Manual Instructivo para el Levantamiento de Suelos aplicados para la Macro, Meso y Micro...

8/12/2019 Manual Instructivo para el Levantamiento de Suelos aplicados para la Macro, Meso y Micro Zonificacin Ecolgica

1/79

UFQV GBHOGGBHB\[FQB@ KFD OGABFH[F

15?5

GOHVOD BH\[QVL[BZ@ UOQO FD

DFZOH[OGBFH[@ KF \VFD@\ FH

AO\F OD FHJ@_VF [FQQB[@QBODUOQO D@\ UQ@LF\@\ KF GOLQ@,

GF\@ R GBLQ@ S@HBJBLOLB@H

FL@D@NBLO FL@H@GBLO

Kbrfllbh Nfhfrod kf @rkfhogbfht` [frrbt`rbod

Lfhtrod [fdfjhblo3 (+6??) :?? :555 | Dhfo nrotubto3 5=55 -55- ::5 | Jox :?? :555 ohfx` ?:


2/79

rfsfhtolbh

Fd fstukb` kf sufd`, l`g` portf kf do fvoduolbh kfd gfkb` jsbl`,

opdblok` kfhtr` kf do S`hbjblolbh Fl`dnblo y Fl`hgblo fsto

pfrgbtbfhk` fstoadflfr d`s us`s p`sbadfs kfd sufd`, yo sfo l`g`

uhbkok fl`dnblo ` l`g` aosf poro fd fstoadflbgbfht` kf pr`yflt`s

kf kfsorr`dd`, kohk` o l`h`lfr sus dbgbtolb`hfs, us` okfluok`, rolb`hod y

s`stfhbk`, sfnh sus loroltfrstblos pfk`nfhtblos, fkjblos y fl`dnblos,

rfkulbfhk` y/` fvbtohk` su kfnrokolbh l`g` gfkb` hoturod, ab`pr`kult`r `

jufhtf odbgfhtorbo.

L`g` rfspufsto o do hflfsbkok kf fstohkorbzor do nfhfrolbh kf kot`s f

bhj`rgolbh fh l`hl`rkohlbo l`h do l`afrturo fspolbod, dgbtfs nf`nrjbl`s, fslodoy togo` kf gufstro, sfnh d`s hbvfdfs kf fstukb` kf do z`hbjblolbh, y o su vfz

jolbdbtor fd troaoc` o dos bhstbtulb`hfs bhv`dulrokos fh fstf pr`lfs`, fd Gbhbstfrb` kfd

Ogabfhtf, rflt`r kfd sflt`r ogabfhtod, fhlornok` kf fstoadflfr do p`dtblo,

lrbtfrb`s, mfrrogbfhtos y pr`lfkbgbfht`s, poro rolb`hodbzor dos bhtfrvfhlb`hfs

s`arf fd tfrrbt`rb` y `rbfhtor su l`hsfrvolbh y opr`vflmogbfht` s`stfhbadf, vbfhf

fdoa`rohk` fd gohuod bhstrultbv` poro fd dfvohtogbfht` kf sufd`, fh aosf od

fhj`quf kf @rkfhogbfht` [frrbt`rbod.


3/79

htr`kullbh

O portbr kfd gorl` h`rgotbv` kfd K. D. H ?5?-155;/ULG quf

oprufao fd Qfndogfht` kf SFF, fh su Ortlud` ?? gfhlb`ho quf, fd GBHOG fh su

l`hkblbh kf Out`rbkok Ogabfhtod Holb`hod, kbrbnf fd pr`lfs` kf do nfstbh kf SFF

fh fd pos, gbfhtros fd K.\. H 55>-155=-GBHOG, fh su ortlud` , Bhlbs` l,

fstoadflf quf kfhtr` kf dos juhlb`hfs kf do Kbrfllbh Nfhfrod kf @rkfhogbfht`

[frrbt`rbod, kfaf l`hkulbr y `rbfhtor d`s pr`lfs`s kf SFF, os l`g` do fdoa`rolbh

kf fstukb`s fspflbodbzok`s.

Aoc` fsto pfrspfltbvo do KN@[, mo kfsorr`ddok` fd Gohuod Bhstrultbv` poro fd

Dfvohtogbfht` kf \ufd`s opdblok`s poro do Golr`, Gfs` y Gblr` S`hbjblolbhFl`dnblo y Fl`hgblo fh aosf od fhj`quf tfrrbt`rbod, pfrgbtbfhk` fvoduor do `jfrto

kfd tfrrbt`rb`, aosok`s fh do kfgohko kf us` kf d`s fspolb`s nf`nrjbl`s y sus

rflurs`s, jrfhtf o do `lupolbh kfd tfrrbt`rb`, p`r portf kf d`s kbjfrfhtfs olt`rfs

s`lbodfs, fs om k`hkf fd fstukb` kf sufd` lugpdf uh popfd juhkogfhtod pufs

pr`pblbo fd us` okfluok` kf fst`s fspolb`s fh juhlbh o sus vfrkokfros

p`tfhlbodbkokfs y dbgbtolb`hfs, os l`g` do `lupolbh `rkfhoko kfd tfrrbt`rb`,

rfsnuorkohk` do lopolbkok kf rfsbdbfhlbo kfd sufd`, poro osfnuror su lodbkok l`g`

pr`kult`r kf ab`goso9 l`g` rfolt`r l`h jbdtr`s9 l`g` aujjfr, l`g` trohsj`rgok`r

kf gotfrbo poro pr`tfnfr fd ogabfhtf, fd onuo suatfrrhfo y do lokfho kf odbgfht`skf do l`htogbholbh9 l`g` mabtot ab`dnbl` y rfsfrvo nfhtblo9 l`g` gfkb` jsbl`

y jufhtf kf rflurs`s y kf mfrfhlbo ludturod (Adug y \ohtfdbsfs, ?22;)

Fd gohuod pfrgbtf fdoa`ror fd dfvohtogbfht` kf sufd` fstohkorbzokogfhtf,

kbvbkbko kf gohfro ortbludoko fh `lm` loptud`s, oaorlohk` kfskf do l`hjfllbh kfd

gopo aosf, lrbtfrb`s poro bkfhtbjblor dos uhbkokfs kf gufstrf` kfd sufd`, l`h su

rfprfsfhtolbh fh uho lorto fkjblo, os l`g` kftfrgbhor do kfhsbkok kf gufstrf`

quf pfrgbto do rfprfsfhtolbh y loroltfrbzolbh kf do uhbkok o fvoduor,

l`hsbkfrohk` dos fslodos, gotfrbodfs lort`nrjbl`s ` bgnfhfs sotfdbtodfs, mosto do


4/79

bhtfrprftolbh fstohkorbzoko kf d`s pfrjbdfs g`kodfs y fslodos jbhodfs kf

puadblolbh, fh l`hl`rkohlbo l`h d`s hbvfdfs fstoadflbk`s kf do SFF.

OAQFZBO[VQO\

B\QBL

KN@[

BHNFGGF[

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@O[

\BN

SFF

GBHOG

JO@

\BL\ / B\\\

VBL\ / BV\\

V\KO

^QA

Lfhtr` Bhtfrholb`hod kf Bhj`rgolbh y Qfjfrfhlbo fh \ufd`s

Kbrfllbh Nfhfrod kf @rkfhogbfht` [frrbt`rbod.

Bhstbtut` Nf`dnbl`, Gbhfr` y Gftodrnbl`

@rkfhogbfht` [frrbt`rbod.

@rkfhogbfht` Ogabfhtod [frrbt`rbod.

\bstfgos kf Bhj`rgolbh Nf`nrjblo.

S`hbjblolbh Fl`dnblo y Fl`hgblo.

Gbhbstfrb` kfd Ogabfhtf.

@rnohbzolbh kf dos Holb`hfs Vhbkos poro do Onrbludturo y do

Odbgfhtolbh.

\`lbfkok Bhtfrholb`hod kf dos Lbfhlbos kfd \ufd`

Vhbh Bhtfrholb`hod kf do Lbfhlbo kfd \ufd`

Kfportogfht` kf Onrbludturo kf d`s Fstok`s Vhbk`sAosf Qfjfrfhlbod Guhkbod kfd Qflurs` \ufd`.


5/79

H K B L F

?. LOUB[VD@ B3 H@QGO[BZOUOQOF\[OADFLFQFDF\[VKB@KF\VFD@FHD@\

KBJFQFH[F\HBZFDF\KFDOSFF

?.?.Golr`z`hbjblolbh.?.1.Gfs`z`hbjblolbh.?.


6/79

;. LOUB[VD@ BZ3 UDOHBJBLOLBH KFD UQ@LF\@ KF GVF\[QF@ FH LOGU@

;.?.Uos`s kf do pdohbjblolbh.;.1.Gotfrbodfs, mfrrogbfhtos y fqubp` kf sfnurbkok.

6. LOUB[VD@ BZ3 F\[VKB@ G@QJ@DNBL@ KFD \VFD@

6.?.L`hjfllbh kf do lodbloto6.1.Dflturo kf pfrjbdfs6.. LOUB[VD@ ZB3 BH\[QVGFH[@\ KF LDO\BJBLOLBH KF \VFD@\>.?.\`bd [ox`h`gy

>.1.JO@>..;.Fqubvodfhlbos

OHF]@\Nd`sorb` kf [rgbh`s

ABADB@NQOJO


7/79

DB\[O KF LVOKQ@\

Luokr` H ?3Luokr` H 13Luokr` H 3Luokr` H =3Luokr` H 23

Luokr` H ?53Luokr` H ??3Luokr` H ?13Luokr` H ?3

Luokr` H ?=3Luokr` H ?23

Luokr` H 153Luokr` H 1?3Luokr` H 113Luokr` H 13Luokr` H 1=3Luokr` H 123Luokr` H


8/79

DB\[O KF JBNVQO\

Jbnuro H ?3Jbnuro H 13Jbnuro H 3Jbnuro H =3Jbnuro H 23Jbnuro H ?53Jbnuro H ??3

Fdfgfht`s kf vfrbjblolbh kf do j`t` orfo@atfhlbh kf bhj`rgolbh o portbr kf dos j`t`nrojos orfos@atfhlbh kf bhj`rgolbh o portbr kf dos bgnfhfs sotfdbtodfs

Fdfgfht`s kf vfrbjblolbh kf do j`t` orfoHbvfdfs sflufhlbodfs kf do pfrlfplbh kf d`s tbp`s kf nf`j`rgos y susl`gp`hfhtfsQfdolbh kf lopos tfgtblos fh do bkfhtbjblolbh kf rfos kf gufstrf` kfsufd`[ogo` kf gufstro sbh lrbtfrb`s kf kfhsbjblolbh[ogo` kf gufstro aosok` fh uhbkokfs jbsb`nrjblos[rosdopf kf bhj`rgolbhBhtfrp`dolbh kf bhj`rgolbh[oado Gohsfdd

DB\[O KF OHF]@\

Ohfx` H ?3Ohfx` H 13

Nd`sorb` kf trgbh`sJblmo tlhblo kf fvoduolbh kfd sufd`


9/79

LOUB[VD@

H@QGO[BZO UOQO F\[OADFLFQ FD F\[VKB@ KF \VFD@ FH D@\

KBJFQFH[F\HBZFDF\KFDOSFF

Kf olufrk` od Kflrft` kfd L`hsfc` Kbrfltbv`, H 5?5-155:-L@HOG/LK,Gft`k`d`no poro do S`hbjblolbh Fl`dnblo Fl`hgblo, do opdblolbh kf fsto

gft`k`d`no fs àdbnot`rbo kfhtr` kf d`s kbjfrfhtfs hbvfdfs kf nàbfrh`,

bhstbtulb`hfs y `rnohbzolb`hfs tlhblos y olokgblos kfd sflt`r padbl` y

prbvok` fh d`s gabt`s holb`hod, rfnb`hod y d`lod, lotod`nok`s l`g`

rfsp`hsoadfs ` portblbpohtfs kf fstf pr`lfs`. O su vfz tbfhf p`r jbhodbkok

kfjbhbr d`s dbhfogbfht`s fspfljbl`s poro do nfstbh kf su kfsorr`dd`9 prflbsor

odlohlfs fh d`s kbvfrs`s hbvfdfs kf olfrlogbfht` fspolbod (golr`, gfs` y

gblr`z`hbjblolbh)9 org`hbzor lrbtfrb`s, pos`s y l`htfhbk`s fh dos kbstbhtos

ftopos kf su pr`lfs` y fh d`s kbjfrfhtfs hbvfdfs fspolbodfs.

Fd kfsorr`dd` kf do SFF t`go fh lufhto dos loroltfrstblos portbludorfs kf dolbrluhslrbplbh fh do quf sf opdblo, l`hsbkfro do kbgfhsbh, hoturodfzo uàcftbv`s pdohtfok`s sfnh d`s hbvfdfs fspolbodfs, poro j`rgudor y/` oltuodbzordos p`dtblos y pdohfs kf `rkfhogbfht` y/` kf ol`hkblb`hogbfht` tfrrbt`rbod, `kf dos p`dtblos y pdohfs kf kfsorr`dd`. Gbfhtros quf poro do fcflulbh kf lokojosf, fstoadflf d`s pr`lfkbgbfht`s hflfsorb`s poro do j`rgudolbh kf dopr`pufsto, sfodohk` d`s rfqufrbgbfht`s kf bhj`rgolbh tfgtblo ylort`nrjblo, hbvfdfs kf portblbpolbh kf do pàdolbh, mfrrogbfhtosbhj`rgtblos y l`hj`rgolbh kf do L`gbsbh [lhblo, fhtrf `tr`s.

D`s hbvfdfs fspolbodfs fh d`s quf sf kfsorr`ddo do SFF, pfrgbtfh nfhfrorbhj`rgolbh fspfljblo sàrf dos p`tfhlbodbkokfs y dbgbtolb`hfs kf su gabt` kfbhtfrvfhlbh, fh rfdolbh o kbvfrsos odtfrhotbvos kf us` s`stfhbadf, qufp`stfrb`rgfhtf s`h do aosf poro kfjbhbr p`dtblos y pdohfs kf kfsorr`dd`, kf`rkfhogbfht` y/` ol`hkblb`hogbfht` tfrrbt`rbod. Fst`s hbvfdfs h` sf dbgbtoh ol`hsbkfrolb`hfs kf do fxtfhsbh supfrjblbod kf d`s gabt`s p`dtbl`sokgbhbstrotbv`s (quf fh fd tfrrbt`rb` pfruoh` s`h aostohtfs kbjfrfhlbok`s), sbh`quf kfpfhkfh kfd hbvfd kf pr`juhkbkok kf d`s fstukb`s quf rfqubfrfh y do

jbhodbkok kf d`s gbsg`s.

B

D`s hbvfdfs

fspolbodfs kf

golr`, gfs` y

gblr`z`hbjblolbh

h` sf dbgbtoh o

l`hsbkfrolb`hfs

kf do fxtfhsbh

supfrjblbod kf d`s

gabt`s p`dtbl`s

okgbhbstrotbv`s,

sbh` quf

kfpfhkfh kfd

hbvfd kf

pr`juhkbkok kfd`s fstukb`s quf

rfqubfrfh y do

jbhodbkok kf d`s

gbsg`s.


10/79

Os gbsg` fd Luokr` H 5?, fs uho okoptolbh kfd luokr` quf sf fhlufhtro fhfd Kflrft` kfd L`hsfc` Kbrfltbv`, H 5?5-155:-L@HOG/LK, fh fd quf sfsfodoh dos vorboadfs y otrbaut`s, quf moh kf sfr l`hsbkfrok`s o gohfro kfrfjfrfhlbo poro fd gfkb` jsbl`, fh d`s kbjfrfhtfs hbvfdfs tfrrbt`rbodfs.O l`htbhuolbh sf kfjbhf d`s trfs hbvfdfs fspolbodfs kf do SFF3

?.?. GOLQ@S@HBJBLOLBH

Do golr`z`hbjblolbh fs opdblok` o hbvfd holb`hod, golr`-rfnb`hod, rfnb`hod y ohbvfd kf pr`vbhlbos, lufhlos mbkr`nrjblos y `tr`s gabt`s fspolbodfs l`hsupfrjblbfs rfdotbvogfhtf nrohkfs, kfdbgbtohk` nrohkfs uhbkokfs fspolbodfsfh fd tfrrbt`rb`, kfjbhbk`s l`h lrbtfrb`s3 jsbl`s, ab`dnbl`s, s`lbodfs, fl`hgbl`sy ludturodfs. [ogabh pufkf sfr t`goko l`g` rfjfrfhlbo poro kfjbhbrprb`rbkokfs fspolbodfs fh d`s `tr`s hbvfdfs kf goy`r olfrlogbfht` fspolbod(gfs` y gblr`z`hbjblolbh).

Do lort`nrojo opdbloadf o d`s fstukb`s kfd gfkb` ab`jsbl` kf nrohkfsfl`sbstfgos y pobsocfs, l`rrfsp`hkf o uho fslodo kf troaoc` gfh`r ` bnuod o ?3165 555. Gbfhtros quf do bhj`rgolbh s`lb`fl`hgblo kfaf l`rrfsp`hkfr, p`rd` gfh`s o dos uhbkokfs fspolbodfs pr`vbhlbodfs ` kbstrbtodfs, sfnh dosloroltfrstblos kf loko tfrrbt`rb`.

Os togabh fd nrok` kf portblbpolbh o fstf hbvfd bhv`dulro dos kbvfrsosbhstbtulb`hfs padblos?y rfprfsfhtohtfs kf dos `rnohbzolb`hfs kf do s`lbfkoklbvbd1

kfabkogfhtf rfl`h`lbkos, vfr luokr` H ?.

?.1. GF\@S@HBJBLOLBH

Do gfs`z`hbjblolbh pufkf sfr opdbloko o hbvfd rfnb`hod, pr`vbhlbod y kbstrbtod, ohbvfd kf lufhlos mbkr`nrjblos y `tr`s gabt`s fspolbodfs l`h supfrjblbfsrfdotbvogfhtf h` guy nrohkfs, bhlduyfhk` fd rfo kf bhjdufhlbo kf z`hosgftr`p`dbtohos, kfdbgbtohk` uhbkokfs fspolbodfs kfd tfrrbt`rb` o sfgb kftoddf,l`h d`s gbsg`s lrbtfrb`s kf do golr`z`hbjblolbh. O su vfz fs gorl` kfrfjfrfhlbo poro kfjbhbr prb`rbkokfs fspolbodfs o hbvfd kf gblr`z`hbjblolbh.

Do opdblolbh lort`nrjblo poro d`s fstukb`s kfd gfkb` ab`jsbl` (nrohkfsfl`sbstfgos y pobsocfs) l`rrfsp`hkf o uho fslodo kf troaoc` goy`r ` bnuod o?3?55 555, luyos uhbkokfs fspolbodfs poro do bhj`rgolbh s`lb`fl`hgblokfafh l`rrfsp`hkfr o d`s kbstrbt`s ` gblr`lufhlos.

Fd nrok` kf portblbpolbh kfpfhkfr kf dos bhstbtulb`hfs padblos y prbvokosl`h oltuolbh kbrflto fh fd tfrrbt`rb` l`gpr`gftbk`, fh fspflbod d`s Nàbfrh`sUr`vbhlbodfs y Kbstrbtodfs, dos bhstohlbos tfrrbt`rbodfs kfd Nàbfrh` Qfnb`hod yKbrfllb`hfs \flt`rbodfs, @HNs, os`lbolbh kf pr`kult`rfs, l`guhbkokfs

?Nàbfrh` Qfnb`hod, Nàbfrh`s Ur`vbhlbodfs y Kbstrbtodfs, Kbrfllb`hfs \flt`rbodfs, fhtrf tr`s.1Ur`yflt`s Fspflbodfs, L`dfnb`s Ur`jfsb`hodfs, Nrfgb`s Fgprfsorbodfs, Gfkb`s kf l`guhblolbh, @HNs,Lgoro kf L`gfrlb`, Os`lbolbh kf Ur`kult`rfs, L`guhbkokfs Logpfsbhos f Bhknfhos, fhtrf tr`s


11/79

logpfsbhos f bhknfhos, nrfgb`s fgprfsorbodfs, gfkb`s kf l`guhblolbh,fhtrf tr`s.

?.


12/79

Luokr` H ?3ZOQBOADF\ R O[QBAV[@\ J\BL@\ UOQO DO KFJBHBLB@H KF DO SFF, \FNHHBZFDF\

GOLQ@S@HBJBLOLB@H GF\@S@HBJBLOLB@H GBLQ@S@HBJBLOLB@H

Ur`psbt`3Nfhfror bhj`rgolbh sàrf dos p`tfhlbodbkokfs y dbgbtolb`hfs kfd tfrrbt`rb`, fh rfdolbh o kbvfrsosodtfrhotbvos kf us` s`stfhbadf, quf sbrvo kf aosf poro kfjbhbr3

U`dtblos y pdohfs kfkfsorr`dd`, kf`rkfhogbfht` y/òl`hkblb`hogbfht`tfrrbt`rbod fh d`s gabt`ssfodok`s.

Làfrturo fspolbod3Urbhlbpodgfhtf fh gabt`sholb`hod, golr`rfnb`hod yrfnb`hod

U`dtblos y pdohfs kfkfsorr`dd`, kf`rkfhogbfht` y/òl`hkblb`hogbfht`tfrrbt`rbod,

Do bkfhtbjblolbh ypr`g`lbh kf pr`yflt`s kfkfsorr`dd` fh d`s gabt`ssfodok`s.

Làfrturo fspolbod3Urbhlbpodgfhtf fh gabt`srfnb`hodfs, lufhlosmbkr`nrjblos ` fh rfosfspfljblos kf bhtfrs.

Do fdoa`rolbh, opràolbhy pr`g`lbh kf d`spr`yflt`s kf kfsorr`dd`,

Udohfs kf gohfc` fh rfosy tfgos fspfljbl`s fh fdgabt` d`lod.

L`htrbaubr od rkfhogbfht`y/` ol`hkblb`hogbfht`tfrrbt`rbod, os l`g` od pdohkf kfsorr`dd` uraoh` yrurod.

Làfrturo fspolbod3rfos fspfljblos kf bhtfrsd`lod

GFKB@ J\BL@Fslodo fspolbod3

- Fslodo kf troaoc`3 ?3165 555` gfh`r.

Fslodo fspolbod3

- Fslodo kf troaoc`3 ?3?55 555.

Fslodo fspolbod3

- Fslodo kf troaoc`3 ?316 555 `goy`r.

Fslodo kf puadblolbh3 o lrbtfrb` kf do bhstbtulbh, sbh l`gpr`gftfr do lodbkok kf do bhj`rgolbh p`rnfhfrodbzolbh y dfnbabdbkok kf d`s gopos.

Gotfrbod sotfdbtod3

- Bgnfhfs kf sotdbtf3rfl`gfhkoadf l`h rfs`dulbhfspolbod kf


13/79

Jufhtf3 Fdoa`rok` poro fd gohuod, okoptok` kfd Kflrft` kfd L`hsfc` Kbrfltbv`, H 5?5-155:-L@HOG/LK.

- [flt`hbsg`- Nf`d`no fl`hgblo- Nf`d`no mbstrblo- \fkbgfht`d`no

Dos vorboadfs y otrbaut`s kfdgfkb` jsbl` kfpfhkfrh kfdrfo o fstukbor y kfd tfgolfhtrod kf do gblr`z`hbjblolbh.Odnuh`s vorboadfs kf d`s hbvfdfsgolr` y gfs` fh uh tfrrbt`rb`

l`h supfrjblbf guy pfqufopufkfh l`hstbtubrsf fhl`hstohtfs, l`g` pufkf sfr fdldbgo ` do nf`d`no.

Os gbsg`, vo o kfpfhkfr kfdtfgo lfhtrod kf dogblr`z`hbjblolbh, pufs sb oportbr kf do golr` ` gfs`z`hbjblolbh sf mo kftfrgbhok`quf d`s us`s kf uh tfrrbt`rb` sfrfstrbhnf o us` onr`pfluorb`, fsdnbl` quf o hbvfd gblr` dosvorboadfs lfhtrodfs kf bhtfrssfrh3 sufd`s l`h sus otrbaut`sbkfhtbjbloadfs o fsto fslodofspolbod, bhlduyfhk` d`s pfdbnr`shoturodfs rfdfvohtfs poro dod`lodbkok, sus oltbvbkokfspr`kultbvos y gfkb`s kf vbko.

Nf`g`rj`d`no

- Vhbkokfs nf`g`rj`dnblosbkfhtbjbloadfs o do fslodo kftroaoc` (fcfgpd`3 pbfkfg`htf,voddfs, pdohblbfs kfkfsa`rkogbfht`, g`htoos,l`dbhos, pfhbddohuros, ddohuroskf fr`sbh, aomo, fhsfhokos,fstfr`s, bsdos, fhtrf `tr`s).

Nf`g`rj`d`no

- Vhbkokfs nf`g`rj`dnblosbkfhtbjbloadfs o do fslodo kftroaoc` (fcfgpd`3 pbfkfg`htf,voddfs, pdohblbfs kfkfsa`rkogbfht`, tbp` kfg`htoos, l`dbhos odtos ygfkbos, tfrrozos odto y gfkbos,pfhbddohuros, mugfkodfs,ddohuros kf fr`sbh, aomo,fhsfhokos, fstfr`s, bsdos,olohtbdok`s, j`sos, fhtrf tr`s).

- Ur`lfs`s nf`g`rj`dnbl`s (z`hos kf bhuhkolbh, z`hos kf fr`sbh` kfnrokolbh, kfsdbzogbfht`s, l`h`s kf kfyfllbh, fhtrf `tr`s)- Nf`kbhgblo fxtfrho- Ufdbnr`s hoturodfs rfdfvohtfs

Mbkr`nrojo f Mbkr`d`no

- Qfk y Vhbkokfs Mbkr`nrjblos3Lufhlos y sualufhlosbkfhtbjbloadfs o do fslodo kftroaoc`, bhkblohk` rfos kfbhuhkolbh.- Onuos supfrjblbodfs ysuatfrrhfos, U`tfhlbod kfolujfr`s kf p`z`s (loukodfs,lodbkok fh juhlbh kfd us` y fdhbvfd jrftbl`)

Mbkr`nrojo f Mbkr`d`no

- Qfk y Vhbkokfs Mbkr`nrjblos3Lufhlos, sualufhlos ygblr`lufhlos bkfhtbjbloadfs o dofslodo kf troaoc` bhkblohk`rfos kf bhuhkolbh- Onuos supfrjblbodfs ysuatfrrhfos, Qfhkbgbfht` kfolujfr`s kf p`z`s (loukodfs,lodbkok fh juhlbh kfd us` y fdhbvfd jrftbl`)

- Lufrp`s kf onuo (don`s, donuhos, ftl.) bkfhtbjbloadfs o do fslodokf troaoc`- Loroltfrstblos jsblos, qugblos y ab`dnblo3 l`rrbfhtfs gorbhos,

hutrbfhtfs, kbstrbaulbh kf l`guhbkokfs gorbhos- Hovfnoabdbkok\ufd`s

- Jbsb`nrojo3 uhbkokfs jbsb`nrjblos y pfhkbfhtfs bkfhtbjbloadfs o dofslodo kf troaoc`.- \ufd`s fh l`hl`rkohlbo l`h dos uhbkokfs jbsb`nrjblos, ldosbjblok`skf olufrk` od \`bd [ox`h`gy (V\KO) u `tr` \bstfgo kfldosbjblolbh tox`hgblo l`h su fqubvodfhlbo fh fd \bstfgo [email protected] Odtbtuk- Ufhkbfhtf o hbvfd kf uhbkokfs jbsb`nrjblos- Lopolbkok kf us` goy`r kf do tbfrro fh l`hl`rkohlbo l`h d`s tbp`skf sufd`s y uhbkokfs jbsb`nrjblos.

- [bfrros l`h sbstfgos kfohkfhfros y tfrrozos

Ldbgo

- Urflbpbtolbh3 kbstrbaulbh tfgp`rod y fspolbod (bhlduyfhk`fvfht`s fxtrfg`s l`g` odtos prflbpbtolb`hfs sfquos)- [fgpfroturo3 kbstrbaulbh tfgp`rod y fspolbod (bhlduyfhk`fvfht`s fxtrfg`s l`g` odtos tfgpfroturos aocos tfgpfroturos)- Fvop`trohspbrolbh p`tfhlbod- Aodohlf mkrbl`- Ldosbjblolbh ldbgtblo (bhldubr tr`s pfdbnr`s ldbgtbl`s l`g`vbfht`s murolohok`s, t`rgfhtos fdltrblos, hfvokos, ftl.)- Urfsbh aor`gtrblo- Mugfkok rfdotbvo

- Fvop`rolbh gfkbo fh tohquf


14/79

LOUB[VD@

GOUOAO\F

Kfhtr` kfd fstukb` kf dfvohtogbfht` kf sufd`, fd gopo aosf fs fd vhlud`

nf`nrjbl` àtfhbk` kf do rfl`pbdolbh kf bhj`rgolbh y do ftopo kf

pr`spfllbh, poro do kftfrgbholbh kf dos uhbkokfs jbsb`nrjblos, bhkbspfhsoadfs

poro fstoadflfr d`s puht`s kf gufstrf`. Fd gopo aosf sf l`hstrubr o portbr kft`ko do bhj`rgolbh kbsp`hbadf l`g`3 bgnfhfs sotfdbtodfs, j`t`nrojos orfos y

fdfgfht`s lort`nrjbl`s kfd gabt` kf fstukb`. Fd hbvfd kf kftoddf, fstor fh

juhlbh o do fslodo kf troaoc` kok` p`r d`s trfs hbvfdfs fspolbodfs kf do SFF.

1.?. L@GU@HFH[F\ UOQO DO FDOA@QOLBH KFD GOUO AO\F

Fd gopo aosf fstor l`gpufst` p`r d`s sbnubfhtfs fdfgfht`s3

1.?.?. LOQ[@NQJBLO OV[@GO[BSOKO

Do lort`nrojo kbnbtod op`yoko l`h sbstfgos kf bhj`rgolbh nf`nrjblo - \BN

pr`p`rlb`hor dos lopos tfgtblos sfgbkftoddokos, l`g` do t`p`nrojo, kbvbsbh

p`dtblo-okgbhbstrotbvo, rfk vbod, sbstfgo kf krfhocf, làfrturo vfnftod y losl`s

uraoh`s d`lodfs. Loaf sfodor quf poro do gfs`z`hbjblolbh y gblr`z`hbjblolbh,

fh fspflbod fstf dtbg` h` fs sujblbfhtf do bhj`rgolbh, kfabk` od togo` kf

fslodo quf fxbnf do SFF, hflfsbtohk` op`y` kf dos j`t`nrojos rfos ` bgnfhfs

sotfdbtodfs, sfnh sfo hbvfd kf kftoddf rfqufrbk`. Zfr luokr` H 1.

Luokr` H 13QFDOLBH FH[QF DO LOQ[@NQOJO R F\LODO KF [QOAOC@Hbvfdfs kf fstukb` kf

do SFFFslodo kf troaoc`

SFFFspflbjblolb`hfs tlhblos ghbgos

GOLQ@S@HBJBLOLBH ?3 165 555 o gfh`r

Gopo t`p`nrjbl`, lortoholb`hod, j`t`lortos ` j`t`gopos ofslodo ?3 ?55 555 ` goy`r.

Gopos tfgtbl`s kf do rfnbh `kfd rfo kf fstukb`.

GF\@S@HBJBLOLBH ?3 ?55 555

?fr los`* Gopo t`p`nrjbl` ?3 ?55 555

goy`r. Lorto holb`hod lortos

ofr`j`t`nrogtrblos o fslodo ? 3

BB

Fd gopo aosf fsfd vhlud`

nf`nrjbl`

àtfhbk` kf do

rfl`pbdolbh kf

bhj`rgolbh y do

ftopo kf

pr`spfllbh, poro

do kftfrgbholbh

kf dos uhbkokfs

jbsb`nrjblos,

bhkbspfhsoadfs

porofstoadflfrd`s puht`s kfgufstrf`.


15/79

?55 555 o ?3 165 555 Gopos tfgtbl`s kfd rfo kf

fstukb`

1k` los`*

Gopo t`p`nrjbl` ?3 16 555 goy`r.

GBLQ@S@HBJBLOLBH ?3 16 555 o goy`r Gopo t`p`nrjbl` ?3 ?5 555 o

goy`rJufhtf3 Fdoa`rok` poro fd gohuod, okoptolbh kfd K.\. 5


16/79

555 goy`r. j`t`lortos ofslodo ?3?55 555 o ?3 65 555

1k` los` J`t`nrojos rfos vfrtblodfs,

`atfhbkos d` gos rflbfhtf p`sbadf.

Kf aufho lodbkok Fslodo ?3 ;5 555 o ?3 15555 goy`r.

G`zobl`s l`htr`dok`s sfgbl`htr`dok`s o fslodo ?3 16555 goy`r.

GBLQ@S@HBJBLOLBH ?3 16 555 o goy`r

J`t`nrojos rfos vfrtblodfs,`atfhbkos d` gos rflbfhtf p`sbadf

Kf aufho lodbkok Fslodo ?3 15 555 ?3 ?5

555 ` goy`r. G`sobl`s l`htr`dok`s y/`

`rt`j`t`gopos o fslodo ?3 ?5 555

goy`r.Jufhtf3 Fdoa`rok` poro fd gohuod, okoptolbh kfd K.\. 5


17/79

Do tfdfkftfllbh fhtfhkbko l`g` fd trotogbfht` y ohdbsbs kf dos bgnfhfs

sotfdbtodfs, pfrgbtfh tfhfr uho vbsbh gudtbtfgp`rod kf uh rfo ` kf uh

jfhgfh`, o trovs kf gdtbpdfs bhj`rgolb`hfs fspfltrodfs p`r l`gabholbh kf

aohkos (Jbnuro H


18/79

GBLQ@S@HBJBLOLBH ?3 16 555 ogoy`r

?5 gftr`sBgnfhfs kf sotdbtf `rokor o fslodo ?3 15 555mosto ?3 65 555.

Jufhtf3 Fdoa`rok` poro fd gohuod, okoptolbh kfd K.\. 5


19/79

QÒ gfhuk` j`rgoh uh dgbtf fhtrf k`s j`rgolb`hfs okyolfhtfs, p`r d` nfhfroddos rfos l`gpdftogfhtf `sluros, gufstroh do rfjdfltohlbo kf d`s lufrp`s kfonuo.

Donuhos yDon`s

\`h o gfhuk` kbjfrfhlbokos p`r gohlmo guy `sluros, kf j`rgo brrfnudorjrflufhtfgfhtf j`rgok`s fhtrbhnud`s nr`sfr`s ` kf l`ht`rh`s brrfnudorfsl`h hugfr`sos dhfos f bhjdfxb`hfs ohnudorfs fh do `rbddo.

Zfnftolbh

Kfpfhkfr kf do j`rgo quf ok`ptfh dos gohlmos vbsbadfs. Do vfnftolbhhoturod sufdf kbsp`hfrsf fh j`rgo gs brrfnudorfs, fsto rfprfsfhtoko l`hgohlmos kf t`h`s `slur`s quf kfpfhkfrh kf jolt`rfs kbvfrs`s l`g` tbp`kf vfnftolbh y fstok` vfnftotbv` (luoht` gs soho sfo do pdohto gs`slur` sfr fd t`h`).

rfosludtbvokos

Gohtbfhfh uh potrh `rkfhok`, j`rgohk` goddos, ` sbnubfhk` dos lurvos kfhbvfd.

[`p`nrojo

Fd kftoddf kf do odtbtuk rfvfdo do fxbstfhlbo kf dos nf`j`rgos, sf pufkfbkfhtbjblor joddos y jrolturos kf nroh togo`, pfr` h` dos pfqufos, togp`l`sufdf kbstbhnubrsf fhtrf joddo y jrolturo. Fh nfhfrod s`h gs jlbdfs kfbkfhtbjblor fh ogabfhtfs rbk`s y sfgbrbk`s. Do bhldbholbh kfd pdoh` kf joddos`d` pufkf oprflborsf luohk` `rbnbho fslorpfs y t`ko do g`rj`d`no kfjolftos, aorrohl`s y l`h`s kf kfyfllbh os`lboko. Fh nfhfrod dosg`kbjblolb`hfs quf pufkfh sujrbr fstf tbp` kf fstrulturos (rftr`lfs` y

prkbko kf odturo kfd fslorpf) s`h kbjlbdgfhtf àsfrvoadfs fh dos j`t`nrojosorfos, pfr` h` l`h dos bgnfhfs sotfdbtodfs.

\bstfgoohtrpbl`

\f pufkf kbstbhnubr trozok`s vbodfs, jfrr`vborb`s, tuafros9 àros kfbhjrofstrulturo, pufrt`s, ofr`pufrt`s9 sf oprflbo togabh l`g` fstol`hj`rgok` fd rfo uraoho, okfgs sf pufkf prflbsos sfnh fslodo fd tbp`kf fkbjblolbh l`g` bhkustrbos, rfsbkfhlbos, rfos l`gfrlbodfs,uraohbzolb`hfs, ftl., p`r do odturo y su ohlm`.

Jufhtf3 Okoptok` kf Cogfs (155 sf prfsfhto dos uhbkokfs fstrotbnrjblos gs

rfprfsfhtotbvos sfnh rfnbh nf`nrjblo. Fh logab` poro d`s tbp`s kf

kfp`sblbh (rfdolb`hok` l`h do kbjfrfhlbo kf odtbtuk y d`s kbjfrfhtfs pr`lfs`s kf

j`rgolbh), kokos goy`rbtorbogfhtf fh do ftopo kfd luotfrhorb`, fsth

kfjbhbkos fh fd luokr` H = y fh do jbnuro H ; sf gufstro uho rfprfsfhtolbh

fslodor kf j`rgolbh kf d`s kfpsbt`s gs tpbl`s.
http://www.monografias.com/trabajos36/poligonos-triangulos/poligonos-triangulos.shtmlhttp://www.monografias.com/trabajos5/induemp/induemp.shtmlhttp://www.monografias.com/trabajos5/induemp/induemp.shtmlhttp://www.monografias.com/trabajos36/poligonos-triangulos/poligonos-triangulos.shtml


20/79

J`rg, Onuos Lodbfhtfs

J`rgolbh Fspfrohzo

Gorlovbdlo

Mfrrokuro

Lfrr` Lmbddh

Z`dl.F

rfl

JOCO L@\[FQO

BHJFQB@Q

J`rg.

[bhoc`hfs

Z`dl,Dohl`hfs

\VU

FQB@Q

J`rgolbh

Gufrt`

J`rgolbh

Uftolos

J`rgolbh

Ohkbho

J`rgolbh

Qfk`hk`

Nrup`

Uftolos

Nrup`

Qfk`hk`

Nrup`l`pokf

\`garfr`

J`rgolbh

\ohkbh`J`rgolbh

Fhlufhtr`s

J`rgolbh

Conuoy Hfnr`

J`rgolbh

Muosbgod

Nrup`N`yddorbsqubzno

J`rg,Jorrot

\odt` kfd

Jrobdf

Z`dl._ubdgoh

J`rgolbhLmbdlo

J`rgolbh L`poro

J`rgolbh Roulo

J`rgolbh Arfos

J`rgolbh Uuhto

Nrogokod

J`golbh

Ot`l`hn`

J`rgolbh

Udogp`ho

Nrup`Muyddopgpo

Z`dl.Do

A`l`ho

Uufhtf Bhno

J`rg.

Lmbg Nrup`\ohUfkr`

Nrup`Losgo

Nrup`G`rr`\

`dor

J`rgolbh Uororh

J`rgolbh Duph

J`rg.

Lormuoz

J`rg.

\ohto

JOCO \VAOHKBHO R DDOH@ OGOSHBL@JOCO OHKBHO

J`rgolbh

Uohohno

J`rgolbh

Nbnohtod

\ur

J`rgolbh

Orlurqubho

Np`

_ubdqubh

Np`.

Uuddubloho

J`rgolbh

Q`gbrh

J`rgolbh

Gocorrh

J`rgolbh

Rugonuod

Lfhtr`H`rtf

J`rgolbh

L``r

J`rgolbh Lm`to

H`rtf

J`rgolbh Lfdfhkh

J`rgolbh Locogorlo

J`rgolbh Lolmbyolu

J`rgolbh Zbvboh

J`rgolbh Lm`hto

H`rtf Lfhtr`Lfhtr`

J`rgolbh Cugosmo

J`rgolbh Lfdfhkh

J`rgolbh Losopodlo

J`rgolbhOyoaolos

J`rgolbh Guohb

J`rgolbh

Zbdquflmbl`

J`rgolbhL`tolulm`

Odtbpdoh` y l`rk.

@rbfhtod

Nrup` G`m`

J`rgolbh \ohto

J`rgolbh Bhlo

Np`.[`qufpodo

J`rg.

_ufrquf

J`rg.

Lmbdloh

J`rgolbh

Orlurqubho

\ur

L`rkbddfro @llbkfhtod

J`rgolbh Lmudfl

J`rgolbh Uorbotoga`

J`rgolbh

Ruhloypoto

Np`.Lmbtopogpo

J`rgolbh

Jfrr`aogao

J`rgolbh

Muohloh

J`rgolbh Guhb

J`rgolbh \bpbh

Nru

p`@rbfhtf

J`rgolbh Lusmoaotoy

Nrup`Utf.Ubkro

Do Uogpbddo

J`rgolbh Lmbg

J`rg.

Gurl`

J`rgolbhRuro

Z`dl,

Gotodoquf

J`rgolbhMuodmuohb

J`rgolbhLmolmolugohf

Nrup`N`yddorbsqu

bzno

J`rg.

Houpf

J`rg. Uorbmuohlo

J`rgolbhN`yddorbsqubzno

J`rgolbh [bhoc`hfs

J`rg.

GoroJ`rgolbh Jorrot

J`rgolbh

Lormuoz

Jufhtf3 BHNFGGF[, ?226.

Luokr` H :3L@QQFDOLB@HF\ F\[QO[BNQJBLO\ KFD LQF[LF@ FH FD UFQ


21/79


22/79


23/79

UODV\[QF\

Kf `rbnfh gorbh` ` kf onuo kudlf, s`h d`s j`rgok`s p`r doolugudolbh kf gotfrbo `rnhblo, kf `rbnfh vfnftod losbfxldusbvogfhtf, uho portf kf fsto poso p`r gulmos trohsj`rgolb hfsmosto sfr lorah. Fsto Loroltfrbzok` p`r d`s dbg`s `rnhbl`s y turao.

FZOU@Q[BL@\

Fsth j`rgok`s p`r do prflbpbtolbh qugblo kf sodfs, ld`rur`s `

sudjot`s, tpbl`s kf gfkb`s rbk` ` kfsrtbl`s, dolustrfs, donuhorfs ydbt`rodfs. L`h loroltfrstblos l`g`3 s`h jlbdgfhtf s`duadfs, pr`kulfhrfollb`hfs qugblos9 pufkfh sujrbr logab`s kf v`dugfh, fh supfrjblbfj`rgoh l`stros y rfprfsfhtoh uh rbfsn` kf muhkbgbfht` luohk` sfpr`kulfh jfhgfh`s kf kbs`dulbh y lorstbjblolbh.

KFL@HND@GFQOK@\

Fs uho r`lo sfkbgfhtorbo kf tbp` kftrtbl` j`rgoko p`r loht`srfk`hkfok`s kf `tros r`los uhbk`s p`r uho goso l`gpolto

lfgfht`. \us jrongfht`s l`hstbtutbv`s s`h goy`rfs quf d`s kf doorfho (81 gg).

Jufhtf3 Okoptolbh kf Bhnfhbfro Nf`dnblo, Dubs N`hzdfz kf Zoddfc`, Ufors`h Urfhtblf Modd.

Jbnuro H ;3 FDFGFH[@\ KF ZFQBJBLOLB@H KF DO J@[@ OQFO

L@DVZBODF\ ODVZBODF\

DOLV\[QF\

DB[@QODF\


24/79

NDOLBOQF\

Jufhtf3Fxpd`r`li, ad`n kf dos Nf`lbfhlbos y Fxpd`rolbh, 15?5.

1.1.


25/79

pobsocf kfd sufd`, os l`g` do Bkfhtbjblolbh y fxpdblolbh kf do vorboabdbkok

fspolbod kfd sufd`).

a. Bhtfrprftolbh kf do nhfsbs kfd sufd`

[`go l`g` rfjfrfhlbo d`s pr`lfs`s nf`g`rj`dnbl`s y fht`rh`s usok`s

rfspfltbvogfhtf, l`g` jolt`rfs y gorl`s kf j`rgolbh y fv`dulbh kfd sufd`,

aoc` d`s sbnubfhtfs lrbtfrb`s3

Ur`lfs`s nf`g`rj`dnbl`s (g`rj`nhfsbs)3

rfos l`h pfhkbfhtfs l`h hjosbs fh d`s pr`lfs`s kf j`rgolbh kf do

lugarf (j`rgok`s p`r fr`sbh ` kfp`sblbh kf jrongfht`s kf kftrtbl`s,

p`r dbxbvbolbh y olugudolbh kf fdfgfht`s s`duadfs) y fh l`hlfpt`s kf

sufd`s fhtfrrok`s l`h su troyflt`rbo.

rfos pdohos (j`rgolbh kf sbstfgos kf kfpsbt` fstrulturok`s qufl`hkulf o jufrtfs kbjfrfhlbos t`p`nrjblos, mbkr`dnblos y dbt`dnblos kfd

tfrrbt`rb`), os l`g` fd fsldorflbgbfht` kf do kbjfrfhlbolbh kf uh pfk`h fh

trgbh`s kf tfxturos y ldosfs kf krfhocf.

Jolt`r tbfgp` (g`rj`lr`h`d`no) kftfrgbhok` s`arf do aosf kf lrbtfrb`s kfd

nrok` kf kfsorr`dd` kfd sufd`.

Bgp`rtohlbo `pfrolb`hod kf do nf`g`rj`d`no, rfjfrbko o do lohtbkok kf uho

aosf kf kot`s y su l`htrbaulbh fh fd fstukb` kf sufd`.

Uoro l`gprfhkfr do rfdolbh kf do pfrlfplbh kf d`s tbp`s kf nf`j`rgos, sfnh

do fslodo kf t`go vfr do jbnuro H6 y su rfspfltbv` luokr` (luokr` H 2).

Jbnuro H 63 HBZFDF\ \FLVFHLBODF\ KF DO UFQLFULBH KF D@\ [BU@\ KFNF@J@QGO\ R \V\ L@GU@HFH[F\

Jufhtf3 O. Sbhli ?2=5.


26/79

Udotoj`rgo kf @asfrvolbh rfo Kf@asfrvolbh Loroltfrstblos @asfrvokos

Lrbtfrb`s Vtbdbzok`sUoro Do Kfkullbh Kf

Jolt`rfs

Nf`j`rgosQfsudtohtfs

L`hlfpt`sKfrbvok`s Lotfn`ro

Nfhrblo

\otdbtfNroh portf kf uh

l`htbhfhtf

D`hnbtukbhod, fstrflm`, golbz` rfdbfvfodt`, dbgbtfs oarupt`s

[`p`nrojoNf`kbhgblo bhtfrho

(rfo `r`nhblo)

L`kbddfro (lokfho kfg`htoos pdfnokos)

Nf`fstrulturo

Nrohkf, ddoh`, Aoc` (fhtfrrok`), rfdbfvfgolbz`

[`p`nrojoNf`kbhgblo bhtfrho(fspolb` muhkbk`)

Nf`sbhldbhod (lufhlosfkbgfhtorbo)

OvbhL`rkbddfro

sbfrro d`hnbtukbhod j`rgok` p`r lokfhosg`hto`sos porodfdos9 jufrtfgfhtf

kbsfltokos

[`p`nrojoNf`kbhgblo fxtfrho

(fr`sbh)

Fstrulturo/ Gfkb`ogabfhtf fr`sb`hok`

G`rj`nfhftblo kfdgfkb` ogabfhtf

\flufhlbo kf tbfrros aocos pdohos fhtrflokfhos3 a`rkfs lhlov`s

[`p`nrojo[flthbl`

Nf`kbhgblo fxtfrho(kfp`sblbh kfsfkbgfht`s)

Gfkb` ogabfhtfkfp`sblb`hod

Mfdblptfr` Fstrulturo/ fr`sbhkfd gfkb` ogabfhtf

lrfstos g`hto`sos porodfdos[`p`nrojo, [flthbl`

Mbkr`nrojoG`htoo

UobsocfD`hnbtukbhod, kfprfsb`hfs ohn`stos

porodfdos pfrpfhkbludorfs o dol`rkbddfro

[`p`nrojo[flthbl`

Mbkr`nrojoZoddf

\upfrjblbf tfrrfstrfZoddf

L`hjbnurolbh fslodoko, hbvfdfst`p`nrjbl`s porodfd`s sfporok`s p`r

fslorpok`s[`p`nrojo [frrozo

Qfdbfvf

J`hk` kf voddf, sbstfgo jduvbod,j`rfstoro rbafrfo

[`p`nrojo, KrfhocfZfnftolbh

Ddohuro oduvbod

U`r fhlbgo y p`r kfaoc` kf dosupfrjblbf kf do [bfrro

(l`rtfzo tfrrfstrf supfrb`r) [frrozo

D`hnbtukbhod, fstrflm`, pdotoj`rgol`hvfxo l`h aufh krfhocf9 kf tfxturo

nrufso

[`p`nrojoKrfhocf

G`rj`nhfsbsKbquf

J`rgo kfd tfrrfh`

Dorn`, ogpdb`, kfprfsbh lhlovo3 kfgod krfhocf, kf tfxturo jbho.

[`p`nrojo, KrfhocfG`rj`nhfsbs

Lufhlo

Jufhtf3 O. Sbhli ?2=5

Luokr` H 23 BKFH[BJBLOLBH \FLVFHLBOD KF DO\ NF@J@QGO\ (kfslrbplbh kf do jbnuro H 6)


27/79

L`hlrftbzolbh kf d`s kftoddf(Gs otrbaut`s)

Ldosbjblolbh

Bkfhtbjblolbh

l. Bkfhtbjblolbh kf dos uhbkokfs nf`g`rj`dnblos

Dos uhbkokfs nf`g`rj`dnblos fsth l`gpufstos p`r sfbs hbvfdfs. Fd kftoddf kf

loko uhbkok fs bhvfrsogfhtf pr`p`rlb`hod od `rkfh cfrrqubl`, vfr luokr` H

?5.

Luokr` H ?53 HBZFD KF KF[ODDF KF DO\ VHBKOKF\ NF@G@QJ@DNBLO\

Sff Hbvfd Lotfn`ro L`hlfpt` Nfhrbl`

GOLQ@S@H

BJBLOLBH

: @rkfh

Nf`fstrulturoNroh portf l`htbhfhtod loroltfrbzok` p`r uhofstrulturo fspflbjblo nf`dnblo (fkok y hoturodfzokf dos r`los, fstbd` tflthbl`)[oxo3 l`rkbddfro, nf`sbhldbhod, ad`qufsl`htbhfhtodfs)

6 \ua`rkfh

G`rj`nfhtblo kfd gfkb` ogabfhtf[bp` nfhfrod kf gfkb` ab`jsbl` `rbnbhok` yl`htr`dok` p`r uh fstbd` nf`kbhgblo bhtfrh` `fxtfrho.[oxo3 gfkb` fstrulturod, kfp`sblb`hod, fr`sb`hod,kbs`dulb`hod y gbxt`).

GF\@S@HBJBLOLBH

; Nrup`

UobsocfNroh portf kf do tbfrro sf loroltfrbzo p`rrfpftblb`hfs kf tbp`s kf rfdbfvf sbgbdorfs yos`lbolbh kf tbp`s kf rfdbfvfs kbstbht`s (fcfgpd`,voddf, gfsfto, g`htoo, ftl.).

< \uanrup`

Qfdbfvf/ G`kfdogbfht`

Fd rfdbfvf fsto kftfrgbhok` p`r uho l`gabholbh kft`p`nrojo y fstrulturo nf`dnblo, p`r fcfgpd`lufsto.[oxo3 Zoddf, ddohuro, pfhbddohuro, gfsfto, pbf kfg`htf (tfrrozos), l`dbhos, g`htoos

Fd g`kfdogbfht` fsto kftfrgbhok` p`r l`hkblb`hfsfspfljblos g`rj`ldbgtblos y g`rj`nfhtblos(fcfgpd`3 tfrrozo, kfdto, ftl.)[oxo3 Zfr luokr` H ??.

GBLQ@S@HBJBLOLB

H

1 Jogbdbo

Dbt`d`no/ josfsHoturodfzo Uftr`nrjblo kf dos r`los kuros (p`rfcfgpd`, nhfbs, lodbzo, ftl) ` p`r fd `rbnfh hoturodkf dos j`rgolb`hfs kf do luabfrto suovfs.

[oxo3 Ldosf kf r`los y gotfrbod kf `rbnfh (hbvod,ndolbor, pfrbndolbor, oduvbo, l`duvbod, kbduvbod,dolustrf, dbt`rod l`stfr`, g`vbgbfht` kf gosos,nrovbtolb`hod, v`dlhbl`, ab`nfhbl`, gbxt` jduvb`/ndolbor, l`duvb`/oduvbod, jduvb`/v`dlhbl`- yohtr`pbl`.

? \uajogbdbo

J`rgo kfd tfrrfh`\`arfsodbfhtfs tbp`s kf nf`j`rgo asbl`s,loroltfrbzok`s p`r uho l`gabholbh hblo kfnf`gftro, kbhogbsg` y mbst`rbo. Fstf logp` fs fdgs ogpdb` kf t`k`s y kfpfhkfr kfd lrbtfrb` kfdfvoduok`r.

Jufhtf3 Okoptok` kf O. Sbhli, ?2=2

Fxtrollbh nfhfrodbzoko(Gfh`s otrbaut`s)


28/79

Luokr` H ??3 [BU@\ KF G@KFDOGBFH[@

Fstrulturod Fdbl` Kfp`sblb`hodKbs`dutbv`(iortbl)

Qfsbkuod

KfprfsbhL`dbho aocoLufstoLrfst`h

M`naoliJdotbr`hFslorpok`NroafhM`rstOhtbldbhod\bhldbhodOhtbldbhodfxlovok`\bhldbhodl`dnohtfL`gafLdusfQbknfL`h` (v`dlhbl`)

Kbquf

KfprfsbhZoddfLo`hNdolbs

L`dbho aocoL`dbhoLrfstoLmfvr`h (Qojtfr)QbknfKbquf

Kfprfsb`hfsLfhfnoJ``kpdohfDdog`

[frrozoL`dbho aocoOaohbl`NdolbsKfdtoFstuorbÒrrflbjf kf l`rodOt`dh

Kfprfsb`hfsLpudo[`rrf l`dbhoU`dc

Adbhk vodfKry vodfLohy`h(-l`ddopsf vodf)

\upfrjblbf pdohoLpudo

BhsfdafrnG`hokh`li

[`rsLoht`s r`kok`s

Jufhtf3 Okoptok` kf O. Sbhli, ?2=2

1.1.;. LQB[FQB@\ JB\B@NQJBL@\

Fd gopo kf sufd`s sf fstoadflf fh juhlbh kf do ldosbjblolbh jbsb`nrjblo

nfhfroko o portbr kfd gopo nf`g`rj`dnbl`. \àrf fsto aosf sf bkfhtbjbloh d`s

sufd`s loroltfrstbl`s l`hsbkfrohk` rohn`s kf pfhkbfhtf.

Os togabh do os`lbolbh kf do nf`d`no l`h do nf`g`rj`d`no, kftfrgbho do

fstrulturo kfd sbstfgo cfrrqubl` jbsb`nrjbl`, fh dos sbnubfhtfs lotfn`ros.

Ur`vbhlbo Jbsb`nrjblo(bhlduyfhk` z`ho ` uhbkok ldbgtblo)

L`rrfsp`hkf o uho rfnbh hoturod fh do quf sf pufkfh prfsfhtor uho ` gs

uhbkokfs ldbgtblos, fstohk` l`hj`rgoko p`r l`hcuht`s kf uhbkokfs

nfhtblos kf rfdbfvf l`h rfdolb`hfs kf porfhtfsl` kf tbp` nf`dnbl`, fh

luoht` o do dbt`d`no y fstrulturos prfk`gbhohtfs, do t`p`nrjblo fsto

fhgorloko o hbvfd rfnb`hod.

Vhbkok Ldbgtblo3 Do ldosbjblolbh kf dos uhbkokfs ldbgtblos pufkf molfrrfjfrfhlbo o sbstfgos prfkfjbhbk`s kf ldosbjblolbh ldbgtblo, fh d`s quf sf

bhv`dulroh ospflt`s l`g` tfgpfroturo, odtbtuk, mugfkok kbsp`hbadf, fhtrf

`tros.

Nroh Uobsocf ` uhbkok nfhtblo kf rfdbfvf3Fsto lotfn`ro l`htbfhf uhbkokfs

nfhtblos kf rfdbfvf prfsfhtfs fh uh tfrrfh`, pfr` làbcokos p`r uho uhbkok

ldbgtblo kftfrgbhoko, quf sf fhlufhtrf fh uho pr`vbhlbo jbsb`nrjblo

fspfljblo. Fd porfhtfsl` nf`nfhtbl`, bgpdblo quf do g`rj`d`no nfhfrod kfd


29/79

rfdbfvf sfo pr`kult` kf uh`s pr`lfs`s nf`grjbl`s fhknfh`s goy`rfs

l`g` pdfnogbfht`, vudlohbsg`, sfkbgfhtolbh, kfhukolbh, ftl.

Uobsocf3 Fst l`htfhbk` fh uh Nroh pobsocf, pfr` prfsfhto uh`s otrbaut`s

portbludorfs l`g` fd tbp` kf gotfrbod porfhtod prfk`gbhohtf, fkok, fhtrf`tr`s.

\uapobsocf3L`rrfsp`hkf o do kbvbsbh kf uhbkokfs kf pobsocf, poro fjflt`s

prltbl`s kf do kfslrbplbh kf us` kfd sufd` y su p`tfhlbod, l`hsbkfrohk` d`s

sbnubfhtfs porgftr`s kf ldosbjblolbh3

J`rgo y/` nrok` kf pfhkbfhtf[bp` y nrok` kf fr`sbh olfdfroko

Ldosf kf l`hkblbh kf krfhocfs fh ddohuros

Nrok` kf kbsfllbh hoturod ` nf`dnblo fh odtbpdohblbfs y nf`j`rgosonrokolb`hodfs.

Fdfgfht` kfd Uobsocf3loroltfrbzok`s p`r uh gblr` rfdbfvf kf l`gpdfc`. D`s

trgbh`s quf sf usoh fh fstf hbvfd s`h lhlov`, l`hvfx`9 odt`, gfkb`, aoc`.

Fh fd sbnubfhtf luokr` (luokr` H ?1) sf fstoadflf do rfdolbh kf dos uhbkokfs

jbsb`nrjblos l`h d`s hbvfdfs kf do SFF y fd luokr` H ?


30/79

1.


31/79

\f oprflbo fh fd nrojbl` H 1, do rfdolbh kf d`s kbjfrfhtfs fdfgfht`s kfd

tfrrbt`rb`, poro fdd` sf kfaf l`hsbkfror quf3

Loko lopo tfgtblo fs do aosf kf do suasbnubfhtf.

Fd hbvfd kf kftoddf fstor kok` p`r do fslodo kf troaoc`, kok` p`r fd hbvfd kf

fstukb` kf do SFF. Loko ollbkfhtf nf`nrjbl` pufkf l`htfhfr gs kf uho uhbkok jbsb`nrjblo.

Vho uhbkok nf`g`rj`dnblo pufkf tfhfr uho nhfsbs portbludor, l`gpdfco `

os`lboko o vorb`s pr`lfs`s, bhlduyfhk` d`s pr`lfs`s kf g`kfdogbfht` o d`

dorn` kfd tbfgp`, p`r toht` l`htbfhfh o dos uhbkokfs kfd pobsocf pr`pbos kf

do jbsb`nrojo.

1.;. [QOSOK@ KF DO\ QFO\ KF GVF\[QF@

\f kfdbgbto fd rfo kf gufstrf` sbnubfhk` fd l`ht`rh` kf dos uhbkokfsjbsb`nrjblos, do kfhsbkok kf do gufstro fstor fh juhlbh kf d`s lrbtfrb`s

tlhbl`s, kfslrbt`s fh fd sbnubfhtf loptud`.

Uoro fgpfzor fd trozok` kf d`s dgbtfs kf loko uhbkok, sf t`gor

rfjfrfhlbodgfhtf d`s luotr` nrohkfs tbp`s kf rfdbfvf, l`g` abfh d` sfodo [opbo

y Dpfz.(1551) G`hto`sos, L`dbhos, Ubfkfg`htfs y Udohblbfs, l`hsbkfrohk`

odnuh`s rosn`s kfd rfdbfvf, quf pfrgbtoh kfjbhbr y kbjfrfhlbor loko tbp`, todfs

l`g`3 dos rupturos kf pfhkbfhtf, fd us` kf sufd`, do làfrturo vfnftod, do

odtbtuk, (t`goko kf do aosf t`p`nrjblo kbnbtod), do prfsfhlbo kf logab`sdbt`dnbl`s (t`h`, potrh, tfxturo, togo`, ftl.), do kfhsbkok kf krfhocf, do

p`sblbh y j`rgo t`p`nrjblo kf loko uhbkok g`rj`nfhtblo (sfo kgblo,

lhblo, ftl.), d`s rosn`s kbsyuhtbv`s dbhfodfs kfd rfdbfvf (joddos y jrolturos) y do

aosfs nf`dnblos o fslodos gfkbohos, sb dos muabfro (?3165,555 y ?3?55,555).

U`stfrb`rgfhtf, fstos uhbkokfs sfrh suakbvbkbkos l`hsbkfrohk` sus `rnfhfs

(nfhfrod y fspfljbl`), dbt`d`no, nf`gftro kfd rfdbfvf y fspolb` nf`nrjbl`.

Uoro kbjfrfhlbor o fstos luotr` uhbkokfs, fh l`hkblbh prbgorbo, sf kfaf

l`hsbkfror d` sbnubfhtf,

Uoro dos g`hto`sos, su odturo kfaf sfr do goy`r (fd dgbtf odtbtukbhod d`

kfjbhbr fd gfkb` fh fd quf sf fhlufhtro, sfo l`sto, sbfrro ` sfdvo), sf kfaf

àsfrvor sb prfsfhto rosn`s kbsyuhtbv`s, rupturos pfhkbfhtf, làfrturo

vfnftod, ftl.

Uoro dos l`dbhos do odturo rfdotbvo kfaf sfr gfh`r o do kf dos g`htoos, luy`

dgbtf odtbtukbhod d` kor fd gabt` kf fstukb`, togabh sf kfafr t`gor fh

lufhto d`s p`sbadfs pokr`hfs (kgbl`, lhbl`, ftl).


32/79

Uoro d`s pbfkfg`htfs, sf auslor rfl`h`lfr dos loroltfrstblos kf

kfp`sblbh y olugudolbh kf gotfrbod, rupturos, os l`g` do fslosfz kf

l`afrturo vfnftod hoturod.

Uoro dos pdohblbfs, kfabk` o su loroltfrstblo trbkbgfhsb`hod p`l` logabohtf

fh fd g`kfd` fstfrf`slpbl`, d`s fdfgfht`s gs bgp`rtohtfs o l`hsbkfrorsfrh fd us` kfd sufd`, logab` kf pfhkbfhtf, tbp` kf kfp`sblbh (oduvbodfs,

dolustrfs, `tr`s) y fh odnuh`s los`s l`rr`a`ror l`h do aosf nf`dnblo o

fslodo.


33/79

LOUB[VD@

KF[FQGBHOLBHKFDOKFH\BKOKKFGVF\[QF@

Fd fstukb` kf dfvohtogbfht` kf sufd`s l`gprfhkf uh l`hcuht` kf oltbvbkokfs

l`hsflutbvos, uho kf do gs bgp`rtohtf fs kftfrgbhor fd togo` kf gufstro.

Fsto sf `atfhkr opdblohk` fd K.\. H 5


34/79

GF\@S@HBJBLOLBH

?3 ?55 555

?fr los`3Qfl`h`lbgbfht`

1k` los`3\fgbkftoddok`

Ghbg` 1 lodblotos p`r loko 655 mo. Fh sfdvo ghbg` uh lodbloto loko ?555 mo. @

ghbg` 1 lodblotos p`r loko uhbkok nf`nrjblo. Fh do z`ho kf gufstrf` sf pufkfh bhlrfgfhtor.

Fh do z`ho kf gufstrf` = àsfrvolb`hfs p`rloko ?55 mo. Kf dos luodfs ghbg` 1 kfafh sfrlodblotos y dos `tros aorrfhocfs.

Jufro kf do z`ho kf gufstrf`, ; àsfrvolb`hfsp`r loko ?55 mo. Kf dos luodfs l`g` ghbg` ?kfaf sfr lodbloto.

GBLQ@S@HBJBLOLBH

?3 16 555 ogoy`r

Kftoddok`?; àsfrvolb`hfs p`r loko ?55 mo. Kf dosluodfs l`g` ghbg` ; kfafh sfr lodblotos

Jufhtf3 Fdoa`rok` poro fd gohuod, okoptolbh kfd K.\. 53 LODLVD@ UOQO KF[FQGBHOQ FD [OGO@ KF GVF\[QO

Jufhtf3 Fdoa`rok` poro fd gohuod.

\bh fgaorn` sb fcflutog`s fd fstukb` kf sufd`;l`hsbkfrohk` dos


35/79

l`st` sfro kf $?=,=;5.55 kdorfs ogfrbloh`s, o g`hfko holb`hod l`h uh tbp`

kf logab` kf $1.=5 p`r $?.55 kdor, fd l`st` rfod sfro kf s/.61,>61.55 hufv`s

s`dfs, d` quf moro bhvboadf kblm` fstukb`, p`r d` quf fs bhkbspfhsoadf lodludor

okfluokogfhtf fd togo` kf gufstro.

, sbh fgaorn` fso koto h` rfprfsfhto fd togo` rfod kf

gufstro. Fh fd Ufr do l`gabholbh kf kbjfrfhtfs jolt`rfs y pr`lfs`s kf

j`rgolbh moh l`hjbnurok` fd tfrrbt`rb` kf gohfro h` m`g`nhfo, sbfhk`

hflfsorb` fd fgpdf` kf uho lorto t`p`nrjblo o pfqufo fslodo sfnh sfo fd

los`, ` fd op`y` kf j`t`nrojos orfos ` bgnfhfs sotfdbtodfs poro kbjfrfhlbor

okfluokogfhtf d`s tbp`s kf rfdbfvf, poro `atfhfr fd togo` kf gufstro

okfluok`.

,

k`hkf fd togo` kf gufstro, opdblohk` do h`rgo fs kf


36/79

O fdd` sf opdblo lrbtfrb`s nf`fspolbodfs, quf pufkfh rfkulbr fd togo` kf

gufstro mosto uh ?6%. U`r lbtor k`s fcfgpd`s poro fd los` kf do bgonfh fh do

jbnuro H =3

Urbgfr`, h` sf l`hsbkfro dos rfos kf ojd`rogbfht` r`l`s`, (s`h kfslortokos

l`g` uhbkokfs kf gufstrf`), y \fnuhk` sf tfhkr fh lufhto do uhbh kf gs kf uho uhbkok jbsb`nrjblo,

p`r gohtfhfr fd gbsg` pr`lfs` kf `r`nhfsbs (pdohblbf-l`dbho-lbgo),

rfkulbfhk` oh gs fd togo` kf gufstro.

@atfhbfhk` uh t`tod kf ?=> uhbkokfs fkjblos.

Jbnuro H =3 [OGO@ KF GVF\[QO AO\OK@ FH VHBKOKF\ JB\B@NQJBLO\



37/79

Jbnuro H 23 [QO\DOUF KF BHJ@QGOLBH



38/79

Jbnuro H ?53 BH[FQU@DOLBH KF BHJ@QGOLBH


9

Kug`ht y Norlo, ?2=29 lbtok` p`r Q`krbnufz, ?226). Os gbsg` prfsfhto gulmos

dbgbtolb`hfs, l`g` sf sfodo fh fd luokr` H ?6. \bfhk` kbjlbd rfodbzor fstukb`s

kf sufd` fh do z`ho9 p`r fdd` sf pr`p`hf l`hsbkfror d`s sbnubfhtfs lrbtfrb`s od

g`gfht` kf fjfltuor uh dfvohtogbfht` kf sufd`3

Qfodbzor fd dfvohtogbfht` kf sufd` prfjfrfhtfgfhtf fh p`lo sflo


39/79

Kfjbhbr do mftfr`nfhfbkok fspolbod kfd sufd`, poro kfhsbjblor fd togo` kf

gufstro.

Kfjbhbr uho t`p`nrojo d` gs m`g`nhfo y pdoho p`sbadf poro do opfrturo

kf do lodbloto

L`rrfdolb`hor fd tbp` kf a`squf (tbp` kf pdhtudos) l`h fd rfo kf gufstrf`,poro h` kbjbludtor do opfrturo kf dos lodblotos y fjfltuor rpbkogfhtf fd

gufstrf`, ohtf fd logab` bhfspfrok` kfd ldbgo.

Os gbsg` sf gfhlb`ho fh fd luokr` H ?: y ?> do ldosbjblolbh y kbstrbaulbh

nfhfrod kf d`s sufd`s rfodbzok` p`r fd BBOU.

Luokr` H ?63 JOL[@QF\ DBGB[OH[F\ KF D@\ \VFD@\ KF DO \FDZO UFQVOHO AOC@ZFNF[OLB@H HO[VQOD

Jolt`r dbgbtohtf Gbdd`hfs kf mo. % kf do sfdvo

Kfjblbfhlbo kf Hbtrnfh`Kfjblbfhlbo kf Jsj`r`[`xblbkok kf Odugbhb`Aoco rfsfrvo kf I, Gn, y `tr`s hutrbfhtfs.Odto fr`sbabdbkokAoco lopolbkok kf bhtfrlogab` lotbhbl`.\fquo p`r gs kf trfs (5.>;2.>;2.1;:.;1?;. KB\[QBAVLB@H NFHFQOD KF D@\ \VFD@\ KF DO OGOS@HBO

UFQVOHO \FNVH \V\ LOQOL[FQB\[BLO\ (\`bd tox`h`gy)Onrupolb`hfs kf sufd`s

\upfrjblbf(gbdd`hfs kf mo.) %

\ufd`s lbk`s kf aoco jfrtbdbkok hoturod, abfh krfhok`s,t`p`nrojo pdoho o suovfgfhtf hkudoko(Vdtbs`dfs, Kbstr`pfpts).

\ufd`s kf t`p`nrojo fslorpoko, jufrtfgfhtf kbsfltok`s(Fhtbs`dfs, Bhlfptbs`dfs, Vdtbs`dfs, Odjbs`dfs)

\ufd`s god krfhok`s, oduvbodfs, onuocodfs(Oqufpts, Oqufhts).

\ufd`s kf g`kfroko o odto jfrtbdbkok hoturod l`ht`p`nrojo pdoho o dfvfgfhtf hkudoko

(Odjbs`dfs, Zfrtbs`dfs, Bhlfptbs`dfs, Fhtbs`dfs).


40/79

LOUB[VD@

UDOHBJBLOLBHKFDUQ@LF\@KFGVF\[QF@FHLOGU@

Do pdohbjblolbh kfd dfvohtogbfht` kf sufd` sf kfsorr`ddo aoc` fd fhj`quf kf do

SFF, kf olufrk` l`h dos p`dtblos y h`rgos kfd gabt` kf fstukb`. Fsto ftopo

bhv`dulro o t`k`s d`s olt`rfs d`lodfs, sbfhk` do aosf poro fd pr`lfs` kf

s`lbodbzolbh kf do bhj`rgolbh. Do l``rkbholbh sfr bhkbspfhsoadf poro do

fjfltbvbkok kf fsto ftopo.

;.?. UO\@\ KF DO UDOHBJBLOLBH

\f pr`lfkfr o rfodbzor d`s sbnubfhtfs pos`s, tfhbfhk` yo fdoa`rok` fd gopo

aosf y fd togo` kf gufstro kfjbhbk` y `tr`s fdfgfht`s lort`nrjbl`s quf sf

rfqubfroh.

Ohtfs kf do sodbko kf logp`3

Fdoa`rolbh kfd pdoh kf troaoc`.

Qfuhbh Bhblbod, poro jbcor do jflmo kf sodbko kf logp`, fh l`hl`rkohlbo l`hdos portfs bhv`dulrokos (prfjfrfhtfgfhtf fh p`lo sflo).

\f fstoadflfh dos vos kf ollfs` quf pfrgbtoh oaorlor, fh su goy`ro, t`k`

fd gabt` kf fstukb`.

\f nfstb`hor poro fd pfrs`hod tlhbl` uh sfnur` p`r ollbkfhtfs (`plb`hod).

\f fhtrfnor d`s rfqufrbgbfht`s tlhbl`s, poro su okqubsblbh ` odqubdfr

\f fdoa`ror d`s kbsf`s kf j`rgot`s kf Logp` (torcftos kf loroltfrbzolbh

y/` fhlufstos:

\f pr`p`rlb`horo kf t`k`s d`s fdfgfht`s rfqufrbk`s od pr`jfsb`hod, k`s kos

ohtfs kf do sodbko kf logp`, os l`g` bgpdfgfht`s kf sfnurbkok poro d y fd

pfrs`hod kf op`y`, l`h fxlfplbh kf d`s fqubp`s kf odqubdfr quf sfrh

fhtrfnok`s fd ko kf fcflulbh.

, sb jufro hflfsorb`).

\f l``rkbhor prfjfrfhtfgfhtf kfskf fd bhblb` kfd fstukb` fd pfrs`hod kf

op`y` fh logp` (p`adok`r kf do z`ho), y op`y` bhstbtulb`hod (sfnh sfo fd

los`), l`g` lfhtr` kf l``rkbholbh.

\f l``rkbhor o su vfz do g`vbdbkok poro fd kfspdozogbfht` fh fd gabt` kf

troaoc`.

:Do bhj`rgolbh rfl`nbko p`r do fhlufsto kfd sufd` oyuko fh fd kfsorr`dd` kf pdohfs kf us` kf do tbfrro.O su vfz fvodo y prfkblf d`s fjflt`s kfd us` kfd sufd` fh fd gfkb` ogabfhtf.

BZ


41/79

Fh logp`3

\f kftfrgbho d`s trohsfpt`s kf gufstrf`, op`yoko fh do rfk vbod d`lod,

oltuodbzoko.

L``rkbhor hufvogfhtf fd op`y` kf logp`.

\olor do gufstro y fdoa`ror do m`co kf lust`kbo, poro loko lodbloto. Vho vfz tfrgbhoko do rfl`dfllbh kf gufstros sf fhtrfnor od l``rkbhor, fd

t`tod kf dos gufstros poro quf sfo trohsp`rtok` od doa`rot`rb`

l`rrfsp`hkbfhtf poro su ohdbsbs.

;.1. GO[FQBODF\,MFQQOGBFH[O\ R F_VBU@ KF \FNVQBKOK

Do lohtbkok kf gotfrbodfs o fgpdfor fstor fh juhlbh od togo` kf gufstro.

\f kfslrbaf o l`htbhuolbh, d`s bhstrugfht`s fspflbodbzok`s poro do fcflulbhkfd dfvohtogbfht` kf dos gufstros3

lbk` ld`rmkrbl` od ?6%3\f fgpdfo poro kftfrgbhor bh-sbtu do prfsfhlbo kf

odugbhb` fh do gufstro.

A`dso kf p`dbftbdfh` kf aoco kfhsbkok kf ?in3 Fgpdfok` poro l`d`lor do

gufstro rfl`dfltoko.

Lgoro kbnbtod3 Ufrgbtf àtfhfr fh tbfgp` rfod fd rfnbstr` vbsuod kf do

gufstro.

L`stodfs tfcbk`s kf p`dbftbdfh`3Fgpdfok` poro l`d`lor uh nrup` kf gufstros

y su trohsp`rtf sfo sfnur` fh logp`.

Lulmbdd` y/` podo gufstrfok`ro3 Vsok` poro solor do gufstro

lubkok`sogfhtf.

Fldgftr` ` hbvfd kf bhnfhbfr`3 Ufrgbtf gfkbr do pfhkbfhtf kfd rfo kf

gufstrf`.

NU\3\bstfgo kf p`sblb`hogbfht` ndàod, fgpdfok` poro t`gor d`s puht`s

fh logp` kf loko lodbloto, poro su p`stfrb`r gopf`, os l`g` kf `tr`s

puht`s quf pufkoh sfr tbdfs poro loroltfrbzor fd rfo kf fstukb`, sfnh

lrbtfrb` kfd fspflbodbsto.

Mfrrogbfhtos poro do opfrturo kfd sufd` (Dogpo, pbl`, aorrfho)3Ufrgbtfh

oarbr rfo kf gufstrf`.

Dbarfto kf logp`3poro do oh`tolbh kf àsfrvolb`hfs quf pufkoh sfr kf

oyuko fh do l`hjbnurolbh kfd fstukb` kf sufd`.

Gufstrfok`r kf sufd`3poro rfodbzor d`s aorrfhocfs.

Ufolmbgftr` mfddbnf trù3pfrgbtf gfkbr bh sbtu, fd nrok` kf olbkfz kfd sufd`.

Udugh bhkfdfadf3Vsok` poro r`tudor dos gufstros t`gokos.

[oado Gohsfdd3pfrgbtf kftfrgbhor fd l`d`r l`rrflt` kf do gufstro kf sufd`.

[orcfto kf loroltfrbzolbh3Fgpdfok` poro kfslrbabr fd fht`rh` kf k`hkf sfsol` do gufstro y poro loroltfrbzor d`s m`rbz`htfs fkjbl`s.


42/79

^bhlmo3Kf < g., fgpdfok` poro gfkbr fd togo` kf do lodbloto.

Gbfhtros quf d`s bgpdfgfht`s kf sfnurbkok pfrs`hodfs rfl`gfhkoadfs poro su

us` fh logp` s`h3

Losl`, Nuohtfs,

Sopot`s kf sfnurbkok

Hbhnuh` kf fst`s bgpdfgfht`s s`h kf us` `adbnot`rb`.


43/79

LOUB[VD@

F\[VKB@G@QJ@DNBL@KFD\VFD@

Fh fsto ftopo sf kfslrbaf dos loroltfrstblos kfd sufd`, sfnh fd gabt` kf

fstukb`. Fd fstukb` g`rj`dnbl` kfd sufd` pfrgbtf kftfrgbhor sus otrbaut`s, o

portbr kf dos àsfrvolb`hfs fh logp`, rfodbzohk` uh l`rtf vfrtblod kf k`s

kbgfhsb`hfs poro kftfrgbhor fd pfrjbd kfd sufd`, kbspufst` p`r lopos u

m`rbz`htfs, luy` dgbtf kfpfhkfr kf su kfsorr`dd` pfk`nfhtbl`.

6.?. @A\FQZOLB@HF\ KF \VFD@\

Dos àsfrvolb`hfs sf aosoh fh do kfslrbplbh, bkfhtbjblolbh y fvoduolbh kfd

pfrjbd kfd sufd`, o trovs kf lodblotos, aorrfhocfs ` l`rtfs hoturodfs kfd tfrrfh`.

Do prbgfro poro l`hjbnuror fd tfrrbt`rb` luohk` h` sf lufhto l`h bhj`rgolbh kf

do z`ho kf fstukb`, y dos k`s dtbgos poro do vfrbjblolbh kf dos uhbkokfs

tox`hgblos yo fstoadflbkos p`r fstukb`s ohtfrb`rfs. O l`htbhuolbh sf kftoddo

su opdblolbh.

Nfhfrolbh kf bhj`rgolbh

Lodblotos3 fxlovolb`hfs fh fd tfrrfh`, kf opr`xbgokogfhtf ?.5 x ?.5g

dorn` p`r ohlm`, kf pr`juhkbkok vorboadf kfabk` o do prfsfhlbo kf

jolt`rfs dbgbtohtfs todfs l`g` lopos fhkurflbkos, nrovos, pbfkro, r`lo,

hopo jrftblo, ftl.

L`gpràolbh y/` rfl`h`lbgbfht` kf dos uhbkokfs tox`hgblos yo

fstoadflbkos

Lmfquf`s Kftoddok`s3 \f pufkf kor kf k`s j`rgos, do prbgfro fs dodbgpbfzo porlbod kfd rfo kf gufstrf`, sfnubk` kfd aorrfhocf `, rfodbzor

fxlovolb`hfs fh fd tfrrfh`, j`rgohk` uh m`y` kf 5.65 x 5.65 g.

opr`xbgokogfhtf, sfnubk` kfd aorrfhocf poro bkfhtbjblor dos portfs gs

pr`juhkos kfd pfrjbd.

Lmfquf`s kf Bkfhtbjblolbh3 \`h aorrfhocfs u àsfrvolb`hfs fh l`rtfs

hoturodfs ` lorrftfros, sf pufkfh kor o portbr kf uh l`rtf vfrtblod

kfspfcok`, k`hkf do dflturo sfr bhgfkboto.

Z


44/79

O su vfz sf pufkfh molfr `asfrvolb`hfs okblb`hodfs, sbfgprf y luohk`

l`htrbauyoh o uho gfc`r bhtfrprftolbh kfd dfvohtogbfht` kf sufd`s, l`g`

kot`s s`arf do j`rgo kf tfhfhlbo kf do pr`pbfkok, us` y gohfc` oltuod kf do

tbfrro, rbfsn`s kf bhuhkolb`hfs, fhtrf tr`s.

6.1. DFL[VQO KF UFQJBDF\

Vho vfz l`hjfllb`hoko do lodbloto sf dffr fd pfrjbd nfhtbl` kfsorr`ddok` fh do

uhbkok, t`gohk` l`g` rfjfrfhlbo d`s l`hlfpt`s asbl`s kfd \`bd [ox`h`gy

(V\KO, 15?5), ` uh sbstfgo kf ldosbjblolbh fqubvodfhtf. D`s m`rbz`htfs ` lopos

o fvoduor pufkfh prfsfhtoh dos sbnubfhtfs kfh`gbholb`hfs3

6.1.?. M@QBS@H[F\ GOR@QF\

M`rbz`htfs ` lopos @3K`gbhokos p`r gotfrbodfs kf sufd` `rnhbl`. Odnuhos

fsth soturokos l`h onuo kurohtf dorn`s pfr`k`s ` fstuvbfr`h soturokos

pfr` om`ro fsth ortbjblbodgfhtf krfhokos9 `tros huhlo moh fstok`

soturokos.

M`rbz`htfs y lopos D3 Bhlduyfh toht` o gotfrbodfs dghbl`s gbhfrodfs y

`rnhbl`s quf jufr`h3

Kfp`sbtok`s fh onuo p`r prflbpbtolbh ` o trovs kf do ollbh kf

`rnohbsg`s olutbl`s, todfs l`g` odnos y kbot`gfos, `Kfpsbt`s kfrbvok`s kf pdohtos olutblos suagorbhos ` jd`tohtfs y

suasflufhtfgfhtf g`kbjblokos p`r ohbgodfs olutbl`s.

M`rbz`htfs O3 M`rbz`htfs gbhfrodfs quf moh sbk` j`rgok`s fh do supfrjblbf `

oaoc` kf uh m`rbz`htf @, quf fxmbafh do fdbgbholbh kf t`ko ` nroh portf kf

do fstrulturo `rbnbhod kf do r`lo y gufstroh uho ` ogaos kf dos sbnubfhtfs3

Vho olugudolbh kf gotfrbo `rnhblo mugbjbloko htbgogfhtf

gfzldoko l`h do jrollbh gbhfrod y h` k`gbhok`s p`r pr`pbfkokfs

loroltfrstblos kf d`s m`rbz`htfs F ` A `9

Ur`pbfkokfs rfsudtohtfs kf su ludtbv`, kf post`rf` ` p`r tbp`s kf

kbsturab`s sbgbdorfs.

M`rbz`htfs F3 M`rbz`htfs gbhfrodfs, fh d`s quf fd prbhlbpod rosn` fs do

prkbko kf orlbddo sbdblotoko, mbfrr` ` odugbhb` ` odnuho l`gabholbh kf

fst`s, pfrgohflbfhk` uho l`hlfhtrolbh kf portludos kf orfho y dbg`.

Fst`s m`rbz`htfs fxmbafh uho fdbgbholbh kf t`ko ` do goy`r portf kf do

fstrulturo `rbnbhod kf do r`lo.


45/79

M`rbz`htfs A3 M`rbz`htfs quf sf moh j`rgok` kfaoc` kf uh m`rbz`htf O, F u

@ y fsth k`gbhok`s p`r do kfstrullbh kf t`ko ` do goy`r portf kf do

fstrulturo `rbnbhod kf do r`lo y gufstroh uho ` gs kf dos sbnubfhtfs3

L`hlfhtrolbh bduvbod kf orlbddo sbdblotoko, mbfrr`, odugbhb`, mugus,

lora`hot`s, yfs` ` sdblf, sd`s ` fh l`gabholbh9Fvbkfhlbos kf rfg`lbh, okblbh ` trohsj`rgolbh kf lora`hot`s y/`

yfs`9

L`hlfhtrolbh rfsbkuod kf xbk`s9

Qfvfstbgbfht`s kf sfsqubxbk`s quf molfh od m`rbz`htf l`hspbluogfhtf

gfh`r fh fd l`d`r kfd vod`r, goy`r fh fd lmr`go ` gs r`cbz` fh fd muf,

sbh oporfhtf bduvbolbh kf mbfrr`9

Odtfrolbh quf j`rgo orlbddos sbdblotokos ` dbafro xbk`s ` oga`s y quf

j`rgo uho fstrulturo nrohudor, ad`l`so ` prbsgtblo sb fd v`dugfh

logabo ol`gpook` kf logab`s fh fd l`htfhbk` kf mugfkok9H` qufarokbz`s9 `

Ndfyzolbh jufrtf.

M`rbz`htfs ` lopos L3 Do goy`ro s`h lopos gbhfrodfs, pufkf sfr ` h`

l`gh od gotfrbod quf prfsugbadfgfhtf mo kok` `rbnfh od s`dug, ` pufkf

moafr sbk` g`kbjblok` ouhquf h` fxbsto fvbkfhlbo kf pfk`nhfsbs. Fxlduyfh

o do r`lo kuro, quf fsth p`l` ojfltok`s p`r pr`lfs`s pfk`nfhtbl`s y

lorflfh kf dos pr`pbfkokfs kf d`s m`rbz`htfs @, O, F, ` A.

Lopos Q3 Dflm` r`l`s` jufrtfgfhtf lfgfhtok` fhkurflbk`.

Lopos G3 Lopos kfd suasufd` dbgbtohtfs poro fd lrflbgbfht` kf rolfs, quf

l`hsbstfh kf gotfrbodfs losb l`htbhu`s, l`h `rbfhtolbh m`rbz`htod y kf

gohujolturolbh mugoho.

Lopos ^3 Onuo

Uoro uho goy`r oprflbolbh kf do kfh`gbholbh kf loko m`rbz`htf ` lopo vfr fd

luokr` H ?=.


46/79

Luokr` H ?=3 L@H\BKFQOLB@HF\ UOQO D@\ M@QBS@H[F\ GOR@QF\ KFD \VFD@M`rbz`htf `

loposKfslrbplbh

M`rbz`htfs `lopos @

Odnuhos lopos @ fsth l`hstbtubkos p`r m`coroslo (pbs` j`rfstod) h`kfsl`gpufst` ` porlbodgfhtf kfsl`gpufst`. Uufkfh fstor sàrfsufd`s gbhfrodfs u rnhbl`s.

@tros lopos @ fsth l`gpufstos kf gotfrbodfs `rnhbl`s quf jufr`h

kfp`sbtok`s aoc` l`hkblb`hfs kf soturolbh y tbfhfh kbjfrfhtfs ftoposkf kfsl`gp`sblbh. Do jrollbh gbhfrod kf todfs gotfrbodfs l`hstbtuyfsd` uh pfquf` p`rlfhtocf kfd v`dugfh kfd gotfrbod y nfhfrodgfhtffs gulm` gfh`s kf do gbtok kfd pfs`.

Odnuh`s sufd`s l`hsbstfh fhtfrogfhtf kf gotfrbod kfsbnhok` l`g`m`rbz`htfs ` lopos @.

Vho lopo @ pufkf fstor sàrf do supfrjblbf kf uh sufd` gbhfrod ` oluodqubfr pr`juhkbkok aoc` sb fst fhtfrroko.

Vh m`rbz`htf j`rgok` p`r do bduvbolbh kf gotfrbo `rnhblo kfhtr` kfuh suasufd` gbhfrod h` fs uh m`rbz`htf @, ouhquf odnuh`s m`rbz`htfsj`rgok`s kf fsto gohfro l`htfhnoh lohtbkokfs l`hsbkfroadfs kfgotfrbo rnhblo.

M`rbz`htfs ylopos D

D`s m`rbz`htfs y lopos D bhlduyfh o dos tbfrros l`pr`nhblos (pfotsfkbgfhtorb`), o dos tbfrros kf kbot`gfos y o dos gornos.

\f prfsfhtoh sd` fh d`s Mbst`s`ds. H` tbfhfh dos kbstbhlb`hfs sua`rkbhokos kf `tr`s m`rbz`htfs goy`rfsy lopos, s`d` tbfhfh hblogfhtf dos sbnubfhtfs kbstbhlb`hfssua`rkbhokos3 l`, kb ` go.

M`rbz`htfs O

\b uh m`rbz`htf supfrjblbod tbfhf pr`pbfkokfs toht` kfd m`rbz`htf Ol`g` kfd F pfr` do loroltfrstblo gs fhjtblo fs do olugudolbh kfgotfrbo `rnhblo mugbjbloko, sf df kfsbnho l`g` uh m`rbz`htf O.

Fh odnuh`s dunorfs, l`g` fh ldbgos rbk`s lodbfhtfs, fd m`rbz`htfsupfrjblbod h` kbsturaok` fs gfh`s `slur` quf fd m`rbz`htf okyolfhtfbhjfrb`r y l`htbfhf sd` pfqufos lohtbkokfs kf gotfrbo `rnhblo9tbfhf uho g`rj`d`no kbjfrfhtf kf do lopo L, ouhquf do jrollbhgbhfrod h` fst odtfroko ` sd` dbnfrogfhtf odtfroko p`r fdbhtfgpfrbsg`. [od m`rbz`htf sf kfsbnho l`g` O p`rquf fst fh dosupfrjblbf9 sbh fgaorn`, d`s kfpsbt`s oduvbodfs ` fdbl`s rflbfhtfsquf gohtbfhfh uho fstrotbjblolbh jbho h` s`h l`hsbkfrok`s l`g`m`rbz`htfs O, o gfh`s quf fsth ludtbvok`s.

M`rbz`htfs F

Vh m`rbz`htf F usuodgfhtf sf kbjfrfhlbo kf uh m`rbz`htf Asuayolfhtf fh fd gbsg` sfquug p`rquf fd l`d`r kfd vod`r fs gs odt`` kfd lmr`go gs aoc`, ` oga`s, p`r do tfxturo gs nrufso, ` p`ruho l`gabholbh kf fsos pr`pbfkokfs.

Fh odnuh`s sufd`s fd l`d`r kfd m`rbz`htf F sf kfaf o dos portludos kforfho y dbg`, pfr` fh gulm`s sufd`s d`s rfvfstbgbfht`s kf xbk`s kfmbfrr` y `tr`s l`gpufst`s, fhgosloroh fd l`d`r kf dos portludosprbgorbos.

Vh m`rbz`htf F sf kbjfrfhlbo l`ghgfhtf kfd m`rbz`htf Osuproyolfhtf p`r su l`d`r gs ldor`. Nfhfrodgfhtf l`htbfhf gfh`sgotfrbo `rnhblo quf fd m`rbz`htf O.

Vh m`rbz`htf F l`ghgfhtf fst lfrlo kf do supfrjblbf oaoc` kf uhm`rbz`htf @, ` kf uh O y fhlbgo kf uh m`rbz`htf A, pfr` d`s

m`rbz`htfs fduvbodfs quf fsth kfhtr` ` fhtrf portfs kfd m`rbz`htf A,` d`s quf sf fxtbfhkfh o pr`juhkbkokfs goy`rfs kf dos àsfrvokospufkfh sfr kfsbnhok`s l`h do dftro F sb s`h pfk`nfhtbl`s.

M`rbz`htfs A

[`k`s d`s tbp`s kf m`rbz`htfs A s`h ` jufr`h `rbnbhodgfhtf m`rbz`htfssuasupfrjblbodfs. \f bhlduyfh l`g` m`rbz`htfs A, o lopos l`htbnuos o`tr`s m`rbz`htfs nfhtbl`s quf tbfhfh l`hlfhtrolbh bduvbod kflora`hot`s, yfs` ` sdblf quf s`h fd rfsudtok` kf pr`lfs`spfk`nfhtbl`s (y pufkfh ` h` fstor lfgfhtokos) y loposqufarokbzos quf gufstroh `tros fvbkfhlbos kf odtfrolbh, tod l`g`fstrulturo prbsgtblo olugudolbh bduvbod kf orlbddo.

Fcfgpd`s s`h lopos fh dos quf fxbstfh rfluarbgbfht`s kf orlbddo quffsth sàrf jrongfht`s kf r`lo ` luarfh sfkbgfht`s jbhogfhtffstrotbjblok`s h` l`hs`dbkok`s, yo sfo quf d`s rfluarbgbfht`s sf mohj`rgok` bh sbtu ` p`r bduvbolbh9 lopos kfhtr` kf dos luodfs d`s

lora`hot`s moh sbk` bduvbok`s pfr`, quf h` s`h l`htbhuos o uhm`rbz`htf nfhtbl` suproyolfhtf9 y lopos l`h ndfyzolbh quf h`tbfhfh tr`s logab`s pfk`nfhtbl`s.


47/79

M`rbz`htfs `lopos L

\f bhlduyfh l`g` lopos L (h`rgodgfhtf kfsbnhok`s Lr) osfkbgfht`s, sopr`dbto, dflm`s r`l`s`s y `tr`s gotfrbodfs nf`dnbl`squf h` fsth g`kfrokogfhtf lfgfhtok`s gfh`s lfgfhtok`s.

Do kbjbludtok kf fxlovolbh fh fst`s gotfrbodfs fs aoco ` g`kfroko. \`h sufd`s j`rgok`s o portbr kf gotfrbodfs guy bhtfgpfrbzok`s, \b fd gotfrbod kfd sufd` h` lugpdfh l`h d`s rfqubsbt`s kf uh m`rbz`htf

O, F ` A sf dfs kfsbnho l`g` L.

D`s logab`s quf h` sf l`hsbkfroh pfk`nfhtbl`s s`h oqufdd`s quf h`sf rfdolb`hoh l`h m`rbz`htfs suproyolfhtfs. Odnuhos lopos quftbfhfh olugudolb`hfs kf sdblf, lora`hot`s ` yfs` ` sodfs gss`duadfs sf bhlduyfh fh d`s m`rbz`htfs L, oh luohk` fsthfhkurflbk`s. \bh fgaorn`, sb uho lopo lfgfhtoko fst j`rgoko p`rpr`lfs`s pfk`nfhtbl`s9 sf df l`hsbkfro l`g` uh m`rbz`htf A.

Lopos Q

Fd nrohbt`, aosodt`, luorlbto y lodbzo ` orfhbslo s`h fcfgpd`s kfdflm`s r`l`s`s kfsbnhok`s l`h do dftro Q. \u kbjbludtok kf fxlovolbhl`ghgfhtf fxlfkf o do lotfn`ro odto. Do lopo Q fs guy l`mfrfhtfluohk` fst mgfko poro molfr bgprltbl` su fxlovolbh l`h do podo,ouhquf pufkf sfr kfsgfhuzoko ` rospoko.

Odnuhos lopos Q sf pufkfh kfsg`r`hor l`h fqubp` pfsok`. Do r`lo gokrf pufkf tfhfr nrbftos, pfr` fstos s`h nfhfrodgfhtf toh

p`los y toh pfqufos quf h` pfrgbtfh pfhftror o dos rolfs. Dos nrbftos pufkfh fstor rfluabfrtos ` rfddfhos l`h orlbddo u `tr`

gotfrbod.

Lopos G [fhfg`s l`g` fcfgpd` d`s gotfrbodfs l`g`3 nf`tfxtbdfs, osjodt`,

l`hlrft`, mudf y pdstbl`.

Lopos ^

Fstf sga`d` bhkblo lopos kf onuo kfhtr` ` oaoc` kfd sufd`.

O do lopo kf onuo sf df kfsbnho l`g` ^j, sb fst pfrgohfhtfgfhtfl`hnfdoko y l`g` ^ sb h` d` fst.

Do kfsbnholbh ^ (` ^j) h` sf utbdbzo fh onuos s`gfros, mbfd` ` hbfvfquf fsth fhlbgo kf do supfrjblbf kfd sufd`.

Jufhtf3 Okoptok` kf V\KO (15?5)

6.1.1. M@QBS@H[F\ [QOH\BLB@HODF\ R FH L@GABHOLBH

Fh fd pfrjbd kfd sufd` togabh pufkfh fhl`htrorsf m`rbz`htfs trohsblb`hodfs y

l`gabholbh kf m`rbz`htfs l`g`3

M`rbz`htfs k`gbhok`s p`r pr`pbfkokfs kf uh m`rbz`htf goy`r quf tbfhf

pr`pbfkokfs sua`rkbhokos kf `tr`3 Uoro su rfprfsfhtolbh sf usoh k`s

dftros goysludos l`g` sga`d` kf trohsblbh9 p`r fcfgpd`3 OA, FA, AF, `

AL. Fd prbgfr` kf fs`s sga`d`s bhkblo od m`rbz`htf goy`r, luyos

pr`pbfkokfs k`gbhoh fh fd m`rbz`htf trohsblb`hod.

Vh m`rbz`htf OA, tbfhf loroltfrstblos kf oga`s, uh m`rbz`htf

suproyolfhtf O y uh suayolfhtf A, pfr` fs gs porflbk` od O quf od A.

Fh odnuh`s los`s, uh m`rbz`htf pufkf sfr kfsbnhok` l`g` trohsblb`hod,

ouh luohk` uh` kf d`s m`rbz`htfs goy`rfs h` fst prfsfhtf.

Vh m`rbz`htf AF pufkf sfr rfl`h`lbk` fh uh sufd` trohlok` sb sus

pr`pbfkokfs s`h sbgbdorfs o dos kf uh m`rbz`htf AF kf uh sufd` fh fd quf

uh m`rbz`htf suproyolfhtf F h` mo sbk` rfg`vbk` p`r do fr`sbh.


48/79

Vh m`rbz`htf AL pufkf sfr rfl`h`lbk` ouhquf fd m`rbz`htf L

suayolfhtf h` fst prfsfhtf9 fs uh trohsblb`hod o gotfrbodfs porfhtodfs

osugbk`s.

M`rbz`htfs quf tbfhfh k`s portfs kbstbhtbvos l`h pr`pbfkokfs rfl`h`lbadfskf k`s m`rbz`htfs goy`rfs bhkblok`s p`r dftros goysludos3 Fh fstf los` dos

k`s dftros goysludos quf kfsbnhoh tod l`gabholbh fsth sfporokos p`r

uho kbon`hod (/), l`g` F/A, A/F, A/L. Do goy`ro kf dos portfs bhkbvbkuodfs

kf uh` fst r`kfoko p`r fd `tr`. Do kfsbnholbh sf pufkf usor oh luohk`

m`rbz`htfs sbgbdorfs o uh` ` oga`s l`gp`hfhtfs h` fsth prfsfhtfs, sb

fst`s pufkfh rfl`h`lfrsf p`r sfporok`. Fd prbgfr sga`d` l`rrfsp`hkf od

m`rbz`htf quf l`hstbtuyf fd goy`r v`dugfh.

6.1.


49/79

Luokr` H ?23\VJBC@\ O\BNHOK@\ OD UFQJBD KFD \VFD@\VJBC@ KF\LQBULBH

(o) Gotfrbod`rnhbl` guykfsl`gpufst

Fstf sga`d` sf uso l`h @ poro bhkblor gotfrbodfs `rnhbl`s guykfsl`gpufst`s, d`s luodfs tbfhfh uh l`htfhbk` kf jbaro gfh`r kf ?> p`rlbfht` (p`r v`dugfh) kfspus kf g`dbk`.

(a) M`rbz`htfnfhtbl`fhtfrrok

Fstf sga`d` fs utbdbzok` fh sufd`s gbhfrodfs poro bhkblor m`rbz`htfs

fhtfrrok`s bkfhtbjbloadfs l`h rosn`s nfhtbl`s goy`rfs quf jufr`hj`rgok`s ohtfs kf fhtfrrorsf. D`s m`rbz`htfs nfhtbl`s pufkfh ` h`moafrsf j`rgok` kf d`s gotfrbodfs suproyolfhtfs, d`s luodfs pufkfh` h` sfr osugbk`s l`g` d`s gotfrbodfs porfhtodfs kf d`s sufd`sfhtfrrok`s. Fstf sga`d` h` sf uso fh sufd`s `rnhbl`s ` poro sfpororuho lopo `rnhblo kf uho gbhfrod.

(l) L`hlrflb`hfs` hkud`s

Fstf sga`d` bhkblo uho olugudolbh sbnhbjblotbvo kf l`hlrflb`hfs `hkud`s. Do lfgfhtolbh fs rfqufrbko. Fd onfhtf lfgfhtohtf fsl`ghgfhtf mbfrr`, odugbhb`, gohnohfs` ` tbtohb`. H` pufkf sfr sdblf,k`d`gbto, ldlbto sodfs gs s`duadfs.

(l`) [bfrrol`pr`nhblo

Fstf sga`d` fs utbdbzok` sd` l`h D, bhkblo uho lopo dghblo kf tbfrrol`pr`nhblo (` pfot sfkbgfhtorb`).

(k) Qfstrbllbhjsblo o rolfs

Fstf sga`d` bhkblo lopos h` lfgfhtokos, rfstrbltbvos o dos rolfs l`h`lurrfhlbo hoturod ` mflmos p`r fd m`garf, kf gotfrbodfs ` sfkbgfht`s.Fcfgpd`s s`h3 aosodt`s kfhs`s troaocok`s, pbs`s kf orok` y `tros z`hosgflhblogfhtf l`gpoltokos.

(kb) [bfrro kfkbot`gfos

Fstf sga`d`, s`dogfhtf sf uso l`h D, bhkblo uho lopo dghblo kf tbfrroskf kbot`gfos.

(f) Gotfrbod`rnhbl` kfkfsl`gp`sblbhbhtfrgfkbo

Fstf sga`d` sf uso l`h @ poro bhkblor gotfrbodfs `rnhbl`s l`hkfsl`gp`sblbh bhtfrgfkbo. \u l`htfhbk` kf jbaros fs kf ?> o ;5 p`rlbfht` (p`r v`dugfh) kfspus kf g`dbk`s.

(j) \ufd` ` onuol`hnfdok`s

Fstf sga`d` bhkblo quf fd m`rbz`htf ` lopo l`htbfhf mbfd` pfrgohfhtf. Fdsga`d` h` sf uso poro dos lopos l`hnfdokos fstolb`hodgfhtf ` poro do kfpfrgojr`st sfl`.

(jj) Ufrgojr`stsfl`

Fstf sga`d` bhkblo uh m`rbz`htf ` lopo quf fst gs jro quf 5 `L fhj`rgo l`htbhuo y h` l`htbfhf sujblbfhtf mbfd` poro fstor lfgfhtoko. Fstfsujbc` h` sf uso poro m`rbz`htfs ` lopos quf tbfhfh uh m`rbz`htf gslodbfhtf kf 5 `L fh odnh tbfgp` kfd o`.

(n) Ndfyzolbhjufrtf

Fstf sga`d` bhkblo quf fd mbfrr` juf rfkulbk` y rfg`vbk` kurohtf doj`rgolbh kfd sufd` ` quf do soturolbh l`h onuo fstohloko d` moprfsfrvok` fh uh fstok` rfkulbk`. Do goy`ro kf dos lopos ojfltokostbfhfh uh lmr`go kf 1 ` gfh`s y gulmos tbfhfh l`hlfhtrolb`hfsrfk`x. Fd lmr`go aoc` pufkf rfprfsfhtor fd l`d`r kfd mbfrr`rfkulbk` ` fd l`d`r kf dos portludos kf orfho y dbg` h` rfluabfrtos kf dosluodfs fd mbfrr` mo sbk` rfg`vbk`. Fd sga`d` n h` sf uso poro d`sgotfrbodfs kfd sufd` l`h aoc` lmr`go, quf h` tbfhfh ohtflfkfhtfs kfsoturolbh, tod l`g` d`s fsqubst`s ` d`s m`rbz`htfs F. \b n sf uso l`h A,bgpdblo logab`s pfk`nfhtbl`s okblb`hodfs o do ndfyzolbh. \bhbhnh `tr` logab` tbfhf dunor, fd m`rbz`htf fs kfsbnhok` l`g` Ln.

(m) Olugudolbhbduvbod kfgotfrbo`rnhblo

Fstf sga`d` sf uso l`h A poro bhkblor do olugudolbh kf l`gpdfc`s kfgotfrbo `rnhblo y sfsqubxbk`s, bduvbodfs, og`rj`s ` kbspfrsoadfs sb fdl`gp`hfhtf kfd sfsqubxbk` fst k`gbhok` p`r odugbhb` pfr` fstprfsfhtf sd` fh pfqufos lohtbkokfs. Fd gotfrbod rnoh`-sfsqubxbk`rfvbstf o dos portludos kf orfho y dbg`.Fh odnuh`s m`rbz`htfs, d`s rfluarbgbfht`s moh uhbk`, rfddfhok` p`r`s ylfgfhtok` fd m`rbz`htf. Fd sga`d` m togabh sf uso fh l`gabholbh l`hs l`g` Ams sb do lohtbkok kfd l`gp`hfhtf kfd sfsqubxbk` fssbnhbjblotbv` pfr` fd l`d`r kfd voduf y kfd lmr`go, fh mgfk` kfdm`rbz`htf, fs kf < ` gfh`s.

(b) Gotfrbod`rnhbl`dbnfrogfhtf

kfsl`gpufst

Fstf sga`d` sf uso l`h @ poro bhkblor uho ghbgo kfsl`gp`sblbh kf d`sgotfrbodfs `rnhbl`s. \u l`htfhbk` kf jbaros fs kf ;5 p`r lbfht` ` gs

(p`r v`dugfh) kfspus kf g`dbk`s.(c) Olugudolbhkf cor`bsbto

Do cor`sbto fs uh p`tosb` (jrrbl`) gbhfrod kf mbkrxbk` kf mbfrr` sudjot`,IJf< (\@;) 1 (@M) :, quf fs l`ghgfhtf uh pr`kult` kf odtfrolbh kf


50/79

do pbrbto quf sf mo fxpufst` o uh ogabfhtf `xbkohtf. Do cor`sbto tbfhf uhmuf kf 1.6R ` gs ogorbddfht` y tbfhf h`rgodgfhtf uh lmr`go kf : `gs, ouhquf lr`gos toh aoc` l`g` < ` ; sf moh rfp`rtok`. \f j`rgo fhdo prfjfrfhlbo kf mbfrr` (mbkrxbk`s) fh sufd`s lbk`s kf sudjot` kf oltbv`so uh pM kf


51/79

kf orlbddosbdblotoko

moafrsf j`rgok` y suasflufhtfgfhtf trohsp`rtok` fh fd m`rbz`htf `moafr sbk` g`vbko p`r bduvbolbh kfhtr` kf d, ` ogaos. Od gfh`s odnuhoportf kfd m`rbz`htf kfafr g`stror fvbkfhlbos kf olugudolbh kf orlbddo,yo sfo l`g` rfluarbgbfht`s s`arf do supfrjblbf kf d`s onrfnok`s ` fh d`sp`r`s, l`g` dogfdos l`g` pufhtfs fhtrf d`s nroh`s gbhfrodfs.

(u) Urfsfhlbo kfgotfrbodfs kfgohujolturolbhmugoho(ortfjolt`s)

Fstf sga`d` bhkblo do prfsfhlbo kf ortfjolt`s gohujolturok`s quf moh

sbk` lrfok`s ` g`kbjblok`s p`r d`s sfrfs mugoh`s, p`r d` nfhfrod poro uhjbh prltbl` fh vbvbfhko, do joarblolbh, do fxlovolbh, ` dos oltbvbkokfs kfl`hstrullbh. Fcfgpd`s kf ortfjolt`s s`h d`s pr`kult`s kf gokfro, d`spr`kult`s dqubk`s kfrbvok`s kfd pftrdf`, do l`gaustbh kf lorah y sua-pr`kult`s, dos jbaros kf osjodt`, y tfcbk`s, dokrbdd`s, ad`qufs kf lfgfht`,m`rgbnh, pdstbl`, vbkrb`, loulm`, popfd, lorth, mbfrr` y olfr`, gftodfsy gbhfrodfs odtfrok`s, rfsbku`s sohbtorb`s, gkbl`s y kf d`s vfrtfkfr`s.

(v) Udbhtbto

Fstf sga`d` bhkblo do prfsfhlbo kf uh sufd` rbl` fh mbfrr`, p`arf fhmugus, kf gotfrbod r`cbz`, jbrgf ` guy jbrgf fh mgfk` y gfh`sjufrtfgfhtf lfgfhtok`. \f fhkurflf brrfvfrsbadfgfhtf luohk` sffxp`hf o do otgsjfro l`h mugfkflbgbfht` y sflok` rfpftbk`s.

(w) Kfsorr`dd`

kf l`d`r `fstrulturo

Fstf sga`d` sf utbdbzo sd` l`h fd m`rbz`htf A poro bhkblor fd kfsorr`dd` kfl`d`r ` fstrulturo, ` oga`s, l`h p`lo ` hbhnuho olugudolbh oporfhtf kf

gotfrbod bduvbod. H` sf kfaf utbdbzor poro bhkblor uh m`rbz`htf kftrohsblbh.

(x) Lorltfr kfjronbph

Fstf sga`d` bhkblo uho lopo nfhtblogfhtf kfsorr`ddoko quf tbfhf uhol`gabholbh kf jbrgfzo y jronbdbkok, y l`h jrflufhlbo uho kfhsbkokoporfhtf goy`r quf do kf dos lopos suayolfhtfs. Odnuho portf kf do lopofs jsblogfhtf rfstrbltbvo o dos rolfs.

(y) Olugudolbhkf yfs`

Fstf sga`d` bhkblo uho olugudolbh kf yfs`. Fd sujbc` (y) sf utbdbzoluohk` do fstrulturo kfd m`rbz`htf fs k`gbhok` p`r dos portludos kfdsufd` u `tr`s gbhfrodfs kf yfs`. Fd yfs` fst prfsfhtf fh lohtbkokfs qufh` `slurflfh ` odtfror sbnhbjblotbvogfhtf `tros loroltfrstblos kfdm`rbz`htf.

(yy) K`gbhb` kfdm`rbz`htf kfyfs`

Fstf sga`d` bhkblo uh m`rbz`htf quf fst k`gbhok` p`r do prfsfhlbo kfyfs`. Fd l`htfhbk` kf yfs` pufkf kfafrsf o uho olugudolbh kf yfs`sfluhkorb`, ` o do trohsj`rgolbh prbgorbo kf yfs` mfrfkok` kf gotfrbodporfhtod, u `tr`s pr`lfs`s. Fd sujbc` yy sf utbdbzo luohk` do fstrulturo kfdm`rbz`htf tbfhf tod oauhkohlbo kf yfs` (nfhfrodgfhtf 65% ` gs, fhv`dugfh) quf sus loroltfrstblos pfk`nfhtblos y/` dbt`dnblos s`h`slurflbk`s ` pfrturaok`s p`r fd lrflbgbfht` kf lrbstodfs kf yfs`. D`sl`d`rfs os`lbok`s l`h m`rbz`htfs kf sujbc` yy h`rgodgfhtf s`h guyadohqufok`s l`h vod`r kf > o 2.6 y lr`go kf 1 ` gfh`s.

(z) Olugudolbhkf sodfs gss`duadfs quf fdyfs`

Fstf sga`d` bhkblo uho olugudolbh kf sodfs gs s`duadfs quf fd yfs`.

Jufhtf3 Okoptok` kf V\KO (15?5)

6.1.;. \VAKBZB\BH ZFQ[BLOD

L`ghgfhtf, uh m`rbz`htf ` uho lopo kfsbnhoko p`r uho s`do dftro ` uho

l`gabholbh kf dftros, hflfsbto suakbvbkbrsf. Uoro fstf pr`psbt`, sf okblb`hoh

hgfr`s orabn`s, do hugfrolbh l`gbfhzo l`h fd ? o luodqubfr hbvfd fh fd

pfrjbd. Fcfgpd`s3

Kfhtr` kf uh L, dos lopos sulfsbvos p`kroh sfr kfsbnhokos l`g` L?, L1, L


52/79

Luohk` luodqubfr dftro quf sbga`dbzo o uh m`rbz`htf logabo, l`g`3 Atd - At1

- Atid - Ati1.

Dos suakbvbsb`hfs vfrtblodfs kfhtr` kf m`rbz`htfs l`hsflutbv`s h` sf

bhtfrrugpf fh uho kbsl`htbhubkok, sb do gbsgo l`gabholbh kf dftros fs

usoko fh oga`s gotfrbodfs, l`g`3 Asd - As1 - 1As


53/79

Luohk` uh sufd` sf mo j`rgok` fh uh s`d` tbp` kf gotfrbod, fd prfjbc` sf `gbtf

kfd sga`d`9 t`k` fd pfrjbd fs gotfrbod ?. \bgbdorgfhtf, fd gotfrbo? supfrb`r fh

uh pfrjbd quf tbfhf k`s ` gs gotfrbodfs l`htrostohtfs, sf s arffhtbfhkf quf

fs gotfrbod ?, pfr` fd hgfr` sf `gbtf. Do hugfrolbh bhblbo l`h do sfnuhko

lopo kf gotfrbod l`htrostohtf, fd luod sf kfsbnho l`h 1. Dos lopos l`htrostohtfssuayolfhtfs s`h hugfrokos l`hsflutbvogfhtf. Oh luohk` do lopo bhjfrb`r od

gotfrbod 1 sfo sbgbdor od gotfrbod ?, sf kfsbnhoko l`g` < fh do sflufhlbo9 d`s

hgfr`s bhkbloh uh logab` kf gotfrbodfs, h` d`s tbp`s kf gotfrbod. K`hkf k`s

` gs m`rbz`htfs l`hsflutbv`s sf moh j`rgok` kfd gbsg` tbp` kf gotfrbod, fd

gbsg` hgfr` prfjbc` quf bhkblo do kbsl`htbhubkok fs opdblok` fh t`kos dos

kfsbnholb`hfs kf m`rbz`htfs3 Op-F-Atd -1At1-1At


54/79

` gs m`rbz`htfs l`h uho kfh`gbholbh kbjfrfhtf kf m`rbz`htf fh uh pfkh,

pufkfh usorsf sga`d`s bkhtbl`s l`h dftros y hgfr`s poro d`s m`rbz`htfs quf

tbfhfh dos gbsgos loroltfrstblos. U`r fcfgpd`3 do sflufhlbo O-F-At-F-Atx-L, poro

fhjotbzor fsto loroltfrstblo, sf uso fd sga`d` kf do prbgo () l`h fd m`rbz`htf

goy`r d`lodbzok` gs oaoc` kf d`s k`s quf tbfhfh do gbsgo dftro kfkfsbnholbh, p`r fcfgpd`3 O-F-At-F-Atx-L.

Do prbgo h` sf uso o gfh`s quf t`kos dos dftros y d`s prfjbc`s hugrbl`s

orabn`s sfoh l`gpdftogfhtf bkhtbl`s. Do sflufhlbo O-At?-At1-1F-1At?-1At1

fs uh fcfgpd`. Lufhto l`h k`s m`rbz`htfs At kf kbjfrfhtfs dbt`d`nos, p`r d` quf

d`s m`rbz`htfs At h` s`h bkhtbl`s y do prbgo h` fs hflfsorbo. Do prbgo sf utbdbzo

poro d`s sufd`s l`h kbsl`htbhubkokfs dbt`dnblos luohk` tbfhfh m`rbz`htfs kf

kfh`gbholb`hfs bkhtblos3 OL-1Aw-1 OL-1A'w-


55/79

gotfrbodfs trohsp`rtok`s p`r fd m`garf ` fhtrf d`s gotfrbodfs trohsp`rtok`s

p`r fd m`garf y dos lopos suayolfhtfs (p`r fcfgpd`, XO- XL?-1XL1-


56/79

Jbnuro H ??3 [OADO GOH\FDD

Jufhtf3 \`bd \urvfry Gohuod, ?22


57/79

Luokr` H 113 NQVU@\ [F][VQODF\\ga`d` Nrup`s [fxturo quf bhlduyf

D

G

U

Gp

Dbnfr`s

Gfkboh`s

Ufsok`s

Guy pfsok`s

OrfhosOrfhos Jrohlos

Jrohl` Orfh`s`

Jrohl`Jrohl` Dbg`s`Dbg`

Jrohl` Orlbdd`s`Jrohl` Orlbdd`s` Dbg`s`Jrohl` Orlbdd` Orfh`s`

Orlbdd` Orfh`s`Orlbdd` Dbg`s`Orlbdd`s`

Jufhtf3 Godportbko (?221).H`to3 Okfgs sf kfaf l`hsbkfror do tfxturo k`gbhohtf kfhtr` kf d`s prbgfr`s ?55 lg f pr`juhkbkok.

G`kbjblok`r tfxturod3Fsto rfjfrbk` o d`s jrongfht`s nrufs`s, l`g` nrovos,

pbfkros, r`los, loht`s r`kok`s u `tr`s, fhl`htrok`s kfhtr` kf d`s

m`rbz`htfs y/` lopos kf do lodbloto, o d`s quf sf df osbnhoro uh p`rlfhtocf

(%).

Fstrulturo3 Qfjfrbko o dos portludos kfd sufd` rfuhbkos fh j`rgo kf

onrfnok`s, k`hkf su nrok` kf l`mfsbh voro l`h fd l`htfhbk` kf mugfkok

kfd sufd`. Zfr luokr` H 1


58/79

Mgfk`

G`cok`

Kur`Guy kur`Fxtrfgokogfhtf kur`

JrboadfGuy jrboadf,

L`hsbstfhtfGuy l`hsbstfhtfFxtrfgokogfhtf l`hsbstfhtf

Dbn`s`H` okmfsbv`

Jufhtf3 Sovodfto, ?2219 y Lodonuo, 1555.

pM3Fs t`gok` l`h fd pfolmbgftr`, luy`s vod`rfs fst fh juhlbh o uh rohn`

kf l`d`rfs quf sf fxprfso l`g` sbnuf. (luokr` H 16)

Luokr` H 163 BHJFQFHLBO\ NFHFQODBSOKO\ FH QFDOLBH OD pM

Nrok` kf olbkfz yodlodbhbkok

Zod`r(pM)

Bhjfrfhlbos nfhfrodbzokos

Guy fxtrfgokogfhtf lbk`

Fxtrfgokogfhtf lbk`

Guy jufrtfgfhtf lbk`

Jufrtfgfhtf lbk`

G`kfrokogfhtf lbk`

Dbnfrogfhtf lbk`

Hfutr`

Dbnfrogfhtf odlodbh`

G`kfrokogfhtf odlodbh`

Jufrtfgfhtf odlodbh`

Guy jufrtfgfhtf odlodbh`

4 .5>..6

=.5

=.6

2.6

8?5.5

Urfsfhlbo kf sudjot`s nfhfrodbzok`

Lohtbkokfs sbnhbjblotbvos kf M*logaboadf, fh okblbh kf Od***logaboadf.

\ujblbfhtf Od*** logaboadf

U`rlfhtocf kf soturolbh kf aosf fs

aoc`.

Od(@M)*** (Mbkr`xbd`s Od)Nrup`s juhlb`hodfs rnhbl`sMbkr`hb`

\oturolbh kf aosfs fhtrf >5 y 25%

L`gpdftogfhtf soturok` kf aosfsLoL@


59/79

L@3 NQOK@ KF L@H[QO\[F KFD DGB[F KFD \VFD@Hbvfdfs Lotfn`ro Kfslrbplbh

Aruslo

Ldor`

Nrokuod

Kbjuso

Gfh`s kf 1 lg kf fspfs`r

Kf 1 o 6 lg kf fspfs`r

Kf 6 o ?6 lg kf fspfs`r

Gs kf ?6 lg kf fspfs`r

\ufd` jr`htfros , s`h jlbdgfhtfkftfrgbhok`s

\f pufkf kbstbhnubr l`h ldorbkok, fd pos`kf uh` o `tr`.

Fd logab` ougfhto nrokuodgfhtf,prbhlbpodgfhtf fh fd l`d`r.

\`h gs kbjlbdfs kf d`lodbzor, sf molfl`gporolb`hfs kf pfqufos gufstros kfsufd` kf kbvfrsos portfs kfd pfrjbd mosto dogbtok kf do z`ho kf trohsblbh.

Jufhtf3 Okoptok` kfd \`bd \urvfry Gohuod, ?22


60/79

Fl`d`no3 Op`yok` fh fd gopo aosf kf fl`d`no y/` z`hos kf vbko, sf

uablor fh fd gopo, do uhbkok quf l`rrfsp`hkf od gabt` kf fstukb`.

Jbsb`nrojo3\f op`yoro fh fd gopo aosf jbsb`nrjbl`, l`rrfdolb`hhk`d` l`h

do uhbkok jbsb`nrojo, sfnh sfo fd gabt` kf fstukb`.

Gotfrbod porfhtod3 \f op`yor fh fd gopo nf`dnbl` y nf`g`rj`dnbl`, poro

tod kfsbnholbh, pufs fst rfjfrbk` o d`s gotfrbodfs h` l`hs`dbkok`s

gbhfrodfs y `rnhbl`s kfd sufd`. Fd gotfrbod porfhtod kf uh m`rbz`htf

nfhtbl` h` sf pufkf `asfrvor fh su fstok` `rbnbhod, kfaf kfkulbrsf kf dos

pr`pbfkokfs quf fd m`rbz`htf mo mfrfkok`, fstf gotfrbod odtfrok` sf ddogo

"rfsbku` kf do r`lo", y pufkf pr`lfkfr kf dos r`los nhfos, sfkbgfhtorbos `

gftogrjblos. \f prfsfhtoh dos suakbvbsb`hfs prbhlbpodfs kfd gotfrbod kf

`rbnfh3

Luokr` H 1=3 NQOK@ KF L@H[QO\[F KFD DGB[F KFD \VFD@\uakbvbsb`hfsprbhlbpodfs kfd

gotfrbod kf `rbnfhKfslrbplbh

Gotfrbod pr`kulbk` p`rfr`sbh kf do r`lo fh fddunor

Gotfrbod trosdokok` ykfp`sbtok` p`r fd onuo

Gotfrbod trosdokok` ykfp`sbtok` p`r fdvbfht`

Gotfrbod trosdokok` ykfp`sbtok` p`rpr`lfs`s ndolbodfs

Gotfrbod trosdokok` ykfp`sbtok` p`r donrovfkok

Gotfrbodfs rnhbl`s

Gotfrbodfs kf l`htrostf

Do hoturodfzo kf do r`lo `rbnbhod ojfltoko p`r do fr`sbh. Dor`lo pufkf moafr sujrbk` vorb`s logab`s (v`dugfh, prkbkokf gbhfrodfs kf jfdkfspot`, pdonb`ldoso y `tr`s gbhfrodfs).[ogabh pufkf pfrkfr gotfrbod gbhfrod sbh hbhnh logab` fhfd v`dugfh ` fh do fstrulturo kf do r`lo `rbnbhod, j`rgohk`sopr`dbto.

Oduvbh.kfpsbt`s dolustrfsD`s sfkbgfht`s gorbh`sD`s kfpsbt`s kf pdoyo

Do lfhbzo v`dlhblo, pbfkro pgfzy lfhbzoskfpsbt`s kf d`fssOrfho fdblo - kuhos kf orfhoU`dv`

Ndolbodkfpsbt`s jduvb`ndolbodfsUdoyo kf d`s kfpsbt`s ndolbodfskfpsbt`s ndolb`dolustrf

L`duvbod

turao sfkbgfhtorboturao kf gusn`turao mfralfo^``ky turao

\f rfdolb`hoh l`h pr`lfs`s nf`dnbl`s s`h l`htrostohtfsgotfrbodfs kfd sufd`. Fd trgbh` kbsl`htbhubkok sf opdblo olbfrt`s tbp`s kf gotfrbodfs kfd sufd` fh l`htrostf. H`l`hs`dbkokos fh l`htrostf gotfrbod kfd sufd` pufkf kbjfrbr fhdo kbstrbaulbh kf p`r`s kf togo`, kbstrbaulbh kf togo` kfportludos, do gbhfrod`no, kfhsbkok oporfhtf, u trospr`pbfkokfs.

Jufhtf3 Okoptok` kfd \`bd \urvfry Gohuod, ?22


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Ldbgo Up gg3\f tfhkr fh l`hsbkfrolbh d`s kot`s kf prflbpbtolbh pduvbod

t`tod ohuod pr`gfkb`.

[fgpfroturo L3 \f l`hsbkfror dos tfgpfroturos gxbgos y ghbgos

ohuodfs pr`gfkb`, kfabk` o quf pufkfh sfr ojfltok`s hfnotbvogfhtf p`rl`hkblb`hfs fxtrfgos (gfh`s kf 6 L y gs kf ;5 L).

Mugfkok3 \f op`yor fh kot`s rfdolb`hok`s l`h do mugfkok rfdotbvo

ghbgo y gxbgo.

Zfnftolbh ` ludtbv`3 \f mor uh arfvf bhvfhtorb` kf dos fspflbfs gs

rfprfsfhtotbvos fh fd rfo kf opfrturo kf do lodbloto.

Qfdbfvf3Fsto fh juhlbh kf do supfrjblbf. Luokr` H 123

Luokr` H 123 [@U@NQOJO KFD [FQQFH@[bp` Kfslrbplbh

Udoho@hkudoko suovf@hkudokosGblròllbkfhtoko gblr`qufaroko

Ousfhlbo kf gblr`-`hkudolb`hfs y gblr`-kfprfsb`hfs.L`h gblr`-`hkudolb`hfs guy fspolbokos.L`h gblr`-`hkudolb`hfs kf bnuod ohlmuro y pr`juhkbkok.Urfsfhto hkudolb`hfs gs pr`juhkos quf ohlmos.

Okoptohk` o Godportbko (?221).

Odtbtuk3Fstor fh juhlbh o d`s 5 gftr`s sàrf fd hbvfd kfd gor.

Ufhkbfhtf3Fsto fh juhlbh kf do nrokbfhtf (fhtfhkbko l`g` do bhldbholbh kf do

supfrjblbf kfd sufd` o do m`rbz`htod), d`hnbtuk y ospflt`9 y tbfhf uho bgp`rtohtf

bhjdufhlbo sàrf do lohtbkok, tbp` kf fslurrbgbfht` y sfkbgfhtolbh

os`lbok` o do fsl`rrfhto. Ro quf bhjduyf fh do rftfhlbh y g`vbgbfht` kf

onuo, trohsjfrfhlbo kf lod`r, g`vbgbfht` kf gotfrbod kfd sufd`, p`tfhlbod

poro kfsdbzogbfht`s, olfdfrolbh kf do fr`sbh, fhtrf `tr`s (Lfrvohtfs y

Zodfhlbo, ?2=>). Uoro fd fstukb` kf sufd` sf l`hsbkfro quf uho pfhkbfhtf kf

;6 fs uho pfhkbfhtf od ?55 %, kfabk` o quf do kbjfrfhlbo kf odtbtuk fhtrfk`s puht`s kf ?55 gftr`s kf kbstohlbo m`rbz`htod fs kf ?55 gftr`s fh uho

pfhkbfhtf kf ;6, vfr luokr` H


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Hopo jrftblo3\f molf gfhlbh sb od g`gfht` kf opfrturor do lodbloto sf

fhlufhtro do hopo jrftblo, sf t`go do kbstohlbo l`g` rfjfrfhlbo.

Mugfkok3Od g`gfht` kf molfr do dflturo kf do lodbloto, sf kfaf prflbsor

fh quf fstok` sf rfodbz`, sb do dflturo juf fh sfl` ` mgfk`.

Kbstrbaulbh kf rolfs3Do pr`juhkbkok kf do roz pufkf vorbor kfpfhkbfhk` kf do

pdohto, os togabh pufkf fstor dbgbtohk` p`r roz`hfs jsblos (bhldubko do

tfgpfroturo kfd sufd`) y/` loroltfrstblos qugblos. Zfr luokr` H


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Luokr` H


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LOUB[VD@

[QO[OGBFH[@KFDOGVF\[QO

Fd trotogbfht` kf do gufstro sf ko o portbr kf do josf kf logp` mosto do

kftfrgbholbh kf dos loroltfrstblos kfd sufd`, rfodbzok`s p`r fd doa`rot`rb`.

Fstf dtbg` loroltfrbzoro do gufstro kf olufrk` o sus pr`pb`s porgftr`s y

gft`k`d`nos, sbh fgaorn` do JO@ y fd V\KO molf gfhlbh o dos gft`k`d`nos

rfl`gfhkokos, poro uho gfc`r fjblbfhlbo.

;.?. LOKFHO KF LV\[@KBO3

Fs fd pr`lfkbgbfht` y lubkok` quf sf df ko o do gufstro uho vfz, `atfhbko, sf

kfaf l`hsbkfror poro fdd`, d`s sbnubfhtfs porgftr`s3

Fhvosok` kf do gufstro3 Do gufstro sfr kbspufsto fh 1 a`dsos kf

p`dbftbdfh` kf aoco kfhsbkok kf opr`xbgokogfhtf ? ibd`, poro fvbtor

prkbkos p`r jbsuros fh do a`dso. O su vfz, loko gufstro sfr fhvosoko fh

a`dsos kf p`dbftbdfh` kf 6 in, p`r loko lodbloto, y fh su l`hcuht` sfrfhvosok` fh l`stodfs kf p`dbftbdfh` kf kf ?55 in, fd hugfr` kf l`stodfs o

fgpdfor fstor fh juhlbh od togo` kf gufstro. H` fs prflbs` uh fhvosf

s`jbstblok` yo quf h` fs uh ohdbsbs poro kftfrgbhor p`sbadf l`htogbholbh.

Q`tudok` kf dos gufstros3 Kfaf sfr rfodbzoko fh do portf fxtfrho, l`h uh

pdugh nrufs` bhkfdfadf, kf l`d`r fstrbkfhtf.

Ddfhok` kf rfnbstr` kfd doa`rot`rb`3Ohtfs kf trohsp`rtor do gufstro sf kfaf

ddfhor d`s j`rgot`s kfd doa`rot`rb` od quf vo kbrbnbk`, fspflbjblohk`, rozh

s`lbod, d`lodbkok, hugfr` kf gufstros p`r m`rbz`htf, tbp` kf fhvosok` y

tbp` kf ohdbsbs.

[rohsp`rtf3 \f koh k`s l`hkblb`hfs kf trohsp`rtf, fd prbgfr` fh t`k` fd

gabt` kf fstukb`, sbfhk` trohsp`rtok` fh uh vfmlud` pr`pb`, sb jufro

logb`hfto, sfr kbspufst` fh do portf kf otrs y kfafr fstor luabfrt`. Fd

sfnuhk` trosdok` sf kor kfd puht` kf l``rkbholbh fh logp` molbo fd

doa`rot`rb` fhlornok` kf rfodbzor do loroltfrbzolbh kf dos gufstros, vo

onfhlbo ` vfmlud` pr`pb`. Kblm` vfmlud` h` rfqubfrf kf pfrgbs` fspflbod,

ZB


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hb trotogbfht` kf trosp`rtf p`r h` prfsfhtor rbfsn` odnuh` od ogbfhtf hb o

do soduk mugoho.

;.1. GF[@K@D@NO\ KF OHDB\B\ (DOA@QO[@QB@)

Dos gufstros kf d`s kbjfrfhtfs sufd`s s`h fhtrfnok`s od doa`rot`rb` poro su

Manual Instructivo para el Levantamiento de Suelos aplicados para la Macro, Meso y Micro...

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Transcript of Manual Instructivo para el Levantamiento de Suelos aplicados para la Macro, Meso y Micro...