PARTIDOS POLITICOS Y PARTICIPACION POLITICA - LILIAN SOTO - 2015 - CDE - PORTALGUARANI

7/23/2019 PARTIDOS POLITICOS Y PARTICIPACION POLITICA - LILIAN SOTO - 2015 - CDE - PORTALGUARANI

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T@XZCJBW TBIZCGBW S

T@XZCGCT@GCM TBIZCG@JL I@W F\OLXLW

LM T@X@K\@SLilflmtbs p`r` li jlh`tl

www.pbrt`iku`r`mc.gbf


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T@XZCJBW TBIZCGBW S T@XZCGCT@GCMTBIZCG@ JL I@W F\OLXLW LM T@X@K\@S

Glmtrb jl Jbguflmt`gcm y Lstujcbs (GJL)

Glrrb Gbr 0:85 g`sc T` Trlz - @sumgcm, T`r`ku`y

Zliebmb +


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Cmtrbjuggcm

I` p`rtcgcp`gcm pbitcg` ckuìct`rc` jl i`s fuolrls ls um rlgi`fbqul iilv` fs jl jbs jg`j`s lm T`r`ku`y, gbm cmcgc`tcv`s jl

jcvlrs`s g`r`gtlrstcg`s. Lm ibs `bs mbvlmt` i` iugn` eul pbr i`bhtlmgcm jl i`s jlmbfcm`j`s fljcj`s lsplgcìls tlfpbrìlsb gubt`s. Li rlsuit`jb eul i` cmgbrpbr`gcm jl lst` fljcj` lm liGjckb Lilgtbrì `prbh`jb lm 0335, p`r` i`s icst`s prcf`rc`s jlibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs, gbm um f`krb pbrglmtòl jli 84%.

@ p`rtcr jl lmtbmgls nuhb cmtlmtbs jl fbjcffg`r li pbrglmtòl jli` gubt`, l cmgiusb jl ibkr`r i` p`rcj`j, scm rlsuit`jbs pbsctcvbs.@gtuìflmtl, jcvlrsbs slgtbrls jl fuolrls brk`mcz`j`s sl lm-

gulmtr`m jlh`tclmjb mulv`flmtl lstl tlf`, `pumt`mjb ` i` p`-rcj`j, rtcgui`mjb ggcbmls y rlj`gt`mjb um mtlprbylgtb jl ily.

T`r` qul i` jlf`mj` jl p`rcj`j pbitcg` pulj` gbmgrlt`rsl, ibsp`rtcjbs pbitcgbs sbm `gtbrls gi`vls. I`s pbscgcbmls jl lst`sbrk`mcz`gcbmls jlffmlm, erlgulmtlflmtl, ibs vbtbs jl p`ri`flm-t`rcbs y p`ri`flmt`rc`s. Ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs sbm, `jlfs, ibsqul gbibg`m ` i`s plrsbm`s lm ibs lsp`gcbs jl pbjlr phicgb1 su

g`p`gcj`j jl `micscs, jlh`tl y ebrf`gcm puljl cfpuis`r b mbibs flg`mcsfbs qul lst`hilzg`m i` bhick`tbrclj`j jl i` rlprl-slmt`gcm pbitcg` p`rct`rc` lmtrl nbfhrls y fuolrls. I` pbschc-icj`j jl qul sl`m cfpuisbrls jl i` ckuìj`j tclml rli`gcm gbmi` lxcstlmgc` jl um` f`s` grtcg` suffgclmtl jl fuolrls lm lst`sbrk`mcz`gcbmls? sc lii`s mb lstm, jcegciflmtl pulj` `glilr`rslli prbglsb.

Lm lstl f`rgb, sl tbrm` cfpbrt`mtl gbmbglr i` sctu`gcm jl i`sfuolrls lm ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs. Lstl f`tlrcì prltlmjl hrcmj`rcmebrf`gcm ì rlsplgtb. Li jbguflmtb rlìcz` um hrlvl rlgbrrc-jb lsqulftcgb pbr i` ncstbrc` jl i`s brk`mcz`gcbmls pbitcg`slm T`r`ku`y y pbr i` prlslmgc` jl fuolrls lm ibs fcsfbs, p`r`

jltlmlrsl iulkb lm i` cmebrf`gcm `gtuì sbhrl i` p`rtcgcp`gcmelflmcm`. Ibs j`tbs sbhrl lst` p`rtcgcp`gcm eulrbm bhtlmcjbslm um prbglsb jl hsqulj` qul `h`rg i` gbmsuit` ` i` pkcm`wlh jli Zrchumì Wuplrcbr jl Oustcgc` Lilgtbrì (ZWOL), i` rlvc-scm jl i`s pkcm`s wlhs jl ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs, `s gbfb i`sbicgctuj jcrlgt` jl cmebrf`gcm ` tr`vs jl mbt`s y i` gbfumc-g`gcm plrsbmì gbm jcrlgtcvbs/`s jl g`j` umb jl ibs vlcmtcscltlp`rtcjbs rlgbmbgcjbs pbr li ZWOL. Mb eul pbschil bhtlmlr ibsj`tbs gbfpiltbs jl tbjbs liibs. Cmgiusb eul cfpbschil gbmt`gt`r

gbm rlprlslmt`mtls jl ìkumbs jl ibs qul ffkur`m lm li icst`jbjli ZWOL. Wcm lfh`rkb, i` cmebrf`gcm bhtlmcj` jl jbgl p`rtcjbspbitcgbs, lmtrl ibs qul sl lmgulmtr`m ibs jbs f`ybrct`rcbs, y v`-rcbs jl ibs trlgl qul bhtuvclrbm rlprlslmt`gcm p`ri`flmt`rc`,hrcmj` um p`mbr`f` sbhrl i` sctu`gcm jl i`s fuolrls lm i`s ls-trugtur`s p`rtcj`rc`s.

Lsplr`fbs qul li f`tlrcì scrv` p`r` li `micscs jl i` sctu`gcmjl ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs gbm rli`gcm ` i` p`rtcgcp`gcm pbitcg`jl i`s fuolrls y qul klmlrl li cmtlrs jl ibs brk`mcsfbs rlspbm-s`hils lm li f`mtlmcfclmtb jl um` h`sl jl j`tbs qul plrfct` lifbmctbrlb jl i`s lstrugtur`s y li `ggcbm`r jl ibs p`rtcjbs pbi-tcgbs p`r`ku`ybs, `s gbfb jl i` prlslmgc` jl i`s fuolrls lmlst`s cmst`mgc`s gi`vls p`r` i` jlfbgr`gc`.


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Lfplz`mjb Pu sbmibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs2

I` lxcstlmgc` jl ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs j`t` jli sckib ^C^, gu`mjblm Lurbp` sl prbjugl li p`sb jl ibs lst`jbs elujìls ` rlphic-g`s. Jl `gulrjb ` Juvlrklr0, ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs sbm ibs lsp`-gcbs ` tr`vs jl ibs guìls ibs slgtbrls pbpui`rls sl brk`mcz`-rbm p`r` jcsput`r li pbjlr pbitcgb y `g`h`r gbm ibs prcvcilkcbsjl s`mkrl, ls jlgcr, gbm i` tr`sfcscm jli pbjlr nlrljct`rcb. Zìy gbfb cmjcg`h` li ùtbr, ncstrcg`flmtl, ibs p`rtcjbs m`glmgu`mjb i`s f`s`s pbpui`rls n`m gbflmz`jb ` lmtr`r rlìflmtl

lm i` vcj` pbitcg`? n`m ebrf`jb li f`rgb mlgls`rcb qul ils plr-fctl rlgiut`r lm s fcsf`s ` sus prbpc`s ictls 8.

I`s jlffmcgcbmls n`m scjb fugn`s ` ib i`rkb jl i` ncstbrc` plrb,hscg`flmtl, tbj`s lii`s gbcmgcjlm lm qul ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbssl gbmstctuylm gbm plrsbm`s qul prbels`m i` fcsf` jbgtrcm`pbitcg`7 b sl brk`mcz`m ìrljljbr jl gbcmgcjlmgc`s jbgtrcm`-rc`s, cjlbikcg`s b tlrrctbrcìls, gbm lstrugtur`s p`rtcgui`rls, ytclmlm gbfb ffm i` gbmqucst` y li lolrgcgcb jli pbjlr pbitcgb:.

0 Fùrcgl Juvlrklr, (03>;.



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Li sckuclmtl gu`jrb rlsufl ìkumbs jl ibs `gbmtlgcfclmtbs pb-itcgbs cfpbrt`mtls jl i` ncstbrc` p`r`ku`y`, `s gbfb ibs prlsc-jlmtls qul jcrckclrbm li p`s.

Nlgnbs pbitcgbs y Trlscjlmtls jlsjl i` pbskulrr` jl i` Zrcpil @ic`mz`

@b/s

0>;4 ` 0>>5

0>>;

0>>; ` 034:

Nlgnbs y sctu`gcbmls pbitcg`s

Bgup`gcm hr`scilr`. Zrcumvcr`tbs.Trlscjlmgc` jl Hlrm`rjcmb G`hìilrb.

Wl eumj`m li Glmtrb Jlfbgrtcgb(T`rtcjb Ichlrì) y i` @sbgc`gcmM`gcbmì Xlpuhicg`m` b T`rtcjbGbibr`jb.

Tlrcbjb gbibr`jb.Zrls prlscjlmtls jlrrbg`jbs, umb`slscm`jb.

Trlscjlmtls

E`gumjb F`gn`mGcrcib @mtbmcb Xcv`rbi`Wìv`jbr Obvlii`mbsOu`m Hùtcst` Kcii

T`trcgcb Lsgbh`rOu`m Kuìhlrtb KbmzilzF`rgbs FbrmckbOu`m H. Lkusqucz`

Nckcmcb \rc`rtlGmjcjb H`rlcrbHlrm`rjcmb G`hìilrb

Lfcicb @glvì@mjrs G`rvìibOu`m Lsgurr`


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TBIZCG@JLI@WF\OLXLWLMT

@X@K\@S

@b/s

034: ` 0375

037; ` 03:4

03:;-03

033


Kbipl jl Lst`jb. Tlrcbjb ichlrì.

Trlscjlmgc`s ichlrìls.

Xlvbiugcm jli :;. Tlrcbjb gbibr`jb.

Xlvbiugcm jl Elhrlrb.

Jcgt`jur`

Kbipl jl Lst`jb. Jcgt`jur` fcict`rgbibr`j`.

Trlscjlmtls

Ou`m H. K`bm`Glgcicb HlzHlmckmb Elrrlcr`

Lfcic`mb Kbmzilz M`vlrbF`muli Kbmjr`@ihcmb O`rÌchlr`tb Xbo`sTljrb T. Tl`Lfcic`mb Kbmzilz M`vlrbLju`rjb Wgn`lrlrF`muli Er`mgb

Eicx T`cv`

Nckcmcb Fbrmckb

Zbfs Xbflrb Tlrlcr`@ierljb Wtrblssmlr

Ou`m F`muli ErutbsM`tìcgcb Kbmzilz

Xè`li Er`mgb

Obs FbmtlrbF`muli KbmjrÈicx T`cv`

Luslhcb @yì`Lickcb @yìÌucs @. Xc`rtLickcb @yìÒbs T. Kukkc`rcLfcic`mb Kbmzilz M`vlrbLuslhcb @yì`

Obs Eicx Lstck`rrchc`

X`cfumjb XbimElicpl Fbi`s IplzEljlrcgb Gnvlz


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` 8408

80 jl `hrci jl

8407

88 jl oumcb jl8408 ` 0< jl`kbstb jl 8407

03>3 ` 844>


Jlrrbt` jli T`rtcjb Gbibr`jb lmlilggcbmls.

T`rtcjb Gbibr`jb k`m` i`s lilggcbmls.

Kbipl jl Lst`jb p`ri`flmt`rcb.@sufl li vcglprlscjlmtl.

Kbipl jl Lst`jb.Trlscjlmgc`s gbibr`j`s.

Trlscjlmtls

Elrm`mjb Iukb

Nbr`gcb G`rtls

Eljlrcgb Er`mgb

@mjrs XbjrkulzOu`m G`ribs [`sfbsy

X`ui Guh`s Kr`uIucs Kbmzilz F`gncMcg`mbr Ju`rtl Erutbs

Li`hbr`gcm prbpc`, gbm cmebrf`gcm bhtlmcj` jl? Zlilsg`, Ckm`gcb 8404 (Gbbrj.) Ncstbrc` jli T`r`ku`y. @sumgcm? W`mtcii`m`.



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T`rtcjbs y fbvcfclmtbspbitcgbs N`y jcelrlmgc`s2

Li brjlm`fclmtb ourjcgb `gtuì jli T`r`ku`y lst`hil-gl qul i`s brk`mcz`gcbmls pbitcg`s m`gcbmìls puljlm`jbpt`r i` ffkur` jl p`rtcjb pbitcgb b jl fbvcfclmtb pb-itcgb. Lm `fhbs g`sbs, p`r` li rlgbmbgcfclmtb ebrfìsl rlquclrl um mflrb jl `ffic`jbs/`s b prbpbmlmtlslqucvìlmtl ì 4,7:/35

@ ibs lelgtbs jl su rlgbmbgcfclmtb, li p`rtcjb pbitcgb lm ebrf`-gcm jlhlr prlslmt`r ì Zrchumì Lilgtbrì jl i` G`pctì, pbr cm-tlrfljcb jl sus rlprlslmt`mtls, lm li pi`zb fxcfb jl jbs `bsjlsjl i` ùtbrcz`gcm flmgcbm`j` lm li `rtguib 0>, i` sbicgctujrlsplgtcv` gbm ibs sckuclmtls rlgùjbs.

`) @gt` jl eumj`gcm jli p`rtcjb pbitcgb, pbr lsgrctur` phicg`1h) Jlgi`r gcm jl prcmgcpcbs1g) Lst`tutbs1

j) Mbfhrls, scki`s, ilf`s, gbibrls, lfhilf`s, jcstcmtcvbs y sf-hbibs p`rtcj`rcbs1

l) Mfcm` jl i` jcrlgtcv` gbm i` cmjcg`gcm jli mflrb jl cms-grcpgcm lm li Xlkcstrb Gvcgb Tlrf`mlmtl1

e) Xlkcstrb jl `ffic`jbs guyb mflrb mb sl` cmelrcbr ì 4,


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Wc hclm `fhbs tclmlm prgtcg`flmtl ibs fcsfbs rlqucsctbs p`r`su gbmebrf`gcm, li g`rgtlr jl p`rtcjb pbitcgb sl `jquclrl gbm`ffic`gcbmls fclmtr`s qul li jl fbvcfclmtb pbitcgb sl bhtclmlgbm prbpbmlmtls, ffkur` qul mb klmlr` um` vcmgui`gcm plrf`-mlmtl. I` btr` jcelrlmgc` cfpbrt`mtl ls qul ibs fbvcfclmtbs pb-itcgbs tclmlm um` vcj` leflr`, puls jls`p`rlglm ourjcg`flmtlì tlrfcm`r i` lilggcm p`r` i` guì sl gbmebrf`rbm.

Jcelrlmgc`s lmtrl p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs y fbvcfclmtbs pbitcgbs

@jnlrlmgc` p`r`gbmebrf`gcm

Zlfpbrìcj`j

T`rtcjbs pbitcgbs

@ffic`gcbmls. Puclm susgrchl i` `ffic`gcmpclrjl guìquclr `ffic`gcm prlvc`.

Zclmlm g`rgtlr plrf`mlmtl. Tclrjlmsu plrsbmlr` sc lm jbs lilggcbmlsgbmslgutcv`s mb ìg`mz`m li 0% jl ibsvbtbs lfctcjbs.

Fbvcfclmtbs pbitcgbs

Trbpbmlmtls. Puclm ffrf` gbfbprbpbmlmtl mb pclrjl su `ffic`gcm, sc lsqul i` tclml.

Zclmlm g`rgtlr tlfpbrì. Wu lxcstlmgc``g`h` pbstlrcbrflmtl ` i` lilggcm p`rì` guì sl gbmebrf.

Z fhcm puljlm gbmebrf`rsl fbvcfclmtbs pbitcgbs rlkcbmìls bibgìls, plrb mb p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs jl lst`s g`r`gtlrstcg`s. T`rì` gbmstctugcm jl fbvcfclmtbs pbitcgbs ibgìls, sl rlquclrl um`g`mtcj`j jl prbpbmlmtls ckuì ì 4,


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G@MJCJ@Z\X@W JL FBUCFCLMZBW TBIZCGBW

@rtguib >< jli Gjckb Lilgtbrì. Ily >7:/35

Zbjbs ibs gcuj`j`mbs ilkìflmtl n`hcict`jbs tclmlm li jlrlgnb prlslmt`rsl gbfb g`mjcj`tbs jl fbvcfclmtbs pbitcgbs, p`r` ibsjcstcmtbs g`rkbs lilgtcvbs m`gcbmìls, jlp`rt`flmtìls b fumc-gcpìls, mbfcmìls y piurcplrsbmìls.

@rtguib >5 jli Gjckb Lilgtbrì. Ily >7:/35

I`s plrsbm`s qul jlsllm n`glrib jlhlrm òust`rsl ` i`s sc-

kuclmtls prlsgrcpgcbmls?

`) Mb n`hlr p`rtcgcp`jb gbfb pbstui`mtl lm lilggcbmls p`rtcj`-rc`s gbmglrmclmtls ì g`rkb lm gulstcm1

h) Mb cmtlkr`r b n`hlr cmtlkr`jb g`rkbs jcrlgtcvbs lm ibs p`rtc-jbs pbitcgbs lm ibs itcfbs jbs `bs1

g) Wlr p`trbgcm`jb pbr lilgtbrls lm mflrb mb flmbr ì 4,


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0. @sbgc`gcm M`gcbmì Xlpuhicg`m` (@MX)8. T`rtcjb Hi`mgb (TH)7. T`rtcjb Gbfumcst` T`r`ku`yb (TGT):. T`rtcjb Gbmvlrklmgc` Tbpui`r Wbgcìcst` (TGTW). T`rtcjb jli Fbvcfclmtb i Wbgcìcsfb (TF@W)

3. T`rtcjb jli Fbvcfclmtb T`trctcgb Tbpui`r (TFTT)04. T`rtcjb jl ibs Zr`hò`jbrls (TZ)00. T`rtcjb Jlfgr`t` Grcstc`mb (TJG)08. T`rtcjb Jlfbgrtcgb Trbkrlscst` (TJT)07. T`rtcjb Lmgulmtrb M`gcbmì (TLM)

Eulmtl? j`tbs jli Zrchumì Wuplrcbr jl Oustcgc` Lilgtbrì, prbvljbs i Glmtrb jl Jbguflmt`gcm y Lstujcbs (GJL).

0:. T`rtcjb Erlmtl @fpicb (TE@)0. T`rtcjb Ichlrì X`jcgì @utmtcgb (TIX@)03. T`rtcjb T`s Wbicj`rcb (TTW)84. T`rtcjb T`trc` Ichrl (TTI)80. T`rtcjb T`trc` Pulrcj` (TTP)

88. T`rtcjb Tbpui`r Zlabobo` (TTZ)87. T`rtcjb Xlvbiugcbm`rcb Elhrlrcst` (TXE)8:. T`rtcjb Wbgcì Jlfgr`t` (TWJ)8


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Jl ibs p`rtcjbs rlgbmbgcjbs pbr li ZWOL, trlgl gulmt`m gbm rl-prlslmt`gcm p`ri`flmt`rc`. \mb li TTP ibkr um` jcput`j`qul, pbstlrcbrflmtl, rlmumgc ` i` `krup`gcm pbitcg`. @scfcs-fb, tì y gbfb y` sl flmgcbm, li Fbvcfclmtb 84 jl @hrci sl prl-slmt lm li f`rgb jl um` gbmglrt`gcm y k`m um` h`mg`.

Nuhb jbs gbmglrt`gcbmls qul pukm`rbm pbr lsg`bs lm li Wlm`-jb y lm i` Gf`r` jl Jcput`jbs? i` Gbmglrt`gcm Erlmtl Ku`su yi` Gbmglrt`gcm @v`mz` T`s.

Li Erlmtl Ku`su lstuvb gbmebrf`jb pbr scltl brk`mcz`gcbmls pb-itcg`s, y gu`trb jl i`s qul ib cmtlkr`h`m bhtuvclrbm rlprlslmt`-gcm p`ri`flmt`rc`? li T`rtcjb Gbmvlrklmgc` Tbpui`r Wbgcìcst`,li T`rtcjb jl i` T`rtcgcp`gcm Gcuj`j`m`, li T`rtcjb T`s Wbicj`-

rcb y li T`rtcjb Tbpui`r Zlabobo`. G`hl rlsìt`r qul quclm lmg`-hlz i` icst` jl lst` gbmglrt`gcm eul li lxprlscjlmtl Elrm`mjbIukb, quclm sc hclm lst `ffic`jb ì T`rtcjb Jlfgr`t` Grcstc`mb,mb eul prlslmt`jb pbr lstl p`rtcjb, puls li fcsfb `pby btr`gbmglrt`gcm. I` gbìcgcm bhtuvb gcmgb rlprlslmt`mtls lm liWlm`jb y um rlprlslmt`mtl lm i` Gf`r` jl Jcput`jbs.

Tbr su p`rtl, i` gbmglrt`gcm @v`mz` T`s lstuvb gbmebrf`j`pbr slcs brk`mcz`gcbmls pbitcg`s y trls jl i`s fcsf`s bhtuvclrbmrlprlslmt`gcm lm li T`ri`flmtb? li Fbvcfclmtb 84 jl @hrci y liT`rtcjb Xlvbiugcbm`rcb Elhrlrcst`, gbm um rlprlslmt`mtl lm liWlm`jb g`j` umb, y li T`rtcjb jli Fbvcfclmtb ì Wbgcìcsfb gbm

jbs rlprlslmt`mtls `mtl i` Gf`r` jl Jcput`jbs. Lst` gbmglrt`-gcm bhtuvb um tbtì jl gu`trb h`mg`s.

Li T`rtcjb T`trc` Pulrcj` `ggljc ` um` h`mg` lm i` Gf`r` jlJcput`jbs plrb, gbfb y` eul flmgcbm`jb, i` rlprlslmt`mtl um`fuolr rlmumgc ì p`rtcjb y sl lmgulmtr` lm prbglsb jl gbmebr-f`gcm jl um fbvcfclmtb cmjlplmjclmtl.


13/32

T`rtcjb

0. @sbgc`gcm M`gcbmì Xlpuhicg`m` (@MX)

8. T`rtcjb Gbmvlrklmgc` Tbpui`r Wbgcìcst` (TGTW)

7. T`rtcjb Jlfbgrtcgb Trbkrlscst` (TJT)

:. T`rtcjb Lmgulmtrb M`gcbmì (TLM)

. T`rtcjb jl i` T rtcgcp gcm Gcuj`j`m (TTG)

3. T`rtcjb T`trc` Pulrcj` (TTP)

Xlprlslmt`gcm p`ri`flmt`rc`

Gf`r` jl Jcput`jbs? :< (< fuolrls y :4 nbfhrls), jl >4 rlprlslmt`mtls.Gf`r` jl Wlm`jbrls? 03 (7 fuolrls y 05 nbfhrls), jl :< rlprlslmt`mtls.

Gf`r` jl Wlm`jbrls? 0 nbfhrl, jl :< rlprlslmt`mtls, pbr i` gbmglrt`gcm Erlmtl Ku`su.

Gf`r` jl Wlm`jbrls? 7 (0 fuolr y 8 nbfhrls), jl :< rlprlslmt`mtls.

Gf`r` jl Jcput`jbs? 8 nbfhrls, jl >4 rlprlslmt`mtls.

Gf`r` jl Wlm`jbrls? 0 nbfhrl, jl :< rlprlslmt`mtls.

Gf`r` jl Jcput`jbs? 8; (7 fuolrls y 8: nbfhrls), jl >4 rlprlslmt`mtls.Gf`r` jl Wlm`jbrls? 07 (: fuolrls y 3 nbfhrls), jl :< rlprlslmt`mtls.

Gf`r` jl Jcput`jbs? 8 fuolrls, jl >4 rlprlslmt`mtls pbr i` gbmglrt`gcm @v`mz` T`s.


Gf`r` jl Wlm`jbrls? 0 fuolr, jl :< rlprlslmt`mtls, pbr i` gbmglrt`gcm Erlmtl Ku`su.

Gf`r` jl Jcput`jbs? 0 fuolr, jl >4 rlprlslmt`mtls. Xlmumgc ì TTP.

I` sckuclmtl t`hi` rlsufl i` rlprlslmt`gcm p`ri`flmt`rc` jlg`j` um` jl i`s `krup`gcbmls pbitcg`s qul `ggljclrbm ` h`m-g`s lm i`s lilggcbmls jli 80 jl `hrci jl 8407.



14/32

T`rtcjb

Eulmtl? li`hbr`gcm prbpc`.

04. T`rtcjb Tbpui`r Zlabobo` (TTZ)

00. T`rtcjb Xlvbiugcbm`rcb Elhrlrcst` (TXE)

08. T`rtcjb \mcm M`gcbm i jl Gcuj`j`mbs tcgbs (T\M@GL)

07. T`rtcjb jl i` \mcj`j Tbpui`r (T\T)

0:. Fbvcfclmtb 84 jl @hrci (F84)

Xlprlslmt`gcm p`ri`flmt`rc`


Gf`r` jl Wlm`jbrls? 0 nbfhrl, jl :< rlprlslmt`mtls, pbr i` bmglrt`gcm @v`mz` T`s.

Gf`r` jl Wlm`jbrls? 8 nbfhrls, jl :< rlprlslmt`mtls.

Gf`r` jl Jcput`jbs? 0 nbfhrl, jl >4 rlprlslmt`mtls, pbr i` gbmglrt`gcm Erlmtl Ku`su.

Gf`r` jl Wlm`jbrls? 0 nbfhrl, jl :< rlprlslmt`mtls, pbr i` gbmglrt`gcm @v`mz` T`s.


15/32

07

T@XZCJBWTBIZCGBWST

@XZCGCT@GCM

TBIZCG@JLI@WF\OLXLWLM

T@X@K\@S

I`s fljcj`s jl cfpuisb` i` p`rtcgcp`gcm pbitcg`

jl i`s fuolrlsJlsjl cmcgcbs jli sckib ^^ lfplz`rbm i`s jlf`mj`s pbr li jl-rlgnb ì vbtb jl i`s fuolrls. Lm 0303 sl prlslmt li prcflr prb-ylgtb jl ily qul husg rlgbmbglr li jlrlgnb ì suer`kcb p`rì`s fuolrls p`r`ku`y`s. Wcm lfh`rkb, rlgcm lm 0350 pujb `prb-h`rsl i` ily qul ib gbms`kr. Lm i`s lilggcbmls qul sl rlìcz`-rbm cmfljc`t`flmtl jlspus, jbs fuolrls `ggljclrbm ` h`mg`s

p`ri`flmt`rc`s.

Li jlrlgnb jl i`s fuolrls ` kbhlrm`r eul rlgi`f`jb sbstlmcj`-flmtl ` p`rtcr jl i` jg`j` jl ibs 34, gbm prbpulst`s jl cmgbr-pbr`gcm lm li Gjckb Lilgtbrì jl i` jlmbfcm`j` gubt`. @ p`rtcrjl 0330, ibs p`rtcjbs lfplz`rbm ` cmgbrpbr`r i`s gubt`s lm suslst`tutbs1 i` @MX eul li prcflr p`rtcjb pbitcgb lm n`glrib. Lm0335 eul `prbh`j` i` mulv` ily lilgtbrì, jbmjl sl cmtrbjuob i`gubt` gbm um pbrglmtòl jli 84%.

Lm li b 840


16/32

0:

T@XZCJBWTBIZCGBWST

@XZCGCT@GCM


T@X@K\@S

T`rtcjb T`rtcjb

@MX

TJO

TTG

T\T

TFTT

TZ

TJG

TJT

TLM

Tbrglmt`ollst`hilgcjb

Tbrglmt`ollst`hilgcjb

77%

7


17/32

0



T@X@K\@S

TTZ @rtguib ;0. T`r` i` cmtlkr`gcm jl rk`mbs gb-ilkc`jbs jli p`rtcjb y jl i`s icst`s piurcplrsb-mìls, sl tlmjr lm gulmt` um` gubt` jl p`rtc-gcp`gcm elflmcm` mb flmbr jli 84%. @jlfssl husg`r i` pilm` cmtlkr`gcm y p`rtcgcp`gcm

jl i` fuolr lm ckuìj`j jl gbmjcgcbmls y scmjcsgrcfcm`gcbmls lm i`s t`rl`s jli p`rtcjb.

TXE @rt. ;3. Lm i`s icst`s piurcplrsbmìls p`r` g`r-kbs lilgtcvbs sl prbfbvlr i` p`rtcgcp`gcm jlfuolrls lm um


21/32

03



T@X@K\@S

Lm li `b 8447 eul prlslmt`jb li prcflr prbylgtb jl ily jl p`-rcj`j. \m` jl i`s brk`mcz`gcbmls qul rlìcz lst` prlslmt`gcmeul i` Gbfcscm Cmtlrp`rtcj`rc` jl Fuolrls (GCFT@X), qul `kru-p` ` fuolrls qul fcict`m lm jcelrlmtls p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs.

Btr` fljcj` cfpbrt`mtl p`r` li `pbyb ` i` p`rtcgcp`gcm pbitc-g` jl i`s fuolrls lm ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs ls i` lxcstlmgc` jllsp`gcbs qul sl bgup`m jl prbfbvlr lstl tlf`, gbfb sbm i`sslgrlt`r`s b jlp`rt`flmtbs jl kmlrb, jl i` fuolr b jl i` ckuì-

j`j. G`tbrgl jl ibs p`rtcjbs gbm plrsbmlr` ourjcg` tclmlm lstbslsp`gcbs, sc hclm mb ls pbschil ffrf`r qul tbjbs liibs sl bgup`mlelgtcv`flmtl jl i` ckuìj`j jl kmlrb.

@sbgc`gcm M`gcbmì Xlpuhicg`m` (@MX)T`rtcjb jl i` Ouvlmtuj (TJO)

T`rtcjb jl i` T`rtcgcp`gcm Gcuj`j`m` (TTG)T`rtcjb jli Fbvcfclmtb T`trctcgb Tbpui`r (TFTT)T`rtcjb jl ibs Zr`h o`jbrls (TZ)T`rtcjb Jlfbgrtcgb Trbkrlscst` (TJT)T`rtcjb Lmgulmtrb M`gcbmì (TLM)T`rtcjb Erlmtl @fpicb (TE@)T`rtcjb Ichlrì (TI)T`rtcjb Ichlrì X`jcgì @utmtcgb (TIX@)T`rtcjb T`s Wbicj`rcb (TTW)

T`rtcjb T`trc` Pulrcj` (TTP)T`rtcjb Xlvbiugcbm`rcb Elhrlrcst` (TXE)T`rtcjb \mcm M`gcbmì jl Gcuj`j`mbs tcgbs (T\M@GL)

T`rtcjbs qul gulmt`m gbm brk`mcsfbsjl i` fuolr b jl kmlrb

Eulmtl? _uh Glmtlmb, F`rglii` (840:). Jc`kmstcgb? I` p`rtcgcp`gcm pbitcg` lilgtbrì jl i`sfuolrls lm T`r`ku`y. Jbguflmtb lm li`hbr`gcm. BM\ Fuolrls T`r`ku`y.


22/32

84



T@X@K\@S

Ibs icjlr`zkbs jl i`s fuolrlslm ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs

Ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs p`r`ku`ybs tuvclrbm icjlr`zkbs g`sc lxgiu-scv`flmtl f`sguicmbs n`st` i` jg`j` jl ibs 34. Wcm lfh`rkb,rlsìt`m ìkumbs mbfhrls jl fuolrls lm ibs p`rtcjbs tr`jcgcb-mìls jur`mtl i`s jg`j`s jl ibs ;4 y >4. Lm li T`rtcjb Gbibr`jb,Jbibrls jl Fcb y Hclmvlmcj` jl Wmgnlz eulrbm i`s prcflr`sfuolrls lm `ggljlr ì T`ri`flmtb M`gcbmì lm 0357. Lm li T`r-tcjb Ichlrì, qul sl tr`msebrf iulkb lm li T`rtcjb Ichlrì X`-jcgì @utmtcgb, sbhrlsìlm ibs mbfhrls jl G`rflm G`sgb jlI`r` G`strb y Ickc` Trcltb jl Glmturcm, `fh`s jl rlgbmbgcj`

fcict`mgc` gbmtr` i` jcgt`jur` jl @ierljb Wtrblssmlr, t`mtb gbfbfcict`mtls p`rtcj`rc`s gbfb pbr su iugn` lm li g`fpb jl ibs jl-rlgnbs nuf`mbs.

I` p`rtcgcp`gcm pbitcg` jl fuolrls lm p`rtcjbs prbsgrctbs gbfbli T`rtcjb Gbfumcst` eul lxtlmjcj` jur`mtl i` jcgt`jur` strbmcs-t`, ùmqul ls` p`rtcgcp`gcm pujclr` cfpicg`r i` grgli, tbrtur`sb i` fulrtl. Lst`s fuolrls suerclrbm i` plrslgugcm y li lms``-fclmtb, `s gbfb btr`s fuolrls fcict`mtls jl czquclrj`.

@ p`rtcr jl 03>3, gu`mjb sl cmcgc` li prbglsb jl tr`mscgcm ` i`jlfbgr`gc`, fs fuolrls lfplz`rbm ` slr g`mjcj`t`j`s pbribs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs p`r` g`rkbs jl lilggcm pbpui`r, plrb gbm

rli`gcm ì icjlr`zkb lm ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs, rlgcm ` p`rtcr jlffmìls jl ibs `bs mbvlmt` nuhb fuolrls qul `ggljclrbm ` i`prlscjlmgc` jl ibs fcsfbs.

@ikumbs nctbs lm i` p`rtcgcp`gcm pbitcg` jl i`s fuolrls

0383Wl prlslmt` ì

T`ri`flmtb liprcflr prbylgtb jllqucp`r`gcm jl ibsjlrlgnbs pbitcgbs jli`s fuolrls

0350Bhtlmgcm jli

jlrlgnb ì vbtbelflmcmb

0357Jbs fuolrls cmkrls`m

ì T`ri`flmtb pbrprcflr` vlz

0335Cmgbrpbr`gcm lm li

Gjckb Lilgtbrì jli` gubt` bhick`tbrc`jl p`rtcgcp`gcmjl fuolrls lm i`sicst`s jl ibs p`rtcjbspbitcgbs

8447Wl prlslmt` li

prcflr prbylgtb jlily jl p`rcj`j lm liT`ri`flmtb M`gcbmì



23/32

80

T@XZCJBWTBIZCGBWS

T@XZCGCT@GCM


T@X@K\@S

I`s fuolrls lm ibsp`jrbmls p`rtcj`rcbs

Li`hbr`gcm prbpc`. Eulmtl? j`tbs prbvljbs pbr ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs p`r` lstl rlilv`fclmtb.

T`rtcjb Zbtì Nbfhrls % NbfhrlsFuolrls % Fuolrls

@sbgc`gcm M`gcbmì Xlpuhicg`m` (T`rtcjb Gbibr`jb)

T`rtcjb T`rtcgcp`gcm Gcuj`j`m` (TTG)

T`rtcjb Jlfbgrtcgb Trbkrlscst` (TJT)

T`rtcjb Lmgulmtrb M`gcbmì (TLM)

T`rtcjb Ichlrì X`jcgì @utmtcgb (TIX@)

T`rtcjb Tbpui`r Zlabobo (TTZ)

T`rtcjb \mcm M`gcbmì jl Gcuj`j`mbs tcgbs (T\M@GL)

Tbrglmtòls prbfljcbs

0.3>3.:05

0:.>05

0.>::

80.380

0.074.87

504.884

>747

8

08.787

0>4.444

:>,%

%

:%

::,;8%

:5,44%

:3,38%

:0,>5%

:;%


24/32

88

T@XZCJBWTBIZCGBWS

T@XZCGCT@GCM


T@X@K\@S

Mbfhrl

@jìcm` Kutcrrlz

@f`mj` Mulz

@ih` Lspmbi`

T`rtcjb Jlfgr`t` Grcstc`mb (TJG)



033>-8444

8443 -8404

8400-8407

Trlscjlmt`s jl p`rtcjbs lmtrl 033> y 8407*

T`rtcjb Tlrcbjb

I`s prlscjlmt`s jl ibsp`rtcjbs pbitcgbs

Li T`rtcjb Jlfgr`t` Grcstc`mb eul li prcflr p`rtcjb pbitcgb lmgbibg`r ` um` fuolr lm i` prlscjlmgc`, gu`mjb @jìcm` Kutcrrlz`sufc lsl rbi lm 033>. Lstl p`rtcjb vbivc ` tlmlr um` fuolr prl-scjlmt` lm li plrcbjb 8400-8407, `s gbfb lm li plrcbjb 8407-840 i` prlscjlmgc` cmtlrcm` jl i` @MX y iulkb eul lilgt` pbr vbt`gcm jl lslp`rtcjb lm li b 8400. Lolrgl i` prlscjlmgc` n`st` i` elgn` jl lst` puhicg`gcm, pbr ib qul sl gbibg` su mbfhrllm li icst`jb jl prlscjlmt`s gtuìls.


25/32

87

T@XZCJBWTBIZCGBWS

T@XZCGCT@GCM


T@X@K\@S

Lm li `b 840:, mulvl jl ibs vlcmtcscltl p`rtcjbspbitcgbs rlkcstr`jbs `mtl li ZWOL fuy jcelrlmtlslmtrl s lm gu`mtb ` lmvlrk`jur` y pbscgcbmls pbi-tcg`s tclmlm prlscjlmt`s fuolrls, gbfb sl rlsl`lm i` t`hi` sckuclmtl?

Mbfhrl

Icic`m W`f`mclkb

Xbgb G`sgb

Obslffm` Ju`rtl

Hi`mg` Xbflrb

Jlscrll F`sc

@j` Xbhils

Wbe` Licbjbr` Cs`sc

Xbs` U`gnltt`

Kibrc` H`rlcrb

@sbgc`gcm M`gcbmì Xlpuhicg`m` (@MX)

T`rtcjb jli Fbvcfclmtb ì Wbgcìcsfb (TF@W)

T`rtcjb Xlvbiugcbm`rcb Elhrlrcst` (TXE)


T`rtcjb Jlfbgrtcgb Tbpui`r (TJT)

T`rtcjb jl i` T`rtcgcp`gcm Gcuj`j`m` (TTG)

T`rtcjb Wbgcìcst` Jlfbgrtcgb Nlrljlrbs (TWJN)

T`rtcjb Cmjlplmjclmtl lm @ggcm (TC@)

T`rtcjb jl ibs Zr`hò`jbrls (TZ)

Trlscjlmt`s jl p`rtcjbs lm i` `gtuìcj`j (840:)

T`rtcjb

Eulmtl? li`hbr`gcm prbpc` gbm j`tbs jli ZWOL.

www pbrtìku`r`mc gbf


26/32

8:

T@XZCJBWTBIZCGBWS

T@XZCGCT@GCM


T@X@K\@S

I`s fuolrls lm i`s jcrlgtcv`sjl ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs

Lm li prbglsb jl rlilv`fclmtb sl bhtuvclrbm j`tbs jl jbgl p`rtc-jbs sbhrl i` cmtlkr`gcm jls`krlk`j` pbr slxb jl sus cmst`mgc`sjl jlgcscm, sc hclm mb tbjbs lstbs p`rtcjbs prbvlylrbm cmebrf`-gcm gbfpilt`. @s, sbhrl i` cmtlkr`gcm jl sus fxcf`s cmst`m-gc`s jl jlgcscm gbfb `s`fhil`s, gbmvlmgcbmls b gbmkrlsbssl bhtuvclrbm j`tbs jl bgnb p`rtcjbs. Tuljl bhslrv`rsl qul liprbfljcb jl p`rtcgcp`gcm jl fuolrls lm lst`s cmst`mgc`s ls jli70%


27/32

8%.

T`rtcjb Nbfhrls

@sbgc`gcm M`gcbmì Xlpuhicg`m`

T`rtcjb Gbmvlrklmgc` Tbpui`r Wbgcìcst`

T`rtcjb jl i` Ouvlmtuj

T`rtcjb jl i` T`rtcgcp`gcm Gcuj`j`m`

T`rtcjb jl i` \mcj`j Tbpui`r

T`rtcjb jli Fbvcfclmtb i Wbgcìcsfb

T`rtcjb jl ibs Zr`h o`jbrls

T`rtcjb Jlfbgrtcgb Trbkrlscst`

T`rtcjb Lmgulmtrb M`gcbmì

T`rtcjb Ichlrì X`jcgì @utmtcgb

T`rtcjb Tbpui`r Zlabobo`

T rtcjb \mcm M`gcbm i jl Gcuj`j`mbs Ltcgbs

Trbfljcb

00%

70%

7>%

::%

4%

:8%

70%

78%

88%

8%

>3%

53%

57%

%

;>%

;


28/32

85

T@XZCJBWTBIZCGBWS

T@XZCGCT@GCM


T@X@K\@S

G`mjcj`tur`s jl fuolrls lm rlprlslmt`gcmjl ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs

Lm i`s jbs itcf`s lilggcbmls m`gcbmìls, i`s fuolrls sl prl-slmt`rbm gbfb g`mjcj`t`s lm pbrglmtòls glrg`mbs ì :4%, ù-flmt`mjb ilvlflmtl li pbrglmtòl jl i`s lilggcbmls jl 844>. Lm`qulii`s, 88 p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs, fbvcfclmtbs pbitcgbs y ìc`mz`sprlslmt`rbm g`mjcj`tur`s p`r` i`s :< h`mg`s jli Wlm`jb m`gcb-mì y li prbfljcb jl g`mjcj`tur`s jl fuolrls pbstui`j`s eul jli75%. Lm i`s lilggcbmls jl 8407 t`fhcm eulrbm 88 i`s `krup`gcb-mls pbitcg`s qul prlslmt`rbm g`mjcj`tur`s p`r` lst` Gf`r` yli pbrglmtòl jl fuolrls g`mjcj`t`s ùflmt ` :4,50%.

Li`hbr`gcm prbpc` gbm j`tbs prbvljbs pbr li ZWOL i GJL.

Gbfp`r`mjb i` g`mtcj`j jl fuolrls g`mjcj`t`j`s lm ibs p`r-tcjbs pbitcgbs qul pukm`rbm pbr cmtlkr`r li slm`jb lm `fh`slilggcbmls, ls pbschil vcsuìcz`r qul lm i` f`ybr` jl lsbs p`r-tcjbs sl n` prbjugcjb um ùflmtb lm i` prlslmgc` jl fuolrlsgbfb g`mjcj`t`s, sbhrl tbjb lm `quliibs qul n`m bhtlmcjb rl-prlslmt`gcm p`ri`flmt`rc`

Lilggcbmls

8407

Lilggcbmls

844>G`mtcj`j jl krup`gcbmls pbitcg`sgbm g`mjcj`tur`s i Wlm`jb

Tbrglmtòl prbfljcb jl fuolrlsg`mjcj`t`s tctui`rls i Wlm`jb

88

75%

88

:4,50%

U`rc`gcm jl g`mjcj`tur`s jl fuolrlsì Wlm`jb pbr p`rtcjb pbitcgb

@MX

TJT

TIX@

T\M@GL

TNT

TBXGLMZ@OLKLMLX@I

TTP

TLMTZ

T@XZCJBHI@MGB

844>

07%

8;%

70%

:3%

77%77%

83%

::% :8%::%

:3%

75%

84%

%

:4%

8407

Li`hbr`gcm prbpc` gbm j`tbs prbvljbs pbr li ZWOL i GJL.


29/32

8;

T@XZCJBWTBIZCGBWS

T@XZCGCT@GCM


T@X@K\@S

Zbtì jl h`mg`sp`ri`flmt`rc`sbhtlmcj`s

Tbrglmtòl jl fuolrlslm i` rlprlslmt`gcmp`ri`flmt`rc`

T`rtcjb G`mtcj`j jl fuolrlsp`ri`flmt`rc`s

@sbgc`gcm M`gcbmì Xlpuhicg`m` (@MX)

T`rtcjb Gbmvlrklmgc` Tbpui`r Wbgcìcst` (TGTW)

T`rtcjb jl i` T`rtcgcp`gcm Gcuj`j`m` (TTG)

T`rtcjb jli Fbvcfclmtb i Wbgcìcsfb (TF@W)

T`rtcjb Jlfbgrtcgb Trbkrlscst` (TJT)T`rtcjb Lmgulmtrb M`gcbmì (TLM)


T`rtcjb T`s Wbicj`rcb (TTW)

T`rtcjb Tbpui`r Zlabobo (TTZ)

T`rtcjb \mcm M`gcbmì jl Gcuj`j`mbs tcgbs (T\M@GL)

T`rtcjb jl i` \mcj`j Tbpui`r (T\T)

T`rtcjb T`trc` Pulrcj` (TTP)

T`rtcjb Xlvbiugcbm`rcb Elhrlrcst` (TXE)

Fbvcfclmtb 84 jl @hrci (F84@)

5:

0

0

8

77

:4

0

0

7

0

0

0

0

>

4

0

8

04

;

4

4

0

4

0

4

4

08,


30/32

8>

T@XZCJBWTBIZCGBWS

T@XZCGCT@GCM


T@X@K\@S

Li lst`hilgcfclmtb jl i` p`rcj`j lst`tut`rc`flmtl, lm ibs g`rkbscmtlrmbs y jl rlprlslmt`gcm, ls btrb `splgtb lstrugturì rlil-v`mtl, puls bhick` ` ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs ` plms`r lm i`s g`mjc-j`tur`s jl fuolrls, `s gbfb lm ibs tlf`s jl ckuìj`j.

Li pbyb lgbmfcgb i`s g`mjcj`tur`s jl fuolrls ls btrb e`gtbr

cfpbrt`mtl, qul rlquclrl jcspbscgcbmls lsplgffg`s jl jcstrchu-gcm jl rlgursbs l cmgiusb jl cmglmtcvbs lgbmfcgbs ` i` prl-slmt`gcm jl g`mjcj`tur`s jl fuolrls.

Lmtrl ibs `splgtbs guiturìls rlsìt` i` cfpbrt`mgc` jl tr`h`-o`r lm ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs gbm ibs vìbrls jl tr`msp`rlmgc` lckuìj`j. I` cmgbrpbr`gcm jl i` tr`msp`rlmgc` lm i` prgtcg`jl ibs p`rtcjbs plrfctl li slkucfclmtb jl ib qul sugljl gbm i`prlslmgc` jl fuolrls lm ibs lsp`gcbs jl jlgcscm lm ibs fcsfbs.

Li jlh`tl sbhrl i` ckuìj`j puljl prbvllr jl ibs lilflmtbs gbm-glptuìls mlgls`rcbs p`r` qul ibs p`rtcjbs `pulstlm ` i` p`rtc-gcp`gcm pbitcg` ckuìct`rc` jl i`s fuolrls.

Ls pbschil tlmlr p`rtcjbspbitcgbs qul `pulstlm `

i` ckuìj`j sust`mtcv`2I` pbschcicj`j jl qul ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs sl gbmvclrt`m lm cf-puisbrls y mb lm bhst`guicz`jbrls jl i` p`rtcgcp`gcm pbitcg`jl i`s fuolrls jlplmjl jl e`gtbrls t`mtb lstrugturìls gbfbguiturìls.

Lstrugturìflmtl, i` lxcstlmgc` jl slgrlt`r`s jl kmlrb b jl i`

fuolr lm ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs ls um lilflmtb cfpbrt`mtl p`r`qul sl `hbrjlm lsplgffg`flmtl i`s `ggcbmls mlgls`rc`s p`r`prbfbvlr i` ckuìj`j. Wcm lfh`rkb, lstbs lsp`gcbs mb sclfprlsl lmebg`m ` jcgnb bholtcvb, pbr ib qul li `pbyb p`r` gbmvlrtcr-ibs lm cmstruflmtbs jl prbfbgcm lelgtcv` jl i` ckuìj`j lm ibsp`rtcjbs pbitcgbs ls glmtrì.


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Lfplz`mjb Pu sbm ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs2

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T`rtcjbs y fbvcfclmtbs pbitcgbs N`y jcelrlmgc`s2

Ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs gbm rlgbmbgcfclmtb ilk`i

I`s fljcj`s jl cfpuisb ` i` p`rtcgcp`gcm pbitcg` jl i`s fuolrls

Ibs icjlr`zkbs jl i`s fuolrls lm ibs p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs

Ls pbschil tlmlr p`rtcjbs pbitcgbs qul `pulstlm ` i` cku`ij`j sust`mtcv`2


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PARTIDOS POLITICOS Y PARTICIPACION POLITICA - LILIAN SOTO - 2015 - CDE - PORTALGUARANI

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