Nanopartículas modificadas en productos de consumo: Cómo entender un nuevo ingrediente

7/31/2019 Nanopartículas modificadas en productos de consumo: Cómo entender un nuevo ingrediente

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N `tibimr dc rmgsd mohicNtmg

;6 rmgsd qõhgibm dc oévib` z`g. 34' n`. =' cncx`/jchxcx` dc 81=8

N`tibimr dc rmgsd mohicntmgcfq/rqo

rmgsd qõhgibm dc oévib` z`g. 34' n`. =' cncx`/jchxcx` dc 81=8;6

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;9rmgsd qõhgibm dc oévib` z`g. 34' n`. =' cncx`/jchxcx` dc 81=8


% Qshgibmd` ̀ xikinmgocntc cnCnzix`nocntmg Fcmgtf Qcxrqcbtizcr'z`gsocn ==9' nõocx` 2' omxu` 81==' qíkinmr M=81/M=83.

;9rmgsd qõhgibm dc oévib` z`g. 34' n`. =' cncx`/jchxcx` dc 81=8

Cn `btshxc dc 81=1 cg B`nrce` Nmbi`nmg dc

N`xomr @xkínibmr xcbòcndò qx`fihix g`r

nmnòmtcximgcr o`di bmd`r ocdimntc inkcnicxïm

&cn inkgér' CNO) cn g`r qx`dsbt`r mgiocntibi`r }sc ggczmn

cg b`dibimd` dirtintiz` dc ‗@xkínib`‟ dcg Dcqmxtmocnt` dc

Mkxibsgtsxm dc Crtmd`r Snid`r.= Ri cg Dcqmxtmocnt` md`qtm

crtm xcbòcndmbiòn' g`r CNO rc cnb`ntxmxín cn gm oirom

bmtck`xïm ̀ bimg dc tmhõ }sc g`r ̀ xkmniro`r kcnétibmocntc

o`di bmd`r bsmnd` dc mgiocnt`r `xkínib`r rc txmtm5 gmr

inn`zmbi`ncr }sc gm nmn`tcbn`g`kïm qcxoitc' tmgcr bò`g`r inkxcdicntcr qmxm oce`xmx cg rmh`x y gm tcvtsxm dc g`r

mgiocnt`r `xkínib`r' mrï bò` g`r cnzmrcr qmxm qx`g`nkmx

rs zidm õtig }scdmxín scxm dcg ocnõ.

Mntcr dc coitix rs xcbòcndmbiòn' cg B`nrce` xcbihiò

oigcr dc bòcntmxi`r dcg qõhgib` y xomr dc qctibiòn mq`/

ymnd` crtm qx`fihibiòn' y qxíbtibmocntc ninksn` cn b`ntxm.

Ri hicn snm dcbiriòn ` bimg q`dxïm tmxdmx mý`r' }sicncr

mq`ymn gm xcbòcndmbiòn b`n ïmn cn }sc rcxí md`qtmdm y

omxbmxí sn qxiocx fit` cn g` }sc rc xc cxc mg mgbmnbc dc

crtm nsczm tcbn`g`kïm q`tcnbimgocntc txmnr `xomd`xm cn

cg ocxbmd` crtmd`snidcnrc.

G`r qx`dsbt`r }sc gm nmn`tcbn`g`kïm fm fcbf` q`ri/

hgc crtín qx`gi cxmnd` bmggmdmocntc cn g`r crtmntcr dc gmr

ticndmr dc Crtmd`r Snid`r qcrc m gmr qxcksntmr inrirtcntcr

mbcxbm dc gm rcksxidmd dc gmr nmn`qmxtïbsgmr rintétibmr y g`r

qx`dsbt`r }sc gmr b`nticncn. ‗\C_n nscrtx`r xckgmocnt`r

r`hxc g`r mgiocnt`r y dc gm omy`xïm dc g`r qx`dsbt`r dcb`nrso`' n` ioqgcocntmo`r cg qxinbiqi` qxcbmst`xi`. G`r

qx`dsbt`r cntxmn cn cg ocxbmd` mntcr dc }sc rcqmo`r ri

r`n ̀ n` xcmgocntc rcksx`r qmxm g`r rcxcr fsomn`r m gmxk`

qgmu`‟' dibc Mgcvir Hmdcn/Omycx' mh`kmd` dc gm Mr`bimbiòn

dc B`nrsoid`xcr dc Qx`dsbt`r @xkínib`r' sn kxsq` dc

mh`kmbïm }sc mrirtiò m gm xcsniòn y xcmgiuò snm bmoqmým qmxm

qxò`zcx gm qx`fihibiòn.

Sn cn `}sc qxcbmst`xi` dc g`r CNO cn g`r qx`dsbt`r dc b`nrso` q`dxïm qxczcnix snm xcqctibiòndc cqir`di`r qmrmd`r cn g`r }sc fsh` crbmrm rsqcxziriòn dc inn`zmbi`ncr }sïoibmr }sc qmxcbïmn rcxinzmgsmhgcr y }sc b`n cg ticoq` ggckmx`n m qx`z`bmx kxmndcr qx`hgcomr mohicntmgcr ` dc rmgsd.

Nmn`qmxtïbsgmr o`dijbmdmrcn qx`dsbt`r dc b`nrso`%Bòo` cntcndcx sn nscz` inkxcdicntc




61 rmgsd qõhgibm dc oévib` z`g. 34' n`. =' cncx`/jchxcx` dc 81=8

Hmdcn/Omycx y `tx`r `hrcxzm/d`xcr qcxbihcn snm bgmxm jmgtm dcb`nbicnbim qõhgibm r`hxc g` bòsncr}sc rc crtín z`gzicnd` g`r CNO cncg ocxbmd`' y crqcxm }sc cg dchmtcr`hxc g`r qx`dsbt`r `xkínib`r cntxcg`r b`nrsoid`xcr mysdc m bmohimxcrt`. ‗G`r b`nrsoid`xcr n` rmhcnkxmn b`rm dc nmn`tcbn`g`kïm' y }siuígm qxiocxm zcu }sc ìkmn fmhgmx dccggm rcm bsmnd` rc cntcxcn dc }scg`r xckgmocnt`r r`hxc g`r qx`dsbt`r`xkínib`r zmn m qx`fihixgm‟' dibc.

Gm @xkmniumbiòn Intcxnmbi`nmgdc Crtmndmxiumbiòn dcjinc sn nm/nòmtcximg bò` sn omtcximg b`nbsmg}sicx diocnriòn cvtcxnm dccntxc = y =11 no.8 &Qmxm jincr dc

bòqmxmbiòn' sn gmocnt` d`hgc dcMDN oidc sn`r 8 no dc crqcr`x).Gmr nmn`qmxtïbsgmr cn gmr }sc rc fmnbcntxmd` gm omy`xïm dc g`r crtsdi`rnmn`t`vib`gòkib`r xcmgiumd`r fmrtm gmjcbfm2 r`n sn rshb`nesnt` dc nmn`/omtcximgcr. Cntxc gmr nmn`qmxtïbsgmrrc inbgsycn crtxsbtsxmr dc dizcxrmrj`xomr' q`x cecoqg`' g`r nmn`tsh`r'g`r nmn`bmhgcr' qsnt`r bsíntib`r yjsgcxcn`r. Tmohién rc cnbscntxmn dcomncxm nmtsxmg cn rsrtmnbimr tmgcrbò` cg mixc' cg fso` y gm crqsomdcg omx' y rc bxcmn nmn`qmxtïbsgmr‗inbidcntmgcr‟ dsxmntc qx`bcr`rtmgcr bò` gm bòhsrtiòn y mg o`gcx' hmtix' b`nkcgmx y fò`kcnciumx g`rmgiocnt`r. Gmr nmn`qmxtïbsgmr inbi/dcntmgcr y gmr }sc crtín qxcrcntcr dcomncxm nmtsxmg n` rc inbgsycx`n cn gmxcbòcndmbiòn dc qx`fihix g`r CNOcoitidm q`x cg B`nrce` Nmbi`nmg dcCrtíndmxcr @xkínib`r.

Gm nmn`tcbn`g`kïm' gm rïntcriry gm omniqsgmbiòn dcgihcxmdmr dcnmnòmtcximgcr' rc inibiò cn g`r mý`r=961. F`y cn dïm rc jmhxibmn oigcr dcCNO' cn sn bmgcid`rb`qi` dc rsrtmn/bimr' j`xomr y tmomý`r dirtint`r qmxmrs stigiumbiòn cn snm moqgim kmomdc qx`dsbt`r y qx`bcr`r indsrtxim/gcr }sc mqx`zcbfmn rsr n`zcd`rmrqx`qicdmdcr jïribmr' téxoibmr' òqti/bmr y hi`gòkibmr. Crtmr qx`qicdmdcrqscdcn crtmx dctcxoinmdmr q`x gm

bòq`ribiòn }sïoibm' cg tmomý` ` gmj`xom' gm crtxsbtsxm bxirtmginm' gm r`/gshigidmd ̀ gm mdfcriòn &gm jscxum }scomnticnc snid`r g`r bòq`ncntcr dcgm nmn`qmxtïbsgm) dc g`r CNO' ̀ hicn'q`x gm }sïoibm' gm bmxkm ` cg íxcm dcgm rsqcx bic.2

G`r mnmgirtmr dc gm indsrtxim fmncrtmd` qx`n`rtibmnd` mzmnbcr }sc‗bmohimxín gmr xckgmr dcg esck`‟ bò`xcrsgtmd` dc gm nmn`tcbn`g`kïm cn gmcncxkïm xcn`zmhgc' gmr bòqstmd`xmr'gmr bòsnibmbi`ncr' gm gioqicum dcgm b`ntmoinmbiòn' gm mkxibsgtsxm' gmocdibinm y oír.4 Gm x`qm' g`r gtx`rr`gmxcr' g`r b`roétib`r' cg c}siq`dcq`xtiz`' gmr hmtcxïmr' cg cnzmrmd`dc g`r mgiocnt`r' g`r rsqgcocnt`r

mgiocntibi`r y g`r bòq`ncntcr cgcb/txònib`r r`n ròg` mgksn`r dc g`r mxtï/bsg`r }sc gm nmn`tcbn`g`kïm fm fcbf`q`rihgcr y }sc r`n stigiumd`r q`x g`rb`nrsoid`xcr cn Crtmd`r Snid`r.

Rin cohmxk`' rsxkcn intcxx`/kmntcr xcrqcbt` m gm rcksxidmd dcgmr nmn`qmxtïbsgmr }sc mgksn`rdc crt`r qx`dsbt`r b`nticncn. Gmrn`zcd`rmr qx`qicdmdcr hi`gòkibmry jïribmr dc mgksn`r CNO qgmntcmnxct`r rinksgmxcr qmxm gm inzcrtikmbiòncvfmsrtizm r`hxc rs rcksxidmd' y g`rinzcrtikmd`xcr crtín txmhmemnd` qmxmmzcxiksmx }sé tmn dmýin`r qscdcn rcxqmxm gmr qcxr`nmr' gm jmsnm' gm `xm ycg ocdi` mohicntc. Cn bòqmxmbiònb`n gmr qmxtïbsgmr dc omy`x tmomý`'gmr xcdsbidmr diocnri`ncr dc gmrnmn`qmxtïbsgmr ioqgibmn }sc g`rtceid`r qscdcn bmqtmxgmr b`n omy`xjmbigidmd. Tmohién qscdc dmxgcr snmbmqmbidmd q`b` bòõn dc dcrqgmumx/rc cn cg bscxq`' inbgsr` dc cntxmx cngmr bégsgmr y cn g`r nõbgc`r dc értmr'mrï bò` mtxmzcrmx gm qgmbcntm y gm hmxxcxm cntxc gm rmnkxc y cg bcxchx`'bò` g` dcoscrtxmn g`r crtsdi`rxcmgiumd`r cn x`cd`xcr.3':

N` rc fm mtxihsid` dc nitizm/ocntc ninkõn bmr` dc cnjcxocdmdfsomnm ` dc oscxtc m g`r CNO.N` `hrtmntc' zmxi`r inzcrtikmd`xcry dcjcnr`xcr dc g`r b`nrsoid`xcr ydcg ocdi` mohicntc fmn mdzcxtid`

}sc dchid` m gmr mhsndmntcr inbònitmr rc fmbc ncbcrmxi` qx`bcdcx bbmstcgm' ri rc }sicxc czitmx xcqctixfirt`xim dcg mrhcrt`' dc g`r hijcnig`rq`gibg`xmd`r' dcg inrcbtibidm DDTdc `txmr inn`zmbi`ncr }sc qmxcbïmrcx zmgi`rmr bsmnd` jscx`n intx`ds/bidmr' bixbsgmx`n b`n crbmrm zikigmy jinmgocntc ggckmx`n m qx`z`bioq`xtmntcr qx`hgcomr mohicntmgc` dc rmgsd.

°]sé fmy cn g`r crtmntcrdc gmr ticndmr0

Cn 811;' gm Jsndmbiòn Nmbi`nmg qgmr Bicnbimr bmgbsgò }sc cn CrtmSnid`r rc zcndïmn mnsmgocntc ;1

oig oigg`ncr dc dògmxcr cn qx`dsb/t`r }sc gm nmn`tcbn`g`kïm fm fcbf`q`rihgcr' y rc qxczé }sc crm bijxm rinbxcocntc dc omncxm cvqg`rizm.; Rincohmxk`' n` ricoqxc cr jíbig dctcx/oinmx cvmbtmocntc bsígcr qx`dsbt`rb`nticncn CNO.

Mbtsmgocntc n` rc cvikc m g`rjmhxibmntcr }sc inj`xocn r`hxc cgsr` dc CNO cvbcqt` bsmnd` rc txmtmdc nmn`tsh`r dc bmxh`n` dc qmxcdcrrioqgcr ̀ oõgtiqgcr' qmxm g`r bsmgcrMkcnbim dc Qx`tcbbiòn mg MohicntcCrtmd`r Snid`r &CQM) crtmhgcbiò nomr dc ‗nscz` sr` rikni bmtiz`‟6cnrcqticohxc dc 81=1.9 @txm cvbcqbiònq`tcnbimg cr cg sr` dc inkxcdicntcrn`zcd`r`r cn g`r mgiocnt`r y cn cgcnzmrmd` dc oiro`r' qx`dsbid`r oc/dimntc gm nmn`tcbn`g`kïm. Rc txmtcnzmrcr y mgiocnt`r qmxm g`r bsmgrckõn Rchmrtimn Bimnbi' z`bcx` dc Mdoinirtxmbiòn dc Mgiocnt`r y Oc/dibmocnt`r dc Crtmd`r Snid`r &JDM)‗cr osy qx`hmhgc }sc rc xc}sixicxmmqx`hmbiòn qxczimocntc m rs intxdsbbiòn cn cg ocxbmd`‟. N` `hrtmntcsn inj`xoc qxcrcntmd` cg mý` qmrmdq`x gm @ binm dc Xcrq`nrmhigidmdcrdcg K`hicxn` dc Crtmd`r Snid`r b`n/bgsïm }sc ‗cg cnj`}sc dc gm JDM r`hgm xckgmocntmbiòn dc gm nmn`tcbkïm qcxoitc }sc g`r nmnòmtcximgo`di bmd`r q`x inkcnicxïm cntxcn cng`r mgiocnt`r bò` rsrtmnbimr KXMR



6=rmgsd qõhgibm dc oévib` z`g. 34' n`. =' cncx`/jchxcx` dc 81=8


\kcncxmgocntc xcb`n`bidmr bò`rcksxmr_ rin }sc g` rcqm gm JDM‟.=1

Tmoq`b` rc cvikc m g`r jmhxibmn/tcr }sc indi}scn cn gm cti}sctm bsmnd`sn qx`dsbt` b`nticnc CNO' y qmxcbcfmhcx snm tcndcnbim xcbicntc m dcemxdc ocnbi`nmx z`gsntmximocntc tmgcrinkxcdicntcr cn g`r coqm}scr y cngmr qíkinmr {ch y ̀ txmr qshgibmbi`ncr'rcýmgm Mndxc{ Omynmxd' dixcbt`xdcg Bcntx` Bicntï b` dc Xicrk` dc gmCrbscgm dc Rmgsd Qõhgibm dc gm Snizcx/ridmd dc Oibfikmn. Cn mgksn`r bmr`r'mýmdc' ‗g`r jmhxibmntcr rioqgcocntcstigiumn cg nòhxc dc gm rsrtmnbim}sïoibm rin indibmx ri cr nmn`rbòqibm` n`' ` hicn stigiumn qmgmhxmr bò`‖oibx`niumd`’' q`x g` }sc cr dijïbig

injcxix ri rc txmtm dc nmn`crbmgm‟. Cgxcrsgtmd`' dibc Omynmxd' cr }sc cn hscnm ocdidm g`r b`nrsoid`xcrikn`xmn ri g`r qx`dsbt`r }sc stigiumnb`nticncn ` n` CNO.

Cn 8113 cg Qx`ycbt` dc Nmn`tcb/n`g`kïmr Cocxkcntcr &cn inkgér' QCN)dcg Bcntx` Intcxnmbi`nmg qmxm Mbmdé/oib`r [``dx`{ [igr`n crtmhgcbiòsn inzcntmxi` dc g`r qx`dsbt`r dcb`nrso` }sc rc zcndcn cn cg osn/d` y }sc mnsnbimn rs b`ntcnid` dcCNO.==Mbtsmgocntc ksxmn cn crtcinzcntmxi` oír dc = 111 qx`dsbt`r.

Dmzid Xcecrli' dixcbt`x dcgQCN' dibc }sc rin dsdm cg inzcntm/xi` inbgsyc mqcnmr snm q`xbiòn dcg`r qx`dsbt`r bòcxbimgiumd`r }scrsqscrtmocntc gm nmn`tcbn`g`kïm fmfcbf` q`rihgcr. N` ̀ hrtmntc' mkxckm'cg inzcntmxi` fm ggcnmd` snm gmksnmb`nridcxmhgc bò` cg õnib` bmtíg`k`dc rs crqcbic' qcxoiticnd` mg QCN xc/b`kcx zmximr tcndcnbimr ioq`xtmntcr}sc dc `txm omncxm fmhxïmn qmrmd`dcrmqcxbihidmr. Snm dc értmr jsc cgrsxkioicnt` dc gm nmn`/qgmtm' }sc rcstigium b`n jxcbscnbim bò` mkcntcmntioibx`himn` cn qx`dsbt`r tmgcrbò` qxcndmr dc zcrtix xcrirtcntcr mg`r ̀ g`xcr y xcbiqicntcr qmxm omntcncxgmr r`hxmr dc g`r mgiocnt`r jxcrbmrdsxmntc oír ticoq`. Cg QCN tmohién`hrcxzò bgmx`r xcqsntcr cn qx`dsbt`rdircýmd`r qmxm niý`r y hchér y cn

qx`dsbt`r omnsjmbtsxmd`r cn Bfinmy `tx`r qmïrcr dc Mrim.

Rin cohmxk`' g`r j`nd`r qmxm cginzcntmxi`' }sc qx`zcnïmn dc gm ̀ xkm/niumbiòn n` gsbxmtizm Jidcibòir` dcHcnc bcnbim dc Qc{' ym rc mk`tmx`n'y cg QCN n` fm mbxcbcntmd` rs hmrcdc dmt`r dcrdc mk`rt` dc 8119 ni fmq`did` b`nzcnbcx m `txm inrtitsbiòndc md`qtmxg`. Rckõn ̀ hrcxzm Xcecrli'rin sn inzcntmxi` mg dïm' g`r inzcrti/kmd`xcr y g`r cnbmxkmd`r dc cgmh`xmxg`r xckgmocnt`r n` ticncn omncxm dcxmrtxcmx g`r qx`dsbt`r dirq`nihgcrqmxm cg b`nrsoid`x ni g`r tiq`r dcCNO m g`r }sc értc q`dxïm crtmx cv/qscrt`. ‗N` cr ròg` bscrtiòn dc }sccg b`nrsoid`x n` rcqm‟' bòcntm5 ‗rc

txmtm dc }sc n` g` rmhc cg k`hicxn`‟.Qx`dsbt`r hme` crbxstini`

Crc tiq` dc inj`xombiòn cr ioq`xtmntcq`x}sc' q`x g` }sc xcrqcbtm m g`r CNO'g`r dijcxcntcr qx`dsbt`r b`ndsbcn mdijcxcntcr cvq`ribi`ncr q`tcnbimgcr'y q`x cndc qgmntcmn dirtint`r xicrk`rq`tcnbimgcr. Gm oíviom cvq`ribiònqmxm g`r b`nrsoid`xcr' rckõn g`rcvqcxt`r' qx`hmhgcocntc rc dcxizm dcg`r qx`dsbt`r inkcxid`r ` }sc cntxmndc mgkõn ̀ tx` o`d` cn b`ntmbt` ïntio`b`n cg bscxq`5 q`x cecoqg`' g`r rsqgc/ocnt`r mgiocntibi`r' g`r mgiocnt`r yg`r qx`dsbt`r dc bsidmd` qcxr`nmg.

Cn crtm õgtiom bmtck`xïm rc in/bgsycn qx`dsbt`r tmgcr bò` g`rbfmoqõr }sc crtiosgmn cg bxcbioicnt`bmqigmx y dc g`r bsmgcr rc m xom }scb`nticncn nmn`qmxtïbsgmr dc b`hxc'=8 qmrtmr dcntmgcr b`n nmn`qmxtïbsgmrmntihmbtcximnmr dc qgmtm'=2 bxcomrdc bmgidmd rsqcxi`x fcbfmr b`n nm/n`qmxtïbsgmr dc `x` ‗cncxkctiumntcry dcrint`vibmntcr‟=4y om}siggmec dc‗sr` cvtxco`‟.=3 Rin cohmxk`' g`r

gtx`r r`gmxcr r`n g`r }sc oír fmnmtxmïd` gm mtcnbiòn dc g`r inzcrtikm/d`xcr y dc g`r kxsq`r dc mh`kmbïm.

Osbf`r gtx`r r`gmxcr b`nticncnnmn`qmxtïbsgmr dc diòvid` dc titmni`s òvid` dc uinb q`x}sc hg`}scmn c/bmuocntc gm gsu sgtxmzi`gctm m gm zcu

}sc qcxoitcn }sc' m dijcxcnbim dc gmrcrqcrmr bxcomr hgmnbmr dc mntmý`' cg

gtx` r`gmx rcm txmnrqmxcntc bsmnd` rcg` jx`tm cn gm qicg' rckõn cg Kxsq` dcTxmhme` Mohicntmg &cn inkgér' C[K)'snm `xkmniumbiòn dc mh`kmbïm cnomtcxim dc rmgsd qõhgibm y mohicntmgGmr qxschmr }sc rc xcmgiumn m crt`rqx`dsbt`r rc fmn cnj`bmd` cn ri g`rnmnòmtcximgcr qscdcn qcnctxmx gmqicg' dibc Nikcg [mglcx' dixcbt`x bicn/tï b` mdesnt` dcg Qx`kxmom Nmbi`nmgdc T`vib`g`kïm. Bò` dibc cg dibf`'ri n` fmy cvq`ribiòn' n` fmy xicrk`'y zmxi`r crtsdi`r indibmn }sc osyq`bmr dc gmr nmn`qmxtïbsgmr dc g`r

gtx`r r`gmxcr qscdcn qcnctxmx gm qicgc intx`dsbixrc cn cg bscxq`' ricoqxc

y bsmnd` gm qicg crté rmgsdmhgc c in/tmbtm.=:

Q`x g` }sc mtmýc m g`r jigtx`rr`gmxcr' dibc [mglcx' gm bòsnidmddc inzcrtikmd`xcr rc ricntc ‗hmrtmntcb`n mdm cn }sc gm bmntidmd dc cvq`ri/biòn dc gm qicg n`xomg m g`r omtcximgcm nmn`crbmgm cr cvtxcomdmocntc hmemocn`x }sc gm cvq`ribiòn m osbfmrrsrtmnbimr }sïoibmr }sc ym crtmo`rstigiumnd` cn gm mbtsmgidmd‟. Inbgsr`cg C[K' }sc fm r`gibitmd` mg k`hicx/n` }sc xckgmocntc dc omncxm oírcrtxibtm cg sr` dc nmnòmtcximgcr cng`r qx`dsbt`r dc bsidmd` qcxr`nmg'b`nbgsyò }sc cg xicrk` dc dmý`r q`xg`r xmy`r sgtxmzi`gctm dcxizmd`r dc n`srmx gtx` r`gmx cr omy`x }sc cg xicrk`dc dmý` q`x gmr nmn`qmxtïbsgmr.=;

Msn mrï qcxrirtc gm qxc`bsqmbiòn'crqcbimgocntc dchid` m }sc cg fcbf`dc }sc n` rc cviem cg cti}sctmd` rik/ni bm }sc m gmr qcxr`nmr }sc qmdcbcndc mhxmri`ncr ` cxsqbi`ncr dc gm qicg'}sc r`n q`rihgcr zïmr dc cvq`ribiòn'q`dxïm di bsgtíxrcgcr czitmx g`r g/tx`r r`gmxcr }sc b`nticncn CNO. Ygmr qcxr`nmr' r`hxc t`d` g`r niý`r'ticndcn m inkcxix mbbidcntmgocntcqc}scýmr bmntidmdcr dc gtx` r`gmxmg jx`tmxgm cn rs bmxm y cn rsr gmhiÒsbf` gtx` r`gmx zm m dmx tmohién mg`r bscxq`r dc mksm nmtsxmgcr ` b`xxcq`x cg dxcnmec bsmnd` gmr qcxr`nmrrc dmn snm dsbfm. Ri hicn rc xc}sicxc





dc oír inzcrtikmbiòn' g`r crtsdi`rinibimgcr fmn dco`rtxmd` }sc gmrnmn`qmxtïbsgmr dc diòvid` dc titmni`y òvid` dc uinb qscdcn dmýmx m gmrmgkmr'=6'=9m gmr qsgkmr mbsítibmr81'8=ym gmr xmnmr'88 y qscdcn dcrqgmumxrcq`x gm bmdcnm mgiocntibim mbsítibm'qx`z`bmnd` cn cg ocdi` mohicntcb`nrcbscnbimr dcrb`n`bidmr.82

Mgksn`r crtsdi`r fmn mr`bimd`m g`r CNO dc diòvid` dc titmni` y dcòvid` dc uinb' mrï bò` m g`r gtx`rr`gmxcr'84b`n cjcbt`r q`tcnbimgocntcmdzcxr`r qmxm gm rmgsd. Q`x cecoqg`'

Ri g`r CNO cntxmn cn cg

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rc stigiumn q`x rsr qx`qicdmdcr

mntioibx`himnmr' fmn dmd` gskmx

m inzcrtikmbi`ncr r`hxc rs dcrtin`

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mohicntc mbsítib` q`x}sc qscdcn

dcrgmzmxrc dc gm x`qm mntioibx`/

himnm y dc gmr gmzmd`xmr y cntxmx cn cg mksm xcridsmg' msn}sc rc fm dirbstid` ri g` fmbcn cn bmntidmdcr

rsjbicntcocntc kxmndcr qmxm tcncx b`nrcbscnbimr. 48 Tmohién qscdcn ix m dmx m g`r g`d`r dc mksmr xcri/

dsmgcr' }sc xcbscntcocntc rc mqgibmn m gmr ticxxmr dc bsgtiz` m o`d` dc cxtigiumntc.

Rc fm dco`rtxmd` }sc gmr nmn`qmxtïbsgmr dc qgmtm dmýmn gmr bégsgmr dcxizmdmr dc gm qicg dc g`r rcxcr

fsomn`r y omoï cx`r' mrï bò` dc rs fïkmd`' qsgo`ncr' bcxchx`' zmr`r rmnksïnc`r y tceid`r xcqx`dsbtiz`r

bsmnd` rc gmr czmgõmin zitx` .42 Cn d`rir mgtmr' dc fm dco`rtxmd` }sc q`ncn cn qcgikx` gm hmxxcxm cntxc gm

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gm Snizcxridmd dc Jg`xidm cnb`ntxò }sc gmr nmn`qmxtïbsgmr dc qgmtm y dc b`hxc qscdcn rcx tòvibmr qmxmbicxt`r `xkmniro`r mbsítib`r o`dcg`' inbgsycnd` g`r qcbcr bchxm' d`r crqcbicr dc qsgkmr mbsítibmr y cg

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sn crtsdi` xcmgiumd` cn 8119 q`x gmSnizcxridmd dc Bmgij`xnim cn G`rÍnkcgcr cnb`ntxò }sc g`r xmt`ncr mg`r }sc dsxmntc binb` dïmr rc rsoinir/txmx`n bicxt`r tiq`r dc nmn`qmxtïbsgmrdc diòvid` dc titmni` esnt` b`n cg mksmqmxm hchcx' cvfihicx`n dmý`r bxò`/ròoib`r y mg MDN c in mombiòn.83 Cn d`r crtsdi`r dirtint`r ggczmd`r mbmh` cg oiro` mý`' sn c}siq` emq`/nér dco`rtxò }sc gmr bxïmr dc rcvòmrbsgin` dc xmt`nmr cohmxmumdmr mgmr }sc rc inycbtmx`n bicxtmr nmn`qmx/tïbsgmr dc diòvid` dc titmni` rsjxicx`n

omgj`xombi`ncr kcnitmgcr y dmý`ncsx`gòkib`r': mrï bò` bmohi`r cngm cvqxcriòn dc kcncr cn cg bcxchx8: @tx`r crtsdi`rin zitx` fmn indibmd`}sc mgksn`r tiq`r dc nmn`qmxtïbsgmdc diòvid` dc titmni` y òvid` dc uinbr`n tòvibmr qmxm cg bcxchx` fsomnqmxm gmr bégsgmr dc g`r qsgo`ncr.8;/89

G`r CNO cn g`r qx`dsbt`rbòcrtihgcr fmn mtxmïd` ocn`r gmmtcnbiòn dc g`r inzcrtikmd`xcr< ricohmxk`' rc xcbòicndm omntcncxg`rmgcemd`r dc g`r mgiocnt`r `xkínib`Sn o`tiz` qscdc rcx }sc n` cr bgmx`

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fmrtm }sé kxmd` g`r mgiocnt`r }scb`nticncn CNO fmn ggckmd` dc fcbf`m g`r rsqcxocxbmd`r' ri hicn osbf`r`hrcxzmd`xcr fmn rcýmgmd` }sc' ringskmx m dsdmr' cg bmoq` dc gm bicnbimmgiocntmxim crtí cn snm hõr}scdmrsomocntc mbtizm dc inkxcdicntcrnmn`rbòqib`r qmxm oce`xmx gm tcvtsxm'cg rmh`x' cg zmg`x nstxitiz`' gm zidm õtigy gm rcksxidmd. Bimnbi xcb`n`bc }scmgksn`r mdcxcu`r qmxm cnrmgmdmr yqmrtmr sntmhgcr }sc mbtsmgocntc rccnbscntxmn cn g`r crtmntcr dc gmrticndmr qscdcn b`ntcncx k`tmr dcmbcitc nmn`rbòqibmr bsy` qx`qòri/t` cr xctmxdmx gm rcqmxmbiòn dc g`rinkxcdicntcr' y }sc mgksnmr jxstmry zcxdsxmr qscdcn crtmx bshicxtmr

b`n snm bmqm bòcrtihgc dc k`tmrnmn`rbòqibmr dc bcxm. Rc dibc }sccrt`r mgiocnt`r b`nticncn cn rsintcxi`x ` cn rs rsqcx bic nmn`qmx/tïbsgmr o`di bmdmr q`x inkcnicxïm}sc' rin cohmxk`' n` dmn o`tiz`rdc qxc`bsqmbiòn xcrqcbt` m rs rcks/xidmd bò` g` fmbcn rsr fòòg`k`rtxmdibi`nmgcr‟' rcýmgm Bimnbi.

Q`x g` }sc xcrqcbtm mg cnzmrmd`dc g`r mgiocnt`r' gm JDM' rckõnBimnbi' ‗n` rmhc dc ninkõn srìoq`xtmntc dc nscz`r nmnòmtc/ximgcr cn cg ocxbmd` dcg cnzmrmd`dc mgiocnt`r cn gm mbtsmgidmd‟. Rincohmxk`' inj`xocr dc kxsq`r bò`QCN'21 gm `xkmniumbiòn b`nrcxzm/bi`nirtm Moik`r dc gm Ticxxm2= y gmBíomxm Hxitínibm dc g`r G`xcr28 in/dibmn }sc rc crtí xcmgiumnd` snm kxmnbmntidmd dc inzcrtikmbiòn r`hxc gmrq`rihigidmdcr dc stigiumx CNO qmxmdcrmxx`ggmx cnzmrcr mzmnumd`r qmxmg`r mgiocnt`r' y rcýmgmn zmxi`r qx`/dsbt`r }sc ym crtín cn cg ocxbmd` cnCrtmd`r Snid`r' tmgcr bò` h`tcggmrdc qgírtib` bòqscrt` }sc b`nticncnnmn`qmxtïbsgmr dc mxbiggm qmxm cvtcn/dcx gm zidm õtig dc gmr hchidmr.

G`r rsqgcocnt`r mgiocntibi`rr`n `tx` ocxbmd` cn cg }sc rc stigi/umn osbfïrio` gmr nmn`qmxtïbsgmr.Gm coqxcrm Tfc R`sxbc ZitmoinBòqmny' Inb.' dc J`xt Gmsdcxdmgc'

Jg`xidm' rc embtm dc }sc rsr rsqgc/ocnt`r crtín fcbf`r m hmrc dc Nm/n`tcbn`g`kïm Qmtcntmdm T`tmgocntcNmtsxmgℨ' y m xom }sc értm qcxoitc}sc g`r inkxcdicntcr mbtiz`r ggckscndixcbtmocntc m rs dcrtin` y rcmnmhr`xhid`r inocdimtmocntc.22 Crdijïbig rmhcx bsínt` fmym dc bicxt` cncrtmr m xombi`ncr bmtckòxibmr' dmd`}sc cn kcncxmg gm JDM n` mqxschm'ròctc m qxschmr ni zcxi bm cg cti/}sctmd` dc g`r rsqgcocnt`r mntcr dc}sc ért`r ggckscn mg ocxbmd`. RckõnMndxc{ Rfm`' qxiocx zibcqxcridcntcdc mrsnt`r bicntï b`r y xckgmocntm/xi`r dcg B`nrce` qmxm snm NstxibiònXcrq`nrmhgc' sn kxsq` bòcxbimg' gmrm xombi`ncr dc osbf`r jmhxibmntcr

dc rsqgcocnt`r xcrqcbt` mg sr` dcnmn`qmxtïbsgmr r`n ocxmocntc ‗snmtébnibm dc ocxbmdc`‟. Y Dmnicg Jm/ hxibmnt' zibcqxcridcntc dc mrsnt`rbicntï b`r y dc k`hicxn` kg`hmg dc gmMr`bimbiòn dc Qx`dsbt`r Nmtsxmgcr'`tx` kxsq` bòcxbimg' dibc n` rmhcxdc ninksnm coqxcrm dc rsqgcocnt`r}sc crté coqgcmnd` inkxcdicntcr mgi/ocntibi`r nmn`rbòqib`r5 rcnbiggmocn/tc r`n dcomrimd` b`rt`r`r' dibc' y n`rc fmn bòqx`hmd` rsr hcnc bi`r.

Mg oiro` ticoq`' Rfm` mbgmxm}sc mgksn`r rsqgcocnt`r rï b`n/ticncn inkxcdicntcr nmn`rbòqib`r}sc qscdcn jmbigitmx g`r qx`bcr`r dcomnsjmbtsxm ` inbxcocntmx bicxtmrqx`qicdmdcr' bò` gm bgmxidmd dcg`r gï}sid`r. Rcýmgm }sc n` rc fmnxcq`xtmd` m gm JDM cjcbt`r mdzcxr`rxcgmbi`nmd`r b`n g`r nmnòmtcximgcrcoqgcmd`r cn g`r rsqgcocnt`r' ymýmdc }sc ‗n` fmy czidcnbimr dc}sc cvirtm ninkõn tiq` dc mocnmuminoincntc bò` xcrsgtmd` dcg sr` ygm mqgibmbiòn gioitmd`r dc gm tcbn`g`/kïm cn g`r rsqgcocnt`r‟.

Msn mrï' rs inbgsriòn qxc`bsqmm osbf`r inzcrtikmd`xcr' r`hxc t`d`dchid` m gm jmgtm dc mqx`hmbiòn q`x gmJDM mntcr dc rs intx`dsbbiòn cn cgocxbmd`. Y' g` }sc cr oír ioq`xtmntc'g`r cjcbt`r dc inkcxix CNO r`hxc gmrmgsd n` fmn rid` hicn crtsdimd`r'

b`nbscxdmn g`r inzcrtikmd`xcr. ‗Rizcr g`r dmt`r' bmri t`dmr gmr qxschmrdc rc fmn bcntxmd` cn gm cvq`ribiònocdimntc gm infmgmbiòn' m txmzér dcgm qicg ` q`x ocdi` dc inycbbi`ncr<qxíbtibmocntc n` fmy crtsdi`r r`/ hxc rs inkcrtiòn‟' rcýmgm OibfmcgFmnrcn' bicntïjib` qxinbiqmg dc gmSniòn dc B`nrsoid`xcr' gm bsmg fmqxcri`nmd` qmxm }sc rc ioqgcocntcsnm xckgmocntmbiòn crtxibtm dcg sr`dc nmn`qmxtïbsgmr cn g`r qx`dsbt`rdc b`nrso`. Iksmgocntc fmbc jmgtminzcrtikmx g`r cjcbt`r dc gm cvq`ri/biòn qx`g`nkmdm m g`r CNO' rckõnm xomn ég y `tx`r cvqcxt`r.

Xct`r qmxm gm inzcrtikmbiòn

cn omtcxim dc rcksxidmdy rmgsd

Cr dijïbig ̀ htcncx dmt`r r`hxc rmgsd yrcksxidmd cn xcgmbiòn b`n gmr nmn`/qmxtïbsgmr. G`r cvqcxt`r bìnbidcncn }sc osbf`r CNO qgmntcmn m g`rinzcrtikmd`xcr kxmzcr y rinksgmxcr xc/t`r bicntï b`r y oct`d`gòkib`r' y snm hmxxcxm osy híribm cr gm bmqmbidmdc dctcbtmx gmr nmn`qmxtïbsgmr dcq`/ritmdmr cn gmr bégsgmr y tceid`r. Q`xcecoqg`' cr cvbcrizmocntc dijïbig iom/kinmx omtcximgcr dc ocn`r dc 31 nodcntx` dcg bscxq` fsomn` y cr q`bòcn`r }sc ioq`rihgc bsmnti bmx g`rnmn`tsh`r dc bmxh`n`' g` bsmg qgmntcmsn xct` b`nridcxmhgc qmxm dctcxoinmxri gmr nmn`qmxtïbsgmr ggckmn m òxkmcrqcbïjib`r bsmnd` rc czmgõmn g`rdmt`r dc g`r crtsdi`r r`hxc t`vibidmd.G`r inrtxsocnt`r cvirtcntcr qscdcnrcx qx`fihitizmocntc b`rt`r`r' dibc Embgyn Bmýmr' t`vibòg`km dcg Inrtitst`dc Rmgsd Fsomnm y Mohicntmg dc gmSnizcxridmd Tcbn`gòkibm dc Tcvmr'}sicn fm crtmd` crtsdimnd` cg dcr/tin` mohicntmg dc g`r nmn`tsh`r dcbmxh`n`. Y cr` cr mqcnmr snm qmxtcdcg qx`hgcom.

‗Cr sn xct` cn`xoc xcmgiumxinzcrtikmbi`ncr r`hxc gmr nmn`t`vi/nmr' n` ròg` dcrdc cg qsnt` dc zirtm

nmnbicx`' \rin`_ dcrdc cg qsnt` dc





fm fcbf` qx`kxcrmx gm oct`d`g`kïm dgm inzcrtikmbiòn y fm qcxoitid` mbosgmx'in ziz` cin zitx ̀' dmt`r r`hxc gmt`vibidmd' y cr dc crqcxmxrc }sc cg xo` dc crtc dcrmxx`gg` rc mbcgcxc cnjstsx`. ‗Fm crtmd` rsxkicnd` osbfmoír inj`xombiòn' qmxtibsgmxocntc cng`r õgtio`r d`r mý`r‟' dibc [mglcx.‗Qcx` gm `txm bmxm dc gm o`ncdmrirtc cn }sc cr sn bmoq` cn`xoc' dco`d` }sc \crtm inj`xombiòn_ rikscricnd` inrikni bmntc‟.

G`r mzmnbcr n` qscdcn ggckmb`n rs bicntc xmqidcu qmxm g`r bxïti/b`r }sc mbsrmn mg k`hicxn` jcdcxmdcg bsmg qx`zicnc gm omy`xïm dc j`nd`r qmxm gm inzcrtikmbiòn r`hrmgsd y rcksxidmd dc g`r CNO cn

Crtmd`r Snid`r' dc rshcrtiomx crtmíxcm dc crtsdi`. ]sinbc dcqcndcn/bimr jcdcxmgcr dirtintmr ggczmn minzcrtikmbi`ncr r`hxc gm nmn`tcbn`gkïm' y rs nmnbimoicnt` cr xcq`xtmd`m txmzér dc gm Inibimtizm Nmbi`nNmn`tcbn`g`kïm &cn inkgér' NNI).2; Cgqxcrsqscrt` qmxm inzcrtikmbiòn dc gNNI qmxm cg mý` 81=1 mrbcndiò mt`tmg crtiomd` dc = ;61 oigg`ncr dcdògmxcr. Mqx`viomdmocntc 3# dc crbmntidmd rc dcdibò m gm inzcrtikmr`hxc rcksxidmd y rmgsd mohicntmy cg xcrt` rc stigiuò qmxm b`rmr bògm inzcrtikmbiòn híribm dcg bòq`tmoicnt` dc g`r nmnòmtcximgcr' gminrtmgmbi`ncr qmxm gm inzcrtikmbcg dcrmxx`gg` dc dirq`ritiz`r y rirtc/omr nmn`rbòqib`r.

Mg ticoq` }sc rcýmgm }sc g`rj`nd`r qmxm crtsdi`r r`hxc rcksxi/dmd rc fmn inbxcocntmd` bmdm my }sc g`r crtsdi`r dc g`r fmggmuk`rcrtín bòcnumd` m bsmemx' RmgTinlgc' dixcbt`xm mdesntm dc gm @ bi/nm dc B``xdinmbiòn Nmbi`nmg dcNmn`tcbn`g`kïm dc gm NNI' mdoi}sc ‗ri fshicxm oír dògmxcr mzmnumxïmo`r oír xíqid`‟. Qcx` tmohiénrcýmgm }sc' rckõn gm inj`xombiòmbsosgmdm fmrtm mf`xm' n` rc fmxcq`xtmd` cntxc g`r txmhmemd`xinzcrtikmd`xcr ` b`nrsoid`xcr qx`/ hgcomr mksd`r dc rmgsd mtxihsihg

zirtm intcgcbtsmg' bsmnd` txmtmo`rdc mhmxbmxgmr b`n gm ocntc y ggckmxmg j`nd` dc }sé cr g` }sc qx`z`bm rst`vibidmd‟' dibc Bmýmr5 ‗N` cr mgk`tmn bgmxmocntc dc nid` bò` m}scgg`

}sc rc n`r fm bmqmbitmd` qmxm fmbcx` bò` gmr bgmrcr dc b`ntmoinmntcrb`n g`r }sc fco`r txmhmemd` mntcr‟.

Gmr bijxmr qgmntcmn dc rsy` `tx`xct` hírib` qcx` j`xoidmhgc. G`r dir/tint`r xcbshxioicnt`r' tmomý`r' bmx/kmr rsqcx bimgcr' jsnbi`nmgiumbi`ncr` qx`bcr`r dc omnsjmbtsxm qscdcnmgtcxmx dxírtibmocntc gm t`vibidmd ycg bòq`xtmoicnt` dc sn CNO dmd`'y gmr coqxcrmr b`nrtmntcocntc crtíndcrmxx`ggmnd` nscz`r omtcximgcr.Rckõn sn bígbsg`' cvirtcn 31 111

dirtintmr qcxostmbi`ncr tmn ròg` dcnmn`tsh`r dc bmxh`n`.24

Mdcoír' qscdc fmhcx kxmndcrdijcxcnbimr dc sn g`tc m `tx`. Cn sncrtsdi` xcmgiumd` cn 811;' Omynmxddixikiò m sn c}siq` }sc mnmgiuò d`rg`tcr dc nmn`tsh`r dc bmxh`n` bò/qxmd`r m gm oirom bòqmýïm.23Bò`cr tïqib`' g`r g`tcr n` cxmn qsx`r5 b`ntc/nïmn `hzimr ocubgmr dc nmn`tsh`r dcbmxh`n` rscgt`r y cn omnè`r' bmxh`n`n` crtxsbtsxmd` y nmn`qmxtïbsgmr dc`tx`r octmgcr. Rin cohmxk`' bsmnd`rc g` mkitò' sn` dc g`r g`tcr gihcxòqmxtïbsgmr dcnrmr dc sn`r =11 no }sccrtmhmn bòqscrtmr qxinbiqmgocntcdc bmxh`n` n` crtxsbtsxmd`' oicntxmr}sc cg `tx` g`tc tcndïm m gihcxmx qmxtï/bsgmr oír kxmndcr }sc cxmn omxmýmrrioigmxcr m tcgmxmýmr dc omnè`r dcnmn`tsh`r dc bmxh`n`.

‗Qscdc iomkinmxrc }sc g`r d`r ti/q`r dijcxcntcr dc qmxtïbsgmr rc fmhxïmnbòq`xtmd` dc omncxm t`tmgocntcdirtintm dcntx` dc g`r qsgo`ncr‟' dibcOmynmxd. ‗Dc o`d` }sc tcòxibmocn/tc \cxmn_ cg oiro` omtcximg' \qcx`_ cnxcmgidmd g`r tiq`r dc qmxtïbsgmr }sc rccrtmhmn gihcxmnd` cxmn tmn dirïoigcrbò` cg dïm y gm n`bfc‟.

Cr tmn kxmndc gm dizcxridmd y gmzmximbiòn dc g`r CNO' }sc sn inj`x/oc crtiomhm }sc cg xcmgiumx crtsdi`rt`vib`gòkib`r txmdibi`nmgcrin ziz` cn

cg bòcxbi` q`dxïm xc}scxix oír dc 31mý`r y tcncx sn b`rt` dc oír dc oigoigg`ncr dc dògmxcr'2: rin ocnbi`nmxcg nõocx` dc mniomgcr dc qxschm }scrc xc}scxixïmn qmxm gm tmxcm. Dc o`d`}sc rc crtín ggczmnd` m bmh` crjscxu`rdcn`dmd`r q`x dcrmxx`ggmx qx`t`b`g`rdc qxschm mgtcxnmtiz`r.

Cn sn` dc crt`r crjscxu`r' g`rinzcrtikmd`xcr dcg qx`kxmom T`v/Bmrtℨ dc gm CQM crtín qx`hmnd` snqc}scý` nõocx` dc CNO qmxm zcxri r`n bmndidmt`r mdcbsmd`r qmxm g`rcnrmy`rin zitx` dc mgt` xcndioicnt`dcg qx`kxmom. G`r xcrsgtmd`r qxcgioi/nmxcr indibmn }sc rï g` r`n' rckõn cgdixcbt`x dcg qx`kxmom T`vBmrt' LcitfF`sbl' y crtc `t`ý` gm CQM crqcxm

inibimx cn rcxi` gmr qxschmr b`gcbtizmr'cnj`bínd`rc cn zmximr j`xomr dc CNO}sc b`nticncn qmxtïbsgmr dc qgmtm ydiòvid` dc titmni`' mrï bò` nmn`tsh`rdc bmxh`n`. Cg `hectiz` cr stigiumx g`rdmt`r dcg crtsdi` T`vBmrt qmxm rcýmgmxg`r CNO idcnti bmd`r bò` qcgikx`/r`r qmxm dmxgcr qxi`xidmd cn crtsdi`roír dctmggmd`r y qxschmrin ziz` mxcmgiumxrc cn `txmr inrtitsbi`ncr.

Cn õgtiom inrtmnbim' dibc Omy/nmxd' cg qgmntcmx gm qxcksntm dc }sétmn qcgikx`r`r r`n g`r nmnòmtcximgcrn` xcndixí jxst`r. ‗N` fmy snm xcr/qscrtm qmxm cr`' q`x}sc mgksnmr nm/n`qmxtïbsgmr xcrsgtmxín rcx rcksxmr'oicntxmr }sc `txmr rcxín qcgikx`rmr'y mgksnmr `txmr rioqgcocntc rcxínosy dijcxcntcr. Qcx` ri j`xosgmo`rsnm qxcksntm crqcbï bm' bò` ‗°}sétmn qcgikx`rmr r`n gmr nmn`qmxtïbsgmrdc titmni` dc dctcxoinmd` tmomý` `dctcxoinmdm j`xom y }sé zmo`r m fm/bcx mg xcrqcbt`0‟' cnt`nbcr tcndxco`rmgk` m g` bsmg q`dxco`r bòcnumx mmqgibmx qxinbiqi`r bicntï b`r‟.

Mzmnbcr

Ri hicn cn sn qxinbiqi` g`r mzmnbcrjscx`n gcnt`r' cn `qiniòn dc gm om/y`xïm xcbicntcocntc rc fmn dmd`qmr`r b`nridcxmhgcr cn cg dcrmxx`gg`dc dirq`ritiz`r dc dctcbbiòn' g` bsmg



63rmgsd qõhgibm dc oévib` z`g. 34' n`. =' cncx`/jchxcx` dc 81=8


m g`r nmnòmtcximgcr' msn}sc mõnrc xc}sicxc crtsdimx g`r cjcbt`r dc gmcvq`ribiòn bxònibm. ‗Crt` n` rikni bm}sc dchmo`r crtmx ocn`r mgcxtmr `}sc dchmo`r xcdsbix cg xito` dc gmrinzcrtikmbi`ncr' qcx` rï cr sn q`b`txmn}sigiumd`x‟' dibc.

Qcrc m t`dmr gmr inbcxtidsohxcr'osbf`r inzcrtikmd`xcr oscrtxmn sn`qtioiro` rioigmxocntc bmstcg`r`xcrqcbt` m }sc g`r nmnòmtcximgcrn` rikmn cg oiro` bmoin` }sc cgmrhcrt`' g`r hijcnig`r q`gibg`xmd`r y`tx`r mkcntcr indsrtximgcr n`biz`r.‗B`njï` hmrtmntc cn }sc n` zmymo`r

m tcncx snm cqidcoim dc nmn`cnjcx/ocdmdcr cn 81 ` 41 mý`r bò` gmfsh` dc cnjcxocdmdcr xcgmbi`nmdmrb`n cg mrhcrt` cn cg rikg` VV‟' dibcMkncr Lmnc' inzcrtikmd`xm dc gmSnizcxridmd Hx`{n' bsy`r crtsdi`rcn x`cd`xcr fmn dco`rtxmd` }sc g`rnmn`tsh`r dc bmxh`n` qscdcn qx`/dsbix cjcbt`r osy rioigmxcr m g`r dcgmr hxmr dc mrhcrt` dcrqsér dc rcxinrtigmd`r cn gm txí}scm ` inycbtmd`rcn gm bmzidmd mhdòinmg.26/4=

Omynmxd cvqxcrm qcnrmoicnt`rrioigmxcr5 ‗Bxc` }sc fmy oír q`ri/ higidmdcr dc }sc zcmo`r ioqmbt`r

mohicntmgcr m gmxk` qgmu` dchid`rm crt`r omtcximgcr }sc ioqmbt`r mb`xt` qgmu` cn g`r b`nrsoid`xcr‟'dibc. Mg oiro` ticoq`' mdzicxtc5‗Crtm cr snm crqcbsgmbiòn inj`xom/dm' q`x}sc fmy osbfmr gmksnmr cnnscrtx` b`n`bioicnt`‟.

Osbf`r inzcrtikmd`xcr rcýmgmnfmbim cg bmoq` cocxkcntc b`n`bid`bò` gm nmn`tcbn`g`kïm zcxdc }sccrtí intcntmnd` z`gzcx m g`r CNO ym rsr qx`bcr`r dc qx`dsbbiòn oírrcksx`r qmxm gm qcxr`nmr y qmxmcg ocdi` mohicntc. Tmohién mnti/biqmn mqgibmbi`ncr tmgcr bò` g`r

Mdi cxcnbim dc g`r nmnòmtcximgcr coqgcmd`r cn g`r mgiocnt`r ` cn g`r qx`dsbt`r dc bsidmd`

qcxr`nmg' }sc qscdcn cntxmx cn b`ntmbt` dixcbt` b`n g`r bscxq`r dc g`r b`nrsoid`xcr' m}scgg`r

}sc rc stigiumn cn osbf`r ̀ tx`r tiq`r dc mxtïbsg`r crtín jxococntc inbxsrtmd`r cn snm omtxiu

bòqscrtm. Cntxc cgg`r rc inbgsycn qmxtcr dc hibibgctmr' xm}sctmr dc tcnir y `tx`r qx`dsbt`r dcq`xtiz`r}sc cg sr` dc CNO tmgcr bò` g`r nmn`tsh`r dc bmxh`n` fmn zscgt` oír gikcx`r y oír scxtcr.

Qcx` ri hicn g`r b`nrsoid`xcr qscdcn n` crtmx cvqscrt`r cn crt`r bmr`r' gmr cvq`ribi`ncr y qcgikx`r

b`nbòitmntcr rikscn ricnd` sn qx`hgcom qmxm g`r txmhmemd`xcr }sc mhxibmn crt`r qx`dsbt`r' dibc Mkncr

Lmnc' inzcrtikmd`xm dc gm Snizcxridmd Hx`{n. ‗Xcmgocntc ncbcritmo`r tcncx osbf` bsidmd` dc gioitmx

gm cvq`ribiòn dsxmntc g`r qx`bcr`r dc omns mbtsxm y mhxibmbiòn dc crt`r omtcximgcr‟' dibc Lmnc. ‗Snm

zcu }sc qmrmn m `xomx qmxtc dc bòqscrt`r y rc g`r stigium cn crm `xom' r`n ocn`r xicrk`r`r. Qcx`

tcnco`r }sc tcncx cn bscntm cg jnmg dc gm zidm dcg qx`dsbt` y bòo` rc dcrcbfmxí ` xcbibgmxí‟.

Cn cg oòcnt` cn }sc crtc mx/

tïbsg` rc cnzimhm m gm ioqxcntm' gm

CQM mnsnbiò }sc fmhïm ̀ t`xkmd` 3.3

oigg`ncr dc dògmxcr m txcr b`nr`xbi`rqmxm mq`ymx gm inzcrtikmbiòn inn`zm/

d`xm r`hxc rmgsd y rcksxidmd dc g`r

CNO. Rckõn sn bòsnibmd` dc qxcn/

rm dc gm CQM' crt`r rshridi`r ‗mysdm/

xín m g`r inzcrtikmd`xcr m dctcxoinmx

ri qx`dsbt`r bò` qintsxmr' qgírtib`r

y tcgmr qscdcn dcemx crbmqmx bicxt`r

nmnòmtcximgcr bsmnd` rc g`r stigium

` bsmnd` rc g`r dcrcbfm' y ri \dibf`r

nmnòmtcximgcr_ q`dxïmn ggckmx m rcx

tòvib`r qmxm gmr qcxr`nmr y qmxm cg

ocdi` mohicntc‟. 4; J`t`5 © Hximn Emblr`n/iRt`blqf`t`




6: rmgsd qõhgibm dc oévib` z`g. 34' n`. =' cncx`/jchxcx` dc 81=8

ocdibmocnt`r }sioi`tcxmqéstib`rdixikid`r' g`r rcnr`xcr qc}scý`r dcb`ntmoinmntcr txmnroitid`r q`x g`rmgiocnt`r y g`r rirtcomr dc gtxmbiòndc mixc y mksm mzmnumd`r' bò`qx`hmhgcr mzmnbcr }sc xcmgocntcq`dxïmn hcnc bimx m gm r`bicdmd.

Qcx` ri hicn osbf`r bxïtib`r rcoscrtxmn cntsrimrtmr xcrqcbt` m mg/ksnmr dc crmr mqgibmbi`ncr q`ritizmr'inrirtcn cn }sc gm inzcrtikmbiòn y g`rxckgmocnt`r dc rcksxidmd dchcnq`ncxrc y omntcncxrc mg dïm mntcgm qx`gijcxmbiòn dc crtm tcbn`g`kïm.‗Bxc` }sc ncbcritmo`r md`qtmx sncnj`}sc qxcbmst`xi` q`x}sc fco`rmqxcndid` m hmrc dc bòctcx cxx`xcrsnm y `txm zcu‟' dibc Fmnrcn. ‗Rcxïm

dc crqcxmx }sc mqxcndiéxmo`r‟.Xchcbbm Lcrrgcx'

xmdibmdm cn Qx`zidcnbc' XI' crbxihc r`hxcgm bicnbim y cg ocdi` mohicntc cn zmximrqshgibmbi`ncr. Cr oicohx` dc gm Mr`bim/biòn Nmbi`nmg dc Crbxit`xcr Bicntïjb`r y

dc gm R`bicdmd dc Qcxi`dirtmr Mohicntmgcr.

Xc cxcnbimr y n`tmr

=. Xcbòcndmbiòn `xomg dcg B`nrce` Nmbi`nmgdc Crtíndmxcr @xkínib`r mg Qx`kxmom Nmbi`nmgdc &N@RH) mg Qx`kxmom Nmbi`nmg dc @xkínib`r&N@Q)' 86 dc `btshxc dc 81=1. Dirq`nihgc cn5fttq5 tinysxg.bò 4;`c`x4 \b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc

chxcx` dc 81==_.8. Hmrc dc dmt`r dc b`nbcqt`r dc gm [email protected]`tcbn`g`kïmr/Tcxoin`g`kïm y Dc nibi`ncrdc g`r Nmn`/`hect`r/Nmn`qmxtïbsgm' Nmn` hxm yNmn`qgmbm. Nmn`crbmgm \qíkinm {ch. Kinchxm'Rsium5 @xkmniumbiòn Intcxnmbi`nmg dc Crtmndmxium/biòn. Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5 tinysxg.bò :838d t\b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc chxcx` dc 81==_.2. Fmnrcn RJ' ct mg. Bmtck`xiumti`n xmoc{`xl t` mid fmumxd idcnti bmti`n ` nmnòmtcximgr.Nmn`t`vib`g`ky =&2)5842‒831 &811;)<

dì5=1.=161 =;423291;1=;8;319.4. Nmn`TcbNcvsr.`xk \qíkinm {ch_. Rmn Dick`'BM5 Nmn`TcbNcvsr. Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5tinysxg.bò ydo;ov` \b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc

chxcx` dc 81==_.3. Txiblgcx [E. Rigzcx nmn`qmxtibgc indsbcdhg``d‒hxmin hmxxicx injmoomti`n mnd inbxcmrcd

qcxocmhigity in qxiomxy xmt hxmin oibx`zcrrcgcnd`tfcgimg bcggr. T`vib`g Rbi ==6&=)5=:1‒=;1&81=1)< dì5=1.=192 t`vrbi l }844.:. Tmlcdm L' ct mg. Nmn`qmxtibgcr txmnr cxxcd

xò qxcknmnt oibc t` tfcix ` rqxink bmndmomkc tfc kcnitmg mnd bxmnimg ncxzc ryrtcor.

E Fcmgtf Rbi 33&=)593/=18 &8119)< dì5=1.=846 efr.33.93.;. Tfc Jstsxc ` Nmn`tcbfn`g`ky. M Xibc]*M {itf tfc NRJ’r Oilc X`b` \qíkinm {ch_.F`srt`n' TV5 Nc{r mnd Ocdim Xcgmti`nr'Snizcxridmd Xibc &4 dc mhxig dc 811;). Dirq`nihgccn5 fttq5 tinysxg.bò 49zo3nm \b`nrsgtmd` cg =4dc chxcx` dc 81==_.6. Snm n`xom dc nscz` sr` rikni bmtiz`cvikc }sc g`r mhxibmntcr' ioq`xtmd`xcry qx`bcrmd`xcr dc bicxtmr rsrtmnbimr }scn`ti }scn m gm CQM mg ocn`r 91 dïmr mntcrdc inibimx bsmg}sicx mbtizidmd bmgi bmdm q`x gmMkcnbim bò` sn nscz` sr` rikni bmtiz` dc snm

rsrtmnbim }sïoibm cvirtcntc' cn crtc bmr` cg sr`dc snm `xom nmn`rbòqibm dcg bmxh`n`.9. Hcxkcr`n GG. CQM Irrscr Jinmg RNSXr

`x Bmxh`n Nmn`tshcr \cntxmdm dc hg`k_.Nmn`tcbfn`g`ky Gm{ Hg`k &=; dc rcqticohxc dc81=1). Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5 tinysxg.bò 4zrn34q\b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc chxcx` dc 81==_.=1. KM@. J``d Rm cty5 JDM Rf`sgd RtxcnktfcnItr @zcxrikft ` J``d Inkxcdicntr Dctcxoincdt` Hc Kcncxmggy Xcb`kniucd mr Rm c &KXMR).[mrfinkt`n' DB5K`zcxnocnt Mbb`sntmhigity@ bc &81=1). Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5 tinysxg.bò 3x:8hs; \b`nrsgtmd` cg =8 dc chxcx`dc 81==_.==. Mnmgyrir ` B`nrsocx Qx`dsbtr Inzcnt`xy\qíkinm {ch_. [mrfinkt`n' DB5 Qx`ycbt`dc Nmn`tcbn`g`kïmr Cocxkcntcr' BcntxÌntcxnmbi`nmg qmxm Mbmdéoib`r [``dx`{[igr`n. Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5 tinysxg.bòyl4:yc8 \b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc chxcx` dc 81==_.=8. DR Gmh`xmt`xicr' Inb. Rqcbtxmg.DNB/G5T`qibmg Txcmtocnt `x Mdzmnbcd Rtmkcr ` Hmgdncrr \qíkinm {ch_. Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5tinysxg.bò 46:x`x6 \b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc

chxcx` dc 81==_.=2. @nginc J`xso5 Nmn`tcbfn`g`ky inT``tfqmrtc0 \qíkinm {ch_. H`rt`n' OM5 Osrc`dc Bicnbimr &81==). Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5 tinysxg.bò 4t9vr e \b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc chxcx`

dc 81==_.=4. Bfmntcbmiggc ‖Nmn` K`gd’ Cncxkiuink CycBxcmo \qíkinm {ch_. Rcmttgc' [M5 N`xdrtxò.Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5 tinysxg.bò 4xb:`2r\b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc chxcx` dc 81==_.=3. Jgsid J`sndmti`n5 Cvtxcoc [cmx Jgm{gcrrOmlcsq JQR 83 RQJ \qíkinm {ch_. Qmxïr' Jxmnbim5

Di`x. Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5 tinysxg.bò 4{dc{:2\b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc chxcx` dc 81==_.=:. Ksgr`n H' ct mg. Romgg mo`sntr ` uinb

xò uinb `vidc qmxtibgcr in rsnrbxccnr mqqgicd`std``xr mxc mhr`xhcd tfx`skf fsomn rlin.T`vib`g Rbi ==6&=)5=41/=49 &81=1)< dì5=1.=192t`vrbi l }842.=;. C[K. C[K’r 81=1 Rsnrbxccn Ksidc.Rsnrbxccnr Cvq`rcd5 9 Rsxqxirink Txstfr \qíkinm{ch_. [mrfinkt`n' DB5Cnzix`nocntmg [`xlinkKx`sq &8119). Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5 tinysxg.bò 83fy`{; \b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc chxcx`dc 81==_.=6. [mnk E' ct mg. T`vibity mrrcrrocnt ` omns mbtsxcd nmnòmtcximgr srink tfcsnibcggsgmx kxccn mgkmBfgmoydò`nmr xcinfmxdtii.Bfco`rqfcxc ;2&;)5==8=‒==86 &8116)<QOID5=6;:6812.=9. Mxsèm Z' ct mg. T`vibity ` nmn`qmxtibgcr` Bs@' Un@ mnd Ti@8 t` oibx`mgkmc

Qrcsd`lixbfncxicggm rshbmqitmtm. Rbi T`tmg Cnzix`n41;&4)5=4:=‒=4:6 &8119)< dì5=1.=1=: e.rbit`tcnz.8116.=1.132.81. Ufs V' ct mg. T`vibity mnd hi`mbbsosgmti`n` Ti@8 nmn`qmxtibgc mkkxckmtcr inDmqfnimomknm. Bfco`rqfcxc ;6&2)5819/8=3 &81=1)<dì5=1.=1=: e.bfco`rqfcxc.8119.==.1=2.8=. Fcingmmn O' ct mg. T`vibity ` nmn`riucdmnd hsgl Un@' Bs@ mnd Ti@8 t` hmbtcximZihxi` jrbfcximnd bxsrtmbcmnrDmqfnim omknm mndTfmon`bcqfmgsr qgmtysxsr. Bfco`rqfcxc;=&;)5=216‒=2=: &8116)< dì5=1.=1=: e.bfco`rqfcxc.811;.==.14;.88. Nmti`nr R' ct mg. C cbtr ` Un@ nmnòmtcximgr`n Vcn`qsr gmczir kx`{tf mnd dczcg`qocnt.Cb`t`vib`g Cnzix`n Rm ;4&8)5812/8=1 &81==)<dì5=1.=1=: e.cb`cnz.81=1.1;.1=6.82. Ufs V' ct mg. Tx`qfib txmnr cx ` Ti@8

nmn`qmxtibgcr xò dmqfnim t` uchxm rf in mrioqgi cd xcrf{mtcx ``d bfmin. Bfco`rqfcxc;9&9)5986/922 &81=1)< dì5=1.=1=: e.bfco`rqfcxc.81=1.12.188.84. Bfcoibmg In `xomti`n Bmgg/In5 Nmn` Octmgr'Nmn` Octmg @vidcr' mnd ]smntso D`tr \qíkinm{ch_. Rmbxmocnt`5 Dcqmxtmocnt` dc B`ntx`gdc Rsrtmnbimr Tòvibmr dc Bmgi `xnim &811;).Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5 tinysxg.bò 8dmveh{\b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc chxcx` dc 81==_.83. Tx`siggcx H' ct mg. Titmniso di`vidc

nmn`qmxtibgcr indsbc DNM dmomkc mndkcnctib inrtmhigityin zizìn oibc. Bmnbcx Xcr:9&88)56;64‒6;69 &8119)< dì5=1.==36 111634;8.BMN/19/849:.8:. Rfioius O' ct mg. Omtcxnmg cvq`rsxc t`nmn`qmxtibsgmtc titmniso di`vidc dsxink tfcqxcnmtmg qcxi`d mgtcxr kcnc cvqxcrri`n



6; rmgsd qõhgibm dc oévib` z`g. 34' n`. =' cncx`/jchxcx` dc 81=8


xcgmtcd t` hxmin dczcg`qocnt in tfc o`src. QmxtJihxc T`vib`g :581 &8119)< dì5=1.==6: =;42/69;;/:/81.8;. Gmi EB' ct mg. Cvq`rsxc t` titmniso di`vidcmnd `tfcx octmggib `vidc nmn`qmxtibgcr indsbcrbyt`t`vibity `n fsomn ncsxmg bcggr mnd

hx`hgmrtr. Int E Nmnòcdibinc 2&4)5322‒343&8116)< QOID5=922;48=.86. Ksxx EX' ct mg. Sgtxm nc titmniso di`vidcqmxtibgcr in tfc mhrcnbc ` qf`t`mbtizmti`n bmnindsbc `vidmtizc dmomkc t` fsomn hx`nbfimgcqitfcgimg bcggr. T`vib`g`ky 8=2&=‒8)5::‒;2&8113)< dì5=1.=1=: e. t`v.8113.13.11;.89. Lio IR' ct mg. Bòqmxmtizc byt`t`vibity ` Mg8@2' Bc@8' Ti@8 mnd Un@ nmn`qmxtibgcrt` fsomn gsnk bcggr. E Nmn`rbi Nmn`tcbfn`g=1&3)52432‒2436 &81=1)< QOID5812369;;.21. Lsuom E' zcxFmkc Q. Nmn`tcbfn`g`ky inMkxibsgtsxc mnd J``d Qx`dsbti`n5 MntibiqmtcdMqqgibmti`nr. [mrfinkt`n' DB5 Qx`ycbt`

dc Nmn`tcbn`g`kïmr Cocxkcntcr' BcntxÌntcxnmbi`nmg qmxm Mbmdéoib`r [``dx`{[igr`n &811:). Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5 tinysxg.bò 4l 89;z \b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc chxcx`dc 81==_.2=. Oiggcx K' Rcnecn X. @st ` tfc Gmh`xmt`xymnd `n t` @sx Qgmtcr5 Nmn`tcbfn`g`ky in J``d *Mkxibsgtsxc. [mrfinkt`n' DB5 Moik`r dc gm Ticxxm&8116). Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5 tinysxg.bò 26y82s\b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc chxcx` dc 81==_.28. F`src ` G`xdr. Rbicnbc mnd Tcbfn`g`kyBòoittcc/Jixrt Xcq`xt. Nmn`tcbfn`g`kicr mndJ``d. G`nd`n5Hxitirf F`src ` G`xdr &8119).Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5 tinysxg.bò 4xl2nkx\b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc chxcx` dc 81==_.22. Nmn`tcbfn`g`ky5 F`{ It [`xlr mnd [fyIt’r Rm c \qíkinm {ch_. J`xt Gmsdcxdmgc' JG5 TfcR`sxbc Zitmoin Bòqmny' Inb. &8119). Dirq`nihgc

cn5 fttq5 tinysxg.bò 4nn};}h \b`nrsgtmd` cg =4dc chxcx` dc 81==_.24. Rbfoidt L. Nmn`Jx`nticxr5 Ziri`nr `x tfcJstsxc ` Nmn`tcbfn`g`ky. [mrfinkt`n' DB5Qx`ycbt` dc Nmn`tcbn`g`kïmr Cocxkcntcr'Bcntx` Intcxnmbi`nmg qmxm Mbmdéoib`r[``dx`{ [igr`n &811;). Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5tinysxg.bò :b;fx`x \b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc

chxcx` dc 81==_.23. Omynmxd MD' ct mg. Ocmrsxink qmxtibgc riuc/dcqcndcnt qfyrib`bfcoibmg rtxsbtsxc in mixh`xncrinkgc {mggcd bmxh`n nmn`tshc mkkgòcxmtcr. ENmn`qmxtibgc Xcr 9&=)563/98 &811;)< dì5=1.=11;r==13=/11:/9=;6/8.2:. Bfì E/Y' ct mg. Tfc ioqmbt ` t`vibity tcrtinkb`rtr `n nmnòmtcximg xcksgmti`n. Cnzix`n RbiTcbfn`g 42&9)52121‒2124 &8119)< dì5=1.=18=cr618266r.2;. NNI. Rsqqgcocnt t` tfc Qxcridcnt’r JY81== Hsdkct. [mrfinkt`n' DB5 Tfc Inibimtizm

Nmbi`nmg dc Nmn`tcbn`g`kïm' @ binm dc Q`gïtibmrdc Bicnbimr y Tcbn`g`kïm' @ binm Cecbstizm dcgQxcridcntc & chxcx` dc 81=1). Dirq`nihgc cn5fttq5 tinysxg.bò 4m`k8{v \b`nrsgtmd` cg =4 dc

chxcx` dc 81==_.26. Osggcx E' ct mg. Xcrqixmt`xy t`vibity ` osgti/{mgg bmxh`n nmn`tshcr. T`vib`g MqqgQfmxomb`g 81;&2)588=‒82= &8113)< dì5=1.=1=: e.tmmq.8113.1=.116.29. Gmo B[' ct mg. Qsgo`nmxy t`vibity ` rinkgc/{mgg bmxh`n nmn`tshcr in oibc ; mnd 91dmyr m tcx intxmtxmbfcmg inrtiggmti`n. T`vib`g Rbi;;&=)5=8:‒=24 &8114)< dì5=1.=192 t`vrbi l k842.41. Rfzcd`zm M' ct mg. Snsrsmg injmoomt`xy mnd

hx`kcnib qsgo`nmxy xcrq`nrcr t` rinkgc/{mggcdbmxh`n nmn`tshcr in oibc. Mo E Qfyri`g GsnkBcgg O`g Qfyri`g 869&3)5G:96‒G;16 &8113)<dì5=1.==38 meqgsnk.11164.8113.

4=. Rmnbfcu Z' ct mg. Hi`qcxrirtcnbc mnd q`tcntimgmdzcxrc fcmgtf ioqmbtr ` hx`sr nmnòmtcximgr5{fmt fmzc {c gcmxncd xò mrhcrt`r0 [igcyIntcxdirbiq Xcz Nmnòcd Nmn`hi`tcbfn`g=&3)53==‒389 &8119)< dì5=1.=118 {nmn.4=.48. Lio H' ct mg. Dirb`zcxy mnd bfmxmbtcxiumti`n` rigzcx rsg dc nmn`qmxtibgcr in nmg rc{mkcrgsdkc qx`dsbtr. Cnzix`n Rbi Tcbfn`g44&=9)5;319‒;3=4 &81=1)< dì5=1.=18=cr=1=3:3e.42. Mfmocd O' ct mg. Rigzcx nmn`qmxtibgcmqqgibmti`nr mnd fsomn fcmgtf. Bgin Bfio Mbtm4==&82/84)5=64=‒=646 &81=1)< dì5=1.=1=: e.bbm.81=1.16.1=:.44. Rfmxom FR' ct mg. Injscnbc ` cnkinccxcdnmn`qmxtibgcr xò octmgr `n tfc hg``d‒hxminhmxxicx qcxocmhigity' bcxchxmg hg``d j`{' hxmincdcom mnd ncsx`t`vibity. Mn cvqcxiocntmgrtsdy in tfc xmt mnd oibc srink hi`bfcoibmgmnd o`xqf`g`kibmg mqqx`mbfcr. E Nmn`rbi

Nmn`tcbfn`g 9&6)53133‒31;8 &8119)<QOID5=9986=63.43. Rfmxom FR' ct mg. Injscnbc ` nmn`qmxtibgcr`n hg``d‒hxmin hmxxicx qcxocmhigity mnd hxmincdcom `xomti`n in xmtr. Mbtm Ncsx`bfix Rsqqg=1:5239‒2:4 &81=1)< QOID5=96=89;;.4:. Kxi tt XE' ct mg. C cbtr ` qmxtibgcbòq`riti`n mnd rqcbicr `n t`vibity ` octmggibnmnòmtcximgr in m}smtib `xkmniror. Cnzix`nT`vib`g Bfco 8;&9)5=9;8‒=9;6 &8116)<dì5=1.=69; 16/118.=.4;. CQM. CQM M{mxdr $3.3 Oiggi`n t` Rsqq`xtNmn`tcbfn`g`ky Xcrcmxbf5 Xcrcmxbf t` FcgqDctcxoinc [fctfcx Fcmgtf Xirlr Cvirt \qxcrrxcgcmrc_. =; Jch 81==. [mrfinkt`n' DB5 Mkcnbimdc Qx`tcbbiòn mg Mohicntc dc Crtmd`r Snid`r.Dirq`nihgc cn5 fttq5 tinysxg.bò 4rn4l;8\b`nrsgtmd` cg =; dc chxcx` dc 81==_.

Nanopartículas modificadas en productos de consumo: Cómo entender un nuevo ingrediente

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