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Ámbito de comunicación Lengua inglesa Educación a distancia semipresencial

Módulo 4

Anexo gramatical 14

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Índice

1. Introducción....................................... ........................................................................3

1.1 Descripción del anexo gramatical ................................................................................. 3

2. Secuencia de contenidos y actividades.............. ....................................................4

2.1 Pasado simple del verbo to be...................................................................................... 4

2.2 There was / there were ................................................................................................. 6

2.3 Pasado simple del resto de los verbos.......................................................................... 7

2.3.1 Oraciones afirmativas (sujeto + verbo en pasado).............................................................................................7

2.3.2 Oraciones negativas (sujeto + didn't + infinitivo) ..............................................................................................10

2.3.3 Oraciones interrogativas (did + sujeto + infinitivo) ...........................................................................................12

2.4 Grado comparativo de los adjetivos ............................................................................ 15

2.5 Nombres contables e incontables: a/an y some/any ................................................... 18

2.5.1 Nombres contables e incontables ....................................................................................................................18

2.5.2 How much / how many .....................................................................................................................................21

2.6 Pronombres personales sujeto y objeto ...................................................................... 22

2.7 Adjetivos y pronombres posesivos.............................................................................. 24

2.7.1 Adjetivos posesivos..........................................................................................................................................24

2.7.2 Pronombres posesivos.....................................................................................................................................25

2.8 Comprensión escrita................................................................................................... 28

2.9 Actividades de autoavaliación..................................................................................... 29

3. Vocabulario básico de la unidad.................... ........................................................30

4. Soluciones de las actividades...................... ..........................................................34

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1. Introducción

1.1 Descripción del anexo gramatical

Este anexo gramatical décimo cuarto se dedica a revisar contenidos abordados

previamente en los anexos 11 y 12 (y algunos de los anexos 9 y 10). Concretamente,

revisaremos los siguientes contenidos:

� El pasado simple.

� There was/ there were.

� El grado comparativo de los adjetivos.

� Los sustantivos contables e incontables (a, an, some, any).

� Las preguntas con how much / how many.

� Los pronombres sujeto y objeto.

� Los adjetivos y los pronombres posesivos.

� Los verbos irregulares.

� La descripción del tiempo atmosférico.

� Los adjetivos más comunes.

� El vocabulario relacionado con la comida y la bebida.

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2. Secuencia de contenidos y activida-des

2.1 Pasado simple del verbo to be

Oraciones afirmativas Oraciones negativas

�� I was Yo era / estaba Yo fui / estuve

�� I was not

(I wasn't)

Yo no era / estaba Yo no fui / estuve

�� You were Tú eras / estabas Tú fuiste / estuviste

�� You were not

(You weren't)

Tú no eras / estabas Tú no fuiste / estuviste

�� He was Él era / estaba Él fue / estuvo

�� He was not

(He wasn’t)

Él no era / estaba Él no fue / estuvo

�� We were Nosotros éramos / estábamos Nosotros fuimos / estuvimos

�� We were not

(We weren’t)

Nosotros no éramos / estábamos Nosotros no fuimos / estuvimos

�� You were Vosotros erais / estabais Vosotros fuisteis / estuvisteis

�� You were not

(You weren’t)

Vosotros no erais / estabais Vosotros no fuisteis / estuvisteis

�� They were Ellos eran / estaban Ellos fueron / estuvieron

�� They were not

(They weren’t)

Ellos no eran / estaban Ellos no fueron / estuvieron

Preguntas Respuestas cortas

�� Was I? ¿Yo era / estaba? ¿Yo fui / estuve?

�� Yes, you were

�� No, you weren’t

Sí. No.

�� Were you? ¿Tú eras / estabas? ¿Tú fuiste / estuviste?

�� Yes, I was

�� No, I wasn't

Sí. No.

�� Was he? ¿Él era / estaba? ¿Él fue / estuvo?

�� Yes, he was

�� No, he wasn’t

Sí. No.

�� Were we? ¿Nosotros éramos / estábamos? ¿Nosotros fuimos / estuvimos?

�� Yes, you were

�� No, you weren’t

Sí. No.

�� Were you? ¿Vosotros erais / estabais? ¿Vosotros fuisteis / estuvisteis?

�� Yes, we were

�� No, we weren’t

Sí. No.

�� Were they? ¿Ellos eran / estaban? ¿Ellos fueron / estuvieron?

�� Yes, they were

�� No, they weren’t

Sí. No.

En resumen:

� Afirmativa: sujeto + was / were

� Negativa: sujeto + wasn't / weren't

� Interrogativa: was / were + sujeto?

� Respuesta corta:

– Afirmativa: Yes, sujeto + was / were

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– Negativa: No, sujeto + wasn't / weren't

Actividades propuestas

S1. Complete con was / wasn't o were / weren't para formar oraciones verdaderas.

� 1. The Beatles ___ from Liverpool.

� 2. Thomas Edison ___ the inventor of the light bulb.

� 3. Socrates and Plato ___ Roman philosophers.

� 4. Picasso ___ an Italian artist.

S2. Observe el cuadro y haga preguntas y respuestas. Emplee el verbo to be en el pasado simple.

a. from America? b. from England?

1. Lady Diana

��

2. Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe

��

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2.2 There was / there were Había / Hubo... � There was / There were

�� There was + singular

Ex: There was a man in the shop (Había un hombre en la tienda).

�� There wasn’t + singular

Ex: There wasn’t a police car there. (No había un coche de policía allí).

�� Was there + singular? Yes, there was / No, there wasn’t

Ex: Was there a man in the shop? Yes, there was.

(¿Había un hombre en la tienda? Sí).

�� There were + plural

Ex: There were many people in the shop.

(Había mucha gente en la tienda).

�� There were + plural

Ex: There weren’t any people in the shop.

(No había ninguna persona en la tien-da)

�� Were there + plural? Yes, there were / No, there weren’t

Ex: Were there many people in the shop? No, there weren’t.

(¿Había mucha gente en la tienda? No).

En resumen:

� Afirmativa: there was + singular / there were + plural.

� Negativa: there wasn't + singular / there weren't + plural.

� Interrogativa: was there + singular / were there + plural?

� Respuesta corta: – Afirmativa: Yes, there was / there were.

– Negativa: No, there wasn't / there weren't (empleamos la forma contraída).


S3. Complete las oraciones con la forma adecuada de there was / there were.

Yesterday it was my birthday. I celebrated it at home. There were many things to eat and drink.This photo was taken at the party.

� 1. __________ some cake.

� 2. __________ some sandwiches.

� 3. __________ any oranges.

� 4. __________ any pineapples? __________.

� 5. __________ any coffee.

� 6. __________ any chocolate? __________.

� 7. __________ any orange juice? __________.

� 8. __________ some beer.

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2.3 Pasado simple del resto de los verbos

2.3.1 Oraciones afirmativas (sujeto + verbo en pasado)

Verbos regulares: sujeto + -ed Verbos irregulares: sujeto + forma irregular

�� I played Yo jugaba / jugué �� I went Yo iba / fui

�� You played Tú jugabas / jugaste �� You went Tú ibas / fuiste

�� He/she/it played El jugaba / jugó �� He/she/it went El iba / fue

�� We played Nosotros jugábamos / jugamos �� We went Nosotros íbamos / fuimos

�� You played Vosotros jugabais / jugasteis �� You went Vosotros ibais / fuisteis

�� They played Ellos jugaban / jugaron �� They went Ellos iban / fueron

Distinguimos dos tipos de verbos:

� Verbos regulares: se forman añadiendo -ed al infinitivo sin to.

– talk - talked – marry - married – stop - stopped

� Verbos irregulares: no siguen las reglas establecidas. Tiene que aprenderlos de memo-

ria.

– drive - drove – eat - ate – buy - bought

Fíjese en que la forma del pasado de los verbos es la misma para todas las personas. En el

vocabulario de esta unidad tiene la lista de los verbos irregulares más frecuentes.

Ortografía de la forma –ed

Normalmente añadimos –ed al infinitivo para formar el pasado simple de los verbos regu-

lares. Ex.: I walked. Pero...

� Añadimos –d a los verbos acabados en –e. Ex.: I love – I loved.

� Con los verbos terminados en consonante + y, cambiamos –y por –ied. Ex.: I cry – he

cried.

� Con los verbos acabados en sílaba tónica y consonante-vocal-consonante doblamos la

última consonante. Ex.: I stop – I stopped.

Usos

Empleamos el past simple para describir acciones que sucedieron en un momento especí-

fico del pasado, por ejemplo, yesterday (ayer) o last year (el año pasado).

� I played football last Saturday (jugué al fútbol el sábado pasado)

� Yesterday we went to the beach (ayer fuimos a la playa)

Expresiones empleadas con el pasado simple

� Yesterday (ayer), the day before yesterday (anteayer), yesterday morning (ayer por la

mañana)…

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� Last week (la semana pasada), last Friday (el viernes pasado), last month (el mes pasa-

do), last year (el ano pasado), last summer (el verano pasado)…

� Two days ago (hace dos días), four months ago (hace cuatro meses), three years ago

(hace tres años)...

� In 1999 (en 1999), when I was a boy (cuando yo era un niño)…


S4. Escriba los siguientes verbos regulares en pasado simple.

� 1. try

� 2. clean

� 3. arrive

� 4. enjoy

� 5. work

� 6. plan

� 7. chat

� 8. stay

� 9. listen

S5. Complete la banda de cómic con el pasado simple de los verbos del recuadro. Todos los verbos son regulares.

escape - start - arrest - appear - kill - press - open - reply - ask - pull - watch - wait - stay - walk - arrive

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S6. Complete el crucigrama con el pasado de estos verbos irregulares.

Across �

1. Drink 3. Begin

5. Bring 6. Come

7. Feel 9. Hear

10. Hurt 11. Give

12. Do 13. Cut

Down �

2. Eat 3. Break

4. Go 5. Buy

7. Find 8. Drive

10. Have 11. Get

S7. Complete las oraciones con la forma del pasado simple de los verbos del recua-dro.

build - hide - draw - grow - fly - keep - feed - cost - forget - fall - hit - become

1. Two weeks ago the builder ... down from the roof.

2. Last week I ... to the USA to visit my family.

3. It was really cold outsi-de. So I stayed at home and ... warm.

4. The boy ... the birds on his way home yesterday.

5. My brother ... a funny picture yesterday mor-ning.

6. Henry ... himself in the bushes, so nobody could find him.

7. Yesterday we went to the beach and my son ... a big sand castle.

8. Last year we ... our own vegetables in our garden.

9. Yesterday my daugh-ter ... her sandwich.

10. The box of eggs ... $5. They were really expensive!

11. The batter ... the ball hard.

12. Betty … a cheerlea-der after she entered the university.

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S8. Bill fue un día a Londres. Diga lo que hizo allí. Emplee el pasado de los siguien-tes verbos.

wait - see - have - go - visit - talk - arrive

� 1.

� 2.

� 3.

� 4.

� 5.

� 6.

� 7.

2.3.2 Oraciones negativas (sujeto + didn't + infinitivo)

�� I didn't play Yo no jugaba / jugué �� I didn't go Yo no iba / fui

�� You didn't play Tú no jugabas / jugaste �� You didn't go Tú no ibas / fuiste

�� He/she/it didn't play El no jugaba / jugó �� He/she/it didn't go El no iba / fue

�� We didn't play Nosotros no jugábamos / jugamos �� We didn't go Nosotros no íbamos / fuimos

�� You didn't play Vosotros no jugabais / jugasteis �� You didn't go Vosotros no ibais / fuisteis

�� They didn't play Ellos no jugaban / jugaron �� They didn't go Ellos no iban / fueron

Los dos tipos de verbos (regulares e irregulares) forman del mismo modo la negativa: su-

jeto + didn't + infinitivo

� I didn't watch TV yesterday. I didn't watched TV yesterday.

� He didn't feel good last weekend. He didn't felt good last weekend.

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S9. Mire lo que hizo y lo que no hizo Carlos o Camilla y complete las oraciones con la forma afirmativa o negativa del pasado simple. Emplee los verbos del recua-dro.

break - buy – eat – get up – listen – watch

Last week...

� 1. Prince Charles ______ a new house.

� 2. Prince Charles ______ early.

� 3. Prince Charles ______ TV.

� 4. Camilla ______ to music.

� 5. Camilla ______ her glasses.

� 6. Camilla ______ rice.

S10. Transforme estas oraciones afirmativas en negativas.

� 1. Sandra was in the office yesterday.

� 2. She finished school at eighteen.

� 3. I got many presents last year for Christmas.

� 4. She gave her dog a bath last week.

� 5. Penny did the washing up yesterday.

� 6. Last month we studied hard for our exams.

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2.3.3 Oraciones interrogativas ( did + sujeto + infinitivo)

Oraciones interrogativas Respuestas cortas

�� Did I play? ¿Yo jugaba / jugué? �� Did I go? ¿Yo iba / fui? �� Yes, you did

�� No, you didn’t

Sí. No.

�� Did you play? ¿Tú jugabas / jugaste?

�� Did you go? ¿Tú ibas/ fuiste? �� Yes, I did

�� No, I didn’t

Sí. No.

�� Did he/she/it play?

¿El jugaba / jugó? �� Did he/she/it go? ¿El iba/ fue? �� Yes, he did

�� No, he didn’t

Sí. No.

�� Did we play? ¿Nosotros jugábamos / jugamos?

�� Did we go? ¿Nosotros íbamos / fuimos?

�� Yes, you did

�� No, you didn’t

Sí. No.

�� Did you play? ¿Vosotros jugabais / jugasteis?

�� Did you go? ¿Vosotros ibais / fuisteis?

�� Yes, we did

�� No, we didn’t

Sí. No.

�� Did they play? ¿Ellos jugaban / jugaron?

�� Did they go? ¿Ellos iban / fueron? �� Yes, they did

�� No, they didn’t

Sí. No.

Los dos tipos de verbos (regulares e irregulares) forman del mismo modo las preguntas:

did + sujeto + infinitivo?

� Did I watch TV yesterday?

Did I watched TV yesterday?

� Did he feel good last weekend?

Did he felt good last weekend?

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En resumen:

� Afirmativa: sujeto + infinitivo + -ed / pasado irregular.

� Negativa: sujeto + didn’t + infinitivo.

� Interrogativa: did + sujeto + infinitivo?

� Corta (en la respuesta corta no empleamos el verbo, sino el auxiliar did):

– Afirmativa: Yes, sujeto + did.

– Negativa: No, sujeto + didn’t.


S11. Observe el cuadro y haga preguntas y respuestas cortas.

Childhood memories

1. Have a pet? 2. Like school? 3. Be poor?

a) Rihanna

��

b) The Olsen twins

��

� 1. a) _______________________________? ___________

� 1. b) _______________________________? ___________

� 2. a) _______________________________? ___________

� 2. b) _______________________________? ___________

� 3. a) _______________________________? ___________

� 3. b) _______________________________? ___________

S12. Complete este texto con la forma correcta del verbo entre paréntesis y con el ali-mento o bebida adecuada.

ON A DIET

Yesterday ______ (it / be) the first day of Peter’s diet. ________ (he / decide) to

go on a diet because _________ (he / believe) ______ (he / be) too fat.

What ______ (he / have) yesterday? For breakfast, ______ (he / eat) no-sugar

_____ , an _____ and _________ (he / drink) a cup of _____ . And

what ______ (he / eat) for breakfast before the diet? ____ , _____

and _____ .

But... _______ (he / be) very hungry and _______ (he / need) something to eat,

but _______ (he / not take) anything.

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______ (it / be) lunch time, and... where _______ (Peter / go)? _______ (he / go)

to a fast-food restaurant with his colleagues. _________ (his friend Sarah / order)

some _____ , ________ (Mike / want) to eat a _____ and

________ (Dean / begin) with a _____ . _______(Peter / become) sad be-

cause _______ (he / want) to eat something tasty. However, _______ (Peter / not

break) the rules and _______ (he / buy) some _____ at a near supermarket.

For dinner, ________ (he / eat) some _____ and a little bit of _____ .

At night _______ (Peter / talk) to a friend and suddenly ________(he / feel) fabu-

lous because ________(he / comment) him that _______ (the first day of a diet /

be) the worst and ________(he / go) through it quite well.

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2.4 Grado comparativo de los adjetivos

Empleamos los adjetivos en grado comparativo para comparar dos o más cosas o personas

entre sí.

� Vigo is a big city but New York is bigger than Vigo.

� Vigo es una ciudad grande, pero Nova York es más grande que Vigo.

Formación del comparativo

Tipo de adjetivo Regla Ejemplo

�� 1 sílaba: fast añade –er (+ than) – Airplanes are faster than cars.

Los aviones son más rápidos que los coches.

�� 1 sílaba acabada en –e: nice añade –r (+ than) – Mike is nicer than Tommy.

Mike es más agradable que Tommy.

�� 1 sílaba acabada en consoante + vocal + consoante: big

dobla a última consoante y añade –er (+ than)

– Paris is bigger than Ferrol.

París es más grande que Ferrol.

Adjetivos cortos

�� 2 sílabas acabadas en –y: healthy cambia –y a –i y aña-

de -er (+ than)

– Walking is healthier than taking the bus.

Caminar es más saludable que coger el bus.


�� 2 sílabas, no acabadas en –y: fa-mous

usa more... (+ than)

– The Statue of Liberty is more famous than the Eiffel Tower.

La Estatua de la Libertad es más famo-sa que la torre Eiffel.

Adjetivos longos

�� 3 sílabas o más: expensive usa more... (+ than) – Fish is more expensive than fruit.

El pescado es más caro que la fruta.


�� Good better (+ than) – This CD is better than that one.

Este CD es mejor que aquel.

Adx. irregulares

�� Bad worse (+ than) – This restaurant is worse than that one.

Este restaurante es peor que aquel.

Fíjese en que para comparar dos cosas o personas empleamos than detrás del adjetivo

comparativo.

� Paul Gasol is taller than Michael Jordan.

� Paul Gasol is taller that Michael Jordan.

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S13. Coloque la forma comparativa de estos adjetivos en el lugar correcto.

fat - beautiful - boring - cheap - clean - dirty - expensive - happy - good - interesting - noisy - thin - bad - rude - ugly

Regulares Irregulares

Adjetivos cortos

-er -r -ier dobre cons. +

-er

Adjetivos largos more ...

S14. Compare las siguientes cosas.

1. Geography 2. History

France Great Britain (big) The Parthenon Pyramids (old)

3. Science 4. Biology

Venus Pluto (warm) Dolphins Lions (intelligent)

5. Cinema 6. General knowledge

Pirates of Caribbean Avatar (expensive) British pound US dollar (valuable)

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S15. Observe la tabla con el tiempo que hace en distintos lugares del mundo. A conti-nuación, compare el tiempo que hace en dos lugares.

� 1. London – Greenland (cold):

� 2. Hong Kong -Canberra (hot):

� 3. Mexico City – Rio de Janeiro (wet):

� 4. London - Greenland (windy):

� 5. Canberra – London (cloudy):

� 6. Hong Kong – Mexico City (warm):

� 7. Canberra – Rio de Janeiro (sunny):

� 8. London – Mexico City (dry):

Where? Weather Temperature Wind Where? Weather Temperature Wind

London

8°C

7

Hong Kong

15°C

11

Rio de Janeiro

34°C

1

Greenland

-8°C

8

Mexico City

22°C

3

Canberra

29°C

5

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2.5 Nombres contables e incontables: a/an y so-me/any

2.5.1 Nombres contables e incontables

En inglés hay nombres contables (countable) e incontables (uncountable):

� Contable: se refiere a algo que se puede contar.

Ex: one tomato , two tomatoes , three tomatoes ...

� Incontable: se refiere a algo que no se puede contar. No puede ser plural. Es siempre

singular.

Ex: one milk, two milks...

� Algunos nombres pueden ser contables e incontables, pero el significado cambia.

Ex: a pizza , some pizza a cake , some cake

Nombres contables

� En la forma singular, empleamos a/an delante del nombre.

a/an + nombre singular

a pear (una pera) a carrot (una zanahoria)

a + nombre que empieza por consonante

an apple (una manzana) an onion (una cebolla)

an + nombre que empieza por sonido vocálico

� En el plural, empleamos some / any delante del nombre en plural.

Some/any en nombres contables plurales

�� Frases afirmativas (*) – There are some eggs in the fridge.

Hay (algunos) huevos en la nevera.

Some �� Ofrecimientos y peticiones.

Esperamos que la respuesta sea Yes.

– Would you like some biscuits?

¿Te apetecen unas galletas? – Can you bring me some tomatoes from the market?

¿Puedes traerme unos tomates del mercado?

�� Frases negativas (-) – Have you got any potatoes left?

¿Te quedan patatas? Any

�� Preguntas (?) *Excepto ofrecimientos y peticiones

– We haven't got any oranges.

No tenemos naranjas / ninguna naranja.

Nombres incontables

� Los nombres incontables no tienen forma plural. El verbo sempre va en singular.

– The rice is delicious (el arroz está delicioso) �

– The rice are delicious. �

� Pueden emplearse con el artículo the (el, la, los, las), pero nunca con el artículo a/an

(un, una).

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– The milk is in the fridge (la leche está en la nevera) �

– I need a milk (necesito leche) �

� Con los nombres incontables empleamos some / any. Su uso sigue las mismas normas

que con los nombres contables plurales.

– I need some milk. (necesito leche) �

Some / any en nombres incontables

�� Frases afirmativas (*) – I need some salt.

Necesito (algo de) sal.

Some �� Ofrecimientos y peticiones

Esperamos que la respuesta sea Yes.

– Would you like some tea?

¿Te apetece un té?

– Can you lend me some salt?

¿Puedes dejarme (algo de) sal?

�� Frases negativas (-) – Have you got any sugar left?

¿Te queda (algo de) azúcar? Any

�� Preguntas (?) *excepto ofrecimientos y peticiones

– We haven't got any bread.

No tenemos (nada de) pan.


S16. Observe las ilustraciones y complete con el nombre del alimento. A continuación, diga si se trata de nombres contables (C) o incontables (U). Si se trata de nom-bres contables, diga si están en singular o en plural. Finalmente, complete con a/an o some.

some cheese (U) some sandwiches (C - pl) a sandwich (C - sing) 1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

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6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13.

14. 15. 16. 17.

S17. Observe las ilustraciones, lea las oraciones y complete con el nombre del ali-mento y a/an o some/any.

1. There´s ___ carton of ………. in the fridge. Would you like ____ ……….? Here you are.

2. I always have ____ ………. for breakfast, but yesterday there wasn´t ____.

3. There´s ____ ………. in the fridge. Do you want to eat ____?

4. Last week my dad fried ____ ………. in the frying pan. He also drank ____ ………. for breakfast.

5. I always add ____ ………. to the salad. I never add ____ ………..

6. There isn’t ____ ………. left. Can you buy ____?

7. My dad always drinks ___ cup of ………. after lunch. I never drink ____ ………..

8. Yesterday I ate ___ …. Today I’ve got a stoma-chache. I’m not eating ____ ……. again.

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2.5.2 How much / how many

how much / how many

�� How much (¿cuánto / cuánta?) + Nombres incontables – How much sugar do you need?

¿Cuánto azúcar necesitas?

�� How many (¿cuántos / cuán-tas?)

+ Nombres contables plurales – How many strawberries do you need?

¿Cuántas fresas necesitas?


S18. Complete con how much o how many.

� 1. _________ fruit do you eat in a week?

� 2. _________ rice did you have for dinner?

� 3. _________ pineapples are there in the basket?

� 4. _________ students are there in class?

S19. Complete la conversación con a/an, some/any o how much/how many.

JOHN: Would you like some help with your shopping list?

MARY: Yes, please. I need ______ (1) milk!

JOHN: ______ (2) milk do you need?

MARY: Take three litres, it’s enough.

JOHN: Do you need ______ (3) eggs?

MARY: Yes, please take ______ (4) eggs.

JOHN: ______ (5) eggs do you need?

MARY: I think 6 are enough. I also need ______ (6) wine!

JOHN: and ______ (7) bottles of wine do you want?

MARY: Take ______ (8) bottle of wine, please.

JOHN: Remember that ______ (9) friends are coming for dinner.

MARY: Oh, my God! Can you buy ______ (10) beef, ______ (11) vegetables,

______ (12) bottle of water...?

JOHN: Don’t worry, Mary!

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2.6 Pronombres personales sujeto y objeto Pronombre persoal sujeto Pronombre persoal objeto

Traducción Traducción Pronombre Traducción Pronombre

Antes de verbo Después de verbo

�� I yo �� me me mí

�� You tú / usted �� you

te (tú) el/a, el/en la, lo/la, le

(usted) ti / usted

�� He

(my brother, Susan's son...) él �� him lo, le a él

�� She

(Amy, that girl....) ella �� her la, le a ella

�� It

(London, my dog...) é / el �� it él/lo/la, le a él / ella

�� We

(my father and I...) Nosotros/as �� us nos a nosotros

�� You vosotros / ustedes �� you vos (vosotros)

los/las, les (ustedes) a vosotros / ustedes

�� They

(Jim and Sue, the boys...) ellos / ellas �� them los/las, les a ellos / ellas

Los pronombres substituyen a un nombre. Hay dos tipos de pronombres personales:

� Pronombres personales sujeto: el pronombre es el sujeto de la oración, es decir, es

quien realiza la acción. Nunca se pueden omitir (diferente en castellano y gallego).

– Peter isn't cooking at the moment. He's reading a newspaper. Peter no está a cocinando en este momento. ¡Está leyendo un periódico! (él).

– Paris is really beautiful. It's also very romantic. París es muy bonito. También es muy romántico.

� Pronombres personales objeto: el pronombre actúa como objeto (complemento) de la

oración. Se emplean:

Después de un verbo.

– Lisa is kissing Michael. She is kissing him. Lisa está besando a Michael. Ella lo está besando.

– The man is giving his wife a present. He is giving her a present. El hombre (le) está dando un regalo a su mujer. Le está dando un regalo.

– My father hates hamburgers. My father hates them.

Mi padre odia las hamburguesas. Mi padre las odia.

Después de una preposición: with, to, next to...

– John is thinking about us. John está pensando en nosotros.

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– The microwave is next to the fridge. The microwave is next to it. El microondas está al lado de la nevera. El microondas está a su lado.

– My brother works with me.

Mi hermano trabaja conmigo.


S20. Escriba el pronombre objeto que substituye las expresiones subrayadas.

� 1. Yesterday I ate pork.

� 2. The taxi driver drove my parents to the theatre.

� 3. My English teacher always helps my brother and me.

� 4. Tom was angry with his son.

� 5. I’m really happy because Jesse finally married Tina.

S21. Complete las oraciones con el pronombre personal adecuado (sujeto u objeto).

1. Roy loves Liz so ___ gave ___ a ring and asked ___ to marry ___.

___ said “Yes”.

2. Tim is washing his clothes. ___ are all dirty. ___ was on a trip and didn’t wash ___

3. We’ve got a cat. ___ got ___ last month. ___ is called Star. ___ take our cat everywhere with ___.

4. This is my father. Yesterday he gave ___ some money. ___ am very happy.

5. Call your wife right now! ___ is waiting for ___.

6. Paul is sick and went to the doc-tor but ___ is afraid of ___.

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2.7 Adjetivos y pronombres posesivos

2.7.1 Adjetivos posesivos

Antes de continuar, recuerde las características de los adjetivos posesivos.

Adjetivo posesivo Pronombre per-sonal sujeto

Adjetivo Traducción

�� I �� my Mi, mis, mío, mía, míos, mías

�� You �� your Tu, tus, tuyo, tuya, tuyos, tuyas

�� He �� his Su, sus, suyo, suya, suyos, suyas (de él)

�� She �� her Su, sus, suyo, suya, suyos, suyas (de ella)

�� It �� its Su, sus, suyo, suya, suyos, suyas (de una cosa o animal)

�� We �� our Nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras

�� You �� your Vuestro, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras

�� They �� their Su, sus, suyo, suya, suyos, suyas (de ellos o de ellas)

Preste atención a estes aspectos:

� El mismo posesivo se emplea tanto para nombres en singular como en plural.

– My car (mi coche) is blue.

– My cars (mis coches) are in the garage.

� En cambio, fíjese en la diferencia entre el pronombre personal sujeto you (tú) y el pose-

sivo your (tu).

– You are a hairdresser.

– Your aunt is a hairdresser.

� Los posesivos su/ sus/ suyos /suyas tienen varias traducciones, dependiendo de a quién

se refieran.

– Tom has got a brother. His name (el nombre del hermano) is Martin.

– Tom has got a sister. Her name (el nombre de la hermana) is Lauren.

– Tom has got a cat. Its name (el nombre del gato) is Garfield.

– Tom has got two cousins. Their names (el nombre de los primos) are Ping and

Pong.

� Los posesivos se refieren al poseedor, no a la cosa poseída.

– Tom's sister � his sister (porque Tom es un hombre).

– Linda's husband � her husband (porque Linda es una mujer).

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S22. Complete con el posesivo adecuado y con el adjetivo contrario.

I live in a narrow street but my brother lives in a wide street.

1. Peter is hardworking but ___ wife is…

2. We watched an exci-ting film but ___ children watched…

3. You had a light meal but ___ friend had…

4. They are so polite but ___ children are…

5. Jennifer is very strong but ___ husband is…

6. Rome is very old but ___ hotels are…

7. You are very intelligent but ___ sister is…

2.7.2 Pronombres posesivos

Pronombre posesivo Pronombre per-sonal sujeto

Pronombre Traducción

�� I �� mine (el) mío, (la) mía, (los) míos, (las) mías

�� You �� yours (el) tuyo, (la) tuya, (los) tuyos, (las) tuyas

�� He �� his (el) suyo, (la) suya, (los) suyos, (las) suyas (de él)

�� She �� hers (el) suyo, (la) suya, (los) suyos, (las) suyas (de ella)

�� It

�� We �� ours (el) nuestro, (la) nuestra, (los) nuestros, (las) nuestras

�� You �� yours (el) vuestro, (la) vuestra, (los) vuestros, (las) vuestras

�� They �� theirs (el) suyo, (la) suya, (los) suyos, (las) suyas (de ellos o de ellas)

Preste atención a los siguientes aspectos:

� Pronombres posesivos: se forman añadiendo -s al adjetivo posesivo correspondiente,

excepto en my (mine) y en los que ya acaban en -s, es decir, his (his).

– That book is mine (ese libro es mío).

– Is this umbrella yours? (¿Ese paraguas es tuyo / vuestro?).

– This shirt is his (esta camisa es suya / de él).

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– The car is hers (el coche es suyo / de ella).

– These magazines are ours (estas revistas son nuestras).

– That house is theirs (esa casa es suya / de ellos o de ellas).

� Pronombres posesivos: se usan para substituir un "adjetivo posesivo + nombre"¸ para

evitar repeticiones. Por lo tanto, no pueden ir seguidos de ningún nombre.

– Are these your CDs? No, they are hers (= they are her CDs). ¿Son estos CDs tuyos? No, son suyos (de ella).

– Our car is old but theirs is new (= their car). Nuestro coche es viejo pero el suyo (su coche) es nuevo.


S23. Substituya las expresiones subrayadas por el pronombre posesivo adecuado.

1. These tools don’t belong to you. They are Jason’s tools and not your tools.

2. My sister rides a motorbike every day but the motorbike isn’t her mo-torbike.

3. Teddy’s house is more expensive than my house.

4. Yesterday our neighbours wat-ched us washing our car, so they decided to wash their car.

5. These are not his shoes. His shoes are smaller.

6. This isn't our suitcases. Our suit-cases are much lighter.

S24. Complete con el adjetivo o pronombre posesivo adecuado.

1. Yesterday I borrowed Ben’s mp4 player. My mp4 player is worse than ____.

2. He always says that ___ compu-ter is better than _____ but I don’t agree with him.

3. We forgot to feed ____ fish but she didn’t forget to feed ____.

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4. Yesterday they bought ____ Christmas tree but we didn’t have the time to buy ____.

5. My grandmother’s biscuits are great. You also love making biscuits but ____ aren’t so good.

6. Do they make ____ own clothes? Yes, they say ____ are better than others.

S25. A modo de resumen, complete este cuadro con los pronombres personales (su-jeto y objeto) y con los posesivos (adjetivos y pronombres) adecuados.

Subject P. Pronouns Object P. Pronouns Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns

I me

you yours

he his

her

it *********

our

you

they theirs

S26. Complete las oraciones con el pronombre personal correspondiente (sujeto u ob-jeto) o con el posesivo adecuado (adjetivo o pronombre).

� 1. ‘I can’t find my pen. Can I use ____?’ ‘Sure.’

� 2. I’m talking to you. Please, listen to ____.

� 3. John is married. ____ wife works in a bank.

� 4. Where is Mary? I want to talk to ____.

� 5. I didn’t have an umbrella, so Laura gave me ____.

� 6. We’re going to a restaurant. Why don’t you come with ____?

� 7. My father’s got a new job but ____ doesn’t like ___ very much.

� 8. Can I use your washing machine? ____ is broken.

� 9. What are the children doing? They’re doing ____ homework.

� 10. We went in our car and they went in ____.

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2.8 Comprensión escrita


S27. Lea el texto sobre la visita de los Simpsons a Londres y responda a las siguien-tes preguntas. Escriba oraciones completas.

� 1. When did the Simpsons go to England?

� 2. Why were Bart and Lisa excited?

� 3. Who welcomed the Simpsons?

� 4. What did the Simpsons eat in London?

� 5. What did the Simpsons do after riding the London Eye?

� 6. Where did the Simpsons buy some souvenirs?

� 7. Did Bart like this trip?

� 8. Who did Bart phone when he got home?

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2.9 Actividades de autoavaliación

S28. Complete con el pasado simple del verbo entre paréntesis.

� 1. __________ (John / fly) to Lisbon last year.

� 2. __________ (you / enjoy) school?

� 3. __________ (I / bring) my English book yesterday, but not today.

� 4. __________ (Shakira/ not / sing) at the concert, she lip-synched.

� 5. Why __________ (Peter / be) late?

� 6. Where __________ (you / go) last summer?

� 7. __________ (I / forget) what you told me yesterday.

� 8. __________ (she / not / know) how to read when she arrived in Galice.

S29. Compare estos alimentos y bebidas.

� 1. Vegetables are ______ sweets. (healthy)

� 2. Milk is ______ coke. (good)

� 3. Meat is ______ lettuce. (energetic)

� 4. Pears are ______ apples. (juicy)

� 5. Peaches are ______ cherries. (big)

� 6. Cauliflower tastes ______ green beans. (bad)

S30. Complete las oraciones con a/an, some/any.

� 1. Is there ___ office near here?

� 2. Can you buy ___ bread?

� 3. Would you like ___ water?

� 4. There aren’t ___ apples left.

� 5. Would you like ___ glass of wine?

S31. Complete las oraciones con el pronombre personal (sujeto u objeto) o el posesi-vo (adjetivo o pronombre) adecuado.

� 1. Can we use your computer? ____ is broken.

� 2. They’ve got two children but I don’t know ____ names.

� 3. Where are my keys? Where did I put ____?

� 4. Did your brother pass ____ exams?

� 5. Some people talk about ____ jobs all the time but I never talk about ____.

� 6. He’s going out. Why don’t you go with ____?

� 7. Who is that woman? Why are you looking at ____?

� 8. That’s not your umbrella. ____ is blue.

� 9. That’s my book. Can you give it to ____?

� 10. Lisa never drinks milk. She doesn’t like ____.

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3. Vocabulario básico de la unidad

Verbos irregulares

Infinitivo Pasado simple Participio Traducción Infinitivo Pasado simple Participio Traducción

be was/were been ser, estar feed fed fed alimentar

become became become convertirse feel felt felt sentir

begin began begun comenzar fight fought fought luchar

break broke broken romper find found found encontrar

bring brought brought traer fly flew flown volar

build built built construir forget forgot forgotten olvidar

buy bought bought comprar get got got obtener

come came come venir give gave given dar

cost cost cost costar go went gone ir

cut cut cut cortar grow grew grown cultivar, crecer

do did done hacer have had had tener

draw drew drawn dibujar hear heard heard oír

drink drank drunk beber hide hid hidden ocultar(se)

drive drove driven conducir hit hit hit golpear

eat ate eaten comer hurt hurt hurt doler

fall fell fallen caer keep kept kept mantener

El tiempo atmosférico

What's the weather like? - ¿Qué tiempo hace?

English Castellano Ejemplo

�� blow – soplar The wind is blowing. El viento sopla.

�� rain – llover It’s raining Está lloviendo.

�� shine – brillar The sun is shining El sol está brillando.

�� snow – nevar It’s snowing Está nevando.

Adjetivos para describir el tiempo

English Castellano English Castellano

�� it’s cold – hace frío �� it’s sunny – Está soleado.

�� it’s cool – hace fresco �� it’s cloudy – Está nublado.

�� it’s warm – hace calor �� it’s rainy – Está lluvioso.

�� it’s hot – hace mucho calor �� it’s windy – Hay viento.

�� it’s dry – está seco �� it’s foggy – Hay niebla.

�� it’s wet – está húmedo �� it’s stormy – Hay tormenta.

�� it’s snowy – hay nieve

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Adjetivos frecuentes

Opposites - Contrarios


�� boring – aburrido �� funny; interesting; exciting – divertido; interesante;

emocionante

�� clean – limpio �� dirty – sucio

�� deep – profundo, hondo �� shallow – poco profundo

�� dry – seco �� wet – húmedo, mojado

�� easy – sencillo �� difficult – difícil

�� empty – vacío �� full – lleno

�� expensive – caro �� cheap – barato

�� fast – rápido �� slow – lento

�� fat – gordo, grueso �� thin – delgado

�� free – libre �� busy – atareado, ocupado

�� friendly – agradable �� unfriendly – desagradable

�� good – bueno �� bad – malo

�� happy – feliz �� sad – triste

�� hard – duro �� soft – blando, suave

�� healthy – sano �� ill – enfermo

�� heavy – pesado �� light – ligero

�� hot – caliente �� cold – frío

�� lazy – perezoso �� hardworking – trabajador

�� light – claro �� dark – oscuro

�� long – largo �� short – corto

�� nervous – nervioso �� relaxed – relajado

�� old – viejo �� new (cousas); young (persoas) – nuevo

�� polite – educado �� impolite; rude – maleducado; grosero

�� poor – pobre �� rich – rico

�� quiet – callado, tranquilo �� noisy – ruidoso

�� right – correcto �� wrong – erróneo

�� small – pequeño �� big, large – grande

�� strong – fuerte �� weak – débil

�� stupid, silly – tonto �� clever

�� intelligent

– listo

– inteligente

�� sweet – dulce �� bitter; sour – amargo; ácido

�� tall – alto �� short – bajo

�� thick (cousas) – grueso, gordo �� thin – delgado

�� tidy – ordenado �� messy, untidy – desordenado

�� ugly – feo �� pretty (mulleres); good-looking – guapo

�� wide – ancho �� narrow – estrecho

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Comidas y bebidas

Fruit - Froita Vegetables - Hortalizas


�� apples – manzanas �� beans – habas

�� bananas – plátanos �� carrots – zanahorias

�� cherries – cerezas �� lettuce – lechuga

�� lemons – limones �� onions – cebollas

�� oranges – naranjas �� peas – chícharos, guisantes

�� peaches – melocotones �� peppers – pimientos

�� pears – peras �� potatoes – patatas

�� pineapples – piñas �� salad – ensalada

�� strawberries – fresas �� tomatoes – tomates

Breakfast - Almorzo Meat and fish - Carne y peixe


�� bacon – tocino con fibra, panceta �� bacon – tocino con fibra, panceta

�� bread – pan �� beef – carne de vaca

�� butter – mantequilla �� chicken – pollo

�� cereal – cereales �� fish – pescado

�� cheese – queso �� ham – jamón

�� eggs – huevos �� hamburgers – hamburguesas

�� jam – mermelada �� hotdogs – perritos calientes

�� milk – leche �� lamb – cordero

�� pancakes – crepes, filloas �� pork – cerdo

�� sausages – salchichas �� sausages – salchichas

�� toast – tostadas �� steak – bistéc

�� tuna – atún

Snacks and desserts - Refrigerios y postres Drinks - Bebidas


�� biscuits – galletas �� beer – cerveza

�� cakes (C) / cake (U) – biscocho, pastel �� coffee – café

�� chocolate (U) chocolates (C) – chocolate / bombones �� cola / coke – refresco de cola

�� crisps – patatas fritas �� (orange, apple) juice – zumo de naranja, de man-

zana

�� ice cream – helado �� tea – té

�� popcorn – copos de maíz �� water – agua

�� yoghourt – yogur �� wine – vino

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Cooking and condiments - Productos y condimentos Others - Otras comidas


�� oil – aceite �� pizzas (C) / pizza (U) – pizza

�� pepper – pimienta �� rice – arroz

�� salt – sal �� sandwiches – bocadillos

�� sugar – azúcar �� soup – sopa

�� vinegar – vinagre �� spaghetti – espaguetis

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4. Soluciones de las actividades S1.

� 1. were

� 2. was

� 3. weren’t

� 4. wasn’t

S2.

� 1. Lady Diana.

– a. Was Lady Diana from America? No, she wasn’t.

– b. Was Lady Diana from England? Yes, she was.

� 2. Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe.

– a. Were Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe from America? Yes, they were.

– b. Were Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe from England? No, they we-

ren’t.

S3.

� 1. there was

� 2. there were

� 3. there weren’t

� 4. were there – Yes, there were

� 5. there wasn’t

� 6. was there – Yes, there was

� 7. was there – No, there wasn’t

� 8. there was

S4.

� 1. tried

� 2. cleaned

� 3. arrived

� 4. enjoyed

� 5. worked

� 6. planned

� 7. chatted

� 8. stayed

� 9. listened

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S5.

� 1. arrived

� 2. walked

� 3. stayed

� 4. waited

� 5. watched

� 6. pulled

� 7. asked

� 8. replied

� 9. opened

� 10. pressed

� 11. killed

� 12. appeared

� 13. arrested

� 14. started

� 15. escaped

S6.

� Across

– 1. drank

– 3. began

– 5. brought

– 6. came

– 7. felt

– 9. heard

– 10. hurt

– 11. gave

– 12. did

– 13. cut

� Down

– 2. ate

– 3. broke

– 4. went

– 5. bought

– 7. found

– 8. drove

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– 10. had

– 11. got

S7.

� 1. fell

� 2. flew

� 3. kept

� 4. fed

� 5. drew

� 6. hid

� 7. built

� 8. grew

� 9. forgot

� 10. cost

� 11. hit

� 12. became

S8.

� 1. Bill arrived at Victoria Station at 8.45.

� 2. He went shopping from 9.30 to 10.30.

� 3. He saw the changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace at 11.00.

� 4. He had a picnic at Saint James’s Park at 12.15.

� 5. He visited the Tower of London from 16.00 to 17.00.

� 6. He talked to a Beefeater.

� 7. He waited at the airport all night.

S9.

� 1. bought

� 2. didn’t get up

� 3. didn’t watch

� 4. didn’t listen

� 5. broke

� 6. ate

S10.

� 1. Sandra wasn’t in the office yesterday.

� 2. She didn’t finish school at eighteen.

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� 3. I didn’t get many presents last year for Christmas.

� 4. She didn’t give her dog a bath last week.

� 5. Penny didn’t do the washing up yesterday.

� 6. Last month we didn’t study hard for our exams.

S11.

� 1. a) Did Rihanna have a pet? No, she didn’t.

� 1. b) Did the Olsen twins have a pet? Yes, they did.

� 2. a) Did Rihanna like school? Yes, she did.

� 2. b) Did the Olsen twins like school? No, they didn’t.

� 3. a) Was Rihanna poor? No, she wasn’t.

� 3. b) Were the Olsen twins poor? No, they weren’t.

S12.

Yesterday it was the first day of Peter’s diet. He decided to go on a diet because

he believed he was too fat.

What did he have yesterday? For breakfast, he ate no-sugar biscuits, an apple and

he drank a cup of coffee. And what did he eat for breakfast before the diet? Eggs,

bacon and bread.

But... he was very hungry and he needed something to eat, but he didn’t take any-

thing.

It was lunch time, and... Where did Peter go? He went to a fast-food restaurant

with his colleagues. His friend Sarah ordered some pizza, Mike wanted to eat a

hotdog and Dean began with a hamburger. Peter became sad because he wanted to

eat something tasty. However, Peter didn’t break the rules and he bought some

lettuce / some salad at a near supermarket.

For dinner, he ate some yoghourt and a little bit of cheese.

At night Peter talked to a friend and suddenly he felt fabulous because he com-

mented him that the first day of a diet was the worst and he went through it quite

well.

S13.

Regulares Irregulares

Adjetivos cortos

-er -r -ier doble cons.

+ -er

Adjetivos largos more ...

cheaper

cleaner ruder

dirtier

happier

noisier

uglier

fatter

thinner

more beautiful

more boring

more expensive

more interesting

better

worse

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S14.

� 1. France is bigger than Great Britain.

� 2. Pyramids are older than the Parthenon.

� 3. Venus is warmer than Pluto.

� 4. Dolphins are more intelligent than lions.

� 5. Avatar was / is more expensive that Pirates of the Caribbean.

� 6. A British pound is more valuable than a US dollar.

S15.

� 1. Greenland is colder than London.

� 2. Canberra is hotter than Hong Kong.

� 3. Mexico City is wetter than Rio de Janeiro.

� 4. Greenland is windier than London.

� 5. London is cloudier than Canberra.

� 6. Mexico City is warmer than Hong Kong.

� 7. Rio de Janeiro is sunnier than Canberra.

� 8. London is drier than Mexico City.

S16.

� 1. an egg (C – singular)

� 2. some fruit (U)

� 3. some jam (U)

� 4. some fish (U)

� 5. a pineapple (C – singular)

� 6. some oil (U)

� 7. some toast (U)

� 8. some meat (U)

� 9. some popcorn (U)

� 10. a strawberry (C – singular)

� 11. some rice (U)

� 12. some beans (C – plural)

� 13. some cherries (C – plural)

� 14. some soup (U)

� 15. some chicken (U)

� 16. some wine (U)

� 17. an onion (C – singular)

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S17.

� 1. a – milk – some milk

� 2. some cereal – any

� 3. some ice cream / some ice creams – some?

� 4. an egg – some coffee

� 5. some tomatoes – any carrots

� 6. any butter – some

� 7. a – tea – any tea

� 8. some sausages – any sausages

S18.

� 1. how much

� 2. how much

� 3. how many

� 4. how many

S19.

� 1. some

� 2. how much

� 3. any

� 4. some

� 5. how many

� 6. some

� 7. how many

� 8. a

� 9. some

� 10. some

� 11. some

� 12. a

S20.

� 1. it

� 2. them

� 3. us

� 4. him

� 5. her

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S21.

� 1. he – her – her – him – she

� 2. they – he – them

� 3. we – it – it – we – us

� 4. me – I

� 5. she – you

� 6. he – him / her

S22.

� 1. his – lazy

� 2. our – a boring film

� 3. your – a heavy meal

� 4. their – rude / impolite

� 5. her – weak

� 6. its – new

� 7. your – silly / stupid

S23.

� 1. yours

� 2. hers

� 3. mine

� 4. theirs

� 5. his

� 6. ours

S24.

� 1. his

� 2. his – mine

� 3. our – hers

� 4. their – ours

� 5. yours

� 6. their - theirs

S25.

� 1. I – me – my – mine

� 2. you – you – your – yours

� 3. he – him – his – his

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� 4. she – her – her – hers

� 5. it – it – its

� 6. we – us – our – ours

� 7. you – you – your – yours

� 8. they – them – their – theirs

S26.

� 1. yours

� 2. me

� 3. his

� 4. her

� 5. hers

� 6. us

� 7. he – it

� 8. mine

� 9. their

� 10. theirs

S27.

� 1. They went to England last year for their summer holidays.

� 2. Bart and Lisa were excited because it was the first time they travelled by

plane.

� 3. Tony Blair was waiting for them.

� 4. They ate typical English food (fish and chips and a delicious apple pie).

� 5. They went to Buckingham Palace and had a tea with the Queen.

� 6. They bought some souvenirs at Harrods.

� 7. Yes, he did. Bart said that it was an amazing journey.

� 8. He phoned Milhouse.

S28.

� 1. John flew

� 2. did you enjoy

� 3. I brought

� 4. Shakira didn’t sing

� 5. was Peter

� 6. did you go

� 7. I forgot

de 42

� 8. she didn’t know

S29.

� 1. healthier than

� 2. better than

� 3. more energetic than

� 4. juicier than

� 5. bigger than

� 6. worse than

S30.

� 1. an

� 2. some

� 3. some

� 4. any

� 5. a

S31.

� 1. ours

� 2. their

� 3. them

� 4. his

� 5. their – mine

� 6. him

� 7. her

� 8. yours

� 9. me

Ámbito de comunicación Lengua inglesa · Oraciones afirmativas Oraciones negativas I was Yo era /...

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Transcript of Ámbito de comunicación Lengua inglesa · Oraciones afirmativas Oraciones negativas I was Yo era /...