EL PRODUCTOR REVISTA - DICIEMBRE 2012 - PARAGUAY - PORTALGUARANI

7/21/2019 EL PRODUCTOR REVISTA - DICIEMBRE 2012 - PARAGUAY - PORTALGUARANI

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/el-productor-revista-diciembre-2012-paraguay-portalguarani 1/98

]ITH\UN EI HODB]CNLHÜO X N\H\UIOLHN UÈLOHLN

NA]B HOEY\U]HN@ LNC[B\ OYITB\

>7ª IE HLHÜO EI @N

IW[B NA]BEHOÎCHLN =.;>=

Hcpbrtn Xisb Narãlb`n Onturn` (\u`dntb ei Lî`lhb eh Gherntneb)

‐IFIC[@B EI U]NMNFB X EI\N]]B@@B–

Xisb io ahrnsb` y cnãzLu`thvb ei ahrnsb` (Gi`hnotmus noous) y cnãz (zin cnys) io uo sui`b Bxhsb`(]mbehl Jnoehuebx), io `n ]iahüo ei Xaunzö, N`tb [nrnoî. ([rhcirn pnrti)

Idiltb ei `n np`hlnlhüo ei



N pblbs eãns ei rilhmhr uo ouivb nþb, qui

prbciti sir mioilhbsb tnotb pnrn `n narhlu`-turn lbcb pnrn `n anoneirãn.

Lbo `bs iviotbs trnosaèohlbs rilhioti-

cioti nprbmnebs is ivheioti qui ouistrb

pnãs vn eilhehencioti n uo iodbqui tilob`ü-

ahlb y lbo `n citn puistn n sbmrisn`hr io i`

cirlneb lbo uon ehvirshene ei rumrbs lbcb`n sbfn, i` cnãz, i` sèsncb, i` nrrbz qui io `nprisioti zndrn si gn eup`hlneb i` îrin sic -

mrnen y si ispirn qui tncmhèo si eup`hqui`n prbeulthvhene pbr giltîrin.

Io lunotb n `n anoneirãn lhirrn i` nþb ei`n rilupirnlhüo lbo pirspilthvns ei pbshlhb-

onrsi lnen viz cîs duirti io uo cirlnebqui lnen viz si tbron cîs ixhaioti eicno-

enoeb prbeultbs ei prhcirn ln`hene.Nltun`cioti ouistrb pnãs si istî tbrono-

eb cuy ntrnyioti pnrn tben l`nsi ei hovir-shbois yn qui su prbeullhüo is lbcpnrnth-

vncioti cîs mnrntn qui sus pnris Mrnsh` yNraiothon.

N tbebs `bs `iltbris ei `n ]ivhstn i` [rb -

eultbr `is eisincbs uo prüspirb y drultãdirb=.;><

IEHUB]HN@



EH]ILUB]I\6Thi`vn Auh``èo OittbehriltbrKrivhstni`prbeultbr.oit

NECHOH\U]NLHBO6Thi`vn Auh``èo OittbnechohstrnlhboKrivhstni`prbeultbr.oit

]ILI[LHBO X N\H\UIOUIEI EH]ILLHBO6\h`vhn N`dbozbhodbKrivhstni`prbeultbr.oit

]IENLLHBO X IEHLHBO6\h`vhn N`dbozbiehlhboKrivhstni`prbeultbr.oit

EI[N]UNCIOUB EI CN]JI UHOA6Thi`vn Auh``èo OittbNrcnoeb [bseiìyehriltbrKrivhstni`prbeultbr.oit

Nsisbr Furãehlb

Nm. N`mirtb \h`vn

EH\IÞB X EHNA]NCNLHÜO6Guab LnrebzbehnarncnlhboKrivhstni`prbeultbr.oit

\Y\L]H[LHBO X @BAH\UHLNLèsnr NquhoboiwsìttirsKrivhstni`prbeultbr.oit

\UNDD9=. NUIOUB N @N EICNOEN LGHON. Mrnsh` icpiznrãn n sicmrnr `n sbfn Mt-]]= i

zndrn =;></=;>5

95. Mb`hvhn quhiri uth`hznr sich``ns ei cnãz trnosaèohlb94. Ysno `ns znongbrhns ei eislnrti pnrn bmtioir lnrbtiobs y mhbitnob`

97. \i eisnrrb``nrî nrrbz iorhquilheb lbo zhol

98. Lrino nàns cnrhons cbehlnens aioèthlncioti pnrn prbeulhr mhblbcmust

4;. I` mbsqui nt`îothlb si ixthoaui… yn ob pbeicbs siauhr ‐lb`bohznoeb– îrin

sns

4=. @n @bcmrhlu`turn (=en [N]UI)

49. @n nlthvhene dbristn` y `n narhlu`turn io i` liotrb ei uo duturb sbstiohmì (Ui

[nrti)

48. @n anoneirãn pnrnaunyn lhirrn i` nþb ei `n rilupirnlhüo

1;. Uilohlns n tioir io luiotn pnrn vnluonr n `bs nohcnìs lbotn `n imri nd tb

1=. Narb Hoeustrhn Lncpbs Ouivbs Hcpbrtn Xisb Narãlb`n Onturn`(\u`dntb ei L

Gherntneb)

15. [risiotnlhüo ei Urnmnfbs ]in`hznebs pbr i` [rbd. Hoa. Nar. Er. Jiotnrb Ubchtn

disbr Thshtnoti ei `n Dnlu`tne ei Lhiolhns Narbpilunrhns y Eisnrrb``b ]urn`,

Yohvirshene Onlhbon` ei [h`nr (YO[)

14. Eistnlno hcpbrtnolhn Istrntèahln. N`hnozn ei [nrnauny-Fnpüo

11. Narb ehoîchln =;;>=

77. Icprisns [nrthlhpnotis Narbehonchln =;>=

8=. N[]B\IC[ LN[NLHUN N NON@H\UN\ EI @NMB]NUB]HB\. Ivn`öno lucp`hchio

ria`ns hotironlhbonìs ei iosnybs ei sich``ns

8<. TH \hcpbshb Hotironlhbon` ei` Jn‘n Gi‘i“\tivhn. [rbpboio cnybr hcpu`sb ho

lbcirlhn` ei` Jn‘n Gi‘i

85. [rbeultbris si rishstio n sumshehnr n cu`thonlhbonìs

89. Ixhtbsn [rhcirn Iehlhüo ei `n Dirhn-Disthvn` ei ‐@n pnpn y limb``n–

84. \iltbr Lbbpirnthvb bmtuvb uo lrilhchiotb ei` >=% io =;>=

7. [rhcir trncb ei `n zndrn sbfirn shaui lbo muion `ùvhn

>;. \IONTI snolhbonrn n prbeultbris hìanìs ei sich``ns ei Cnãz Aioèthlncioti

Cbehlneb

>=. Eisicpiþb ei` nàbeüo sirãn i` cifbr ei `n eèlnen

><. Lnen viz cîs pnãsis npruimno i` usb ei `n mhbtilob`baãn io lu`thvbs

>5. Hcpuistb n `n sbfn eifnrî n` prbeultbr io cnobs ei `ns hoeustrhns

>4. @ìvnrî ebs nþbs rilupirnrsi ei n eisnstrbsn siquãn ei` =;>=, bmsirvn Lnpilb

>7. Ei`hoino nllhbois noti prisiolhn ei` Lnrnlb` Ahanoti Ndrhlnob io i` pnãs

=;. [rbeullhüo onlhbon` ei sèsncb dui ei =;.;;; to.

==. Lbbpirnthvhstns hovirthrîo cîs ei $9;.;;;.;;; pnrn iovãbs ei u`trncnr

=<. [rbeultbris si lnpnlhtno sbmri cnoifb ei iovnsis vnlãbs ei narbquãchlbs

=5. Ivnùnlhüo ei `n lnothene ei oüeu`b, rioehchiotb ei` arnob y nmsbrlhüo ei cnlrbs

outrhiotis io i` lu`thvb ei [brbtb (Thaon uoauhlu`ntn) Tnrhiene \no Drnolhslb-H, lbo

ehdiriotis ohviìs ei Düsdbrb ([nrti Dhon`).

=7. Yo ]ilbrrheb pbr n Mhbtilob`baãn (=» pnrti)

<;. [rbpboio nuciotnr n` 4;% i` usb ei sich``ns lirthlnens ei sbfn y ixpbrtnr`ns

<=. Ehstrhmulhüo y lnrnltirãsthln ei `bs sui`bs îlhebs Bxhsbìs y Y`thsbìs io NcèrhlnUrbphln` ([rhcirn [nrti)

<7. OBUN EI UN[N6 Idiltb ei n np`hlnlhüo ei yisb io i` lu`thvb ei ahrnsb` (Gi`hnotmus

noous) y cnãz (zin cnys) io uo sui`b Bxhsb` (]mbehl Jnoehuebx), io `n ]iahüo ei

Xaunzö, N`tb [nrnoî

5=. Lbsilgno ><.9;; jh`bs pbr giltîrin io Mrnsh` ei Cnãz Mt

55. Hcpu`sno mhbtilobbaãn pnrn `n eicnoen ei lnþn ei nzölnr

54. Urili pnãsis rcnrbo uon eil`nrnlhüo sbmri prisiolhn io mnfbs ohviìs ei BAC

57. Urhab trnosaèohlb hmri ei aùtio

58. \iluiolhno i` aiobcn ei `n snoeãn

9>. @n prbeullhüo ei sich``ns AC io Lghì shaui lrilhioeb

@ns [htnoans l/Lnchob ]in` - Iolnronlhýo - [nrnauny - Ui`/Dnx6 (;1>) =;1 1=8 - www.rivhstni`prbeultbr.o



\ho b`vhenr `bs enþbs qui aioi-

rno `ns prilhphtnlhbois hotio-sns n `ns vhvhioens y lnchobsrurnìs, `n `ùvhn shrvhü pnrn lbrtnrquholi eãns ei ispbrîehlns `ùvhns ihotiosb ln`br io `ns zbons narãlb`nsei Lnnaunzö, lbciotü Gircis Nquh-ob, prisheioti eipnrtnciotn` ei `nLbbrehonebrn Narãlb`n ei` [nrnauny.

@bs rumrbs ei virnob lbcb sbfn,nàbeüo, cnãz y nutblbosucb cno-

thioio muio eisnrrb``b, bmsirvü. Ioi` lnsb ei `n sbfn, pbr i` cbciotb sicnothioio `ns pbshmh`heneis ei bmti-

oir muiobs rioehchiotbs. @`bvhü cîsei >;; cc io uo sb`b eãn, risn`tü.

‐Istncbs mhio, lbo culgn ispi-

rnozn. \h ob ``bvãn io uon sicnon ynãmncbs n tioir prbmìcns. @n sbfnhmn n tioir prbmìcns ei brnlhüo,lnran, tbeb i` cuoeb hmn n tioirprbmìcns. [irb isn pnusn ei quho-

li eãns sho ``bvir shrvhü pnrn qui `ns

p`notns `barnrno uo cnybr eisnrrb``b

rnehlu`nr–, ehfb Gircis Nquhob.]ilbreü qui yn io i` prholhphb ei`n shicmrn, gnli ebs cisis y ciehb,tncmhèo si riahstrnrbo prilhphtnlhb-

ois qui dnvbrilhirbo n` trnmnfb narã -lb`n. @n lbsilgn si enrãn n pnrthr ei`>; ei ioirb io isn riahüo.

@bs lnnaunliþbs p`notno io i`

>=% ei` îrin sbfirn ei` pnãs, siaöoisthcnlhbois ei HOMHB. \u îrin eishicmrn is ei nprbxhcnencioti<75.<74 giltîrins y su pbtiolhn`prbeulthvb, ei cîs ei >.;;;.;;; eitboi`nens ei sbfn, nàb qui ob dui n`-lnozneb io `n zndrn notirhbr, n lnusn

\BFN

DYIOUI ┍ Yohüo ei Arichbs ei `n [rbeullhüo

N a r h l u ` t u r n


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/el-productor-revista-diciembre-2012-paraguay-portalguarani 9/98www.rivhstni`prbeultbr.oit┍ ]ivhstn I` [rbeultb



I` \irvhlhb Onlhbon` ei Ln`hene y \nohene Tiaitn` yei \ich``ns, \IONTI, hohlhü uon duirti lncpnþnei sln`hznlhüo n ohvi` onlhbon` noti `n ixhstiolhnei uo shsticn lbrruptb y pirfuehlhn` qui cu`thp`hln

io dbrcn hìan` sich``ns ei cnãz aioèthlncioti cbeh -

lnens..@n hosthtulhüo privè snolhbonr lbo tbeb i` rhabr ei `ns

obrcnthvns vhaiotis n `bs hoislrupu`bsbs prbeultbrisqui sino iolbotrnebs lu`pnmìs ei istn pirfuehlhn` prîl-

thln, qui pboi io rhisab n tbeb i` shsticn prbeulthvb, lb-

cirlhn`hznoeb ei cnoirn h`ãlhtn sich``ns qui ob bdrilio`n ciobr anrnotãn.

I` lbcirlhb hìan` ei sich``ns trnosariei ob sb`b `n@iy <79/85 ei \ich``ns y [rbtillhüo ei Lu`thvnris, shobneicîs n `n @iy ei Istuehb ei Hcpnltb Ncmhiotn`, n` Lü-

ehab \nohtnrhb, n` Lüehab Neunoirb, y n n @iy qui istnmì-

li i` ]èahcio Urhmutnrhb ei` pnãs.Iotri `ns snolhbois qui puiei np`hlnr i` \IONTI si

ioluiotrno `n cu`tn, i` eilbchsb y/b eistrullhüo ei`ns cirlneirãns b cntirhnìs io hodrnllhüo y/b iìcio-

tbs uth`hznebs pnrn lbcitir `n hodrnllhüo, `n suspioshüob lnoli`nlhüo ei` riahstrb lbrrispboehioti, y `n l`nusurnpnrlhn` b tbtn`, ticpbrn` b pircnoioti ei `blnìs b hostn-

`nlhbois io eboei si lbcithü uon hodrnllhüo.@n viotn hìan` ei sich``ns riprisiotn uon prîlthln

sucncioti pirfuehlhn` pnrn tbebs `bs nltbris ei `n ln-

eion prbeulthvn, prholhpn`cioti pnrn `bs prbeultbrisquhiois sbo sbrprioehebs io su muion di y nequhirio sh-chiotis qui ob pbsiio i` rispnèb ei `n hovisthanlhüo oh`ns muions prîlthlns ei prbeullhüo.

Istb hcp`hln qui noti uo risu`tneb eisdnvbrnmì pbri` usb ei istns sich``ns hìanìs, `bs prbeultbris ob tio-

erîo pbshmh`heneis ei ril`ncb nàuob.Noti istn rin`hene, i` \IONTI, hostn n `bs prbeultb-

ris n ixtricnr `bs luhenebs n` cbciotb ei nequhrhr `nsshchiotis, y n eiouolhnr hrriau`nrheneis, ei cnoirn nlb`nmbrnr lbo n ulgn lbotrn isti nai`b qui lbcprbci-

ti `bs duturbs p`nois prbeulthvbs, iorhquilhioeb n uobspblbs hoislrupu`bsbs


\IONTI

@n pbshmh`hene ei lbsilgnr cîs pbr giltîrin, sucneb n `bs mioilhbs ei ehschouhr `n np`h-lnlhüo ei pisthlhens, sirvhrîo pnrn qui i` cnãz pnsi ei sir uo lu`thvb ei lbcpìciotb n

uob ei cnybr hcpbrtnolhn y si rbcpno vnrhbs chtbs, siþn`ü Drnolhslb Drnllghn, airioti einsuotbs lbrpbrnthvbs ei Cbosnotb io [nrnauny.

DYIOUI ┍\IONTI

]ivhstn I` [rbeultbr ┍ www.rivhstni`prbeultbr.oit



‐Io lnsbs ixliplhbonìs gno rin`hzneb uon sb`npu`virhznlhüo n` ntnqui ei p`nans io lbotrnpnr-then n nþbs notirhbris qui n istn n`turn ei `n

airchonlhüo yn `ìvnmno lbo `ns sich``ns lboviolhbonìsei 9 n 7 pu`virhznlhbois io 4; eãns ei airchonlhüo–, ehfbio su noî`hshs ei eimh`heneis y pbtiolhn`heneis ei n lnc-

pnþn nàbeboirn =;>=/=;><.I` prholhpn` holboviohioti qui bmsirvn is qui arno

pnrti ei `bs piquiþbs prbeultbris rin`hzn `n shicmrn ei`nàbeüo duirn ei `n èpbln rilbcioenen. ‐Istn prîlthln

is pblb ilnz n `n gbrn ei cifbrnr `bs rioehchiotbs shio-eb qui istns sich``ns sbo ei n`tn ln`hene–, siþn`ü.

Istn ehlu`tne thioi lbcb notilieiotis, io prhcir u-

anr, ‐`n nutbrhznlhüo ei `bs cntirhnìs trnosaèohlbs, quisi rin`hzü prîlthlncioti n` hohlhb ei `n lncpnþn narãlb`n.Ei istn cnoirn si ndiltü n` prblisb ei ehstrhmulhüo bpbr-tuon y prbcblhüo ei `n lncpnþn narãlb`n =;>= n =;><io i` lu`thvb ei` nàbeüo–.

Neicîs, 5;.;;; nàbeboirbs ei Lnnznpî, Lnnaunzö,Chshbois, Htnpön y btrbs, ob hovhrthirbo sus rilursbs io


[I]\[ILUHTN\

Lucp`hèoebsi iotri 4; y1; eãns ei airchonlhüoei` nàbeüo, i` Hoa. N`driebCb`hons, nsisbr Narb-Ncmhiotn` ei `n Cisn Narãlb`nei `n Yohüo ei Arichbs ei

`n [rbeullhüo eistnlü qui‐`ns sich``ns lbo iviotbstrnosaèohlbs (]] y Mt)lbcirlhn`hznens ìan`ciotisbo ei cuy muion ln`heney `bs risu`tnebs gnstn i`cbciotb sbo holbcpnrnmìsn `ns sich``ns ei nàbeüosicmrnebs io `ns ö`thcns >;lncpnþns narãlb`ns pnsnens–.

thicpb y dbrcn neilunen eimheb n` ritrnsb io `n iotri -

an ei `bs lirthlnebs narboüchlbs ei >.;;;.;;; As pbrlnen prbeultbr, siaöo rirhü i` Hoa. Cb`hons.

Dhon`cioti, eistnlü qui `n `hmirnlhüo io dbrcn ix-

liplhbon` ei `ns sich``ns trnosaèohlns pbr istn lncpn-

þn narãlb`n =;>= n =;>< aioirü uon ‐cbthvnlhüo öohln–io `n lneion nàbeboirn, eisei `ns dnch`hns lncpishonsgnstn `n hoeustrhn`hznlhüo y i` lbcirlhb ixtirhbr.

‐Ixhsti culgb hotirès io lbosirvnr `ns sich``ns lboiviotbs trnosaèohlbs (]] y Mt) qui ob gno sheb lbcirlhn-

`hznebs b sicmrnebs, pbr su ixliìoti ln`hene io `n air-chonlhüo y vhabr io su eisnrrb``b viaitnthvb–, nei`notü.

[nrnauny sicmrnrãn lirln ei 1;.;;; giltîrins einàbeüo lboviolhbon` y trnosaèohlb, siaöo N`drieb Cb`h-ons. Uhioio brhaio lboblheb uons 4;.;;; mb`sns, chio-

trns qui 7.;;; n >;.;;; mb`sns pnrn haun` lnothene eigiltîrins sirãno `ns hcpbrtnens ei cnoirn hìan` io istnzndrn.

DYIOUI ┍ Yohüo ei Arichbs ei `n [rbeullhüo




Nsã siþn`ü \bohn Ubcnssboi,

Nsisbrn lbcirlhn` ei `n Lî-cnrn [nrnaunyn ei Ixpbr-tnebris y Lbcirlhn`hznebris

ei Lirinìs, Bìnahobsns, LN[ILB,quhio pnrthlhpü isti nþb ei `n TH riu-

ohüo ei pnrtis ei` [rbtblb`b ei Lnr-tnaion sbmri Mhbehvirshene Mhb`üahlnrin`hznen io Hoehn, io riprisiotnlhüoei` siltbr prhvneb.

Bmsirvü qui gnli ehiz nþbs gn-

mãn uon bpbshlhüo prîlthlncioti tb-

tn` n bs trnosaèohlbs y ‐irn lbcb gn-

m`nr ei` ehnm`b–. Gby, nqui``bs pnãsis

qui tioãno uon pbshlhüo tnfnoti lbo-trn `bs trnosaèohlbs lbcb `n YI, n`-auobs pnãsis ei Nshn y Ncèrhln, gnolncmhneb su pbshlhüo, y lbo i``b sign `barneb ivhtnr qui isti prbtblb`bsi lbovhirtn io uon trnmn n` lbcir-lhb, risn`tü. \ho icmnrab, surahirboouivbs eisndãbs.

‐Lnsh tbebs bs nrtãlu`bs ei` prbtb-

lb`b gby io eãn istîo ria`nciotnebs.

[]BEYLLHBO

Lnen viz gny cîs pnãsis qui si cuistrno n dnvbr ei` usb ei `n mhbtilob`baãn y `b vio lbcbuon bplhüo eicblrîthln tnotb pnrn i` prbeultbr lbcb pnrn i` lbcprnebr.

pnrn i` ciehb ncmhioti, iotbolis

ouistrn hein is tioir uon nllhüocîs prbnlthvn iotri `bs prholhpnìsprbeultbris ei` cuoeb, qui sh mhiosbcbs tbebs lbcpitiolhn, gicbsiolbotrneb puotbs io lbcöo–, rirhü\bohn Ubcnssboi.

[nrn trntnr isti y btrbs nsuotbsqui istîo io i` tnpiti ei` lbcir-lhb cuoehn` ei arnobs, nrrhmnrbo nNsuolhüo `bs hotiarnotis ei `n N`hno-

zn Hotironlhbon` ei [rbeultbris ei\bfn (Hotironthbon` \bymino ArbwirsN``hnoli “ H\AN). Istn n`hnozn lbo-

dbrcnen pbr prbeultbris ei IstnebsYohebs, Mrnsh`, Nraiothon, [nrnaunyy Yruauny cnoifn i` 8<% ei `n sbfnqui si prbeuli y si lbcirlhn`hzn ioi` cuoeb.

Yo tbtn` ei =8 pnãsis nebptno `bslu`thvbs mhbtilob`üahlbs io i` cuo-

eb, io uo îrin ei shicmrn qui ioi` =;>> dui ei >>4.;;;.;;; giltî-

rins, siaöo H\NNN.

X yn qui isti prbtblb`b si gn vui`tb

ciobs pi`harbsb qui hohlhn`cioti,`nsthcbsncioti istîo lrinoeb oui-

vbs y ouivbs prbtblb`bs qui icphi-

zno ixnltncioti haun`, ``îciosiLncmhb L`hcîthlb, b ]ãb+=;, eboeii` iouolhneb istî mhio, bmvhnciotitbebs quiricbs ivhtnr i` lncmhb l`h-cîthlb–, lbciotü Ubcnssboi.

Ixp`hlü qui `n eiìanlhüo pnrn-

aunyn, iolnmiznen pbr `n lnolh`ì-

rãn onlhbon` y chohstirhbs, io vnrhnsbpbrtuoheneis si eistnlü y duinp`nuehen pbr riprisiotnotis ei `bs

eicîs pnãsis qui eipioeio ei `nprbeullhüo narãlb`n, ntioehioeb qui[nrnauny y Mrnsh` sbo `bs öohlbs quirnthlnrbo isti [rbtblb`b. Ob `b gh-lhirbo IIYY, oh Lnoneî, oh Nraiothonpbrqui sbspilgnmno eisei uo prho-

lhphb, lbciotü.‐ûiricbs eicbstrnrì n` cuo-

eb qui `n dbrcn qui gby io eãn is-

tncbs prbeulhioeb is mioilhbsn


DYIOUI ┍ Yohüo ei arichbs ei `n prbeullhüo



‐I` prbmìcn is qui lunoeb n istns icpri-

sns ob ìs lhirrio `bs oöcirbs vno n nltunr

pb`ãthlncioti noti i` Ifiluthvb y vno n ei-lhrì, np`hquicbs ngã uo hcpuistb n` istneb

onturn` ei `bs prbeultbs. X i` ifiluthvb vn n lnir io isntrncpn cuy dîlh`cioti, pbrqui is uo ehoirb io lnfn rî -

pheb, io uon mbln ei sn`hen ei prbeultbs qui is `n lbsncîs dîlh` qui gny–, ehfb Ehitzi.

Nmbaü pbr qui si nariaui vn`br n n prbeullhüo prhcnrn yqui tbeb surfn ei cnoirn onturn`. ]ilbreü qui io `n nltun`h-ene, [nrnauny prblisn i` ==% ei n sbfn prbeulhen io i` pnãsy qui io uo lbrtb p`nzb ìanrî n prblisnr lirln ei` 1;%. [nrn

iotbolis pberãn surahr uo ouivb islionrhb, bmsirvü.‐\h pnsn pbr `n hoeustrhn (`n sbfn), tioicbs uon mn-

rrirn ei `bs pnãsis qui obs lbcprno `n cntirhn prhcn. @ipuieio nþnehr uo nrnoli` qui puiei sir ei` >; n >9%.Io lncmhb, i` arnob hoarisn sho nrnoliìs tnotb n Iurbpnlbcb n Nshn–, risn`tü ]bonè Ehitzi.

Eistnlü qui pnrn lbotrnrristnr istn shtunlhüo, `n ci-

fbr sn`hen pnrn i` prbeultbr is nuciotnr n prbeulthvhene,`b lun` ehschouyi i` prbciehb ei lbstb ei prbeullhüo pbrjh`b. Nþnehü qui istb sirvhrî pnrn ndrbotnr `n pbshmì ehs-

choulhüo ei `bs prilhbs ei `bs lbccbehthis io tèrchobsrinìs io i` duturb.


ILB[

I` prisheioti ei ILB[, ]bonè Ehitzi, siþn`ü qui `n np`hlnlhüo ei hcpuistb n `n sbfn ixpbr-tnen io istneb onturn` bm`hanrî n` prbeultbr n quienr ‐io cnobs ei ebs b tris hoeustrhns–,`b lun` pberãn eisnìotnr `ns hovirshbois io uo cirlneb hotirvioheb. Ghzb istns eil`nrnlhb-

ois noti `bs ouivbs hotiotbs ei ribtnr i` prbyiltb ei ìy.




@ns pnrli`ns vireis ei sbfn qui si puieio bmsirvnrgby io bs eipnrtnciotbs arnoiìrbs sbo cuy ehstho-

tns n `ns ei gnli uo nþb. @n islnsiz ei `ùvhns eurücîs ei tris cisis io `n riahüo Brhiotn` gnstn ehschouhrio uo 58% `n prbeullhüo ei sbfn y eistruhr lu`thvbs einutblbosucb...

‐I` prbeultbr quieü eimhioeb n `bs sh`bs y `bs sh`bsquienrbo eimhioeb n `bs mnolbs. Ubeb isb shaohln `noilishene ei uo nþb muiob, b sh is pbshmì ei ebs nþbsmuiobs sho uo hcpuistb nehlhbon`, culgb ciobs uo hc-

puistb tno hofustb lbcb i` ei `n ixpbrtnlhüo ei arnobs–,ehfb Mnuir. [br isb eistnlü `n oilishene ei `barnr risu`-

tnebs üpthcbs io i` =;><. I` öohlb rhisab is qui surfnnàöo trnucn l`hcîthlb n` on` ei `n lbsilgn, lbcb ixli-

shvns `ùvhns.‐[nrn `n sbfn qui istî icpiznoeb culgbs yn gno

fneb prilhbs y ispirncbs qui gnyno lnptneb `bs cîslboviohiotis. I` lbstb ei prbeullhüo istî lirln ei $5;;`n giltîrin, iotbolis, lbo =.;;; Ja/Gn lrib qui i` prb -

eultbr puiei lumrhr lbo bs prilhbs nltunìs y anonr nàb.Lbo isi cnraio snènrî sus eiuens ei hohlhbs ei istinþb–, non`hzü i` prisheioti ei LN[ILB.


LN[ILB

[nrn rilupirnrsiei uo nþb tno

eisnstrbsb lbcb

i` =;>=, i` siltbrnarãlb`n oilishtnrîebs nþbs muiobs,

ciolhboü Y`rhlgMnuir, prisheiotiei `n Lîcnrn eiIxpbrtnebris yLbcirlhn`hznebrisei Lirinìs yBìnahobsns,LN[ILB.

CNÃV X U]HAB UYTHI]BO ]I\Y@UNEB\ EH\UHOUB\@n viotn ei trhab n` ixtirhbr isti nþb dui cîs uhen

y lbo cifbris prilhbs pnrn i` prbeultbr arnlhns n `n ri -

lupirnlhüo ei` cirlneb mrnshìþb, chiotrns qui i` cnãzprisiotü `hchtnlhbois n lnusn ei `bs enþbs qui aioirü `ngi`nen, lbciotü Y`rhlg Mnuir.

‐I` nþb pnsneb obs dui hcpbshmì vioeir ouistrb trh -ab pbrqui [nrnauny lbosuci iotri 5;;.;;; n 9;;.;;;tboi`nens pbr nþb y prbeuli i` ebmì ei isb b cîs. ûi-

encbs lbo i` trhab gnstn cnyb, fuohb, fu`hb, gnstn qui eiripioti npnrilhirbo `bs cb`hoirbs ei Mrnsh`–, ehfb.

Mnuir ixp`hlü qui `bs sh`bs muslno `n cnoirn ei vio -

eir i` cnãz lbsilgneb, qui prisiotn `hchtnlhbois iolunotb n `n ln`hene pnrn `n prbeullhüo ei mn`nolinebs.‐X pbr isb oilishtncbs qui si dbcioti n ixpbrtnlhüo eicnãz notis qui si ì lbmri uo hcpuistb–.

Dhon`cioti, ricnrlü `n hcpbrtnolhn ei lrinr lbo-

ehlhbois pnrn qui i` trhab y i` cnãz sino cîs riotnmìsio hovhirob. ‐Iotbolis sã pbeicbs ixpbrtnr y pbeicbsblupnr tben isn supirlhi blhbsn ei 4;;.;;; giltîrinsqui istncbs pirehioeb `n blnshüo ei uth`hznr–, on`hzü i`prisheioti ei LN[ILB.




I` [risheioti ei` \irvhlhb Onlhbon` ei Ln`hene y \noh-ene Tiaitn` (\IONTI), Hoa. Nar. Fnhci Nyn`n, hodbrcü qui`n hosthtulhüo si ioluiotrn lbbrehonoeb nllhbois noti `nprisiolhn io i` pnãs ei` lnrnlb` ahanoti ndrhlnob (Nlgnth -on du`hln), lbosheirneb lbcb uon ei `ns lhio p`nans cîs

hcpbrtnotis ei `n narhlu`turn io `n nltun`hene.I` bmfithvb prhbrhtnrhb is hcpìciotnr lncpnþns ei eh-

dushüo y lbolhiothznlhüo io `n zbon ndiltnen, ei cnoirnn priviohr `n ehspirshüo ei` lnrnlb` y ehschouhr `bs ohviìspbm`nlhbonìs ei `n p`nan, n o ei chthanr `bs iviotunìsenþbs qui puien blnshbonr n `n narhlu`turn, y n `n pbm`n-

lhüo io aioirn`.@n hotiolhüo is nprbvilgnr `n viotnfn qui riprisiotn

i` gnmir eitiltneb io dbrcn ticprnon n p`nan, ntioehio-

eb qui ob thioi culgn cbvh`hene. \i pritioei io `n mri-


\IONTI

viene pbshmì nhs`nr `n zbon y lbcmnthr n` lnrnlb` io dbr-cn cilîohln pnrn ehschouhr su pbm`nlhüo, nl`nrü Nyn`n.

Hoehlü neicîs, qui si lbovblnrîo n riuohbois tèloh-lns n eipioeiolhns ei `bs Chohstirhbs ei \nùe [öm`hlny Mhioistnr \blhn`, Ieulnlhüo y Lu`tb, Narhlu`turn y Anon -

eirãn, `n \ilritnrãn ei` Ciehb Ncmhioti y `n [ridilturnOnvn` ei `n Nrcnen Onlhbon` iotri btrns hosthtulhbois ybranohscbs.

I` Lnrnlb` Ahanoti Ndrhlnob dui eitiltneb io i` ehstrhtbei Nyb`ns, Eptb. ei Chshbois, eboei duirbo lnpturnebsispilãciois neu`tbs y guivbs, io i` cnrlb ei uo prbarn-

cn ei vhah`nolhn hcpìciotneb pbr `n hosthtulhüo eiseii` nþb pnsneb io `ns prholhpnìs îrins ei rhisab ei `np`nan, qui holùyü neicîs `bs eipnrtnciotbs ei Htnpön,N`tb [nrnoî y Þiicmulö.




@n Ehrillhüo ei [rbtillhüo Tiaitn`, ixp`hlü qui isticbùslb yn gn hovneheb lnsh tbebs `bs lbothoiotis, y quiis lbosheirneb uob ei `bs lnrnlbìs tirristris cîs pir-

fuehlhnìs ei` cuoeb, lbo uo arno pbtiolhn` ei ehspirshüoeimheb n su n`tn p`nsthlhene noti vnrhnmìs ncmhiotnìs yiìvnen tnsn riprbeulthvn.

Istn p`nan puiei blnshbonr arnoeis pèrehens io ehdi-

riotis lu`thvbs lbcb cnãz, onrnofn, hcüo, nàbeüo, p`îtn-

ob, lãtrhlbs, ìlguan, ci`üo, phþn, cnoehbln, y broncio-

tnìs, iotri btrbs, neicîs ei hcpnltnr oianthvncioti io`n mhbehvirshene, ntioehioeb qui lbcphti y eisp`nzn n bsbtrbs lnrnlbìs ei su gîmhtnt onturn`, n`tirnoeb n lneiontrüln.

Is hcpbrtnoti nl`nrnr qui tncmhèo puieio trnoschthriodircieneis n `ns pirsbons ei dbrcn ehriltn, sh io-

trno io lbotnltb lbo i``bs, b hoehriltn, lbosuchioeb `nslbsilgns hodiltnens lbo `bs pnrîshtbs qui pbrtno istbscbùslbs.

B[I]NUHTB LBOFYOUB [N]N IOD]IOUN] N@ LN]NLB@ AHANOUI

IO NXB@N\

I` \irvhlhb Onlhbon` ei Ln`hene y \nohene Tiaitn` y ei\ich``ns (\IONTI), lbofuotncioti lbo i` Chohstirhb ei\nùe [öm`hln, nutbrheneis cuohlhpnìs y ieulnthvns ei

Nyb`ns, Chshbois, si ioluiotrno trnmnfnoeb hotiosncio-

ti n o ei hotirliptnr y i`hchonr `n cnybr lnothene pbshmìei ispilãciois ei Lnrnlb` Ahanoti Ndrhlnob (Nlgnthondö`hln), p`nan n`tncioti pirfuehlhn` pnrn `n snùe y `n prb-

eullhüo qui dui eitiltnen io isn `bln`hene.

@n Ehrillhüo ei [rbtillhüo Tiaitn` (E[T) ei` \IONTI,

hoehlü qui duolhbonrhbs ei vnrhns hosthtulhbois onlhbon-ìs y eipnrtnciotnìs hohlhnrbo i` uois pnsneb uon sirhiei rilbrrhebs choulhbsbs pbr `bs mnrrhbs ei isn lhuene,muslnoeb hcpiehr `n prb`hdirnlhüo ei `n p`nan.

‐Tncbs n rilbrrir lnsn pbr lnsn, trntnoeb ei `ìanrn tbebs `bs mnrrhbs ei Nyb`ns, pnrn lnpturnr y i`hchonr `ncnybr lnothene ei Lnrnlbìs ahanotis ndrhlnobs qui sipuieno, pbrqui istn ispilhi si ehsichon rîphencioti yis cuy pirfuehlhn`–, hoehlü i` Hoa. Nar. Oi`sbo Dnrhþn, eiÈipnrtnciotb ei Thah`nolhn Dhtbsnohtnrhn.

Nariaü qui `n pnrthlhpnlhüo i hovbùlrnchiotb eilheh-

eb ei `n lhuenenoãn sirî vhtn` io `bs prblisbs ei eitil-

lhüo y i`hchonlhüo ei `n p`nan, tiohioeb io luiotn quiixhstio ripbrtis ei qui i` cbùslb pberãn istnr n`bfneby riprbeulhèoebsi io `bs pnthbs y vhvhioens ei `bs pbm`n-

ebris.

I` Hoa. Nar. Fnhci Nyn`n, [risheioti ei` \IONTI, pri-

lhsü qui n `n pnr ei `ns nllhbois eisnrrb``nens io Nyb-

`ns, `n hosthtulhüo lbothoön rin`hznoeb cbohtbribs io `nsprholhpnìs zbons ei rhisab pnrn eitirchonr `n iviotun`prb`hdirnlhüo ei `n p`nan.

Haun`cioti, hostü n `n pbm`nlhüo n istnr nìrtn, hodbr-cnrsi y npbynr `bs trnmnfbs pnrn i` lbotrb` ei `n p`nan,neicîs ei lbcuohlnr `ns iviotunìs npnrhlhbois n `nE[T, ti`èdbobs ;=> “ 559184, 55>958 y 584;1> b n trn-

vès ei` npnrtneb ‐Eiouolhns– ei `n [îa. wim hosthtulhb-

on`, www.sionvi.abv.py

Lnmi rilbrenr qui `ncnohpu`nlhüo ei `bs ispi-

lãciois puiei riprisio-

tnr uo pi`harb pnrn `n snùeei `ns pirsbons, pbr `b quiis oilisnrhb tbcnr prilnu-

lhbois lbcb ivhtnr i` lbo-tnltb ehriltb y `n uth`hznlhüoei aunotis ei `ntix.

[nrn `n i`hchonlhüo ei`bs lnrnlbìs si rilbchio-

en, lb`blnr `bs ispilãci-

ois io uon dbsn lb`blnoebiolhcn ln` vhvn y ùiab io-

tirrnr`bs.

www.rivhstni`prbeultbr.oit┍ ]ivhstn I` [rbeultb




‐Iotbolis isb is pblb, pbr cîs qui si gnyn pn -

aneb uo prilhb ixliìoti ei As 9.;;; pnrn i`prbeultbr. I` prbeultbr ob pirehü p`ntn, pirb ob

anoü, qui is `b qui tbebs quiricbs. Ob dui uo nþb mui-

ob n rnãz ei `n siquãn–, ehfb Mbaahob.I` prbciehb ei prbeullhüo lnyü n <;;Ja/Gn, lunoeb

`b üpthcb is lbsilgnr 4;;Ja/Gn lbcb cãohcb. Hrrici-

ehnmìcioti, istb ghzb qui i` îrin ei shicmrn ei sèsncbmnfnrn n 9;.;;; giltîrins, `n cîs mnfn io ouivi nþbs,siaöo isthcnlhbois ei LN[IW\I.

Ixp`hlü qui ob si riahstrnrbo prisiolhns shaohlnthvns

ei iodircieneis oh ei p`nans io i` lu`thvb, qui nyuenrbopblb pbr `n dn`tn ei `ùvhns.

\iþn`ü qui io i` =;><, ob pberî sir snthsdilgn `n ei -

cnoen ei `bs pnãsis qui lbosucio i` sèsncb pnrnaunyb.[nrn i``b si eimhü sicmrnr 7;.;;; giltîrins lbcb cãohcb.

Urntnoeb ei lirrnr i` nþb lbo chrns n` duturb, I`by Mbaah -ob eistnlü qui n shtunlhüo ei` sèsncb pnrnaunyb cuoehn`,lnen viz istî cifbr, io lunotb n lbthznlhüo hotironlhbon` siriiri. I` öohlb dnltbr hchtnoti pberãn sir n mnfn lbthznlhüoei` eü`nr qui si privè pnrn dimrirb ei` =;><, bmsirvü.


\I\NCB

‐Lbrin qui gnli shicpri uon hlhtnlhüo hcpbrtnoti, eipnanr prhcirb $>.4;; `n tboi`nen ei sèsncb ei arnoeisprbeultbris lbcb Hoehn y \ueîo, sumhü n $>8>;. X istn`hlhtnlhüo is uo pnrîcitrb hotironlhbon`–, ixp`hlü.

OY@B LBO\YCB HOUI]OBI` prisheioti ei `n Lîcnrn ei Ixpbrtnebris ei \èsn -

cb, lbciotü qui `n eicnoen hotiron ei sèsncb is prîl-

thlncioti ou`n io [nrnauny. [nrn rivirthr istb sirî lbo-

viohioti qui `bs turrbois ei sèsncb, rhlbs io prbtiãons,nothbxhenotis, y ioiraãn, si nþneno n n cirhioen islb`nr.

‐I` turrüo thioi =; ar. ei sèsncb. [irb gnancbs=;;.;;; turrbois pbr eãn. N `b cifbr >.=;; tboi`nens eisèsncb vno n quienr y sir prblisnens io i` pnãs. [irbob si trntn ei `b qui quien io i` pnãs, vno n sir >.=;;tboi`nens ei ioiraãn y prbtiãon qui vno n quienr pnrn `nsnùe ei ouistrbs ohþbs–, ricnrlü Mbaahob.

Nmbaü ei haun` cnoirn pbrqui i` rumrb sin lboshei -

rneb io prbarncns ei npbyb n piquiþbs prbeultbris eipnrti ei` Chohstirhb ei Narhlu`turn.

I` sèsncb ob islnpü n `bs prbmìcns ei `n siquãn, `nciotü I`by Mbaahob, prisheioti ei `nLîcnrn [nrnaunyn ei Ixpbrtnebris ei \èsncb. Ei `ns <;.;;; tboi`nens isthcnens pnrn `n

zndrn =;>>/=;>=, duirbo lbsilgnens =;.;;; tboi`nens io tbeb i` pnãs, uo <;% ciobs.





@bs dboebs sirîo eisthonebs n cifbrns io puirtbs sb-

mri i` rãb [nrnauny, n` n`quhìr y/b lbcprn ei puirtbssbmri `bs rãbs [nrnoî y Yruauny y `n nequhshlhüo ei

mnrlnzns n trnvès ei ILB[ \.N. icprisn ei n dieirnlhüo.Ei istn cnoirn lbosiauhrîo nmnrntnr `bs lbstbs ei` iti

y i` narhlu`tbr rilhmhrî uo cifbr prilhb, ixp`hlü.‐ûiricbs iotrnr io isi oiablhb y ob eipioeir ei

hotirciehnrhbs lbo tbebs bs lnsthabs b ‗prichbs‘ qui obslnrano y sbo cuy duirtis. Obsbtrbs quiricbs gnlir `bsoiablhbs lbo i` lbosuchebr on`, nsã lbcb gnlicbs lbo`n ìlgi, `n lnroi, nàbeüo, y cnoã qui ixpbrtncbs–, ehfb\nwntzjy.

@n DILB[]BE, io fuotb lbo `n YOHLBB[, icpiznrîoiovhnoeb iotri 9;;.;;; y 7;;.;;; tboi`nens ei sbfn i`


[]HCI] IOTÃB \I]ÃN EI 9;;.;;; UBOI@NEN\ EI \BFN

prhcir nþb, b lun` ‐yn is uo arno nvnoli–. Ehfb qui ixhsti

`n pbshmh`hene, nuoqui ob is lbcpìtncioti siaurn, eiqui io istn zndrn yn sin iovhneb mnfb isti cètbeb i` <;%ei `ns =.;;;.;;; ei tboi`nens qui lbsilgnrîo `ns >7lbbpirnthvns arnoiìrns.

‐Ob puiei sir qui i` lunrtb cnybr ixpbrtnebr ei sbfnei` cuoeb eipioen ei tirlirbs qui lbcirlhn`hzno susbfn. Ob puiei sir qui btrbs vhvno ei` suebr ouistrb, sb-

cbs cuy lücbebs, isb is hofustb–, ehfb \nwntzjy.

LBB[I]NUHTN\ EI@ CI]LB\Y] EN]ÎO @N CNOBGnli pblbs eãns dui rcneb uo nluireb iotri

Dilbprbe y `n Nsblhnlhüo ei Lbbpirnthvns Nraiothons,

NLN, pnrn i` hotirlncmhb ei usb ei puirtbs io \no @brio-zb, ]bsnrhb, n <;; Jc ei ]ãb ei n [`ntn. Ei haun` cnoirn,si pberãn ohquhtnr io `bs prüxhcbs luntrb cisis uo pnl-

tb shch`nr lbo n Lîcnrn Arnoiìrn ei ns Lbbpirnthvns eiYruauny, lbciotü i` ehrilthvb ei `n Dilbprbe.

‐Obsbtrbs pbeicbs `ìvnr ngã ouistrns mnrlnzns y eingã n u`trncnr n ouistrbs l`hiotis b io dbrcn lbofuotnlbo NLN ei Nraiothon, qui istî lbcirlhn`hznoeb cîs ei>;.;;;.;;; ei tboi`nens ei arnobs pbr nþb. Uncmhèo is-

tncbs trntnoeb ei n`quh`nr uo puirtb io Ouivn [n`chrn,Yruauny, pnrn tioir nàuon n`tironthvn io lnsb qui obsblurrn uon cn`n pnsnen io Nraiothon y sn`hr lbo cîs trno-

quh`hene n` cnr–, ixp`hlü \nwntzjy.

X pnrn gnlir cîs riotnmì i` vhnfi ei ritbrob ei `nsmnrlnzns, trnirîo ei riarisb narbdèrthìs qui sirîo dbr-cu`nebs io [nrnauny, lbcb yn b vhioio gnlhioeb yn eis-

ei isti nþb, pnrn mioilhb ilboüchlb ei bs prbeultbris.Is nsã lbcb lhirrno i` nþb `ns lbbpirnthvns ei `n prb -

eullhüo, lbo `n chrnen fn n` cnr y lbo i` ‐mrblgi ei brb–qui lboshsthü io `n lrinlhüo ei Mnolbp, i` prhcir mnolbei eisnrrb``b y lbcirlhn`hznlhüo, gilgb pbr `ns =1 nsblhn-

lhbois ei n Dieirnlhüo ei Lbbpirnthvns ei n [rbeullhüo.

Eisei uo pnãs sho `htbrn` cnrãthcb, `bs prbeultbris muslnrîo n pnrthr ei` =;>< b =;>5, iovhnrarnobs ei sbfn y trhab ehriltncioti n` lbosuchebr on` umhlneb ei` btrb `neb ei` Nt`îothlb. [nrn

isti prbpüshtb hovirthrîo $9;.;;;.;;; ei cnoirn arneun` io `bs prüxhcbs nþbs, hodbrcü Austnvb\nwntzjy, prisheioti ei `n Dieirnlhüo ei Lbbpirnthvns ei [rbeullhüo, Dilbprbe.





[rbeultbris nsblhnebs io n Lbbpirnthvn Narbprbeul-

thvn \notn Cnrãn (Lbbpnsnc) ei` ehstrhtb ei Choan[brí, N`tb [nrnoî, si lnpnlhtnrbo sbmri ehspbshlhüo

on` ei iovnsis vnlãbs ei narbquãchlbs y `bs rilnuebsqui si eimio tioir io luiotn pnrn uth`hznr istbs prbeul-

tbs ei cnoirn siaurn. @n lgnr`n dui hcpnrthen pbr tèloh-lbs ei n Ehrillhüo ei Narbquãchlbs ei` \irvhlhb Onlhbonèi Ln`hene y \nohene Tiaitn` y ei \ich``ns (\IONTI)....

Io `n bpbrtuohene si prbduoehzü `b ri`nlhboneb n `nsobrcnthvns hosthtulhbonìs ridiriotis n narbquãchlbs,

neicîs ei nmbrenr `n ehspbshlhüo on` ei `bs iovnsisvnlãbs, `n hcpbrtnolhn ei` trhpì `nvneb, `n pirdbrnlhüo ei`bs chscbs y `bs iquhpbs ei prbtillhüo oilisnrhbs pnrn`n cnohpu`nlhüo ei prbeultbs quãchlbs, iotri btrbs ns-

piltbs.I` iquhpb ei ispilhn`hstns ei` \IONTI, iolnmizneb

pbr n Hoa. Nar. \h`vhn Qiyir, eicbstrü lbo ificp`bs rinìsy prîlthlbs `bs cètbebs rilbcioenmìs pnrn `n i`hchon-

lhüo on` ei istbs iovnsis, nsã lbcb ns dbrcns irrüoinsi hcprueiotis ei cnohpu`nr`bs.

\IONTI

\bmri isti ö`thcb puotb, `n prbdishbon` hoehlü qui ionàuobs lnsbs, `ns icprisns y pbr ioei i` pirsbon`, obrispitno `ns ispilhlnlhbois tèlohlns y ei snùmrheneoilisnrhns pnrn su cnoifb.

@ns lgnr`ns sbmri ehspbshlhüo on` ei iovnsis vnlãbsei narbquãchlbs lbothounrîo io btrbs puotbs ei` pnãs.




9. ]prü d [=B9 rb pbrbb (j/g)

@n Dhaurn >= cuistrn rilupirn-


I\UYEHB UÈLOHLB

Ivnùnlhüo ei `n lnothene ei oüeu`b, rioehchiotb ei` arnob y nmsbrlhüo ei cnlrbsoutrhiotis io i` lu`thvb ei [brbtb (Thaon uoauhlu`ntn) Tnrhiene \no Drnolhslb-H, lbo

ehdiriotis ohviìs ei Düsdbrb ([nrti Dhon`).

lhüo ilhioti ei` [=B9 io i` arnobio lnen trntnchiotb. [nrn ln`lu`nr`n uth`hznlhüo, si uth`hzü `n ilunlhüo

shauhioti6

DYIOUI ┍ Notbohn I`hznmitg, Funo N`mirtbMbtthob y Austnvb ]itncbzb, NùcobsYohvirshene Onlhbon` ei [h`nr, JiotnrbUbchtn. [rbd. Hoa. Nar. Er.6 Yohvirshene On -

lhbon` ei [h`nr ([rbarncn ei Hovisthanlhüoy Ixtioshüo Yohvirshtnrhn, y Dnlu`tne eiLhiolhns Narbpilunrhns y Eisnrrb``b ]urn`)y Tbùotnrhb \iohbr ei FHLN (Naiolhn eiLbbpirnlhüo Hotironlhbon` ei` Fnpüo).

] i l u p i r n l h ü o i d l h i o t i e

i ` [ = B 9 ( % )

Np`hlnlhüo dbsdntnen ([=B9ja/gn)

Dhau]n >=. ]ilu[i]nlho iDhlhioti ei` [=B9 io i` a]noB io lnen t]ntnchiotB.

Nmsbrlhüo ei [=B9 io lnen trnt. ciobs Nmsbrlhüo ei` tisthab

Np`hllhüo dbsdntnen io lnen trnt. ei =9, 9;, >;; y =;;ja[=B9/gn

x >;;(%)

Neicîs, sbmri `bs vn`bris ei `nnmsbrlhüo ei` [ io i` arnob io lnentrntnchiotbs, si lbrriahirbo ei [ n[=B9 Z [ x =.=8 3 [=B9 (<> x = cîs>4 x 9 ehvheheb pbr = x <>: [3<=.>,B3>4.;)S pnrn lbrriahr n n np`hlnlhüodbsdntnen (ja[=B9/gn).

\i bmsirvü qui `n nmsbrlhüo dbs-

dntnen (ja/gn) io i` trntnchiotb ei

=9ja/gn ei [=B9 dui ei <.>8, chio-

trns qui n nmsbrlhüo io i` tisthab duiei >.>1. I` <.>8 ciobs i` >.>1 dui ei=.;=ja/gn ei [=B9. I` oöcirb eh-vheheb pbr `n np`hlnlhüo ei =9ja/gnx >;; dui ei 7.> (%). N` haun` qui i`trntnchiotb ei =9ja[=B9/gn, io `bstrntnchiotbs ei 9;, >;; y =;;ja -[=B9/gn, `n rilupirnlhüo ilhioti





ei düsdbrb dui ei 1.9, 5.< y =.8 (%),rispilthvncioti.

Ei bs risu`tnebs, n rilupirnlhüoilhiolhn ei` [=B9 io i` arnob duiei n`rieiebr ei 7% io `bs trntnchio-

tbs ei =9 y ei 9;ja[=B9/gn. \i lbo-

sheirn qui gumb fnlhüo ei` düsdbrbio i` supirlhi ei` sui`b nuoqui si

`b np`hlü io mnoen. [br rin`hznr i` ix-pirhciotb, i` nutbr pueb lborcnr i`dioüciob. [br btrn pnrti, n` np`hlnr>;; y =;;ja[=B9/gn, `bs vn`brisduirbo ciobs qui `bs vn`bris io `nsnp`hlnlhbois ei =9 y 9;ja[=B9/gn.[br dão, si lbosheirn qui gumb `hchtiei nmsbrmir isti iìciotb io i` arn-

ob, y dui `n np`hlnlhüo eicnshnen eivhstn ei `n rilupirnlüo.

Dhau]n >=. ]ilu[i]nlho iDhlhioti ei` [=B9 io i` a]noB io lnen t]ntnchiotB.

4. ivnùnlho ilBochln ei` [=B9IO I@ LY@UHTB EI [B]BUB4.>. ivnùnlho ei` lBstB DhfB [n]nI@ LY@UHTB EI [B]BUB

@n Unm`n = cuistrn lbstb fbpnrn i` lu`thvb ei limb`n. Ubtn`cio-

ti, i` lbstb fb pbr giltîrin dui ei>.9<1.9;;As. Neicîs, `n Unm`n <

cuistrn lbstb vnrhnmì. \bmri i` lbs-tb vnrhnmì, i` trntnchiotb < (9;ja -[=B9/gn) dui ei1=8.785 As/gnlbcb mioilhb oitb, i` prilhb dui i`cîs n`tb ei tbebs bs prilhbs. [br dão,pbr `n np`hlnlhüo dbsdntnen ei 9;ja/gn si pueb nuciotnr i` prilhb vioeh-eb tiohioeb io luiotn i` rioehchiotbei` arnob bmtioheb y lbstb vnrhnmì.

UNM@N <. LB\UB TN]HNM@ I [N]N I@ LY@UHTB EI [B]BUB TN] \NO D]NOLH\LB IO @B\ U]NUNCHIOUB\ DB\ DNUNEB\.

Obtn6 [rilhb ei` arnob dui ei <,;;;As/ja, Lbstb ei` [=B9/ja dui ei 4,894As (Lbstb ei` \DU dui ei >4;;;;As/9;ja) y i` lbstbfb dui ei >.9<1.9;;As/gn.

4.=. ivnùnlho ei` lBstB vn]hnmì[N]N I@ LY@UHTB EI [B]BUB

@n Dhaurn >< cuistrn ri`nlhüoiotri i` lbstb fb, lbstb ei dbsdbrblbcb vnrhnmì y mioilhb oitb pnrni` lu`thvb ei pbrbtb vnr \no Drnolhs-

lb-H. I` îrin oiarb is lnrab ei` mi -

oilhb oitb, y sho `n np`hlnlhüo dbsdn-

tnen y n` np`hlnr =;;ja[=B9/gn, obtuvb i` îrin oiarn. \i shaohln qui i`lbstb fb y vnrhnmì dui cîs n`tb quii` mioilhb oitb, y ob si pueb istn-

mìlir `n ri`nlhüo iotri eicnoen y i`suchohstb io i` lu`thvb ei pbrbtb (vir`n Unm`n <). [br dão, si bmsirvü n`tbmioilhb oitb io `n np`hlnlhüo ei 9;n >;;ja[=B9/gn. [irb, tiohioeb ioluiotn i` prilhb ei` nmbob dnsdntneb




ei nluireb lbo `n np`hlnlhüo, `n lno-

thene ei 9;ja/gn dui i` cîs cifbrpnrn mioilhb oitb y pnrn `n np`hln -

lhüo ilboüchln io i` lu`thvb ei pbrb-

tb (vir `n Unm`n <).

lBolùsho>. N` np`hlnr nmbob dbsdntneb quã -

chlb, si bmsirvn qui nuciotü iòöcirb ei oüeu`b pbr p`notn io iìslionrhb viaitnthvb on` y gumb ehdi-

riolhn shaohlnthvn 9% pnrn i` lbotibei` oöcirb ei` oüeu`b pbr p`notn io`bs ohviìs ei düsdbrb np`hlneb. \i bm-

sirvü qui `bs vn`bris duirbo ei =1.7y <>.7 pnrn `bs Urntnchiotbs = y <,rispilthvncioti, y si thioi uon ehdi-

riolhn shaohlnthvn pbr `n pruimn eiEuolno iotri `bs ebs trntnchiotbs.

=. Ei `bs risu`tnebs ei noî`hshs eivnrhnozn, gumb ehdiriolhn shaohlnthvnn` >% pnrn rioehchiotb ei` arnob io`bs ohviìs ei düsdbrb np`hlneb.

<. \i bmsirvü ri`nlhüo iotri oö-

cirb ei lbotib ei oüeu`b pbr p`notny rioehchiotb ei` arnob (ja/gn).

5. \bmri noî`hshs ei tifheb viai-

tn`, ei `bs risu`tnebs ei noî`hshs eivnrhnozn, gumb ehdiriolhn shaohlnth-vn n` >% pnrn `n nmsbrlhüo ei` O, ei`[, ei` J y ei` Ca, chiotrns qui ob

gumb ehdiriolhn shaohlnthvn pnrn `n

Dhau]n ><. ]i`nlho iot]i i` lBstB DhfB, lBstB ei DBsDB]B lBcB vn]hnmì y mioiDhlhBOIUB [N]N I@ LY@UHTB EI [B]BUB TN]. \NO D]NOLH\LB-H.

ei` Ln io i` arnob io `bs ohviìs eidüsdbrb np`hlneb.

9. @n rilupirnlhüo ilhioti ei`[=B9 np`hlneb io i` arnob dui ein`rieiebr ei 7% io i` trntnchiotbio `bs trntnchiotbs ei =9 y ei 9;ja -[=B9/gn. \i lbosheirn qui gumb -

fnlhüo ei düsdbrb io i` sui`b nuoquisi `b np`hlü io mnoen.

4. \bmri ivnùnlhüo ilboüchlnei` düsdbrb, n` np`hlnr 9;ja[=B9/gn,i` mioilhb oitb dui i` cîs n`tb, y

dui `n np`hlnlhüo ilboüchln.

MHM@HBA]NDÃN

-N]HN\, Fhcèoiz. L. N. =;;1. \ui`bsUrbphlnìs. Iehtbrhn` Yohvirshene Is-

tntn` n Ehstnolhn. \no Fbsè. Lbstn]hln. >44 p.

-LN\NLLHN, ]bmirtb. Chohstirhb eiNarhlu`turn y Anoneirãn. Lu`thvb eipbrbtb. >88>. Nsuolhüo. Mbìtão O¶=7. 8p.

-Lu`thvbs Mîshlbs.>881.Iehtbrhn`.Urh-``ns. Cèxhlb .1= p.

-Iolhl`bpiehn [rîlthln ei Narhlu`turny `n anoneirãn. Blinob /Liotruc.Ispnþn.

-DNUILGN, Nuaustb. Dirth`hene ei sui-

`b. ûhotb sicistri. =;;4. =;; p.- [rbyiltb EI]CN\Y] (Eisnrrb``b

]urn` y Cifbrnchiotb Ncmhiotn` ei`\ur ei [h`nr). >888. Istuehb ei \ui-

`b– lnrnltirãsthlns Dãshlb “ uãchlnsei `bs sui`bs ei` Îrin ei` [rbyiltbEI]CN\Y]–.[h`nr “ Þiicmulö. Ch-ohstirhb ei Narhlu`turn y Anoneirãn yNaiolhn Lbbpirnlhüo Hotironlhbon`

ei` Fnpüo (FHLN). <8 p.-]BE]ÃAYIV \uppb D`briolhb .Dirth`h-

znotis Outrhlhüo Tiaitn` .>irn. ie. .Cèxhlb. NAU. iehtbr. >94 p.

-\LGY@V, Lnr`bs Dieirhlb. ]ivhstn.@n Arnofn YG. Lu`thvb ei pbrbtb.=;;4. Iehtbrn, i` pnãs. Nsuolhüo.O¶7. 5< p..




] i p u i s t b s y

N l l i s b r h b s B ] H A H O N @ I \

E h s t r h m u h e b r I x l ` u s h v b i o [ n r n a u n y

N s u o l h ü o - \

n o t n ] h t n - J n t u i t i - L h u e n e e i ` I s t i

L i ` . 6 ( ; 8 7 < ) 8

< 1 7 ; >

i - c n h ` 6 r n o e b K v b ` p y s n . l

b c . p

y

w w w . v b

` p y s n . l b c . p y

O Y I T B D ] B O U N @ ] I E B O -

E I N E B N @ H T H N O N O E B

7 ; J H @ B \ N @ C B E I @ B

N O U I ] H B ]

O Y I T B M N @ N O L H O M @ H O E N E B

\ H O O I L I \ H E N E E I I O A ] N L I

O Y I T B I O A N U I ‐ A –

\ Y [ I ] [ ] B C B L H B O

[ N ] N C B E I @ B \ A ] N O I @ I ] B \ 5 x = - B J c .

[ ] B C B L H Ü O T Î @ H E N G N \ U N I @ = 8 / ; 8 / > = B G

N \ U N N A B U N ] \ U B L J

= 8 9

] 7 ;

= = , 9

` h s b s

E I

] I A N @ B

> =

L Y M H I ] U N \

E i s l u

m r n ` n s o u i v n s H o o b v n l h b o i s y c

i f b r n s l b o

q u i l u i o t n ` b s o u i

v b s c b e i ` b s e i s i c h r r i -

c b ` q u

i s e i ` n c n r l n ] n o e b o q u i y n i s t n o s h i o e b u o i x h t b i o M r n s h ` .

[ u i e i b p t n r p b r e h d i -

r i o t i s c b e i ` b s p n r n t r n o p b r t i e i a r n

o b s , p n ` ` i t s , m h a m n a s b ` b q u i u s t i e e i s i i . E h s p b o i c b s

u o h e n e i s p n r n i o t r i a n h o c i e h n t n .

L b o t î

l t n o b s p n r n h o d b r c n r ` i s b m r i ` n s d n l h ` h e n e i s e i p n a b .

O Y

I T B A ] N O I @ I ] B

] i p u i s t b s y N l l i s b r h b s B ] H A H O N @ I \

e h t r h m u h b r i x ` u h v b o [ r a u y

n u o h ü o - s o t

] h t - J t u t - l h u ` i t

L i ` . 6 ( ; 8 1 = ) 1 < 1 7 ; 9

i - c n h ` 6 r n o e b o K

v b ` p y s n . l b c . p y

w w w . v b ` p y s n . l b

c . p y



TIOUNFN\ EI @N MHBUILOB@BAÃN

* Iotri `ns prholhpnìs viotnfns ei `n mhbtilob`baãn sithioio6

* ]ioehchiotb supirhbr. Ciehnoti `bs BAC i` rio-ehchiotb ei `bs lu`thvbs nuciotn, enoeb cîs n`hciotbpbr ciobs rilursbs, ehschouyioeb `ns lbsilgns pireh-ens pbr iodirciene b p`nans nsã lbcb pbr dnltbris nc-

mhiotnìs. * ]ieullhüo ei pisthlhens. Lnen viz qui uoBAC is cbehlneb pnrn rishsthr uon eitirchonen p`nansi istî lbotrhmuyioeb n rieulhr i` usb ei `bs p`nauhlhensnsblhnebs n `n chscn qui suiìo sir lnusnotis ei arno-

eis enþbs ncmhiotnìs y n `n snùe. * Cifbrn io `n outrh -lhüo. \i puiei `ìanr n hotrbeulhr vhtnchons y prbtiãonsnehlhbonìs io n`hciotbs nsã lbcb rieulhr bs nìraiobs ytbxhons onturnìs. Uncmhèo si puiei hotiotnr lu`thvnr iolboehlhbois ixtricns `b qui nuxh`hnrãn n `bs pnãsis qui

thioio ciobs ehspbshlhüo ei n`hciotbs. * Cifbrn io ièisnrrb``b ei ouivbs cntirhnìs.

>. ]HI\AB\N `n dilgn ob si gn eicbstrneb ohoaöo rhisab prbvi -

ohioti ei uo BAC qui istè n isln`n lbcirlhn`. Istb gnsheb pbshmì, arnlhns n qui si rin`hzno istuehbs ixgnus-

thvbs sbmri i` ouivb BAC. I` îrin iolnranen ei rin`hznristbs noî`hshs si eiobchon mhbsiaurhene.


CNA

(=en. [nrti)

@bs noî`hshs qui si rin`hzno thioio ebs bmfithvbs prho-

lhpnìs, eitirchonr qui ob gny rhisab pnrn n snùe gucn-

on oh sbmri i` ncmhioti. [br i``b, is oilisnrhb qui si ivn-

ùè i` BAC io ns ehdiriotis itnpns ei aioirnlhüo, pnsb npnsb. \h nsuchcbs qui gicbs aioirneb uon pituohn qui

tioerî bris ei lb`br ncnrrh``b dbsdbrislioti, diobtãphln-cioti eimirî sir heèothln n `n pituohn ob trnosdbrcnen,sn`vb pbr i` lb`br ei n br. N lbothounlhüo si eimi ivnùnrn piquiþn isln`n, yn ob io hovironeirb, pnrn eitirchonrsh thioi nàöo hcpnltb sbmri i` ncmhioti. Io istn itnpnsi gnlio istuehbs cuy eitn``nebs, non`hznoeb eisei `nehspirshüo ei` pbìo n `n chscn ispilhi u btrn lirlnongnstn istuehbs ei `n rhzüsdirn (sui`b y mnltirhns qui vhvioio i`), lbo i` o ei eitirchonr sh gumhisio lncmhbs.

\h isti prbeultb duisi pnrn lbosucb gucnob, iotbo-

lis nöo si eimio prisiotnr cîs noî`hshs, qui hcp`hlnovirhlnr qui ob si vn n aioirnr uon ouivn tbxhon, prbtiãon

qui aioiri uon rispuistn nìraèohln io `n pbm`nlhüo blncmhbs io `n lbcpbshlhüo quãchln ei `n p`notn io ai-

oirn`

=. ²lcB mioiDhlhn n Bs []BeultB]is n mhBtiloB`Baãn NA]ÃLB@N2

@bs prbeultbris sbo `bs prholhpnìs mioilhnebs lboi` usb ei `n mhbtilob`baãn narãlb`n eimheb n qui6

• Ehschouyi `ns pèrehens pbr i` ntnqui ei p`nans,




cnìzns y iodircieneis ivhtnoeb i` ntnqui ei hosiltbs,gboabs y lbcpithebris n gnlir uo usb cîs ilhioti ei`bs narbquãchlbs.

• Ngbrrn thicpb y lbo i``b ehoirb, ehschouyioeb i`thicpb eisthoneb n` trnmnfb ei lncpb, chscb qui puieiuth`hznrsi io btrns tnrins b nlthvheneis ilboüchlns.

• Dnlh`htn `n nebplhüo ei prîlthlns narãlb`ns sustio-

tnmìs qui ehschouyio i` eisansti ei `n thirrn y pirchtiotioir sui`bs öthìs y dèrthìs pbr cîs thicpb.

Ei nluireb lbo i` \irvhlhb Hotironlhbon` pnrn `n Ne-

quhshlhüo ei Np`hlnlhboisNarb-Mhbtilob`üahlns (H\NNN, pbr sus sha`ns io hoa`ès)

>4.1 ch``bois ei narhlu`tbris io =8 pnãsis gno lbcprb-

mneb `bs mioilhbs ei `n mhbtilob`baãn narãlb`n io i`cuoeb, prholhpn`cioti io lu`thvbs ei nàbeüo, lnob`n,cnãz, sbfn, n`dn`dn, ln`nmnzn y pnpnyn.

<. nuciotn `n neB[lho ei `n mhBtiloB`Baãn na]ãlB`nIO I@ CYOEB

Mioilhn n >5 ch``bois ei narhlu`tbris6 H\NNN

Io `n prisiotnlhüo ei` ö`thcb ripbrti sbmri `n nebp-

lhüo ei `bs lu`thvbs trnosaèohlbs io i` cuoeb si ehb nlboblir qui >5 ch``bois ei narhlu`tbris ei =9 pnãsissicmrnrbo ><5 ch``bois ei giltîrins lbo lu`thvbs trnos-

aèohlbs, 1.=% cîs qui i` nþb notirhbr.Lghon ixpirhciotnrî lbo cnãz y nrrbz trnosaèohlbs

pnrn lbothounr lbo `n nebplhüo ei istbs lu`thvbs y n`lno-

znr `n nutbsulhiolhn n`hciotnrhn. Cèxhlb blupn i` 9¶ ùanrlbcb prbeultbr ei istbs lu`thvbs io Ncèrhln @nthon, pirblnyü ei` ùanr >< n` >9 n ohvi` cuoehn`, lbo nprbxhcnen -

cioti >;; ch` giltîrins lu`thvnens ei nàbeüo y sbyn.Eurnoti i` cis ei dimrirb, i` \irvhlhb Hotironlhbon`

pnrn `n Nequhshlhüo ei Np`hlnlhbois Narb mhbtilob`üahlns(H\NNN, pbr sus sha`ns io hoa`ès) prisiotü `bs entbs =;;8ei su ]ipbrti Noun` sbmri n Nebplhüo ei Lu`thvbs Mhbtil-

ob`üahlbs io i` cuoeb. Io è` si eitn``n qui >5 ch``boisei narhlu`tbris si gno vhstb mioilhnebs pbr `n prbeul-

lhüo y lbcirlhn`hznlhüo ei lu`thvbs mhbtilob`üahlbs io =9pnãsis, `b qui shaohlü uo holriciotb ei` 1.=% lbo ris-

piltb n =;;7, y riprisiotn ><5 ch``bois ei giltîrinssicmrnens n ohvi` cuoehn`: cîs ei `n chtne ei èstns sieisthono n `n shicmrn ei sbyn (9=%).

Istnebs Yohebs si cnotuvb lbcb i` pnãs qui shicmrnuon cnybr ixtioshüo ei lu`thvbs aioèthlncioti cbehln-

ebs lbo 45 ch``bois ei gn, siauheb ei Mrnsh`, lbo =>.5

ch``bois ei gn, quhio isti nþb eisp`nzü n Nraiothon n `ntirlirn pbshlhüo lbo =>.< ch``bois ei gn. Cèxhlb blupni` ùanr >9, lbo nprbxhcnencioti >;; ch` ogiltîrinssicmrnens ei nàbeüo y sbyn. Ncèrhln @nthon io su lbo-

fuotb lu`thvü 54.7 ch``bois ei giltîrins, qui iquhvnì n`<9% ei n ixtioshüo tbtn` ei istbs lu`thvbs, prholhpn`cio-

ti sbfn, cnãz y nàbeüo.Lghon, i` cnybr prbeultbr ei nrrbz io i` cuoeb, sudri

pèrehens shaohlnthvns pbr i` ntnqui ei p`nans io istilu`thvb l`nvi. I` nrrbz trnosaèohlb thioi pbtiolhn` pnrn nu-

ciotnr `ns lbsilgns 7%, ehschouhr i` usb ei p`nauhlhensio 7;% (>1 ja/gn) y aioirnr mioilhbs nounìs pbr 5 ch`ch``bois ei eü`nris. Ei ngã su eilhehen npuistn pbr i`hohlhb ei `ns shicmrns ixpirhciotnìs ei nrrbz eurnoti=;;8, npuotn i` ripbrti.

@n sbfn trnosaèohln blupü io =;;8 cîs ei tris lunr-tns pnrtis ei `bs 8; ch``bois ei giltîrins eisthonens

n su prbeullhüo: i` nàbeüo aioèthlncioti cbehlnebblupn lnsh i` 9;% ei `bs << ch``bois ei giltîrins eis -

thonens n su lu`thvb: i` cnãz mhbtilob`üahlb cîs ei uonlunrtn pnrti ei `bs >97 ch``bois ei giltîrins a`bmnìsixhstiotis y `n lnob`n trnosaèohln cîs ei` =;% ei `bs <>ch``bois ei giltîrins eisthonens n su lu`thvb cuoehn`.

I` hcpnltb ei `n nebplhüo ei `bs lu`thvbs trnosaèoh -lbs n ohvi` cuoehn` gn sheb tn` qui si gn bmsirvneb uoobtnmì holriciotb ei `n vbùotne pb`ãthln y ei` npbyb n`bs lu`thvbs mhbtilob`üahlbs pbr pnrti ei `n lbcuohenelhiotãln, branohscbs hotironlhbonìs y `ãeiris ei `bspnãsis io eisnrrb``b puis `n lbosheirno uon girrnchiotnhcprislhoehmì pnrn iodriotnr `bs ritbs ei n`hciotnlhüo

ei lnrn n` nuciotb pbm`nlhbon` ispirneb pnrn =;9;.@n Branohznlhüo pnrn `n Lbbpirnlhüo y i` Eisnrrb``b Ilb-

oüchlb (BLEI), `n Branohznlhüo ei `ns Onlhbois Yohenspnrn `n Narhlu`turn y `n N`hciotnlhüo (DNB), `n LbcuoheneLhiotãln Mrhtîohln y =9 anonebris ei` [richb Obmi`, pbrciolhbonr nàuobs, gno siþn`neb `ns lbosheirnmìs vio-

tnfns ei prbeulthvhene y `bs mioilhbs ilboüchlbs, ci-

ehb ncmhiotnìs y sblhnìs qui riprisiotno.

ENUB\ ]I@ITNOUI\• N ohvi` cuoehn`, `n supirlhi sicmrnen lbo lu`-

thvbs mhbtilob`üahlbs si gn cu`thp`hlneb 7; vilis iotri

>884 y =;;8, lbovhrthèoeb`n io `n tilob`baãn qui gn ab -zneb ei `n nliptnlhüo cîs rîphen io `n ghstbrhn ei `n narh-lu`turn cbeiron

• Ei `bs =9 pnãsis qui uth`hznrbo lu`thvbs mhbtilob-

`üahlbs io =;;8, 8 sbo pnãsis hoeustrhn`hznebs y >4 sbopnãsis io vãns ei eisnrrb``b. I` lbofuotb ei ehlgbs pnãsisn`miran n cîs ei `n chtne ei `n pbm`nlhüo cuoehn` (95%ü <,4;; ch``bois ei pirsbons).

• @bs 7 pnãsis puotirbs io i` usb y nebplhüo ei nmhbtilob`baãn narãlb`n n ohvi` cuoehn` lu`thvnrbo cîs eiuo ch``üo ei giltîrins lnen uob (Istnebs Yohebs, Mrnsh`,Nraiothon, Hoehn, Lnoneî, Lghon, [nrnauny y \ueîdrhln) yprbeufirbo cîs ei` 8;% ei n prbeullhüo cuoehn` ei lu`-

thvbs mhbtilob`üahlbs io =;;8.• Mrnsh` eisp`nzü pbr uo istrilgb cnraio n Nraio-

thon ei `n siauoen pbshlhüo ei prbeultbris cuoehnìs eilu`thvbs trnosaèohlbs n` holriciotnr io 9.4 ch``bois eigiltîrins su prbeullhüo lbo rispiltb n =;;7. Istbs ebspnãsis shicmrno i` 8>% ei `n supirlhi eisthonen n `nprbeullhüo ei istbs lu`thvbs io Ncèrhln @nthon.

• 71% ei` nàbeüo qui si shicmrn io Hoehn y i` 8<%ei `n lnob`n qui si shicmrn io Lnoneî, prbvhioio eilu`thvbs aioèthlncioti cbehlnebs.





@n Nsblhnlhüo ei [rbeultbris ei \ich``ns ei` [n-rnauny, Nprbsicp, si fü `n citn ei nuciotnr n`4;% i` usb ei sich``ns lirthlnens onlhbonìs eisbfn, y nlbcpnþnr n` \ionvi pnrn `n bmtiolhüo ei

`n lirthlnlhüo ei` H\UN (Nsblhnlhüo Hotironlhbon` ei Noî-

`hshs ei \ich``ns), qui sirvhrî pnrn ixpbrtnr ehriltnciotieisei [nrnauny n `n Yohüo Iurbpin y Fnpüo, ixp`hlü @uhsLbrvn`îo, [risheioti ei Nprbsicp.

Io `n nltun`hene, `ns sich``ns pnrnaunyns sã `ìano nisbs eisthobs, pirb notis sbo non`hznens io `bs pnãsisvilhobs qui luiotno lbo `n lirthlnlhüo qui ixhaio isbscirlnebs y eisei n``ã pnrtio lbo uo ithquitneb ixtrno-

firb.

‐Tn n sir dnmu`bsb sh pnrn i` =;>5 ü =;>9 i` \ionviicphizn n btbranr i` lirthlneb onrnofn ei` H\UN. [irbpnrn istb si oilishtn ei su hohlhnthvn y cifbrns ieh`hlhns.Istb ob vn n blurrhr shob gnstn qui si lucp`n lbo `bsriquhshtbs qui ixhaio–, lbciotü Lbrvn`îo.

I` 5;% ei `ns mb`sns ei sbfn sicmrnens io `n zndrn=;>>, duirbo lirthlnens pbr i` \ionvi, siaöo istuehbsei` arichb. \i trntn ei uo nuciotb lbo rispiltb n` =;>;(=7%), qui muslnrîo `bs sich`ìrhstns, ob sin lbyuoturn`,shob qui si sbstioan i holricioti.

N[]B\IC[

‐Isti nþb `n siquãn ndiltü n `bs prbeultbris qui `nsth-cbsncioti aunreno su sich``n, y ob si eno luiotn quiob ìs is tno riotnmì istn prîlthln pbr ngbrrnr Y$>9 n$=; pbr mb`sn–, ehfb i` prisheioti ei Nprbsicp.

Ntrhmuyü `n cnybr lbmirturn bmtiohen n `n muion ln`h -ene ei `ns sich``ns lirthlnens onlhbonìs y n `n ehvuàn-

lhüo ei lursbs ei lnpnlhtnlhüo onlhbon` i hotironlhbonèhrhahebs n sblhbs ei tbens `ns `ãoins prbdishbonìs.

‐[br ificp`b, si ghlhirbo lursbs pnrn non`hstns iomnsi n `ns ria`ns H\UN, luntrb io `nmbrntbrhbs prhvnebs eisich``ns y ebs io i` `nmbrntbrhb ei` siltbr pöm`hlb. N ohvi`hotironlhbon` nlbcpnþncbs n `n \NN, \iie Nsblhnthbo bdUgi Ncirhlns y n `n H\D, Hotironthbon` \iie Dieirnthbo–,

ehfb.Dhon`cioti, si cbstrü ixpiltnoti pbr `n eilhshüo ei`

Chohstirhb ei Narhlu`turn ei `hmirnr `n sbfn Mt-]]= notisei on`hznr i` nþb, `b lun` enrî thicpb pnrn cu`thp`hlnr si-

ch``ns ei cnoirn pri-lbcirlhn` io i` pirhbeb ei zndrhþn.Eistnlü tncmhèo `n `hmirnlhüo lbcirlhn` ei` nàbeüo y

i` cnãz trnosaèohlbs qui ‐enrîo cîs n`tironthvns n` prb-

eultbr. Is luisthüo ei snmir cnoifnr`ns y snmir lbotrb-

`nr`ns–, ehfb @uhs Lbrvn`îo, prisheioti ei `n Nsblhnlhüo ei[rbeultbris ei \ich``ns ei` [nrnauny, Nprbsicp.




>.>. hot]BeullhoI` shsticn ei l`nshlnlhüo usneb io arno pnrti ei

Ncèrhln @nthon is i` shsticn ei Unxbobcãn ei` sui`b pbrY\EN (Yohtie \tntis Eipnrtciot bd Narhlu`turi) io Istn-

ebs Yohebs ei Ncèrhln (IYN), pum`hlneb io i` nþb >84; ycbehlneb io su quhotn iehlhüo io i` nþb >88=>).

Isti shsticn si mnsn io bmsirvnr y ciehr ns lnrnlti-rãsthlns ei bs gbrhzbotis ei` sui`b y sirî breioneb io nsshauhiotis sihs lntiabrãns6 breio, sumbreio, arno arupb,sumarupb, dnch`hns y sirhis. Io i` breio, thioio >> ürei-

ois tnìs lbcb N`sbìs, Nrhehsbìs, Iothsbìs, Ghstbsbìs,Holipthsbìs, Cb``hsbìs, Bxhsbìs, \pbebsbìs, Y`thsbìs,Tirthsbìs y Noehsbìs (\ui`bs liohzns vb`lîohlbs). Nlî,ob si ixp`hln sbmri eisei sumbreiois gnstn sirhis, ei-

tn``nencioti tiohioeb io luiotn `ns pîahons (vir btrbs

`hmrbs sbmri `n l`nshlnlhüo) >).

>.=. BxhsBìs y u`thsBìs

>.=.>. BxhsBìsBxhsbìs sbo lboblhebs qui si blupno io i` îrin ei

mbsqui göcieb trbphln`, >9-=9 ei `ns `nthtueis obrti ysur ei` Ilunebr. I` lb`br ei` sui`b is shicpri rbfb y ncn-

rh``b pbrqui lbothioi culgb üxheb ei ghirrb y/b nùchohbgherntnebs (sisquhbxhebs) neicîs ei lunrzb y lnb`hohtn.I` choirn` is cntirhn` nrlh``bsb thpb >6> qui lbothioi ch-lgn lnran oianthvn eipioehioeb pG (vnrhnmì). [br isb,is mnfn dirth`hene (mnfn lnpnlhene ei hotirlncmhb lîthb-

ohlb idilthvb6 LHLI). @bs sui`bs sbo lbcuois io Mrnsh`,riprisiotnthvb ei` trüphlb=,<).

Io Mrnsh`, lnsh Bxhsbìs gn sheb privhncioti l`nshln-

[]HCI]N [N]UI

DYIOUI ┍ [rbd. Hoa. Nar. Er. Jiotnrb Ubchtn.6 Yohvirshene Onlhbon` ei [h`nr ([rbarncn ei Hovisthanlhüo y IxtioshüoYohvirshtnrhn, y Dnlu`tne ei Lhiolhns Narbpilunrhns y Eisnrrb``b ]urn`) y Tbùotnrhb \iohbr ei FHLN (Naiolhn ei Lbbpirnlhüo

Hotironlhbon` ei` Fnpüo). I-cnh`6 tbchjio<;Kgbtcnh`.lbc






eb lbcb @ntbssb`b, si blupn culgb@ntbssb`b Tirci`gb Islu`b (@ntbsb`]bfb Bslurb). Neicîs, `bs Bxhsbìssbo lboblhebs lbcb Dirrn`sb`s io i`

shsticn ei `n l`nshlnlhüo ei` sui`bpbr DNB=,<).

I` prblisb piebaiohlb prholhpnìs citibrhznlhüo, guchlnlhüo y pi-

ebturmnlhüo pbr nohcnìs. Istbs prb-

lisbs prbeulio n supirlhi lnrnlti-

rãsthln ei` sui`b.\i phiosno qui viaitnlhüo pisn-

en ei mbsqui göcieb trbphln` pberãnprbeulhr outrhciotbs rhlbs, pirb `bsrisheubs lnãebs ei` mbsqui sbo nlheh-lnebs y hxhvhnebs choirnìs ei iolh-

`n ei `n supirlhi ei` sui`b n trnvèsei turmhüo. Istb duirzn n p`notns nqui lboshano su n`hciotnlhüo ei ln-

rhnr eispirehlhbs lunoeb bxhsb`s sbo

cuy hodèrthìs eimheb n `n dn`tn ei `ncntirhn braîohln y `n dn`tn lnsh lbc-

pìtn ei choirnìs sbùmìs hxhvhnebspbr i` l`hcn cbfneb y göcieb.

Unm`n >->->. Ehstrhmulhüo ei `bs üreiois ei` sui`b pbr `n Unxbobcãn io `ns riahbois ei Ncè-rhln, Îdrhln, Nshn y Nustrn`hn Urbphlnìs

Obtn6>. Ei =< O. =< \, rin`hzneb pbr \îolgiz, [. N.=. Îrins lbo cîs ei >9; eãns ei n istnlhüo`ùvhbsn. Duioti6 Euen` (>87;).<. Holùyi ns riahbois ticp`nens ei Hoehn,Mnoa`neisg, Hoeboishn y [npun Ouivn Auãoin.5. Obrti ei Lnprhlbrohb. Duioti6 \îolgiz i Hsnmi``(>818).(Duioti6 \îolgiz, [. N. y \n`hons, F. A. >87<)





@bs Bxhsb`s nltunìs sbo iolbo-

trnebs lnsh ixlùshvncioti io îrinstrbphlnìs, io Ncèrhln \ur y Îdrhln ei

sum \ngnrn, sbmri lbothoiotnìs cuyistnmì=,<,5).

@bs Bxhsb`s sbo usnebs pnrn lu`-thvbs trbphlnìs tnìs lbcb lnlnby lnulgb n cioueb. Io btrn lbsn,nrrbz is lu`thvneb io bs sui`bs. Nàu-

obs lu`thvbs pircnoiotis ei `bs Bxh-sbìs io i` îrin lbo mnfbs hosucbssbo cuy ehdãlhìs pbrqui si bmsir-vn mnfn LHLI y n`tn fnlhüo ei` [ ioüxhebs ei Di y ei N` (Cilnohscb eihotirlncmhb ei `hanoeb6 lbcpìfb eilãrlu`b hotirhbr lbo düsdbrb).

Ei tbebs cbebs, culgbs Bxhsb-

ìs si puieio lu`thvnebs iolhcn eirnoab ncp`hb ei `n lboehlhüo guci-

ene. \bmri istn luiotn, `bs Bxhsbìssbo hotioshvncioti ixp`btnebs pnrnnarhlu`turn io culgns riahbois quithioi vn`br sulhioti pnrn sbpbrtnrnarhlu`turn prîlthln, lbotiohioeb neh-lhüo riau`nr ei ln` y nmbob quãchlb.Yo ificp`b rilhioti ei n ixp`btnlhüopbr `bs cètbebs cbeirobs hovbùlrni` lu`thvnr ei sbfn io Mrnsh`=,<).

>.=.=. u`thsBìs@bs Y`thsbìs sbo lbcöocioti

lboblhebs lbcb sui`bs nrlh``bsbsrbfbs. @bs sui`bs sbo eiohebs lbcbsui`bs choirnìs qui lbothioio obchoirnìs ln`lîribs thioio ciobsei >;% ei choirnìs citibrhznmìs yciobs ei <9% ei snturnlhüo ei mn-

sis io i` supirlhi ixtricb ei` sui-

`b. @bs Y`thsbìs si blurrio io tic-

pirnturn göcien b riahüo trbphln` ysi np`hlnebs n `bs sui`bs choirnìsrbfbs ei` \ur ei IYN, si blupno io`ns riahbois ei Îdrhln, Nshn y Ncèrhln@nthon. Io i` shsticn ei `n l`nshln-

lhüo pbr DNB, `bs sui`bs Y`thsbìs sil`nshlno lbcb Nlrhsbìs, y btrbs sbol`nshlnebs lbcb @hxhsbìs b Ohtbsb-

ìs9).@bs Y`thsbìs ei` cuoeb sbo ei-

rhvnebs ei ‐ö`thcb–, pbrqui Y`thsbìsduirbo vhstbs lbcb i` prbeultb ö`th-cb ei lbothoub ei citibrhznlhüo eichoirnìs io i` l`hcn ticp`neb gö-

cieb sho ouivn dbrcnlhüo ei` sui`bvãn a`nlhnlhüo.

@bs sui`bs sbo cuy îlhebs, bm-

sirvnoeb ciobs ei 9 pnrn i` vn-

`br ei pG. I` lb`br ei rbfb y ncn-

rh``b risu`tn ei `n nlucu`nlhüo ei

üxheb ei ghirrb qui is n`tb hosb-ùmì io naun. Outrhciotbs ci-

fbris tnìs lbcb ln`lhb y pbtnshbsbo tãphlncioti eilhiotis io bssui`bs Y`thsbìs, qui si shaohln`b qui ob si puieio uth`hznr pnrnnarhlu`turn sieiotnrhn sho np`hlnrln` y nmbob quãchlb dbsdntneblbcb supirdbsdntb n` haun` qui bsBxhsbìs=,<).

@bs sui`bs si puieio sir ix-

gnustbs, dîlh`cioti, y si riquhiricnoifb hotiarn` ei `n dirth`hene

pnrn `bs sui`bs cîs qui pnrn `bssui`bs dèrthìs tnìs lbcb N`sb-

ìs y Cb``hsbìs. Ei tbebs cbebs,si puieio lu`thvnr iolhcn ei`rnoab ncp`hb ei `n lboehlhüo gö-

cien, ri`nthvncioti.@bs sui`bs Y`thsbìs puieio

tbcnr uon vnrhiene ei choirnìsnrlh``bsbs, pirb io culgbs lnsbs,i` choirn` ebchonoti is n lnb`hoh-tn qui lbothioi culgn lnran oi-

anthvn eipioehioeb pG (vnrhnmì)

>,=,<,5,9).

>.<. ehst]hmulho ei ]eiois eisui`B [B] n tnxBoBcãn

@n Unm`n > cuistrn ehstrhmu-

lhüo ei `bs üreiois ei` sui`b pbr`n Unxbobcãn io n riahüo trbphln`.\bmri `bs sui`bs Bxhsbìs y Y`th-sbìs, n` sucnr dui ei n`rieiebrei >97= ch``bois giltîrins, siblupn n`rieiebr ei 5<% io i` trü-

phlb. Neicîs, n` lboliotrnr Ncè-

rhln Urbphln`, dui ei n`rieiebr ei99% pnrn `bs sui`bs Bxhsbìs y Y`-thsbìs (i` nutbr b ln`lu`b, usnoeb`n Unm`n >->->). [br isb, is cuyhcpbrtnoti pnrn snmir `n ehstrhmu-

lhüo ei `bs sui`bs îlhebs i hodèr-thìs shob tncmhèo pnrn nuciotbei `n prbeullhüo narãlb`n lbo ci-

fbrnr `n lnrnltirãsthln quãchln ei`bs sui`bs ciolhbonebs5).

Obtn6 >. LHLI 3 N` hotirl. + Ln hotirl.+ Ca hotirl.+ J hotirl.(Duioti6 \îolgiz y Lblgrnoi, >87;).





Dbtb >->->. Ln`hlntn ei` sui`b Bxhsb` y Y`thsb` io i` cuohlhphb ei [hrnlhlnmn-\[, Mrnsh` ioi` nþb >889.

Dhaurn >->->. Ehstrhmulhüoei arno luntrb îrins cbs-trnebs tnìs lbcb Liotrn`Ncèrhln, @`nobs, Guche Urb-phls y Lirrnebs io `n riahüoei Ncèrhln Urbphln` (lbo uopnrti ei sumtrbphln`)(Duioti6 LHNU, >871)

>.5. @B\ []HOLH[N@I\ @HCHUNOUI\

@bs prholhpnìs `hchtnotis ri`nlhb-

onebs lbo `bs sui`bs ei Ncèrhln trb-

phln` y su riahüo ei sui`bs îlhebs i ho-

dèrthìs si prisiotno io `n Unm`n >->-=lbo mnsi io isthcnlhbois pri`hchon-

ris. @bs cîs ncp`hncioti ehduoehebsio `ns riahbois ei Bxhsbìs-Y`thsbìssbo cîs ei onturnìzn qui dãshln,holùyioeb `ns ehdiriolhns ei düsdb-

rb, ohtrüaiob, pbtnshb, nzudri, ln`lhb,cnaoishb y zhol, cîs `n tbxhlhene pbrnùchohb y `n n`tn fnlhüo ei düsdbrb.@bs `hchtnotis dãshlbs ei` sui`b cîshcpbrtnotis sbo `n mnfn lnpnlhene eiritiolhüo ei naun ehspbohmì io cu-

lgbs Bxhsbìs y `n suslipthmh`hene n `n

irbshüo y lbcpnltnlhüo ei culgbsY`thsbìs lbo tixturn nriobsn io `nlnpn supirlhn` ei` sui`b>,=,<,5,9).

I` rhisab ei `n prisiolhn ei `nti-

rhtns lumri uon ixtioshüo ciobr y `ncnybrãn ei `ns p`nothtns m`noens siprisiotno io i` sumsui`b, io tbpbarn-

dãn ``non y ob prbpiosn n `n irbshüo.Io lbotrnsti, `bs `hchtnotis ei` sui`bcîs hcpbrtnotis ei `ns riahbois lbosui`bs lbo n`tbs ohviìs ei mnsis ioNcèrhln trbphln` sbo i` istrès pbr si-

quãn, eilhiolhns ei ohtrüaiob y rhis-

ab ei irbshüo (\îolgiz y Lblgnrnoi,>87;)4)..

@n Dhaurn >->-> cuistrn arnoluntrb îrins ei `bs sui`bs îlhebs ihodèrthìs tnìs lbcb Bxhsbìs y Y`th-

sbìs, y si obcmrn tnìs lbcb Lio-

trn` Ncèrhln, @`nobs, Guche Urbphls yLirrnebs io n riahüo ei Ncèrhln Urb-

phln` (lbo uo pnrti ei \umtrbphln`),rispilthvncioti1).

@n Dbtb >->-> cuistrn `n ln`hlntnei bs sui`bs Bxhsbìs y Y`-thsbìs io i` cuohlhphb ei[hrnlhlnmn-\[ io Mrnsh` ioi` nþb >889. Ei `ns dbtbs,si bmsirvü `n lnpn pilu-

`hnr io n prbduoehene pnrni` sui`b Y`thsb` lbotrn sieisnrrb``ü uohdbrciciotiio `n prbduoehene pnrn i`sui`b Bxhsb`. [br isb, silbosheirn qui is dîlh` eiirbshbonrsi pnrn i` sui`b

Y`thsb`, y cîs pibr qui `nlnrnltirãsthln dãshln ei`sui`b Bxhsb`.




]I\YCIOIo i` ixpirhciotb, si ivnùnrbo ehdiriotis ebshs (;,

=9;, 9;;, >;;;, >9;;,=;;; y =9;; ja/gn) io `bs lu`th-vbs ei` ahrnsb` lbcb lu`thvb hociehntb y ùiab io i` lu`th-vb ei cnhz lbcb lu`thvb sulisbr io n pnrli`n ixpirhcio-

tn` ei `n Duoenlhüo Ohjjih “ LIUN[N] (Liotrb Uilob üahlbNarbpilunrhb ei` [nrnauny) pnrn bmsirvnr `bs idiltbs ri-

sheunìs lbcb risu`tnebs mîshlbs ei isti istuehb. Ei `bsrisu`tnebs bmtiohebs, `n np`hlnlhüo ilboüchln ei` yisbdui ei 9;; ja/gn pnrn i` lu`thvb ei ahrnsb` lbcb lu`thvb

hociehntb lbo 5.9;>,9 ja/gn lbcb rioehchiotb ei arn-ob, y si bmsirvü ehdiriolhn shaohlnthvn n` >% io lnentrntnchiotb ei` yisb, y i` mioilhb oitb lbo i` 8;% ei`rioehchiotb dui ei Y\E 715,4/ gn.

hot]BeullhoI` istuehb dui hostn`neb io i` priehb ei `n Duoenlhüo

Ohjjih-LIUN[N], shtunen io i` jc =74 ei `n rutn O¶ 1, ioi` ehstrhtb ei Xaunzö, N`tb [nrnoî. @n ticpirnturn ciehnnoun` is ei =>¶ L. `n prilhphtnlhüo cîxhcn noun` is ei


OBUN EI UN[N

Lu`thvb ei ahrnsb` (Gi`hnotmus noous) y cnãz (zin cnys) io uo sui`b Bxhsb` (]mbehl Jnoehuebx),io `n ]iahüo ei Xaunzö, N`tb [nrnoî. ([rhcirn pnrti)

>1;; cc siaöo i` prbciehb ei riahstrbs ei `bs ö`thcbs>1 nþbs ei LIUN[N].

I` ehstrhtb ei Xaunzö, istî gnmhtnen io arno prbpbrlhüo

pbr lb`bobs fnpboisis, quhiois lu`thvno lbcb rumrb prho-lhpn` `n sbfn, i` trhab, cnãz, ahrnsb`, ouilis ei cnlnenchny gbrtn`hzns io ciobr prbpbrlhüo. Istîo narupnebs io `nLbbpirnthvn Xaunzö Narhl. @ten. @ns prholhpnìs nlthvhen-

eis ilboüchlns sbo `n narhlu`turn, `n anoneirãn y i` lb -

cirlhb.I` Xisb (\u`dntb ei Ln`lhb6 Ln\B5. =G=B) si uth`hzn

lbcb uo cntirhn` cifbrnebr ei `n dirth`hene ei` sumsui -

`b io `n riahüo ei Ncnzbons, Lirrneb y btrbs ùanris ei`Mrnsh`. Ispilhn`cioti, si ispirn `n `hxhvhnlhüo ei` Ln y/bCa io `n prbduoehene ei` sui`b pbr `n dbrcn ei su`dntb,eipioehioeb ei` idiltb ei `n `ùvhn io `n istnlhüo `ùvhbsnei` nþb, y neicîs cifbrnr `n lnrnltirãsthln quãchln ei `n

prbduoehene y nuciotnr `n prbeulthvhene ei `bs lu`thvbstnìs lbcb cnãz, ahrnsb`, sbfn, itl.

Io i` eipnrtnciotb ei` N`tb [nrnoî, [nrnauny, si `buth`hzn pnrn cifbrnr `n lnrnltirãsthln quãchln ei` sui`b ylbcb duioti ei nzudri. N ehdiriolhn ei` ncmhioti l`hcî-

thlb ei `n ]iahüo Urbphln` ei` Mrnsh`, nuo ob si lboblãn `nehoîchln ei` idiltb ei `n `hxhvhnlhüo lbo nàuobs lu`thvbsio uon zbon (sumtrbphln`).

Io i` ixpirhciotb si `b ivnùü lbo ehdiriotis ebshsio `bs lu`thvbs ei` ahrnsb` lbcb lu`thvb hociehntb y ùiab

DYIOUI ┍ [rbd. Hoa. Nar. Er.6 Jiotnrb Ubchtn. [rbd. vhshtnotiYohvirshene Onlhbon` ei [h`nr ([rbarncn ei Hovisthanlhüo yIxtioshüo Yohvirshtnrhn, y Dnlu`tne ei Lhiolhns Narbpilunrhnsy Eisnrrb``b ]urn`) y Tbùotnrhb \iohbr ei FHLN (Naiolhn eiLbbpirnlhüo Hotironlhbon` ei` Fnpüo).Hoa. Nar. \irahb Chtuh Uilohlb hovisthanebr. Duoenlhüo Ohjjih-LIUN[N].




i` lu`thvb ei cnãz lbcb lu`thvb suli-

sbr io `n pnrli`n ixpirhciotn` ei `nDuoenlhüo Ohjjih “ LIUN[N] pnrnbmsirvnr bs idiltbs risheunìs lbcbrisu`tnebs mîshlbs ei isti istuehb.

Lbo i` risu`tneb si ispirn pbeirtioir l`nrb i` idiltb ei` yisb io i`lu`thvb y io i` usb pnrn ùiab bdriliruon rilbcioenlhüo ei usb ei istihosucb, mnsnen n uo iosnyb rin`hzn-

eb io ouistrbs sui`bs, pnrn `bs prb-

eultbris ei `n zbon.

]isu`tneBs y ehslusho[rilhphtnlhüo y ticpirnturn eu-

rnoti i` eisnrrb``b ei` ixpirhciotb@n aurn > cuistrn `n prilhphtn-

lhüo y ticpirnturn io lnen cis eio-

trb ei` ixpirhciotb rin`hzneb. Io `bscisis ei sipthicmri y bltumri, sibmsirvü n`tn prilhphtnlhüo, chiotrnsqui ehschouyirbo io `bs cisis eiobvhicmri ei` nþb =.;>> n cnrzb

ei` nþb =.;>= (virnob). \i riahstrü `ncîs n`tn ticpirnturn io i` cis eiioirb. Eisei nmrh`, si lbosheirn quicifbrb pnrn i` lu`thvb ei cnãz.

Noî`hshs ei `n supirlhi ei` sui`bnotis ei `n np`hlnlhüo y `n shicmrn

Io i` `nmbrntbrhb ei `n DuoenlhüoOhjjih- LIUN[N] si uth`hznrbo nauneisth`nen (naun6 sui`b >6>) pnrneitirchonr i` vn`br ei` pG ( G=B), yLnL`= n` ;,;> C pnrn eitirchonr i`vn`br ei pG (LnL`=), `n sbùlhüo ix-

trnltbrn ei Cig`hlg > (;,;9 C GL@+ ;,;>=9 C G=\B5 ) pnrn eitirch-onr [,J,Co, Di, Vo y Lu ehspbohmìs,`n sbùlhüo sn` JL@ n` >C pnrn eitir-chonr Ln, Ca y N` hotirlncmhnmìs yi` cètbeb ei Qn`jìy- M`nlj pnrtneitirchonr cntirhn braîohln sbmri i`noî`hshs quãchlb ei sui`b. Neicîs,si eitirchoü (G+N@) hotirlncmhnmìseispuès ei rin`hznr i` cètbeb ei pG\C[, usnoeb `n tnm`n ei hotirnllhüo

[ r i l h p h t n l h ý

o ( c c )

<9;

<;;

=9;

=;;>9;

>;;

9;

;

sip. blt. obv. ehl. ioi. dim. cnr. nmr. cny. fuo

Np`hlnlhüo dbsdntnen ([=B9ja/gn)

>47

Dhau]n >6 []ilh[htnlho y tic[i]ntu]n io lnen cis eiot]B eiìx[i]hciotB ]in`hzneB (si[. =;>>/ fuo =;>=)

Duioti6LIUN[N] =;>=

iotri i` vn`br ei` pG \C[ y (G+N@)hotirlncmhnmì.

\i ln`lu`nrbo Ln/J, Ln/Ca yCa/J, usnoeb `bs risu`tnebs bmtioh-ebs ei` Ln, Ca y J hotirlncmhnmìs.

[br btrn pnrti si uth`hzü i` shsti -

cn ei Mbuybulbs pnrn eitirchonr i`lbotioheb ei nrlh``n (%) io i` noî`hshsdãshlb ei` sui`b.

@n tnm`n = cuistrn i` noî`hshsei supirlhi ei` sui`b notis ei `nnp`hlnlhüo y `n shicmrn. @bs risu`tn-

ebs ei` n`tb lbotioheb ei Ln, Ca y[, chiotrns qui i` N` hotirlncmhnmìdui mnfb. \i lbosheirn qui gumb ho-

uiolhn ei` idiltb ei n np`hlnlhüo ei`n ln` narãlb`n, nprbxhcnencioti uonþb notirhbr siaöo i` ghstbrhn` ei `npnrli`n lbo i` prbpüshtb ei cifbrnr`ns lnrnltirãsthlns quãchlns ei` sui-

`b.]i`nthvncioti nuoqui i` sui`b si

l`nshlb lbcb sui`b îlheb Bxhsb`, dui

U i c p i r n t u r n

( L ¶ )

5;

<9

<;

=9

=;

>9

>;

9

;

<;1

>45

4<

4 >5

45

=51

><5 ><;

[rilhphtnlhýo tbtn`ciosun`

[rilhphtnlhýo cîxhcnciosun`

[rilhphtnlhýo ciehnciosun`

[rilhphtnlhýo ciehnciosun`

Cuistrns pG naun pG LnL`=

[brliotnfi Nrlh``n

pG \C[ C.B.pbrliotnfi

[/j

Lnb/j

Ca b/j

;->; lc 9,58 5,8 5;,77 1,=9 >,79 91,>> <,91 >,9

Cuistrns J b/j

l/J l/c c/J N`b/j

G+N` v (%) LHLb/j

;->; lc ;,44 9,5> =,<4 =,=8 ;,>< >,84 15,99 1,1;

Cuistrns Di(/j)

Lu(/j)

Vo(/j)

Co(/j)

;->; lc <<,91 5,5 8,>7 84,>8

tnm`n =6 noî`hshs ei `n su[i]Dhi e i` sui`B notis ei `n n[`hl nlhýo y `n shicm]n




] i

o e h c h i o t b e i a r n o b s e i a h r n s b ` ( t / g n )

9.;;;

5.9;;

5.;;;<.9;;

<.;;;

=.9;;

=.;;;

>.9;;>.;;;

9;;

; ; 9;; >.;;; >.9;; =.;;; =.9;;

<.58;,;

DHAY]N <6 EHOÎCHLN EI@ ]IOEHCHIOUB EI @N \ICH@@N EI AH]N\B@

[\6 \i bmsirvü n ehdiriolhn shaohlnthvn n` >% io i` trntnchiotb ei` yisb.

5.=9;,;


cifbrnoeb io lunotb n `ns lnrnlti-

rãsthlns quãchlns ei `n supirlhi.[irb si puiei ispirnr `n nlheiz

ob sb`b ei `n supirlhi, shob tncmhèoei `n prbduoehene pbr `n np`hlnlhüo

ei` yisb pbr qui i` ln`lhb lbcmhoneblbo thpb ei su`dntb is dîlh` ei `hxhvhnr-si y cifbrnr lbofuotncioti lbo `nln` np`hlnen notirhbrcioti.

]I\Y@UNEB EI AH]N\B@ LBCB []HCI]LY@UHTB

[isb ei >.;;; sich``ns io lnentrntnchiotb.

@n aurn = cuistrn pisb ei>.;;; sich``ns io lnen trntnchio-

tb. Ei `bs risu`tnebs ei noî`hshs ei

[ i s b e i > . ; ; ; s i c h ` ` n s e i a h r n s b ` ( a )

4;,;

9;,;5;,;

<;,;

=;,;

>;,;

;

; =9; 9;; >.;;; >.9;; =.;;; =.9;;

Ohviìs ei` yisb (Ln\B5+ =G

=B) (ja/gn)


=B) (ja/gn)

9>,4

Dhau]n =6 [isB ei >.;;; a]noBs ei ah]nsB` io lnen t]ntnchiotB

9>,=9=,=

57,1

9=,<9>,; 9>,9

vnrhnozn, ob si bmsirvü `n ehdiriolhnshaohlnthvn pnrn bs trntnchiotbs ei`yisb, i` vn`br prbciehb ei >.;;; si-

ch``ns dui ei 9>,> a.

]IOEHCHIOUB EI@ A]NOB EI AH]N\B@IO LNEN U]NUNCHIOUB

@n aurn < cuistrn `n ehoîchlnei` rioehchiotb ei `n sich``n ei ah-rnsb`. Ei `bs risu`tnebs ei noî`hshsei vnrhnlhüo, si bmsirvü `n ehdiriolhnshaohlnthvn n` >% pnrn bs ohviìs ei`

yisb, si bmsirvü i` cîs n`tb rioeh-chiotb lbo 9;; ja/ gn ei isti cn-

tirhn`. [br btrn pnrti, ob si bmsirvün`tb rioehchiotb lbo cîs np`hlnlhüoei 9;; ja/ gn.

5.9>;,9

<,81<,9<.1><,9

5.;<>,8 5.;7>,9

[r e 9%

ja/gn Ciehn Euolno

9;; 5.9>;,9 n

=9; 5.=9;,; m

=;;; 5.;<>,; l

=9;; 5.;>>,9 e

>;;; <.81<,; l

>9;; <.1><,9 e

; <.58;,; i

UNM@N <6 LYNE]B EI @N []YIMN EI ]NO AB CÖ@UH[@I EI EYOLNO

[\6 Ciehns lbo `n chscn ìtrn ob sbo shaohlnthvncioti ehdiriotis io `npruimn ei rnoab cø`thpì ei Euolno




ivnùnlho ilBochln ei` yisB[N]N I@ LY@UHTB EI AH]N\B@

@n aurn 5 cuistrn `n ehoîch-ln ei` rioehchiotb pbr 8;% y ohvi`

lrãthlb ei `n np`hlnlhüo ei` yisb. Einluireb n `n `ãoin ei rioehchiotbsbmtiohebs si puiei nprilhnr uo ho-

] i o e h c h i o t b e i ` n

s i c h ` ` n e i a h r n s b `

p b r 8 ; %

( t / g n . )

Dhau]n >6 ehonchln ei` ]ioehchiotB [B] 8;% y ohvi` l]ÀthlB ei `n n[`hlnlhýo ei` yisB


=B) (ja/gn)

9.;;;

5.9;;

5.;;;

<.9;;<.;;;

=.9;;

=.;;;

>.9;;

>.;;;9;;

;; 9;; >.;;; >.9;; =.;;; =.9;;

<.>5>,;

<.7=9,;5.;98,9

<.919,1 <.<5=,=

<.4=1,8<.4>;,5

y3;,;;>7x + <,=>98r3;,84>;03x039;;

;,;;;=x + <,7848r3;,9>9

9;;03x03=,9;;

lriciotb gnstn lbo `n ebshs ei 9;;ja/gn, y si ehschouyü lbo `n np`h-lnlhüo ei ebshs supirhbr n 9;; ja/gn. Ei cbeb qui, si lbosheirn qui

`n np`hlnlhüo lbo 9;; ja/gn dui` iòhvi` lrãthlb ei `n np`hlnlhüo pnrn i`lu`thvb ei ahrnsb` io `n pnrli`n.

@n tnm`n < cuistrn `n pruimn eirnoab cö`thpì ei Euolno, y `n lun`cbstrb i` cîs n`tb rioehchiotb lbo9;; ja/gn ei` yisb lbcb ohvi` ‐n–.




N a r h l u

` t u r n H o t i r o n l h b o n ` i s

Is `n lunrtn zndrn ei cnãz trnosaèohlb qui sicmrü io su oln Drnolhslb [h``bo (99 nþbs),io @nrnofn` [nu`hstn, istneb ei \nb [nu`b. Eisei qui nebptü `ns sich``ns lbo rishstiolhnn bruans y n girmhlhen, pnsü n lbsilgnr ei ciobs ei >;.;;; jh`bs pbr giltîrin, n ><.9;;

jh`bs pbr giltîrin.

DYIOUI ┍ x




N a r h l u ` t u r n H o t i r o n l h b o n `

Ixp`hlü qui i` ntnqui ei p`nans`hchtnmn `n prbeulthvhene ei`ns p`notns lboviolhbonìs, n

pisnr ei` nlbcpnþnchiotb lbo ho-

silthlhens, dirth`hznotis y uo shsticnei rhiab pbr phvbt y lnþbois ei `nrabn`lnoli io i` >;;% ei su pnrli`n.

Ymhlneb n >1< Jc ei `n lnphtn` ei\nb [nu`b y n cîs ei 9;; citrbs sb-

mri i` ohvi` ei` cnr, [h``bo p`notn 5>giltîrins ei cnãz qui rbtn lbo pbrb-

tb (dihfnb) y 19 giltîrins ei sbfn quirbtn lbo cnãz ei iotri zndrn.Ubeb i` cnãz qui prbeuli Drnolhs-

lb vn eisthoneb n `n prbeullhüo eipb``b io `n zbon. Drnolhslb lbsilgnlnen virnob >5<.9;; jh`bs cîs ei `bqui gumhirn lbsilgneb lbo sich``nslboviolhbonìs pbr giltîrin io uocuoeb eboei cîs ei` 19% ei `bs

n`hciotbs prblisnebs lbothioi ho-

ariehiotis BAC.Gnstn n``ã `ìaü uon eiìanlhüo eipirhbehstns ei @nthobncèrhln hovhtn-

ebs pbr i` Lbosifb ei Hodbrcnlhboissbmri Mhbtilob`baãn i hosthtutbs iquh-vnìotis ei lnen pnãs lbcb HOMHBei [nrnauny io cnrlb ei` Un`ìr ei[irhbehstns qui si rin`hzn pbr tirlirnþb lbosiluthvb.

‐I` ehiz pbr lhiotb ei` îrin sicmrn-

en ei cnãz ob eimi sir trnosaèohlbpnrn qui `bs hosiltbs rishstiotis nìviotb Mt ob si npnriio iotri sã. \hob si lucpì, eispuès ei uo thic-

pb tu pnrli`n vn n istnr hodistnen eip`nans qui vno n pirfuehlnr tncmhèon `bs vilhobs–, ehfb Drnolhslb [h``bo.Isti is uob ei `bs prholhpnìs luhen-

ebs qui riquhiri i` cnãz AC, qui dui

nutbrhzneb isti nþb io [nrnauny ysirî sicmrneb pbr prhcirn viz iotriioirb y dimrirb ei` =;><. Io Mrnsh`,i` cnãz trnosaèohlb blupn i` 15,8%ei `n supirlhi tbtn` ei shicmrn ei`n lncpnþn =;>=/=;><, siaöo istu-

ehbs ei `n lbosu`tbrn mrnshìþn Lèì-

ris.Drnolhslb lbciotü qui ei lholb bsihs np`hlnlhbois lbotrn ìpheüpti-

rbs, ngbrn prilhsn ohoauon b trisnp`hlnlhbois lbcb cîxhcb. I` ngbrrbio usb ei narbquãchlbs y `n cifbrlbsilgn qui `barn, lbcpiosno i`lbstb ei ns mb`sns ei sich``ns trnos-

aèohlns, qui rboeno `bs ]$5;; (As7;;.;;;).

‐Oilishtnmn ei uon lnothene cuyarnoei ei prbeultbs lbstbsbs. \h gn-

lãns uon np`hlnlhüo gby, eispuès eitris eãns pnrilãn qui oh np`hlü, prho-

lhpn`cioti io èpbln ei `ùvhns. Irncuy ehdãlh` trnmnfnr–, siþn`ü.[heio iviotbs qui eiioeno n` nàb-

eüo lbotrn i` phlueb@n chscn suirti io i` cnoifb eip`nans ob pueb lbotnr i` prbeultbr[itir Eirjs (<; nþbs) ei` ehstrhtb eiHtnã. I` nàbeüo lbo iviotb Mt, i`hchonbruans pirb ob i` phlueb, qui siaöo

lbciotü, nmuoen io isn riahüo eitirriobs boeu`nebs.‐[rbmè sich``ns trnosaèohlns pirb obprbeufirbo sulhioti mrn. Irno cuyprilblis, ob istnmno nenptnens n

istn riahüo. \ã nyueü io i` cnoifb eicnìzns y btrns p`nans–, ehfb.I` nàbeüo cbehlneb aioèthlncio-

ti is nebptneb io uo 9;,>% io Mrn-

sh`, siaöo Lèìris.



IO CIEHB EI YO DYI]UI HOL]ICIOUB EI @N EICNOEN [B] A]NOB\, M]N\H@ N[YI\UNN@ EI\N]]B@@B EI UILOB@BAÃN\ N[@HLNEN\ N @N\ [@NOUNLHBOI\. YOB EI @B\ LN\B\

CÎ\ ICM@ICÎUHLB\ I\ I@ EI LUL (LIOU]B EI UILOB@BAÃN\ EI LNÞN), ^YI N[YI\UN N@[I]DILLHBONCHIOUB EI MHBUILOB@BAÃN\ IO @N []BEYLLHO EI LNÞN EI NVLN].

eisnrrb``nr lbcirlhn`cioti trnosaè-

ohlbs ei lnþn trnosaèohln. Istb ci-

fbrnrî `bs cîraiois ei anonolhn ei`n prbeullhüo, gnrî cîs sustiotnmìn` lu`thvb y cifbrnrî su nenptnmh`h-ene n obrcns y eicnoens, nsiaurno

eisei i` liotrb ei hovisthanlhüo.I` LUL is uon icprisn prhvnen mrn-

shìþn mnfb i` rèahcio ei uon sblhi-

ene noüohcn, duolhbon sho ois eiùlrb y istî sustiotnen pbr `bs prb-

phbs prbeultbris ei lnþn. \nmrhonLgnmrians, lbbrehonebrn ei` îrin eimhbtilob`baãn ei` hosthtutb, siþn`ü iouon ruien ei priosn qui i` liotrbthioi hovisthanlhbois qui si cuivio

N]AIOMHB

pbr tben `n lneion ei prbeullhüo ei`n lnþn ei nzölnr y eistnlü n hcpbr-tnolhn ei ehlgbs istuehbs.\umrnyü qui muslno qui ‐`bs mioi-

lhbs– qui thioi i` lu`thvb ei sbfn,ei cnãz b nàbeüo trnosaèohlb si

puieno np`hlnr tncmhèo n `n lnþnei nzölnr6 ‐[br isb istncbs trnmn-

fnoeb io mhbtilob`baãn–, iodnthzü `nlbbrehonebrn.@bs istuehbs nmnrlno n n lnþn lbcbp`notn io sã, n` nzölnr lbcb prbeul-

tb, n `n aioirnlhüo ei ioiraãn quitrni lboshab y btrbs prbeultbs eirh-vnebs, lbcb pbr ificp`b `n liù`bsnqui si prbeuli ei` ricnoioti ei `n

@bs prbeultbris mrnshìrbs hcpu`-sno i` eisnrrb``b ei sich``ns trnos-

aèohlns pnrn i` lu`thvb ei lnþn einzölnr. I` 1;% ei istbs prbeultbriseilhehirbo uohrsi gnli 5; nþbs pnrneisnrrb``nr mhbtilob`baãns io i` sil-

tbr, lrinoeb i` Liotrb ei Uilob`baãnLnonvhihrn (LUL), b liotrb ei tilob-

`baãn ei lnþn, qui duolhbon lbo istilbcitheb.I` liotrb thioi ebs istnlhbois ei is-

tuehb6 uon io i` istneb ei \nb [nu`by btrn io i` obristi mrnshìþb. I` LULnpuotn n` cifbrnchiotb aioèthlbei `n lnþn ei nzölnr, y nltun`ciotirin`hzn hovisthanlhbois pnrn pbeir

N a r h l u


DYIOUI ┍ Narb Mhb Cèxhlb




p`notn uon viz ixtrnãeb i` nzölnr.I` liotrb si ispilhn`hzn io mhbtilob-

`baãn, is eilhr, ‐i` usb ei uo branohs -

cb vhvb, b su eirhvneb, pnrn bmtioir

uo mhio b sirvhlhb pnrn mioilhb ei`n sblhiene–, nsiaurü n` rispiltb Ch-aui` Îoai` \îolgiz, ehriltbr ifiluth-

vb ei LghìMhb, hosthtutb ei eisnrrb``bei mhbtilob`baãns io Lghì. Istb vneisei uon dirciotnlhüo, b uo vhob,gnstn i` eisnrrb``b ei trnosaèohlbs,qui is `n np`hlnlhüo ei `n mhbtilob-

`baãn io `n cbeirohene, nþnehü i` is-

pilhn`hstn.Ixp`hlü tncmhèo qui `n hovisthanlhüomusln aioirnr ‐iviotbs–, qui islbcb si ì eiobchon n` riahstrb eilncmhbs pntiotneb io uon ispilhi.I` ‐iviotb– puiei tioir uo lncmhbaioèthlb b vnrhbs, pirb shicpri si

lbosheirn uo iviotb n `bs lncmhbsaioèthlbs pntiotneb io uo eitirch-oneb cbciotb qui aioirno lhirtbsidiltbs. I` lnsb cîs icmìcîthlb ioYruauny is i` lu`thvb ei sbfn rishstio-

ti n` a`hdbsntb, qui is uo girmhlhen. N`n sbfn si ì lncmhn uo aio pnrn gn-

lir`n rishstioti y istb gnli cîs shc-

pì su lu`thvb, ivhtnoeb qui n cnìznlbcphtn lbo i` lu`thvb.Io isti cnrlb, i` LUL ispirn `barnrpntiotnr su prhcir ‐iviotb– i hc-

pìciotnr`b eisei i` puotb ei vhstnlbcirlhn` pnrn iotri =;>1 y =;>7.Haun`cioti, i` liotrb gn trnmnfnebio aioèthln trnehlhbon` eurnoti nþbs.Is cîs, yn `ìvn pntiotnebs =1 vnrhi-

eneis lbcirlhnìs prbeulhens pbr eh-lgn tèlohln, is eilhr, vnrhieneis quisuraio ei` lruli ei ehsthotbs thpbsei lnþn ei nzölnr, n `bs qui si `ìanrin`hznoeb uon siìllhüo y cifbrno-

eb `n vnrhiene.Haun`cioti eisei i` branohscb nl`n-

rno qui, sh mhio gno riahstrneb =1

vnrhieneis lbcirlhnìs, nöo ob gnoriahstrneb lbcirlhn`cioti ohoaöoiviotb trnosaèohlb. Istb si ixp`hlnio qui i` prblisb pbr i` lun` si `barn`ìvnr qui uo ‐iviotb– sin lbcirlhnìs ixtricnencioti `nrab, hosucivnrhbs nþbs y vnrhbs hotiotbs. Lbcblhdrn ei ridiriolhn, n LUL isthcn quilnen iviotb `ìvneb n su hcpìcio-

tnlhüo lbcirlhn` luistn uobs ><;

ch``bois ei eü`nris.Io ehlgn hovirshüo, nariaü \îolgiz,gny qui lbosheirnr `bs n`tbs lbstbs

qui hcp`hlno n nprbmnlhüo ei n oui-

vn tilob`baãn io ehsthotbs pnãsis, lboriahstrbs ehdiriotis y istuehbs ehstho-

tbs siaöo lnen lnsb y lnen pnãs. @bsistuehbs eimio sir nmbonebs pbr

quhèois eisino riahstrnr `n ispilhiio su arno cnybrãn, `b qui gnli tnolnrb i` riahstrb ei uo ouivb iviotb.[nrn chthanr istbs lbstbs, y `n iobr-ci holirtheucmri qui hcp`hln uoprblisb ei hovisthanlhüo ei isti thpbn` lbchiozb, i` LUL si nsblhn lbo vn-

rhns trnosonlhbonìs, qui sbo `ãeirisio i` cirlneb ei trnosaèohlbs io i`cuoeb, ispilhn`cioti eimheb n` n`tblbsti qui hcp`hln aioirnr lnen uobei bs iviotbs, ixp`hlü Lgnmrians.Is pbr istb qui `ns cu`thonlhbonìssbo `ns prholhpnìs hcpu`sbrns eiistns tilob`baãns, n pisnr qui eis-

ei nàuobs abmhirobs si gn npbyneb`n hovisthanlhüo io `bs ö`thcbs nþbs,siþn`ü \îolgiz n` rispiltb. Lbcbificp`b ei` lbchiozb ei` eisnrrb``bei onolhnchiotb ei `ns mhbtilob`b-

aãns pbr pnrti ei abmhirob, \îolgizioucirü `bs lnsbs ei Lghon, Mrnsh`,Nraiothon y Istnebs Yohebs, qui eis-

ei i` [beir Ifiluthvb hcpu`sno pb`ãth-lns ei eisnrrb``b ei mhbtilob`baãn iosu pnãs.Mnyir y Mnsd sbo nàuobs ificp`bsei trnosonlhbonìs qui hovisthano iomhbtilob`baãns. Io i` lnsb ei `n lnþnistîo nsblhnebs io Mrnsh` lbo i` LUL

pnrn eisnrrb``nr ehdiriotis iviotbs,muslnoeb hcpu`snr i` lu`thvb ei `nlnþn ei nzölnr. Nàuobs ei i``bs sbo

lrinr uon lnþn lbo cîs nzölnr, brishstioti n uon siquãn ei lirln ei

=; eãns, b uon eboei ob is oilisn-

rhb np`hlnr lhirtbs hosilthlhens (lbcbsbo nàuobs lnsbs ei `n sbfn y i`cnãz), iotri btrbs mioilhbs. Ubebsistbs lnsbs istîo shioeb istuehnebsy eisnrrb``nebs io bs nmbrntbrhbs ei`n LUL.@ns ixp`hlnlhbois ei pbr què dbcio-

tnr `n hovisthanlhüo io trnosaèohlbspnrn usb lbcirlhn` sbo vnrhns, nsi-

aurnrbo eisei i` LUL. ]isn`tnrbo,iotri btrbs dnltbris, qui `n hcpì-

ciotnlhüo ei `n narhlu`turn trnosaè-

ohln gn dnvbrilheb `n prbeulthvheneei `ns p`notnlhbois io i` cuoeb, gncifbrneb `bs cîraiois y lb`nmbrnlbo i` eisndãb ei` lrilhchiotb ei `npbm`nlhüo cuoehn`, iotri btrbs ns-

piltbs. Nl`nrno qui `n aioirnlhüo ein`hciotbs is uo prbmìcn ei lnrn n`lrilhchiotb ei `n pbm`nlhüo cuoehn`,pirb qui i` gncmri ob oilisnrhn-

cioti rispboei n `n aioirnlhüo ei

n`hciotbs io ixlùshvn, shob qui `nehstrhmulhüo ei` n`hciotb prbeulhebtncmhèo fuian su pnpi`.Neicîs, ricnrlno qui ob ixhstioistuehbs lhiotãlbs hcpbrtnotis quieitirchoio qui `bs trnosaèohlbs hc-

p`hlno uo rhisab shaohlnoti pnrn `nthirrn b uon ncionzn pnrn `n mhbeh-virshene.




Istn eil`nrnlhüo thioi lbcb o prbcbvir sbùlhbois pnrnivhtnr `n hotirruplhüo n` lbcirlhb.

@

n prisiolhn io mnfbs ohviìs si lbobli io hoa`èslbcb @@[ (@bw @ivi` [risioli), y gnli ridiriolhnn n prisiolhn ei piquiþns lnotheneis ei branohs-

cbs aioèthlncioti cbehlnebs (BAC) nprbmnebs

io i` pnãs ei brhaio pirb nöo ob nutbrhznebs io i` pnãs eieisthob ei `n ixpbrtnlhüo..

@n eil`nrnlhüo thioi lbcb o prbcbvir sbùlhbois prîl-

thlns pnrn ivhtnr `n hotirruplhüo n` lbcirlhb eimhen n `nristrhllhüo ei nàuobs pnãsis pnrn hcpbrtnr prbeultbsnarãlb`ns qui lbothioio mnfbs ohviìs ei BAC.

@bs pnãsis qui rcnrbo `n eil`nrnlhüo pirtioilio n nc-

mbs siltbris, hcpbrtnebris y ixpbrtnebris6 Nraiothon,

Nustrn`hn, Mrnsh`, Lnoneî, Lghì, Lbstn ]hln, Cèxhlb, [n-

rnauny, Dh`hphons, ]ushn, Istnebs Yohebs, Yruauny y Thit -

onc.

Istbs pnãsis nlbrenrbo trnmnfnr lbofuotncioti pnrn gn-lir drioti n` rhisab ei hotirruplhbois io i` lbcirlhb eirh-vnens ei `ns shtunlhbois ei @@[ y dnlh`htnr i` lbcirlhb ho-

tironlhbon` ei prbeultbs narãlb`ns ciehnoti i` eisnrrb``bei cètbebs prîlthlbs qui holùyno tnotb n `bs n`hciotbslbcb n `bs phiosbs.

Nsã chscb, si lbcprbcithirbo n hcpìciotnr i` [`no eiUrnmnfb Hotironlhbon` sbmri @@[ istnmìlheb io `ns riu-

ohbois hotironlhbonìs sbmri i` ticn.

N a r h l u





Yo iquhpb hotironlhbon` ei hovisthanebris gn eisn-rrb``neb uo trhab aioèthlncioti cbehlneb (AC) btrnosaèohlb qui ob prbeuli aùtio.

@bs hovisthanebris liotrnrbo su trnmnfb EICIUI](ECI), `n iozhcn qui nlthvn i` arupb ei aiois rispbosn-

mìs ei `n prbeullhüo ei aùtio io i` trhab. I` usb ei tèl-

ohlns ei hoaiohirãn aioèthln pirchthirbo suprhchr `n ECIio uo 79.4%, qui eispuès si trneufb io uon rieullhüoei 14.5% ei aùtio io `ns sich``ns ei trhab.

I` iquhpb, lbodbrcneb pbr hovisthanebris ei Lghon,

Nìcnohn y Istnebs Yohebs, lbosheirn qui `n gnrhon gi -

lgn n pnrthr ei `ns sich``ns ei isti trhab AC is neilunenpnrn `n dnmrhlnlhüo ei pno.

I` shauhioti pnsb io `n hovisthanlhüo is eitirchonr shistbs arnobs puieio sir uth`hznebs io `bs n`hciotbs pnrn`ns pirsbons qui sudri ei `n iodirciene li`ãnln (ob tb-

ìrno i` aùtio).

NTNOLI LHIOUHDHLB

Isti nvnoli lhiotãlb pberãn sir cuy öth` pnrn qui `bsli`ãnlbs puieno lbosuchr trhab.

N a r h l u





Yo arupb hotironlhbon` ei hovisthanebris `heirn-

ebs pbr `n Nlneichn ei Narhlu`turn y LhiolhnsDbristnìs ei Mihfhoa (Lghon), nlnmn ei nouolhnrqui si gn lbcpìtneb `n siluiolhn aioèthln ei

`n snoeãn (Lhtru`ùs `nontus).

@bs ixpirtbs tncmhèo gno heiothlneb vnrhbs aioisnsblhnebs n `bs rnsabs ei ln`hene, tncnþb, snmbr, lboti-

oheb io nzulnris b citnmb`hscb ei n lhtru`hon, lbcpuis-

tb mhb`üahlb qui i` citnmb`hscb trnosdbrcn io nrahohon,uo nchobîlheb hovbùlrneb io ehdiriotis nlthvheneis ei`ns a`îoeu`ns ioeblrhons, y lnpnz ei prbeulhr idiltbs mi-

oilhbsbs io i` shsticn lhrlu`ntbrhb i hocuohtnrhb.\iaöo `bs hovisthanebris rispbosnmìs ei` prbyiltb,

i` aiobcn ei `n snoeãn si pberî uth`hznr pnrn eisnrrb``nrouivbs istuehbs sbmri n ivbùlhüo ei bs lu`thvbs ei lur-

lumhtîlins, eneb qui si gno siþn`neb ehdiriotis aioislbcuois io `n dnch`hn, tncmhèo si pberîo `ìvnr n lnmbbtrbs istuehbs cîs mîshlbs lbcb `n lbcprioshüo ei `ncitnmb`hznlhüo ei` nzölnr.

Arnlhns n` siluiolhncchiotb ei` aiobcn ei `n \no-

eãn, pbr ificp`b, si pberîo prbeulhr snoeãns sho n`èrai-obs, yn qui si gno `barneb heiothlnr tris prbtiãons quiprbvblnmno sãotbcns ei nìrahn ìvi, pirb lbo uo lbosu-

cb lbothouneb pberãn eirhvnr io btrns lbcp`hlnlhbois.I` cnpn aioèthlb is nltun`cioti uon girrnchiotn ho-

ehspiosnmì pnrn pbeir gnlir drioti n` lncmhb l`hcîthlb,`n hovnshüo ei ouivns iodircieneis y p`nans, cifbrnr `nprbeulthvhene eisnrrb``noeb p`notns cîs ilhiotis lnpn-

lis ei prbeulhr drutbs cnybris y ei cifbr ln`hene, itl.

Isti nvnoli pirchthrî cifbrnr `n rishstiolhnn p`nans, iodircieneis y snmir uo pblb

cîs ei su ghstbrhn ivbùthvn.





YO LBO\B]LHB HOUI]ONLHBON@ @HEI]NEB [B] @N YOHTI]\HENE EI ONOFHOA X I@HO\UHUYUB EI AIOCHLN EI MIHFHOA (MAH) LBC[@IU @N \ILYIOLHN EI@ AIOBCN EI @N[I]N. @N HODB]CNLHO OB \@B I\ HC[B]UNOUI [N]N I@ CIFB]NCHIOUB EI@ LY@UHTB,

\HOB UNCMHÈO [N]N I\UYEHN] @N ITB@YLHO EI @B\ AIOBCN\ EI I\UN X BU]N\I\[ILHI\ ]I@NLHBONEN\.

DYIOUI ┍ NarbMhb

N a r h l u


Brhahonen cuy prbmnmìcioti io i` suebisti eiLghon, `n pirn si lu`thvn eisei gnli cîs ei<.;;; nþbs. I` drutn` is aioèthlncioti ehvirsb,lbo cîs ei 9.;;; lu`thvnris io tbeb i` cuoeb,

`bs qui puieio umhlnrsi io ebs arnoeis arupbs6 i` ‐bllh-eiotn`– (b iurbpib) y i` ‐brhiotn`– (b nshîthlb).

N ehdiriolhn ei btrbs lu`thvbs, i` pirn` is n`tnciotigitirblhabtn, `b qui lbosthtuyi uo arno eisndãb n `n gbrnei iosncm`nr `ns siluiolhns ei NEO. Io i` istuehb pu-

m`hlneb rilhioticioti io `n rivhstn Aiobci ]isinrlg,`bs hovisthanebris barnrbo siluiolhnr y iosncm`nr i` ai-

obcn lbcpìtb ei` lu`thvnr [yrus mritslgoiheirh ]ige.

lv. Enoasgnosu`h usnoeb tilob`baãns eisnrrb``nens pbri` prbphb MAH, ispilhn`cioti ehsiþnens pnrn istuehnraiobcns lbo uo n`tb ohvi` ei gitirblhabshs y/b siluio -

lhns ripiththvns. @uiab ei prblisnr `bs entbs, lbolùyi-

rbo qui i` aiobcn ei` pirn` thioi n`rieiebr ei 9>= Cm(cianmnsis) y uo tbtn` ei 5=.7>= aiois qui lbehlnopnrn prbtiãons.

Io i` istuehb bs hovisthanebris tncmhèo heiothlnrbo`ns riahbois ei siluiolhns ripiththvns, qui lbosthtuyio`n chtne ei` aiobcn ei` pirn`. Lbcpnrîoeb`b lbo i` ai -

obcn ei` cnoznob, vhirbo qui `ns ehdiriolhns iotri nc -

mbs rnehln prholhpn`cioti io i` lbotioheb ei iìciotbstrnospbohmìs (trnospbsnmì iìciots b UIs), chiotrnsqui `ns riahbois lbo aiois sbo shch`nris iotri ncmnsispilhis.

Uncmhèo lbolùyirbo, lbcpnrnoeb `bs aiobcns, qui`n pirn, `n cnoznon y `n druth``n lbcpnrtio uo iviotb eieup`hlnlhüo aioüchln qui blurrhü gnli uobs >5; ch``b -

ois ei nþbs. Io lncmhb, `n pirn y `n cnoznon lbcpnrtiouo iviotb ei eup`hlnlhüo cîs rilhioti (<;-59 ch``boisei nþbs ntrîs), y ùiab ehvirahirbo gnli 9,5-=>,9 ch``b-

ois ei nþbs. Neicîs, `bs hovisthanebris hoirio qui `bs

ouivi lrbcbsbcns nolistrnìs, hohlhn`cioti eislrhtbsio `n cnoznon, sirãno nolistrnìs tncmhèo pnrn tben `ndnch`hn ]bsnlini (qui holùyi n `n cnybr pnrti ei `ns is-

pilhis ei drutns ei lbosucb cnshvb y culgns ispilhisbronciotnìs).

Io i` istuehb, `bs lhiotãlbs tncmhèo heiothlnrbo ai-

ois pbshmìcioti ri`nlhbonebs lbo n sãotishs y nlucu`n-

lhüo ei `n `haohon, i` citnmb`hscb ei` sbrmhtb` y i` nrbcnei` drutb.




@n prbeullhüo ei sich``ns aioèthlncioti cb-

ehlnens (AC) b trnosaèohlns io Lghì n`lnozüohviìs rèlbre isti nþb eimheb n `n siquãn io i`gichsdirhb obrti, istb siaöo uo rilhioti hodbrci

ei `n Y\EN/DN\..@ns prbyillhbois pnrn ns ticpbrnens =;>=-=;><

priehlio uo tbtn` ei 5; ch` giltîrins p`notnens lbosich``ns AC, `b qui `ìvn n qui `n viotn ei sich``nspuien supirnr `bs =;; ch``bois ei eü`nris.

Lghì is uob ei `bs pnãsis prbeultbris ei sich``nstrnosaèohlns io i` cuoeb. I` nþb pnsneb i` pnãs su-

rncirhlnob si mioilhü ei n shtunlhüo citibrb`üahlnlbcpìfn qui vhvhü Istnebs Yohebs, yn qui `n siquãnprbvblü uon pèrehen ei` <;% io `n prbeullhüo ei si-

ch``ns.@n supirlhi sicmrnen eurnoti `n lncpnþn

=;>>-=;>= dui `n cîs n`tn eisei i` hohlhb ei `n prb-

eullhüo ei sich``ns AC io >884, lbo cîs ei <> ch`giltîrins p`notnens. \ho icmnrab, pnrn `n lncpnþn=;>=-=;>< si ispirn qui `n lhdrn sin cnybr, holùsbsupirhbr n `ns 5; ch` giltîrins.

Ei nluireb lbo `n Nsblhnlhüo Onlhbon` ei [rbeul-

tbris ei \ich``ns ei Lghì (Noprbs), `ns sich``ns eicnãz ebchono `n prbeullhüo ei sich``ns: si isthcnqui =9 ch` gn. ei cnãz AC sbo p`notnens lnen nþb.Btrns sich``ns AC qui si shicmrno io i` tirrhtbrhb sbosbfn y lnob`n.

@n hoeustrhn ispirn qui i` prüxhcb nþb `ns shic-

mrns ei sich``ns ei cnãz AC n`lnolio `ns <9 ch` gil-

tîrins. Nltun`cioti, uon gn. \icmrnen prbeuli n`ri-

eiebr ei < ch` ja ei sich``ns ei cnãz qui si vioeipbr nprbxhcnencioti < eü`nris.

\i ispirn qui `n supirlhi sicmrnen lbo sich``ns aioèthlncioti cbehlnens (AC)io i` pnãs n`lnoli `ns 5; ch` giltîrins.


DYIOUI ┍ NraioMhb




U ncmhèo btrbs iviotbs ei btrns rcns ispirno sunprbmnlhüo pnrn hoarisnr n Lghon, nuoqui ‐lbo lir-

tizn–, `n sbfn Mt-]]= virî `n ùz io `n prüxhcn zndrn,

nei`notü..

‐Is uon luisthüo pb`ãthln. Lghon istî lncmhnoeb eiabmhirob y lrib qui pbr isb tbenvãn ob `hmirü su usblbcb yn `b ghlhirbo io IIYY, Lbrin, Unhwîo, Fnpüo y `nYohüo Iurbpin–, ehfb Ntthi.

Is nsã lbcb n ebs nþbs ei su nprbmnlhüo lbcirlhnìo Mrnsh`, n sbfn Mt-]]= cnotuvb uon supirlhi ei shic-

mrn hodirhbr n` >% ei` îrin eisthonen n `n sbfn io tbeb i`pnãs. Ixhsti uo nluireb lbcirlhn` iotri i` bmtiotbr y `bs

NUIOUB N @N EICNOEN LGHON.

Io `n zndrn =;></=;>5 Mrnsh` icpiznrãn n sicmrnr ei cnoirn lbcirlhn` `n ouivn sbfn ai-

oèthlncioti cbehlnen, Hotnltn ]]= []B ei Cbosnotb. [nrn i``b naunren qui su prholhpn`lbcprnebr ei arnobs ei sbfn y sumprbeultbs nutbrhli istn tilob`baãn, lbciotü Fbrai Ntthi,

non`hstn ei narboiablhbs ei `n lbosu`tbrn Lèìris.

prbeultbris mrnshìþbs ei naunrenr pbr uon rispuistndnvbrnmì ei` ahanoti nshîthlb.

‐@bs narhlu`tbris gnm`no ei uo nuciotb ei `n prbeul-

thvhene ei iolhcn ei` =;%, y io nàuobs lnsbs ei` <;%.Isti iviotb btbran cîs ei uon lnrnltirãsthln, rishstiolhnn` girmhlhen y n p`nans, y nuciotn `n prbeulthvhene–, ehfbNerhnon Mrboenoh, ehriltbrn ifiluthvn ei` Lbosifb ei Ho-

dbrcnlhbois sbmri Mhbtilob`baãn, LHM.[nrnauny pberãn icpiznr n sicmrnr istn tilob`baãn

io i` ö`thcb luntrhcistri ei` =;><, n `n pnr ei Mrnsh` yNraiothon. @bs istuehbs pnrn `n `hmirnlhüo lbcirlhn` eiìviotb pbr pnrti ei` Chohstirhb ei Narhlu`turn si ioluio-

trno io `n ö`thcn dnsi.

N a r h l u






@n Lîcnrn Narbpilunrhn ei Brhioti (LNB) ei Mb`hvhnlbosheirn qui si ì eimi enr prhbrhene n` usb ei si-

ch``ns aioèthlncioti cbehlnens (AC) b trnosaèoh-lns pnrn pbeir tioir uon cnybr prbeullhüo ei cnãz.

I` arichb tncmhèo lbosheirn qui ei ob pbeèrsiìmrhoenr istn pbshmh`hene n `bs narhlu`tbris, ob si pberîprbeulhr sulhioti pnrn lumrhr n eicnoen y, pbr ioei, si

eimirî hcpbrtnr i` prbeultb.I` airioti ei `n LNB, Ieh`mirtb Bshonan, nrcn qui

`bs rioehchiotbs ob lrilio lbcb pnrn anrnothznr i` su-

lhioti nmnstilhchiotb lbo i` o ei ntioeir `n eicnoenei` siltbr nvãlb`n, pilunrhb y anrnothznr `n prbeullhüo eiìlgi, lnroi ei pb``b, lireb y ei ris.

\iaöo Bshonan, io `n ciehen qui ob si puien prb-

eulhr vnrhieneis cîs rishstiotis n `ns p`nans, `n prbeul-

lhüo siauhrî shioeb mnfn y i` pnãs ob tioerî btrn bplhüoqui hcpbrtnr, y io i` ixtirhbr sü`b gny cnãz trnosaèohlb.

I` btrb prbeultb eboei is oilisnrhb uth`hznr isti thpbei sich``ns cbehlnens, lbosheirno, is i` nàbeüo i`lun` thioi prbmìcns pbr `ns mnfns prilhphtnlhbois pù -

vhnìs. Nuoqui ob is lbcisthmì, `n LNB lbosheirn quisu pipn puiei sirvhr ei n`hciotb n` anoneb vnluob ioi` pnãs.

Ei nluireb lbo n Nsblhnlhüo ei [rbeultbris ei Cnãz,

\brab y Lu`thvbs N`tironthvbs ([rbcnsbr), notirhbrcioti`bs prbeultbris mb`hvhnobs ei cnãz prbeulãno lirln eiebs tboi`nens pbr giltîrin: lbo bs gãmrhebs y vnrhieneisnltunìs istn lhdrn nuciotü n iotri luntrb y lholb tboi -

`nens pbr gn, y si ispirn qui, pbr `n ixpirhiolhn ei btrbspnãsis ei `n riahüo, n` uth`hznr trnosaèohlbs istn lhdrn sinsupirhbr.

Tnì `n pion risn`tnr qui io =;>>, Mb`hvhn sicmrü8;; ch` gn ei sbyn AC y blupü i` ùanr oöcirb boli io`n `hstn ei `bs vihothouivi pnãsis mhbtilob`üahlbs.

]iprisiotnotis ei `n LNB (Lîcnrn Narbpilunrhn ei Brhioti) ei Mb`hvhn, pheio n` abmhirobpbeir uth`hznr sich``ns aioèthlncioti cbehlnens ei cnãz pnrn sir cîs lbcpiththvbs.

DYIOUI ┍ NarbMhb



N a r h l u


Lnen eãn, eurnoti `n èpbln ei lbsilgn, `ns p`notnsicpnquitnebrns ei `n zbon lbstirn snotndishoneislnrtno iotri =; y 7; tboi`nens ei znongbrhns.

I` cbthvb6 ob lucpìo lbo `bs riquhshtbs ei dbrcn y tn-

cnþb hcpuistbs pbr i` cirlneb. Nsã, gnstn i` <;% ei `nprbeullhüo ob puiei sir lbcirlhn`hzneb, `b qui ripirlu-

ti tnotb io `bs lbstbs lbcb io i` hcpnltb ncmhiotn` ei`n nlthvhene.

Mnfb `n prichsn ei nprbvilgnr isns znongbrhns, uoarupb ei hovisthanebris ei `n Yohvirshene Onlhbon` ei`@htbrn` (YO@) y i` Lbohlit si nmblü n` ehsiþb ei prblisbsqui pirchtno narianrìs vn`br. [br uo `neb, si prbpboioixtrnir `bs lnrbtiobs qui ì eno n `n gbrtn`hzn su lnrnlti-

NA]HLY@UY]N HOUI]ONLHBON@I\

I` <;% ei `ns znongbrhns qui si prbeulio ob si lbcirlhn`hzno pbr su tncnþb b dbrcn. Ho-

visthanebris ei `n YO@ ehsiþno uo prblisb pnrn nprbvilgnr`ns y ivhtnr qui si trnosdbrcioio uo lbotnchonoti ncmhiotn`.

rãsthlb lb`br onrnofn. Istn sustnolhn si uth`hzn lbcb hosu-

cb io n hoeustrhn n`hciothlhn “lbcb lb`brnoti-, nsã lbcbtncmhèo io dnrcnlhn y lbscèthln. Gnstn i` cbciotb obsi prbeuli io i` pnãs shob qui si hcpbrtn io su tbtn`hene.

Btrn dbrcn ei nprbvilgnchiotb lbcpìciotnrhn is nprbeullhüo ei mhblbcmusthmìs. @ns znongbrhns, rhlns ionzölnris, puieio dirciotnrsi y dbrcnr n`lbgbìs nprbvi-

lgnmìs lbcb mhbitnob`. \i trntn ei uo prblisb shch`nr n`qui si uth`hzn lbo `n ricb`nlgn nzulnrirn.

‐@n hein is eisnrrb``nr uo prblisb qui pirchtn bm -

tioir i` cîxhcb ei nzölnris y ei n`lbgb` pirb sho ndil-

tnr `bs lnrbtiobs–, shotithzü Funo Lnr`bs Xbrh, eblioti ihovisthanebr ei` LBOHLIU y ei `n Dnlu`tne ei Hoaiohirãnûãchln (DH^).





I@ []BLI\B@n prhcirn itnpn ei` prbyiltb prbpuistb pbr `bs ho-

visthanebris lboticp`n i` ehsiþb ei` prblisb. @uiab, silbostruhrî uon p`notn lbo lnpnlhene pnrn prblisnr iotri

blgb y ehiz tboi`nens ei znongbrhns pbr eãn, is eilhr, nisln`n ph`btb.\iaöo ixp`hlü Xbrh, si istîo istuehnoeb ebs dbrcns

ei prblisnchiotb. @n prhcirn lboshsti io sipnrnr i` fuab-pnrn dirciotnr`b- ei` mnanzb, ei eboei si puieio ix-

trnir `bs lnrbtiobs. @n siauoen bplhüo holùyi uo pritrn-

tnchiotb ei `n znongbrhn lbrtnen. ‐Is shch`nr n `b qui signli lbo `n ricb`nlgn nzulnrirn6 lbo i` naun si puieionrrnstrnr nzölnris sho pireir lnrbtiobs–, eitn``ü.

@bs nzölnris ei `n znongbrhn si dirciotno io uorinltbr fuotb lbo ìvneurn, ‐`n chscn qui si uth`hzn pnrn`n i`nmbrnlhüo ei lirvizn b vhob–, nl`nrü Xbrh y riln`lüqui istbs chlrbbranohscbs thioio n lnrnltirãsthln ei ri-

prbeulhrsi io prisiolhn ei bxãaiob, chiotrns qui io sunusiolhn, trnosdbrcno `bs nzölnris io n`lbgb`.

@uiab si eisth`n i` prbeultb ei rinllhüo pnrn sipn-

rnr i` n`lbgb` ei` naun y si bmthioi i` mhbitnob`. ‐I` usnrznongbrhn lbcb cntirhn prhcn pnrn prbeulhr n`lbgb` isnàb ri`nthvncioti ouivb. \iaöo `n hodbrcnlhüo qui ehs -

pboicbs, ob gny icprioehchiotbs ei istn lnrnltirãsthlnio @nthobncèrhln–, sumrnyü Xbrh.

Io pnrnì`b, i` chscb itnob` aioirneb io `n p`notnsi uth`hzn pnrn ixtrnir `bs lnrbtiobs ei` mnanzb. @uiab

si i`hchon i` n`lbgb`, si lboliotrno `bs lnrbtiobs y si`bs pripnrn pnrn su lbcirlhn`hznlhüo io uon sbùlhüo ionlihti ei ahrnsb` ei ehdiriotis lboliotrnlhbois.

I@ DYUY]B EI @N VNONGB]HN I` eisndãb ei narianr vn`br n `bs eislnrtis narbhoeus-

trhnìs dui p`notineb n `n Yohvirshene pbr uon icprisnqui si pbsii uo icpnqui ei znongbrhns io `n zbon ei\notn ]bsn ei Ln`lghois, io `n lbstn snotndishon. Nltun`-cioti trnmnfno io `n prbpuistn, neicîs ei `n YO@, `nsnutbrheneis ei \n`neirb Lnmn`, i` Liotrb pnrn i` Eisnrrb-

``b ei `n Lbstn y i` Chohstirhb ei `n [rbeullhüo ei \notnDi.

@n riahüo lbstirn snotndishon is gby uob ei `bs lun -

trb prholhpnìs prbeultbris ei znongbrhns ei` pnãs, fuo-

tb lbo Cioebzn, Cnr ei` [`ntn y \nothnab ei` Istirb. Einluireb lbo `ns privhshbois ei` siltbr, `ns lboehlhbois

tilob`üahlns y ei` sui`b pirchtio nsphrnr n ixpnoehr nöocîs i` lu`thvb io `n prbvholhn.

Xbrh riln`lü qui i` prhcir pnsb n enr n is `n rin`hzn-

lhüo ei uo istuehb ei cirlneb. I` thpb ei prblisnchiotbprbpuistb eisei `n YO@ bdrili uon n`tironthvn ei lbcir-lhn`hznlhüo qui pirchti sbstioir ì prilhb ei `n vireurn.‐Gby, lunoeb ob gny prilhb. i` prbeultbr eifn `ns znongb-

rhns qui si puerno io i` sui`b. Lbo istb tioerãn uon n`tir-onthvn pnrn trntnr ei cnotioir i` prilhb ei uo prbeultbdrislb–, lbolùyü.





H o t i r o n l h b o n ` i s

TN]HN\ HO\UHUYLHBOI\ EI@ ]IHOB YOHEB, MNOA@NEI\G,DH@H[HON\ X FN[O LB@NMB]NO IO I\UI EI\N]]B@@B.

DYIOUI ┍ NA]B MHB

Hovisthanebris ei `n Yohvirsheneei Lrnoiè, ei` Hcpirhn` Lb`ì-

ai @boebo y ei `n Yohvirshene ei\butgncptbo io i` ]ihob Yoheb: ei`

Hosthtutb Hotironlhbon` ei Hovisthan-lhüo ei` Nrrbz io Dh`hphons: ei` Hos-

thtutb ei Hovisthanlhüo ei` Nrrbz eiMnoa`neisg y ei` Liotrb Hotironlhb-

on` ei Hovisthanlhüo ei Fnpüo pnrnLhiolhns Narnrhns (FH]LN\): istuehno`n eilhiolhn ei zhol, tnotb io `nthirrn lbcb io i` sir gucnob, y ei-

snrrb``nrîo vnrhieneis ei nrrbz cîsilhiotis pnrn nmsbrmir i` zhol y lbo-

liotrnr`b io `bs arnobs.@ène ei eil`hvi ei `n hoeustrhn shic-

pri istî prisioti y trni ei `n cnobi` rhisab ei pireir ciehbs ei vhen,

lboblhchiotbs hoeãaions y lriiolhnstrnehlhbonìs nsblhnebs n `n prbeul-

lhüo y i` usb ei istbs cntirhnìs.

@bs hovisthanebris lb`nmbrnrîo io`bs iosnybs ei lncpb yn io lursb yio ouivbs ixpirhciotbs ei `nmbrntb-

rhb pnrn istuehnr `bs cilnohscbs einmsbrlhüo ei zhol ei `ns p`notns nrrb-

lirns io ehdiriotis dnsis ei su lhl`bei lrilhchiotb.

Nsã chscb, istuehnrîo `ns ehdiriolhns

iotri `bs thpbs ei nrrbz, y uth`hznrîoistn hodbrcnlhüo aioèthln pnrn eisn-

rrb``nr nrrbz lbo uo cnybr lbotiohebei zhol, n pisnr ei gnmir lrilheb iouo sui`b lbo eèlht ei zhol.

\i ispirn qui `n ouivn vnrhiene einrrbz puien istnr ehspbohmì eiotrbei ebs nþbs (nprbxhcnencioti pnrni` =;>5-=;>9).

HOUI]ONLHBON@I\




@

bs hovisthanebris qui istuehno i` usb ei nàns pnrnprbeulhr mhblbcmusthmìs gnstn ngbrn si iodbln-

rbo io `ns ispilhis ei naun eu`li6 snmio lücb

lu`thvnr`ns, cbehlnr`ns aioèthlncioti, gnlir quiprbeuzlno prbtiãons rilbcmhonotis, y tbeb `b oilisnrhbpnrn dnmrhlnr mhblbcmusthmìs. [irb i` cis pnsneb `nNlneichn Onlhbon` ei Lhiolhns, ixnchonoeb i` pbtiolhnèi `ns nàns pnrn isti o, n pieheb ei` Eipnrtnciotb eiIoiraãn ei II.YY, pum`hlü uo hodbrci siþn`noeb qui istipbtiolhn` pberãn `hchtnrsi pbr `n ehspbohmh`hene ei nauneu`li, y pbrqui gnstn i` cbciotb ob si gnmãn `barneb `ncbehlnlhüo aioèthln ei ispilhis cnrhons.

@bs lhiotãlbs ei `n Yohvirshene ei Ln`hdbrohn io \noEhiab liotrnrbo su istuehb io uon ispilhi ei nàn cnrh-on, Euon`hi``n tirthbìltn, eimheb n su n`tb lbotioheb ei

nlihti y lnpnlhene ei lrilir rîphencioti io uo ncp`hbrnoab ei pG y lboliotrnlhüo sn`hon. [nrn eicbstrnr quipberãn sir uth`hznen n ohvi` lbcirlhn`, ì holbrpbrnrbo lho-

lb aiois qui lbehlno pnrn iozhcns ri`nlhbonens lbo `nlbovirshüo ei mhbcnsn io nlihti y lbo i` nuciotb ei `nehspbohmh`hene ei outrhiotis. Ei istn cnoirn, `bs hovis-

thanebris istîo istuehnoeb `n pbshmh`hene ei usnr n `nsnàns, ùiab ei `n ixtrnllhüo ei` nlihti, lbcb pnrti ei`n`hciotb pnrn nohcnìs.

MHBUILOB@BAHN

Lhiotãlbs ei `n Yohvirshene ei Ln`hdbrohn io \no Ehiab cbehlnrbo aioèthlncioti nànscnrhons pnrn lbovirthr mhbcnsn io lbcmusthmì. Istn cbehlnlhüo pirchthrãn `n prbeullhüoei mhblbcmusthmì io btrbs ncmhiotis, lbcb i` naun ei cnr, i` naun sn`bmri ei `ns lbstns

i holùsb `bs sui`bs qui ob si puieio usnr pnrn narhlu`turn eimheb n su n`tn sn`hohene.

DYIOUI ┍ Narb Mhb





c e h b n m h o t

I@ MB\^YI NU@ÎOUHLB \I IWUHOAYI…

Auyrn [nrnauny ixprisn su bphohüo tèlohln iori`nlhüo n` gilgb puotun` ei` [rbyiltb ei @iy quiEil`nrn ei Hotirès \blhn` y Ixprbphn n dnvbr ei`HOEI]U, pnrti ei `n Dholn O» >.=>7 ei` Ehstrhtbei @hcn y pnrti ei `n Dholn O» <49 ei` Ehstrhtb

ei Ouivn Aircnohn), tbens io `n nltun`hene io i`Ehstrhtb ei \notn ]bsn ei` Naunrny “ Eipnrtnciotb

\no [ierb–.

DYIOUI ┍Auyrn [nrnauny




c e h b n m h o t

N oti i` lboblhchiotb aioirn` ei qui i` Mbsqui Nt -

`îothlb si ixthoaui, si eisprioei i` gilgb ei quiyn ob pbeicbs, lbcb onlhüo sbmirnon, siauhr lb-

`bohznoeb îrins mbslbsns qui dbrcno pnrti ei ouistrbpntrhcbohb onturn`.

Io vhstn ei `bs ö`thcbs nlbotilhchiotbs suliehebs ynio `b qui vn ei `bs ö`thcbs ebs nþbs, eboei rihtirnens

vilis si pritioehü ixprbphnr b nequhrhr, lbo rilursbs eiìstneb pnrnaunyb, thirrns mbslbsns io n ]iahüo Brhiotn`,io vhrtue ei `n ]idbrcn Narnrhn, lbosheirncbs bpbrtuobnrcnr lunotb shaui6

>- @n @iy =9=5/;5 ‐Ei prbghmhlhüo io `n ]iahüoBrhiotn` ei `ns Nlthvheneis ei Urnosdbrcnlhüo y Lbovir-

shüo ei \upirlhis lbo Lbmirturn Mbslbsn–, nltun`cio-

ti vhaioti siaöo `b istnmìlheb io `n ìy <44</;7 ndiltntncmhèo n `n lb`bohznlhüo ei thirrns, pbr `b qui riprisio-

tn uo nltb hìan` pritioeir istnmìlir lb`bohns lncpish-ons sbmri îrins mbslbsns io `n riahüo.

Io i` nrtãlu`b < ei `n ciolhbonen ìy <44</;7, si

cnohistn `b qui shaui ‐quien prbghmhen `n ichshüo eipirchsbs, `hliolhns, nutbrhznlhbois y/b lun`quhir btrncben`hene ei ebluciotb furãehlncioti vî`heb qui nc-

pnri `n trnosdbrcnlhüo b lbovirshüo ei supirlhis lbo

lbmirturn ei mbsquis onthvbs n supirlhis eisthonens n`nprbvilgnchiotb narbpilunrhb io lun`quhirn ei sus cb-

en`heneis–, b qui holùyi tnxnthvncioti n ns nlthvheneisei ]idbrcn Narnrhn.

=- @bs Mbsquis ei `n riahüo Brhiotn` ei` [nrnaunyriprisiotn uon cuistrn öohln i hrricp`nznmì ei` ‐Mbs-

qui Nt`îothlb ei` N`tb [nrnoî– uon ei `ns ilbrriahbois

cîs ncionznens ei` cuoeb.<- I` vn`br ei `bs Mbsquis ei istn riahüo ob si `hch-

tn n su lnpnlhene ei prbeullhüo narãlb`n, shob cîs mhiothioio uo pnpi` duoenciotn` io b qui rispiltn n bs sir-vhlhbs ilbshstèchlbs y duolhbois ilb`üahlns qui rin`hzn,eiotrb ei `bs lunìs si ciolhbon `n prbvhshüo ei naun, `nsbmirnoãn n`hciotnrhn ei puim`bs hoeãaions y lbcuohen-

eis pbmris, y `n riau`nlhüo ei` chlrb l`hcn.5- Eiotrb ei istn ancn ei duolhbois ilb`üahlns y

sirvhlhbs ilbshstèchlbs istncbs rin`hznoeb ixpirhiolhnsixhtbsns io i` cnrlb ei cilnohscbs ei lbosirvnlhüoei stblj ei lnrmbob, `b qui si eiobchon cilnohscb‐]IEE+–, eboei pbeicbs nsiaurnr lbo prbphiene qui

si puieio pirlhmhr pnabs pbr sirvhlhbs ncmhiotnìs, ho -

lùsb n lb`bohns lncpishons, pbr lbosirvnr îrins eirisirvn mbslbsn, qui npbyio i hcpu`sio vireneirns ri-

dbrcns narnrhns hotiarnìs. Ei gilgb `n Nsblhnlhüo Auyrn[nrnauny luiotn lbo uo lboviohb cnrlb ei lbbpirnlhüolbo i` prbphb HOEI]U, io luyb lbotioheb si cnohistn `nvbùotne ei ncmns hosthtulhbois pnrn prbcbvir i` ciln-

ohscb ciolhboneb, lbcb uon dbrcn aiouhon ei bmtioirrilursbs onolhirbs prbviohiotis ei `bs mbsquis io phi,pnrn i` [rbarncn ei` Dboeb ei Hovirshbois pnrn i` Eisn-

rrb``b (DHEI\) pnrti hotiarn` ei` HOEI]U.9- @n nothaun y lbcpìfn prbmìcîthln ei `n ripnr-

thlhüo ei thirrns ob puiei risb`virsi lbo cirns ciehensei ixprbphnlhüo ei thirrns mbslbsns, tiohioeb hooucirn-

mìs ificp`bs ei drnlnsb io `ns lb`bohns brhahonens pbrhovnshüo ei thirrns, io \no [ierb y io `n zbon ei` îrin ei]isirvn pnrn [nrqui Onlhbon` \no ]ndni`, eboei ùiabei uo thicpb `ns lb`bohns sbo nmnoebonens pbr sus blu-

pnotis pnrn muslnr trnmnfb io btrns îrins i holùsb iobtrbs pnãsis.

4- @n hoeustrhn cneirirn, qui cuivi n uon hcpbr-tnoti lnothene ei cnob ei bmrn, eipioei ei bs mbsquisy oilishtn cnoifnr îrins mbslbsns pnrn cnotioir istnnlthvhene, pirdiltncioti iocnrlnmì eiotrb ei shsticnsei sustiotnmh`hene ncmhiotn` y sblhn`, aioirnoeb bpbrtu-

oheneis ei trnmnfb n chìs ei lbcpntrhbtns, npbrtnoebtnotb b cîs qui shsticns mnsneb io narhlu`turn.

[br `b tnotb, y pbr tbeb `b ixpuistb, istncbs `ìano-

eb n uon shtunlhüo `ãchti eboei tioericbs qui tbcnruon eilhshüo duoenciotn`6 yn ob pbeicbs trnosdbrcnrohoaöo citrb lunerneb cîs ei mbsqui. Eimicbs lbo-

sirvnr `b pblb qui quien i holùsb muslnr `ns dbrcns eineilunlhüo pnrn ristnurnr y rilupirnr îrins mbslbsns,pntrhcbohb onlhbon` ei tben `n Onlhüo.




@N @BCM]HLY@UY]N, I\ @N NLUHTHENE ]I@NLHBONEN LBO @N L]HNOVN EI @BCM]HLI\,[N]N @N ]ILBOTI]\HO MHB@AHLN EI ]I\HEYB\ B]AÎOHLB\ IO YO TN@HB\B

CIFB]NEB] EI \YI@B6 I@ GYCY\.

@bcmrhlbcpuistb, virchlbc-

pbst b gucus ei `bcmrhz6 I``bcmrhlbcpuistb is uo dirth`h-znoti braîohlb, mhbrriau`nebr y

lbrriltbr ei` sui`b luyn lnrnltirãsth-ln duoenciotn` is `n mhbistnmh`hene,puis ob en ùanr n dirciotnlhüo b

putridnllhüo.–\u iìvnen sbùmh`hznlhüo, eimheb

n `n lbcpbshlhüo iozhcîthln y mnlti-

rhnon, prbpbrlhbon uon rîphen nshch-`nlhüo pbr `ns rnãlis ei `ns p`notns.

[rbeuli uo nuciotb ei` pbrtiei `ns p`notns, îrmbìs y nrmustbs yprbtiai ei iodircieneis y lncmhbsmruslbs ei guciene y ticpirnturneurnoti i` trnosp`noti ei `bs chscbs.

I` virchlbcpbst lbothioi luntrbvilis cîs ohtrüaiob, vihothlholb vi-

lis cîs düsdbrb, y ebs vilis y ciehncîs pbtnshb qui i` chscb pisb eiìsthèrlb` ei mbvhob. I` gucus ei bc-

mrhz is ei lb`br oiaruzlb, arnou`neb,gbcbaèoib y lbo uo b`br narnenmì

n cnoth``b ei mbsqui.@n `bcmrhz rilhl`n io su npnrntb

ehaisthvb tben `n cntirhn braîohln,lbchen y dilnen, pbr btrns bcmrhlis.

I` gucus lbothioi uo iìvnebpbrliotnfi ei îlhebs göchlbs y dö`vh-lbs: pirb èstbs ob si prbeulio pbr i`prblisb ehaisthvb ei `n `bcmrhz shobpbr tben `n nlthvhene chlrbmhnon quiblurri eurnoti i` pirhbeb ei ripbsb

HOUI]ONLHBON@I\

c e h b n m h o t

(=EN. [N]UI)




eiotrb ei` ìlgb.I` gucus ei `bcmrhz pbsii uon

iìvnen lnran chlrbmhnon ei` breioei `bs =; ch` ch``bois ei arnob silb,lbotrhmuyioeb n `n prbtillhüo ei `nrnãz ei mnltirhns y oicntbebs sbmritbeb, pnrn i` lun` istî ispilhn`cio-

ti hoehlneb.[rbeuli neicîs gbrcbons lbcb

i` îlheb hoeb` nlèthlb y îlheb ahmirè-

`hlb, isthcu`noeb i` lrilhchiotb y `nsduolhbois vhtnìs ei `ns p`notns.

I` gucus ei `bcmrhz is uo dirth-

`hznoti ei prhcir breio, prbtiai n`sui`b ei `n irbshüo, shioeb uo ci-

fbrnebr ei `ns lnrnltirãsthlns dãshlb-quãchlns ei` sui`b, ei su istrulturn(gnlhèoeb`n cîs pircinmì n` nauny n` nhri), nuciotnoeb `n ritiolhüogãerhln, riau`noeb i` holriciotb y `nnlthvhene ei bs ohtrhtbs ei` sui`b, y nlnpnlhene ei n`cnlionr y `hmirnr `bsoutrhiotis riquirhebs pbr `ns p`notnsei dbrcn iquh`hmrnen (ohtrüaiob, düs-

dbrb, pbtnshb, nzudri y mbrb).

Nmsbrmi `bs lbcpuistbs ei ri-eullhüo qui si gno dbrcneb io i`tirriob pbr lbcpnltnlhüo onturn` bnrthlhn`, su lb`br bslurb lbotrhmuyin `n nmsbrlhüo ei ioiraãn ln`ürhln,oiutrn`hzn `n prisiolhn ei lbotnch-onotis (hosilthlhens, girmhlhens...)

eimheb n su lnpnlhene ei nmsbrlhüo.I` gucus ei `bcmrhz ivhtn y lbc-

mnti `n l`brbshs dèrrhln, dnlh`htn `nilnlhn ei` trnmnfb cilîohlb io i`

lncpb, nuciotn `n rishstiolhn n `nsgi`nens y dnvbrili `n dbrcnlhüo eichlbrrhzns.

@n nlthvhene risheun` ei` gucusei `bcmrhz si cnothioi io i` sui -

`b gnstn lholb nþbs. N` tioir uo pGoiutrb ob prisiotn prbmìcns ei eb-

shlnlhüo oh ei tbtbxhlhene, nöo ionqui``bs lnsbs io qui si uth`hzn purb.

I` gucus ei `bcmrhz si np`hln ioprhcnvirn y btbþb, ixtioehèoebsi sb-

mri `n supirlhi ei` tirriob, rianoebpbstirhbrcioti pnrn qui `n brn mnl-

tirhnon si holbrpbri rîphencioti n`sui`b.

Ob eimi iotirrnrsi, puis susmnltirhns riquhirio bxãaiob. \h sinp`hln io i` cbciotb ei `n shicmrndnvbrili i` eisnrrb``b rnehlu`nr, pbrbtrn pnrti, n` gnlir cîs ispbofbsn`n thirrn, ehschouyi `n driluiolhn eirhiab.

I` gucus ei `bcmrhz puiei n`cn-

lionrsi eurnoti culgb thicpb shoqui sus prbphieneis si vino n`tirn-

ens, pirb is oilisnrhb cnotioir`nsmnfb lboehlhbois üpthcns ei guci-

ene (5;%).Io `n shauhioti ri`nlhüo si cuis-

trn n lbcpbshlhüo ei` gucus ei bc-

mrhz6GucieneRRRRRRRRRR<;-4;%

[gRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR4.7-1.=OhtrüaiobRRRRRRRRRR >-=.4%DüsdbrbRRRRRRRRRRRRR =-7%[btnshb RRRRRRRRRRR >-=.9%

Ln`lhbRRRRRRRRRRRRR =-7%CnaoishbRRRRRRRRRR >-=.9%Cntirhn braîohlnRRRR<;-1;%Lnrmbob braîohlbRRR >5-<;%Îlhebs dö`vhlbsRRRRR >5-<;%Îlhebs göchlbsRRRR=.7-9.7%\behbRRRRRRRRRRRRRR ;.;=%LbmriRRRRRRRRRRRRRR ;.;9%GhirrbRRRRRRRRRRRRRR ;.;=%CnoanoisbRRRRRRRRR;.;;4%]i`nlhüo L/ORRRRRRRR>;->>%

Lbsilgn ei` gucus ei `bcmrhz

Eimheb n `n hotioshene ei nlbp`n-

chiotb ei ns bcmrhlis ln`hdbrohnonsis nlbosifnmì ehvhehr `n pbm`nlhüobrhahon` pbr `b ciobs tris vilis n`nþb.

@ns ehvhshbois si rin`hznrîo eu-

rnoti `bs pirhbebs ei rilbahen eigucus, idiltunoeb uon prhcirn ri-

lbahen io cnrzb, uon siauoen iosipthicmri y uon tirlirn rilbahen ioehlhicmri. \hioeb i` pirhbeb isthvnìo i` qui n bcmrhz si riprbeuli lbo

cnybr driluiolhn.Yon viz rithrnens `ns `bcmrhlissi eifnrî silnr i` gucus eurnotiuobs eãns. \iauhencioti si dbrcn-

rî uo lbob `b cîs n`tb pbshmì lbo i`cntirhn` qui tbenvãn lbotioan `bc-

mrhlis y guivbs.

c e h b n m h o t




c e h b n m h o t

Isti lbob lumhirtb ei pnfn si `ìonrî ei `bcmrhlis iopblbs eãns y si lumrhrî lbo uon `bon oiarn pnrn cnotioir

`n guciene y pnrn qui ob mrbtio sich``ns.Ebshs ei gucus ei `bcmrhzIo `n shauhioti ri`nlhüo si cuistrno `ns ebshs ei ic-

pìb ei gucus ei `bcmrhz6[rneirnsRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR7;; a/c=DrutnìsRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR = Ja/îrmb`Gbrtn`hznsRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR > Ja/c=Lèspie RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR;.9-> Ja/c=BronciotnìsRRRRRRRRRRRR>9; a/p`notn\ich`ìrbsRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR =;%Nmboneb ei dboebRRRRRRRR >4;-=;; @/c=Urnosp`notiRRRRRRRRRRRRRR;.9-= Ja/îrmb`]ilupirnlhüo ei tirriobsRR =9;;-<;;; @/gn

\itbsRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR>;;-=;; a/p`notn]bsnìs y ìþbsnsRRRRRRRRR ;.9-> Ja/c=Obtn6 > `htrb ei gucus ei `bcmrhz n` 9;% ei guciene

iquhvnì n ;.95 Ja.

MIOIDHLHB\ EI@ GYCY\ EI @N @BCM]HV ]BFN LN@HDB]OHNON \i gn lbcprbmneb qui `n riotnmh`hene ei `bs lu`thvbs

is culgb cifbr io `ns p`notns nmbonens lbo gucus ei`bcmrhz Ln`hdbrohnon drioti n `n nllhüo ei `bs nmbobs quã -

chlbs.I` gucus ei `bcmrhz nuciotn `n prbeulthvhene io `bs

lu`thvbs pbrqui is uo nmbob braîohlb, n` sir uo prbeultbonturn`, isti si nenptn n lun`quhir thpb ei lu`thvb.

@n prholhpn` viotnfn is qui i` nmbob ei `bcmrhz Ln`h-dbrohnon nuciotn `n ln`hene y prisiotn îlhebs göchlbs ydö`vhlbs qui cifbrno `ns lboehlhbois ei` sui`b, istb gnliqui i` sui`b ritioan `n guciene y istnmh`hli i` [G.

Eishotbxhln `bs sui`bs lbotnchonebs lbo prbeultbsquãchlbs yn qui is uo nmbob braîohlb.




c e h b n m h o t

IO I@ LIOU]B EI YO DYUY]B \B\UIOHM@I (UI]LI]N [N]UI)

DYIOUI ┍DNB

HOOBTNLHBOI\ IO @B\ []BEYLUB\DB]I\UN@I\Is ei sbmrn lboblheb i` rhtcb ei

hoobvnlhüo io i` îcmhtb ei ns tiìlb-

cuohlnlhbois cuoehnìs. \ho icmnr-ab, sbo cuy pblns `ns pirsbons quithioio lboblhchiotb ei `ns trnosdbr-cnlhbois surahens io `bs prbeultbsdbristnìs cnoudnlturnebs, cbtbr ei`n trnoshlhüo ei` siltbr dbristn` io i`cnrlb ei `n ilbobcãn virei (Uhssnrh,Oh`ssbo y Bhoboio, io priosn).

@ns hoobvnlhbois io `bs prbeultbsdbristnìs suiìo ehvhehrsi io ebs th-pbs aioirnìs6 hoobvnlhbois suthìsy ivbùthvns, qui lbcpbrtno cbeh-

lnlhbois arneunìs ei prblisbs is-

tnmìlhebs, i hoobvnlhbois nmruptnsy rivbùlhbonrhns, qui lrino ouivbsprbeultbs y prblisbs ouoln vhstbsnotis, lbcb i` usb ei `n cneirnpnrn dnmrhlnr prbeultbs iìltrüohlbs.

@bs prbeultbs ei `n cneirn lbc-

puistbs u bmtiohebs ‐cilîohlncio-

ti– ivbùlhbono lbo arno rnpheiz.Iotri `bs prbeultbs ei `n cneirn bm-

tiohebs cilîohlncioti qui si usnoio susthtulhüo ei `n cneirn cnlhznlnmi ciolhbonr `ns vhans ei cnei-

rn `nchonen iolb`nen, `n cneirnei lgnpn `nchonen, `n cneirn eigimrns pnrnì`ns, `bs pirìs ebmìU lbo rieis ei tnmìrbs ei nsth``nsbrhiotnens y `bs tnmìrbs ei cneirn

cnlhzn lbo `bs lnotbs iolb`nebs.

Yon ei `ns hoobvnlhbois cîs ri-

lhiotis, `n cneirn lbotrn`nchonen,istî nuciotnoeb `n duirzn y `n istn-

mh`hene ehcioshbon` ei `bs prbeultbsei `n cneirn, `b lun` pirchti eisn-

rrb``nr ouivns tèlohlns ei lbostrul-

lhüo ei rnslnlhi`bs. Uncmhèo ivbù-

lhbon lbo rnpheiz `n tilob`baãn ei

CIEHB NCMHIOUI




c e h b n m h o t

ificp`b np`hlnoeb ehriltncioti uorilumrhchiotb pnrn bmtioir cneirn

lbotrnlgnpnen phaciotnen y prb-

eultbs ei lbotrnlgnpneb cbèinebb lurvneb. @n cneirn lbotrnlgnpn-

en si uth`hzn tncmhèo io arnoeis is-

trulturns, lbcb io `bs sbpbrtis ei`bs tnoquis lbostruhebs io `bs arno-

eis muquis lbcirlhnìs qui trnos-pbrtno ans onturn` `hluneb.

\i istîo riahstrnoeb culgbsnvnolis io `bs pnoiìs rilbosthtuh-ebs, io pnrthlu`nr io tnmìrbs ei ns-

th``ns brhiotnens, io Ncèrhln ei` Obr-ti, y io tnmìrbs ei mrn ei eiosheneciehn, io Iurbpn. Lnmi ciolhbonr,n tãtu`b ei cifbrns, uon cnybr dbrtn-

ìzn, uon cnybr ehvirshene ei eiosh-eneis, uo icmn`nfi pirdillhboneb yuon cnybr ehvirshlnlhüo ei `bs prb-

eultbs io vhrtue ei trntnchiotbs ei`n supirlhi cîs vnrhnebs.

Yob ei `bs eisnrrb``bs tilob`ü-

ahlbs cîs hotirisnotis is i` holri-

ciotb ei `n dnmrhlnlhüo ei prbeul-

tbs qui cizl`no mrns `haohlnenslbo btrbs cntirhnìs, lbcb i` hob, i`nàbeüo, `n pnfn, i` pnpi` b i` p`îs-

thlb, pnrn bmtioir tnmìrbs ei cn-

eirn lbcpuistbs. @bs lbcpuistbs

ei cneirn y pb`ãcirb istîo icpi-

znoeb n pioitrnr io `bs cirlnebs nlnusn ei su dnlh`hene ei usb y su eu-

rnmh`hene. @n hovisthanlhüo n` rispil-

tb si liotrn io `n cnybr ilhiolhnio i` usb ei `bs rilursbs cneiri-

rbs, `n bpthchznlhüo ei `ns prbphien-

eis dãshlns ei `ns cntirhns prhcns,

`n bmtiolhüo ei prbeultbs prbvhstbsei prbphieneis ispilhnìs, lbcb `nrishstiolhn n` duiab b n `bs gboabs,`n rieullhüo ei `bs lbstbs ei dnmrh-lnlhüo y `n rilupirnlhüo ei `bs ei-

silgbs lunoeb `bs prbeultbs eifnoei sir öthìs.

@n tilob`baãn y `bs prbeultbsisiolhnìs ei` nsirrãb ob istîo lnc-

mhnoeb lbo tnotn rnpheiz lbcb `bsprbeultbs lbcpuistbs. @n obvienecîs eistnlnen is `n bmtiolhüo eicîs cneirn ei mbsquis p`notnebs

y i` nuciotb, siaöo lrhtirhbs trneh-lhbonìs, ei` pbrliotnfi ei trbznspiquiþns icpìnens. \i gno riahs-

trneb cifbrns io `n l`nshlnlhüo ei`ns trbzns, i` rioehchiotb ei` nsi-

rrneb, `n vi`blhene ei i`nmbrnlhüo,`n vi`blhene y `n ln`hene ei` silneb,i` trntnchiotb ei `ns supirlhisy `n lbosirvnlhüo ob tüxhln. Arnopnrti ei `bs eidiltbs onturnìs ei

@nmbrntbrhb ei tilob`baãn cneirirn. @nshoobvnlhbois io `bs prbeultbs dbristnìssi ehvheio io ebs thpbs aioirnìs6 hoobvn-lhbois suthìs y ivbùthvns qui lbcpbrtnocbehdlnlhbois arneunìs ei prblisbs

istnmìlhebs i hoobvnlhbois nmruptns yrivbùlhbonrhns qui lrino ouivbs prbeul-tbs y prblisbs.

prbeullhüo ei` siltbr ei `n cneirnlbotrnlgnpnen, ispilhn`cioti ioNshn, `b lun` pirchti uth`hznr trbznscîs piquiþns, holùsb ei mbsquisp`notnebs. @bs ouivbs prblisbs eidnmrhlnlhüo sbo cîs rîphebs, istîocîs nutbcnthznebs y is cnybr su

lnpnlhene ei lbotrb`nr `n ln`hene.Lnmi ciolhbonr lbcb hoobvnlhb-

ois `bs tnmìrbs ei lgnpn `nchoneny `bs tnmìrbs ei `hstbois `nrabs.

@bs thpbs ei cneirn lbotrnlgn-

pnen cîs rilhiotis prisiotno uonlnpn hotiron ixhmì, lbo `b lun` silrin uo tnmìrb n mnsi ei cneirnqui si puiei ebm`nr dîlh`ciotipnrn bmtioir dbrcns ehvirsns yusnrsi io ouivbs prblisbs y prb-

eultbs.Hoeboishn, i` cnybr ixpbrtnebr ei

tnmìrbs lbotrnlgnpnebs ei drboeb-

sns ei` cuoeb, gn hovirtheb io ci-

fbrns ei `n i`nmbrnlhüo qui nþneiovn`br n `bs prbeultbs onìs, pbr

`n cneirn nsirrnen puieio i`hch-onrsi ciehnoti islîoiris üpthlbsy prblisbs ei rilbrtn nutbcnthzneby ei cnlghgicmrneb. @n tilob`baãneiobchonen ‐giw snw–, ri`nthvncio-

ti ouivn, is nptn pnrn `n rîphen lbo-

virshüo ei trbzns piquiþns io ln`h-

eneis istîoenr ei cneirn n` thicpbqui si eispienzno `ns tnm`ns io ns-

th``ns eisthonens n lrinr pnstn.@ns hoeustrhns dbristnìs tncmhèo

istîo n `n vnoaunrehn ei `n hoobvn-

lhüo io i` usb ei duiotis ei ioiraãnriobvnmìs. @ns uoheneis lbcmhon-

ens ei lnìdnllhüo y aioirnlhüo eiiìltrhlhene sbo `n obrcn io `ns lio-

trnìs ei dnmrhlnlhüo ei prbeultbsdbristnìs ei Iurbpn y Ncèrhln eiÒbrti y istîo icpiznoeb n sir cîsgnmhtunìs io `bs pnãsis io eisnrrb-

``b. @n ioiraãn lbo qui si n`hciotno`ns hostn`nlhbois ei prbeullhüo eipnstn y pnpi` prbliei, io su cnybrpnrti, ei `n lbrtizn ei cneirn y ei``hlbr oiarb aioirneb io `n bmtiolhüoei pnstn. I` lbosucb ioiraèthlb pbruohene ei prbeullhüo istî ehschou-

yioeb io `n tbtn`hene ei `n hoeustrhnei `n pnstn y i` pnpi`.

[]BEYLUB\ DB]I\UN@I\ OBCNEI]I]B\

Neicîs ei sir duioti ei n`hcio-tbs isiolhnìs, bs prbeultbs dbristn-

ìs ob cneirirbs sbo i` duoenciotbilboüchlb ei `n vhen ei ch``bois eidnch`hns (LHDB], =;>=). \i isthcnqui, n isln`n cuoehn`, i` vn`br ei `nsixtrnllhbois ei prbeultbs dbristn-

ìs ob cneirirbs nslioehü io =;;9n >7 9;; ch``bois ei Y\E (DNB,=;>;l), pirb istn isthcnlhüo is lbo-

sirvnebrn, puis `b obrcn` is qui`bs prbeultbs ei isti thpb ob dbrciopnrti ei `ns istneãsthlns ilboüchlns

onlhbonìs blhnìs. @bs prbeultbsdbristnìs ob cneirirbs, hcpbrtnotilbcpìciotb ei `bs hoarisbs narãlb-

`ns, bdrilio rieis ei siaurhene ioèpblns ei lntîstrbdi, lbcb siquãnsy lbohltbs lhvhìs (\lgirr, Qghti yJnhcbwhtz, =;;5).

@bs mbsquis y `bs îrmbìs p`no-

tnebs io arnofns riprisiotno uon




c e h b n m h o t

duioti vhtn` ei n`hciotnlhüo pnrnarno pnrti ei n pbm`nlhüo cîs pbmriei` cuoeb n` nmnstilir`n ei n`hcio-

tbs mîshlbs y supìciotbs n`hciotn-

rhbs lbcb drutn, gbfns lbcisthmìsy ouilis, dbrrnfi y rncbois pnrn iànoneb y lbcmusthmì pnrn lblhonr

y pripnrnr n`hciotbs. Is driluiotiqui `n pbm`nlhüo cîs pbmri sin `nqui cîs eipioen ei `bs mbsquis.@bs gbanris qui vhvio n` `ãchti ei`n pbmrizn pneilio hosiaurhene n`h-ciotnrhn io eitirchonens èpblnsei` nþb io qui ehschouyi i` ohvi` eihoarisbs, `b lun` suiì lbholhehr lbo`n ticpbrnen ei islnsiz (cbciotbio qui `bs lu`thvbs shauio lrilhioebio `bs lncpbs y `ns ixhstiolhns ei `nnotirhbr lbsilgn si gno nabtneb) blbo pirãbebs ei gncmruon b piou-

rhn ei n`hciotbs. Io isbs cbciotbssbo ispilhn`cioti hcpbrtnotis `bsn`hciotbs dbristnìs. @ns p`notnsy nohcnìs ei `bs mbsquis sbo uonduioti isiolhn` ei prbtiãon y bdrilion `bs gbanris rurnìs hcpbrtnotissupìciotbs rhlbs io vhtnchons y ou-

trhiotis, `b lun` gnli cîs vnrhneb surèahcio n`hciothlhb y cifbrn i` sn-

mbr y `n pn`ntnmh`hene ei `bs prbeul-

Hotirciehnrhb qui pboi io lbotnltb nprbeultbris y i`nmbrnebris ei sich``nsei jnrhtè (Mutyrbspircuc pnrjhh) io `n]ipöm`hln Liotrbndrhlnon. @n hovirshüo ioprbeultbs dbristnìs ob cneirirbs bdrili

`n bpbrtuohene ei dbrtnìlir `bs ciehbsei vhen ei `ns pbm`nlhbois qui eipioeioei `bs mbsquis, lbotrhmuhr n su outrhlhüo

y su siaurhene n`hciotnrhn y nyuenr`ns nlbosirvnr su mnsi ei rilursbs.

tbs mîshlbs. @bs prbeultbs dbristnìsob cneirirbs suiìo dbrcnr pnrtirieulhen, nuoqui duoenciotn`, eiriaãciois n`hciothlhbs qui sho i``bssirãno hosu`sbs y outrhlhbon`ciotieilhiotis (DNB, =;>>n).

I` lbostnoti usb ei `bs prbeultbsdbristnìs ob cneirirbs lbcb duio-

ti ei hoarisbs y icpìb rurnìs trb-

phizn lbo hcpbrtnotis bmstîlu`bs. @ncnybr pnrti ei `bs ciehbs ei vhenduoenebs io istbs prbeultbs si ln-

rnltirhzn pbr `n mnfn prbeulthvhene,pbr uo ohvi` hosulhioti ei i`nmbrn-

lhüo y nehlhüo ei vn`br y pbr `n cn`nhotiarnlhüo ei `bs cirlnebs. I` pb-

shmì vn`br ei `bs prbeultbs dbristn-

ìs ob cneirirbs pnrn `n pbm`nlhüo`bln` si vi ehschouheb pbr dnltbris

lbcb `n ìfnoãn ei `bs mbsquis, `nhodrnistrulturn eilhioti, `n pblnl`nrhene ei `bs eirilgbs ei tioiolhny i` nllisb `hchtneb n sirvhlhbs ono-

lhirbs y lbcirlhnìs. I` islnsb rio-

ehchiotb y `ns lboehlhbois ei cir-lneb eisdnvbrnmìs suiìo enr ùanrn su ixp`btnlhüo hosbstiohmì. [nrnpbtiolhnr `bs oucirbsbs mioilhbsqui ripbrtno, gny qui enr n lboblir`n lbotrhmulhüo ei `bs mbsquis y `bsîrmbìs n `ns istrntiahns y pb`ãthlns

io cntirhn ei outrhlhüo y siaurhenen`hciotnrhn: dnlh`htnr cnybr npbyb nuo cnoifb y nprbvilgnchiotb dbris-

tnìs neilunebs y lbotrb`nebs n is-

ln`n `bln`: pristnr cnybr ntiolhüo n`ns ciehens dbristnìs dnvbrnmìs n`n pbm`nlhüo pbmri: y pristnr npbyb nèisnrrb``b ei piquiþns y ciehnonsicprisns dbristnìs qui risu`tiosbstiohmìs eisei i` puotb ei vhstnilboüchlb, sblhn` y ncmhiotn`.

@n hovirshüo io prbeultbs dbristn-

ìs ob cneirirbs bdrili `n bpbrtuoh-ene ei dbrtnìlir `bs ciehbs ei vhenei `ns pbm`nlhbois qui eipioeio ei`bs mbsquis, lbotrhmuhr n su outrhlhüoy su siaurhene n`hciotnrhn y nyuenr-`ns n lbosirvnr su mnsi ei rilursbs.I` dbciotb ei `n lnpnlhene icprisn-

rhn` ei `ns pirsbons qui si eiehlnon rilbìltnr prbeultbs dbristnìs obcneirirbs sirvhrãn pnrn nuciotnr

`bs hoarisbs pirlhmhebs i holiothvnrcifbrns io `n prbtillhüo y i` cnoifbdbristnìs. \bo îcmhtbs ei hovirshüo`ns cifbrns io `bs lboblhchiotbstèlohlbs y `n hodbrcnlhüo io cntirhnei ixtrnllhüo, rilbìllhüo, n`cnli-

onchiotb, i`nmbrnlhüo y nehlhüo ei

vn`br sbstiohmìs: `n supirnlhüo ei`nhs`nchiotb ei `ns piquiþns y ci-

ehnons icprisns dbristnìs istnmì-

lhioeb lboixhbois iotri i``ns y lbo`bs cirlnebs, `bs prbviiebris eisirvhlhbs y `ns hostnolhns eilhsbrhns:y i` npbyb obrcnthvb i hosthtulhbon`lbo i` bmfitb ei anrnothznr n l`nrheneio i` usb lbcirlhn` b bs eirilgbs eitioiolhn, uo iotbrob ria`nciotnrhb

fustb y siolh``b, rieullhbois ei `bslbstbs y `n prbcblhüo ei `ns hohlhn-

thvns lbìlthvns y `ns n`hnozns iotriicprisnrhbs qui bpirno lbo isti

thpb ei prbeultbs.

IC[]I\N\ MN\NEN\ IO @B\ MB\^YI\\i puieio cifbrnr `bs ciehbs ei

vhen ei ch``bois ei gnmhtnotis eizbons rurnìs, holùheb uo iìvnebpbrliotnfi ei cufiris, ciehnoti ho-

virshbois io piquiþns y ciehnonsicprisns mnsnens io `bs mbsquisqui uth`hlio cneirn y prbeultbs db-

ristnìs ob cneirirbs pnrn ntioeir

`n eicnoen ei `bs cirlnebs `blnìsy ob `blnìs. [br ificp`b, i` vn`br ei`ns ixpbrtnlhbois ei nrtisnoãns eicneirn, prholhpn`cioti ei pnãsis ioeisnrrb``b, nuciotü ei uo vbùcioisthcneb io 9;; ch``bois ei Y\Eio =;;= n > 9;; ch``bois ei Y\E io=;>;.

Btrbs ificp`bs sbo `n cnotiln eijnrhtè y i` nlihti ei nraîo, ncmbseirhvnebs ei drutbs silbs ei `ns ri-

ahbois îrhens ei Îdrhln siptiotrhbon`

y bllheiotn`, qui io `bs ö`thcbs ei-liohbs gno eifneb l`nrb i` pbtiolhnìlboüchlb ei `bs prbeultbs dbris-

tnìs ob cneirirbs y su hotiarnlhüoio `bs cirlnebs cuoehnìs y `bscirlnebs ispilhn`hznebs ùlrnthvbs.Io Murjhon Dnsb, `ns ixpbrtnlhboisei cnotiln ei jnrhtè y ei piphtns eijnrhtè ob i`nmbrnens aioirnrbo 1 ch-``bois ei Y\E io =;;;, lbo `b lun`




c e h b n m h o t

istbs prbeultbs pnsnrbo n sir `n tir-lirn ixpbrtnlhüo cîs hcpbrtnoti ei`pnãs, pbr eitrîs ei` nàbeüo y `n an-

oneirãn (Dirrhs it n`., =;;>). Io cu-

lgbs pnãsis io eisnrrb``b i` turhscbdbristn` is btrn duioti ei hoarisbslnen viz cîs hcpbrtnoti.

I` holriciotb ei `n hovirshüo ioicprisns sbstiohmìs mnsnens io`bs mbsquis dbciotnrî i` lrilhchio-

tb ilboüchlb y i` icpìb n` thicpbqui si nthioei `n eicnoen ei prb-

eultbs dbristnìs pbr pnrti ei uonpbm`nlhüo cuoehn` io nuciotb.Uncmhèo lbotrhmuhrî n` `barb ei `bsbmfithvbs ei eisnrrb``b sblhn` dbcio-

tnoeb `n lnpnlhene, io pnrthlu`nr `nei `ns cufiris ei `ns zbons rurnìs,bdrilhèoebìs cîs bpbrtuoheneis

ei pirlhmhr hoarisbs, dbrtnìlhioebsu prisiolhn io `ns lbcuoheneisy rihovhrthioeb `bs mioilhbs io ho-

drnistrulturn y sirvhlhbs lbcuohtn-

rhbs.

@ns hovirshbois io piquiþns yciehnons icprisns dbristnìs ei-

mirîo tioir io luiotn `n tbtn`heneei `n lneion ei vn`br enoeb lnmhenn `bs prbviiebris, `bs prbeultbris,`bs i`nmbrnebris y `bs lbcprnebris

ei uo prbeultb y n `bs prbviiebrisei sirvhlhbs tèlohlbs, lbcirlhnìs yonolhirbs qui ìs pristno npbyb.

Isi shsticn aioirnrî uo ehon-

chscb hotirob sbstiohmì, nsã lbcbhoeipioeiolhn ei `bs cilnohscbsixtirobs ei npbyb.

LBO\U]YLLHBOI\ IHOD]NI\U]YLUY]N TI]EI\

@n cneirn is uo cntirhn` hcpbr-tnoti pnrn anrnothznr uo duturb sbs-

tiohmì: eifn uon gui``n ei lnrmboboiutrn y is riobvnmì, chiotrns qui`n dnmrhlnlhüo ei prbeultbs ei `ncneirn thioi uo hcpnltb ncmhiotn`ciobr ei` riahstrneb pbr btrbs cn-

tirhnìs ei lbostrullhüo. @n cneirnis virsîth` y puiei usnrsi pnrn lbos-

truhr vhvhioens ouivns b ridbrcnr

lbostrullhbois nothauns.

Nuoqui `ns lbostrullhbois ei cn-

eirn gno istneb `hchtnens trnehlhb-

on`cioti n uon b ebs p`notns, lnenviz si rilbobli cîs qui, arnlhns nprbeultbs ei n cneirn hoobvnebrisy dnmrhlnebs n` idiltb, puieio ìvno-

tnrsi lbostrullhbois ei gnstn =; b<; p`notns.

Is cuy ehdãlh` bmtioir pruimns ei`bs mioilhbs ehriltbs qui thioi iùsb ei `n cneirn io `n iehlnlhüoy `n lbostrullhüo pnrn i` ciehb nc-

mhioti y `n chthanlhüo ei `bs ansisei idiltb hovironeirb. Ob bmstnoti,i` ixncio ei eitirchonebs prbeul-

tbs pnrn `n lbostrullhüo pirchtilbcpnrnr i` hcpnltb ncmhiotn` ei ncneirn lbo i` ei cntirhnìs n`tiron-

thvbs. Ciehnoti isti iodbqui mnsnebio i` ‐lhl`b vhtn` ei `bs cntirhnìs–si chei i` hcpnltb ncmhiotn` ei `bsprbeultbs pnrn `n lbostrullhüo ioluntrb dnsis6

>. ixtrnllhüo, rioneb y trnospbr-ti ei `n cntirhn prhcn:

=. cnoudnlturn ei` prbeultb:<. uth`hznlhüo y cnotiohchiotb ei`

prbeultb nlnmneb n `b `nrab ei tbensu vhen öth`:

5. rilhl`nfi, riuth`hznlhüo y i`hch-onlhüo ei` prbeultb eispuès ei suusb.

Icpìnoeb hoehlnebris n arnoisln`n y i` iodbqui mnsneb io `nivnùnlhüo ei` lhl`b ei vhen, `n lbc-

pnrnlhüo iotri `n cneirn y btrbscntirhnìs ei lbostrullhüo puieirisuchrsi lbcb shaui6

• [btiolhn` ei lnìotnchiotb a`b-

mn`, cieheb io ichshbois ei ehüxheb

ei lnrmbob6 @n cneirn is oiutrn iolunotb n ichshbois ei ehüxheb eilnrmbob y thioi uo idiltb oianthvbio i` lnìotnchiotb ei `n Uhirrn: `bsprbeultbs ei `n cneirn bdrilio uon`cnlionchiotb oitb ei ehüxheb eilnrmbob io ùanr ei ichthr`b.

@n puotunlhüo ixnltn eipioei ei

`bs `ãchtis ei` noî`hshs ei` lhl`b vhtn`,pirb `bs risu`tnebs ei `n cneirn su-

pirno dîlh`cioti n `bs ei` gbrchaüo,i` `nerh``b, `n phiern y i` citn`, tbebsi``bs prblieiotis ei hoeustrhns ix-

trnlthvns qui oilishtno uo usb ioir-

aèthlb hotioshvb n `b `nrab ei sus ln-

eions ei ixtrnllhüo y i`nmbrnlhüo.

• [btiolhn` ei lrinlhüo dbtbquãch-ln ei bzbob (ichshbois ei itnob)6@bs prbeultbs ei `n cneirn ichtioculgb ciobs itnob qui i` nùchohby prisiotno risu`tnebs nprilhnmì-

cioti supirhbris n `bs ei `bs p`îs-

thlbs ei [TL.

• [btiolhn` ei nlhehlnlhüo (ich-shbois ei ehüxheb ei nzudri)6 @nsichshbois ei ehüxheb ei nzudri prb-

lieiotis ei prbeultbs ei n cneirnnpions riprisiotno iotri uo 5; % yuo 9; % ei `ns prblieiotis ei` nù-

chohb y i` [TL.

• [btiolhn` ei iutrbznlhüo (io-

rhquilhchiotb ei` dbsdntb ehsui`tb)6@bs prbeultbs ei n cneirn aioirnonprbxhcnencioti ebs tirlhbs ei`pbtiolhn` ei iutrbznlhüo lbrris-

pboehioti n` nùchohb y i` [TL.N isln`n cuoehn`, `ns lbostrullhb-

ois ixhstiotis riprisiotno cîs ei`5; % ei` lbosucb tbtn` ei ioiraãnprhcnrhn y uo =5 % ei `ns ichshboisei ehüxheb ei lnrmbob (NHI, =;;4).Is prbmnmì qui `n rîphen ixpnoshüoei` siltbr ei `n lbostrullhüo, oili-

snrhn pnrn ntioeir `ns oilisheneisei uon pbm`nlhüo io lbostnoti nu-

ciotb, hotioshqui istns ripirlu-

shbois ioiraèthlns y l`hcîthlns. Iolbosiluiolhn, tioerîo uon hcpbr-tnolhn lnphtn` `bs ngbrrbs ei ioiraãneirhvnebs ei lbostrullhbois prb-

vhstns ei ilhiolhn ioiraèthln y eirilursbs eurnoti tbeb su lhl`b vhtn`.Istn shtunlhüo bdrili bpbrtuoheneisei gnlir cnybr usb ei `bs prbeul-

tbs ei `n cneirn6 n` sir ciobr sugui``n ei lnrmbob, `n cneirn is uonbplhüo rnlhbon` y onturn` pnrn qui i`siltbr ei `n lbostrullhüo nequhirnuo tbob cîs virei.




a o e r ã

‐\i vn n `ìanr n uo rèlbre io

vbùcio ei ixpbrtnlhüo ypbshmìcioti io eü`nris.Icpiznricbs i` =;>< lbo cîs an-

ons ei hovirthr pbrqui lbo `n rilupi-

rnlhüo ei` cirlneb lghìob sirî cîsriotnmì `n nlthvhene. Lriicbs quivn n prbeulhrsi uo piquiþb rinfustiio `bs prilhbs ei `bs lbrtis ei prhci-

rn–, ehfb i` prisheioti ei `n N][.[hehü ‐ria`ns l`nrns y ob lncmhn-

ens– n` prüxhcb abmhirob y n` nltun`,rirhèoebsi n` hcpuistb n `n ixpbrtn-

lhüo ei arnobs qui i` sioneb nprbmü

ei ab`pi io uo nþb iìltbrn`.‐@b öohlb qui vncbs n piehr n

`bs abmironotis is qui sino priei-

lhmìs y pbr isb ìs vncbs n ixhahr iouo prüxhcb eimnti n `bs lnoehentbsn prisheiolhn ei `n ]ipöm`hln quircio uon gbfn ei lbcprbchsb pnrnqui i` puim`b puien ril`ncnrìs shob lucpìo. Ei `b lbotrnrhb si lnc-

mhno `bs prbarncns–, siþn`ü.

^YI @B \I[N I@ CYOEB IOUI]B

Aircîo ]uhz nei`notü qui ioi` =;><, si nnoznrî `n cnrln pnãslbcb prbeultbr ei lnroi mbvhon

io dirhns lbcb `ns ei ]ushn y Lghì.Bmsirvü qui [nrnauny si istî vb`-vhioeb cuy ``ncnthvb pnrn tbens `nshovirshbois y su prbeullhüo ri`nthvn-

cioti is cîs mnrntn lbcpnrnoeblbo Mrnsh` y Nraiothon.

‐Tncbs n prbcblhbonr cîs `nlnroi pnrnaunyn io tbeb i` cuoeb,pbrqui ob is sb`ncioti vioeir n

`bs arnoeis cirlnebs, shob qui gnytbeb uo ohlgb ei cirlneb, zbonsturãsthlns eboei si puiei lb`blnr `nlnroi y prichno n cuy muio prilhb,iotbolis tbeb isb tioicbs qui hr

vhioeb. Tn n lbcioznr `n prbcblhüoio i` ixtirhbr ei n lnroi pnrnaunyn–,nouolhü ]uhz.

[brqui vb`vir shicpri is cbthvbei nìarãn, i` prhcir iviotb hotiron-

lhbon` sirî uon eiaustnlhüo ei lnr-

oi pnrnaunyn io i` Gbti` \girntboei \nothnab, lhuene lnphtn`. @n dilgnsirî fnen ei cbeb tn` qui lbholhenlbo `bs prhcirbs iovãbs, siþn`ü.

‐Eispuès vncbs n istnr io di-

mrirb io ]ushn, lbo eãpthlbs ei `nprbeullhüo ei ouistrn lnroi onturnìo hoa`ès y io rusb, ei cnoirn quitbebs `bs qui nshstno n isn dirhnpuieno lboblir rin`cioti `b quiis [nrnauny. Npions lbchiolio `bsiovãbs, io tbens `ns dirhns cuoehnìsei lnroi hrîo riprisiotnotis ei `n

N][–, ricnrlü.[nrnauny lrãn lirln ei

>5.;;;.;;; ei lnmizns ei anoneb yisthcn qui pnrn i` =;=; holricio-

tnrãn su prbeullhüo n =;.;;;.;;;.I` isquicn ei lbotrb` snohtnrhb isculgb cîs istrhltb eisei `bs ö`th-cbs mrbtis ei imri ndtbsn, eistnlüAircîo ]uhz, prisheioti ei `n Nsb-

lhnlhüo ]urn` ei` [nrnauny.

I` prisheioti ei `n Nsblhnlhüo ]urn` ei` [nrnauny, Aircîo ]uhz, ixprisü i` bpthchscb quivhvi i` siltbr pilunrhb lbo `n rinpirturn ei` cirlneb lghìob n` qui pbstirhbrcioti siauh-rîo Iahptb y btrbs pnãsis ei` Ciehb Brhioti. N su pnrilir, `n anoneirãn pnrnaunyn lhirrn i`

nþb ei `n rilupirnlhüo lbo uon duirzn qui ob ispirnrbo oh shquhirn i``bs chscbs.

DYIOUI ┍ N][




a o e r h

[nrn lnranr `n firhoan i` drnslbsi eimi lumrhr ei `bs rnybs ei`sb` pbr qui lbo isb phirei su

idilthvhene.

I^YH[B\ OILI\N]HB\ [N]N ]IN@HVN]`n vnluonlho- Firhoans6 ehspboir lbcb cãohcb ei

= firhoans, privir `bs ripuistbs y `nlnothene sulhioti ei naufns (>9 x>7 y/b =; x =;).

- ]ilhphioti citî`hlb pnrn istirh`hznr`bs iquhpbs.

- Lbosirvnebrns, u btrbs iquhpbs qui

shrvno pnrn cnotioir `n lneion eidrãb.

- Tnluons6 `n lnothene ei vnluonseimi hr nlbrei n n lnothene tbtn` eianoneb n vnluonr, cîs uo =% pbriviotunìs pèrehens.

n[`hlnlho ei `n vnluon - Nahtnr i` drnslb notis ei hotrbeulhr

i` mhb`üahlb io `ns firhoans.- Lbotrb`nr i` ebshlnebr ei `n firhoan

notis ei icpiznr `n vnluonlhüo.- Ixtrnir lbrriltncioti i` nhri.- \i eimi np`hlnr io i` tirlhb ciehb

ei `n tnm`n ei` lui``b.

- I` vnluonebr eimirî lnranr `n vn-luon, prbtiahioeb i` drnslb ei `bsrnybs sb`nris.

- @n vnluon y `n firhoan eimirîo istnrlbosirvnebs io drãb (ouoln io i`mb`sh``b b io `n cnob).

- @n ebshs6 9c` pnrn mbvhobs y mumn`h-obs io tbens sus lntiabrãns.

- Io lnsb ei riufb, np`hlnr `n tbtn`h-ene ei `n ebshs.

LNEION EI D]HB EI @N TNLYON - Lboshsti io cnotioir `n vnluon n

uon ticpirnturn ei iotri =¶ L X 7¶L io dbrcn pircnoioti y lbothoön

eisei su i`nmbrnlhüo gnstn su hob-

lu`nlhüo io i` nohcn`.- @n vnluon eimi trnospbrtnrsi io

lnfns tèrchlns eisei `ns vitirhon-

rhns gnstn `bs istnmìlhchiotbs an-

oneirbs lbo nmuoenoti ghi`b, ioprbpbrlhüo ei < pnrtis ei ghi`b y >pnrti ei vnluon.

- @n vnluon ob eimi lboai`nrsi, sieimio lumrhr `bs drnslbs ei `bs rn-

ybs ei` sb`.- I` naun gi`nen ob cnothioi `n ln-

eion ei drhb.- @ns firhoans lnranens eimio pir-cnoilir eiotrb ei `ns lbosirvneb-

rns tnpnens y snlnr`ns sb`nciotiio i` cbciotb ei `n np`hlnlhüo.

- \i eimi lbotrb`nr `n ticpirnturnei `ns vnluons notis ei` hohlhb ei`n vnluonlhüo y io ns gbrns ei cîsticpirnturns iìvnens io i` eãn yriahstrnr`n io uon p`noh``n

- Ob si eimi uth`hznr i` ghi`b ei `nsvnluons pnrn btrbs cioistiris.

HC[B]UNOUI N UIOI] IO LYIOUN - @bs nohcnìs n sir vnluonebs ei-

mio istnr snobs y eislnosnebs.- Ob eimio sir sbcithebs n cn`trntbs

ei ohoauon ãoebì oh ei shtunlhboisqui ì prbeuzlno istrès (lnstrnlhb-

ois, cnrlnlhbois, pn`pnlhbois).- @bs nohcnìs qui prisiotno npn-

riotis iodircieneis ob eimio sir

vnluonebs gnstn qui si tioan uo

ehnaoüsthlb. \b`b nqui``bs snobspuieio rilhmhr vnluons.

- Is hcpbrtnoti risn`tnr qui i` èxhtbei `n vnluonlhüo eipioei, ob sü`bei` mhb`üahlb uth`hzneb shob ei` muiocnoifb (trnospbrti, lbosirvnlhüo ynp`hlnlhüo) ei` chscb.

- Istirh`hznlhüo y eishodillhüo ei `bs

iquhpbs: ei eimio rin`hznr n o eiehschouhr `n pbshmh`hene ei honcn-

lhbois pbst- vnluonìs hoeisinmìs.

Bm`hanlho ei` []B[hitn]hBI` piquiþb, ciehnob b arno prb-

eultbr pilunrhb thioi `n bm`hanlhüoei vnluonr lbotrn `n imri ndtbsn `ntbtn`hene ei su gnlhioen io i` pirhb -

eb istnmìlheb pbr i` \IONL\N.

]ILYI]EI- @n vnluon ob enþn n` nohcn`, ob

prbeuli nmbrtbs, oh i`hchono susrisheubs io bs prbeultbs ei brhaionohcn`.

- @n vnluon is uo prbeultb hoblub(ob prbeuli enþbs), qui gn shebnprbmneb pbr i` `nmbrntbrhb ei` \I-

ONL\N.- Ubebs bs drnslbs ei vnluons eimio

pbsiir uo si``b ei nprbmnlhüo pbrpnrti ei` \IONL\N.

@n vnluon lbotrn `n imri ndtbsn6 prbtiai lbotrn `bs sirbthpbs6 ;>Lncpbs, N=5 Lruzihrb y L< Hoenhn` (trhvnìoti). @n vnluon eimi

pbsiir lnrnltirãsthlns obrcnìs (lb`br rbsn y tixturn gbcbaèoin).

DYIOUI ┍ \IONL\N




Isti ioluiotrb n ohvi` hotironlhb-

on`, branohzneb pbr `n Lîcnrn[nrnaunyn ei `n \tivhn (LN[N\-

UI) y `n Cisn \iltbrhn` ei Jnµn Giµi

ei `n ]ie ei Hovirshbois y Ixpbrtn-

lhbois ]IEHIW s.[nrn istn lbodiriolhn si gno

riuoheb ispilhn`hstns io i` ticn ei`n stivhn qui `ìanrbo eisei \uilhn,Istnebs Yohebs, Ehoncnrln, Nìcn-

ohn y Cèxhlb, nsã lbcb tncmhèo eiLb`bcmhn, [irö y Lghì, qui prisio-

tnrîo io Nsuolhüo `ns tioeiolhnsnltunìs ei cirlneb, eisnrrb``b eiprbeultbs lbo stivhn, hovisthanlhboisi hoobvnlhbois io i` siltbr narãlb`n

i hoeustrhn`.

[]Byillho ei` [noB]ncnDui ixpuistn `n shtunlhüo nltun` y

`bs ö`thcbs nvnolis ridiriotis n tèloh-lns ei lu`thvb ei `n stivhn io Ncèrhln6prisiotnlhüo ei tèlohlns ei lu`thvb ioehdiriotis pnãsis y riahbois ei istilbothoioti: prisiotnlhüo ei tilob-

`baãns ilhiotis ei lu`thvbs, thpbs eil`hcn y sui`b: riquirhchiotbs outrhlhb-

onìs y ei hodrnistrulturns, siaöo til-

ob`baãns y zbons ei lu`thvb, dnltbris n

lbosheirnr pnrn n iìllhüo ei vnrhien-eis y tilob`baãns ei prbeullhüo.

]IOEHCHIOUB\Uncmhèo si eisnrrb``ü `bs prho-

lhpnìs dnltbris qui eitirchono `bsrioehchiotbs y vhnmh`hene n ciehnoby `nrab p`nzb ei `ns p`notnlhbois ei\tivhn pnrn i` `barb ei cö`thpìs lhl`bsei prbeullhüo n` nþb, istîoenris ei

ln`hene ei `ns gbfns (U\A & ]imN), nsãlbcb istîoenris cãohcbs riquirhebsei` cirlneb n ohvi` a`bmn`.

Nshchscb, sirî lbosheirnen `nhotiarnlhüo virthln` io `n lneionprbeulthvn `n hovisthanlhüo y eisn-

rrb``b ei p`nothois ei vnrhieneis

cifbrnens lbo n`tbs lbotiohebs eiAùlüshebs Ubtnìs y ]im“N, cbei`bsei prbeullhüo narãlb`n n piquiþn,ciehnon y arno isln`n lbo i` bmfith-vb ei prisiotnrobs islionrhbs cu`-thehcioshbon` ei cnxhchznlhüo ei`n prbeullhüo ilhioti ei `n stivhn:prblisbs ei ixtrnllhüo ei `bs \ti-

vhb` Aùlbshebs y ]im-N: y su io`nlilbo i` cirlneb ei prbeultbs n`hcio-

thlhbs, mimhens pnrn su uth`hznlhüolbcb nehthvb n`hciothlhb.

EHDHLY@UNEI\Io lunotb n isti nspiltb, `bs is -

pilhn`hstns eimnthirbo tncmhèo sbmri`bs prbmìcns io i` eisnrrb``b hoeus-

trhn`, lnrnltirhznlhüo ei `bs ixtrnltbsei stivhn6 istnmh`hene, nsblhnlhüo “sh-oirahns, ohviìs ei usb y lbcmhonlhb-

ois neilunens, ohviìs ei lbolio-

trnlhüo.

[B] BU]N [N]UI@n ‐\tivhn ]imnuehnon Mirtboh– b

Jn‘n Gi‘æ, dui eil`nrnen pntrhcbohbaioèthlb ei [nrnauny, siaöo nouolhü

prisheioti Dieirhlb Drnolb.I` cnoentnrhb ghzb i` nouolhb

eurnoti i` nltb ei npirturn ei` ‐TH\hcpbshb Hotironlhbon` ei Jn‘n Gi‘æ(‐stivhn– io aunrnoã)–, rin`hzneb ioi` sn`üo ei lboviolhbois ei` MnolbLiotrn` ei` [nrnauny, io Nsuolhüo.

@n eiobchonlhüo ei pntrhcbohbaioèthlb btbranen istî lboticp`nenio uo eilritb prisheiolhn` qui tnc-

mhèo eil`nrn ei ‐hotirès onlhbon` `nprbcblhüo, dbciotb i holiothvb pnrn

i` eisnrrb``b ei `n hovisthanlhüo, prb-eullhüo, hoeustrhn`hznlhüo y lbcir-lhn`hznlhüo– ei `n ‐stivhn–, hodbrcü `nnaiolhn pöm`hln H[ [nrnauny.

I` Abmhirob ichthü i` eilritb quirispboei n uon pithlhüo ei `n Lîcn-

rn [nrnaunyn ei `n \tivhn (Lnpnsti),qui musln btbranr i` si``b ei brhaion` prbeultb, qui tncmhèo is lu`thvn-

eb y lbcirlhn`hzneb io pnãsis lbcbNraiothon, Mrnsh` y Fnpüo.

I` chohstrb ei Narhlu`turn, IozbLnrebzb, ehfb eurnoti i` nltb qui pri-

vèo hovirthr >;.;;; ch``bois ei aun-rnoãis (uobs =,= ch``bois ei eü`nris)io `b qui ristn ei nþb y pnrti ei=;>< pnrn pbtiolhnr `n prbeullhüoei` ‐jn‘n gi‘i–.

[nrnauny pbsii =.=;; giltîrinslu`thvnens ei ‐stivhn–, lbrrispbo-

ehiotis n `n lncpnþn =;>>-=;>= io`n ]iahüo Brhiotn` ei` pnãs, siaöo ei-

tn``ü H[ [nrnauny.

TH \HC[B\HB HOUI]ONLHBON@ EI@ JN‘N GI‘I“\UITHN.

Lbo i` bmfithvb ei riuohr n tbebs `bs nltbris ri`nlhbonebs n isti rumrb y nsã nnoznr prbarncns pnrni` cirlneb cuoehn` iotri prbviiebris y lbcprnebris ei `bs eirhvnebs ei `n stivhn, si eisnrrb``ü i` TH

\hcpbshb Hotironlhbon` ei` Jn‘n Gi‘i“\tivhn, io i` Mnolb Liotrn` ei` [nrnauny (ML[), lbo prisiolhn ei`[risheioti ei `n ]ipöm`hln, Dieirhlb Drnolb, y i` chohstrb ei Hoeustrhn y Lbcirlhb (CHL), Drnolhslb ]hvns.

i p r s s y i v o t b s





[rbeultb qui tioerî arnou`bcitrãn

iotri = cc y 5cc, trnospbrtnen i

lbcirlhn`hznen io Mha-Mna ei >;;;

Ja rivisthen lbo p`îsthlb hcpircinmh`hzno-

ti. [rbeultb lbo iìvneb ohvi` ei purizn,

lbodbrci obrcnthvn H]NC ==59= istnmì-

lhen pbr i` \ION\N ei Nraiothon, pnrn `n

lbcirlhn`hznlhüo ei` Xisb Onturn` ei usb

narãlb`n.

[B] ^YÈ NA]B HOEY\U]HN@ LNC[B\

ouivBs s.n. musl i` yisB na]ãlB`nONUY]N@2

I` [rbeultbr lbo `n oilishene eiholbrpbrnr nzudri io sus sui`bs, pnsün trnir ei Mrnsh` i` sumprbeultb rish-eun` ei `ns Hoeustrhns ei Dirth`hzno-

tis Dbsdntnebs(Dbsdbyisb), pbr sirnpnrioticioti ei mnfb lbstb y pbrlbotioir i` iìciotb Nzudri io sulbcpbshlhüo qui i` oilishtnmn. Isi

sumprbeultb is prbeulheb io arnoisln`n pbr `n hoeustrhn ei dirth`hzno-

tis dbsdntnebs io Mrnsh` y puistbsn `n hoticpirhi. Isthcnsi gnmir 4;ch``bois ei tboi`nens ncbotbonensio tbens isns [`notns hoeustrhnìs.Nuoqui `n lbcpbshlhüo mîshln ei`DbsdbXisb sin ei \u`dntb ei Ln`lhb ehgherntneb, isi risheub puiei lboti-

oir iìvnebs ohviìs ei hcpurizns,qui sbo prbviohiotis ei `n rbln dbs-

dntnen uth`hznen lbcb cntirhn prhcnio i` prblisb hoeustrhn`. Iotri isnshcpurizns, tioicbs citnìs pisn-

ebs lbcb Lnechb (Le), Nrsiohb(Ns),[`bcb ([m) `bs dubritbs y `bs rnehboö-

l`hebs ei `ns sirhis onturnìs lbcbYrnohb y Ubrhb. (\notbs, =;;=)

I` Xisb Narãlb`n Onturn` is uoprbeultb choirn` qui si dbrcü iouo thicpb aib`üahlb qui ricbotn ei

ch``bois ei nþbs ntrîs io riahboisqui i` cnr ritrbliehü, eifnoeb `nau-

ons, qui ei dbrcn ìotn dbrcnrno `bs``ncnebs Ivnpbrhtbs, qui brhahonrnoehsthotbs thpbs ei siehciotbs choi-

rnìs y iotri i``bs i` Xisb (Aypsuc).

I\[ILHDHLNLHBOI\ EI@ []BEYLUB.- [G iotri 1,; y 1,5- Guciene (;,9 n >,;)%- \bùmh`hene arneun`

- Arnou`bcitrãn iotri = y 5cc([irchti uon ehstrhmulhüo uoh-dbrci)

- [urizn io \u`dntb ei Ln`lhb (cnybrqui 8;%)

- Nzudri >1,=% y Ln`lhb ==%(uohdbrch-ene ei lbcpbshlhüo)

- Icmn`nebs io Mha-Mna hcpircinmh-`hznebs (cnobsib dnlh`htneb io `nlgnlrn)

NA]B HOEY\U]HN@ LNC[B\ OYITB\

Narb Hoeustrhn` Lncpbs Ouivbs io `n mösquien ei bdrilir n` [rbeultbr n`tironthvns ei prbeultbs quilbotioano Nzudri (\), iìciotb isiolhn` pnrn i` eisnrrb``b ei tbebs `bs lu`thvbs y istnoeb io lboblhchiotb ei`bs mnfbs ohviìs ei ehspbohmh`hene ei isi iìciotb io `bs sui`bs ei [nrnauny y `n hosulhioti ripbshlhüo ei`b ixtrnãeb y ixpbrtneb ei isi iìciotb pbr ciehb ei `bs arnobs, pnsn n hcpbrtnr Xisb Narãlb`n Onturn` eiNraiothon io uon Fbhot Tioturi lbo `n trnosonlhbon` [noncirhlno Dirth`hzir ei brhaio Lnonehiosi, Icprisn

Choirn qui ixtrni, trhturn y l`nshln i` prbeultb io `n `bln`hene ei Aunsnyno, prbvholhn ei \nothnab ei` Istirb.





I` Xisb Narãlb`n Onturn`, neicîsei npbrtnr Nzudri y Ln`lhb n` lu`thvb,thioi `n vhrtue öohln ei nltunr pbrciehb ei rinllhbois cuh pnrthlu`n-

ris ei` \u`dntb ei Ln`lhb eh gherntnebio `ns lnrnltirãsthlns dãshlb-quãchlns

ei` sui`b, lrinoeb uo ncmhioti sum-supirlhn` io i` sui`b, qui pbshmh`htnoqui i` shsticn rnehlu`nr viaitn` si

ixpnoen n gbrhzbotis cîs prbduoebs,tiohioeb `ns rnãlis lbo isb `n ehspb-

ohmh`hene ei cnybr lbotnltb lbo nauny outrhiotis y pbr `b tnotb, eîoebì n`viaitn` lboehlhbois ei cifbr tbìrno-

lhn n `bs pirhbebs ei striss gãerhlb.

U]HUY]NEB]N X A]NOY@NEB]N EI LN@-LÎ]IB

Narb Hoeustrhn` Lncpbs Ouivbs

lbo bmfithvbs l`nrbs ei dnlh`htnr i`trnmnfb ei` prbeultbr hostn`n io Th`ì-

tn io n`hnozn lbo LN@[N] \.N. uonp`notn trhturnebrn y arnou`nebrn eiLn` narãlb`n. @n istrulturn Hoeustrhnìotrnrî io bpirnlhüo n pnrthr ei` cisei cnyb lbo uon lnpnlhene ehnrhn

ei prbeullhüo ei >=.;;; jh`barncbsgbrn. \irî ehstrhmuhen y lbcirlhn`hzn-

en io mha mna ei >.;;; j`s.

ohvnèB Bu]hquis Jist]hoa,[]I\HEIOUI NA]B HOEY\U]HN@

LNC[B\ OYITB\

e]. Gi]hmi]tB hosnu]]nèi, nsisB] FY]ÃEHLB NA]B HOEY\U]HN@ LNC[B\

OYITB\

cn]lBs Jist]hoa, ai]ioti eiB[I]NLHBOI\ NA]B HOEY\U]HN@

LNC[B\ OYITB\

HOA. NA]. GÈ@LHB AYHCN]NI\ ]B\\IULBO\Y@UB] NA]B HOE. LNC[B\

OYITB\

[rbphieneis y idiltbs ei su np`hlnlhüo.>)

N)

M)

=)

Lbcb dirth`hznoti choirn`, npbrtnoeb Nzudri y Ln`lhb.

Nzudri cisb-iìciotb duoenciotn` io `n lbcpbshlhüo

prbtihln viaitn` y ei `bs arnobs. Iìciotb quãc hlb

iolbotrneb io tris nchobîlhebs isiolhnìs. (Cithbohon,

Lhsthon y Lhstiãon)

[risioti io \u`db-`ãphebs (lbcpboiotis arnsbs) io

cicmrnons, ispilhn`cioti io `n cicmrnon ei`

L@B]B[@N\UB.

Io `n dhfnlhüo Mhb`üahln ei` Ohtrüaiob io `n Iozhcn

Ohtrbaionsi io lnen oüeu`b nlthvb `n prisiolhn ei =7 îtbcbs

ei Nzudri.

Ln`lhb cisb-iìciotb duoenciotn` io `n dbrcnlhüo y

eisnrrb``b rnehlu`nr, tncmhèo nltön lbcb riau`nebr io `n

nmsbrlhüo ei `bs outrhiotis, qui pnsno pbr `n ci cmrnon

liù`nr y pnrie liù`nr (iìciotb istrulturn`)

Lbcb nlboehlhbonebr ei` sui`b sum-supirdhlhn`.

N)

M)

L)

Np`hlnebs n` mbìb io tben supirdhlhi ei` sui`b, `hxhvhn pnrn

`n sum-supirdhlhi.

=+ Ln`lhb(Ln ) sbo hotirlncmhnebs pbr Nùchohb (N`<+) io i`

shsticn lb`bhen`.

I` nohbo (\b ) hcprhci cnybr cbvh`hene n Ln`lhb,5

`ìvîoeb`b pnrn lncnens cns prbduoens ei` pirdh` ei` sui`b.

=-

D`blu`nlhüo y Ehspirshüo

I)

D)

A)

G)

Ln`lhb is isiolhn` pnrn i` e isnrrb``b rnehlu`nr io isn sum-

supirdãlhi.

=-I` nohbo su dntb ( \B5 ) , dbrcno lbcpìfbs ei N`\B5 lbo i`

+Nùcãohb (N`< ).

+N`\B5 is ciobs tüxhlb n` shsticn rnehlu`nr e i `ns p`notns.

=-I` nohüo (\b5) , uoisi nlnthbois, `hxhvhnoeb`bs pnrn isn

sum-supirdãlhi y cifbrnoeb `n ehspbohmh`hene ei isbs

outrhiotis io tbeb i` ouivb pirdh` ei` sui`b qui `ns rnãlis si

eisnrrb``no.

+

Eisnrrb``b rnehlu`nr y ehstrhmulhüo ioi` pirdh` ei` sui`b lbo y sho np`hlnlhüo ei` yisb.

=+Ln

D b lu n lh üo (i xt ru lt ur ne b) E hs pi rs hü o ( lb cp nl tn eb )

G B G G B GOn+

GBG

ICM]N[N - L[NL

;.<

Ln\B .=G B5 =G B=

= =- ;Ln + \b5 + Ln\B5Ln\B .=G B5 =

Dirth`hznoti

Nlboehlhbonebr

ei \um-supirdhlhi

E) Ln`lhb io `n sum-supirdhlhi d`blu`n `n nrlh``n, enoeb

lboehlhbois dãshlns(Bxãaiob) pnrn qui `ns rnãlis puieno

eisnrrb``nrsi io isi ouivb pirdh` ei ` sui`b.

4; - 19

[ r b d u o e h e n e ( l c )

; - >9

>9 - <;

<; - 59

59 - 4;

\HO XI\B LBO XI\B

Ysb ei` Naun lbo b sho yisb

XI\B NA]HLB@N

onturn`

;>;

=;<;

5;

4;

>;;

>=;

>;;

8<

8=

85

51

;

;

>;;

85

77

7=

95

<1

1=

\HO XI\B LBO XI\B

[ r b d u o e h e n e ( l c )

Ehstrhmulhüo ei` shsticn riehlu`nr ei` cnãz io prbduoehene y

pbrliotnfi ei nprbvilgnchiotb ei` naun.




Yon prblun `nmbr ei Hovisthan-

ebr y ieulnebr lucp`hü i` [rbd. Hoa.

Nar. Er. Jiotnrb Ubchtn, prbdisbr Thsh-tnoti ei n Dnlu`tne ei Lhiolhns Narb-

pilunrhns y Eisnrrb``b ]urn`, ei `nYohvirshene Onlhbon` ei [h`nr (YO[).Lbcb Uèrchob ei Chshüo, i` Lhiotã-

lb prisiotb nàuobs ei `bs Urnmnfbseisnrrb``nebs io I` [nãs eurnoti `bsebs nþbs y blgb cisis qui si eis-

icpiþü lbcb eblioti io istn lnsnei N`tbs Istuehbs.

Eurnoti uo icbthvb nltb luc-

p`heb io `n siei ei `n Dnlu`tne ei

Lhiolhns Narbpilunrhns y Eisnrrb``b]urn`, i` eblioti dui bmfitb ei rilb-

oblhchiotb pbr hostnolhn ei pnrti ei

`ns nutbrheneis ei `n uohvirshene, y


[]I\IOUNLHBO

[rbdisbr Thshtnoti ei `n Dnlu`tne ei Lhiolhns Narbpilunrhns y Eisnrrb``b ]urn`,ei `n Yohvirshene Onlhbon` ei [h`nr (YO[)

rilhmhü Cuistrns ei ndiltb y lnrhþb ièi sus lbìans Ebliotis y Istuehno-

tis.I` [rbd. Hoa. Nar. Er. Jiotnrb Ubch-

tn, ispilhn`hstn io istuehbs ei sui-

`bs, eisnrrb``b ei uon `nran `hstn eiticns ei hovisthanlhüo qui duirbopum`hlnebs io `hmrbs, cntirhnìs ei

lbosu`tn pîrrndb Istuehnotis, y rivhs-tns ispilhn`hznens. Yon \ãotishs ei\us Urnmnfbs n `b `nrab ei istbs lnshtris nþbs, dui prisiotnen n `n lbosh-eirnlhüo ei Istuehnotis, Ebliotis yEhrilthvbs ei `n Dnlu`tne ei LhiolhnsNarbpilunrhns ei [h`nr (YO[).

Ubchtn thioi uon `nran trnyiltb-

rhn lbcb Hovisthanebr io vnrhns Yoh-virsheneis ei `n riahüo, iotri i``ns

[rbd. Hoa. Nar. Er. Jiotnrb Ubchtn

[rbd. Hoa. Nar. Er. Jiotnrb Ubchtn, Hoa. Austnvb ]itncbzb eilnob ei `nDnlu`tne y nùcobs iarisnebs ei `n lnrrirn ei Narbobcãn.





ei` Mrnsh` y [noncî. Io isti ö`thcbpnãs eisnrrb``b Hovisthanlhbois io i`

Uicn ei `n [rbeullhüo ei nrrbz, lu-ybs risu`tnebs duirbo prisiotnebslbcb cntirhn` Ieulnthvb pnrn i` ic-

pìb ei `n Uèlohln io i` \ui`b pnotn-

obsb ei `bs Lncpbs ei Lu`thvb io ièipnrtnciotb ei Þiicmulö.

Io Ouistrb [nãs, rin`hzü oucirb-

sbs Urnmnfbs ei Istuehbs ei \ui`bs,lbcb hostnolhn ei pnrti ei `n tnrineblioti, uth`hznoeb cbei`bs eisn-

rrb``nebs io sus Hovisthanlhbois io[noncî, y nlbcpnþü `bnmìciotiio `n i`nmbrnlhüo ei `bs trnmnfbs ei

tishs ei Ouivbs [rbdishbonìs iari-

snebs ei `n YO[, qui nltun`ciotiistîo shioeb pum`hlnebs io istnpristhahbsn ]ivhstn.

Eisei `n ]ivhstn i` [rbeultbr,gnlicbs prbphlhn `n blnshüo pnrncnohdistnrì ouistrbs cîs sholirbsnarneilhchiotbs n` [rbd. Hoa. Nar. Er.Jiotnrb Ubchtn, pbr lbonr io ouis-

trb ciehb y pirchthrobs pum`hlnr sustrnmnfbs ei hovisthanlhüo y nsã enr n

lboblir `n `bnmì tnrin rin`hznen pbri` lhiotãlb n tbebs ouistrbs ìltb-

ris.

[nrthlhpnrbo ei `n [risiotnlhüoei Urnmnfbs, i` eilnob ei n Dnlu`tneei Lhiolhns Narbpilunrhns y Eisnrrb-

``b ]urn`, Hoa. Austnvb ]itncbzb, Cn-

rãn @bureis Lnmn`ìrb, lbbrehonebrnNlneèchln ei `n uohvirshene, `n @hl.Chgb Yicntsu, lbbrehonebrn io [n-

rnauny ei `bs Tbùotnrhbs ei `n Naio-

lhn ei Lbbpirnlhüo Hotironlhbon` ei`Fnpüo (FHLN pbr sus \ha`ns io hoaìs),neicîs ei istuehnotis, ebliotis ynchabs ei` Er. Jiotnrb.

Iotrian ei ]ilboblhchiotb pbrpnrti ei `n ]ivhstn i` [rbeultbr n`[rbd. Hoa. Nar. Er. Jiotnrb Ubchtn

Iotrian ei ]ilboblhchiotb pbrpnrti ei n YO[ n` [rbd. Hoa. Nar. Er.Jiotnrb Ubchtn




Ubchtn si ]ithrn ei` [nrnauny pbr tèrchob ei `n Chshüo,trns lnsh tris Nþbs ei Urnmnfnr Lbcb eblioti i Hovisthan -

ebr io `n YO[.

I` [nrnauny y i` Fnpüo n`hnebs istrntèahlbs io cntirhnei Hovisthanlhüo Narãlb`n y [rbeullhüo ei N`hciotbs, y sirãnuo irrbr ei` FHLN (Branohscb ei Lbbpirnlhüo Hotironlhbonèi` Abmhirob ei` Fnpüo) rithrnr `n Nshstiolhn Uèlohln, sbs-

tuvb i` Hoa. Ohlb`îs Vîrnti, prisheioti ei LIUN[N] (LiotrbUilob`üahlb Narbpilunrhb ei` [nrnauny).

I` Hoa. Vnrnti eistnlb n nmbr ei lbcpìciotnlhüo quisi prbeulio iotri ncmbs [nãsis, [br Lunotb Fnpüo luiotn

lbo `n Uilob`baãn, y [nrnauny thioi `ns lboehlhboispnrn `n prbeullhüo. Isti isquicn ei lbcpìciotn-

rhiene n trnvès ei `n trnosdiriolhn ei tilob`baãn quibdrilio `bs ispilhn`hstns fnpboisis, y i` drioti ncp`hblncpb ei Nllhüo qui btbran [nrnauny pnrn i` ifirlhlhbei `bs ispilhn`hstns y `n [rbeullhüo ei N`hciotbs is n`-tncioti mioilhbsb pnrn ncmbs pnãsis, ixp`hlü.

I` Urnmnfb ]in`hzneb pbr i` Er. Ubchtn, y i` io arnonpbrti gilgb n `n hosthtulhüo n trnvès ei sus Hovisth-anlhbois, y `n ixpirhiolhn lbcpnrthen lbo sus LbìansEbliotis y Istuehnotis, is rin`cioti `bnmì risn`tbVnrnti.

Ei nluireb n b siþn`neb [br @n @hl. Chgb Yicntsu,Lbbrehonebrn ei Tbùotnrhbs ei` FHLN io i` [nrnauny, iÈr, Jiotnrb Ubchtn is i` ö`thcb vbùotnrhb qui si rithrnei [h`nr, pirb ob eislnrtü ouivns lbbpirnlhbois io i`duturb. I` FHLN thioi nltun`cioti io i` [nrnauny uobs9; Tbùotnrhbs trnmnfnoeb io ehdiriotis îrins ei` lb-

oblhchiotb, ehstrhmuhebs io vnrhbs puotbs ei` [nãs.


@n hcpbrtnolhn ei `n n`hnozn iotri [nrnauny y Fnpüo dui puistn ei cnohistb eurnoti i`nltb ei prisiotnlhüo ei ebs `hmrbs, uob ei i``bs is ‐Lu`thvb ei jn‘n Gi‘i, n`tironthvn pnrni` piquiþb prbeultbr ei Þi‘icmulø– luybs nutbris sbo ]hlnreb Ohlb`îs Vnrnti, JiotnrbUbchtn, Tãltbr [brth``b, Lnr`bs Cbrn, Cnrãn @bureis Lbrboi` y Thlioti Th``nsmbn, btrb ei `bs

`hmrbs prisiotnebs is ‐Noî`hshs ei \ui`b, Uifheb Tiaitn` y Dirth`hene–, ei `n nutbrãn ei` [rbd.Hoa. Nar. Er. Jiotnrb Ubchtn, prbdisbr Thshtnoti ei `n Dnlu`tne ei Lhiolhns Narbpilunrhns yEisnrrb``b ]urn`, ei `n Yohvirshene Onlhbon` ei [h`nr (YO[), i` pnsneb cis ei obvhicmri.

EI\UNLNO HC[B]UNOLHN I\U]NUÈAHLN.

Hoa. Ohlb`îs Vîrnti, prisheioti ei LIUN[N]. Io `n cisn`n @hl. Chgb Yicntsu, Lbbrehonebrn ei Tbùotnrhbs ei`FHLN io i` [nrnauny, i` eilnob ei `n Dnlu`tne ei Lhio-lhns Narbpilunrhns y Eisnrrb``b ]urn`, Hoa. Austnvb ]i-tncbzb, `n lbbrehonebrn ei `n Dnlu`tne, Cnrãn @bureisLnmn`ìrb, y i` Er. Jiotnrb Ubchtn. Eurnoti i` nltb ei[risiotnlhüo ei bs Urnmnfbs ei` Er. Jiotnrb Ubchtn

@hl. Chgb Yicntsu, Lbbrehonebrn ei Tbùotnrhbs ei`FHLN io i` [nrnauny




Io `n prisiotnlhüo y `nozn-

chiotb blhn` ei `n Narbeh-oîchln =;>=. Ebo Naustão

Jborne, [risheioti ei `n Lbb-

pirnthvn Lb`bohns Yohens, ehb `nmhioviohen n bs vhshtnotis y prb-

eultbris n n ö`thcn cuistrn ix-

pbshtbrn ei` nþb. Tn`brü n tbebi` siltbr prbeulthvb qui istîcbfnoeb `n lnchsitn io pbs ei

uo pnãs cifbr.I` chscb, nprbvilgb `n bln-

shüo pnrn ridirhrsi n `bs ö`thcbsnlbotilhchiotbs qui aioirnohoquhitue eiotrb ei` îcmhtbprbeulthvb ei` pnãs, gnlhioebèodnshs io qui yn sbo culgbs`bs hcpuistbs qui nmbono `bsprbeultbris y uob cîs trnirãnlbosiluiolhns oianthvns n` yn

ab`pineb siltbr qui gn tiohebqui sbpbrtnr ebs arnoeis si-

quhns, noti isti gilgb sb`hlhtbn `bs abmironotis qui non`hliocifbr `n rin`hene ei` siltbr quiaioirn cîs ei` 4;% ei hoari-

sbs n` pnãs, notis ei ehltnchonrìyis qui sb`b aioirnrãno uo ri-

trblisb y ab`pinrãn eurb n chìsei prbeultbris.

@n cuistrn lbotb lbo `n vhsh-tn ei ridiriotis ei` siltbr narb-

pilunrhb, nutbrheneis onlhbon-

ìs, eiìanlhbois istuehnothìsy prbeultbris qui pnrthlhpnrboei ehdiriotis lgnr`ns eheîlthlnsy ehvirsbs ticns ei hotirès prb-

eulthvb.

Lbo arno èxhtb si rin`hzü `n cnybr ixpbshlhüo ei` lncpb `n Narbehoîchln =;>=, io i` lncpbdirhn` ei `n Lbbpirnthvn Lb`bohns Yohens Narbpil. Hoe. @ten (LLY), umhlneb io i` Jc <7 ³ ei`n ]utn TH-Er. Funo @iüo Cn``brquão. Lbo cîs ei =9; icprisns ixpbshtbrns, `n Narbehoîchln

io su iehlhüo oöcirb >7 nmrhü sus puirtns n `bs vhshtnotis i` pnsneb >>, >=, ><, y >5 eiehlhicmri, io eboei puehirbo bmsirvnr `bs nvnolis tilob`üahlbs io `ns îrins ei prbeullhüo

narãlb`n y anoneirn.


NYUB]HENEI\ []I\IOUI\ IOUBONOEB I@ GHCOB ONLHBON@ IO @N HONYAY]NLHÜO EI @N NA]BEHONCHLN

Io `n prisiotnlhüo y `nozn-

chiotb blhn` ei `n Narbeh-oîchln =;>=. Ebo Naustão

Jborne, [risheioti ei `n Lbb-

pirnthvn Lb`bohns Yohens, ehb `nmhioviohen n bs vhshtnotis y prb-

eultbris n n ö`thcn cuistrn ix-

pbshtbrn ei` nþb. Tn`brü n tbebi` siltbr prbeulthvb qui istîcbfnoeb `n lnchsitn io pbs ei

uo pnãs cifbr.I` chscb, nprbvilgb `n bln-

shüo pnrn ridirhrsi n `bs ö`thcbsnlbotilhchiotbs qui aioirnohoquhitue eiotrb ei` îcmhtbprbeulthvb ei` pnãs, gnlhioebèodnshs io qui yn sbo culgbs`bs hcpuistbs qui nmbono `bsprbeultbris y uob cîs trnirãnlbosiluiolhns oianthvns n` yn

ab`pineb siltbr qui gn tiohebqui sbpbrtnr ebs arnoeis si-

quhns, noti isti gilgb sb`hlhtbn `bs abmironotis qui non`hliocifbr `n rin`hene ei` siltbr quiaioirn cîs ei` 4;% ei hoari-

sbs n` pnãs, notis ei ehltnchonrìyis qui sb`b aioirnrãno uo ri-

trblisb y ab`pinrãn eurb n chìsei prbeultbris.

@n cuistrn lbotb lbo `n vhsh-tn ei ridiriotis ei` siltbr narb-

pilunrhb, nutbrheneis onlhbon-

ìs, eiìanlhbois istuehnothìsy prbeultbris qui pnrthlhpnrboei ehdiriotis lgnr`ns eheîlthlnsy ehvirsbs ticns ei hotirès prb-

eulthvb.

Lbo arno èxhtb si rin`hzü `n cnybr ixpbshlhüo ei` lncpb `n Narbehoîchln =;>=, io i` lncpbdirhn` ei `n Lbbpirnthvn Lb`bohns Yohens Narbpil. Hoe. @ten (LLY), umhlneb io i` Jc <7 ³ ei`n ]utn TH-Er. Funo @iüo Cn``brquão. Lbo cîs ei =9; icprisns ixpbshtbrns, `n Narbehoîchln

io su iehlhüo oöcirb >7 nmrhü sus puirtns n `bs vhshtnotis i` pnsneb >>, >=, ><, y >5 eiehlhicmri, io eboei puehirbo bmsirvnr `bs nvnolis tilob`üahlbs io `ns îrins ei prbeullhüo

narãlb`n y anoneirn.


NYUB]HENEI\ []I\IOUI\ IOUBONOEB I@ GHCOB ONLHBON@ IO @N HONYAY]NLHÜO EI @N NA]BEHONCHLN





Io `n bpbrtuohene `bs lbodiriolhstns

ehirbo hodbrcnlhbois sbmri `ns mhb-

tilob`baãns ehspbohmìs io i` cirln-

eb io istbs lu`thvbs, i` cnoifb ei `bs chs -

cbs y `bs eisnrrb``bs io prblisb..

MHBUILOB@BAÃN IO \BFN N[YOUN N CÎ\

MIOIDHLHB\ CÖ@UH[@I\

I` hoaiohirb narüobcb Funo Cn-

oui` ei \notn Ieuvhais, airioti eieisnrrb``b tilob`üahlb io sbfn eiCbosnotb @nthobncèrhln \ur, mrhoeüeitn`ìs sbmri `ns mhbtilob`baãns iosbfn io i` cuoeb y risn`tü qui nl-

tun`cioti Istnebs Yohebs thioi >;iviotbs nprbmnebs io sbfn, Mrnsh`

luiotn lbo 9 iviotbs, Nraiothon lbo5 iviotbs, Yruauny lbo = iviotbs y[nrnauny > iviotb.

Eurnoti su prisiotnlhüo iodnthzüsbmri `n mhbtilob`baãn io sbfn, prüxh-cn n `noznrsi io [nrnauny, qui is

Aiouhty HOUNLUN ]]= []B. Istn til-ob`baãn eisnrrb``nen pbr Cbosnotb,ixlùshvncioti pnrn Ncèrhln ei`\ur, btbran tris mioilhbs io uonsb`n tilob`baãn, qui sbo6 prbtillhüonoti hosiltbs ìpheüptirbs, tbìrno-

lhn n` ]buoeup Y`trn Cnx y nuciotbei` rioehchiotb.

HOUNLUN ]]= []B prbeuli prbtiã -ons Lry>Nl, ispilãlns pnrn i` lbo-

MHBUILOB@BAÃN\

Io i` cnrlb ei` Dbrb [rbeullhüo, Ncmhioti, ]ispbosnmh`hene @ian` y Mhbtilob`baãn eisnrrb``neb eurnotiNarbehoîchln =;>=, Cbosnotb prisiotü mhbtilob`baãns io cnãz, sbfn y nàbeüo lbo `bs hoaiohirbs narüobcbsGuab Lncpbs, Funo Cnoui` ei \notn Ieuvhais y `n hoaiohirn [nu`n Mberboi quhiois mrhoenrbo lbodiriolhns

sbmri `bs nvnolis io mhbtilob`baãns pnrn ehlgbs lu`thvbs.

trb` ei hosiltbs ìpheüptirbs. Istb ìpirchti i` lbotrb` ei `ns prholhpnìs

bruans ei `n sbfn lbcb sir6 Nothlnr-shn aiccntn`hs lboblhen lbcb bru-

an ei `n ìauchobsn, [siuebpùshnHolùeios y ]nlghpùshn ou qui sbo`n bruan ciehebrn y dn`sn ciehebrn yLrblhebsicn b mnrrionebr ei` mrbti.

@bs risu`tnebs ei `bs iosnybsrin`hznebs lbo istn tilob`baãn io `nriahüo, ispilãlncioti Mrnsh`, gnoeicbstrneb uo holriciotb ei rio-

ehchiotb ei <89 jh`barncbs pbr gil-

tîrin io lbcpnrnlhüo n `n sbfn ]]>.

@bs risu`tnebs io iosnybs bmti-

ohebs i` nþb pnsneb io [nrnauny iolncpbs ei` H[UN io lbcpnrnlhüo n`]]> eicbstrnrbo uo holriciotb eirioehchiotb ei iotri >= n >9%.

Ciolhboü tncmhèo qui pnrn i` du-

turb ob cuy ifnob, io mhbtilob`baãnsio sbfn, Cbosnotb istî trnmnfnoebpbr uon sbfn lbo luntrb iviotbs nph-`nebs qui tioerî `n prhcirn y siauo-

en aioirnlhüo ei tilob`baãns MU qui

ì pirchthrî ncp`hnr i` ispiltrb eilbotrb` ei p`nans y tioerî tbìrnolhnn `bs girmhlhens Ehlncmn y n` A`hdb-

sntb, lbo `b lun` pirchthrî uo cifbrlbotrb` ei cnìzns.

Istn tilob`baãn tncmhèo istî shio-

eb eisnrrb``nen pnrn Ncèrhln ei` \ury i` bmfithvb is eisicmnrlnr iotri i`=;>1 y =;>7 io `n riahüo.

Hoaiohirb narüobcb Funo Cnoui` ei \notn Ieuvhais





I

` hoaiohirb narüobcb Guab

Lncpbs, airioti ei Nsuotbs

]iau`ntbrhbs ei Cbosnotb@nthobncèrhln \ur, ehsirtü sbmri

mhbtilob`baãn io cnãz y eistnlü `n

hcpbrtnolhn ei qui `bs prbeultb-

ris pnrnaunybs gby puieno tioir

nllisb n `n mhbtilob`baãn io cnã -

lis y n mhbtilob`baãns ei ö`thcn

aioirnlhüo lbcb i` Cnãz Aiouhty

TU U]H[@I []B..

\ho icmnrab, risn`tü quinöo gny uo `nrab lnchob pbrrilbrrir, yn qui `bs lbcpitheb-

ris ei` Cirlbsur, Nraiothon y

Mrnsh`, yn gno nutbrhzneb cîsei >9 mhbtilob`baãns pnrn cnãz.[nrnauny gby thioi 5 iviotbsnprbmnebs, qui is uo puotb ei

pnrthen dnotîsthlb, pirb si eimisiauhr nvnoznoeb io istn sio-

en ei èxhtb pnrn i` prbeultbr.]isn`tü qui is duoencio-

tn` qui i` prbeultbr, `ns nu-

tbrheneis ei Abmhirob y `nsicprisns qui eisnrrb``no mhb-

tilob`baãns pnrn i` [nrnaunytrnmnfio ei dbrcn lbofuotn ynlbcpnþio n` prbeultbr pnrnqui `bari bmtioir i` cîxhcbprbvilgb ei `n mhbtilob`baãny uth`hznr ei dbrcn neilun-

en i` riduahb, qui i` lnsb ei`cnãz TU U]H[@I []B thioi quiblupnr i` >;% ei `n supirlhisicmrnen lbo istn mhbtilob-

`baãn.Ciolhboü qui pnrn `n

prüxhcn zndrhþn ei cnãz `n til-

ob`baãn TU U]H[@I []B istnrîehspbohmì io gãmrhebs cuyrioehebris ei Eijn`m, quisbo cuy neilunebs pnrn i`prbeultbr, ei cbeb n qui tbeb

narhlu`tbr qui eisii nllieirn `ns viotnfns ei` Cnãz TU U]H-[@I []B puien icpiznr n gn-

lir`b eisei istn zndrhþn.Hoaiohirb narüobcb Guab Lncpbs

ei eitirchonens p`nans y i` cifbr

lbotrb` ei cnìzns n trnvès ei `n

rishstiolhn n eitirchonebs arupbs

ei girmhlhens, neicîs ei cifbrns

io `n ilhiolhn ei` usb ei` naun.

]isn`tü qui i` prüxhcbiviotb io nàbeüo cîs lirln-

ob n` `noznchiotb lbcirlhn`pbr Cbosnotb io `n riahüois i` Mb`ànre ®HH ]buoeup

]iney® Dìx, qui is uon oui-vn tilob`baãn ei prbtillhüolbotrn hosiltbs y tbìrnolhn ngirmhlhen.

Ciolhboü qui Cbosnotbtncmhèo istî trnmnfnoeb io ièisnrrb``b ei nàbeüo lbo mhb-

tilob`baãn tbìrnoti n Ehlnc-

mn y Aùdbshontb ei Ncbohb,

qui vn n pirchthr cifbrnr i`lbotrb` ei lhirtns cnìzns quisbo ehdãlhìs ei lbotrb`nr.

Mberboi ehfb neicîs quiob sb`b sbo hcpbrtnotis bs is-

duirzbs io hovisthanlhüo y ei-

snrrb``b qui si istîo gnlhio-

eb io mhbtilob`baãn, tncmhèois riìvnoti i` cifbrnchiotblboviolhbon` ei vnrhieneis y

`ns cifbrns io prîlthln ei cn-oifbs narboüchlbs.

@bs ehsirtnotis iodnthznrboio tbeb cbciotb qui pnrn an-

rnothznr `n eurnmh`hene ei `nstilob`baãns lbo iviotbs MU sieimio lucp`hr lbo i` îrin eiriduahb ispilhlneb pnrn lneniviotb.

Hoaiohirn narüobcn [nu`n Mberboi

@n hoaiohirn narüobcn [nu`n Mberboi ei

Cbosnotb Nraiothon ehsirtü sbmri `ns mhb-

tilob`baãns io nàbeüo y eistnlü qui `ns

ouivns aioirnlhbois ei mhbtilob`baãns io nàb-

eüo npuotno n cifbrnr `bs rioehchiotbs ei isti

lu`thvb n trnvès ei `n prbtillhüo lbotrn i` ntnqui





uon ouivn tilob`baãn io pnsturns,

`n tilob`baãn Lbovirt, lbo i` gãmrheb‐Cu`ntb HH–, qui si lbovhirti io i`prhcir gãmrheb ei` [nrnauny io istirumrb.

Btrn ei `ns obvieneis prisiotn-

ens io `n iehlhüo oöcirb >7 ei `n

NA]BEHONCHLN =;>=

@n mhbtilob`baãn is `n qui `barnrî snthsdnlir eicnoen ei n`hciotbs sbstuvbispilhn`hstn io eisnrrb``b ei sich``ns ei Ebw.

@ns istneãsthlns hoehlno qui pnrn

i` nþb =.;9; i` p`noitn thirrnvn n tioir 8.;;; ch``bois ei

gnmhtnotis, y isb hcp`hlnrî uon ei-

cnoen ei n`hciotbs qui sü`b pberî

sir snthsdilgn lbo `n prbeullhüo lbotilob`baãn, sbstuvb i` Hoa. Auh`ìrcbDh`hpphoh, ei` îrin ei eisnrrb``b ei\ich``ns ei `n icprisn Ebw Narb\lhiolis. Ebw is uon ei `ns icpri-

sns qui npbrtn hoobvnlhbois tilob`ü-

ahlns eisei `n prhcirn iehlhüo ei `nNarbehoîchln Lb`bohns Yohens.

I` tèlohlb eistnlü qui `n mhbtil-

ob`baãn is `n dürcu`n pnrn snthsdnlir`n lrilhioti eicnoen ei n`hciotbsei `n gucnohene, ntioehioeb n qui

`n supirlhi ei usb ei `n thirrn lneneãn cîs `hchtneb pnrn i` lu`thvb.@n mhbtilob`baãn is uon n`tiron-

thvn sucncioti vhnmì pnrn `n narh-lu`turn. Arnlhns n `n mhbtilob`baãn siehschouyi `n np`hlnlhüo ei narbei-

dioshvbs, si ngbrrn ehoirb, y si luheni` ciehb ncmhioti, pbrqui ehschou-

yi i` usb ei prbeultbs quãchlbs, sbs-

tuvb i` prbdishbon`.Io isti siotheb, Dh`hpphoh eistnlü

i` lbcprbchsb qui thioi `n icpri-

sn Ebw lbo i` narb pnrnaunyb, puis

lnen nþb istî prisiotnoeb n` cirln-eb cntirhnìs aioèthlbs y prbeultbsei cnybr ilhiolhn y lbonmh`hene.Ubebs `bs nþbs tioicbs nàb ouivbqui prisiotnr.

Ciolhboü `n ouivn `ãoin ei prb-

eultbs GW, iotri `ns qui lhtü i` Gir-luìx, uo narbeidioshvb qui prbpbr-lhbon uo lbotrb` tbtn` ei bruans ycnìzns, y gnm`ü ei` `noznchiotb ei

Narbehoîchln is i` duoahlhen pnrn

sbfn [`noit Wtrn. Io istn `ãoin thioilbcb prholhphbs nlthvbs i` ‐Nzbxys-

trbmho–, uo duoahlhen onturn` ei` aru-

pb ei `ns istrbmhùrhons. Uhioi nllhüopbr lbotnltb, y prbphieneis shstèch-lns, y nltön m`bquinoeb i` prblisbrisphrntbrhb ei `bs gboabs. Isti prb-

eultb thioi uo prb`boaneb idiltbrisheun`, y is ilnz noti uo ncp`hbrnoab ei iodircieneis duoabsns.Uhioi idiltb priviothvb, lurnthvb ynothispbru`noti.

I` Lyprblbonzbì is uo duoahlhen

shstèchlb ei` arupb ei `bs trhnzbìs.Nltön hoghmhioeb `n sãotishs ei` ir-abstirb` (ECH). Uhioi uo ncp`hb is-

piltrb ei nllhüo, y pnrthlu`nrciotisbmri `n rbyn ei sbfn.

I` duoahlhen is n`tncioti ilnzpnrn `n prbtillhüo ei `n sbfn, shobio btrbs lu`thvbs qui si eisnrrb``noio dbrcn hotioshvn io ouistrb pnãs,

lbcb trhab, cnãz, ahrnsb` y nrrbz.

Hoa. Auh`ìrcb Dh`hpphoh, airioti eieisnrrb``b ei` îrin ei \ich``ns ei`n icprisn Ebw Narb \lhiolis.




@

ns Tnrhieneis ei cnãz MU ixpuistbs n lbosheirnlhüoei Uèlohlbs y [rbeultbris duirbo =M971 Gx: =N99;

Gx y =M4;5 Gx. Istbs gãmrhebs sbo tilob`baãn `no-znen n` cirlneb pbr Ebw Narbslhiolis y Ehnarb \.N. isriprisiotnoti ixlùshvb ei bs chscbs.

@n hein irn cbstrnr io istn iehlhüo ei `n Narbehoîch-ln `bs Lu`thvbs Ixpirhciotnìs ei istns ouivns Tnrhien-

eis, pirb `n `hmirnlhüo ei `n Mhbtilob`baãn pbr pnrti ei`ns Nutbrheneis lbcpitiotis io ouistrb pnãs si ehb iodbrcn tnreãn, y ob dui pbshmì sicmrnr `bs gãmrhebs io `nspnrli`ns eicbstrnthvns ei `n Narbehoîchln pnrn nsã sirnprilhnebs pbr `bs pnrthlhpnotis.

Neicîs ixpushirbo n `bs vhshtnotis ei `n cuistrn su`ãoin lbcpìtn ei prbeultbs pnrn `bs lu`thvbs ei sbfn y

cnãz qui pirchthrî n` prbeultbr uo luheneb ei su lu`thvbeisei `n shicmrn gnstn `n lbsilgn.

Narbehoîchln, is uon cuistrn cuy hotirisnoti y uonixliìoti vherhirn pnrn qui i` [rbeultbr puien bmsirvnrio i` chscb tirriob bs nvnolis qui si riahstrn io cnti-

rhn ei Hovisthanlhüo Lhiotãln io i` rumrb.Ehnarb is uon ei `ns icprisns qui si sucü uon viz

cîs n `n Narbehonchln, y sucn isduirzbs [nrn I` Eisn-

rrb``b Ilboüchlb ei `n riahüo y i` [nãs.


@n Icprisn Ehnarb \.N. prisiotb ouivns vnrhieneis ei cnãz Aioèthlncioti Cbehlnebslbo rishstiolhn n `ns bruans qui ntnlno `bs lu`thvbs eurnoti `n Narbehoîchln =;>=, qui tuvbùanr iotri i` >> y i` >5 ei ehlhicmri io `n lhuene ei Gbgionu. @n rcn Ehnarb \.N. npbynisti icprioehchiotb ei `n Lbbpirnthvn Lb`bohns Yohens eisei qui hostn`ü su sulursn` io `n

lhuene ei Mi``n Thstn, io i` Nþb =;;8.


NA]BEHONCHLN =;>=





@n prisiolhn io `n NarbehoîchlnLb`bohns Yohens bmieili n`bmfithvb ei bdrilir tilob`baãns

ei ö`thcn aioirnlhüo qui pir-chtno mioilhbs cö`thpìs n `bs narh-lu`tbris y n sus lbcuoheneis, sbstu-

vhirbo ehrilthvbs ei `n lbcpnþãn.Neicîs ei prisiotnr ouivbs prb-

eultbs, Cbosnotb prbphlhü y branohzülbodiriolhns sbmri mhbtilob`baãn iosbfn, cnãz y nàbeüo io i` cnrlb ei`‐Dbrb [rbeullhüo, Ncmhioti, ]ispbo-

snmh`hene @ian` y Mhbtilob`baãn–, quisi eisnrrb``ü eurnoti `bs luntrb eãnsqui eurü `n cuistrn ei `n narhlu`tu-

rn, anoneirãn, lbcirlhb y sirvhlhbs.Iotri sus obvieneis, `n lbc-

pnþãn Cbosnotb prisiotü i` CnãzAiouhty TU U]H[@I []B. Isti cnti-

rhn` pbsii ixliìoti lbotrb` lbotrnhosiltbs nèribs lbcb pbr ificp`b`n \bpbebptirn b ausnob lbab`ìrb:Ehntrnin b Mnrrionebr ei` Un``b, y Gi-

`hlbvirpn b Hsbln ei `n Isphan. Unc-

mhèo prbtiai n `n p`notn ei hosiltbs

sumtirrîoibs lbcb `n Ehnmrüthln bTnquhtn ei \no Notbohb, y anrnothznuo ilhioti lbotrb` ei cnìzns lbosu tilob`baãn ]]=.

[irchti n `n p`notn ei cnãz ti-

oir uon prbtillhüo cö`thpì eurnotitbeb i` lhl`b. N` chthanr i` istrès gnlipbshmì ehspboir ei cnybr ioiraãncitnmü`hln eisthonen n `barnr gbfns,isphans y rnãlis cîs snons qui ri-

euoenrno io cîxhcbs rioehchiotbs.Istn tilob`baãn dui nutbrhznen ri-

lhioticioti pbr i` Chohstirhb ei Narh-

lu`turn y Anoneirãn (CNA) eispuèsei lucp`hr lbo tbebs bs prblisbs eiriau`nlhüo y istî `hstn pnrn lbotrhmuhrn `n ixpnoshüo y cnybr prbeulthvheneei isti lu`thvb.

@bs iosnybs ei pruimn rin`hzn-

ebs lbo istn tilob`baãn io `bs lnc-

pbs riau`nebs ei` Hosthtutb [nrnaun-

yb ei Uilob baãn Narbpilunrhn (H[UN)eicbstrnrbo uo rioehchiotb cuy su-

pirhbr sbmri `bs lboviolhbonìs y uoüpthcb lbcpbrtnchiotb nöo io lbo-

ehlhbois l`hcîthlns eisdnvbrnmìs.@n \bfn Aiouhty HOUNLUN ]]=

[]B, is uon tilob`baãn ei ö`thcn ai-

oirnlhüo y i` prhcir iviotb ei sbfneisnrrb``neb pbr Cbosnotb ispilã -lncioti pnrn \uencèrhln. Bdrilianrnotãn ei cnybr rioehchiotb, ynqui pirchti `n prbtillhüo lbotrn `nsprholhpnìs bruans qui ntnlno i` lu`-thvb ei sbfn, y uo idilthvb lbotrb` eicnìzns n trnvès ei su tilob`baãn

]]= qui en n `n p`notn tbìrnolhn n`n np`hlnlhüo ei ]buoeup Y`trncnx.

Istn tilob`baãn istî lucp`hioeblbo tbebs `bs prblisbs ei riau`nlhüopnrn bmtioir `n `hmirnlhüo lbcirlhnìo ouistrb pnãs. @n chscn yn dui `h-mirnen lbcirlhn`cioti io Mrnsh` yNraiothon.

CBO\NOUB

@n icprisn Cbosnotb prisiotü hotirisnotis obvieneis io i` lncpb ei hovisthanlhüoaioèthln, y pusb n ehspbshlhüo ei sus culgbs vhshtnotis `bs mioilhbs trhpìs ei `ns

mhbtilob`baãns ei ö`thcn aioirnlhüo qui sbo i` Cnãz Aiouhty TU U]H[@I []B y `n \bfnAiouhty HOUNLUN ]]= []B.




ene n füviois pnrn qui puieno eisn-

rrb``nr sus npthtueis y n icprioeieb-

ris lbo prbyiltbs hoobvnebris, lbcbsir `ns ixpbs riahbonìs qui cuistrnoi` eisnrrb``b pufnoti ei` pnãs.

Io `n blnshüo istuvhirbo prisio-

tis L`hiotis y Nllhbohstns ei` Mnolb]iahbon`, Ifiluthvbs ei `n NaiolhnDhonolhirn ei Eisnrrb``b, Ehrilthvbslbcb nsã tncmhèo Airiotis ei` Mno-

lb ]iahbon`, ei `n rcn Lhnmny \.N.y ei `n Lbbpirnthvn Lb`bohns Yohens.

NLI]LN EI@ MNOLB ]IAHBON@I` Mnolb ]iahbon` is uon hos-

thtulhüo onolhirn lbosthtuhen pbrixhtbsbs icprisnrhbs ei `n zbon prb-

eulthvn cîs hcpbrtnoti ei` pnãs. Duiduoeneb io >88> io [nrnauny, thi-

oi su Lnsn Cntrhz io Iolnronlhüo yluiotn lbo <7 sulursnìs io tbeb i`pnãs. Nltun`cioti i` Mnolb icpìnn cîs ei 4;; pirsbons y si ispi-

lhn`hzn io pristnr sirvhlhbs prholhpn`-cioti n` siltbr narãlb`n, anoneirb ynarbhoeustrhn`. [bsii uon hcpbrtno-

ti prisiolhn io `bs siltbris hoeus-

trhn` y ei sirvhlhbs, [XCI\ io aioi-

rn`, neicîs ei duirti lrilhchiotb io

i` siltbr ei lbosucb. Luiotn lbo i`rispnèb ei` ]nmbmnoj ei Gb`no-

en, lbcb prbphitnrhb ei` 5;% ei supnquiti nllhbonrhb. ]ilhioticio-

ti, dui an`nreboneb lbcb ‐I` CifbrMnolb ei [nrnauny– pbr `n rivhstnonolhirn hotironlhbon` Iurbcboiy

io su iehlhüo =;>= ei ‐Ugi Iurbcb-oiy Nwnres dbr Ixli`ìoli–.

I` ]nmbmnoj is uob ei `bs mno-

lbs cîs pristhahbsbs ei` cuoeb, `ã -eir a`bmn` io narb-n`hciotbs, prisio-

ti io 57 pnãsis. Is `ãeir io DhonoznsHotiarnìs (hotiarn tbebs bs sirvhlhbsonolhirbs pnrn `bs cirlnebs eiMnoln ei [irsbons, Mnoln Lbcir-lhn`, Mnoln [rhvnen, Mnoln ei Hovir-shüo y \iaurbs) y is `ãeir onlhbonèi` siltbr narb-n`hciotnrhb. ]isu`tn

hcpbrtnoti ciolhbonr qui i` ]nmb-mnoj pbsii `n ln`hlnlhüo lriehthlhncîs n`tn ei tbebs `bs mnolbs eiprbphiene prhvnen ei` cuoeb btbr-anen pbr `ns naiolhns ei ln`hlnlhüoCbbey‘s, \tnoenre & [bbr‘s, Dhtlg yEM]\, neicîs ei istnr lbosheirnebiotri `bs >; mnolbs cîs siaurbs ei`cuoeb pbr cîs ei >; nþbs, siaöoA`bmn` Dhonoli.



NA]BEHONCHLN =;>=

I` Mnolb ]iahbon` rin`hzb uonlgnr`n tèlohln sbmri shsticnsei rhiab fuotncioti lbo `n r-

cn Lhnmny \.N., qui tuvb lbcb ehsir-tnoti n` \r. Fbìb Lnr`bs \lgnreboa- Airioti ei` eipnrtnciotb ei Hrrhan-

lhüo ei `n rcn Lhnmny \.N.

Br`noeb Th``ncnybr - Airioti Ai-

oirn` Nefuotb ei` Mnolb ]iahbon` cn-

ohdistü6 ‐istncbs cuy snthsdilgbs eipbeir prisiotnrìs io istn blnshüoei `n >7ª iehlhüo ei `n Narbehoîchln,uon bplhüo qui lbosheirncbs sucn-

cioti vî`hen pnrn dbrtnìlir ouistrnnarhlu`turn ei prilhshüo. Gby io eãni` Mnolb ]iahbon` istî enoeb `n bpbr-tuohene ei uon `ãoin ei lrèehtb cuyviotnfbsn pnrn `n nequhshlhüo ei `bsshsticns ei rhiab nrthlhn`– lbciotb.

I` Mnolb ]iahbon` lbostnoti-

cioti npuotn n` eisnrrb``b sblhn` yilboüchlb ei` pnãs y pbr isi cbthvbshicpri si ioluiotrn prbcbvhioeb

hohlhnthvns qui npbrtio mioilhbs sb-

lhnìs y ilboüchlbs n `n cnybr lno-

thene ei pirsbons, ntioehioeb prb-

yiltbs qui aioirio vn`br narianeb,blupnlhüo ei cnob ei bmrn, bpbrtuoh-

Ehiab Eunrti, [risheioti ei `n

Naiolhn Dhonolhirn ei Eisnrrb``bFbìb Lnr`bs \. Fr. Airioti ei`

eipnrtnciotb ei Hrrhanlhüo ei `n

drcn Lhnmny \.N





Lbcb icprisn prbviiebrn

ei hosucbs y sirvhlhbs narã -

lb`ns, Narbtil yn `ìvn vnrhbsnþbs bpirnoeb io i` sur ei`

pnãs. [rbvii n `bs narhlu`tbris eiduoahlhens, girmhlhens, dirth`hznotisy sirvhlhbs narboüchlbs ei n`tn ln`h-ene. Io cntirhn ei narbquãchlbs, `nrcn lbcirlhn`hzn lbo ixlùshvhene`bs prbeultbs ei `n `ãoin MN\D io[nrnauny. Eisei su ìcn ‐lrinoeb

NA]BUIL

\iìllhbonen iotri `ns >; cifbris icprisns pnrn trnmnfnr ei` nþb =;>=, Narbtil prisiotü- io `n ö`thcn iehlhüo ei `n Narbehoîchln - su pbrtndb`hb ei prbeultbs ei `ãoin io pnrli`ns

ispilhn`cioti pripnrnens. I` eistnqui duirbo `bs gãmrhebs ei cnãz [hboiir, `ãeir io i`cirlneb mrnshìþb y lbo uon prisiolhn lnen viz cnybr io [nrnauny.

n`tironthvns, trnyioeb sbùlhbois–,`n icprisn trnmnfn eisei i` nþb>.88; lbcb ridirioti ei` siltbrnarãlb`n onlhbon`, lbo cnrlns prb-

phns y prbeultbs ãeiris ei` cirlnebhotironlhbon` ei hosucbs, ciehnoti

n`hnozns istrntèahlns lbo `ns trnos-onlhbonìs qui cnrlno - n ohvià`bmn` - `bs rucmbs ei `n tilob`baãnnp`hlnen n` narb. @n icprisn npbynn` prbeultbr eisei `n iìllhüo ei `nsich``n gnstn n lbcirlhn`hznlhüo ei`n prbeullhüo, bdrilhioeb nsisbrn-

chiotb lbo prbdishbonìs n`tnciotiln`hlnebs..

Io pnrli`ns ispilhn`cioti pri-

pnrnens n` idiltb, `n icprisn pri-

siotü - io `n iehlhüo =;>= ei `nNarbehoîchln ei Lb`bohns Yohens- `bs idiltbs ei` shsticn NaLiìo-

li, lbo tbebs `bs prbeultbs qui `blbcpboio (eisnrrb``neb pbr MN\D),

lbo ispilhn` eistnqui ei sus prb-eultbs Bpirn y Nlrbohs. @bs prbeul-

tbris tncmhèo puehirbo nprilhnr `bsidiltbs ei `ns `ãoins ei dirth`hznlhüoOutrb` y ChlrbIssiothn`s. Yon vizcîs, Narbtil cbstrü sus `ãoins eiprbeultbs ehdiriolhnebs io i` surei` pnãs, lbcb uon bplhüo pnrn `bsnarhlu`tbris qui npuistno n `n til-

ob`baãn pnrn bpthchznr risu`tnebs.

[nrli`n eicbstrnthvn ei` cnãz ghmrheb [<<5; (ei `n aioèthln [hboiir), io i`

stnoe qui Narbtil prisiotü io `n Narbehoîchln Lb`bohns Yohens =;>=

Eicbstrnlhüo ei `bs risu`tnebs ei`

icpìb ei` girmhlhen ei quicneb

rnpheb Gint, ei MN\D.




I` bmfithvb ei` lursb is qui tbebs `bs non`hstns istèoiotrionebs y nltun`hznebs pnrn ivnùnr ei `n chscncnoirn, tiohioeb io luiotn `ns ria`ns hotironlhb-

onìs ei iosnybs ei sich``ns, ixp`hlü i` ispilhn`hstn Hoa.Nuaustb Cnrthoi``h.

‐Muslncbs qui ob sb`ncioti i` pirsbon` istè iotri-oneb, shob qui tncmhèo sus iquhpbs istèo lbotrb`nebsy ei isn cnoirn vno n bmtioir risu`tnebs lbcpnrnmìslbo bs ei` ioti blhn` b iotri i``bs. @b hcpbrtnoti is quishano ns ria`ns H\UN, (Hotironthbon` \iie Uisthoa Nssblhn-

thbo) qui is bm`hanlhüo pnrn i` pnãs–, ixp`hlü Cnrthoi``h.Nl`nrü haun`cioti qui `bs pnrthlhpnotis luiotno lbo

`n lirthlnlhüo hotironlhbon` ei` H\UN.

‐@bs lnpãtu`bs ei `n ria`n qui istîo tblnoeb sbo `nstèlohlns ei cuistrib, noî`hshs ei purizn, ei btrns eitir-chonlhbois y noî`hshs ei airchonlhüo–, lbciotü pbr supnrti Isti`n Bfien, Airioti Uèlohln ei N[]B\IC[.

‐Istncbs lnpnlhtnoeb n `n cnybr pnrti ei `bs non-

`hstns ei `bs sblhbs ei Nprbsicp pnrn tbcnr lbcb uoncitbeb`baãn n` gnlir noî`hshs ei `ns sich``ns qui vno nsn`hr n` lbcirlhb y ixpiehr uo lirthlneb ei ln`hene–, lb -

ciotü Bfien.Lbotnr lbo `nmbrntbrhb nlriehtneb pbr H\UN nah`hznrî

ixpbrtnlhüo[br su pnrti, ]ndni` Abozîìz, ehriltbr ei @nmbrntbrhbei` \ionvi, ixprisü `n hotiolhüo ei` ioti blhn` ei bm-

tioir `n nlriehtnlhüo H\UN pnrn su `nmbrntbrhb, qui sirãni` prhcirb ei` pnãs io lbosiauhr`b. [nrn i``b eimirî nei -

lunrsi io hodrnistrulturn, io iquhpnchiotbs y rilursbsgucnobs.

[br ei prbotb, [nrnauny ixpbrtn sich``ns lbo lirth -

lneb Cirlbsur n `bs pnãsis vilhobs, prholhpn`cioti eidbrrnfirns y btrns ispilhis. \h `n lnran vn cîs n``î ei`Cirlbsur, `bs lnranciotbs si ixpboio n `nrabs trîchtis.

‐Gumb uo lnsb ei qui n uo sich`ìrb i ixhahirbo nlri-

ehtnlhüo H\UN y tuvb qui mnfnr su lnranciotb io Mrnsh` y

rin`hznr i` noî`hshs io Mrnsh` pnrn hotiron`hznr su cirlnei-rãn. Io Yruauny tncmhèo suiìo mnfnrsi `bs lnranciotbspnrn iovãbs ìfnobs. Oilishtncbs npbynr `n narhlu`turnio isti nspiltb–, lbciotü `n Hoa. Isti`n Bfien.

Io @nthobncèrhln, sb`ncioti gny `nmbrntbrhbs blhn-

ìs nlriehtnebs pbr H\UN io Lghì, Nraiothon, Mb`hvhn, Yru-

auny y Mrnsh`. @n nlriehtnlhüo tioerãn uo lbstb supirhbr n`bs Y$\ =;.;;; y eurn tris nþbs.


N[]B\IC[ LN[NLHUN N NON@H\UN\ EI @NMB]NUB]HB\

\isiotn non`hstns ei `nmbrntbrhbs hotiarnotis ei `n Nsblhnlhüo ei [rbeultbris ei \ich``nei` [nrnauny, (N[]B\IC[) pnrthlhpnrbo ei` siauoeb lursb sbmri ‐Lnpãtu`bs ei `ns ]ia`ns

H\UN vhaiotis– qui rilbrrhü `nmbrntbrhbs ei N`tb [nrnoî i Htnpön






NA]BEHONCHLN =;>=

Lhnmny \.N prisiotü uon hcpbr-tnoti `ãoin ei ouivns cîquh-ons lbsilgnebrns y trnltbris

eurnoti `n iehlhüo >7 ei `n Narbehoî-

chln Lb`bohns Yohens, qui tuvb ùanriotri `bs eãns >> y >5 ei ehlhicmripnsnebs, io `n lhuene ei Gbgionu.Isti is i` tirlir nþb qui `n rcn sbr-tin uo trnltbr iotri `bs sblhbs ei `n

lbbpirnthvn Lb`bohns Yohens. I` di`hzanonebr ei istn iehlhüo is i` prbeul-

tbr Ieunreb Fnquit, ei `n `bln`heneei Cnrãn Nuxh`hnebrn, ehstrhtb ei Ub-

cîs rbcirb [irihrn.Iotri ns cîquhons ixpuistns is-

tîo `ns lbsilgnebrns ei `n `ãoin L],ei `n cnrln Lnsi, y trnltbris, lbcbi` Oiw Gb``noe U 7;;;. @n `ãoin L]is `n cîs ouivn lbsilgnebrn ei `n

dnch`hn Oiw Gb``noe, lbo `n ixlùshvntilob`baãn Uwho ]btbr ℭ, lbosthtuhenpbr ebs rbtbris, lbo uon sipnrnlhüoqui pirchti `n bmtiolhüo ei arnobsei ln`hene supirhbr, ixp`hlü IeunrebLîoeheb, airioti riahbon` ei Lhnmny.

@ns hcpboiotis cnquhonrhns ix-

ghmhens io `n Narbehoîchln lnusnrbosiosnlhüo iotri `bs oucirbsbs vhsh-

tnotis qui rilbrrhirbo `n cuistrn.Iotri `ns qui si puehirbo vir istn-

mno n lbsilgnebrn L] 8;4;, ei OiwGb``noe: trnltbris Lnsi Cnaouc : `bspu`virhznebris Fnltb nutbprbpu`sn-

ebs.Lhnmny prisiotü tncmhèo su ãoin ei

prbeultbs narbquãchlbs, lbcb n dnch`hnei outrhiotis Arnp, lbcb i` Arnp lbcbrnãz: Arnp Ubp Dùhe [ùs: Arnp [gh`, y

Arnp <;J, sus dirth`hznotis Dirthpnr yGirhoair, y sus sich``ns Ohlìvn.

@n rcn Lhnmny \.N `ìvn nltun`-cioti >1 nþbs io i` cirlneb onlhb-

on`, y gnli lholb nþbs si hostn`ü io`n lhuene ei Mi``n vhstn, pnrn istnrcîs lirln ei sus l`hiotis io i` surei` pnãs, `n icprisn Lhnmny \.N isuon ei ns rcns cîs np`nuehens pbr

`bs sblhbs ei `n Lbbpirnthvn Lb`bohnsYohens, yn qui isti is i` tirlir nþblbosiluthvb qui sbrtin uo trnltbr io-

tri `bs chscbs.Istncbs di`hlis ei pnrthlhpnr ei

istn istn ei `n prbeullhüo, sbstuvbIeunreb Lîoeheb, airioti riahbon` eiLhnmny, n` thicpb ei ixprisnr su bpth-chscb pbr i prisioti y i` duturb ei `nprbeullhüo narbpilunrhn io i` pnãs.




Lbo istb si musln bdrilir uo sirvhlhb

cîs ilnz y idilthvb n `bs prbeultbrisnarãlb`ns. Uèlohlbs ei` chscb eistnln-

rbo `n hcpbrtnolhn ei `n eitillhüo ticprnonei `ns iodircieneis, pnrn priviohr lbosi-

luiolhns enþhons io `bs lu`thvbs..Istncbs gnlhioeb èodnshs io i` bdrilh-

chiotb ei` sirvhlhb ei `nmbrntbrhbs arnthspnrn `bs prbeultbris, sbstuvb i` EiìanebUèlohlb Lbcirlhn` ei `n Icprisn, Hoa. Nar.Drnolhslb Cnlgneb.

@n viotnfn ei` sirvhlhb ei `nmbrntbrhb isqui pirchti i` ehnaobsthlb ticprnob ei `nprisiolhn ei iodircieneis, y istb pirchtiuo cnybr cnraio ei rinllhüo n` narhlu`tbr,hoehlü.

Nouolhü qui pnrn i` nþb =;>< `n icpri-

sn pritioei `noznr n` cirlneb ouivbs prb-eultbs, lbo ouivbs prholhphbs nlthvbs pnrn i`lbotrb` ei bruans y iodircieneis qui sirîocuy mioilhbsbs pnrn i` [rbeultbr.

Mnyir thioi prisiolhn ei vnrhns eèlnensio i` [nrnauny, pirb eisei i` nþb =.;;; istîhostn`neb lbo su `bln` io i` eipnrtnciotb eiHtnpön. Is uon ei `ns icprisns qui npbyüeilhehencioti n Narbehoîchln Lb`bohns Yoh-ens eisei su prhcirn iehlhüo.

Mnyir istî lbcprbcitheb lbo i` eisn-

rrb``b ei` pnãs, n istb bmieili ouistrn pri -

siolhn pircnoioti n` `neb ei` prbeultbr, y

i` npbyb qui mrhoencbs n hohlhnthvns lbcb `nei `n Narbehoîchln, pbrqui n trnvès ei istithpb ei iviotbs si puiei `ìanr n` prbeultbrlbo trnosdiriolhn ei tilob`baãn, lbcpnrthrixpirhiolhns y sucnr isduirzbs lbofuotbs,siþn`ü.

Iotri `bs prbeultbs bdrilhebs pbr Mnyir,i` tèlohlb Cnlgneb eistnlü i` @nrvão Eub, uoprbeultb eisthoneb n `n prbtillhüo ei` cnãz,qui thioi lbcb hoariehioti nlthvb tghbehlnrm

io uo 7;% y i` Urhucurüo 57%.

I` @nrvho is uo hosilthlhenpnrn nspirshüo db`hnr ei lbotnltbi hoaisthüo ei` arupb ei `bs lnr-mncntbs. Thioi dbrcu`neb lbcbarîou`bs ehspirsnmìs io naun.Is ilnz pnrn i` lbotrb` ei `nrvnsìpheüptirns, lbcb i` ausnob lb-

ab`ìrb.Lbo @nrvho Eub `n np`hlnlhüo

pirshsti pbr cîs thicpb, su nl-

lhüo bvhlhen ritrnsn `n shauhioti

aioirnlhüo ei bruans y bdrilineicîs uo n`tb pbeir ei vb`tibnöo io ticpirnturns n`tns.

I` @nrvho Eub thioi mnfn tbxhlh-ene pnrn `bs cncãdirbs y `n vhensh`vistri, is siìlthvb n dnvbr ei`bs hosiltbs mioèlbs, `b quignli ei` prbeultb i` iìciotbpirdiltb pnrn i` cnoifb hotiarn-

eb ei p`nans.

IC[]I\N X ITIOUB\

@n icprisn Mnyir prisiotü io `n >7ª iehlhüo ei `n Narbehoîchln Lb`bohns Yohens i` \irvhlhb\B\ MNXI], i` chscb lboshsti io cbohtbrinr pnrli`ns y tbcnr cuistrns ei p`notns ndil-

tnens pbr iodircieneis pnrn `ìvnr`ns n` `nmbrntbrhb y non`hznr`ns pnrn ùiab iotrianr uohodbrci lbo rilbcioenlhüo Uèlohln.






NA]BEHONCHLN =;>=




NA]BEHONCHLN =;>= i p r s s y i v o t b s




[rbeultbs braîohlbs ei Outrh-lhüo Tiaitn` eisnrrb``nebs pbrMhbtilob`baãns6 dirth`hznotis y

mhbisthcu`notis.@bs iolnranebs ei `n icprisn

risn`tno i` lbcprbchsb io i` luhen-

eb ei` ciehb ncmhioti, yn qui `bsprbeultbs vno iovnsnebs io i` shs-

ticn ‐Mna ho Mbx–, qui sbo iovnsis

mhbeiarnenmìs y si puieio rilhl`nrdîlh`cioti pbshmh`htnoeb `n `baãsthlnpbr i` rieulheb vbùcio ei `bs io-

vnsis vnlãbs.Lgictil \.N.I. is uon icprisn

pnrnaunyn ispilhn`hznen io lrinr sb-

ùlhbois hoobvnebrns pnrn `n prbtil-

lhüo narbpilunrhn, ei cbeb n qui i`prbeultbr nucioti i` rioehchiotb eisu lncpb.


LGICUIL

Xn si gn vui`tb uon trnehlhüo, qui io lnen iehlhüo ei `n Narbehoîchln Lgictil \.N.I. pnrthlhpi ei istnixpb dirhn, lbo tben su ancn ei prbeultbs cnotiohèoebsi io `n vnoaunrehn, io `b qui n narbquãchlb siriiri6 duoahlhens, hosilthlhens, girmhlhens y lbneyuvnotis.




I` Hoa. Lnr`bs

[nohnaun cn-

ohdistü qui iocntirhn ei sbfn dui-

rbo prisiotnens `nsehdiriotis vnrhieneis

lbo qui luiotn n ic-

prisn, eisei arupbei cneuriz T n THHH,lbo istns vnrhieneis

i` prbeultbr thioi `npbshmh`hene ei rin`hznr`n shicmrn io dbrcn

isln`bonen.‐[beicbs l`nsh-

lnr n prisiotnlhüo iotris arupbs `ns vnrhi-

eneis lboblhens lb-

cirlhn`cioti lbcbHA]N ]N 9>7, 4=7,4=4, 1=7, Cuonsqn,shauio `ns vnrhieneiscns ouivns qui istno

iotrnoeb lbo tbeb n

ohvi` lbcirlhn` lbcbsir `n HA]N 9=4, 9>;, 9=5, 99;C,

151, 7=7 y pbr öt`hcb `ns vnrhieneisrilhioticioti `hmirnens lbcb sir`n HA]N 959 U], HA]N 459 U], HA]N159 y HA]N 759 U]. Ei istbs `ns ebsprhcirns eisei i` prisioti pirhbebei lu`thvb yn si ioluiotrno ehduoeh-ens lbcirlhn`cioti. @ns vnrhieneisU] (tbìrnotis n `n rbyn) prisiotnouon lnrnltirãsthln cuy hcpbrtnotiio lunotb n `n prisiolhn y eisnrrb-

``b ei `n iodirciene, vno n tioir uopblb ei rbyn pirb i` eisnrrb``b ei `n

chscn vn sir ãocn eisei i` hohlhbgnstn i` on` ei` lhl`b ei` lu`thvb–. Iìxpirtb rilbchioen rin`hznr uon sb`nnp`hlnlhüo io `n dnsi ]<, `b hein` isritrnsnr `b cîxhcb `n np`hlnlhüo ei`duoahlhen pnrn isb is hcpbrtnoti i`cbohtbrib pircnoioti ei` lu`thvb, yio lnsb ei iodircieneis ei on` eilhl`b b i` nuciotb ei `n prishüo eirbyn si eimirîo np`hlnr ns vilis qui

sin oilisnrhb siaöo rilbcioenlhb-

ois tèlohlns on`hzn.

Uncmhèo duirbo ixpuistbs `bs gã -mrhebs ei sbrab lbcb sir i` Xnaun-

riti, Lbnth, [ucn, Xnlnrè y ebs cn-

tirhnìs ouivbs lbcb sir i` @iüo yBozn. Io ahrnsb` duirbo prisiotnebs`bs gãmrhebs Harnsb` 7=1, 7<; y 7=5y pbr ö`thcb ebs cntirhnìs ei cnãzlbcb sir HA]N NA]H >;< y >;5 y iòuivb HA]N >;9 (qui istn io dnsi eihoslrhplhüo)

HA]N \ICH@@N\

@n icprisn HA]N \ich``ns prisiotü `ns ehdiriotis n`tironthvns ei lu`thvbs n` prbeultbr eisei sbfn, cnãz,ahrnsb` y sbrab lbo i` bmfithvb ei prisiotnr `ns tilob`baãns ehspbohmìs y `ns ö`thcns obvieneis io `bs

ehdiriotis lu`thvbs. Neicîs nyueü n hotirlncmhnr heins lbo `bs prbeultbris y nsã snlnr nàuons lbolù -

shbois sbmri i` lbcpbrtnchiotb ei sus cntirhnìs n ohvi` riahbon` y tbeb i` pnãs. @bs prbdishbonìs quimrhoenrbo `ns hodbrcnlhbois n `bs prbeultbris y vhshtnotis io aioirn` duirbo6 Hoa. Lnr`bs \bìr, Lnr`bs

[nohnaun, Airnreb Mnrihrb, ]b`noeb Ubrris, y N`lheis @üpiz.





\\i rin`hzü i` ioluiotrb, n hostnolhns ei `n Lbbrehon-

ebrn Narãlb`n ei` [nrnauny, io `n cnþnon ei` ;1 eiehlhicmri n `n n`turn ei` Jc 5> ei `n rutn THH.

Uncmhèo si istî oiablhnoeb lbo Mrnsh` `n pbshmì ix -

pbrtnlhüo ei prbeultbs `îltibs, eboei gnmrãn pbshmh`heneei lb`blnr holùsb prbeultbs lbcb `n ìlgi `nran vhen.

Istbs cirlnebs si nariano n Mb`hvhn, eisthob qui eiseignli thicpb vhioi nequhrhioeb `bs prbeultbs Urimb`.

@bs prbeultbris si eil`nrno io nsncmìn pircnoio-

ti y siaöo `n eilhshüo qui tbci `n Lîcnrn Mnfn, rin`hzn-

rîo b ob uo Urnltbrnzb.‐Istî cn` ehsiþneb i` prbyiltb ei ìy. Oilishtncbs

nrcnr uo iquhpb tèlohlb qui ivn`öi i` shsticn hcpbshthvbei cnoirn hotiarn`, ob lbo ìyis pnrlgi lbcb istîo trn -

tnoeb. Ob obs oiancbs n bs hcpuistbs, ob obs oiancbsn ehsluthr–, ehfb Gèltbr Lrhstnèb, prisheioti ei `n LN[.

Nshsthirbo n` nltb `bs prisheiotis ei `n YA[, ]ncüo

\îolgiz: ei `n Lbbrehonebrn Narãlb`n ei` [nrnauny, Gèl-tbr Lrhstnèb: ei Yohlbbp, \hcbon Lnvnzutth, ei `n Nsb-

lhnlhüo ]urn` ei` [nrnauny, Aircîo ]uhz: ei `n LN[N\UI,Funo Mnrmbzn: i` vhliprisheioti ei `n N[\, Jnrstio Drhi-

erhlgsio, y btrbs.Nsã tncmhèo nutbrheneis ei` abmhirob, lbcb `bs si-

onebris Chaui` Lnrrhzbsn y Guab Isthanrrhmhn, ehputnebs,i` Abmironebr ei N`tb [nrnoî, Oi`sbo Nauhonanèi, i ho-

tioeiotis.


Nsncmìn pircnoioti

Luntrb ch` narhlu`tbris ei N`tb [nrnoî, Htnpön, Lnnaunzö y Lnohoeiyö, rin`hznrbo uon lnch-ontn pnlãln io Lb`bohn Xaunzö, ntnvhnebs lbo mnoeirns pnrnaunyns, pnrn piehr n `n Lîcn-

rn ei Ehputnebs qui rilgnli i` prbyiltb ei ìy qui lrin uo hcpuistb ei` >;% lbcb cîxhcbpnrn `ns ixpbrtnlhbois ei sbfn, cnãz, trhab y ahrnsb`.




I` Chohstirhb ei Narhlu`turn y An-

oneirhn (CNA), n trnvès ei `nEhrillhüo ei Ixtioshüo Narnrhn

(EINa) y n Cuohlhpn`hene ei Xmytych,rin`hznrbo `n ixhtbsn dirhn, lbo i` bm-

fithvb ei prbcblhbonr `n prbeullhüoonlhbon` y `bln` ei `n Limb``n y `n[npn, io eboei duirbo eicbstrnebs`bs risu`tnebs pbshthvbs qui tuvhirbo`bs prbeultbris, sus pbtiolhn`heneisy ixliìoti ln`hene ei prbeullhüo ioi` Eipnrtnciotb ei [nrnaunrã. Haun`-cioti i` CNA/EINa nprbvilgb `nblnshüo, n trnvès ei su tèlohlbs/nspnrn holiothvnr `n prbeullhüo lbcbrumrbs n`tironthvbs io `n narhlu`turndnch`hnr ei `n zbon.

@n dirhn lbotü lbo `n prisiolhn,Ehriltbr ei `n Ehrillhüo ei Ixtio-

shüo Narnrhn Hoa. I. G. Nrturb Anrli-

ti, i` Nechohstrnebr ei `n EINa, i`@hl. Lnr`bs N. Chrnoen, i` HotioeiotiCuohlhpn` Oèstbr Abozîìz, tèlohlbsei EINa, Airioti y [`nohlnebr ei`LEN [nrnaunrã, Uèlohlbs ei Islbmnr,ei \npulnh, ei Lnmn`ìrb y ei n N@NU`bln`.

Neicîs ei `n arno cuistrn ei `nprbeullhüo narãlb`n y nrtisnoãn ei `nzbon, nltunrbo riobcmrnebs nrthstns

riahbonìs y onlhbonìs. @bs pnrthlh-pnotis puehirbo ehsdrutnr ei nsneb n

`n istnln, lbchens tãphlns y pbstrislnsirbs ei `n zbon.

m]ivi ]isiþn ei `n []Beullho ei[N[N X LIMB@@N

Lnmi siþn`nr qui io `n nltun`h-ene duirbo sicmrnens 99 giltîrins

ei pnpns qui duirbo onolhnens lbodboebs prbphbs ei `bs prbeultbris.@bs tèlohlbs ei `n EINa qui nshstio

n `bs prbeultbris, isthcno uo rioeh-chiotb ei =;.;;;ja pbr giltîrin,lbo uon prbyillhüo ei hoarisbs ilb-

oüchlbs ei >.>;;.;;;ja, eifnoebuo hoarisb tbtn` ei >.1;9.;;;.;;;as.

I` lbstb ei prbeullhüo pbr giltî-

rin is ei >4 ch``bois ei aunrnoãis.I` hoarisb oitb bslh`n iotri 7 n >;ch``bois ei aunrnoãis pbr giltîrins.

Nshchscb duirbo rin`hznens lbbr-ehonlhbois hotirhosthtulhbonìs, nohvi` `bln`, lbo uo iodbqui ei Ei-

snrrb``b Uirrhtbrhn`6 `n Ehrillhüo eiIxtioshüo Narnrhn (EINa), n trnvèsei `n nshstiolhn tèlohln: i` H[UN lbo`n pnrthlhpnlhüo ei ispilhn`hstns ioiotbcb`baãn, tbpntb`baãn y io prb-

eullhüo: Lrèehtb Narãlb`n ei Gnmh`htn-

lhüo: Nsblhnlhüo ei Lbcirlhnotis ei`Cirlneb ei Nmnstb: Nsblhnlhüo ei[rbeultbris ei \ich``n ei [npn ei`n Nraiothon y `ns Cuohlhpn`heneis ei

@n Lb`cion, Xmytych yLnmn`ìrb

Nltun`cioti `npnpn, io i` eipnrtn-

ciotb ei [nrnaunrã

is lu`thvnens io@n Lb`cion6 Lbc-

pnþãn Dîthcn, Jnåty-

ch, Mnrrirb Nzu` y[hoebty.,Xmytych6 Er.Ei`cîs, [btrirb An-

rny, Lghoã y GuaunAunzö, Lnmn`ìrb6Hrhnrti >,=,<

Io lunotb `n prbeullhüo onlhb-

on` ei limb``n6 io i` nþb =;;8 i`Chohstirhb ei Narhlu`turn y Anonei-

rãn lbchiozn lbo `n rinlthvnlhüo ei`lu`thvb ei `n Limb``n, hohlhîoebsi `nnlthvhene prbeulthvn ei ehlgb rumrbio piquiþns ixtioshbois qui ùiabdui lrilhioeb lbo `n negishüo eivnrhns dnch`hns prbeultbrns ei `bsehstrhtbs ei Xmytych, @n Lb`cion yLnmn`ìrb. Isti gilgb dui pbshmì n`n lbotrntnlhüo ei cîs tèlohlbs ytèlohlns ixtioshbohstns pnrn `n lnpn-

lhtnlhüo ei `ns dnch`hns prbeultbrnsei istbs rumrbs y n `n ifilulhüo eiprbyiltbs prbeulthvbs hcpu`snebs

pbr i` CNA. Lnmi siþn`nr qui `n prb-eullhüo nltun` hovbùlrn n 7;; dnch-`hns, nprbxhcnencioti, lbo uo rioeh-chiotb prbciehb ei >9.;;; ja pbrgiltîrin, qui si lbcirlhn`hzno n uopilhb prbciehb ei >.9;; as pbr ja.@ns vnrhieneis qui bdrilio cifbrisrisu`tnebs n `bs prbeultbris sbo6 Tn-

ìolhnohtn prilbz y Mngãn pirhdbrci.

[]HCI]N IEHLHBO

Lbo uon arno lbolurriolhn y arnoeis ntrnlthvbs si rin`hzü, `n prhcirn iehlhüo ei `n Dirhn-Disthvn` ei `n[npn y `n Limb``n io `n ixp`nonen ei `n nothaun istnlhüo dirrbvhnrhn ei `n lhuene ei Xmytych, umhlnen n

>;9 jh`ücitrbs ei Nsuolhüo, io i` eipnrtnciotb ei [nrnaunrã.





Anìnob hohlhü su hodbrci eistnlnoeb i` obtnmì lri-

lhchiotb eisnrrb``neb pbr i` siltbr lbbpirnthvb, npisnr ei `n nevirsn shtunlhüo ei` l`hcn io `bs prh -

cirbs cisis ei` nþb, `b lun` tuvb su ripuoti eisei i`siauoeb sicistri ei` =;>=..

]ilbreü haun`cioti qui i` mrbti ei imri ndtbsn

eitiltneb io `n zbon ei \no [ierb n prholhphbs ei` nþb,ab`piü mnstnoti n` siltbr prbeulthvb ei ouistrb pnãs. ‐Npisnr ei tbens istns nevirsheneis, `ns lbbpirnthvns sh-auhirbo nvnoznoeb io dbrcn lbothoun eurnoti isti pirhb-

eb, `ìanoeb n` >= pbr lhiotb ei lrilhchiotb–, risn`tü i`thtu`nr ei` HOLBB[.

\iaöo i` hodbrci prisiotneb, io i` nþb =;>=, i` vbù-

cio ei `bs nlthvbs ei` siltbr lbbpirnthvb si umhlnrãn io>4,7 mh``bois ei aunrnoãis, supirhbr n `bs >9,;7 mh``bois

riahstrneb n ehlhicmri ei =;>>.I` vbùcio ei `ns lb`blnlhbois lriehthlhns io `ns lbb-

pirnthvns nuciotnrãn >5% io i` =;>=, lhdrn shch`nr n`riahstrneb io haun` pirhbeb n` nþb notirhbr. Istn lnrtirnsucnrãn 8,1 mh``bois ei aunrnoãis, lbcpnrneb n `bs 7,9<mh``bois bmsirvnebs n onìs ei` =;>>.

I` tbtn` ei `bs eipüshtbs qui cnoifno `ns lbbpirnth-vns si umhlnrãn n`rieiebr ei 1,5 mh``bois n ehlhicmri ei=;>=.

I` siltbr lbbpirnthvb pnrnaunyb luiotn nltun`ciotilbo >.<=;.;;; sblhbs io >;<> lbbpirnthvns ehsichon -

ens pbr tbeb i` tirrhtbrhb onlhbon`, i` 8; % ei `n prbeul -

lhüo `îltin, i` 9;% ei `n prbeullhüo narbpilunrhn y i`9;% ei `ns ixpbrtnlhbois istîo io lbbpirnthvns ei prb-

eullhüo io [nrnauny, hodbrcü Anìnob.


LBB[I]NUHTN\

I` [risheioti ei` Hosthtutb Onlhbon` ei Lbbpirnthvhscb, @hl. Tnìotão Anìnob, nlbcpnþnebei` Ehriltbr ei ]iahstrbs, Istneãsthlns i Hodbrcnlhbois Ilbo. ]iahs Ancnrrn, prisiotnrbo i`

hodbrci ei nlthvheneis eisnrrb``nens pbr `n Hosthtulhüo io i` =;>=.


EL PRODUCTOR REVISTA - DICIEMBRE 2012 - PARAGUAY - PORTALGUARANI

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Transcript of EL PRODUCTOR REVISTA - DICIEMBRE 2012 - PARAGUAY - PORTALGUARANI