Parasitologi i teori och prak0k · 2016. 11. 2. · Parasitologi i teori och prak0k Skara 21...

Parasitologiiteoriochprak0k

Skara21september2016

JohanHöglundBVF,Sek>onenförparasitologi

SverigesLantbruksuniversitet,Uppsala

Disposi0onBetesburnamaskinfek>oner

– Förekomst– Skadeverkan

– Diagnos3k– Kontroll

Idisslare

NÖTKREATUR FÅR

Parasitsläkte Löp-mage

Tunn-tarm

Grov-tarm

Lever Lunga Löp-mage

Tunn-tarm

Grov-tarm

Lever Lunga

Trichostrongylusspp. (x) x X

Ostertagia/Teladorsagia

X X

Haemonchusspp. (x) X

Cooperiaspp. X (x)

Nematodirusspp. (x) X

Bunostomumspp. (x) (x)

Oesophagostomumspp. (x) (x)

Trichurisspp. (x) (x)

Dictyocaulusspp. X (x)

Fasciolahepa3ca X X

Dicrocoelium (x) (x)

Moneziaspp. (x) (x)

MAG&TARMASKAR-LUNGMASK-LEVERFLUNDRA

Betesburna

Intehär!

DiarréHostaAnemi

Ap0tlöshet

Sämre0llväxtDödsfall

Varförärdefarliga?

Försämraddjurhälsa&välfärdMinskadproduk0on

Medochutanparasiter

VadberordePapå?•  Täthetsberoende=dosfråga

Teckning:HelenaNordenfors

ny larvsmitta

Maj Juli Aug Sep OktJuni

övervintrande larvsmitta

betessläpp

äggutskiljning

Mag&tarmmaskarAn

tal

Maskinfek0onerstörproduk0onen

120

160

40

80

0

0 5 10 15 20

Obehandlad

Veckor på bete

Tillv

äxt (

kg)

Bolus

65 kg

Veterinary Parasitology 90 (2000) 271–284

The impact of internal parasites on the productivity ofyoung cattle organically reared on semi-natural

pastures in SwedenS.O. Dimander a,∗, J. Höglunda, E. Spörndlyb, P.J. Waller a

a Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute andSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden

b Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,Kungsängens Research Centre, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden

Received 25 October 1999; received in revised form 4 April 2000; accepted 12 April 2000

Abstract

A grazing experiment with young cattle was conducted over two consecutive (1997, 1998) graz-ing seasons on semi-natural pasturelands in central-eastern Sweden. Comparisons were made be-tween groups of animals that were either untreated and set-stocked, ivermectin bolus treated andset-stocked or untreated but moved in mid-summer (mid-July) to ungrazed pasture. The wholeexperimental area had remained virtually free of cattle during the previous two seasons and thecattle had been raised indoors since birth. To introduce low-levels of parasite infection into theexperimental system, each animal received a ‘priming dose’ of approximately 10,000 infectivetrichostrongylid larvae at the time of turnout for both years. Results of the first year study showedthat the level of parasitism was so low that it failed to induce any productivity losses in both groupsof untreated cattle, which grew as well as those given boluses at turnout. In contrast, in 1998 bothgroups of untreated cattle suffered varying degrees of sub-clinical and clinical parasitism to resultin an average of 30 kg liveweight depression, compared with the bolus treated cattle, at the end ofthe season. The only major departure between the two years was that in the latter, the cattle in theuntreated groups were exposed to infective larval pickup, which had overwintered on pasture. Cattlein the move treatment grazed in the same sequence on pastures used by similar classes of animalsduring the previous year. That is, their pastures at turnout had not been grazed since mid-summerof the previous year. Clearly this early season (1997) grazing by young cattle resulted in suffi-cient overwintered larvae at the start of the following year (1998) to cause productivity losses ofthe same magnitude as those recorded for young cattle grazing on pastures contaminated for theentire grazing season of the previous year. This was confirmed by tracer tests that were carried out on

∗Corresponding author. Tel.: +46-1867-4034; fax: +46-1830-9162.E-mail address: [email protected] (S.O. Dimander)

0304-4017/00/$ – see front matter © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.PII: S0304 -4017 (00 )00256 -9

Exponering-L3.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

time after infection (weeks)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

wei

ght g

ain

(kg)

Coop et al: J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 98(1982); 247-255

No challenge 1000 larvae/day

3000 larvae/day

5000 larvae/day

Exponering-L3.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

time after infection (weeks)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

wei

ght g

ain

(kg)

Coop et al: J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 98(1982); 247-255

No challenge 1000 larvae/day

3000 larvae/day

5000 larvae/day

5000 larvae/day

Drenched every 21 days

Sommanbäddarfårmanligga

Mag&tarmmask=100%,Lungmask≈40%,Leverflundra≈20%

Olikaproduk0onssystemnötkreatur

•  Kö^djur/Beef–  Vinterkalvningar–  Vårkalvningar–  Rekryteringsbesä^ningar

•  Mjölkdjur/Dairy–  Förstagångsbetare,kvigor,mjölkor,sinkor

–  Kalvningaråretrunt–  Styrdakalvningar

Uppfödningsmodellerfår•  Vårlamm

–  Lamningdec>llfeb–  Slaktasundervåren–  Enbarttackornagårutpåbete

•  Sommarlamm–  Lamningifeb-mars–  Slaktmognajuni-augus>–  Födsupppåbete

•  Höstlamm–  Lamningmars>llbörjanavmaj

–  Tillväxtskerpåbetet•  Vinterlamm

–  Lamningmaj-juli,obautomhus

–  Slaktasundervinternfram>llpåsk

–  Lammenavvänjspåhöstenochsläppspånyvallåterväxtellerstallasin

Vadkanmangöraåtsaken?

Principerförparasitkontroll

FÖREBYGGA-KONTROLLERA-BOTA

”Avmaskningenärenhörnsteni

dagensparasitkontroll”

Betesstrategierföra^undvikaa^djurenåterinfekteras

Utspädande–  Sambete–  Växelbete–  Betestryck

Förebyggande–  Betesvila–  Växföljd–  Sentbetessläpp– Avlägsnaträck

Undvikande–  Betesrota>on–  Stängslabort

Landskapsvård

Generelltbrares-läge,men….

NÖT

FÅR

Riktad/behovsprövadavmaskning

250 | Veterinary Record | September 13, 2014

ResearchResearch

Practices to optimise gastrointestinal nematode control on sheep, goat and cattle farms in Europe using targeted (selective) treatments J. Charlier, E. R. Morgan, L. Rinaldi, J. van Dijk, J. Demeler, J. Höglund, H. Hertzberg, B. Van Ranst, G. Hendrickx, J. Vercruysse, F. Kenyon

Due to the development of anthelmintic resistance, there have been calls for more sustainable nematode control practices. Two important concepts were introduced to study and promote the sustainable use of anthelmintics: targeted treatments (TT), where the whole flock/herd is treated based on knowledge of the risk, or parameters that quantify the severity of infection; and targeted selective treatments (TST), where only individual animals within the grazing group are treated. The aim of the TT and TST approaches is to effectively control nematode-induced production impacts while preserving anthelmintic efficacy by maintaining a pool of untreated parasites in refugia. Here, we provide an overview of recent studies that assess the use of TT/TST against gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants and investigate the economic consequences, feasibility and knowledge gaps associated with TST. We conclude that TT/TST approaches are ready to be used and provide practical benefits today. However, a major shift in mentality will be required to make these approaches common practice in parasite control.

INFECTIONS with gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes are a major cause of economic losses in ruminant livestock production, primarily through subclinical disease. The control of nematode infections relies heavily on the use of anthelmintics. With the advent of anthelmintic-

J. Charlier, DVM, PhD, DipEVPC,J. Vercruysse, DVM, DipEVPC,Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, BelgiumE. R. Morgan, MA, VetMB, PhD, DipEVPC, MRCVS,School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5DU, UKL. Rinaldi, BSc, PhD, AssEVPC,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, ItalyJ. van Dijk, DVM, PhD, MRCVS,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UKJ. Demeler, DrMedVet, PhD, Fachtierarzt,Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Strasse 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany

J. Höglund, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7063, Uppsala, SwedenH. Hertzberg, DVM, DipEVPC,Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandB. Van Ranst, DVM, Specialist in Ruminant Medicine,Dairy DataWarehouse, Uniform-Agri BV, Oostersingel 23, Assen, The NetherlandsG. Hendrickx, DVM, PhD,Avia-GIS, Agro-Veterinary Information and Analysis, Risschotlei 33, 2980 Zoersel, BelgiumF. Kenyon, BSc, PhD,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK

E-mail for correspondence: [email protected]

Provenance: commissioned; externally peer reviewed

Veterinary Record (2014), 250-255 doi: 10.1136/vr.102512

resistant nematode populations, there have been several calls for sustainable nematode control practices, which would protect the future use of current anthelmintic families (van Wyk and others 2006, Taylor 2012). Two important concepts have been introduced to study and promote the sustainable use of anthelmintics (Kenyon and Jackson 2012): targeted treatments (TT), where the whole flock/herd is treated based on knowledge of the risk, or parameters that quantify the severity of infection; and targeted selective treatments (TST), where only individual animals within the grazing group are treated, based on a single, or a combination of, treatment indicators, such as faecal egg count (FEC), weight gain, milk yield and body condition score. The aim of the TT and TST approaches is to effectively control nematode-induced production impacts while preserving anthelmintic efficacy by maintaining a pool of untreated parasites in refugia within hosts and on pasture, which can complete their life cycle and thereby pass on susceptibility-associated genes to the next generation (van Wyk 2001, Kenyon and others 2009).

This review aims to provide an overview of recent studies apply-ing TT/TST against GI nematodes in ruminants in Europe, which have mainly investigated their effect on animal performance and on the reduction in anthelmintic treatments. The willingness to adopt TT and/or TST will always be driven by feasibility and economic consequences to the farmer. We aim to address the most critical knowledge gaps and conclude with a discussion on how TT and TST approaches can be incorporated in worm control practices.

Recent TT/TST studies in small ruminants Targeted treatments Accumulated experience of local epidemiological patterns and knowledge of pastures and grazing history is valuable information to highlight risk periods for GI nematode infection and to target the timing of anthelmintic treatments. It has been shown that TT can be successfully applied without incurring production loss. When compared to monthly whole-flock treatment, drenching lambs at weaning and then again six weeks later has been shown to result in identical growth rates and higher levels of efficacy preservation

Review

group.bmj.com on February 9, 2015 - Published by http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/Downloaded from

Riktadavmaskning?•  Storvaria>on

–  Inomochmellanolikabetesgrupper– Mellanolikaår

•  Valavdiagnos>skmetod?

1)Träckprov-enannanhörnstenMag-ochtarmmaskar

•  Äggutskiljningen(EPG)Flerametoder,men…


Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Veterinary Parasitology

jo u r nal homep age: www.elsev ier .com/ locate /vetpar

American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists’ review ofveterinary fecal flotation methods and factors influencingtheir accuracy and use—Is there really one best technique?

L.R. Ballwebera,∗, F. Beugnetb, A.A. Marchiondoc, P.A. Payneda Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 1644 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USAb Merial, 26 Av Tony Garnier, Lyon 69007, Francec Zoetis, 333 Portage St., Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USAd Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 3005 Payne Dr., Manhattan, KS 66503, USA

a r t i c l e i n f o

Keywords:CoproscopyFecal egg countFlotation techniquesVariabilityMethods comparison

a b s t r a c t

The principle of fecal flotation is based on the ability of a solution to allow less dense mate-rial (including parasite elements) to rise to the top. However, there are numerous factorsthat will influence the accuracy and use of such a theoretically simple technique. Whetheror not centrifugation is used appears to have an impact on the ability to detect some para-sites, but not others. Using a flotation solution with a relatively high specific gravity favorsthe simultaneous flotation of the diagnostic stages of many different parasites while, at thesame time, making recognition of some more difficult because of distortion as well as theamount of debris in the preparation. Dilution methods tend to be less accurate because theyrequire extrapolation; however, they are quicker to perform, in part, because of the cleanerpreparation. Timing is a critical factor in the success of all flotation methods, as is technicalability of the personnel involved. Thus, simplicity, low costs and time savings have gener-ally favored gravitational flotation techniques (including the McMaster technique and itsmodifications). How accurate the method needs to be is dependent upon the purpose of itsuse and choice of method requires an understanding of analytical sensitivity and expectedlevels of egg excretion. In some instances where the difference between, for example, 0and 50 eggs per gram is insignificant with regards to management decisions, less accuratemethods will suffice. In others, where the presence of a parasite means treatment of theanimal regardless of the numbers of eggs present, methods with higher analytical sensi-tivities will be required, particularly for those parasites that pass few eggs. For other uses,such as the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test, accuracy may become critical. Therefore, eventhough recommendations for standardized fecal flotation procedures have been promotedin the past, it is clear that the factors are too numerous to allow for the recommendation ofone, or even a few, procedures for all purposes.

© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

In 1878, Grassi, Parona and Parona demonstrated thathookworm disease in humans could be recognized by

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 970 297 5416; fax: +1 907 297 0320.E-mail address: [email protected] (L.R. Ballweber).

finding the parasite eggs in a fecal smear (RockefellerFoundation International Health Board, 1922; Koutz, 1941).Although the simple fecal smear was used for many yearsfor many gastrointestinal parasites, and continues to bein use today, it is considered crude at best and often pro-vides false negative results. Continually driven by the focuson hookworms in humans, better methods for the detec-tion of parasite eggs in feces were further investigated

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.0090304-4017/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Vilkenteknik?

TST-baseratpåträckprovMag&tarm-maskar

Begränsningar

?600-900µm

Strongylidaäggäriden>ska!

PCR-någotförfram0den?

YPerligaremetodutveckling!

NextGenera0onSequencing

2)Blod/mjölkprovIndirekt=an>kropparmagmaskochlungmask

Author's personal copy




journa l homepage: www.e lsev ier .com/ locate /vetpar

Antibodies to major pasture borne helminth infections in bulk-tankmilk samples from organic and nearby conventional dairy herds insouth-central Sweden

Johan Höglunda,∗, Frida Dahlströmb, Annie Engströma, Anna Hessleb, Eva-Britt Jakubeka,Thomas Schniederc, Christina Strubec, Sofia Sollenbergaa Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology (SWEPAR), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls väg 2B7036, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Swedenb Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Swedenc Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany


Article history:Received 5 February 2010Received in revised form 23 March 2010Accepted 1 April 2010

Keywords:Dairy cattleParasite controlGrazing managementOrganic farmingELISAHerd healthOstertagiaDictyocaulusFasciola

a b s t r a c t

The objective of this randomised pairwise survey was to compare the regional distribu-tion of antibody levels against the three most important helminth infections in organicand conventional dairy herds in Sweden. Bulk-tank milk from 105 organic farms and 105neighbouring conventional dairy farms with access to pasture in south-central Swedenwere collected in September 2008. Samples were also collected from 8 organic and 8 con-ventional herds located in a much more restricted area, on the same as well as 3 additionaloccasions during the grazing season, to reveal evidence for seasonal patterns against cattlestomach worm (Ostertagia ostertagi). Antibody levels to the stomach worm (O. ostertagi),liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) and lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus) were then determinedby detection of specific antibodies using three different enzyme-linked immunosorbentassays (ELISAs). According to the Svanovir® Ostertagia ELISA, the mean optical density ratio(ODR) was significantly higher in the milk from organic compared to conventional herds,i.e. 0.82 (95% CL = 0.78–0.86) versus 0.66 (0.61–0.71). However, no significant differenceswere observed in the samples collected at different time points from the same 16 herds(F3,39 = 1.18, P = 0.32). Antibodies to D. viviparus infection were diagnosed with an ELISAbased on recombinant major sperm protein (MSP), and seropositivity was found in 21 (18%)of the 113 organic herds and 11 (9%) of the 113 conventional herds. The seroprevalence of D.viviparus was somewhat higher in the organic herds (Chi-square = 3.65, P = 0.056), but withthe positive conventional herds were located in the vicinity of infected organic herds. Of the16 herds that were sampled on repeated occasions, as many as 10 (63%), were seropositiveon at least one sampling occasion. Many of these turned positive towards the end of thegrazing season. Only one herd was positive in all 4 samples and 3 were positive only at turn-out. Considering F. hepatica there was no difference in seroprevalence between organic andconventional herds according to the Institute Pourquier® ELISA. In general, liver fluke infec-tion was low and it was only diagnosed in 8 (7%) organic and 7 (6%) conventional herds.


∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +46 18 67 14 56; fax: +46 18 67 43 04.E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Höglund).

1. Introduction

Cattle are economically the most important livestockin Sweden where milk and beef originate from approx-

0304-4017/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.04.002











a b s t r a c t




1. Introduction













a b s t r a c t




1. Introduction













a b s t r a c t




1. Introduction




J. Höglund et al. / Veterinary Parasitology 171 (2010) 293–299 295

Fig. 1. Map of Sweden showing the geographical distribution of all 226bulk-tank milk samples that were analysed for antibodies against thethree most important pasture borne helminth parasite infections of cattlein Sweden. The 16 farms that were sampled on up to four occasions wereall located between the big lakes. Pyramids denote organic and circlesconventional farms.

ies against the stomach worm O. ostertagi were detectedusing the SVANOVIR® Ostertagia-Ab ELISA kit (SVANOVABiotech, Uppsala, Sweden) using a crude adult worm cap-ture antigen. This test was recently standardised andvalidated for milk samples in 3 European laboratories,the SWEPAR laboratory included (Charlier et al., 2009a).The optical density (OD) of the sample were expressedas a ratio (ODR) calculated according to the formulaODR = (sample − OD − NC)/(PC − NC), where NC and PC arethe ODs of a negative and positive test control samplesincluded on each plate. ODR values above 0.8 units areassociated with a high exposure to the parasite and withdecreased milk production (Charlier et al., 2007b; Forbeset al., 2008).

Secondly, antibodies to the liver fluke F. hepatica wasdetected with the Institut Pourquier fasciolosis kit (IdexxLaboratories, Montpellier, France) based on a purified f2antigen prepared from crude parasite extracts as captureantigen. This liver fluke ELISA was validated under Aus-tralian conditions using >1500 samples from artificial andnatural infections from both endemic and non-endemicareas, and has both high specificity (95–98% depend-ing on samples) and sensitivity (99%; Hutchinson andMacarthur, 2003). The F. hepatica results were expressed asa ratio between the sample OD and a PC included on eachplate. Cut-off values above 30% give adequate sensitivity,whereas ODs between 100% and 200% show a moderateand >200% strong F. hepatica infection levels.

Lungworm infection was analysed with an indirectin-house antibody-ELISA developed by the Institute forParasitology of the University of Veterinary Medicine inHannover. It is based on a recombinant major sperm fusionprotein used as capture antigen. The detailed procedurefor serum is described by von Holtum et al. (2008). Valida-tion for use with milk was presented by Fiedor (2009), whoshowed that specific IgG1 can be detected by 30(±5) dayspost-infection and for up to 2–6 months post-infection inexperimentally infected cows.

2.3. Data analysis

Raw data were collated in Excel spreadsheets, and laterimported and analysed and/or graphically displayed inJMPTMversion 6.00 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) orGraphPad Prism® version 4.0c (San Diego, CA, USA) forMacIntosh. Herd mean antibody levels were comparedwith a two-tailed Mann–Whitney’s U-test, whereas herdprevalences with a likelihood-ratio Chi-square test, as wellas odds ratio calculations. Differences in the time course ofthe Ostertagia ODR were tested in the fit-model platform ofJMP using a random-effects split-plot repeated measuresanalysis of variance (ANOVA) design with 1 between-

Fig. 2. The geographical location of bulk-tank milk samples from farms that had antibodies with an optical density ratio against Ostertagia ostertagi of ≥0.8.

N=113+113/September2008Dictyocaulus:18%(21)vs9%(11)

Ostertagia:0.82(CL=0.78–0.86)vs0.66(0.61–0.71)

4.An0kropps-ELISA

Bildas3-4veckoreberförstainfek>ons>llfället

Storaleverflundran2.Koproan0gen-ELISA

Maskan>gen5-6veckoreberinfek>on

1.Sedimenta0on

Ägg10-12veckoreberinfek>on

3.DNAdetek0on

A. Novobilský et al. - Geospatial Health 9(2), 2015, pp. 293-300294

2013). Based on a discrepancy we observed earlierbetween meat inspection data and F. hepatica sero-prevalence in beef, we speculated that dairy cattle aresimilarily affected as beef cattle in Sweden(Novobilský et al., submitted). Seroprevalence in 210Swedish dairy herds in south-central Sweden was 7%in 2008 and no significant differences between organicand conventional herds were observed (Höglund et al.,2010). However, to date no systematic nationwide sur-vey has been performed and risk factors have not beenidentified. In a study in Belgium, mowing of pasture,length of grazing season, proportion of grass in thediet and herd size were found to be associated with ahigher risk of infection (Bennema et al., 2011). Pasturemanagement has also been suggested as the most cru-cial factor affecting the risk of Fasciola infection inSweden, with cows grazing on grass leys being lessaffected than beef cattle that often graze marginal nat-ural pastures.

The aim of this study was to investigate the spatialdistribution of F. hepatica infection in Swedish dairyherds based on BTM-ELISA, and to explore the rela-tionship between risk of exposure to F. hepatica andmanagement factors in Sweden.

Material and methods

Milk samples

BTM samples were collected in September andOctober 2012 by a technician at the Eurofins (http://www.eurofins.se/) laboratory in Jönköping, Sweden.The technician randomly selected 10% of samples percounty, which produced BTM from 426 farms, at thattime representing 8.6% of all dairy herds in Sweden(n = 4,968) (Swedish Board of Agriculture, 2012). As82% of total milk production in Sweden is concentratedto the southern part of the country (Swedish Board ofAgriculture, 2012), sampling was restricted to this area(Fig. 1). Milk samples were collected in special tubespre-treated with bronopol as a preservative. Uponarrival at the laboratory, fat was removed from the milkby centrifugation (16,000 g for 5 min) and the sampleswere stored at -20 °C before being analysed.

Antibodies in milk

F. hepatica antibodies were measured in BTM usingthe SVANOVIR® F. hepatica-Ab ELISA test (Boeringer,

Fig. 1. Distribution of all Swedish herds studied (n = 426) including herds for which there was a questionnaire response (n = 176)(A) and the distribution of F. hepatica-seropositive dairy herds in Sweden (B).

FasciolaSep–Okt2012N=426

OD≥0.3=25%OD≥0.6=7%

Undersöknings-resultat

The scan cluster analysis identified two areas with ahigh risk of F. hepatica infection, both located in south-west Sweden. Similar clusters of infection have been re-ported in Belgium [8, 18]. Based on historical data frommeat inspections, south-west Sweden was reported ashaving the highest abundance of bovine fasciolosis in the1970s [30], which is in agreement with the present re-sults. However, the reasons for this remain unclear.According to the regression analyses, several factors

contribute to the spatial distribution of F. hepatica inSweden. In the final multivariate model, absence of con-iferous forest and farm density were the major risk factors

for F. hepatica exposure. Climate factors such as rainfall andtemperature are essential for the transmission of F. hepaticaand were previously considered to have a major impact onthe risk of fasciolosis in ruminants [1]. The positive effectsof rainfall and temperature on the survival and transmissionof intermediate hosts and the larval stages of F. hepaticaoften explain the variation observed in the spatial distribu-tion of F. hepatica in climate models [16, 31, 32]. However,although the climate is of fundamental importance for thespread of F. hepatica, recent reports show that climate fac-tors surprisingly show a smaller association than those re-lated to environment factors and herd management [11, 17,

Fig. 1 (a) Distribution of beef cattle herds, (b) herd seroprevalence of Fasciola hepatica at municipality level and (c) distribution of all herdsexamined in this study in Sweden

Novobilský et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2015) 11:128 Page 5 of 9

DIKOR2006-2007N=2135besäPningar9,8%(95%CI:8.6-11.1)

3)TST-baseratpåvägningarmag&tarm-maskarnötkreatur

Vågburen är placerad så att djuren måste gå igenom för

att komma in till bädden. I vågen läses djuretindividuella RFID-chip av och den uppdaterade vikten

skickas till journalen. Foto: Mats van Rheinberg

”Vågar dra upp djuren i vikt”På Järnstad Brunnsgård i Ödeshög driver Erik Karlsson uppfödning av tjurkalvar. Han levererar runt

300 djur om året till Skövde slakteri och planerar allt ifrån grupper till slaktdatum med hjälp av sin

trådlösa våglösning från Hencol.

Carl- Johan Bergman är egentligen mjölkbonde men intresserar sig för Hencols teknik då han har börjat spara tjurkalvar för

uppfödning. Här visar Erik Karlsson, till höger, honom hur Hencols vågsystem ser ut i datorn och till vänster står Eriks far Lars-Erik

Karlsson. Foto: Mats van Rheinberg

Hencols vågsystem är ett system som möjliggör automatisk vägning av nötkreatur. Vågburen är trådlöst

uppkopplad och därmed skickas information om djurets dagliga vikt till en databas och gör att man på ett

enkelt sätt kan följa varje djurs utveckling, viktkurva och beräkna när det är dags för slakt. För att detta ska

fungera så måste djuren vara märka med elektronisk märkning med ett RFID-chip, som läses av i vågen.

Sparar tid och minskar riskErik har haft en våglösning från Hencol i fyra år. Han

började med att köpa deras journaltjänst och sedan tog han

ganska snart därefter steget till att köpa elektroniken för att

kunna väga automatiskt. Systemet är installerat på den

vågbur som han hade sedan tidigare, och är mycket nöjd

med resultatet.

– Det fungerar bra! Djuren vägs automatisk när de går

igenom vågburen, jag slipper väga dem själv och utsätta

djuren för den stress det innebär samt den risk och arbetstid

det är för mig, säger Erik.

Exakt datum för målviktVågdatan som insamlas om varje djur skickas trådlöst till en databas och där kan man enkelt följa varje djurs

viktkurva. Varje indvid får en målvikt som ska vara uppnådd när det är dags för slakt. Tillväxtkurvan

uppdateras löpande i och med ny viktdata och ger en mycket exakt uppskattning och vilken dag djuret

kommer att vara slaktfärdigt.

– Det har gjort att jag vågar lägga mig närmare målvikten. Tidigare tog man alltid i lite extra när man gjordetillväxtkurvor baserade på manuell vägning, för att inte riskera att gå över slaktvikten, säger Erik.

En annan fördel menar han är att man får ett bättre förhandlingsläge med slakterierna.

– Jag kan visa dem att jag har full koll genom hela uppfödningen. De uppskattar att jag vet vilka djur som

kommer att kunna levereras på lång sikt, säger han.

Slaktdatan som Erik får från slakterierna förs även in i datasystemet och på så vis har han full uppföljning

”Vågar dra upp djuren i vikt” - Jordbruksaktuellt http://www.ja.se/artikel/51406/visa?utm_source=nyhetsbrev&u...

1 av 2 2016-08-23 08:09

Automa0sksorteringvidvägning?

Barber's Pole Worm vaccine home about how to use calculator | [email protected]

The first vaccine inthe world for a gut

dwelling wormparasite oflivestock

Significantly reduces Barbers Pole diseaseSuppresses worm egg production - cleans up your pastureLong term solution - no vaccine resistance.Less drenching needed, so onset of drench resistance is delayed.Easy to use - one product type, same dose per shot for all sheep.No withholding period or export slaughter interval.Enviromentally friendly - no chemicals.

Buy at GrazAg

Background

Barbervax was developed by the Moredun Research Institute, a UK basedanimal health charity owned by farmers, in partnership with the Departmentof Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, with support from Meat andLivestock Australia. All profits are invested in further research projectsaimed at reducing livestock disease e.g. a vaccine for scour worms.

Partners

Barbervax | home http://barbervax.com.au/

1 av 2 2016-08-18 11:15

Alterna0v0llavmaskning?

Reflek0on

•  Parasiterharenproduk>onsstörandeeffekt– Effektenärartochdosberoende

•  Parasitövervakning– Behovförförbä^raddiagnos>k

•  Avmaskninghörnstenen,men….•  Beteshygienskaåtgärderärförenademed

målkonflikter•  Ärviredoförriktadeavmaskningar?

– Avsaknadavandraalterna>v

Parasitologi i teori och prak0k · 2016. 11. 2. · Parasitologi i teori och prak0k Skara 21...

Documents

Transcript of Parasitologi i teori och prak0k · 2016. 11. 2. · Parasitologi i teori och prak0k Skara 21...