Memoria cientifico tecnica Proyectos Excelencia y Retos ...

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS

A.1. DATOS DEL PROYECTO COORDINADO INVESTIGADOR/ES COORDINADOR/ES INVESTIGADOR COORDINADOR PRINCIPAL 1 (Nombre y apellidos):

Penélope Serrano Ortiz

INVESTIGADOR COORDINADOR PRINCIPAL 2 (Nombre y apellidos):

Andrew S. Kowalski

TÍTULO GENERAL DEL PROYECTO COORDINADO: Hacia el balance integrado de Gases de Efecto Invernadero en ecosistemas nacionales de alto impacto social y económico

ACRÓNIMO DEL PROYECTO COORDINADO: GEISpain

RESUMEN DEL PROYECTO COORDINADO Máximo 3500 caracteres (incluyendo espacios en blanco):

El cambio climático, consecuencia directa del aumento de gases de efecto invernadero (GEIs) en la atmósfera, es uno de los mayores problemas de la humanidad, así como un reto científico excepcional. En los últimos años, los avances tecnológicos han propiciado la aparición de analizadores capaces de cuantificar los intercambios de GEIs entre ecosistemas y atmósfera (técnica eddy covariance (EC)). En este ámbito, surge la red internacional FLUXNET que comprende en la actualidad cientos de torres de medida de intercambios de CO2/H2O. A pesar del crecimiento de FLUXNET, se sigue demandando a nivel internacional un incremento en la comprensión fundamental del ciclo global del carbono, para verificar la eficacia de las políticas destinadas a reducir las emisiones GEIs y aumentar la captura de carbono, incluyendo medidas de otros GEIs (como CH4 y N2O). De igual modo, las medidas de O3 se están incorporando recientemente a dicha red por su papel en la reducción de la capacidad de sumidero de CO2 en los ecosistemas. En este contexto, las torres de flujo son infraestructuras ideales para testar los modelos de flujo de O3 utilizados en el desarrollo de las políticas de calidad del aire en Europa. El modelo DO3SE es la referencia para la estimación de los flujos de ozono entre la atmósfera y la vegetación ya que está embebido en el modelo EMEP, esencial en el marco del Convenio sobre la contaminación atmosférica transfronteriza (CLRTAP).

AVISO IMPORTANTE

En virtud del artículo 11 de la convocatoria NO SE ACEPTARÁN NI SERÁN SUBSANABLES MEMORIAS CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICAS que no se presenten en este formato. Lea detenidamente las instrucciones que figuran al final de este documento para rellenar correctamente la memoria científico-técnic a.

Convocatorias 2014 Proyectos de I+D “EXCELENCIA” y Proyectos de I+D+I “RETOS INVESTIGACIÓN”

Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica Subdirección General de Proyectos de Investigación

Parte A : RESUMEN DE LA PROPUESTA/SUMMARY OF THE PROPOSAL

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A pesar de los logros ya alcanzados en proyectos anteriores en este ámbito en los que los investigadores han participado, España sigue detrás con respecto a Europa en diversos aspectos de monitoreo de GEIs. En Europa, gracias a la financiación de proyectos europeos recientes (ICOS), se está completando el monitoreo del conjunto de GEIs. Los resultados demuestran la necesidad de ampliar el espectro de medida de GEIs en algunos ecosistemas clave, en los que se ha encontrado que la mitigación del cambio climático por los ecosistemas actuando como sumideros de CO2 puede compensarse con emisiones de otros GEIs y por el efecto negativo del O3.

Dada la gran experiencia del equipo en la utilización de la técnica de EC, su consagrada colaboración internacional, los numerosos artículos publicados en revistas SCI y la infraestructura ya disponible, este proyecto propone ampliar el espectro de intercambio de GEIs en ecosistemas mediterráneos clave.

Para ello se pretende completar las torres de flujo de CO2/H2O ya instaladas en estos ecosistemas con medidas de CH4, O3, y N2O además de campañas complementarias, respondiendo así a preguntas de gran relevancia aún no tratadas por la comunidad europea y destacadas en lo objetivos de la propuesta:

- Estudio de los ciclos biogeoquímicos en ecosistemas agrícolas de gran relevancia en España (arrozal y olivar), estimando su papel en el balance de GEIs (CO2, CH4, N2O) y en los flujos de O3.

- Explorar cuestiones clave (modelización de O3, sumideros potenciales de CH4,...) relacionadas con intercambios de GEIs en ecosistemas naturales relevantes combinando medidas continuas de CO2/H2O ya existentes con medidas de CH4, N2O y O3.

PALABRAS CLAVE DEL PROYECTO COORDINADO: cambio climático, ecosistemas, eddy covariance, gases de efecto invernadero, matorrales, O3, modelo DO3SE

TITLE OF THE COORDINATED PROJECT: Towards an integrated GHG balance in national ecosytems with relevant social and economical impact (GEISpain)

ACRONYM OF THE COORDINATED PROJECT: GEISpain

SUMMARY OF THE COORDINATED PROJECT Maximum 3500 characters (including spaces):

Currently, climate change is both one the greatest problems facing humanity and also an outstanding scientific challenge, given rising CO2 and other greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. In recent years, the technological development of eddy covariance “flux towers” has made possible continuous, non-destructive, ecosystem-scale measurements of the carbon balance from very short (half-hour) to long (multi-decadal) records, forming the FLUXNET network, now comprising hundreds of flux-towers worldwide. Despite the growth of FLUXNET, we need to improve the fundamental understanding of the global carbon cycle and to verify the effectiveness of policies aiming to reduce GHG emissions and increase carbon sequestration, including monitoring other relevant GHG (CH4,N2O). Similarly, Ozone measurements have been recently incorporated given its relevance in the roll of ecosystems reducing the capacity of CO2 absorption by ecosystems. In the context of O3, the model DO3SE is a referent in Ozone estimations for the European Policy regarding air quality.

Despite these advances by researchers, the country lags behind Europe in various aspects of GHG exchange monitoring. In Europe expensive gas analyzers were financed such that projects were recently launched (ICOS) completing the full spectrum of GHGs, including methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The results demonstrate the necessity of such full-spectrum monitoring; in some key ecosystems, it has been found that climate mitigation by ecosystems acting as CO2 sinks are offset by non-CO2 GHG and the negative impact of O3.

Given the great expertise of the research team using the eddy covariance technique, their international collaborations (through FLUXNET community and ICOS, even without budget),

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the high capacity publishing articles in SCI journals and the infrastructure already available to the team this project proposes to enlarge the spectrum of GHG exchange in key Mediterranean ecosystems, monitoring not only CO2/H2O but also CH4, O3 and N2O to answer key questions not yet treated by the FLUXNET community. In this context the following objectives will be achieved:

- To develop a full understanding of the biogeochemical cycles for two agro-Mediterranean ecosystems of high relevance in Spain (i.e. Olive Orchard and paddy rice field), by estimating their full greenhouse gas budget (CO2, CH4, N2O) and their sensitivity to O3 in term of productivity.

-Exploration of key questions regarding GHG exchange and Ozone impact in some relevant natural and semi natural Mediterranean ecosystems by combining CO2/H2O continuous measurements with campaigns of measurements of CH4, N2O and O3 fluxes to evaluate and assess their relevance in the context of climate change.

KEY WORDS OF THE COORDINATED PROJECT: climate change, ecosystem level, eddy covariance, Greenhouse gases, long-term monitoring, O3, DO3SE model

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A.2. DATOS DE LOS SUBPROYECTOS SUBPROYECTO 1 (el investigador o investigadores principales del subproyecto 1 son los coordinadores del proyecto coordinado): TÍTULO: Hacia el balance integrado de Gases de Efecto Invernadero en ecosistemas nacionales de alto impacto social y económico (GEISpain)

SUBPROYECTO 2: INVESTIGADOR PRINCIPAL 1 (Nombre y apellidos):

Vicent Calatayud

INVESTIGADOR PRINCIPAL 2 (Nombre y apellidos):

Arnaud Carrara

TÍTULO: Assessment of Ozone Fluxes in Relevant Mediterranean Ecosystems

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B.1. RELACIÓN DE LAS PERSONAS NO DOCTORES QUE COMPO NEN EL EQUIPO DE TRABAJO (se recuerda que los doctores del equipo de trabajo y los componentes del equipo de investigación no se solicitan aquí porque deberán incluirse en la aplicación informática de solicitud). Repita la siguiente secuencia tantas veces como precise para cada uno de los subproyectos. 1. Nombre y apellidos:

Titulación: licenciado/ingeniero/graduado/máster/formación profesional/otros (especificar) Tipo de contrato: en formación/contratado/técnico/ entidad extranjera/otros (especificar) Duración del contrato: indefinido/temporal Subproyecto al que pertenece (nombre y apellidos del investigador principal):

B.2. FINANCIACIÓN PÚBLICA Y PRIVADA (PROYECTOS Y/O CONTRATOS DE I+D+I) DEL EQUIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN (repita la secuencia tantas veces como se precise en cada uno de los subproyectos participantes hasta un máximo de 5 proyectos y/o contratos por cada subproyecto) SUBPROYECTO 1: 1. Investigador del equipo de investigación que participa en el proyecto/contrato (nombre y apellidos): Penélope Serrano Ortiz (representante científica de la UGR)

Referencia del proyecto: 284274 Título: InGOS— Integrated non-CO2 Greenhouse gas Observing System Investigador principal (nombre y apellidos): Alex Vermeulen, P. Serrano Ortiz (IP de la UGR) Entidad financiadora: European Commission, FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2011-1 Duración (fecha inicio - fecha fin, en formato DD/MM/AAAA): 01/11/2010-30/09/2015 Financiación recibida (en euros): 7999999€ (31837€ para la UGR) Relación con el proyecto que se presenta: mismo tema Estado del proyecto o contrato: concedido

2. Investigador del equipo de investigación que participa en el proyecto/contrato (nombre y apellidos): Andrew S. Kowalski

Referencia del proyecto: 244122 Título: Greenhouse gas management in European land use systems Investigador principal (nombre y apellidos): Annette Freibauer, Araud Carrara (IP del CEAM) Entidad financiadora: European Commission, FP7-ENV-2009-1.1.3.1 Duración (fecha inicio - fecha fin, en formato DD/MM/AAAA): 01/01/2010-30/06/2013 Financiación recibida (en euros): 8928864€ (75000 para la UGR) Relación con el proyecto que se presenta: mismo tema Estado del proyecto o contrato: concedido

3. Investigador del equipo de investigación que participa en el proyecto/contrato (nombre y apellidos): Francisco Domingo Poveda, Cecilio Oyonarte y Andrew S. Kowalski

Referencia del proyecto: CGL2011-27493 Título: Medida y modelización de flujos de Carbono y Agua en ecosistemas semiáridos del sureste Español- Integración de técnicas micrometeorológicas y espectrales. Investigador principal (nombre y apellidos): Francisco Domingo Poveda Entidad financiadora: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Duración (fecha inicio - fecha fin, en formato DD/MM/AAAA): 01/01/2012-31/12/2014 Financiación recibida (en euros): 139150€ Relación con el proyecto que se presenta: mismo tema Estado del proyecto o contrato: concedido

4. Investigador del equipo de investigación que participa en el proyecto/contrato (nombre y apellidos): Andrew Kowalski, Penélope Serrano Ortiz

Parte B: INFORMACIÓ N ESPECÍFICA DEL EQUIPO

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS Referencia del proyecto: CGL2010-22193-C04-02

Título: Red de monitorización de los flujos de carbono en ecosistemas mediterráneos españoles – cuantificación y estudio de procesos (CARBORED II) Investigador principal (nombre y apellidos): Andrew S. Kowalski (Subproyecto2), Arnaud Carrara (Subproyecto1, Coordinador) Entidad financiadora: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Duración (fecha inicio - fecha fin, en formato DD/MM/AAAA): 01/01/2011-31/12/2013 Financiación recibida (en euros): 74536€ (Subproyecto2) Relación con el proyecto que se presenta: mismo tema Estado del proyecto o contrato: concedido

5. Investigador del equipo de investigación que participa en el proyecto/contrato (nombre y apellidos):

Referencia del proyecto: RNM-7186 Título: Balance de carbono en el olivar: efecto de la presencia de la cubierta vegetal Investigador principal (nombre y apellidos): Andrew S. Kowalski Entidad financiadora: Junta de Andalucía; Consejería de Economía, Innovación y Ciencia Duración (fecha inicio - fecha fin, en formato DD/MM/AAAA): 01/06/2014-31/05/2014 Financiación recibida (en euros):169185€ Relación con el proyecto que se presenta: mismo tema Estado del proyecto o contrato: concedido

SUBPROYECTO 2: 1. Investigador del equipo de investigación que participa en el proyecto/contrato: Arnaud Carrara, Cristina Gimeno, Vicent Calatayud

Referencia del proyecto: IMECC, Project code 026188 Título: Infrastructure for Measurement of the European Carbon Cycle Investigador principal: Peter Rayner Entidad financiadora: European Commission (FP6) Duración (fecha inicio - fecha fin, en formato DD/MM/AAAA): 01/2007-03/2011 Financiación recibida (en euros): 294 000€ (cuantía CEAM) Relación con el proyecto que se presenta: mismo tema Estado del proyecto o contrato: concedido

2. Investigador del equipo de investigación que participa en el proyecto/contrato: Arnaud Carrara, Cristina Gimeno

Referencia del proyecto: Grant Agreement no: 313169 Título: ICOS improved sensors, network and interoperability for GMES " (ICOS-INWIRE,Infrastructure for Measurement of the European Carbon Cycle Investigador principal: Philippe Ciais, A. Carrara (IP del CEAM) Entidad financiadora: European Commission (FP7) Duración (fecha inicio - fecha fin, en formato DD/MM/AAAA): 12/2012-12/2015 Financiación recibida (en euros): 294 000€ (cuantía CEAM) Relación con el proyecto que se presenta: mismo tema Estado del proyecto o contrato: concedido

3. Investigador del equipo de investigación que participa en el proyecto/contrato: Arnaud Carrara, Cristina Gimeno

Referencia del proyecto: Carbored-II; CGL2010-22193-C04-01 Título: Red de monitorización de los flujos de carbono en ecosistemas mediterráneos españoles – cuantificación y estudio de procesos Investigador principal: Arnaud Carrara, Coordinador Subproyecto 1 Entidad financiadora: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Duración (fecha inicio - fecha fin, en formato DD/MM/AAAA): 1/2011-12/2013 Financiación recibida (en euros): 120 000€ (cuantía CEAM, coordinador) Relación con el proyecto que se presenta: mismo tema Estado del proyecto o contrato: concedido

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4. Investigador del equipo de investigación que participa en el proyecto/contrato: Vicent Calatayud

Referencia del proyecto: LIFE07 ENV/DE/000218 Título: Further Development and Implementation of an EU-level Forest Monitoring System (FUTMON) Investigador principal: : Johann Heinrich, V. Calatayud (IP del CEAM) Entidad financiadora: LIFE+ Duración (fecha inicio - fecha fin, en formato DD/MM/AAAA): 2009/2011 Financiación recibida (en euros): 34.443.390 € (Fundación CEAM: 56.218 €) Relación con el proyecto que se presenta: está muy relacionado Estado del proyecto o contrato: concedido

5. Investigador del equipo de investigación que participa en el proyecto/contrato: Vicent Calatayud

Referencia del proyecto: CSD2007-00067 Título: Equipo de Investigación Multidisciplinar sobre Cambios Climáticos Graduales y Abruptos, y sus Efectos Medioambientales (GRACCIE) Investigador principal: Profesor Joan Grimalt Entidad financiadora: CONSOLIDER-Ingenio 2010 Duración (fecha inicio - fecha fin, en formato DD/MM/AAAA): 10/2007-10/2012 Financiación recibida (en euros): 5.413.000,00 € Relación con el proyecto que se presenta: está muy relacionado Estado del proyecto o contrato: concedido

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C.1. JUSTIFICACIÓN DE LA COORDINACIÓN A coordinated project is needed for two main reasons: 1. To perform the in-situ experimental measurements The project experimental approach consists of performing original measurements (fluxes of CH4, O3, N2O, leaf scale gas exchange, fluorescence) at existing CO2/H2O flux-tower stations located in relevant ecosystems in order to benefit from the scientific potential and synergies between the new original collected data and the data routinely collected at existing stations. Since measurements performed by the subproject 1 team (CH4 fluxes by eddy covariance, CH4/N2O fluxes by chamber methods) will be partly performed at flux-tower stations operated by subproject 2 team and measurements performed by the subproject 2 team (O3 fluxes by eddy covariance, leaf scale gas exchange, fluorescence) will be partly performed at flux-tower stations operated by subproject 1 team, all the project will require a high level of coordination for: - The planning (timeline, design, set up issues) of experimental measurements. - The installation, operation and maintenance of the instrumentation. - The integration of the different collected datasets and their processing. The coordination on experimental tasks is particularly crucial for the performance of measurements of CH4 and O3 fluxes by eddy covariance. Such measurements need to be performed following very precise guidelines, and therefore require a careful integration of the CH4 and O3 fast-response analyzers in the existing CO2/H2O eddy covariance systems, both for installation and set up, data collection and transmission, and protocols of maintenance of the instruments. 2. Integration of measurements and interpretation o f results Several specific objectives of the project will require the integration of different datasets of different nature (continuous data of eddy covariance fluxes and meteorological and environmental variables; structural biophysical parameter such as LAI, biomass; photosynthetical parameters derived from leaf scale measurement; C/N biomass content; etc…). Therefore, it is crucial to have a close collaboration between the two subprojects which are responsible of the generation of the different datasets, in order to achieve a correct and robust interpretation of the results (e.g. carbon and GHG annual budgets) as well a for a correct parameterization and validation of the used models (i.e. DO3SE, associated photosynthetical or soil moisture module models). Additionally, since the studies will take place at existing experimental stations where an important background knowledge have been accumulated, in particular onto C and H2O cycle, the background knowledge of the PI of the stations and their related team will be essential, because of the complexity of the biogeochemical cycles and associated processes of the studied ecosystem, to interpret and discuss consistently the results. C.2. PROPUESTA CIENTÍFICA 1. Los antecedentes y estado actual de los conocimi entos científico-técnicos de la materia específica del proyecto coordinado en su conjunto, incluyendo, en su caso, los resultados previos de los equipos de inve stigación y la relación, si la hubiera, entre los grupos participantes y otros gru pos de investigación nacionales y extranjeros. Si el proyecto es continuación de otro previamente financiado, individual o coordinado, deben indicarse con claridad los objeti vos y los resultados ya alcanzados de manera que sea posible evaluar el ava nce real que se propone en el nuevo proyecto. Si el proyecto aborda un tema nu evo, deben indicarse los

Parte C: DOCUMENTO CIENTÍFICO

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS antecedentes y contribuciones previas de los equipo s de investigación que

justifiquen su capacidad para llevarlo a cabo. Currently, climate change is both one the greatest problems facing humanity. Increases in CO2 (1, 2) and other greenhouse gas (CH4, N2O) emissions are dramatically impacting the Earth’s radiation balance, representing the driving force of current and future climate change (3). Climate and air quality are key factors influencing the terrestrial biogeochemical cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. The current global change act and provoke system reactions on different spatial and temporal scales, which result in various impacts onto ecosystem services which need to be managed by society in the coming decades, and therefore represent immense challenges for environmental research. In recent years, the technological development of eddy covariance “flux towers” has made possible continuous, non-destructive, ecosystem-scale measurements of the carbon balance from very short (half-hour) to long (multi-decadal) records (4). Since 1996, eddy covariance “flux towers” stations have been set up and aggregated into international networks that form the global FLUXNET (5). Framework Programs of the European commission (FP6, FP7) addressed the lack of sampling for other ecosystem types (including the first Spanish representation by the Fundación CEAM) achieving continental-scale estimates (6). Eddy covariance is now one of the techniques routinely used in continental scale integrations of the carbon cycle (7). Despite the growth of FLUXNET, now comprising hundreds of flux-towers worldwide, a globally integrated carbon observation system is needed to improve the fundamental understanding of the global carbon cycle (8). This issue is been solved at the European level by ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) but unfortunately Spain is not included due to economic restrictions, although the proposing research team is currently working with the ICOS community building the measurements protocols for standardizations. In this context, one of the regions with the greatest uncertainties lies in the Mediterranean (6). Since Mediterranean ecosystems are largely represented in Spain, which accounts for 62% of the Mediterranean part of Europe (7), the applicants have set up "flux towers" in some of the major Mediterranean ecosystems in Spain over the last 15 years, (subalpine and lowland shrublands, “dehesa“, mountain grassland, pine forests and rice field and lately an olive orchards and a wetland) supported by regional (BACAEMÁ, CARBOLIVAR), national (BALANGEIs, CARBORED, CARBORED II, CARBORAD) and European projects (CARBOMONT, CarboEurope-IP, IMECC, Carbo-Extreme, GHG-Europe, InGOS), creating the Spanish flux-tower network trying to fill the gap of a continuous and extensive set of measurement stations in Mediteranean ecosystems. The Spanish network was consolidated thanks to the coordinated national project CARBORED II (2010-2013), whose main objective was to coordinate, harmonize and optimize a monitoring network of CO2 fluxes in Mediterranean Spain. The second main objective of the past coordinated project was to quantify the CO2 budget, its component and annual variability of such ecosystems. The project concluded with great scientific success improving the understanding of Mediterranean ecosystems regarding CO2 exchanges (3 Thesis, 15 SCI papers and 29 conferences contributions). Such publications revealed great variability in the annual net carbon uptake of non forest Mediterranean ecosystems, varied from a net source of around 130 gC m−2 in hot and arid lowlands to a net sink of similar magnitude for alpine meadows (9). The amplitude of the range is given by the dominance of the involved processes: photosynthesis, respiration and subterranean ventilation (10-12). These processes where firstly isolated (13) resulting in a contribution of subterranean ventilation from 23% to 0% in the annual CO2 balance. Background: CH4, N2O in the context of Mediterranea n ecosystems

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CH4 and N2O are the second and third important greenhouse gases in term of impact on climate change. The rate of increase of CH4 in the atmosphere has dropped in the last 3 decades for reasons not well explained relating with the imbalance between sources and sinks of this gas (14). Rice paddy fields are one of the largest anthropogenic sources of CH4. Due to an estimated contribution of around 10% in the global CH4 emission (2), information on the dynamics of the net ecosystem CH4 flux is requested to develop effective management strategies for the reduction of CH4 emissions (15, 16). Moreover, recent research indicates that the semi-arid areas could play an important role in the cycle of CH4 acting as sinks of this gas (17, 18). Regarding the observed increase in N2O, it is largely attributed to agricultural activity. Almost 70% of the total amount of N2O emitted from soils by nitrification and denitrification processes (19). The emissions of these non-CO2 greenhouse gases are very uncertain (20) and it is unknown how future climate change will feedback into the land use coupled emissions of CH4 and N2O. The atmospheric abundances of these gases will increase further in the future and the emissions of these gases are an attractive target for climate change mitigation policies. Despite the above mentioned advances by researchers in Mediterranean Spain, the country lags behind Europe in various aspects of greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange monitoring. For example, while CARBORED-II addressed only water vapour and CO2 exchanges, elsewhere in Europe expensive gas analyzers were financed such that projects both recently launched (ICOS) and completed (GHG Europe) have addressed the full spectrum of GHGs, including methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3). The results demonstrate the necessity of such full-spectrum monitoring; in some key ecosystems, it has been found that climate mitigation by ecosystems acting as CO2 sinks are offset by non-CO2 GHG (21). Additionally, because of their tremendous interannual variability and sensitivity to extreme events such as drought, Mediterranean sites are among the most critical for long-term monitoring of GHG fluxes to enable informed policy decisions (8), yet also represent the gaps in continental networks. Thus, despite the increase of the current knowledge about the CO2 exchange behavior of Mediterranean ecosystems, both long term measurements of the carbon balance, and new information regarding the mechanisms underlying spatial and temporal variations of other GHG exchanges are still needed. The use of micrometeorological techniques for methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) flux measurements in terrestrial ecosystems is increasing due to the advance in technology. The recent development (22) of an infrared gas analyzer capable of measuring methane has opened the possibility to properly investigate exchanges of CH4 at ecosystem scale with the EC technique in remote sites . The model Li-7700 IRGA (Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE, USA) is the first 'open-path' of commercial availability, and was established as the instrument of reference in the GHG-Europe (FP7) European project one of the first project including non-CO2 gas exchange measurement at the ecosystem level. However, there are still technical measurements uncertainties due to the relatively low (compared to CO2) background concentration of both gases and the inherent noise (20). Thus, the issue of the comparability between the EC technique and soil chambers measurements needs to be continued (20). Despite the high price of this type of IRGA, the applicant team already has access to two such instruments. However, due to economical restrictions only one of these IRGAs is, since 2013 measuring CH4 fluxes in a Mediterranean wetland and included in the European InGOS project (Integrated non-CO2 Greenhouse gas Observing System). Whereas some other sites forming the Mediterranean flux tower network consolidated by CARBORED II are not yet been measured such as semi-arid shrublands as potential sink of CH4 (23) or rice fields not yet studied in Mediterranean climates(16, 24).

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS Background: O3 in the context of Mediterranean ecos ystems

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is an air pollutant of major concern for vegetation. In Europe, despite a reduction of peak episodes, background levels have been increasing due, in part, to global transport. Ground-level ozone is increasing at a rate of approximately 0.5-2% per year over the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere due to fast industrialization and urbanization in the last three decades (25). In plants, ozone exposure impairs CO2 assimilation reducing C sequestration, causes leaf visible injury, reductions in plant growth and production, reduces yields and changes food nutrient properties (therefore affecting food security), and alters biomass partitioning. It may also change the species composition of natural plant communities (as sensitivity to this pollutant differs among species), reduce resilience to pests and diseases, and increase sensitivity to drought by reducing water use efficiency of the plants and by diminishing the capacity of the stomata to control water vapour exchange. Ultimately, all these processes will affect ecosystem services such as soil erosion or flood prevention. Ozone is the third most important anthropogenic greenhouse contributing to the radiative forcing. Besides its direct effect as GHG, it has an indirect effect that could exceed its direct effect as it induces suppression of the global land-carbon sink giving rise to additional accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 emissions in the atmosphere (26). Given its adverse effects on biomass production and the consequences for the global carbon and water cycles, its inclusion in global climate modelling is needed. As ozone is taken through the stomata, it is now widely accepted that a metric based on ozone uptake by the plants through the stomata rather than on ambient ozone concentrations is more biologically sound for ozone risk assessment. The University of York (UK) has developed the empirical model DO3SE (Deposition of Ozone for Stomatal Exchange, http://sei-international.org/do3se) to estimate ozone fluxes between the atmosphere and the vegetation. This is a dry deposition model designed to estimate the total and stomatal deposition (or flux) of ozone (O3) for selected European land-cover types and plant species. The core of this model is a stomatal conductance multiplicative algorithm. This algorithm has been embedded within the EMEP photooxidant model providing the method by which the EMEP model estimates ozone deposition and stomatal ozone flux. The EMEP photo-oxidant model monitors and models air pollutant concentration and deposition across Europe for emission reduction. EMEP models have been instrumental to the development of air quality policies in Europe, mainly through their support to the strategy work under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). Since the 1990s, the EMEP models have been the reference tools for atmospheric dispersion calculations as input to the Integrated Assessment Modelling (IAM), which supports the development of air quality polices in the European Union. At present, one of the most important challenges in ozone risk assessment is to be able to incorporate interactions of O3 with other species (e.g., N and C) and with environmental factors (e.g., increasing drought episodes) in the models in order to predict forest plant responses under future climate change scenarios. Recently, DO3SE model has been developed to incorporate Penman-Monteith equations that allow estimates the variability in O3 flux to be assessed in relation to soil water content (27). However, the performance of this SWC module under Mediterranean conditions, where drought strongly modulates ozone uptake by the plants, has practically not been tested. Sites with eddy covariance measurements are ideal platforms for such a validation, as SWC and stomatal conductance (as inferred from latent heat flux) among many other environmental variables are continuously measured. The last and very recent development of the DO3SE model is the incorporation of a new photosynthesis-based stomatal conductance (gsto) algorithm. The main advantage is that it provides the

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS opportunity to incorporate other stresses, namely C and N, through estimates of

changes in photosynthetic rate related to atmospheric CO2 concentrations and Rubisco content. In the first instance such changes can be used to assess effects on O3 uptake but the model framework will also provide the opportunity to investigate processes that may also affect C assimilation, allocation and ultimately plant biomass production. The development of this new model (termed DO3SE_C to represent the incorporation of the Carbon element), requires information on parameterisation of the photosynthesis model for different species, including Vcmax and Jmax. Ultimately, this new model will be able to produce a new generation of ozone risk maps incorporating the modifying influence of multiple stresses such as might occur under climate change (e.g., temperature, increasing carbon dioxide concentration, changing precipitation patterns). Integrated within the EMEP photo-oxidant model, DO3SE_C model is expected to play an important role in plant risk assessment across Europe as the DO3SE model has played in the past. For a good performance of this model under Mediterranean conditions, a better understanding of the partitioning between stomatal and non-stomatal ozone deposition in different ecosystems is urgently needed. At present, this information, generally inferred from eddy covariance ecosystem scale measurements, is missing for many highly relevant Mediterranean ecosystems. While deposition rates are partly governed by stomatal uptake over a plant canopy, it only accounts for ca 40–60% of total deposition on average and that the non-stomatal component is not constant (28-30). Ozone deposition fluxes to vegetation are largely controlled by the physiological activity and associated gas exchange of the vegetation, with solar radiation, air temperature, air humidity and soil moisture as the main controlling variables. Deposition velocities (Vd) observed typically exhibit diurnal cycles and also seasonal cycles partly related to the phenological stages of the plants. In Mediterranean ecosystems, dry and hot conditions can importantly modify the diurnal courses of Vd with regard to no water-limited ecosystems (31), and higher deposition rates may take place during winter in spite of the lower ozone concentrations due to stomatal closure during summer (31). On the other hand, Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds BVOCs are emitted to the atmosphere by plants. Most BVOC are strongly reactive, and they represent a sink for ozone. Monoterpenes and, in particular, sesquiterpenes are the most reactive BVOC, some of them with reaction time in the order of seconds allowing within-canopy reactions with ozone. Theoretical calculation of the chemical lifetime of ozone in canopies suggested that reactive BVOC can contribute up to 30% of total ozone deposition (32). Therefore, measuring BVOC can contribute to understand the non-stomatal ozone sinks of the ecosystems. Relación con otros grupos de investigación Nacional es y Extranjeros At national level, other groups related to ecosystem scale carbon fluxes measurements are the Doñana Biological Station (EBD), which is running eddy covariance stations since 2008 including not only CO2 but also CH4 measurements. Regarding O3, we highlight collaborations with: the CIEMAT, el Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua (IDAEA), Barcelona Supercomputer Center (BSC). At European level, most significant research groups using eddy covariance for measuring non-CO2 gases to quantity, are involved in the current European projects such as ICOS, where the Spanish teal collaborate (without budget) or InGOS, an EU funded Integrating Activity project, supporting the integration of and access to existing national research infrastructures, targeted at improving and extending the European observation capacity for non-CO2 greenhouse gases, where the reasearch team is partner. Groups involved in these projects include the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (GE), Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut (GE), Center for Ecology and Hydrology (UK), University of Edinburgh (UK), University of Antwerp (BE), Alterra

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS (NE), University of Tuscia (IT), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de

l’Environnement (FR), Gembloux Agricultural University (BE), University of Helsinki (FI), University of Hamburg (GE), and Global Change Research Centre (Czech Republic) to name a few. For O3, we highlight collaborations with the following Institutions: Swish Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape (WSL, CH), (Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA, IT), Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UK), University of Florence (IT), CNR (IT), Research Center for Eco-Environment Science (RCEES, China) to name few. 2. La hipótesis de partida y los objetivos generale s perseguidos con el proyecto coordinado en su conjunto, así como la adecuación d el proyecto a la Estrategia Española de Ciencia y Tecnología y de Innovación y, en su caso, a Horizonte 2020 o a cualquier otra estrategia nacional o inte rnacional de I+D+i. Si la memoria se presenta a la convocatoria de RETO S INVESTIGACIÓN, deberá identificarse el reto cuyo estudio se pretende abor dar y la relevancia social o económica prevista. Hipótesis de partida The European Community agrees that despite economic constraints, the preservation of data continuity is critical to provide assured support for GHG mitigation and adaptation policies expected to remain in effect, encouraging coordinated observations, data-model integration, and top-down/bottom-up reconciliation. Here we test the hypotheses that: 1) The continuity of the network consolidated by CARBORED II and currently composed of 5 eddy covariance stations (and complementary measurements) located in different ecosystems monitoring since 2004 and with an uncertain continuity due to economical restrictions will ensure an adequate sampling design, following ICOS protocols, to capture inter-annual variability in the net ecosystem CO2 balance of Mediterranean ecosystems. 2) Emission/assimilation of non-CO2 greenhouse gases by some Mediterranean ecosystems could greatly alter the GHG mitigation previously measured by CARBORED II. In this context, the annual C balance of the Mediterranean rice paddy could decrease given the potential emissions of CH4. By contrast, the potential of semiarid shrublands to absorb CH4 thorough the dry soil could shift from almost neutral (9) or even C source (33) to C sinks. Finally, different managements of olive orchards (weed cover vs no weedcover) could alter nitrification-denitrification cycles and modify N2O emissions, with relevant changes in the GHG budget given the global warming potential of N2O (310 times higher than CO2). For the ozone flux, we hypothesize that 1) the DO3SE model is able to accurately estimate ozone fluxes, at least in terms of accumulated fluxes along a growing season in five relevant Mediterranean ecosystems. 2) The soil water moisture module is correctly reproducing the soil water status under Mediterranean conditions. 3) It is possible to separate stomatal and non-stomatal components of ozone flux using a combination of techniques including eddy covariance, sap-flow and leaf-level measurements. Objetivos generales The rationale for the project is the current lack of information regarding the CH4 and N2O fluxes and the O3 impact estimates in Mediterranean ecosystems, as described and explained in details in the above “state of the art” section. In this context, our main purpose in to asses an integrated GHG balance in relevant Spanish Mediterranean ecosystems by incorporating measurements of CH4, N2O and O3 into the CARBORED II network. In this concern, the two general objectives of the coordinated project are:

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS Objetivos generales

General objective 1: To develop a full understanding of the biogeochemical cycles for two agro-Mediterranean ecosystems of high relevance in Spain (i.e. Olive Orchard and paddy rice field), by estimating their full greenhouse gas budget (CO2, CH4, N2O) and their sensitivity to O3 in term of productivity.

General objective 2: Exploration of key questions regarding GHG exchange and Ozone impact in some relevant natural and semi natural Mediterranean ecosystems by combining CO2/H2O continuous measurements with campaigns of measurements of CH4, N2O and O3 fluxes to evaluate and assess their relevance in the context of climate change.

Adecuación The proposed general objetives are strongly linked with "RETO DE LA SOCIEDAD 5: Acción sobre el cambio climático y eficiencia en la utilización de recursos y materias primas". GEISpain provide scientific knowledge of the processes and mechanisms of terrestrial ecosystems functioning to promote policies for adaptation to climate change. Quantifying GHG exchanges, including not only CO2 but also CH4, N2O in key Mediterranean ecosystems and their sensitivity to O3 in term of productivity, along with the long-term monitoring of the flows of CO2 / H2O, will provide essential information to mitigate the causes and effects of the climate change especially relevant in Mediterranean ecosystems given their high vulnerability. Additionally, GHG measurements in agricultural ecosystems will be essential to evaluate how impacts of climate change can influence their productivity and other services and functions. Similarly, synergies between GEIspain and other research European programs about monitoring and mitigation of agricultural and forestry GHG (cf. ESFRI project ICOS (H2020); the past GHG-Europe (FP7)) are evident. The objectives of GEISpain, will reduce uncertainties and improve national agricultural GHG inventories (in paddy rice and olive orchards) to improve carbon sequestration and to reduce GHG emissions. The database generated by GEISpain will be integrated into existing European Fluxes Databases Cluster (http://www.europe-fluxdata.eu/), filling knowledge gaps in continental networks and providing a better characterization of ecosystem services in the Mediterranean area. 3. Los objetivos específicos de cada uno de los sub proyectos participantes, enumerándolos brevemente, con claridad, precisión y de manera realista (acorde con la duración prevista del proyecto). En los subproyectos con dos investigadores principa les, deberá indicarse expresamente de qué objetivos específicos se hará r esponsable cada uno de ellos. Subproject 1 Obj 1.1. To quantify the real C balance (CO2, CH4) and natural drivers in the agro-Mediterranean sites. Responsible: A. S. Kowals ki This objective will be achieved providing, for the first time in Spain, direct eddy covariance measurements of CH4 fluxes at ecosystem level and complementary measurements in two representative agricultural Mediterranean ecosystems: a paddy rice (Core site 1, Sueca) and an olive orchard (Core site 2, Conde). Notice that the two proposed sites are already equipped with CO2/H2O flux-tower stations and complementary measurements and the applicant team already has access to two instruments for measuring CH4 fluxes.

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS Obj 1.2. To determine the relevance of soil emissio n of N2O in the agro-

Mediterranean sites. Responsible: P. Serrano Ortiz Apart from CO2/H2O and CH4 fluxes at ecosystem level using eddy covariance, soil N2O emissions will be measured using chambers to quantify such emissions and analyze the relevance of N2O in the full GHG budget of "Sueca" and "Conde" sites. This objective can be also consider as a fist step to determine the need for a fast response sensor of N2O (eddy covariance) given the prohibitive cost of the sensor nowadays (above 100.000€) Obj 1.3. To explore the potential capacity of the s emi-arid Mediterranean sites as CH4 sinks and natural drivers. Responsible: A. S. Kowalski Although different studies reveal a potential absorption of CH4 of dry soils using chambers, these capacity was never measured at the ecosystem level (eddy covariance). Thus, we propose to measure CH4 fluxes using eddy covariance in three representative Mediterranean ecosystems: "Llano de los Juanes", "Balsa blanca" (Exploratory sites 2 and 3, natural grass/shrublands), and "Las Majadas" (Exploratory site 1 Dehesa). These measurements will be carried along two continuous months per site ensuring optimal climatology conditions for CH4 uptake (dry seasons). The values of CH4 uptake will be compare with fluxes of CO2 already measured in the sitse to determine the relevance of CH4 uptake into the global Carbon cycle. Obj 1.4. To evaluate the effectiveness of the EC te chnique measuring CH4 fluxes in sites with low expected fluxes (such as semi-ari d-Mediterranean). Responsible: P. Serrano Ortiz Measurements of CH4 fluxes using eddy covariance will be compare with CH4 fluxes measured with soil static chamber in two selected sites ("Sueca" and "Balsa blanca"). Subproject 2 Obj 2.1. To provide for the first time in Spain dir ect eddy covariance measurements of ozone fluxes at ecosystem level in five relevant Mediterranean ecosystems. Responsible: A. Carrara Obj 2.2. To quantify the partitioning between stoma tal and non-stomatal ozone deposition and its variation along the day and seas onally. Responsible: A. Carrara To quantify the partitioning between stomatal and non-stomatal ozone deposition is a needed input for ozone deposition models. It will be estimated combining different approaches, combining vapor water fluxes measured with eddy covariance, with sap flows (for trees) and leaf-level gas exchange measurements Obj 2.3. To parameterize DO3SE model, including its photosynthetic component (DO3SE_C), for olive tree and rice for the first ti me. Responsible: V. Calatayud Despite the high relevancy of olive tree and rice crops in the Mediterranean Region, no parameterizations are currently available neither for DO3SE nor for DO3SE_C models. One of the specific objectives of this project is to parameterize these two crops, so that they can be included in the model presets allowing future risk assessment based on ozone fluxes. Obj 2.4. To test the soil moisture module of DO3SE under Mediterranean conditions. Responsible: V. Calatayud Another objective is to modelled soil moisture status parameters and its influence of stomatal conductance at three of the eddy covariance sites with field measurements in order to test the suitability of this approach under Mediterranean conditions. This issue

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS is critical and represents one of the most challenging obstacles before a risk

assessment approach based on ozone fluxes can be applied in Mediterranean areas. Obj 2.5. To validate modeled stomatal ozone fluxes (DO3SE) with measured ozone fluxes by eddy covariance technique. Responsi ble: V. Calatayud Eddy covariance sites are ideal for validating ozone flux models as fluxes of this pollutant can be directly measured. Furthermore, flux tower sites are highly instrumented and, together with CO2, water vapor and energy fluxes, many key meteorological and soil water variables are also measured. While the above specific objectives aimed at parameterize and testing the performance of different aspects of the DO3SE and DO3SE_C model, the most important goal of this project is to validate modelled ozone fluxes with measures ones. 4. El detalle de la metodología propuesta en cada u no de los subproyectos participantes, incluyendo la viabilidad metodológic a de las tareas. Si fuera necesario, también se incluirá una evaluación críti ca de las posibles dificultades de un objetivo específico y un plan de contingencia para resolverlas. To achieve the objectives of proposed coordinated project we propose to measure CO2, CH4 and O3 fluxes using the eddy covariance technique together with N2O using static chambers in 5 relevant Spanish Mediterranean ecosystems already included in the CARBORED II network. Such flux measurements will be complemented by the monitoring of atmospheric and soil environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, radiative fluxes, precipitation) that determine the magnitude and direction of surface-atmosphere exchanges, and allow the filling (when necessary) of inevitable gaps in flux measurements via empirical modelling techniques. 4.1 Experimental sites The sites are divided into two types: Core and Exploratory sites (see Figure 1 for locations). 4.1.1 Core sites Sites where intensive and continuous monitoring of CO2, CH4, O3 and N2O fluxes will be done to achieve the main objective of the proposal: To develop an understanding of the greenhouse gas dynamics in relevant Mediterranean ecosystems. C1) Sueca: Paddy rice (PI of the station: A. Carrara (S2)) The flux-tower station (39º 16’ 31.9’’ N, 0º 18’ 54.8” W, Sueca, Valencia) is located inside the limits of "La Albufera" natural park, in a paddy rice field fully representative of the surrounding rice crop area of 22 000 ha. The climate is Mediterranean with dry and warm summers and mean annual temperature and precipitation of 17.9 ºC and 550 mm, respectively. Management is determined by agriculture practices of rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop which have experienced very few changes for about 200 years. Fields are drained from March to April, flooded in May for sowing, and drained again in August for rice yield in September. Fields are flooded for the winter period in late October until about February. C2) Conde: olive orchard (PI of the station: A. S. Kowalski (S1)) The flux-tower station (37°55'10.13"N, 3°14'24.62"W , Jódar, Andalucía) is located in an olive orchard fully representative of the surrounding olive plantations. The climate is warm-hot Mediterranean, with hot dry summers and mild winters, and a mean annual temperature of 15.5 °C. Mean annual precipitation i s 650mm, accumulated mostly during spring and autumn. The olive tree plantation is ca. 20 years old, with a density of 204 trees ha-1 and has been cultivated following organic farming practices for more than 60 years. The entire area is equipped with two pressure-compensating drippers per tree that maintain a constant flow of 8 l h-1 and is irrigated with an average of 130 m3 ha-1 day-1 from May to September. The area is daily fertilized with NPK from April to October.

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS 4.1.2 Exploratory sites

Sites where intensive and continuous monitoring of CO2 and H2O fluxes will be combined with campaigns of other GHG fluxes to evaluate their relevance to net climate forcing and ecosystem productivity. E1) Las Majadas: dehesa (PI of the station: A. Carrara (S2)) The station is located at 39º 56’ 26’’ N and 5º 46’ 29’’ W (Majadas del Tiétar, Cáceres), at approximately 260 m a.s.l. Climate is Mediterranean with hot and dry summer but with relatively cold winter due to rather continental location. Mean annual temperature is 16.7 ºC and Annual precipitation is 570 mm. The long-term historical management at the site has resulted in a holm oak (Quercus Ilex) savanna known in Spain as a “dehesa2, with an understory dominated by annual herbaceous species. Tree density is about 20 trees per hectare, with a mean height of 8 m and a mean DBH of 41 cm. The management consist of continuous grazing by cattle and regular pruning (each 20-30 years) of the trees. The soil type is classified (FAO) as Cambisol (Dystric). The site is an ICOS demonstration experiment site and is an Intensive Monitoring Plot (Level II) of the ICP Forest network. The site is the most comprehensive and complete eddy covariance flux tower site in the Iberian Peninsula, has contributed to 7 EU projects, 3 national projects, has been demonstration site for the ICOS “ESFRI” infrastructure, and currently contribute to one national project (FluXpec) and one EU project (ICOS-INWIRE). E2) Balsa blanca: shrub/alpha grassland (PI of the station: F. Domingo (S1)) The flux-tower station (36º56’24’’N; 2º18’0’’W, Almería, Andalucía) was established in 2006 on the coastal plain of the Cabo de Gata-Nijar Natural Park (Almería). The ecosystem is characterized by a semi-arid climate with a mean annual temperature of 18.1 ºC and annual precipitation of 271mm. The site is representative of the surroundings. It is dominated by the herbaceous Stipa tenacísima L. (91%), but also contains a diversity of shrub species. The non-vegetated fraction of the surface (37%) is covered by biological crusts (48%), gravel (23%) and litter (21%). E3) Llano de los Juanes: shrubland (PI of the station: P. Serrano-Ortiz (S1)) The flux-tower station (36°55'36.89"N; 2°45'6.84"W , Almería, Andalucía) was established in 2004 on a subalpine plateau at an altitude of 1590 m a.s.l. in the Sierra de Gádor. The ecosystem is an extensively flat shrubland (matorral) representative of the surroundings. The climate is Mediterranean subhumid with a mean annual temperature of 12 ºC and mean annual precipitation of ca. 475 mm, falling mostly during autumn and winter, and by a very dry season in summer. The vegetation is bio-diverse and somewhat sparse with predominance of two perennial species, Festuca scariosa (19.0 %) and Genista pumila (11.5 %).

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Figure 1. Location of the monitoring experimental sites: Fundamental (F) and Exploratory (E) site 4.2 Continuous ecosystem scale measurements 4.2.1 Eddy covariance technique (for CO2/H2O, CH4, O3) The eddy covariance (EC) technique is one of the most widely employed methods used to measure net CO2 exchange all over the world (5). In addition, although in former years research on non-CO2 trace gases have mainly been carried out via soil chambers technique, development of reliable and fast response instrumentation in recent years has increased the use of EC for CH4, N2O and O3 flux measurements (20). The correct application of this technique requires micrometeorological expertise and advanced technology (34). Fluxes, to or from the surface of interest, are then estimated by the covariance between the scalar concentration and the vertical wind speed (in the surface-normal direction). Such a one-dimensional interpretation of turbulent transport is predicated on numerous assumptions/hypotheses including but not limited to surface uniformity, stationarity of atmospheric conditions, homogeneity of the turbulence, instrument time response, and sufficient length of the statistical averaging period to capture all transporting eddies. While this may appear to be prohibitive, such assumptions are verified by various types of micrometeorological analyses, many on a half-hourly basis: Footprint analyses to verify that the upwind surface contributing to measured fluxes correspond to the ecosystem of interest (35);coordinate rotations to address anemometer tilt and terrain pitch (36, 37); the comparison of integral turbulence statistics with established limits for homogeneous turbulence (38); Identification of nocturnal situations with insufficient mixing (7, 8); Multi resolution decomposition (9) or Ogive analysis (10) to examine the sensitivity of the covariance to the length of the averaging period; the "WPL correction" (39) when the gas analyzers is used to measure in situ density fluctuations in the gas constituent (40), (41). 4.2.2 Continuous atmosphere and soil statement mea surements

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS Flux data rejected for not conforming to the above criteria, or missing due to power

failures or other instrumentation problems, must be filled to enable long-term integrations of gas exchange measurements. For the case of CO2, even valid flux data provide information only regarding net gas exchange, but no direct insight into component processes such as photosynthetic uptake, (autotrophic) respiration or soil ventilation on the net CO2 fluxes. For these reasons, turbulent flux measurements are generally complemented with additional measurements and empirical modelling techniques. Thus, proper interpretation of trace gas measurements requires monitoring of numerous parameters describing the soil/atmosphere statement such as: air temperature and relative humidity, photon flux density, net radiation and its components, soil temperature and soil water content, soil heat flux, rain or water table level. 4.3 Static soil chambers technique The scaling up of non-CO2 trace-gas flux estimates from small plots to the field scale has been facilitated by the application of micrometeorological techniques. However, because N2O/CH4 concentration gradients in free air are hard to measure, reports of micrometeorological measurements of N2O/CH4 fluxes are rare and controversial (20). Thus, in former years soil chambers has established as the main technique used for non-CO2 trace gases research. For the proposal due to financial restriction, N2O fluxes will be measure using chambers, whereas CH4 will be measure using the EC technique (an infrared gas analyzer for measuring CH4 is available in the group, see section 5) and compared with established chamber methods. Using the static soil chamber technique, fluxes are estimated by analyzing the increase in concentration with time in the chamber headspace. Before starting the measurement period, rings must be installed in the soil where the chamber will be inserted. To estimate the fluxes, samples will be taken from the chambers at time 0 after closure and at different times afterwards. Air samples are withdrawn from the chamber headspace using a plastic syringe and flushed through gas vials, were they will be stored and analyzed for N2O, CH4 and CO2. 4.4 Complementary measurements for O3 fluxes 4.4.1 BVOCs sampling and analysis Three types of cartridges will be used for the sampling of volatile organic compounds: type C18 for sampling oxygenated organic compounds,Tenax or similar for the analysis of terpene hydrocarbons and other organic and DNPH compounds,and an additional cartridge for removing ozone so that it is possible to analyse possible aldehydes and ketones present in the air. Duplicate samples will be collected samples were subsequently transferred to the laboratory techniques will be analysed using gas chromatography or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy. 4.4.2. Ecophysiological measurements Leaf scale measurements of CO2 and H2O fluxes (including calculation of stomatal) that will be carried out with a portable photosynthesis system (LI-6400, LiCor). A/Ci curves will also be carried out for modelling the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport (Jmax), according to Long and Bernacchi (2003)Florescence parameters will also be measured in parallel with a fluorometer (PAM-2500, Waltz). Leaf water potential will be measured at each campaign with a Scholander chamber (Digital Model, Skye Instruments). Soil water content (SWC) data are continuously available at the eddy covariance sites with probes. 4.4.3 Modelling O3 fluxes

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS Species-specific functions relating the changes of stomatal conductance (gsto) in

relation with phenology, radiation, air temperature, atmospheric vapor pressure deficit, and SWC will be built, and parameterization will be obtained according to the methodology described in the Mapping Manual of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP, 2010). For the DO3SE_C model, the main parameters needed are Vcmax, Jmax, and the parameter m describing the relationship between An and gsto (calculated according to Müller et al., 2005(53)). 4.5 Working Plan To achieve the proposed objectives, the following tasks will be performed. Task 1.1 Continuous measurements of CO2/H2O fluxes and environmental variables in the flux stations (Subprojects 1 and 2) The experimental sites (Core and Exploratory sites) are already equipped with EC systems measuring CO2 and water vapor together with atmospheric and soil statement variables continuously. This task consists of assuring the continuity of the instrumental maintenance and data processing (including quality check, corrections, gap filling, flux partitioning) established as result of the Spanish project (CARBORED II) following the state-of-the-art international standards, guidelines and protocols (Carboeurope, Fluxnet, ICOS) a) Milestones: Continuous long term data of CO2, water vapor and energy fluxes b) Personnel involved: For C1 and E1 sites: A. Carrara (S2), Contracted researcher (S2) For C2 site: A. Kowalski (S1), PhD student (S1) For E2 site: F. Domingo (S1), PhD student (S1) For E3 site: P. Serrano-Ortiz (S1), PhD student (S1) Task 1.2 Measurements of CH4 fluxes using the EC te chnique (Subproject 1) The following tasks will serve to quantify the C budget of agro-Mediterranean sites and explore the capacity of the semi-arid Mediterranean sites as CH4 sinks Task 1.2.1 Installation and operation of the IRGA sensor for measuring CH4 fluxes For measuring CH4 fluxes, another infrared gas analyzer (IRGA, Li-7700, Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE, USA), already available (section 5) will be incorporated to the EC systems of the Core sites. The Li-7700 will be installed in C1 and C2 the first and the second year of the project respectively. Though the third year, the LI-7700 will be installed bi-monthly at the Exploratory sites (see Table 1) Throughout the measured period, the sites will be visited monthly to clean the sensors and calibrate the IRGA with gas bottles of known concentration of CH4 following the manual and standard procedures given by the European Community (InGOS). In addition, since continuous measurements at 10Hz are necessary to calculate CH4 fluxes, measurements will be downloaded and checked daily from the office using a remote system for data acquisition. a) Milestones: Continuous measurements of CH4 fluxes b) Personnel involved: For C1: P. Serrano Ortiz (S1), A. Carrara (S2) For C2: P. Serrano Ortiz (S1), PhD student (S1) For E1, E2, E3: E. P. Sánchez Cañete (S1), contracted Post-Doc (S1) Task 1.2.2 Data processing, corrections and CH4 flux calculation Data collected are not immediately ready to be used and interpreted. In particular the raw turbulent data collected at 10 Hz time resolution need a first processing step to calculate fluxes with typical time resolution of 30 minutes that includes quality check, filtering of raw data, and applying various corrections. Since the methodology for the most accurate determination of CH4 exchanges from EC measurements is a work in

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS progress, it is impossible at the moment to select one of the different processing

schemes available as “correct”. Recommendations established in the FP7 European "InGOS" project and the expertise of the PI and prof. Lars Kutzbach will ensure the "best" procedure. a) Milestones: To obtain CH4 fluxes with high quality b) Personnel involved: A. Kowalski (S1) Contracted Post-Doc (S1), Lars Kutzbach (S1) Task 1.2.3 Gap-filling procedures for CH4 fluxes Continuous measurements of CH4 fluxes are necessary to obtain integrated budgets. Although the EC technique delivers continuous data sets of CH4 exchange between ecosystem and atmosphere, gaps due to unfavorable micro-meteorological conditions or instrument failure are inherent to the method. Thus, half hourly flux data series present significant gaps and it is necessary to fill those gaps to obtain annual integrated budgets. Since different processing schemes for gap-filling can lead to different results for the same dataset and the optimal procedure for filling gaps in CH4 fluxes is a work in progress, we will apply different methods implemented in the InGOS community (neuronal networks, look-up tables, temporal averages, etc) to test the effectiveness of these gap-filling techniques at Mediterranean sites. We will also work in collaboration with the Max Plank Institute in Jena (Germany), with the investigators Oscar Pérez Priego and Mirco Migliavaca, where the standardized methodology for gap filling developing for CO2 is being modified to gap-fill CH4 time series. a) Milestones: The creation of a continuous, coherent and consistent values CH4 fluxes b) Personnel involved: A. Kowalski (S1) Contracted Post-Doc (S1), Lars Kutzbach (S1) Task 1.3 Complementary measurements to determine ma in drivers of total Carbon balance (CO2 and CH4) Together with continuous measurements of environmental variables (Tast 1) this task is essential to determine main drivers of CO2 and CH4 fluxes Task 1.3.1 Optical sampling campaigns The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is widely applied in remote sensing to estimate biophysical variables, GPP, phenology and CO2 fluxes of ecosystems. The Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) is one of the few spectral indices which has been shown to be a sensitive indicator of seasonal and diurnal variations in photosynthetic light use efficiency, with is an essential parameter constraining carbon fluxes. Monthly NDVI and PRI will be sampled with a portable NDVI/PRI in the Core sites. The monitoring procedure will follow guidelines proposed by the Spanish Project CARBORAD in which members of this subproject participate. These measurements will improve the characterization of the carbon balance and functional behavior of the Core sites, and will facilitate interdisciplinary science collaborations between the optical sampling, remote sensing and flux tower scientific communities. a) Milestones: To quantify the statement of the vegetation (phenology) b) Personal involved: C. Oyonarte (S1) , F. Domingo (S1), A. Carrara (S2)

Sites Gas (technique) First Year (*) Second Year (*) Third year (*) Core Sites (agro-Mediterranean)

C1 "sueca"

CO2/H2O (EC) |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D| |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D| |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D| CH4/O3 (EC) J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D|

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS (Paddy rice) CH4/N2O (Chambers) |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D|

O3 (Ecophysiology) |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D|

C2 "Conde" (Olive

orchard)

CO2/H2O (EC) |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D| |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D| |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D| CH4/O3 (EC) |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D| CH4/N2O (Chambers) |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D| O3 (Ecophysiology) |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D| VOCs |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D|

Exploratory Sites (semi-arid Mediterranean)

E1 "Majadas" (Dehesa)

CO2/H2O (EC) |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D| |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D| |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D| CH4/O3 (EC) |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D| CH4/N2O (Chambers) |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D| O3 (Ecophysiology) |J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|O|N|D|

E2 "Balsa blanca" (Stippe)


E3 "LlanoJuanes"

(subalpine-shrubland)


Table 1. Continuous measurements and campaigns design for each site and each gas and technique. Task 1.3.2 Sap flow measurements Sap flow measurements at tree level will provide information regarding the stomatal conductance, elucidating periods with predominance of stomatal closure expecting minimum values of CO2 uptake and transpiration from trees. These measurements will characterized the functional conditions of the trees, explaining CO2/CH4 flux behaviors. In addition, such measurements allow the partitioning of ecosystem water vapor fluxes into transpiration and evaporation processes. The Core site 2 (Conde, Olive Orchard) will be equipped with sap flow systems to provide continuous measurements of sap flow in 5 selected trees. a) Milestone: Characterize the stomatal conductance behaviors in olive trees b) Personal involved: L. Villagarcía Saiz (S1), PhD Student (S1) Task 1.4 Measurements of CH4/N2O fluxes with soil static chambers (Subproject 1) This task will serve to evaluate the effectiveness of the EC technique measuring CH4 fluxes in sites with low expected fluxes and To determine the relevance of soil emission of N2O in the agro-Mediterranean sites N2O and CH4 fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere will be measured using the "closed chamber" technique (42). To achieve Objective 4, measurements will be taken monthly in C1 and C2 sites during one year. Whereas the Objective 3 will be also reinforced measuring weekly in E2 site during 2 months (see table 1). Before starting the measurement period, stainless steel rings (diameter 35 cm) will be installed in the soil to a depth of 10 cm (8 rings in C1, 12 in C2 and 4 in E2). In the C2 site collars will be inserted in three transects, at different distances from a tree to the "between trees" and will be kept in the same place throughout the measurement period. Opaque chambers will be used in C2 and E2 sites (opaque plastic; 20 cm height) while transparent ones (plexiglass; 40 cm height) will be used in C1 site, where the plants (rice) will be included inside the chamber during sampling, in order to avoid stomata closure. To estimate the fluxes, samples will be taken from the chambers at time 0 after closure and at 2 different times afterwards. Linearity tests will be done to estimate the ideal closure time for each of the chambers in each of the ecosystems. A thermometer will be inserted into the chamber to record the changes in temperature within the chamber headspace during the period when the chambers are closed. Air samples of 100 ml will be withdrawn from the chamber headspace using a plastic syringe and flushed through 20 ml gas vials, were they will be stored and analyzed for N2O, CH4

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS and CO2. Samples will be analyzed following Vallejo et al (2014) (43) at "Universidad

Politécnica de Madrid" by Alberto Sanz Cobeñas (memeber of the working group) using a gas chromatograph (GC,HP5890 Series II, Hewlett Packard, Agilent Technologies UK Ltd., Stockport, UK) fitted with an electron capture detector (ECD) and a flame ionization detector (FID) for N2O and CH4 analysis, respectively. a) Milestones: Values of N2O and CH4 fluxes using chambers b) Personnel involved: PhD student, P. Serrano Ortiz , A. Meijide, A. Sanz Cobeñas, E. P. Sánchez Cañete, Contracted Post-Doc (all S1) Task 2.1. Measuring ozone fluxes with eddy covarian ce (Subproject 2) This task will serve to provide ozone flux measurements with eddy covariance. Measurements of ozone fluxes will be performed at ecosystem scale by eddy covariance using a fast response ozone analyzer (FOA, Sextant Technology Ltd.). Simultaneously, ozone concentrations will be measured with an ozone analyzer (Europe, ML9810B) for validation of absolute concentration levels registered by fast ozone sensor and post correction of potential drifts in the sensitivity of the fast response analyzer. The measurements will cover a full phenological year for the two core agricultural sites (C1 and C2) and will be perform on campaign mode for the others sites (E1, E2 and E3), covering key phonological periods (see Table 1). a) Milestones: O3 fluxes for each of the five ecosystems (C1, C2, E1, E2 and E3) measured with eddy covariance b) Personnel involved:A. Carrara (S2) , contracted researcher (S2), V. Calatayud (S2), C. Gimeno (S2), A. S. Kowalski (S1), P. Serrano Ortiz (S1), F. Domingo (S1) Task 2.2. Partitioning of ozone flux into stomatal and non-stomatal components This task is addressed to separate the measured ozone fluxes into stomatal and non-stomatal components using complementary approaches. We will separate stomatal and non-stomatal component of the total ozone fluxes measured by eddy covariance. Stomatal conductance will be estimated using different methods depending on the ecosystem type. Stomatal conductance (and related stomatal ozone fluxes) will be estimated from available water vapor fluxes measured by eddy covariance based on the Penman-Monteith equation (44), for periods in which evaporation is negligible. In addition, for ecosystems including trees (holm oak [E1] and olive tree [C2]), sap flow measurements will be used to further assess the stomatal ozone flux of tree canopy. Canopy-level stomatal conductance and related ozone fluxes will be derived from these sap-flow measurements (45). Since transpiration and O3 influx are coupled through stomatal regulation, sap-flow techniques that determine crown transpiration can be used to assess tree-level O3 uptake (46, 47). Whole-tree O3 uptake rates can be combined with stand density data so that stomatal stand level O3 uptake can be expressed per unit of ground surface area (48). For periods in which the evaporation is reduced and plant transpiration is the most relevant component of evapotranspiration, it is possible to directly compare stomatal conductance measurements (and related ozone fluxes) derived from sap flow devices with estimates using eddy covariance. Upscaling of leaf level stomatal conductance measurements at with an IRGA (LiCor-6400), considering the Leaf Area Index (LAI) and a factor between shade and sun leaves, will be also used for solving this partitioning and its seasonal and daily variation. The direct emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds, mainly isoprene and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes that could have a direct influence on the ozone

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS concentration present in the air will be analysed. These compounds are highly reactive

with ozone, contributing to the non stomatal deposition. Likewise, degradation products will be measured, to have a clear indication that these reactions have taken place. The study will be carried out in 4 experimental campaigns at the olive site (C2). The non-stomatal ozone deposition will be eventually estimated as the difference between total ozone deposition measured with eddy covariance and estimated stomatal ozone deposition. a) Milestones: O3 flux partitioning performed for sites C1, C2, E1, E2 and E3 b) Personnel involved: A. Carrara (S2), contracted researcher (S2), V. Calatayud (S2), A. Muñoz Cintas (S), Cristina Gimeno (S2), A. Kowalski (S1), P. Serrano Ortiz (S1), F. Domingo (S1) Task 2.3. Parameterization the DO3SE and DO3SE_C mo dels This task aims at providing novel parameterizations both for the multiplicative and for the photosynthetic algorithms of DO3SE model

Task 2.3.1. Measurement of stomatal conductance and photosynthesis parameters and their variability Several measurements campaign will be performed at all the experimental sites to collect the necessary information needed for the parameterization of DO3SE model. Core measurements will consist of leaf scale measurements of CO2 and H2O fluxes (including calculation of stomatal) that will be carried out with a portable photosynthesis system (LI-6400, LiCor). Measurements will be carried out in several field campaigns per year in order to capture the daily and seasonal variation in gas exchange parameters with regard to changes in phenology, radiation, T, VPD, and SWC (the parameters used for deriving the functions used in DO3SE model). A/Ci curves will also be carried out for modelling the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport (Jmax), according to Long and Bernacchi (2003)(49). Complementary chlorophyll florescence parameters will also be measured in parallel with a fluorometer (PAM-2500, Waltz). Fluorescence, in combination with gas exchange, is a powerful tool to better understand how photosynthesis processes are modulated by changing environmental conditions during the day and seasonally (50). In the case of olive orchard and Mediterranean shrubland, leaf water potential will be measured at each campaign with a Scholander chamber (Digital Model, Skye Instruments) as drought is an important modifying factor of stomatal conductance. Several campaigns will be carried out along the year in order to account for the seasonal variations of these parameters, an issue of great relevance for Mediterranean ecosystems (e.g, (51, 52)). Task 2.3.2. Parameterization the DO3SE and DO3SE_C models for the different ecosystems Meteorological and soil water content (SWC) data are continuously available at the eddy covariance sites. Species-specific functions relating the changes of stomatal conductance (gsto) in relation with phenology, radiation, air temperature, atmospheric vapor pressure deficit, and SWC will be built, and parameterization will be obtained according to the methodology described in the Mapping Manual of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP, 2010). For the DO3SE_C model, the main parameters needed are Vcmax, Jmax, and the parameter m describing the relationship between An and gsto (calculated according to Müller et al., 2005(53)). As mentioned previously, ozone uptake by plants is largely controlled by stomatal conductance.

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS For olive trees and rice, these parameterizations will be new. For holm oak and

Mediterranean shrublands, available parameterizations in DO3SE model will be adapted to site-specific conditions. a) Milestones: Measurements campaigns carried out. Parameterizations for rice (C1) and olive trees (C2) calculated b) Personnel involved: V. Calatayud (S2), J.J. Diéguez (S2), Zhaozhong Feng (S2), A. Carrara (S2), contracted researcher (S2), Cristina Gimeno (S2), A. Kowalski (S1) Task 2.4. Validating the soil moisture module of DO 3SE under Mediterranean conditions The main objective of this task is to test the performance of the soil moisture model of DO3SE model under Mediterranean conditions. This DO3SE soil moisture module uses the Penman-Monteith energy balance method to drive water cycling through the soil-plant-atmosphere system and empirical data describing stomatal conductance relationships with pre-dawn leaf water status to estimate the biological control of transpiration (27). A simple mass balance is used to estimate the soil water balance over a finite depth of soil determined by a species specific maximum root depth as a function of incoming precipitation and outgoing evapotranspiration. Soil water potential is derived from soil-water release curves. Different methods have been tested for relating soil water to stomatal conductance, with empirical methods as the soil water potential (SWP) method and the plant available water method (PAW) performing better (54). A function describing the relationship between gsto and pre-dawn water potential for SWP and texture-dependent volumetric soil water content in the second case are used. The performance of this module will be tested. Firstly using existing default parameterizations for Mediterranean ecosystems (i.e. holm oak and Mediterranean scrub), already available at the DO3SE model. Secondly using site-specific parameterizations (holm oak, Mediterranean scrub, olive tree) built on the basis of existing information and planned field measurements. The required data for testing the model are generally already available at the Spanish eddy covariance sites (i.e. soil water content, root depth, soil texture, precipitation, temperature, radiation or wind speed). The non or partly available data, such as Leaf Area Index (LAI), phenology, leaf water potential, and stomatal conductance (derived from leaf measurements, sap flows and eddy covariance), will be measured at each site. a) Milestones: Modelled and measured soil moisture compared for olive tree (C2), holm oak (E1) and Mediterranean shrublands (E2 and E3). b) Personnel involved:V. Calatayud (S2), A. Carrara (S2), contracted researcher (S2) Task 2.5. Validation of modeled stomatal ozone flux es (DO3SE and DO3SE_C) with measured ozone fluxes The main objective of this task is to compare modelled and measured ozone fluxes for their validation and to understand the models pitfalls and effect of changes in the different parameters though a sensitivity analysis. Task 2.5.1. Modelling of stomatal ozone fluxes Stomatal ozone fluxes will be modelled with the DO3SE and DO3SE_C models applying: - Existing default parameterizations of DO3SE model (holm oak and Mediterranean shrublands)

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS - Site-specific parameterizations derived from stomatal conductance estimates and

measurements collected in task 1.1 and task 2.3.1. These parameterizations will be new for olive trees and rice, and will constitute improvements of default existing parameterizations to adapt them to local conditions for holm oak and Mediterranean shrublands (cf. Task 2.3) The fluxes will be modeled for period of one year for each site using the available meteorological and environmental variables measured on continuous mode at the different sites. O3 concentration values will be derived from both performed measurements and, when needed, from nearby air quality stations. Task 2.4. Comparison of modeled stomatal ozone fluxes (DO3SE and DO3SE_C) with measured ozone fluxes Modeled stomatal ozone fluxes will be compared to stomatal ozone fluxes derived from ozone measured by eddy covariance technique (cf. task 2.2). A statistical analysis of the results will be performed and of the discrepancies will be analysed in term of seasonal patterns and potential environmental drivers (e.g. soil moisture, temperature, radiation). A sensitivity analysis modifying the key model parameters will be carried in order to test how they affect ozone flux estimates (cf. (52)). a) Milestones: Modelled and measured stomatal ozone fluxes compared for rice (C1), olive tree (C2) holm oak (E1), and Mediterranean scrub (E3). b) Personnel involved: V. Calatayud (S2), A. Carrara (S2), contracted researcher (S2), J.J. Diéguez, P. Serrano Ortiz (S1), F. Domingo (S1), A. Kowalski (S1) 5. La descripción de los medios materiales, infraes tructuras y equipamientos singulares a disposición de los participantes que p ermitan abordar la metodología propuesta. Each experimental site is equipped with standardized high-performance instruments to measure fluxes of CO2, water vapor and energy between terrestrial ecosystems and atmosphere. Each “eddy covariance system” consists of an infrared gas analyzer that measures densities of CO2 and H2O, a three-axis sonic anemometer that measures wind speed, a tower structure supporting the instrumentation at the required height to measure fluxes properly, and a data logger to record and process data. The total average cost of each "eddy covariance system" is around 35.000€ (35.000 x 5 sites=175.000€) (instrumentation to be used in all tasks) Together with fluxes, the experimental sites are also equipped with complementary instrumentation to measure meteorological and other environmental variables, in particular soil variables. The cost of the complementary instrumentation varies for the different sites, but average cost of basic core instrumentation is about 20.000€ (20.000 x 5 sites=100.000€) (instrumentation to be used in tasks 1.1.3) The detailed instrumentation installed at all experimental site is shown in Table 2. Subproject 1 (UGR) partners operate the C2, E2, E3 sites whereas the Subproject 2 (CEAM) operates C1, and E1 sites. Note that several of the proposed sites have been (or are) part of different national (CARBORED) and international networks (FLUXNET, CarboEurope, ICOS) and contributed to EU projects such as FP6 projects MIND, CARBOMONT, NitroEurope-IP, CarboEurope-IP, and FP7 projects IMECC, GHG-Europe, CARBO-Extreme, ICOS-PP and InGOS.

Measurements Sensors

Eddy covariance system

CO2 and H2O vapour densities Infrarred Gas Analyzer (IRGA)

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS Windspeed (3D) and Temperature Three-axis sonic anemometer

Data acquisition system Data logger, Fit-PC, modems

Core meteorological and soil measurements

Air Temperature Thermohygrometer

Relative humidity Thermohygrometer

Photon flux density (up & down) Quantum PAR sensors

Net radiation + SW and LW incoming

and outgoing radiation

4-components net radiometer (pyranometers +

pyrgeometers)

Soil Water Content Water-content reflectometer

Soil Temp. Thermocouples, PT100

Soil heat flux (G) Heat flux plate

Precipitation Rain gauges

Table 2. Measured variables and sensors operating continuously at the experimental sites. Additional relevant equipment that will be used for the project: Subproject 1: A fast response (10Hz) open-path infrared gas analyzer (LI-7700, LiCor) to measure fluctuations of CH4 densities (25.000€) and a portable multispectral (NDVI/PRI) sensor (instrumentation to be used in Task 1.1.2 and Task 1.1.3 respectively). Subproject 2: A Portable Photosynthesis System (LI6400, LiCor) equipped for measuring leaf gas exchange (35.000€). An ozone analyzer (Europe) (9000€). A leaf area meter (LAI2000, LiCor) (3000€). A Scholander pressure chamber (Skye) (3000€) for measurement of leaf water potential. A gas chromatograph-MS (LC/MS Thermo), (60000€). A gas chromatograph-MS (Agilen), fitted with SPME and TD (144.595€). Liquid cromatograph-MS (Thermo) (120.000€). A PTRMS (Ionikon) (2400.000€). (instrumentation to be used in Tasks 2.2, 2.3, 2.4).

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6. Un cronograma claro y preciso de las fases e hit os previstos en relación con los objetivos plantead os en la propuesta en su conjunto.

Tasks Project Persons* 1 First Year Second Year Third year Milestones 1. 1 Continuous measurements of CO2/H2O fluxes and environmental variables in the flux stations (all objectives) Task 1. Continuous measurements of CO2/H2O fluxes and environmental variables

1,2 ASK, AC, PSO,PhDs, CR2, FDP

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Continuous long term data of CO2, water vapor and energy fluxes for all sites

1. 2 Measurements of CH4 fluxes using the EC technique (objectives 1 and 3, Subproject1) Task 1.2.1 Installation and operation of the IRGA sensor for measuring CH4 fluxes

1 PSO, AC, CR1, EPSC

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | To obtain high quality, coherent and continuous values CH4 fluxes for all sites Task 1.2.2 Data processing and CH4 flux calculation 1 ASK, CR1, LK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Task 1.2.3 Gap-filling procedures for CH4 fluxes 1 ASK, CR1, LK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.3 Complementary measurements to determine main drivers of total Carbon balance (objectives 1.1 and 1.3) Task 1.3.1 Optical sampling campaigns

1 COG, FDP, AC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | To quantify the statement of the vegetation for rice (C1) and olive trees (C2) Task 1.3.2 Sap flow measurements 1 LVS, PhDs | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

1.4 Measurements of CH4/N2O fluxes with soil static chambers (objectives 1.2 and 1.4) Task 1.4 Measurements of CH4/N2O fluxes with soil static chambers

1 PSO, AMO, ASC, EPSC, CR1

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Values of N2O and CH4 fluxes using chambers

2.1. Measuring ozone fluxes at ecosystem scale (objective 2.1) Task 2.1. Measuring O3 fluxes with eddy covariance 2 AC, VC, CR2, ASK,

FDP, PSO | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | O3 fluxes measured with eddy

covariance for all sites 2.2. Partitioning of ozone flux into stomatal and non-stomatal components (objective 2.2) Task 2.2. Partitioning of O3 flux 2 AC, VC, CR2, CG,

ASK, FDP, AMC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | O3 flux partitioning performed for

sites 2.3. Parameterization the DO3SE and DO3SE_C models (objective 2.3) Task 2.3.1 Measurement of stomatal conductance and photosynthesis parameters and their variability

2 AC, VC, JJD, ZF, CR2, CG, ASK

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Parameterizations for rice (C1) and olive trees (C2) calculated

Task 2.3.2 Parameterization the DO3SE and DO3SE_C models

2 AC, VC, JJD, ZF, CR2, CG, ASK

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

2.4. Validating the soil moisture module of DO3SE under Mediterranean conditions (objective 2.4) Task 2.4. Validating the soil moisture module of DO3SE 2 VC, AC, CR2, CG,

ASK | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Modelled and measured soil moisture

compared for olive tree (C2), holm oak (E1) and Mediterranean shrublands (E2,E3)

2.5 Validation of modeled stomatal ozone fluxes (DO3SE and DO3SE_C) with measured ozone fluxes (objective 2.5) Task 2.5.1 Modelling of stomatal ozone fluxes

2 VC, AC, JJD, CR2, FDP, PSO, ASK

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Modelled and measured stomatal ozone fluxes compared for rice (C1), olive tree (C2) holm oak (E1), and Mediterranean scrub (E3).

Task 2.5.2 Comparison of modeled stomatal ozone fluxes (DO3SE and DO3SE_C) with measured O3 fluxes

2 VC, AC, JJD, CR2, FDP, PSO, ASK

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

*1Persons. Subproject 1. Principal Investigators: PSO (P. Serrano Ortiz), ASK (A. S. Kowalski); Research team: FDP (F. Domingo Poveda), LVS (L. Villagarcía Saiz), COG (C. Oyonarte Guitiérrez); PhDs (PhD student

requested), CR1 (contracted post-doc researcher); Work team: EPSC (E. P. Sánchez Cañete), AMO (A. Meijide Orive), LK (Lars Kutzbach) ASC (Alberto Sanz Cobeñas). Subproject 2. Principal Investigators: VC (V.

Calatayud), AC (A. Carrara), Research team: CG (Cristina Gimeno), JJD (J. J. Diéguez); CR2 (contracted researcher); Work team: ZF (Zhaozhong Feng), AMC (Amalia Muñoz Cintas); The underlined person will be

responsible for the Task

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS 7. Si se solicita ayuda para la contratación de per sonal, justificación de su

necesidad y descripción de las tareas que vaya a de sarrollar. Subproject 1 The post-doc contract requested for the first two years of the project is clearly justified in the Chronogram given the intensive field work and data analysis and processing activities. The post-doc will be strongly involved in the tasks related to CH4 measurements with eddy covariance and soil chambers in agro-ecosystems (C1 and C2): Task 1.2 CH4 measurements using eddy covariance (includes subtasks 1.2.1, 1.2.1 and 1.2.3); Task 1.4 Measures CH4 / N2O using camera systems. The third year of CH4 measurements in exploratory ecosystems is ensured with the return of E. P. Sánchez Cañete to the UGR after his "Marie Curie". Subproject 2 The project has a strong component of field measurements and performing ecophysiological measurements and sampling, forthermore also using models. The eddy covariance technique also requires advanced knowledge operating various instruments (analyzers, wide variety of sensors ...), quality control and data processing, which requires a large investment of time as well as highly specialized personnel, with some previous knowledge. Therefore it is requested to contract a PhD for two years. The PhD will be involved in the following tasks: Task 1. Continuous measurements of CO2/H2O fluxes and environmental variables, 2.1. Measuring ozone fluxes at ecosystem scale; 2.2. Partitioning of ozone flux into stomatal and non-stomatal components, 2.3. Parameterization the DO3SE and DO3SE_C models, 2.4. Validating the soil moisture module of DO3SE under Mediterranean conditions and 2.5 Validation of modeled stomatal ozone fluxes (DO3SE and DO3SE_C) with measured ozone fluxes. C.3. IMPACTO ESPERADO DE LOS RESULTADOS The results of this project will provide scientific knowledge of the processes and mechanisms of terrestrial ecosystems functioning to promote policies for adaptation to climate change. Quantifying the full GHG exchanges and their sensitivity to O3 in term of productivity, along with the long-term monitoring of the flows of CO2 / H2O, will provide essential information to mitigate the climate change especially relevant in Mediterranean ecosystems given their high vulnerability. Additionally, GHG measurements in agricultural ecosystems will provide essential information to evaluate how impacts of climate change can influence their productivity and other services and functions. Similarly, synergies between GEISpain and other research European programs about monitoring and mitigation of agricultural and forestry GHG (cf. ESFRI project ICOS (H2020); the past GHG-Europe (FP7)) will allow to integrate our database into existing European Fluxes Databases Cluster (http://www.europe-fluxdata.eu/), filling knowledge gaps in continental networks and providing a better characterization of ecosystem services in the Mediterranean area. In addition, the results of GEISpain, will reduce uncertainties and improve national agricultural GHG inventories (in paddy rice and olive orchards) to improve carbon sequestration and to reduce GHG emissions. Additionaly, as can be seen in the CVs, the reasearch team maintains high production capacity of articles in national and international journals, as well as active participation in congresses. The plan for disseminating the results of this project includes publication in journals such as Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, and even Science or Nature, all included in the Science Citation Index and characterized by its relevance in the field study in which this project falls. The results also will be presented at international meetings and conferences, such as the ICOS or FLUXNET meetings, and the European Geosciences Union Assembly or the American Geophysical Union Congresses.

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS The project results will be relevant for the European policies of air pollution and GHG

abatement. The DO3SE model provides the method by which the EMEP model estimates ozone deposition and stomatal ozone flux. The EMEP photo-oxidant model monitors and models air pollutant concentration and deposition across Europe for emission reduction. EMEP models have been instrumental to the development of air quality policies in Europe, mainly through their support to the strategy work under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). Since the 1990s, the EMEP models have been the reference tools for atmospheric dispersion calculations as input to the Integrated Assessment Modelling (IAM), which supports the development of air quality polices in the European Union. The project focuses on central issues of this model for Mediterranean conditions, and test its performance with adequate techniques not applied before in Spain. Few studies in Europe, and less in the Mediterranean, have used eddy covariance to measure ozone fluxes and compared measured and modelled ozone fluxes. Furthermore, we will check the capacity of the model to adequately reproduce the soil water status in these relevant ecosystems, as well as the effects on stomatal conductance (and ozone uptake). The partitioning between stomatal and non-stomatal components (including the possible role of Volatile Organic Compounds) using sap flow measurements to upscale ozone fluxes has been recently recognized as an important and promising approach. The fact that we focus on two important Mediterranean crops, olive and rice, providing ad-hoc parameterizations for the DO3SE model (including the photosynthesis-based approach) will have an important impact in the United Nations ICP-Vegetation community, which leads ozone research in Europe. CEAM researchers are integrated in this community. The project is also of great interest for Chinese researchers as rice is a priority crop and the ozone flux is starting to be applied. Dr. Zhaozhong Feng (RCEES, Beijing) is included in the working team. The IP of this subproject has been awarded with a Grant from the Chinese Academy of Sciences for Visiting Senior Researcher, ensuring the continuity of a fruitful collaboration. All these synergies ensure that the project will have an important international impact, and many SCI scientific publications may be anticipated. As the IP of this proposal is the co-chairman of the EP on Ambient Air Quality of ICP-Forest, in which ozone is also considered a priority topic, the project will also have an important diffusion in this community. Also in the flux-tower community, ozone flux is starting to be considered a relevant topic, and it increasingly measured. Furthermore, the concept of “supersites”, platforms integrating long term measurements and research, is currently taking shape, and measurement of ozone fluxes is one of the frequent requirements for a place to be considered a supersite. The development of this project can importantly contribute to positioning some of the Spanish eddy covariance sites into this new type of platforms, providing even more international visibility. C.4. CAPACIDAD FORMATIVA DEL EQUIPO SOLICITANTE Subproject 1 The reasearch team is mainly composed by professors with long experience in teaching activitivities and supervising PhD and Master students. The group has presented 12 PhD theses and numerous Final career projects and Masters, including 3 European masters programs (University of Bordeaux , University of Hamburg and University of Montpellier). Aditionally, prof. Lars Kutzbach (member of the work team) has a great experience supervising PhD students more than 10 Thesis defended. The team present a marked multidiscilinarity (Hygrologist, ecologist, atmospheric physics and soil scientist) ensuring a high quality trainig capacity in several areas relevants for the proposed objectives. In this context, of the hundreds of research teams operating flux towers worldwide to estimate Carbon fluxes, the vast majority are ecologists with little background in atmospheric physics, and so only dozens are

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MEMORIA CIENTÍFICO-TÉCNICA DE PROYECTOS COORDINADOS contributing to the evolving methodology of such measurements. The twp PIs of this

subproject belong to the Atmospheric Physics Group (GFAT) of the UGR, and has contributed to defining ecological applications of micrometeorological methodologies since the earliest days of flux-tower research. Members have participated in the first publications of (EUROFLUX) methodologies for eddy covariance application, gap-filling and complementary measurements for purposes of validation. In recent years, the group has published papers on the measurement of turbulent fluctuations of CO2, their conversion into turbulent fluxes, and their interpretation in the context of boundary-layer control volumes. In addition, the group continues to produce results describing the source/sink behavior and functional ecology of Mediterranean ecosystems, as well as abiotic contributions to the Net CO2 balance. This publication history frames the group’s training capacity, furthermore reflected by numerous theses directed by the group mentioned avobe (see CVs). C.5. IMPLICACIONES ÉTICAS Y/O DE BIOSEGURIDAD Not applicable

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