrcajfbr y icsbrrh``br p`bacs, prhdrbebsy prhycjths ca nhreb brju`bib jha thihs hsscjthrcs, quc jhatrfouyba b crrbifjbr `b vfh-`cajfb jhatrb `bs eulcrcs.


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FF. @b vfh`cajfb jhatrb `bseulcrcs

gheorc c fepcifih c` bic`bath p`cahic `b eulcr?.

@b vfh`cajfb jhatrb `bs eulcrcs cathajcs,jhastuyc uah ic `hs hostju`hs pbrb b`jba-zbr `b fdubìbi ic dacrh y sc ebafcstb icnhrebs ifsatbs ca jbib ju`turb, shjfcibi,y druph guebah, ictcrefabib tbeofa phrnbjthrcs jheh `b jhaifjfa cjhaefjb, `b ct-afb, `b cibi, `b hrfcatbjfa scxub`, `b ifsjbpb-jfibi, `b abjfhab`fibi, `bs jrccajfbs rc`fdfh-sbs, catrc htrhs.

[hr `h tbath, phicehs faifjbr quc `b vfh`ca-jfb ic dacrh cs bquc``b vfh`cajfb obsbib ca`b nb`tb ic fdubìbi catrc gheorcs y eulcrcs,cs uab nhreb ic ifsjrfefabjfa phr ehvhic scxh y ic dacrh quc fagfoc scrfbecatc bphsfof`fibi ic `bs eulcrcs ic ifsnrutbr ic sus

icrcjghs y `focrtbics dbrbazbihs phr `b `cyshorc `b obsc ic `b fdubìbi.

[brb phacr a b `b vfh`cajfb jhatrb `bs eulc-rcs cs acjcsbrfh ficajbr `bs jbusbs quc `bhrfdfaba, bs jheh `hs cncjths quc stb prh-iujc. B` rcspcjth, sc gba rcb`fzbih ifvcrsbsfavcsdbjfhacs icsic ifsatbs pcrspcjvbs,catrc c``bs, c` ncefafseh, `b jrfefah`hdb, cìcsbrrh``h, `hs icrcjghs guebahs, `b sbùipo`fjb y `b shjfh`hdb. Ic c``bs gba surdfih

ifvcrsbs cxp`fjbjfhacs. Zf ofca ifcrca ca `bfephrtbajfb quc bsfdaba b `hs ifsaths nbj-thrcs faifvfiub`cs y shjfb`cs ca `b cxp`fjbjfa

? Icj`brbjfa shorc `b C`fefabjfa ic `b ^fh`cajfb jha-

trb `b eulcr, bihptbib phr `b Bsbeo`cb Dcacrb` ic `bs

Abjfhacs Safibs phr _cshùjfa 97/2;9 ic` ?; ic if-

jfceorc ic 266:.

2. @b vfh`cajfb jhatrb`bs eulcrcs, ua ebrjhjhajcptub`

Icsic `b ijbib ic `hs scscatb ca c` sfd`h pb-sbih, c` ehvfefcath ncefafstb gb sftubih c`prho`ceb ic `b vfh`cajfb jhatrb `bs eulcrcsjheh ua prho`ceb ic hrica pbtrfbrjb`, shjfb`(ah pbrju`br) y po`fjh (ah prfvbih), y gbcxfdfih ecifibs y ph`jbs po`fjbs phr pbr-tc ic hs Cstbihs pbrb phacr a b cstc ph icvfh`cajfb. @b [`btbnhreb ic Bjjfa ic Ocflfadscb`b quc>:/;2.Nuc bprh-obih phr `bs Abjfhacs Safibs c` 24 ic lu-`fh ic 2667. Ca ` sc cstbo`cjc uab Jhrtc[cab` Fatcrabjfhab` pcrebacatc pbrb luz-dbr vfh`bjfhacs b icrcjghs guebahs, cs-tbo`cjfib ca ebrzh ic ?;;? ca `b jfuibiic @b Gbyb ([bscs Oblhs). C` Cstbtuth ic_heb nhreb pbrtc ic ua bvbajc trbsjca-

icatc ca b ujgb jhatrb b fepuafibi< `hsCstbihs gba jhfajfifih quc `hs jrecacspfjbihs sha `hs es drbvcs y icocagbjcrsc `hs ebyhrcs csnucrzhs pbrb qucah qucica fepuacs. Csths jrecacs oblhjhepctcajfb ic b Jhrtc [cab` Fatcrabjfh-ab` sha c` dcahjfifh, `hs jrecacs ic `csbguebafibi (bscsfabths e`p`cs, ics-bpbrfjfhacs, thrturbs, vfh`bjfa, ceobrb-zh nhrzbih, ctj.), `hs jrecacs ic ducrrb(vfh`bjfhacs drbvcs b` icrcjgh fatcrab-

jfhab` guebaftbrfh) y `b bdrcsfa fatcrab-jfhab`.

C` Cstbtuth ic `b Jhrtc [cab` Fatcrabjfhab`cs ua fastruecath quc rcsphaic b uabbicjubib pcrspcjvb ic dacrh< ca `b -pfjbjfa ic `hs jrecacs ic `csb guebaf-

ibi y `hs jrecacs ic ducrrb bpbrcjca `bvfh`bjfa, `b csj`bvftui scxub`, `b prhstu-jfa nhrzbib, c` ceobrbzh nhrzbih, `b cstc-rf`fzbjfa nhrzbib y htrhs boushs scxub`csic drbvcibi jhepbrbo`c.

C` Cstbtuth jhatcep`b ecifibs cspcjfb`cs

pbrb bjhepbbr cjbzecatc `bs cxfdcajfbsic favcsdbjfa y calufjfbefcath ic ic`f-ths jhatrb `bs eulcrcs< `b sjb`b, jrcbib cavfrtui ic` Cstbtuth, tcair pcrshabs cspc-jfb`fstbs ca vfh`cajfb scxub` y vfh`cajfb phrrbzhacs ic dacrh. Fdubècatc, `b scjrctb-rb ic` Yrfouab` tcair uab icpcaicajfb icvjebs y tcsdhs jha pcrshab` cspcjfb`f-zbih pbrb btcaicr b bs vjebs ic gcjghsrc`bjfhabihs jha ic`fths ic vfh`cajfb scxub`(jn. brt. 9? y 9:).

9. ^fh`cajfb ca c` eofthnbef`fbr y vfh`cajfbihestfjb

Yrbs `b prcscatbjfa ic `b prho`cejb ic `bvfh`cajfb jhatrb `b eulcr ca ifsaths eof-ths, sus jbusbs, su jhadurbjfa jheh vfh`b-jfa ic `hs icrcjghs guebahs ic `b eulcr, `brcsphasbof`fibi ic` Cstbih ca `b prcvcajfa,

prhtcjjfa y sbajfa, ahs jcatrbrcehs cauab nhreb ic vfh`cajfb jhatrb `b eulcr, jhehcs `b vfh`cajfb quc sc icsbrrh``b icatrh ic`druph nbef`fbr h ca c` eofth ihesjh.

@b @cy 2>;;/;; ca c` brju`h 2 ifsphac quc`b vfh`cajfb ihesjb sc ib phr `csfhacs,eb`trbths sfjhs, psqufjhs h scxub`cs phrpbrtc ic b`duah ic `hs fatcdrbatcs ic` druphnbef`fbr, quc jheprcaic c` hrfdfabih phr c`pbrcatcsjh, ca c` ebtrfehafh h uafa ic gc-

jgh, buaquc guofcsc jcsbih b jhavfvcajfb y,ca c` supucsth ic pbrclbs ah jhavfvfcatcs, y`hs gflhs, scba h ah jheuacs.

Cs fephrtbatc icstbjbr, quc `b vfh`cajfb ih-esjb ah sh`h pucic tcacr jheh vjebsb `bs eulcrcs, sfah b jub`qufcr fatcdrbatc ic`


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druph nbef`fbr, sfa ceobrdh, b `hs holcths ic`b prcscatc favcsdbjfa, sc thebr ca juca-tb s`h `b vfh`cajfb sunrfib phr `bs eulcrcs,sfcaih sths `hs jbshs es jheuacs, b jbusbic b ju`turb bairhjatrfjb rcfabatc ca aucs-trb shjfcibi.

[bsbaih b bab`fzbr jeh sc jhadurb `b vfh-`cajfb ihesjb ca tbath ic`fth, vcehs qucpucic scr prhvhjbib phr eb`trbth sfjh, ps-qufjh h scxub`. C` eb`trbth sfjh cs c` ic esnjf` pcrjcpjfa, pucs `bs scjuc`bs pucicascr ahthrfbs b sfep`c vfstb h phr ifbdasjheifjh.

@b ahthrfcibi ic` eb`trbth psqufjh cs essu`, icofih b quc cs uab jucsa fatcrab ic`b pcrshab y, bices, `b vjeb ic eb`trbths

psqufjhs, caic b bsuefr`hs jheh uab jucs-a ahreb` c fajùsh jhrrcjtb. Zha `hs y `bsprhncsfhab`cs ic `b psfqufbtrb y `b psfjh`hdbqufcacs eclhr prcpbrbibs y prcpbrbihs cs-ta pbrb ficajbr cstc ph ic eb`trbth.

C` eb`trbth scxub` bih`cjc ic ua prho`cebsfef`br, b` pcrtcacjcr b` eofth aeh ic`b pcrshab, ahrebècatc, qufca `h sunrc `hgbjc ca sf`cajfh ca `b fepcrjcpof`fibi quc`c orfaib `b shjfcibi.

[brb quc cstbs nhrebs ic vfh`cajfb scba ih-esjbs icoca scr rcb`fzbibs phr fatcdrba-tcs ic` druph nbef`fbr, catcaifih stc jha c`jhajcpth shjfh`dfjh ic nbef`fb, ca quc ahs`h cst jhastufib phr `hs pbrfcatcs, sfahphr thibs `bs pcrshabs quc jhastuyca uaaj`ch shjfb` quc, phr su rcrbjfhabefcath, sccajucatrba uafibs ic nhreb cstrcjgb, yb scbphr pbrcatcsjh, bncjth h b`da htrh ehvh.

Cs fephrtbatc `b bj`brbjfa ic `b `cy quc `b

vfh`cajfb clcrjfib phr c` ebrfih h c` jhaju-ofah, buaquc gbyb jcsbih `b jhavfvcajfb c

fajùsh sf prhvfcac ic `b pbrclb ah jhavfvfca-tc, sfduc sfcaih vfh`cajfb ihesjb, cs icjfr,quc sc sfduc catcaifcaih icatrh ic` eofthnbef`fbr phr es quc ah cxfstb jhavfvcajfb.

C` Jifdh [cab`, `cy 22>;/64, pfjb `b vfh-`cajfb ihesjb. @b @cy :99;/67 ehifj

pbrjfbècatc cstc jifdh. Ca cstb ehifjb-jfa tbeofa sc rcb`fzbrha jbeofhs ca c` phpcab` ic vfh`cajfb ihesjb, cstbo`cjfih cac` brju`h ??6, c` jub` quci rcibjtbih bs,>

26,?

Luzdbih Nfsjb`fb Dhocrabjfa

Jhajf`fbjfa [sfjh`hdb Htrhs

Drjh 2

Ca ?;;7 `hs ibths s`h bphrtba ua c`cecathes, quc gbjc b `hs prhjcifefcaths bihp-tbihs ca jbib jbsh. Cs bs, quc sc vfsfof`fzbic` drjh quc batcjcic, quc `b ebyhrb ic`hs jbshs, cs icjfr, ua :3,2% sha ``cvbihs b `bjhajf`fbjfa batc nuajfhabrfhs y nuajfhabrfbsic `b prhpfb fastujfa. Cstc prhjcifefcathcs euy jucshabih icsic gbjc vbrfhs bhs,yb quc pbrtc ic` prfajfpfh ic quc sc jhajf-`fba phsturbs h ficbs, sc rcb`fzba trbasbjjfh-

acs pbrb ``cdbr b bjucrihs. Zfa ceobrdh, cacsths jbshs ic vfh`cajfb cxfstc uab vjeb yua bdrcshr quc ah sc cajucatrba ca p`bahic fdubìbi, y juyb vfh`bjfa ic icrcjghs ahpucic scr holcth ic trbasbjjfa h jhajf`fb-jfa, quc pcreftb fepuafibi pbrb c` bdrcshry pbrb `b vjeb jhaaubr ca jhaifjfhacs icvuàcrbof`fibi.

Ghspftb` _cdfhab` ic

CajbrabjfaCa `b Jhastujfa ic 266? sc jhasficrb `b sb-ùi jheh ua icrcjgh ic thihs `hs gboftbatcsy sc cstbo`cjc quc c` Zfstceb Abjfhab` ic Zb-ùi clcjutbr6).

@b @cy 2;:?/6> jrc c` Zfstceb Abjfhab` ic

Zbùi, c` jub` cac phr ab`fibi prfehrifb`prcstbr scrvfjfhs b thibs `bs pcrshabs icebacrb cquftbvb, hphrtuab y cjfcatc, sfaifsjrfefabjfa ic afaduab j`bsc, ecifbatcbjjfhacs ic prhehjfa, rcjupcrbjfa y rc-gbof`ftbjfa (jn. brt. :) B trbvs ic` efseh sccstbo`cjca jhacxfhacs fatcrfastujfhab`cs cfatcrscjthrfb`cs jhajcrtbibs (brt. ?).

C` Ghspftb` _cdfhab` cs `b fastujfa es fe-phrtbatc ca `b sbùi po`fjb ic Cajbrabjfa.

@b `cy cajhefcaib b thihs `hs jcatrhs icsbùi `b nuajfa ic prhtcdcr `b sbùi ic `bsvjebs, ibr`cs btcajfa urdcatc, hthrdbr c`trbtbefcath acjcsbrfh phr prhncsfhab`cs fi-achs, ifsphacr `hs cxecacs pcracatcs y `bicrfvbjfa ic` h `b pbjfcatc b fastujfhacscspcjfb`fzbibs. C` prhncsfhab` quc bcaic bpcrshabs bncjtbibs phr `b vfh`cajfb ihes-jb icoc catrcdbr jhpfb ic` ifbdasjh tbathb` pbjfcatc h `b pbjfcatc jheh b` Luzdbih ic[bz, icatrh ic `bs vcfajubtrh ghrbs (jn. brt.

:, @cy 2>;;/;;).

@b nuajfa quc `b `cy `cs cajhefcaib ah tcr-efab ca `b btcajfa y prhtcjjfa ic `b sbùiic `bs vjebs. Jheh bdcatc po`fjh cs bpthpbrb rcjfofr `b icauajfb y rcefr`b b` Luzdb-ih ic [bz pbrb quc sc theca `bs ecifibs icprhtcjjfa, ousjbaih cvftbr c` pcrcdrfablc ic`bs vjebs phr ifvcrsbs fastujfhacs sfa ca-jhatrbr rcspucstb. Bsfefseh, fatcatb ibr jc-`crfibi y cjbjfb b `b btcajfa b `bs vjebs,

b trbvs ic uab btcajfa fatcdrb`.

C` Ghspftb` jucatb jha btcajfa `bs vcfa-jubtrh ghrbs pbrb cecrdcajfbs, phr `h quc `bbtcajfa b `b sbùi cs ca jfcrtb nhreb bjjc-sfo`c, ah bs c` if`fdcajfbefcath ic `b icaua-jfb, pucs ahrebècatc ah cs trbeftbib batcc` Ghspftb`.


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??

Mub _db ?;;6

Cs bs quc c` Ghspftb` _cdfhab` ic Cajbrab-jfa sc caebrjb ca uab ic `bs fastujfhacscajbrdbibs ic orfaibr scrvfjfhs b thih uaicpbrtbecath (Ftbpb), y icpcaic ic` Ef-afstcrfh ic Zbùi [o`fjb y Ofcacstbr Zhjfb`(EZ[OZ). B` efseh jhajurrca ca prhecifh

:;; pcrshabs ifbrfbecatc, gbjfcaih ush ic`hs scrvfjfhs ic jhasu`thrfhs, buxf`fbrcs, prf-ecrhs buxf`fhs, fatcrabjfa, catrc htrhs. Ics-ic gbjc trcs bhs, cstc Ghspftb` sc cajucatrbicsjcatrb`fzbih, `h jub` pcreftc biefafstrbr`hs rcjurshs `hjb`cs pbrb `b jhocrturb ic b`-duahs dbsths hpcrbvhs. Ecifbatc rcshù-jfhacs efafstcrfb`cs rebibs ca hs èhsecscs ic ?;;7:- `b fep`cecatbjfa drbiub`y prhdrcsfvb ic `b drbtufibi ca `hs scrvfjfhsic sbùi cs ua gcjgh9.

C` Ghspftb` jucatb jha ua Icpbrtbecath icCstbisjbs, ihaic sc sfstcebzba ca obsc bua jhash`fibih ic ibths prc cstbo`cjfih `bfanhrebjfa rcdfstrbib ca `bs ifvcrsbs btca-jfhacs y trboblhs ca c` Ghspftb`. Eujgbs eu-

lcrcs, vjebs ic vfh`cajfb rcjurrca b` Ghs-pftb` ca ousjb ic buxf`fhs eifjhs, yb quccs c` afjh ghspftb` po`fjh ic Cajbrabjfa.@hs jbshs ic vfh`cajfb sha rcdfstrbihs ca ua`forh ic Ifbdasjh, jha ghlbs nh`fbibs b`

jub` s`h cac bjjcsh c` eifjh ic dubrifbca c` rcb ic [rfecrhs Buxf`fhs. Ca cstc @forhsc bsfcatba bices ibths ic pcrshabs qucsunrca bjjficatcs ic trasfth h sha bdrcifihsphr tcrjcrhs ca `b vb po`fjb, ca dcacrb`, c`jrftcrfh u`fzbih cs quc sha jbshs, quc ca uanuturh pucica h ah, rcqucrfr ic ua ifbdas-jh b cncjths luifjfb`cs phstcrfhrcs.

Jbib ghlb ic` `forh cst ifscbib jha jubtrhtces quc c` eifjh icoc fr jhep`ctbaih. C`

: _cshùjfa A :>: ic` ?4 ic ahvfceorc ic ?;;7 y b

_cshùjfa A 29; ic` :; ic scptfceorc ic ?;;6.

9 Bjtubècatc, sha scrvfjfhs drbtufths< jhasu`tb ca thibs

`bs cspcjfb`fibics, btcajfa hihath`dfjb, pbrth ahreb`

h jcsrcb, scrvfjfhs buxf`fbrcs pbrb `bs eulcrcs ceobrb-

zbibs (ba`fsfs `bohrbthrfb`, cjhdrbnb), fatcrabjfa, jfru-

dbs y cstuifhs buxf`fbrcs pbrb `bs pcrshabs fatcrabibs.

Cst tcrjcrfzbib `b rbifhdrbnb y thehdrbnb, y sc pbdba

`hs trbs`bihs ca beou`bajfb y ifbdastfjhs eifjhs.

prfecrh ic c``hs cs `b bahtbjfa ic `b ncjgb,ficaibi ic b pcrshab quc rcjurrc, su ifrcj-jfa y aheorc ic su bjhepbbatc. Icspussc rcdfstrba `hs gcjghs= qu bjhatcjf h ju`nuc `b jbusb ic su ``cdbib b` Ghspftb`, qufacs `b pcrshab faifjbib phr `b vjeb jheh

bdrcshr h bdrcshrb. Cstbs prcduatbs icpca-ica ic` nuajfhabrfh h b nuajfhabrfb ic turah,y su rcspucstb ah cs ho`fdbthrfb. Ca htrh tce,c` eifjh h `b eifjb gbjc ua ifbdasjhcspcjfjbaih c` cstbih ic sbùi ic `b vj-eb y, phr èh sc rcdfstrb `bs faifjbjfhacseifjbs.

Cstc csquceb ic rcdfstrh cs pbrb thihs `hsjbshs, ah s`h pbrb hs ic vfh`cajfb fatrbnbef-`fbr. C` prho`ceb cajhatrbih b` ehecath ic

bab`fzbr cstbs bahtbjfhacs, cs `b csjbsb fanhr-

ebjfa quc orfaiba, `hs y `bs prhncsfhab`csic `b sbùi rcdfstrba `hs jbshs s`h supcr-jfbècatc, h iclba vbrfhs tces sfa jhep`c-tbr, `h jub` dcacrb ua vbjh b` ehecath icsfstcebzbr `b fanhrebjfa phr pbrtc ic` Ic-pbrtbecath ic Cstbisjb, y j`brh, b hs cncj-ths ic cstb favcsdbjfa. Sab vcz sfstceb-zbihs `hs ibths phr Cstbisjbs, `hs efsehsah juep`ca htrh a quc fr b` brjgfvh, csth cs,`b fanhrebjfa prhiujfib ah cs u`fzbib pbrb

`b theb ic icjfsfhacs cstrbtdfjb.Z`h sf b pbjfcatc h rcqufcrc ca c` ehecath,`hs y `bs prhncsfhab`cs cxpfica c` jcrjbihh ifbdasjh eifjh. Zf ah, pbrb bjjcicr b ìcoc sh`fjftbrsc phr vb luifjfb` h b`da prhnc-sfhab` ic` icrcjgh icoc rcb`fzbr bs dcshacspbrb su hotcajfa. Zf c` jcrjbih cs sh`fjf-tbih ca c` ehecath, ah cac jhsth b`duah,sfa ceobrdh, sf cs icspus, c` Ghspftb` jhorbD. 2;.;;; (ifcz ef` dubrbacs), cqufvb`catc b

SZI ?,;; (ihs i`brcs becrfjbahs). Cstb csuab jhastbatc y trbasdrcic `b `cy 2>;;/;;,quc scb`b quc b fastujfa ic sbùi po`fjbicoc< catrcdbr jhpfb ic` ifbdasjh b` pb-jfcatc y b` Luzdbih ic [bz quc jhrrcsphaib,icatrh ic `bs vcfajubtrh ghrbs (brt. :).


25/44


C` Ghspftb` ah jucatb jha btcajfa ifncrca-jfb af jha pcrshab` jbpbjftbih pbrb btcaicrb eulcrcs vjebs ic vfh`cajfb. Rufcacs rc-jurrca phr csths jbshs b` Ghspftb` caca cèfseh trbtbefcath quc `bs htrbs pcrshabsquc b`` rcjurrca, bdubriba ca `b efseb sb`b

quc uab pcrshab bjjficatbib, h quc qufca`c iuc`c `b jboczb h vfcac pbrb uab jurbjfa.Ca ?;;?, c` Ghspftb` jhatbob jha uab Safibiic hrfcatbjfa b vjebs ic vfh`cajfb ca cèbrjh ic` icsbrrh``h ic `b _ci ic Jcatrhs icfafjfbvbs y icsbrrh``h pbrb `b eulcr (_ci Jf-ice), sfa ceobrdh, stb ah tuvh jhaaufibi.Icsic gbjc es ic jfajh bhs ah sc gb prh-ehvfih `b jbpbjftbjfa b` pcrshab` ic sbùiquc bcaic b eulcrcs vjebs ic vfh`cajfb3,`b ebyhrb ic `bs pcrshabs bsfdabibs b cstb

tbrcb ghy ah nucrha jbpbjftbibs af scasfof`f-zbibs ca c` bohriblc ic cstc prho`ceb, h qucdcacrb, eujghs jbshs ic rc vfjefzbjfa.

Jheh sc gb faifjbih, c` Ghspftb` _cdfhab` icCajbrabjfa cs uab rcncrcajfb pbrb c` icpbr-tbecath ic Ftbpb. Ca ?;;4 jcrjb ic` 7;% ic`bs pcrshabs quc jhajurrfcrha pbrb btcajfaeifjb phr jbshs ic vfh`cajfb crba ic `b jfu-ibi ic Cajbrabjfa, y c` ?;% ic htrhs ifstrf-ths ic` icpbrtbecath.

Ca c` `forh ic Ifbdasjhs ic` Ghspftb`, scrcdfstrba hs jbshs rcjfofihs ca urdcajfb iha-ic `bs vjebs sha gheorcs, eulcrcs, afhs,afbs, y pcrshabs biu`tbs ebyhrcs. B pcsbric quc c` eifjh ic dubrifb, cajbrdbih icjhep`ctbr c` `forh, cac `b ho`fdbjfa ic ``c-abr c` nhreu`brfh h ebtrfz cstbo`cjfih, stcca `b ebyhrb ic `hs jbshs heftc jhep`ctbrthihs `hs ibths rcqucrfihs, `feftaihsc b sc-b`br c` scxh ic `b pcrshab quc rcjurrc, su

cibi y su prhjcicajfb, pcrh ah bs `b rc`bjfacatrc b vjeb y b pcrshab faifjbib jheh bbdrcshrb, cs icjfr, ca c` :7% ic `hs jbshs ahsc jucatb jha ibths shorc b rc`bjfa cxfstca-tc catrc `b vjeb y c` bdrcshr.

3 Ybephjh cxfstc ca `b bjtub`fibi jhavcafh b`duah nfr-

ebih jha fastftujfa po`fjb h prfvbib quc trboblc `b

tcetfjb.

[hr cstc ehvh, cs ifjf` ictcrefabr sf `hsjbshs rcdfstrbihs jheh bdrcsfa phr tcrjc-rhs sc jhadurba ca c` eofth ihesjhh ah. Cxfstc uab drba jbaibi ic vjebsgheorcs, jbsf fdub` h ebyhr quc c` aecrhic eulcrcs, sfa ceobrdh, b` faibdbr ic qufa

prhvfcac `b bdrcsfa ca csths jbshs, ahs gc-ehs pcrjbtbih quc ca su ebyhrb prhvfcacic htrhs gheorcs jhahjfihs ic `b vjeb, csicjfr, quc sc trbtb ic bdrcsfa sfjb blcab bèofth nbef`fbr (pc`cbs jb``clcrbs, ifsturofhsca eofths po`fjhs, ctj.).

Ca `hs jbshs rcdfstrbihs ihaic `b vjeb cseulcr y sc jucatb jha ibths shorc su rc`b-jfa jha c` bdrcshr h bdrcshrb, sc jh`fdc qucc` 32% prhvfcac ic pcrshabs rcdfstrbibs

jheh jhahjfihs, vcjfahs, befdhs, catrchtrhs. [hirbehs jhajùfr quc ca csths jbshsah cxfstc vfh`cajfb ihesjb, sfa ceobrdh,phicehs cstbr batc jbshs ihaic `bs pcrsh-abs cajbrdbibs ic jhep`ctbr `hs ibths rcdfs-trba jheh jhahjfihs b` cx ahvfh, cx jhaju-ofah, nbef`fbrcs bacs jheh ycrahs, aucrbs,jubihs, ctj. Cs phr csh quc sc gbjc acjcsb-rfh quc c` Ghspftb` rcdfstrc jha es prcjfsfa`hs ibths, prfajfpbècatc, `b rc`bjfa catrcvjeb y bdrcshr h bdrcshrb, ictcrefabih

ic cstb nhreb juaih sc cst batc jbshs icvfh`cajfb ca c` eofth ihesjh.

Ic csths jbshs ihaic sc jhahjc `b rc`bjfajha c` bdrcshr, c` :>% prhvfcac ic `bs pbrc-

lbs< csphshs, ebrfihs h ahvfhs, `h quc jha-reb `b ju`turb pbtrfbrjb` y ic ihefabjfab quc gcehs gcjgh rcncrcajfb, ca ihaic c`gheorc jhasficrb quc cac c` icrcjgh h `bbuthrfibi abturb`fzbib shjfbècatc ic clcr-jcr ihefabjfa b trbvs ic `b vfh`cajfb b sus

pbrclbs.@b ebyhr jbaibi ic eulcrcs vjebs icvfh`cajfb rcdfstrbibs phr c` Ghspftb` sc ca-jucatrba catrc `hs 27 y ?6 bhs ic cibi(:6%), scdufibs ic eulcrcs catrc ?6 y :6(?4%). Zf suebihs `hs ibths ic `bs eulcrcsecahrcs ic 9; bhs, rcprcscatba c` 7;% ic


26/44

?9

Mub _db ?;;6

Cibi ic `bs vjebs ca phrjcatblcs

ecahric 27

27 b ?7 ?6 b :6 9; b 96 3; b 36 >;y es

93

9;

:3

:;

?3

?;

23

2;

3

;

`hs jbshs. Cstbehs batc eulcrcs lvcacs quccsta sfcaih vjebs ic vfh`cajfb jhastbatcphr pbrtc ic sus pbrclbs.

Drjh ?

@bs jhefsbrbs iba btcajfa pcrebacatc `bsvcfajubtrh ghrbs, phr `h quc cs c` rdbahes bjjcsfo`c ca `b rcjcpjfa ic `bs icaua-jfbs y `b prhtcjjfa rpfib y cncjvb. [hr `hdcacrb`, y ca c` ebrjh ic cvbùbjfhacs ic `b`cy 2>;;/;;, sc gb scb`bih rcftcrbibecatc

quc `hs cncjvhs ph`fjfb`cs ic `bs jhefsbrbsah sfceprc iclba jhastbajfb csjrftb ic `b ic-auajfb, s`h h gbjca jubaih c``hs h jrcca ac-jcsbrfh, thebaih jheh uab nbju`tbi `h quc `b`cy cstbo`cjc jheh ho`fdbjfa, h jubaih cxfs-tc fastbajfb ic `b vjeb ca iclbr p`bsebibsu icauajfb. Ca `b ebyhrb ic `hs jbshs, `bsjhefsbrbs icrfvba ifrcjtbecatc b `b vjebb `b Nfsjb`b h Luzdbih ic [bz (jn. Dbd`fbrihac_fvbrh`b, s/n).

@bs pcrshabs vjebs ic vfh`cajfb quc rc-

jurrca b uab Jhefsbrfb sha rcjfofibs phr c`pcrshab` ic dubrifb, quc ca b ebyhrb ic hsjbshs, ah cst jbpbjftbih af scasfof`fzbih carc`bjfa b cstb prho`cejb. @b ebyhrb ic`bs jhefsbrfbs ah rcdfstrb fanhrebjfa shorcjbpbjftbjfhacs rcb`fzbib b sus nuajfhabrfhs ynuajfhabrfbs, pcrh c` tceb ic `b vfh`cajfb ih-esjb nhreb pbrtc ic` jurrju`h ca su nhr-ebjfa bjbiefjb.

Bjtubècatc sc gb jrcbih ca Cajbrabjfa

`b Jhefsbrb ic `b eulcr, c` gheorc y `b nb-ef`fb vjebs ic vfh`cajfb ihesjb. Cstbfastujfa orfaib scrvfjfh cspcjfb`fzbih b`bs vjebs ic vfh`cajfb ihesjb>, pcrh ahnuc holcth ic cstb favcsdbjfa, phrquc surcjfcatc jrcbjfa fepfic quc ba pucib scrbab`fzbihs su fepbjth. Cs fephrtbatc icstb-

> @hs bdcatcs ph`fjfb`cs cajbrdbihs sha cspcjfb`fstbs ca

hrica po`fjh y btfcaica `bs icauajfbs jhatrb pbrtfju-

`brcs y tbeofa `hs rcj`behs phr nb`tb ic btcajfa ic

htrbs jhefsbrbs, luzdbihs ic pbz h fastftujfhacs qucicofcaih prcstbr bsfstcajfb b `b pcrshab bncjtbib ah `h

gbyba gcjgh. @b jhefsbrb cspcjfb`fzbib jucatb tbe-

ofa jha trcs prhncsfhab`cs psfj`hdbs quc orfaiba `b

bsfstcajfb, c` bphyh y b hrfcatbjfa psfjh`dfjbs acjcsb-

rfb b `bs vjtfebs y b `hs bdrcshrcs. @b nuajfa prfajfpb`

ic cstc tfph ic jhefsbrbs, b trbvs ic su nuajfhabrfbih

cspcjfb`fzbih, cs ousjbr `b rcciujbjfa ic` bdrcshr y `b

phtcajfbjfa ic `b buthcstfeb ic `b vjtfeb pbrb cvftbr

`b rcfajficajfb h rcpctfjfa ic `hs gcjghs ic vfh`cajfb.

[h`fjb Abjfhab`

@b [h`fjb Abjfhab` icoc juep`fr jha `hs jh-ecihs cstbo`cjfihs ca c` brju`h : ic `b@cy 2>;;/;; jhatrb `b vfh`cajfb ihesjb.Ca prfecr trefah `b `cy ifsphac quc `hs nua-jfhabrfhs y `bs nuajfhabrfbs ph`fjfb`cs icoc-ra cajbrdbrsc ic buxf`fbr b `b vjeb quc sccajucatrc ca pc`fdrh, clcrjfcaih uab nuajfaprcvcavb. Ca su nuajfa rcprcsfvb icocrabprcgcaicr b` icauajfbih ca jbsh ic cajha-trbr`h ca bdrbatc jhefsfa ic gcjghs pu-afo`cs y rcefr jhpfb ic` bjtb b` Luzdbih ic[bz icatrh ic vcfajubtrh ghrbs. Zu tcrjcrbnuajfa cs `b ic ibr scdufefcath y bjhepb-befcath b` juep`fefcath ic `bs ecifibs icprhtcjjfa ifspucstbs phr c` Luzdbih ic [bz.

[brb c` juep`fefcath ic sus nuajfhacs b [h`f-jb Abjfhab` sc cajucatrb ifvfifib ca jhefsb-rbs quc sc uofjba ca ifvcrsbs zhabs ic` pbs.Ca c` ifstrfth ic Cajbrabjfa gby 27 Jhefsb-rbs, fajùfib `b Lcnbturb [h`fjfb`, ifstrfoufibsca `hs obrrfhs jatrfjhs y ic `hs b`rcicihrcsic `b jfuibi.


27/44


jbr ah ca tbath, quc cstb Jhefsbrb cspcjfb-`fzbib ah sustuyc `bs jhepctcajfbs quc c-aca `bs ices jhefsbrbs pbrb rcjcpjfhabr yibr prhtcjjfa b vjebs ic vfh`cajfb.

Iurbatc c` ?;;4, b `hs cncjths ic cstb favcs-dbjfa, sc rc`cvbrha 4; jbshs icauajfbihs

phr eulcrcs jheh vfh`cajfb ihesjb ca `bsjhefsbrbs ic Cajbrabjfa. Ic c``hs 27 jbshscrba ic vfh`cajfb psfjh`dfjb y 3? ic vfh`ca-jfb sfjb. @bs icauajfbatcs ca ua 49% cacacatrc 27 y :6 bhs, ic stbs c` ebyhr aecrhsc cajucatrb catrc eulcrcs ic 27 b ?6 bhs.Ca ua 64% cstbs eulcrcs gba icauajfbih scrvjebs ic vfh`cajfb phr pbrtc ic sus pbrc-

lbs< jhajuofahs (:> jbshs), ebrfihs (?> jb-shs) y ahvfhs (> jbshs).

Ca c` ?;;7 sc rc`cvbrha ibths ic `bs icaua-jfbs rcb`fzbibs ca jfajh jhefsbrbs= 2, ?,36, 2;> y ?72.

- Jhefsbrb 2, Jcatrh Srobah

@b Jhefsbrb 2 cst uofjbib ca c` jcatrhic `b jfuibi ic Cajbrabjfa, shorc `b jb-``c Ghahrfh Dhaz`cz y ?3 ic ebyh. Yfcacjhocrturb ca `hs obrrfhs Faebju`bib Jha-jcpjfa, ^f``b Jaifib, @b [bz, F[^S, Luba@. Eb``hrqua, Ghspftb`, catrc htrhs. @b

zhab cst jbrbjtcrfzbib phr scr rcsfica-jfb`, buaquc tbeofa cxfstc ua b`th phr-jcatblc ic jhecrjfhs.

Guoh 63 jbshs, ic hs jub`cs crba vjebs44 eulcrcs, y 27 gheorcs. Ic `b vfh`ca-jfb gbjfb `bs eulcrcs, 94 crba ic vfh`ca-jfb sfjb, : scxub`cs, ?3 psfjh`dfjbs y ?ebafncstbjfhacs, ecifibs ic prhtcjjfaifjtbibs batcrfhrecatc quc nucrha vfh-`bibs. 43% sha ecahrcs ic 9; bhs= :?

ecahrcs ic ?6 y ?7 catrc ?6 y :6 bhs.C` 7:% ic hs jbshs icauajfbihs prhvfcacic `bs pbrclbs h cx pbrclbs ic `bs icaua-jfbatcs, :? jbshs sfaifjba jheh bdrcshr b`jhajuofah, 2; b `hs ebrfihs y 26 b sus cxpbrclbs.

- Jhefsbrb ?, obrrfh Oucab fstb

@b Jhefsbrb ? cst uofjbib ca c` ob-rrfh Oucab ^fstb, cac jhocrturb ca `hsobrrfhs phpu`hshs ic [bj-ju, ZbdrbibNbef`fb, Zba _hquc y htrh rcsficajfb`csjheh Jfuibi Aucvb (rc`hjb`fzbihs phr `b

Caibi Ofabjfhab` Vbjyrct - COV), Oucab^fstb y c` aucvh jfrjufth jhecrjfb` gbof`f-tbih phr `b COV.

_cjfof 226 icauajfbs ic vfh`cajfb iha-ic c` 4?% ic `bs vjebs sha eulcrcs (7>jbshs), y ?7% gheorcs (:: jbshs). Ca `hsquc `b vjebs sha eulcrcs, sc rcdfstrba3: jbshs ic vfh`cajfb sfjb, :2 ic vfh`ca-jfb psfjh`dfjb y ? ebafncstbjfhacs. C` >>%ic `bs icauajfbatcs sha ecahrcs ic 9;

bhs, pcrh ca cstb Jhefsbrb sc vc ua fa-jrcecath ca `bs eulcrcs ic 9; b 96 bhs.4:% ic `hs bdrcshrcs sha `bs pbrclbs ic`bs vjebs< jhajuofah (?;), csphsh (?;),cx pbrclb (?:).

- Jhefsbrb 36, obrrfh Zbatb Ebrb

Cstb jhefsbrb sc cajucatrb uofjbib sh-orc `b _utb ^F ca c` obrrfh Zbatb Ebrb, buahs jfajh mf`ectrhs ic` jcatrh ic Ca-jbrabjfa.

Ic `bs 62 icauajfbs phr vfh`cajfb rcjfof-ibs, c` 74% ic `bs vjebs sha eulcrcs(46 eulcrcs y 2? gheorcs). C` 3:% ic `bseulcrcs vjebs sha ecahrcs ic jubrca-tb bhs< 2? ecahrcs ic 27 bhs, ?3 ic 26b ?6, y 2? catrc :; b :6 bhs. 9> jbshs shaic vfh`cajfb sfjb, :? ic becabzbs y vfh-`cajfb psfjh`dfjb, y 2 ic vfh`cajfb scxub`.C` 44% ic `bs bdrcsfhacs ic cstbs eulcrcsprhvfah ic sus pbrclbs h cx pbrclbs< :4jhajuofahs, 2: ebrfihs, 7 cx pbrclbs y :

cx ahvfhs.

- Jhefsbrb 2;>, obrrfh Zba [cirh

@b jhefsbrfb cst uofjbib ca c` JhaluathGboftbjfhab` ic` obrrfh Zba [cirh, gbof-tbih phr nbef`fbs rc`hjb`fzbibs phr `b COV.Ybeofa juorc `hs obrrfhs ic Jurupbyty,


28/44

?>

Mub _db ?;;6

Ruftcrfb y Jbbduyrhry. @b ebyhrb ic cs-ths obrrfhs sha phpu`hshs.

Ic `bs :> icauajfbs prcscatbibs, :; c-aca jheh vjebs b eulcrcs. C` 4:% icc``bs cac ecahs ic jubrcatb bhs< 22 ic26 b ?7 bhs y 7 ic ?6 b :7 bhs. C` >9%

ic `bs icauajfbs sha ic vfh`cajfb sfjb,:?% vfh`cajfb psfjh`dfjb y 9% vfh`cajfbscxub`. C` 4:% ic hs jbshs rcdfstrba jhehbdrcshr b `bs pbrclbs ic `bs efsebs, jha-juofah, ebrfihs, cx pbrclbs.

- Jhefsbrb ?72, Obrrfh Zbath Ihefadh

@b Jhefsbrb ?72 cst hjb`fzbib ca c` ob-rrfh Zbath Ihefadh, rcb rurb` ic` ifstrfthic Cajbrabjfa, b uahs vcfatc mfèctrhsic` jbsjh urobah ic `b jfuibi. Cstb Jhef-

sbrb juorc `hs obrrfhs Jhabvf y @b Cspcrba-zb, tbeofa obrrfhs phpu`hshs.

Ca ?;;7 s`h sc rcdfstrbrha 3 icauajfbs,ca thihs `hs jbshs `bs vjebs sha eulc-rcs= uab ecahr ic 27 bhs, trcs ic catrc?6 y :7 y uab ebyhr ic 36. Ca thibs `bsicauajfbs `b bdrcsfa cs sfjb. Ihs ic cs-tbs bdrcsfhacs prhvfcaca ic sus pbrclbs,uab ic `b ebirc, uab ic pbrtc ic` h yhtrb ic` gflh.

Catrc `hs prfajfpb`cs rcsu`tbihs ca c` ba-`fsfs ic ibths ic `bs jhefsbrbs sc cajuca-trba jbshs). @bJhefsbrb 2;> ic` Obrrfh Zba [cirh ic-rfv thibs `bs icauajfbs quc rcjfof< 2; bÈfafstcrfh [o`fjh, 26 b` Luzdbih ic [bz, y`bs rcstbatcs b htrhs rdbahs jheh Jhic-af y c` Luzdbih ic Dbrbabs. Ic `bs htrbsjhefsbrbs ah sc caca ibths, phr `h qucsc icsjhahjc sf gba icrfvbih `bs icaua-jfbs rcjfofibs.

Luzdbih ic [bz ic Cajbrabjfa

rdbah ic fancrfhr lcrbrqub icatrh ic `hs

rdbahs lurfsifjjfhab`cs, pcrh c` ic ebyhrprhxfefibi jha `b jheuafibi, pucs cxfstcaca jbsf thihs `hs ifstrfths ic` pbs, `h quc nb-jf`ftb c` bjjcsh b` po`fjh, sfcaih ca eujgbsjheuafibics `b afjb buthrfibi lurfsifjjfh-ab`, ic b`` su fephrtbajfb y jhepctcajfb cac` trbtbefcath ic `b vfh`cajfb.

C` Luzdbih ic [bz cac jhepctcajfb pbrb ca-tcaicr ca hs lufjfhs shorc vfh`cajfb ihesjb,puifcaih bp`fjbr ecifibs ic prhtcjjfa ics-ic c` ehecath quc caca jhahjfefcath ic`hs gcjghs. Ca tb` scaih `b `cy hthrdb ua be-p`fh ebrdca ic bjjfa b` Luzdbih ic [bz pucsifsphac quc, bices ic `bs ecifibs jheh `bcxjùsfa ic` ghdbr ic` bdrcshr, `b buthrfzbjfaic sb`fr ic` ghdbr ic `b vjeb, `b prhgfofjfaic jhasuefr ocofibs b`jhg`fjbs y ic phrtbr


30/44

?7

Mub _db ?;;6

brebs, sc phir thebr jub`qufcr htrb ecifibquc b jrftcrfh ic` Luzdbih prhtclb b `b vjeb(brt. ?, @cy 2>;;/;;). Csth pcreftc b` rdbah

lurfsifjjfhab` bp`fjbr ecifibs ic prhtcjjfa fa-tcdrb` jheh c` trbtbefcath psfjh`dfjh pbrb `bvjeb, c` bdrcshr y c` druph nbef`fbr, `b prhvf-

sfa ebtcrfb` pbrb b vjeb ca jbsh ic cstbihic acjcsfibi, `b bsfstcajfb b`fecajfb b nbvhric `hs afhs, afbs y bih`csjcatcs, catrc htrbstbatbs ecifibs quc prhtclba b `b vjeb y `bnbef`fb y byuica b rcpbrbr c` ibh, jhanhrec hifsphac `b Jhavcajfa ic Ocè ih [br.

Ca Cajbrabjfa sc cajucatrb nuajfhabaih uaLuzdbih ic [bz, cstbaih pcaifcatc c` nuajfh-abefcath ic ua Luzdbih es, pbrb ibr eb-yhr rcspucstb b `hs lusjfbo`cs. @b icehrb

sc icoc b` rctrbsh ca c` aheorbefcath ic `bpcrshab b jbrdh, phr pbrtc ic `b Jhrtc Zuprc-eb ic Lusjfb. Vb sc gba juep`fih thihs `hsprhjcshs prcvfhs ic sc`cjjfa, sfa ceobrdh,phr cstc rctrbsh ah sc pucic ibr ebyhr jc-`crfibi b `hs prhjcshs ic vfh`cajfb ihesjbtrbeftbihs batc b lusjfb, pucs sh`h sc juca-tb jha ua luzdbih.

C` ghrbrfh ic btcajfa b` po`fjh cs ic ùacsb vfcracs ic sfctc b trcjc ghrbs, ca su bsfcathshorc `b jb``c @ufs Ebrb Brdbb jbsf Lvcacs

Errcs phr `b Icehjrbjfb.

C` ?9 ic borf` ic ?;;4, `b Jhrtc Zuprceb icLusjfb ifjt `b Bjhribib 939 quc ifspush `bho`fdbthrfcibi ic` ush ic Nhreu`brfh ic _c-dfstrh ic fh`cajfb ca hs luzdbihs ic pbz icthibs `bs jfrjuasjrfpjfhacs luifjfb`cs ic` pbsy su rcefsfa ecasub` b `b Hjfab ic Cstbis-jb Luifjfb` ic `b Jhrtc Zuprceb ic Lusjfb.Cstc prhjcifefcath, rcsu`tb fephrtbatc pbrbuafjbr b fanhrebjfa shorc hs jbshs ic vfh-

`cajfb ca c` pbs, jhahjcr su ebdaftui y `hspbtrhacs ic vfh`cajfb. C` Luzdbih ic [bz icCajbrabjfa ah juep`c jha cstb rcd`beca-tbjfa, scda fanhrebjfhacs hotcafibs ca `bscjjfa ic biefafstrbjfa ic `b jfrjuasjrfp-jfa ic Ftbpb, icpcaicajfb cajbrdbib icrcefr hs nhreu`brfhs b Bsuajfa, vbrfhs luz-

@udbr ic icauajfb

[h`fjfbabjfhab`

Jhiceu Luzdbih

2;:

7:2;2

dbihs ic pbz ftbpucascs rceftca c` nhreu`b-rfh jha `hs ibths rcqucrfihs, ah bs c` Luzdb-ih ic Cajbrabjfa. @h quc rcsu`tb ua nrbjbshca c` trbtbefcath ic` tceb y c` icsbrrh``h iccstrbtdfjbs pbrb ua eclhr bohriblc ic` tcebicsic `bs gcrrbefcatbs lurifjbs.

Drjh :

Ca ?;;4, c` Luzdbih trbeft ?77 jbshs icvfh`cajfb ihesjb. Ic sths, 7: nucrha ic-rfvbihs phr `b Jhiceu, `hs htrhs 242 jbshsquc cstb fastujfa rcdfstr ca csc bh nuc-rha rcsuc`ths ca `b efseb. Cs icjfr, quc s`h

c` ::% ic `hs jbshs rcjfofihs ca Jhiceu nucprhjcsbih jhanhrec `b @cy 2>;;/;;, ca tba-th, ca `hs htrhs jbshs `b Jhiceu bp`fj susprhpfhs jrftcrfhs ic shùjfa catrc `hs jub`csprcihefab `b jhajf`fbjfa. @h efseh sc rcc-

lb ca `b [h`fjb Abjfhab`, ca ihaic jhanhrecb hs ibths ic b Lcnbturb Icpbrtbecatb` prh-phrjfhabihs ca csc bh, s`h nuc icrfvbih c`:>%. Cs icjfr, b ph`fjb rcjfof ?72 icauajfbsphr vfh`cajfb ihesjb, y ic csbs s`h icrf-

v b` luzdbih, 2;2 fajuep`faihsc c` brju`h: ic `b @cy 2>;;/;;.

C` Ghspftb` _cdfhab` ic Cajbrabjfa ca c`?;;4 rcjfof 99; eulcrcs ca c` scrvfjfh icprfecrhs buxf`fhs phr jbshs ic vfh`cajfb. Icstbs, c` 47% crba ic Cajbrabjfa, y c` ??%ic htrhs ifstrfths. Ah sc cac jhastbajfb ic


31/44


Htrhs

Vcrah

Gcrebah

Jhajuofah ic `b gflb

Cx jhajuofah cx csphsh

Gflb/h

Ahvfh

Jhajuofah

Csphsh

âju`h jha c` bdrcshr

quc csths ifbdasjhs gbyba sfih rcefihsic hjfh b` Luzdbih jhanhrec `h cstbo`cjc `b`cy, pucs afada prhjcsh nuc fafjfbih phr ic-rfvbjfa ic` Ghspftb`.

@b ebyhrb ic `hs jbshs trbeftbihs ca c` Luz-dbih ic [bz nucrha fafjfbihs phr icrfvbjfa ic

`b [h`fjb Abjfhab` h phr icauajfbs rcjfofibsifrcjtbecatc ca c` Luzdbih ic [bz, jheh `hifsphac `b `cy jhatrb `b vfh`cajfb ihesjb.

Ic` thtb` ic `hs jbshs quc btcaif c` Luzdbihic [bz ic Cajbrabjfa, c` 63% cac jheh vj-ebs b eulcrcs. C` 6;% ic `bs icauajfbatcssha eulcrcs ebyhrcs ic cibi, sfa ceobrdh,ca c` ?6% ic `hs jbshs c` Luzdbih ah prcjfsb`b cibi ic b vjeb, faifjbaih sfep`cecatcquc cs ebyhr ic cibi. Catrc `hs ibths jha

quc sc jucatb shorc `b nrbalb ctbrfb, `bs eu-lcrcs catrc 27 y ?6 bhs sha `bs quc es ic-auajfba, scdufibs ic `bs ic ?6 b :6 bhs. Csicjfr, cstbehs batc uab dcacrbjfa lhvca iceulcrcs quc rcb`fzba icauajfbs, csth pucicicocrsc b uab ebyhr fanhrebjfa shorc susicrcjghs h ofca, phrquc cncjvbecatc sha`bs quc sunrca es vfh`cajfb, phr `h quc ic-ocrb faibdbrsc es prhnuaibecatc.

Drjh 9

Ah cs ahvcibi quc `b ebyhrb ic `hs bdrc-shrcs sha `bs pcrshabs quc caca h tuvfcrhab`duab rc`bjfa scaecatb` jha `bs vjebs.Ca c` rcsth ic `hs jbshs, `hs bdrcshrcs tbe-ofa sha ic` scxh ebsju`fah< gflh, ycrah, gcr-ebah c fajùsh pcrshabs ah vfaju`bibs ifrcj-

tbecatc jha `bs vjebs jheh jhajuofahsic `b gflb, cx jhajuofahs ic `b afctb, ebrf-ih ic b prfeb. [hsfo`cecatc ca csths jbshssc rcdfstrca ihs vjebs, cs icjfr, `b pbrclbic` bdrcshr y `b pcrshab quc `c iccaic yjhajurrc b icauajfbr, bua jubaih `b pbrclbah `h gfjfcrc.

@b cy ifncrcajfb trcs phs ic vfh`cajfb< sfjb,sfjh`dfjb y scxub` (jn. brt. 2, @cy 2>;;/;;). Cac` 9;% ic `bs icauajfbs, `bs vjebs rccrca

shorc b vfh`cajfb sfjb sunrfib, ahrebècatcbjhepbbib ic vfh`cajfb psfjh`dfjb, tbe-ofa icauajfbib ca ua b`th phrjcatblc< 34%.Ca `b vfh`cajfb psfjh`dfjb, phicehs ifsa-dufr htrhs gcjghs jcasurbo`cs jheh `b bec-abzb ic eucrtc (?7,3%) y `b vfh`cajfb cjha-efjb (3,9%). Ca c` rc`cvbefcath ic `hs ibths,sc pucic hoscrvbr prcjfsfa shorc `bs ifsa-tbs nhrebs ic vfh`cajfb jhatrb `bs eulcrcs, yc``h sc icoc, ca pbrtc, b jrftcrfhs hphrtuahstcafihs ca jucatb b` ehecath ic `cvbatbr

`b icauajfb phr pbrtc ic` nuajfhabrfbih ic`Luzdbih, quc orfaiba c`cecaths j`bvcs pbrbc` trbtbefcath ic` jbsh.

Cs ic hoscrvbr, quc `b vfh`cajfb scxub` cacua oblh aifjc ic icauajfb ca c` Luzdbih,s`h 26 jbshs, quc rcprcscatba c` :,?%, csthpucic icocrsc b `b jrccajfb ic quc cstb vfh-`cajfb ah cs puafo`c, sfah su icocr jheh pb-rclbs, h phr puihr, vcrdcazb y rcjbth qucdubriba `bs eulcrcs shorc su scxub`fibi.

Ca jubath b `bs ecifibs ic prhtcjjfa, `b `cy2>;;/;; jhatrb b vfh`cajfb ihecsjb cs uab`cy jfvf` cspcjfb` ic nhaih y ic nhreb, ihtb-ib ic ua prhjcifefcath sfep`c y jha p`bzhseuy orcvcs, quc ousjb dbrbazbr `b prhtcj-jfa `cdb` pbrb jub`qufcr pcrshab quc sunrb; ?; 9; >; 7; 2;; 2?;


32/44

:;

Mub _db ?;;6

vfh`cajfb icatrh ic` eofth ihesjh (jn.Dbd`fbrihac _fvbrh`b, ?;;?< 2;:).

Cs bs quc, uab vcz rcjfofib `b icauajfb, c`Luzdbih icoc ibr phr fafjfbih c` prhjcsh icfavcsdbjfa shorc vfh`cajfb ihesjb ypucic thebr ecifibs ic prhtcjjfa sf `h jha-

sficrb acjcsbrfh. [hstcrfhrecatc sc rcb`fzbuab buifcajfb catrc c` prcsuath bdrcshr y `bsupucstb vjeb, ihaic pucica hnrcjcr y if-`fdcajfbr sus prucobs. B` trefah ic `b buifca-jfb, c` Luzdbih icoc ifjtbr uab rcshùjfa jha-rebaih, ehifjbaih h bihptbaih ecifibsic prhtcjjfa b `b vjeb y b` druph nbef`fbr.

@b @cy 2>;;/;; ah cac phr holcth pcrscdufraf jbsdbr b `hs rcsphasbo`cs ic `b vfh`cajfb,sfah ifjtbr ecifibs ic prhtcjjfa ic jbrj-

tcr faecifbth h urdcatc, sfa pcrlufjfh ic `bbp`fjbjfa ic sbajfhacs pcab`cs b hs rcspha-sbo`cs jhanhrec c` Jifdh [cab`.

Ca ?;;7, c` Luzdbih ic [bz ic Cajbrabjfaifjt ecifibs s`h ca c` 37% ic `hs jbshs.Cs icjfr, ca 2>: ic `hs ?72 jbshs ifjt b`daph ic ecifib ic prhtcjjfa, ah bs ca 6>.?? ic `hs jbshs rcdfstrbihs ic vfh`cajfb jha-trb eulcrcs ah nucrha trbeftbihs jhanhrecb` prhjcsh ic vfh`cajfb ihesjb, sfah quc

tuvfcrha c` trbtbefcath ic ebafncstbjfa,csth cs, quc s`h sc icl jhastbajfb ic `hhjurrfih sfa tcacr phr fafjfbih c` prhjcsh yphr `h tbath, ah sc ifjt afada ph ic ec-ifibs. Buaquc ca vbrfhs jbshs quc durbajheh icauajfbs, s`h sc icl jhastbajfb c`bobaihah ic ghdbr phr pbrtc ic `b vjeb hic` bdrcshr.

Ca b`duahs jbshs, s`h horb b icauajfb rcef-ib phr b jhefsbrb y afaduab htrb bjtubjfa,vb`c icjfr, quc ah sc rcb`fz c` prhjcifefcathicofih. Ybeofa cxfstca jbshs ca `hs quc -durba lbib `b buifcajfb b` icauajfbih, pcrhah sc jhaau c` prhjcifefcath, vfh`baih bsrcd`bs ic` prhjcsh quc rfdca ca cstb ebtcrfb,pucs ca jbsh ic fabsfstcajfb b `b buifcajfb,

c` Luzdbih icob gbjcr trbcr b` bdrcshr phr`b nucrzb po`fjb, uab vcz prcscatbih batc c`Luzdbih icob ifjtbr rcshùjfa.

Zcda `hs ibths bphrtbihs phr `b favcsdb-jfa, `b ecifib es u`fzbib cs `b cxjùsfaic` ghdbr ic` bdrcshr y `b prhgfofjfa ic

bjcrjbrsc b jfcrtb ifstbajfb ic` ihefjf`fh ic`b vjeb h b `b vjeb efseb. Ca jbsf `b th-tb`fibi ic `hs jbshs, `bs ecifibs sha theb-ibs uab vcz rcjfofib `b icauajfb y, ùcdh icrcb`fzbr c` prhjcifefcath, sha jharebibs.Ca thihs csths jbshs cs `b [h`fjb Abjfhab`,b trbvs ic `b jhefsbrb es jcrjbab b` ih-efjf`fh ic `b vjeb, `b cajbrdbib ic gbjcrjuep`fr `bs ecifibs ifjtbibs phr c` luzdbih.

Zfa ceobrdh, cxfstca jbshs ca quc `b ecif-

ib ic prhtcjjfa hricabib b` fafjfh ic` lufjfhnuc rcvhjbib ùcdh ic `b buifcajfb jha c` su-pucsth bdrcshr y `b vjeb. Ah sc caca ib-ths shorc `hs ehvhs phr `hs jub`cs sc ``cd bcstb icjfsfa, sfa ceobrdh, phicehs faifjbr

jhanhrec vbrfbs cvbùbjfhacs ``cvbibs bic-`batc shorc `b bp`fjbjfa ic `b @cy 2>;;/;;phr `b Zcjrctbrb ic `b Eulcr quc ca cstbbuifcajfb `hs luzdbihs ic pbz rcb`fzba uabsucrtc ic ecifbjfa h jhajf`fbjfa, `hquc ``cvb b `cvbatbr `b ecifib h b `b icaua-

jfbatc b icsfsr ic` prhjcsh.

@b ecifib ic buthrfzbjfa ic sb`fib ic` ghdbrb b vjeb y rcrh ic sus holcths pcrshab`cstbeofa cs euy csjbsb. Ca euy phjhs jbshssc hricabrha ecifibs quc ah csta cxprcsb-ecatc cstbo`cjfibs ca `b `cy, pcrh quc puc-ica scr ifjtbibs phr c` Luzdbih jhanhrec bsu jrftcrfh ca jbsh ic acjcsfibi h pbrb ebyhrprhtcjjfa, jheh phr clcep`h c` trbtbefcathpsfquftrfjh ic` bdrcshr y c` bjhepbbefca-

th psfjh`dfjh ic` druph nbef`fbr.

Ah sc caca ibths bjcrjb ic` p`bzh phr c`jub` sha ifjtbibs `bs ecifibs ic prhtcjjfa,sfcaih uab cxfdcajfb ic `b `cy lbr `b iurb-jfa ic jbib ecifib thebib.


33/44


Luzdbihic [bz

Efafstcrfh[o`fjh

[h`fjbabjfhab`

@udbr ic icauajfb

93

27

?

Zc pucic vcr tbeofa quc `bs pbrtcs ``cdbrhab bjucrihs shorc rdfeca ic rc`bjfhabefcathic sus gflhs y sh`fjftba bsfstcajfb b`fecajfb,sfa quc cstbs jucshacs tcadba b`da ph icrcspucstbs phr pbrtc ic` Luzdbih ic [bz.

Efafstcrfh [o`fjh

C` Efafstcrfh [o`fjh nuc cstbo`cjfih phr `bJhastujfa ic 266? jha `b nuajfa ic rc-prcscatbr b `b shjfcibi batc `hs rdbahs lu-rfsifjjfhab`cs, dhzbaih ic buthaheb nua-jfhab` y biefafstrbvb ca c` juep`fefcathic sus icocrcs y btrfoujfhacs (jn. brt. ?>>).Ca c` icpbrtbecath ic Ftbpb sc jucatb jhauab Nfsjb`b _cdfhab` ca Cajbrabjfa y sjb-`bs zhab`cs ca Cic`frb, Zba [cirh ic` [brba,

Jh`hafbs Safibs, Ebrb Buxf`fbihrb y EbyhrHtbh. Ca thtb`, sc ifsphac ic vcfatc bdcatcssjb`cs ca thih c` icpbrtbecath.

@b Nfsjb`b \hab` ic Cajbrabjfa cac scic cac` cifjfh shorc `b jb``c Jhastujfa Abjfh-ab` jbsf Faicpcaicajfb Abjfhab`, su ghrbrfhic btcajfa b` po`fjh cs ic `uacs b vfcracsic sfctc b trcjc ghrbs, cxfscaih turahs rhtb-vhs pbrb b fatcrvcajfa ca gcjghs puafo`csnucrb ic` ghrbrfh ic btcajfa ahreb`.

Ca jucshacs pcab`cs, c` Efafstcrfh [o`fjhcs cajbrdbih ic ifrfdfr `b favcsdbjfa ic`gcjgh y thebr `bs ecifibs jhrrcsphaifca-tcs, yb scb b trbvs ic` lufjfh h b`duab htrbnhreb ic tcrefabjfa ic` prhjcsh. Cs `b Nfs-jb`b `b cajbrdbib ic favcsdbr c` ic`fth icvfh`cajfb ihesjb, cstbo`cjfih ca c` Jifdh[cab` (brt. ??6), icofih b quc stb cs ic bj-jfa pcab` po`fjb, pcrscdufo`cs ic hjfh.

Cs fephrtbatc ifncrcajfbr quc `hs prhjcshs

ic vfh`cajfb ihesjb scdufihs batc c` Luz-dbih ic [bz y `b pcrscjujfa ic `b vfh`cajfbihesjb ca `b lurfsifjjfa pcab` sha faic-pcaifcatcs. Ca c` Luzdbih ic [bz s`h sc cstb-

o`cjca ecifibs ic prhtcjjfa, efcatrbs qucca c` prhjcsh pcab` sc cstbo`cjca pcabs b`fanrbjthr ic b cy. Ca c` lufjfh batc c` Luzdbihic [bz ah gby fatcrvcajfa ic` Efafstcrfh [-o`fjh, ca c` lufjfh pcab` c` Efafstcrfh [o`fjhcs qufca pcrsfduc c` ic`fth.

Ca ?;;4, ca `bs 6 uafibics sjb`cs ic` Efafs-tcrfh [o`fjh ca Cajbrabjfa sc trbeftbrha >4jbshs ic vfh`cajfb ihesjb. @b fanhrebjfajha quc sc jucatb ah orfaib ebyhrcs ibthsshorc c` cstbih ic `bs jbusbs, af c` treftcscdufih, phr `h quc jhep`cecatbaih jha `bfanhrebjfa rcjbobib ca ?;;7, tcacehs qucca csc bh sc trbeftbrha >3 jbshs ic vfh-`cajfb ihesjb, ca thtb` sha 2:? (2?? jhaeulcrcs vjebs y 2; gheorcs vjebs). Ca

?;;7, ca 33 ic `hs >3 jbshs c` bdrcshr nuc `bpbrclb< ebrfih h jhajuofah ic `b vjeb.

Drjh 3

Z`h ? ic csths jbshs nucrha icrfvbihs phr c`Luzdbih ic [bz. Cs icjfr, c` Efafstcrfh [o`f-jh fafjf `hs treftcs b rbz ic icrfvbjfhacsic `b [h`fjb Abjfhab`, b trbvs ic b`duab ic`bs Jhefsbrbs h phr icauajfb rbifjbib ca `befseb fastujfa.


34/44

:?

Mub _db ?;;6

Cstbih ic` prhjcsh

::

?

?

?

>

3

4

4

2

Favcsdbvb

[rhjcifefcath

Icscsebibs

Zhorcscfefcath

Brjgfvbibs

Jhajf`fbibs

Jrftcrfh ic hphrtuafibi

Zuspcasfa jhaifjfhab`

Bjusbibs

Drjh >jghs hjurrfihs ca c` ebrjh ic `b vfh`cajfbfatrbnbef`fbr tbeofa pucica scr bab`fzbihsoblh htrhs phs pcab`cs jheh `csfa, `csfadrbvc, tcatbvb ic ghefjfifh, becabzb, ca-trc htrhs.

?. @b vfh`cajfb jhatrb `bseulcrcs bih`csjcatcs ybiu`tbs sc vfaju`b jha`b vfh`cajfb gbjfb htrhsefceorhs ic` druphnbef`fbr, ca cspcjfb` susgflbs c gflhs

Sa drba phrjcatblc ic hs gcjghs ic vfh`cajfbicauajfbihs phr eulcrcs tbeofa bncjtba bsus gflbs c gflhs y b htrhs pbrfcatcs jcrjbahs,

jheh scr ebircs, gcrebabs, ctj.

Ic `hs rc`bths sc pucica cxtrbcr b`duahsclcep`hs;;/;; icocrb rcjfofr y ibr treftc b bsicauajfbs ic vfh`cajfb ihesjbs, rcefa-ih`bs b` Luzdbih ic [bz icatrh ic `bs vcfa-jubtrh ghrbs. Zfa ceobrdh, sc gb jheprhob-


38/44

:>

Mub _db ?;;6

ih quc afada jbsh ic vfh`cajfb ihesjbtrbeftbih ca c` Luzdbih ic [bz nuc prcscatb-ih phr icrfvbjfa ic` Ghspftb` _cdfhab`.

@b [h`fjb Abjfhab` cac nuajfhacs tbath prc-vcavbs jheh rcprcsfvbs y rcpbrbihrbs, csca c` `eh jbsh ca ihaic ah cxfstc rcdfstrhs

bjcrjb ic su bjtubr. Jheh yb `h ecajfhab-ehs, uab vcz ifjtbibs bs ecifibs ic prhtcj-jfa phr c` Luzdbih ic [bz, cs c``b `b cajbr-dbib ic vc`br phr su juep`fefcath, tbrcb iccscajfb` fephrtbajfb, pucs ic abib sfrvc `becifib sf ah cxfstc ua rdbah quc vcrfqucsu fep`cecatbjfa. Buaquc cstb tbrcb ah cssfep`c, phr `b ifju`tbi quc rcprcscatb ca `bbjtub` cstrujturb ph`fjfb` y ca ua jhatcxth icictcrfhrh shjfb` bs jheh phr c` aecrh ic

jbshs cxfstcatcs nrcatc b` aecrh ic cncj-

vhs ifsphafo`cs, `b [h`fjb Abjfhab` icoc rc-uafr csnucrzhs pbrb `hdrbr su jhecih.

@bs ecifibs ic prhtcjjfajhanhrec `b @cy 2>;;/;; ah shacstbo`cjfibs ca thihs `hs jbshs

Zc vcrfj quc s`h ca phjh es ic `b eftbiic `hs jbshs trbeftbihs batc c` Luzdbih ic[bz, sc gba ifjtbih ecifibs jhanhrec `b `cy.Cs fephrtbatc rcsb`tbr quc `b @cy 2>;;/;; cs

uab `cy jfvf` y su holcvh cs `b bihpjfa icecifibs ic prhtcjjfa, phr `h tbath, batc `bsicauajfbs ic vfh`cajfb, c` Luzdbih icoc th-ebr ecifibs.

C` [hicr Luifjfb` icoc ludbr uarh` j`bvc

Cs icocr ic` Cstbih prhvccr rcjurshs luifjfb-`cs b `bs vjebs, y quc csths ah sc `feftcab ifsphsfjfhacs nhreb`cs, sfah quc scba fi-

achs pbrb rcecifbr `bs vfh`bjfhacs icaua-

jfbibs. Ca csth, cs nuaibecatb` quc c` [hicrLuifjfb`, juep`b jha `b `cdfs`bjfa vfdcatc db-rbazbaih b `bs vjebs `b cncjvfibi ic `bsahrebs.

@b rcjh`cjjfa ic ibths y`b theb ic icjfsfhacs

Ah sc rcb`fzb ua rcdfstrhbicjubih ic `hs jbshs icvfh`cajfb ihestfjb

Ca c` Ghspftb` _cdfhab` ah sc jhep`ctb icof-ibecatc c` nhreu`brfh ic rcdfstrhs, `hs quccxfstca sha fajhep`cths, ah sc sfstcebzbaaf sc shjfb`fzba pbrb `b theb ic icjfsfhacs.Csth fepfic quc icsic c` EZ[OZ sc pucibaficajbr ph`jbs po`fjbs nhjb`fzbibs, prc-jfsbs y pcracatcs quc dcacrca jbeofhs ca`bs bjtuics pbrb dbrbazbr uab btcajfajha jb`fibi y jb`ficz b `bs vjebs ic vfh`ca-jfb ihesjb, y phr jhasfdufcatc fajfifr ca`b `ujgb jhatrb `b vfh`cajfb gbjfb `bs eulcrcs.

C` Luzdbih ic [bz ah jhep`ctb `hs ibths cs-tbisjhs, cxfdfihs phr `b Bjhribib 939 ic`?9 ic borf` ic ?;;4 ca quc `b JZL ifsphac `bho`fdbthrfcibi ic` ush ic Nhreu`brfh ic _c-dfstrh ic fh`cajfb ca hs luzdbihs ic pbz icthibs `bs jfrjuasjrfpjfhacs luifjfb`cs ic` pbsy su rcefsfa ecasub` b `b Hjfab ic Cstbis-jb Luifjfb`.

@hs ibths hotcafihs ca `b Jhiceu y `b Nfsjb-`b ah nucrha sujfcatcs pbrb cxtrbcr b fanhr-ebjfa rcqucrfib pbrb `b favcsdbjfa, pcrhjheh ah sc puih tcacr bjjcsh ifrcjth b `hsrcdfstrhs, sc icsjhahjc sf stc cs fasujfcatch `b fanhrebjfa prhvcib pbrb cstb favcs-dbjfa nuc pbrjfb`. Ca thibs `bs fastujfhacsnb`tb prcjfsfa ca `b theb ic `hs ibths, phrclcep`h, jha rcspcjth b `b cibi.

Csth icahtb `b nb`tb ic jhajfcajfb shorc `bnuajfa y `b fephrtbajfb ic` jhahjfefcath ic

ibths y quc `b dcacrbjfa ic ibths y cstbis-


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jbs ahs byuiba b jheprcaicr eclhr `b rcb`f-ibi y b rcpcasbr `hs ecjbafsehs y sh`ujfhacsquc sc csta ibaih icsic `hs eofths fastu-jfhab`cs b `b vfh`cajfb jhatrb `bs eulcrcs.

Bices, `hs nhreu`brfhs ifsphafo`cs (quc ahsc usba) vbrba ca `bs jbtcdhrbs ic rcdfstrh,

phr `h quc sc ifju`tb gbjcr ua jruzbefcathquc nbvhrczjb `b jhabof`fibi y vb`ficz ic `bfanhrebjfa.

Ah sc jucatb jha ibths icpcrshabs jhaicabibs phr c`gcjgh puafo`c ic vfh`cajfbihestfjb

Ca c` Efafstcrfh [o`fjh, `b ebyhrb ic `hs jb-shs csta sfcaih favcsdbihs. Zfa ceobrdh,c` cstbih ic `bs ices jbusbs ahs ``cvb b ic-iujfr quc `b ebyhrb ic `hs jbshs tcrefabajha sb`fibs b`tcrabvbs, sfa quc sc ``cduc bjhaicabr b uab pcrshab phr c` gcjgh puafo`cic vfh`cajfb ihesjb.


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:7

Mub _db ?;;6

OFO@FHD_BNB

Brrb ic Zhsb, Eyrab (?;;7) Ifbdasjh shorcc` trbtbefcath luifjfb` ic `b vfh`cajfb ihesjbca c` [brbduby ca< Acz, Còb jhhrifabih-rb (?;;7) ^fh`cajfb ihesjb ca `b ùpb ic `hsicrcjghs guebahs. Auihs y icsbhs icsic `bcxpcrfcajfb ic J`bice [brbduby. Bsuajfa< J`b-

ice-[y, pp. 96-47.

Ohicà Dhaz`cz, Cajbrab (?;;7) Ic `b scdurf-ibi b `hs icrcjghs< c` icobtc shorc `b vfh`cajfbic dacrh ca c` eofth lurifjh y ca c` ehvfefca-th ncefafstbca< Ocrdb``f, _hocrth, _fvcrb Ocfrbs,Fbmf, Oheofaf, Dborfc` jhepf`bihrcs (?;;7)^fh`cajfb y sfstceb pcab`.Oucahs Bfrcs< Cifthrcsic` [ucrth.

Jhefsfa Cjhaefjb pbrb Berfjb `bab Jcpb`(?;;4) Af uab es! C` icrcjgh b vfvfr uab vfib`forc ic vfh`cajfb ca Berfjb `bab y c` Jbrfoc.

Zbabdh ic Jgf`c< Jcpb`.Jheft pbrb `b C`fefabjfa ic `b Ifsjrfefabjfajhatrb `b Eulcr (266?) _cjhecaibjfa DcacrbÀ 26< @b vfh`cajfb jhatrb `b eulcr. Aucvb Vhrm.Jheft Jcibw.

Jhrtc Fatcrbecrfjbab ic Icrcjghs Guebahs Jhrtc FIG (266>) Jbsh @hbyzb Ybebyh vs.[cr. Cxjcpjfhacs [rc`fefabrcs.Zcatcajfb ic :2ic cacrh ic 266>. Zcrfc J Ah. ?3.

IkBadc`h, Bèbjgfbrb y Gcuebaa, Zf`mc cifthrbs(2666)Eb` trbtbr ic gbjcr pbrclb. Jhajcpjfhacs

y prjjbs ca b ujgb jhatrb b vfh`cajfb gbjfb beulcr. AfjbrbdubEbabdub< Feprfebtur.

Cstuifh ic` Zcjrctbrfh Dcacrb` ic `bs AbjfhacsSafibs (?;;>) [hacr a b `b vfh`cajfb jhatrb `bsEulcrcs. Ic `bs pb`borbs b `hs gcjghs. AbjfhacsSafibs

Nbjfh Ehatclh, Bìb (2664) Ic qu fdubìbi sc

trbtbca< Jbebjgh Drbabihs, _hsb`b= Nbjfh Eha-tclh, Bìb y Zcrrbah Ebirfdb`, Cstcr (2664) F@B-ASI, "Jbefabaih gbjfb `b fdubìbi rcb`". Eb-aub` ca eiu`hs ifrfdfih b nbjf`ftbihrcs(rbs) ictb``crcs pbrb `b jbpbjftbjfa ic luczbs(cs) pbrb`b biefafstrbjfa ic lusfjb jha pcrspcjvb icdacrh. Zba Lhs ic Jhstb _fjb< F`baui y Safnce,=pp. ?3:-?>;= ci. F@BASI y SAFNCE, Zba Lhs icJhstb _fjb.

Nbjfh Ehatclh, Bìb (s/n). B`duabsjhasficrbjfh-acs ca thrah b `b nuajfa luifjfb`. F@BASI, ZbaLhs ic Jhstb _fjb< F`baui.

Dbd`fbrihac _fvbrh`b, J`brb _hsb (s/n) Ehvb-jfhacs ic `bs sudcrcajfbs ic ehifjbjfa ic `b@cy 2>;;/;; Jhatrb `b vfh`cajfb ihesjb, ic`brt. ??6 ic` Jifdh [cab` y ic` brt. 24 ic` Jifdh[rhjcsb` [cab` y ic` Jifdh ic `b Afcz y `b Bih-`csjcajfb. Bsuajfa< Zcjrctbrb ic b Eulcr. Ihju-ecath ah puo`fjbih.

Dbd`fbrihac _fvbrh`b, J`brb _hsb (?;;?) Ebaubìc `b @cy 2>;;/;; Jhatrb `b vfh`cajfb ihes-jb Cxp`fjbjfa y Bp`fjbjfa. Bsuajfa< [rhycjth_ci ic Jcatrhs ic Fafjfbvb y Icsbrrh``h pbrb `b

Eulcr - (_ci Jfice).Zcjrctbrfh Dcacrb` ic `bs Abjfhacs Safibs (?;;>)Nfa b `b vfh`cajfb jhatrb `b eulcr. Gcjghs, ah pb-`borbs. Aucvb Vhrm< Abjfhacs Safibs.


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Bacxhs

Jubirh 2.

Icauajfbs rcdfstrbibs phr vfh`cajfb ihesjb phr scxh ic `b vjeb prfajfpb` ca c` Luzdb-ih ic [bz ic Cajbrabjfa. ?;;4 y ?;;7

eulcrcs gheorcs

Ecs ?;;4 ?;;7 ?;;4 ?;;7

cacrh ?2 ?2 ; :

ncorcrh :2 :9 : >ebrzh ?> :2 ? ?

borf` ?: 2> 2 ?

ebyh ?; ?6 2 :

luafh 26 26 ? :

lu`fh ?3 23 ; 9

bdhsth ?3 ?: ; :

scptfceorc 26 :3 2 ;

hjtuorc :2 :2 ? ?

ahvfceorc 27 27 ; ?

ifjfceorc 24 :; 2 :thtb` phr bh ?43 :;? 2: ::

thtb` phr scxh eulcrcs< 344 gheorcs< 9>

thtb` dcacrb` >?:

Jubirh ?.

Icauajfbs rcjfofibs phr vfh`cajfb ihesjb phr scxh ic `b icauajfbatc ca jfajh jhefsb-rbs ic Cajbrabjfa. ?;;7

Jhefsbrb ^jtfeb eulcr ^jtfeb gheorc Zfa ibths (s/i)

? 7> :: 36 46 2?

2;> :; > 2

?72 3 2

2 44 27

Yhtb` ?64 4; 2


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9;

Mub _db ?;;6

Jubirh :.

Icauajfbs btcaifibs phr vfh`cajfb ihesjb phr scxh ic `b vj-eb prfajfpb` ca aucvc uafibics sjb`cs ic` Efafstcrfh [o`fjh (zhab FFF)?;;4 y ?;;7

?;;4 ?;;7 Yhtb` phr scxh

^jtfebs eulcrcs >; >? 2??

^jtfebs gheorcs 4 : 2;Yhtb` phr bh >4 >3 Yhtb` dcacrb` 2:?

Jubirh 9.

Jbshs ic vfh`cajfb jhatrb eulcrcs btcaifihs ca c` Zcrvfjfh ic [rfecrhs Buxf`fhs ic` Ghspf-tb` _cdfhab` ic Cajbrabjfa. ?;;4 y ?;;7

Ecs ?;;4 ?;;7

cacrh :6 36

ncorcrh :: >4

ebrzh 9> :3

borf` 92 :?

ebyh ?3 :?

luafh ?; :9

lu`fh ?7 9?

bdhsth :4 :6

scptfceorc :6 94

hjtuorc 9? 9:

ahvfceorc :> 3?

ifjfceorc 39 >:

thtb` phr bh 99; 393

thtb` 673


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Mub _dbCajbrabjfa

POR SER MUJER - MARCELLA ZUB CENTENO - PORTALGUARANI

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