Polla Gia Ulika6

7/25/2019 Polla Gia Ulika6

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: 5685

:

:

, 2009


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: 5685

.../../


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:

:

:

:


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,

.

, ,

,

. ,

,

.

, (660 nm)

(940 nm),

,

, Beer-

Lambert

. ,

chip

MSP430.

ABSTRACT

Over recent years, non-invasive methods of diagnosis and treatment

are gaining ground against the traditional invasive methods. In this

thesis, an integrated review of the transfer of optical radiation into

human skin and primarily light absorption through human skin is

presented, aiming at measuring biological information, such as

concentrations of certain substances in the human body, whose

calculation can lead to useful diagnostic conclusions. The method of

Pulse Oximetry, which is widely used for monitoring arterial oxygen

saturation and heart rate of a patient, is also presented. By measuring

the absorption of light at two different wavelengths, one red (660 nm)

and one near-infrared (940 nm), and isolating its AC component, which

is a result of the variations in the volume of arterial blood, we can

calculate the oxygen saturation using the Beer-Lambert law, by

estimating the concentrations of oxyhemoglobin and reduced

hemoglobin. Moreover, the implementation of a single chip portable

pulse oximeter using the ultra low power capability of the MSP430 is

demonstrated.


5/112

. ,

, ,

,

.

,

UCL, ,

.

,

, ,


6/112

1

1.1 ................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 ..................................................... 2

1.2.1 ........................................................................................ 2

1.2.2 .............................................................................................. 3

1.2.3 ........................................................................................... 4

1.2.4 ............................................................................ 5

1.2.5 .................................................................................................... 5

1.3 .................................................... 5

2

2.1 ................................................................................................................ 72.2 ......................................................................................... 7

2.3 ............................................................... 10

2.3.1 Maxwell .............................................................................................. 10

2.3.2 ........................................................................................................ 11

2.3.2.1 ............................................................................. 12

2.3.2.2

& Beer-Lambert ........................................................ 15

2.3.2.3 ...................................................................................................... 17

3 3.1 .............................................................................................................. 19

3.2

.................................................................. 19

3.2.1 .................................................... 20

3.2.2 .................................................................................... 21

3.3 .............................................................................. 23

3.3.1

............................................................................................... 23

3.3.2 ... 24

3.3.2.1 ........................................................................... 24

3.3.2.2 ............................................................................... 27

3.3.2.3 ...................................................................................... 28

3.3.3

.............................................. 31

3.3.3.1 .................................................................................................... 31

3.3.3.2

.................................................................................. 323.3.3.3 .......................................................................... 34

3.3.3.3.1 RTE ....................................................... 34

3.3.3.3.2 Kubelka & Munk .............................................................. 37

3.3.3.3.3 .................................................................... 40

3.3.3.4 ................................................................................. 40

3.3.3.4.1 Monte Carlo ......................................................................................... 41

3.3.3.4.2 Random Walk ...................................................................................... 42

3.3.3.4.3 Adding-Doubling .................................................................................. 43


7/112

4 4.1 .............................................................................................................. 45

4.2 ............................................................................................... 46

4.3 ................................... 48

4.3.1 ..................................................................................................... 48

4.3.2

..................................................................................... 49

4.3.3

........................................................ 50

4.3.4 O .......... 54

4.3.5 ................................................ 56

4.3.5.1 ......................................................................................... 56

4.3.5.2

........................................................................... 58

4.4 ................................................. 59

4.4.1 Probe .................................... 60

4.4.2 Block ................................................................................................ 62

4.4.3 Chip X MSP430............................................................................................ 62

4.4.3.1 ................................................................................................... 63

4.4.3.2 ............................................................................ 63

4.4.3.3 ........................................................................... 64

4.4.3.4 LEDs ............................................................ 65

4.4.3.5 PIN ..... 66

4.4.3.6 Hardware ................................................................. 67

4.4.3.7 AC ....................................... 68

4.4.3.8 DC ................................................... 69

4.4.3.9 ....... 69

4.4.3.10 .......................................................................................... 71

5 12- (ADC12)5.1 .............................................................................................................. 72

5.2 ADC12 .......................................................................................... 73

5.2.1 ADC12...................................................................................... 74

5.2.2 ........................................................................ 74

5.2.3 ADC12 .............................. 74

5.2.4 ............................................................................... 75

5.2.5 .............................................................................. 75

5.2.6 Power-Down..................................................................................... 76

5.2.7 .................................................. 76

5.2.8 ......................................................................................... 78

5.2.9 .......................................................................................... 78

5.2.10 ADC12 ......................................................................................... 84

5.2.11 ADC12 .................................................................................. 85

5.3 ADC12........................................................... 93


8/112

1

1

1.1

2 m2, 4 kg

2 mm[1]

.

,

, 75

150 m

600 m,

.

( 1.1).

1.1:


9/112

2

-

- [2]

.

1.2

1.2.1

,

:

1.

2.

3.

4.

,

.

.

28 .

,

.

.

, .

.

, ,

(), .

,

, .

, ,

,


10/112

3

[2]

.

1.2.2

:

()

Langerhans

Merkel

.

. ,

, .

.

1:5.

. (

1.2:


11/112


12/112

5

1.2.4

(, ) 2

, ,

(

)

.

,

(, -, )[1,2]

.

1.2.5

. ,

, ,

,

.

.

,

[2]

.

1.3

, ,

, ,

,

.

.

, .

(Parrish 1983).


13/112

6

D3

(Jimbow et al 1991). ,

,

(Sealy et al 1984).

UV , DNA

(Tadokoro et al 2003).

.

(1-10 )

, ,

(Strnad et al 2003).

[3]

.


14/112

7

2

2.1

.

,

.

2.2

,

( 2.1).

. ,

. ,

. :

: ()

( ).

lumens ( ).

: ()

.

.

:

.

Hertz. .


15/112


16/112

9

2.2:


17/112

10

,

. ,

.

h Planck :

/E hv hc (2.2)

h Planck h=6.63*10-34

Jsec

(, , )

,

( ,

) .

2.3

2.3.1 Maxwell

Maxwell:

D ( Gauss) (2.3)

0B (2.4)

BE

t

( Faraday) (2.5)

DH J

t

( Ampere-Maxwell) (2.6)

,

0D E P (2.7)

0

1H B M

(2.8)


18/112

11

( )

(2.9) Schrdinger(2.10).

2 2

2

02 2 21 ( )cE PE Et t t

(2.9)

( )

( , )( , ) ( , )

2

h r tH r t r t i

t

(2.10)

H -

[6]

.

2.3.2

,

. ,

( 2.3):

Frensel. , laser,

.

, .

.

.

(, )

. ,

[7],[8]

.


19/112

12

2.3 ,

2.3.2.1

, ,

.,

.

2.4 :

' (2.11)

. ,

, . Maxwell

, Frensel,

. ,

,

.

(

) ,

180. , ,


20/112

13

.

.

,

.

.

, . 2.11

. ,

.

[7],[8]

.

.

. 5-10 %

.

2.4

.

.

Shell:

sinsin '' '

(2.12)


21/112


22/112

15

,

.

,

. .

:

2

's

s

s

ER

E

(2.19)

2

'p

p

p

ER

E

(2.20)

2.3.2.2& Beer-Lambert

,

.

.

.

,

/ .

,

. ,

.

,

.

,

.

. ,

.


23/112


24/112

17

.

,

.

280nm.

(HbO2).

.

. .

280 nm, 420 nm, 540 nm

580nm 600nm.

,

600 nm 1200 nm.

. ,

[7],[8]

.

2.3.2.3

.

2.6

.

, .


25/112

18

.

.

:

.

.

.

. ( )

, ,

.

( ).

.

,

in vivo.

.

2.7


26/112


27/112


28/112

21

p (g/cm3) , c (J/grC),

(W/cm/k) QL (W/cm3)

.

:

2 2

2 2 2

1 1 1L

QT T T

r r r K D t

(3.2)

, D=k/pc (cm2/s) .

X, :

2

2

1L

QT T

X K D t

(3.3)

3.2.2

: laser,

,

( , )

. ,

laser.

: laser

-

. -,

, ,

.

, .

:

- : laser

1010

W.cm-2

, laser

. shock wave,

.

- : ,

laser


29/112

22

, .

- ,

,

.

- : laser

,

,

,

laser .

3.2 (

) laser.

(

light fluence)


30/112

23

3.3

3.3.1

3.3. ( )

,

(nD= 1.0)

(nD1 1.55). ,

4% 7%

250-3000 nm .

-

(reflectance of diffuse), (back scattered) ,

(remittance spectra) .

:

1.

2. ,

,

.

93-96%

3.3


31/112


32/112

25

dI Idx

(3.4)

dI I

dx ,

. (3.4) . ,

:

(3.5)

, ( )

( ) .

(3.4) x

(3.5) Beer-Lambert:

( ) x

oI x I e (3.6)

, I .

, 1/ ,

, . ,

, , .

:

10log ( )e

C

(3.7)

, C .

(cm-1

*M-1

).

2.

, s,

.

( ) sx

oI x I e (3.8)

, I ,

, x .

.


33/112

26

,

, :

s s s

(3.9)

, s ( ) s

( ) .

, 1/s ,

, . ,

s*x ( ) .

3.

/ . *, 2000+:

1

s

(3.10)

1/e (37%)

. Lambert:

( )( ) s

x

oI x I e (3.11)

, I(x)=(1/e)*Io . , , (3.11)

(3.10),

.

4.

:

t s (3.12)

.

,

,

, .

.


34/112


35/112


36/112

29

,

.

,

.

. ,, .

, ( , ' ) p s s ,

s , 's . ,

,

.

,

, , *Prahl, 1988+:

4

( , ') 1 p s s d

(3.19)

, d s .

(3.19)

,

.

, , ( , ') p s s d ,

s , 's . ,

.

,

*Prahl, 1988+:

( , ') ( , ') ( , ') [| | | ' | cos( )]

( , ') [cos( )]

p s s p s sp s s p s s

p s s p

(3.20)

, .

, Henyey-Greenstein

*Ishimaru, 1989+.

2

2 3/ 2(1 )( )( 2 cos )

gpa g g

(3.21)


37/112


38/112

31

4

1( , ') ( , ')

s

g p s s s s d

(3.25)

,

, g = 0 , g = 1,

. g = 1,

. ,

,

0.69 g 0.99 [Cheong, 1990].

, ,

(transport reduced scattering coefficient),s,

*Schmidt, 1999+.

' (1 )s s

g (3.26)

. ,

, 1/s , ,

.

,

,


39/112


40/112


41/112


42/112


43/112

36

*Arridge, 1992; Patterson, 1989+. , TPSF

(Temporal Point Spread Function, [Hebden, 1995+) d =

50mm s = 1.0mm1

= 0.01mm1

,

3.5.

, ,

*Arridge, 1992+.

,

, , ,

, , .

, ,

.

(finite - difference method, FDM)

(partial differential equation, PDE).

. ,

( ) .

( )

. (

) , ,

3.5 TPSF () Green

().


44/112


45/112


46/112

39

Kubelka Munk

.

[Cheong, 1990]:

1 1 ( )ln

R x yS

y d T

(3.39a)

( 1)K x S (3.39b)

,:

2 2

12

R TxR

(3.40)

2 1y x (3.41)

, R T , .

, ,

, , . ( )

.

*Mudgett, 1972+. ,

,

.

, Kubelka Munk

[Molenaar, 1999]:

1.

. , .

2. .

3. , ,

.

4. .

5.

.6. .


47/112


48/112

41

,

.

Monte Carlo ,

,

.

, .

.

Poisson,

(SNR)

.

,

,

s ( , ') p s s .

. d

:

( ) sP d e d

(3.44)

,

:

0

exp( ') ' 1 ss

d e r

(3.45)

, [0,...,1]r . ,

*Wilson, 1983; Hiraoka, 1993+:

1ln(1 )

s

r

(3.46)

, :

1ln( )

s

r

(3.47)

, ,

*Schmidt, 1999+:

12 r (3.48)


49/112

42

20

( ') 'p d r

(3.49)

,1

r

2 [0,...,1]r .

, .

[0,...,1]w

*Hiraoka, 1993+:

' exp( )w w

(3.50)

, w

.

,

,

.

, w , . ,

survival weighting, , ,

, Monte Carlo

, .

3.3.3.4.2 Random Walk

Random Walk (RWT),

,

.

,

. ,

(constrained walks).

, RWT

.

Monte Carlo,

*Hebden, 1995+.

,

, . ,


50/112


51/112


52/112


53/112


54/112


55/112


56/112

49

,

.

4 :

1. (Hb2)

2. (Hb)

3. (etHb)( )

4. (COHb) (

)

,

.

4.3.2

,

(

). , SaO2 SpO2,

:

4.1 .


57/112


58/112


59/112


60/112

53

2 2[ ( ) ( ) ]

10 Hb R Hb HbO R HbOC C d

R RinI I

(4.5a)

2 2[ ( ) ( ) ]

10 Hb IR Hb HbO IR HbOC C d

IR IRinI I

(4.5b)

, CHb CHbO2

.

:

10

10

log ( / )

log ( / )R Rin

IR IRin

I IR

I I (4.6)

:

22

2

2

2 2

( ) ( )

[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

HbO

HbO Hb

Hb IR Hb R

Hb IR HbO IR Hb R HbO R

CSaO

C C

RSaO

R

(4.7)

(Zijlstra et al., 1992).

[nm]

Hb

[L mmol

1

cm

1

]

Hb02

660 0.81 0.08

940 0.18 0.29

(4.7)

.

COHb MetHb

.

(Hb2 b), MetHb COHb

, .

.

.

.


61/112

54

, Beer

4 : b2, Hb, COHb, MetHb.

,

, ,

.

4.3.4 O

(

)

.

,

. 4.5

.

,

.

.

,

(),

d .

,

,

(dc )

4.4 , ,

.


62/112


63/112

56

d .

dmin dmax. d

dmin + d Beer I

IHd 0

dmaxdmin .

2 2[ ( ) ( ) ] ( )

( ) 10 Hb Hb HbO HbOC C d t

HI t I

(4.10)

4.3.5

Beer

.

LEDs,

, .

, .

4.3.5.1

,

(LEDs)

. DC

,

. In

4.6 Beer


64/112

57

( )

(,R IH,IR

). (4.10) :

2 2[ ( ) ( ) ] ( )( )( ) 10 Hb Hb HbO HbO

C C d t

n

H

I tI tI

(4.11)

.

,

4.7. AC

,

.

d

.

4.7 .

LED (R) LED (IR) DC

.

.

.


65/112

58

4.3.5.2

.

H( (4.11))

AC

.

R

.

R (4.6) :

10 , ,

10 , ,

log ( / )

log ( / )

H R L R

H IR L IR

I IR

I I (4.12)

(4.11) :

2 2

2 2

[ ( ) ( ) ]

[ ( ) ( ) ]

Hb R Hb HbO R HbO R

Hb IR Hb HbO IR HbO IR

C C dR

C C d

(4.13)

dR dIR

,

(4.7)

:

22 2

( ) ( )

[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

Hb IR Hb R

Hb IR HbO IR Hb R HbO R

RSaO

R

, R (4.12).

.


66/112

59

4.4

probe

,

. probe , .

LED

.

4.8

R.

.

4.9


67/112

60

.

,

.

.

4.4.1 Probe

probe LEDs,

( )

. probe

.

, ,

.

660nm

940nm, .

600 nm

( 10 , 600 nm)

. ,

,

.

4.10


68/112

61

.

.

,

.

.

( ),

( ). ,

, . DC

AC

.

.

,

. , ,

.

4.11


69/112

62

4.4.2 Block

block

, Texas

Instruments .

4.4.3 Chip X MSP430

,

MSP430FG437.

probe

LCD.

,

, . probe

, ,

. probe LEDs

(660nm) (940nm).

,

.

4.12 Block Texas

Instruments


70/112

63

4.4.3.1

.

,

.

.

,

chip

( Texas

Instruments) MSP430. ,

. , ,

.

4.4.3.2

,

(SaO2)

.

Sa2

:

22

[ ]

[ ]

HbOSaO

. -.

,

. ,

.

1

2

2

log( )' '

log( )

ac

ac

IR SaO R

I

1 2

.

AC DC. DC

, C .


71/112

64

, SaO2 R ,

. ,

.

4.4.3.3

Block .

LEDs 500 . ,

PIN ,

.

1 0. O DC12 .

hardware ADC12 software

.

SaO2 LCD .

, RS232

.

.

4.13 Block


72/112


73/112

66

pull-down transistor

.

4.4.3.5 PIN

H .

(trans-impedance).

, 0,

. ,

.

0

(1V) C (10mV pk-pk).

H DC

.

LED.

C

,

50/60 Hz. .

LED 0

,

4.15. LED

. ,

LEDs .

4.15 Front-end LED


74/112

67

C 0

, 1. DC

DC ,

OA1.

, C

. , DC .

offset 1 .

.

4.4.3.6 Hardware

O Timer

.

CCR0 , LED

:

4.16


75/112

68

DAC12OPS bit DAC12_0 set

LED . T Port2 set

LED.

DAC12_0

.

DAC12_1 DC

LED.

1 0

DAC12_1.

LED, DAC12_1

2 LED .

.

, 0 DC

1

.

set MSC bit ADC

.

,

CU LED

DAC12_0.

4.4.3.7 AC

1 DC 1000sps.

, LED

500sps.

1 DC

. , .

4.17 AC


76/112

69

IIR DC .

DC

AC .

, 50Hz

. , FR ,

6Hz 50db 50Hz .

.

4.4.3.8 DC

DC 4.18,

IIR .

.

,

. ,

.

K. .

, AC DC

,

AC , C

DC .

,

32 bits. 16 bits .

4.4.3.9

LEDs ,

.

50/60 z.

4.18 DC


77/112

70

DC

AC

.

. DC

.

LED DC

PIN

. LEDs,

DC .

DC , SaO2

:

1

2

2

log( )' '

log( )

ac

ac

IR SaO R

I

, 500 sps.

:

500 60

3

Heart Beats per MinuteSamples Count

4.19 SaO2 R.

4.19 SaO2(R)


78/112

71

80%,

offset.

4.4.3.10

4.20 .

115 Kbps.

4.20


79/112

72

512-

(ADC12)

ADC12,

MSP430 Texas Instruments,

12-Bit . ADC12

MSP430x13x, MSP430x14x,

MSP430x15x MSP430x16x.

,

,

,

MSP430.

5.1

ADC12 , 12-it .

12-Bit SAR , ,

buffer 16 . buffer 16

, CPU.

ADC12 :

200Ksps

,

, software timers

software, Timer_A Timer_B

software on-chip

(1.5 V 2.5V) software

8

, AVcc

4 : ,

, , . ADC .


80/112

73

16

5.1 Block ADC12.

5.2 ADC12

O ADC12 software.

.

5.1 Block ADC12


81/112

74

5.2.1 ADC12

ADC 12 bit

.

/ (VR+, VR)

. (NADC) (0FFFh)

.

. :

ADC12 , ADC12CTL0 ADC12CTL1. ADC12ON bit. ADC12

.

bits ADC12

ENC=0. ENC 1 .

5.2.2

ADC12CLK

. ADC12

ADC12SSELx bits. SMCLK, MCLK, ACLK

, ADC12OSC.

ADC12OSC, , 5-MHz,

,

. ADC12OSC Datasheet

.

- ADC12CLK .

,

.

5.2.3 ADC12

.

break-before-make,

, 5.2. A/D


82/112

75

(AVss),

crosstalk.

ADC12 .

,

.

.

5.2.4

ADC12 P6,

CMOS .

CMOS , Vcc

GND.

. buffer

. bits P6SELx buffers

.

5.2.5

ADC12

1.5 V 2.5 V.

VREF+.

REF0N=1 . REF2_5V=1,

2.5 V, 1.5 V REF2_5V=0.

.

5.2


83/112

76

VR+ VR-

VeREF+ VREF-/VeREF-.

VR- AVss

.

5.2.6 Power-Down

O ADC12

. ADC12 ,

,

. ADC12OSC.

,

REFON=0. ,

.

5.2.7

SHI. SHI SHS

bits :

ADC12SC bit

1 Timer_A

0 Timer_

1 Timer_

SHI bit ISSH.

SAMPCON

. SAMPCON high, . high-

to-low SAMPCON

13 ADC12CLK. bit SHP

.

.

SHP=0. SHI

SAMPCON tsample.

SAMPCON high, . high-to-low

SAMPCON

ADC12CLK.

.


84/112

77

SHP=1.

timer . bits

SHT0x SHT1x ADC12CTL0

SAMPCON tsample. timer

SAMPCON high ADC12CLK

tsample.

tsample tsync. T

5.4.

SHTx bits

4xADC12CLK. SHT0x

ADC12MCTL0 7 SHT1x

ADC12MCTL8 15.

5.3

5.3


85/112

78

5.2.8

,

, .

ADC12 ADC12MEMx A/D

.

.

ADC12CTLx

. . bits

ADC12

, , ADC

ADC12CTL0 ADC12CTL1.

0140h -

015Eh.

5.2.9

ADC12

, bits CONSEQx.

:

-

-

5.1 ADC12


86/112

79

-

ADC12MEMx CSTARTADDx bits.

ADC12SC bit ,

ADC12SC bit. , ENC

.

.

5.4


87/112

80

.

,

ADC12MEMx CSTARTADDx bits. ADC12SC

bit , ADC12SC bit.

, ENC

. .

5.5


88/112

81

-

.


,

, ADC12MEMx

.

.

5.6


89/112

82

.

,


EOS bit .

.

5.7


90/112

83

Bit (MSC)

,

. MSC=1, CONSEQx > 0

, SHI .

, .

SHI

bit ENC

. bit ENC

MSC bit.

ADC12 . ,

:

- , reset

ENC, .

, busy bit reset

ENC.

,

reset ENC,

.

, reset ENC,

.

, CONSEQx 0

reset ENC, .

.

:

bit EOS set ,

reset bit ENC . , reset

ENC.


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84

5.2.10 ADC12

ADC12 18 :

ADC12IFG0-ADC12IFG15

ADC12OV, ADC12MEMx

ADC12TOV, ADC12

bits ADC12IFGx set,

ADC12MEMx .

, ADC12IEx bit GIE bit set.

ADC12OV ,

ADC12MEMx

. ADC12OV ,

.

, ADC12IV

ADC12

.

ADC12IV

.

ADC12IV. ,

software.

ADC12IV.

, , ADC12IV

set ADC12OV ADC12OV,

.

.

ADC12IFGx reset, ADC12V. bits

ADC12IFGx reset, ADC12MEMx.

reset software.

,

, . ,

ADC12OV ADC12IFG3

ADC12IV, ADC12OV

reset. RETI

, ADC12IFG3 .


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85

5.2.11 ADC12

,

ADC12,

.

5.2 ADC12


93/112

86

ADC12CTL0

bits ADC12CTL0 .

ADC12SC (0) ADC12SC bit

. ENC bit set.

bit ADC12SC reset.

0

1

ENC (1) .

0 .

1

SAMPCON. H

bit

ENC set.

ADC12TOVIE (2)

.

GIE bit.

ADC12OVIE (3) .

ADC

.

GIE bit.

ADC12ON (4) ADC12

0 off.

.

1 ADC12 .


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87

bit reset

.

REFON (5)

0 .

.

1 .

.

REF2_5V (6)

0 1.5 V bit REFON

1.

1 2.5 V bit REFON

1.

MSC (7) .

timer

SAMPCON (SHP=1) A/D

.

0 timer

SHI

.

1 SHI

timer ,

.

SHT0 (8-11) . bits

ADC12MEM0- ADC12MEM7.

SHT1 (12-15) . bits

ADC12MEM8-ADC12MEM15.


95/112

88

5.3 SHTx .

ADC12CTL1

bits ADC12CTL1

.

ADC12BUSY (0) bit ADC12BUSY

.

0 .

1

.

CONSEQ (1-2) CONSEQ bits 00


96/112

89

01

10

11

ADC12SSEL (3-4) :

00 ADC12OSC

01 ACLK

10 MCLK

11 SMCLK

ADC12DIV (5-7)

ADC12SSEL bits.

ISSH (8)

0

1

SHP (9) SHP bit

timer

.

0 SAMPCON

.

1 SAMPCON timer

.

SHS (10-11) :00 ADC12SC

01 Timer_A.OUT1

10 Timer_B.OUT0

11 Timer_B.OUT1

CSTART (12-15)

ADD (ADC12MEMx)

ADC12 .


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90

ADC12MEMx

:

ADC12MEM0 - ADC12MEM15 (0-15) 12-bit

. bit 11 MSB. bits 12-15

0.

.

ADC12MCTLx

,

..

. bits ADC12MCTLx reset POR.

, bit

ENC reset.

ENC set .

:

INCH (0-3) bits INCH ( )

,

.


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91

SREF (4-6) bits SREF

.

EOS (7) .

.

0

1

ADC12IE ,

bits

:


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92

ADC12IEx (0-15) . bits

ADC12IFGx

bits.

0

1

ADC12IFG,

bits-

:

ADC12IFGx (0-15) ADC12IFGx

ADC12MEMx

.

reset ADC12MEMx

software.

ADC12IV,

bits

:


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93

ADC12IVx (0-15)

:

5.3 ADC12

MSP430,

ADC12

.


101/112

94

P6.0 ( 0

ADC12), AVcc,

ADC12 LED (

0.5AVcc) .

// Description: A single sample is made on A0 with reference to AVcc.

// Software sets ADC10SC to start sample and conversion - ADC12SC

// automatically cleared at EOC. ADC12 internal oscillator times sample (16x)

// and conversion. In Mainloop MSP430 waits in LPM0 to save power until ADC12

// conversion complete, ADC12_ISR will force exit from LPM0 in Mainloop on

// reti. If A0 > 0.5*AVcc, P1.0 set, else reset.

//

// MSP430F149

// -----------------

// /|\| XIN|-

// | | |

// --|RST XOUT|-

// | |

// Vin-->|P6.0/A0 P1.0|--> LED

//

// M. Buccini

// Texas Instruments Inc.

// Feb 2005

// Built with CCE Version: 3.2.0 and IAR Embedded Workbench Version: 3.21A

//***************************************************************************

#include

void main(void)

{

WDTCTL = WDTPW + WDTHOLD; // Stop WDT

ADC12CTL0 = SHT0_2 + ADC12ON; // Set sampling time, turn on ADC12

ADC12CTL1 = SHP; // Use sampling timer

ADC12IE = 0x01; // Enable interrupt

ADC12CTL0 |= ENC; // Conversion enabled

P6SEL |= 0x01; // P6.0 ADC option select

P1DIR |= 0x01; // P1.0 output

for (;;)

{

ADC12CTL0 |= ADC12SC; // Sampling open

_BIS_SR(CPUOFF + GIE); // LPM0, ADC12_ISR will force exit

}

}

// ADC12 interrupt service routine

#pragma vector=ADC12_VECTOR

__interrupt void ADC12_ISR (void){


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95

if (ADC12MEM0 < 0x7FF)

P1OUT &= ~0x01; // Clear P1.0 LED off

else

P1OUT |= 0x01; // Set P1.0 LED on

_BIC_SR_IRQ(CPUOFF); // Clear CPUOFF bit from 0(SR)

}

(WDTCTL=WDTPW + WDTHOLD) Watchdog

Timer. ( ADC12CTL0 = SHT0_2 + ADC12ON)

16 DC12CLK (tsample=16*tADC12CLK)

ADC12. ( datasheet MSP430

fADC12OSC 3.7 MHz 6.3

MHz). ADC12CTL1 = SHP

SAMPCON.

ADC12IE = 0x01 ,

. (ADC12CTL0 |=

ENC) (P6SEL |= 0x01) P6.0

(

0 ADC12).O P1.0

(P1DIR |= 0x01).

(ADC12CTL0 |= ADC12SC).

MCU

, . _BIS_SR(CPUOFF + GIE) MCU LPM0 (

CPU MCLK SMCLK ACLK ). M

ADC12 ,

interrupt void ADC12_ISR.

.

ADC12MEM0

0x7FF 2047 (2047212

/2).

P1.0

LED (P1OUT &= ~0x01).

1 P1.0

LED (P1OUT |= 0x01).

MCU (_BIC_SR_IRQ(CPUOFF)).


103/112

96

P6.0 ( 0

ADC12),

VR+=VREF+=2.5V VR=VSS .

//***************************************************************************

// MSP-FET430P140 Demo - ADC12, Using the Internal Reference

//

// Description: This example shows how to use the internal reference of the ADC12.

// It uses the internal 2.5V reference and performs a single conversion

// on channel A0. The conversion results are stored in ADC12MEM0. Test by

// applying a voltage to channel A0, then setting and running to a break point// at the "_NOP()" instruction. To view the conversion results, open an ADC12

// register window in debugger and view the contents of ADC12MEM0.

//

//

// MSP430F149

// ---------------

// | |

// Vin --> |P6.0/A0 |

// | |

//

//// M. Mitchell


// Feb 2005


//***************************************************************************

#include

void main(void)

{

volatile unsigned int i;

WDTCTL = WDTPW+WDTHOLD; // Stop watchdog timer

P6SEL |= 0x01; // Enable A/D channel A0

ADC12CTL0 = ADC12ON+SHT0_2+REFON+REF2_5V; // Turn on and set up ADC12

ADC12CTL1 = SHP; // Use sampling timer

ADC12MCTL0 = SREF_1; // Vr+=Vref+

for ( i=0; i


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97

{

ADC12CTL0 |= ADC12SC; // Start conversion

while ((ADC12IFG & BIT0)==0);

_NOP(); // SET BREAKPOINT HERE

}

1

.

Watchdog Timer, ADC12,

VREF+=2.5V (ADC12CTL0 =

ADC12ON+SHT0_2+REFON+REF2_5V). ,

.

ADC12MCTL0 = SREF_1

VR+= VREF+ VR= VSS.

for ( i=0; i


105/112

98

( 80ms)

MSP430Fx39

2 .

2 LED

.

//***************************************************************************

// MSP-FET430P140 Demo - ADC12, Sample A10 Temp, Set P1.0 if Temp ++ ~2C

//

// Description: Use ADC12 and the integrated temperature sensor to detect

// temperature gradients. The temperature sensor output voltage is sampled// ~ every 80ms and compared with the defined delta values using an ISR.

// (ADC12OSC/256)/ determines sample time which needs to be greater than

// 30us for temperature sensor.

// ADC12 is operated in repeat-single channel mode with the sample and

// convert trigger sourced from Timer_A CCR1. The ADC12MEM0_IFG at the end

// of each converstion will trigger an ISR.

// ACLK = n/a, MCLK = SMCLK = default DCO ~ 800k, ADC12CLK = ADC12OSC

//

// MSP430Fx49

// -----------------

// /|\| XIN|-// | | |

// --|RST XOUT|-

// | |

// |A10 P1.0|-->LED

//

// A. Dannenberg


// Feb 2005


//***************************************************************************

#include

#define ADCDeltaOn 12 // ~2 Deg C delta

static unsigned int FirstADCVal; // holds 1st ADC result

void main(void)

{

WDTCTL = WDTPW + WDTHOLD; // Stop watchdog

P1OUT = 0x00; // Clear P1

P1DIR = 0x01; // P1.0 as outputADC12CTL1 = SHS_1 + SHP + CONSEQ_2; // TA trig., rpt conv.


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99

ADC12MCTL0 = SREF_1 + INCH_10; // Channel A10, Vref+

ADC12IE = 0x01; // Enable ADC12IFG.0

ADC12CTL0 = SHT0_8 + REF2_5V + REFON + ADC12ON + ENC; // Config ADC12

TACCTL1 = OUTMOD_4; // Toggle on EQU1 (TAR = 0)

TACTL = TASSEL_2 + MC_2; // SMCLK, cont-mode

while (!(0x01 & ADC12IFG)); // First conversion?FirstADCVal = ADC12MEM0; // Read out 1st ADC value

_BIS_SR(LPM0_bits + GIE); // Enter LPM0 w/ interrupt

}


__interrupt void ADC12ISR (void)

{

if (ADC12MEM0


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100

ADC12OSC. fADC12OSC5Hz

tsample(256/5)s.

30s.

VREF+=2.5V,

.

, Timer_A

counter timer .

Timer_A .

Timer_A

SMCLK ( default 800kHz)

. tTimer_A = 65535 * tSMCLK =

(65535/800)ms82ms.

FirstADCVal. (static

unsigned int FirstADCVal) -

.

_BIS_SR(LPM0_bits + GIE) MCU

LPM0, CPU MCLK SMCLK ACLK

, (o SMCLK

Timer_A) set to GIE bit set ADC12IE0 bit


(

ADC12MEM0)

20C. ,

P1.0 LED.

LED.


108/112

101

.

- ( )

.

//***************************************************************************

// MSP-FET430P140 Demo - ADC12, Repeated Sequence of Conversions

// Description: This example shows how to perform a repeated sequence of

// conversions using "repeat sequence-of-channels" mode. AVcc is used for the

// reference and repeated sequence of conversions is performed on Channels A0,

// A1, A2, and A3. Each conversion result is stored in ADC12MEM0, ADC12MEM1,// ADC12MEM2, and ADC12MEM3 respectively. After each sequence, the 4 conversion

// results are moved to A0results[], A1results[], A2results[], and A3results[].

// Test by applying voltages to channels A0 - A3. Open a watch window in

// debugger and view the results. Set a breakpoint in the last line to see the

// array values change sequentially.

//

// Note that a sequence has no restrictions on which channels are converted.

// For example, a valid sequence could be A0, A3, A2, A4, A2, A1, A0, and A7.

// See the MSP430x1xx User's Guide for instructions on using the ADC12.

//

//

// MSP430F149

// -----------------

// | |

// Vin0 -->|P6.0/A0 |

// Vin1 -->|P6.1/A1 |

// Vin2 -->|P6.2/A2 |

// Vin3 -->|P6.3/A3 |

// | |

//

//

// M. Mitchell


// Feb 2005


//***************************************************************************

#include

#define Num_of_Results 8

static unsigned int A0results[Num_of_Results]; // These need to be global in

static unsigned int A1results[Num_of_Results]; // this example. Otherwise, the

static unsigned int A2results[Num_of_Results]; // compiler removes them because

static unsigned int A3results[Num_of_Results]; // they are not used


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102

void main(void)

{

WDTCTL = WDTPW+WDTHOLD; // Stop watchdog timer

P6SEL = 0x0F; // Enable A/D channel inputs

ADC12CTL0 = ADC12ON+MSC+SHT0_8; // Turn on ADC12, extend sampling time// to avoid overflow of results

ADC12CTL1 = SHP+CONSEQ_3; // Use sampling timer, repeated sequence

ADC12MCTL0 = INCH_0; // ref+=AVcc, channel = A0



ADC12MCTL3 = INCH_3+EOS; // ref+=AVcc, channel = A3, end seq.

ADC12IE = 0x08; // Enable ADC12IFG.3

ADC12CTL0 |= ENC; // Enable conversions

ADC12CTL0 |= ADC12SC; // Start conversion

_BIS_SR(LPM0_bits + GIE); // Enter LPM0, Enable interrupts

}


__interrupt void ADC12ISR (void)

{

static unsigned int index = 0;

A0results[index] = ADC12MEM0; // Move A0 results, IFG is cleared




index = (index+1)%Num_of_Results; // Increment results index, modulo; Set/ // Breakpoint here

}

Watchdog Timer P6.0, P6.1, P6.2,

P6.3 ADC12 ( F=1111).

ADC12CTL0 = ADC12ON+MSC+SHT0_8

ADC12 ,

SHI

timer ,

256 DC12CLK.

ADC12CTL1 = SHP+CONSEQ_3

SAMPCON

.

4 0, 1, 2, 3

.

3

.


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103

ADC12IE = 0x08 ,

4

( 0x08=1000) (3)

.

1

(0)

.

_BIS_SR(LPM0_bits + GIE) MCU LPM0

set to GIE bit set ADC12IE3 bit


4 ,

, 8 4

. index

(

4 ) 8 1.

0 7 1

( 0 7).


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[1] , . ,

. . , 2001.

[2] Physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of the skin, L. A. Goldsmith,

Oxford University Press, New York 1991.

[3] P (RNase P) , .

, , 2004.

[4]Nick Strobel's Astronomy Notes.

[5]Paras N. Prasad, Introduction to biophotonics, John Wiley & Sons, USA (2003).

[6]J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New

York (1998).

[7] M. H. Niemz, Laser-Tissue Interactions: Fundamentals and Applications,

Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1996).

[8] J. Lalanne, A. Ducasse, S. Kielich, Laser - Molecule interaction , Willey-

Interscience, 99-135, 223-234, New York (1996).

[9] R.Rox Anderson, B.S. and John A. Parrish M.D., The optics of human skin, The

Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 77:13-19, 1981.

[10] . ,

, , 2003.

[11] . , Laser

, , 2007.

[12] . ,

, , , 2005.

[13] Pulse Oximetry and the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve, by SSB Healthcare

Division.

[14] Neonatal and Pediatric Pulse Oximetry, John W. Salyer MBA RRT-NPC FAARC.

[15] Dr Neil Townsend , Pulse Oximetry, Medical Electronics, Michaelmas Term

2001.

[16]J G Webster, Design of Pulse Oximeters, Taylor & Francis Group, New York,

1997.
http://www.astronomynotes.com/http://www.astronomynotes.com/


112/112

[17] Pulse Oximetry Medical Solutions from Texas Instruments (www.ti.com)

[18]Vincent Chan, Steve Underwood, A Single-Chip Pulsoximeter Design Using the

MSP430, Texas Instruments, November 2005.

[19]MSP430x1xx Family Users Guide, Texas Instruments 2006

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