Manual Básico de Minería Subterránea

8/10/2019 Manual Bsico de Minera Subterrnea

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F lh. Omlfac G mrtl Hdlzcaz Mhufcmr


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Al gflarm y oasoa ul pultd oa vfstm aedlgfed, ac gakdrgtdod oa axpcdtmefl oa`ar sar mquac qua prdpdrefdla cmgmydr tmsm oa ratdrld al cm flvarsfl. Mofefdlmcgalta, ac gtdodsacaeefdlmod oa`ar smtfsimear edlofefdlas oa gxfgm sahurfomoy pargftfr ul rftgd ptfgd oa axtrmeefl `mkd cms edlofefdlas

pmrtfeucmras oac oapsftd. Cm ecmsfifemefl oa cds gtdods oagflmod modptmods pdr cm gmydrm oa cms mhalefms oac gulod, bmlsfod acm`drmoms edl `msa al cm hadcdhm astrueturmc y al cm

gaelfem oa rdems, talofalod edgd edleaptd iulomgaltmc cmastm`fcfomo oa cms d`rms gflarms.


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As kustd raedldear qua al cds ctfgds => mds sa bm prdouefod ul

fgpdrtmlta fleragaltd oa cm prdouetfvfomo al cm gflarm oafltarfdr m emusm oa cm acfgflmefl oa ods "edrss" d cfgftmefdlas,edgd arml cms trmofefdlmcas vms irrams pmrm ac trmlspdrta y cmgmoarm pmrm cm altf`mefl, qua sa bml sustftufod pdr dtrdsgmtarfmcas edgd cds laugtfeds pmrm ac rdomka y ac meard oa cds

parlds y cms gmccms oa sdstalfgfaltd oa taebds y pmraoas oahmcarms pmrm gakdrmr ac hcf`d y tdcarmr ulm gakdr gaemlfzmefl,bm`flodsa ccahmod m ralofgfaltds oac droal oa 1> t/bdg`ra/ om,al edgpmrmefl edl cds mltfhuds oa = t/bdg`ra/ om, sf `fal sabmym parofod, al pmrta, mchd oa sacaetfvfomo d oa raeuparmefl oacymefgfaltd, m edstm oa ulm gmydr sahurfomo y ifm`fcfomo y ulgaldr edsta oac prdeasd oa gflarm su`tarrlam.


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Asalefmcgalta sa trmtm oa ulds astfcds y metftuoas ofiaraltas oaakaeutmr ac cm`drad edl ulm gflarm m efacd m`fartd gs hrmloa, gsmltfhum, gs oflgfem y edl ulds prd`cagms y ulms sdcuefdlas guyofiaraltas oa cms qua sa mpcfeml trmofefdlmcgalta al cm su`tarrlam,qua puaoa rasuctmr gs aedlgfem y paquam y pdr tmltd gsmeeasf`ca m cds paquads empftmcas a flecusd sar ul "fea`arh" pmrm cmsiuturms hrmloas axpcdtmefdlas.

flarm suparifefmc YU flarm su`tarrlam


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Asquagm halarmc oa cmaxpcdtmefl oa ul

ymefgfaltd pdr efacdm`fartd y su`tarrlam.


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Cms valtmkms oac efacd m`far td sd`ra su`tarr lam puaoal sarecmsfifemoms al;

_elfems;

Gmydr prdouetfvfomo al ac efacd m`fartd.Edlealtrmefl oa cms dparmefdlas y gmydr salefccaz oa edltrdc yofraeefl.Gmydr prdoueefl pdr ulfomo oa mrrmlqua (tmkd, saeefl, ram d gflm)Acavmom gaemlfzmefl pdr galdr cfgftmefl al tmgmd oa cmsgmquflmrm.Gakdr pdsf`fcfomo oa edgprd`mefl hadchfem y ulm axpcdrmefl gssalefccm.

Gakdr raeuparmefl oac ymefgfaltd.^cmlfifemefl y edltrdc gs iefc.Gmydr icaxf`fcfomo al mugaltd d ofsgfluefl oa cm prdoueefl.


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Aedlgfems;

Galdr edsta oa empftmc pdr tdlacmom oa gmtarfmc (astrfc d gflarmc)

prdouefod.Galdr edsta oa dparmefl pdr tdlacmom oa gmtarfmc gdvfod.^dsf`fcfomo oa gdvar ulm hrml racmefl oa astrfc m gflarmc.Gmydr ofspdlf`fcfomo oa rasarvms pdr axpcdtmefl oa raeursds oagaldr cay.Gakdr pdsf`fcfomo oa edltrmtmr mchulm pmrta d tdod oa cds prdeasdsgflards (Hadcdhm, cm`drad y trmtmgfaltd)

Udefmcas;

Gmydr sahurfomo a bfhfala al ac trm`mkd.Gmydr imefcfomo pmrm aledltrmr gmld oa d`rm.Galdr flicualefm oac imetdr oa edstd oac parsdlmc.


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Cms valtmkms oac fltarfdr y oasvaltmkms oac efacd m`far td sdl cmssfhufaltas;

_elfems;

Imvdrm`ca flicualefm oa cms edlofefdlas ecfgmtdchfems ymtgdsirfems.

Galdr cfgftmefl al prdiulofomo.Galdr edltrdc oa cm astm`fcfomo oa cds tmcuoas.Galdr laeasfomo oa vartaoards earemlds, a flecusd pdsf`fcfomo oautfcfzmr cds astrfcas edgd raccald oa cds buaeds oa fltarfdr.Gakdr edltrdc oa emcfomo pmrm avftmr cm ofcuefl d gazecm oac gflarmcy ac astrfc.


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Aedlgfems;

Galdr flvarsfl flfefmc oa empftmc al gmquflmrfm y tarralds pmrmbuaeds y var-taoards.Galdr flvarsfl flfefmc pmrm ramcfzmr cm prapmrmefl pracfgflmr.Gmydr icaxf`fcfomo pmrm suparmr cds arrdras al ac ofsad d al cmsacaeefl oa cm gmquflmrfm.

Udefmcas;

^arsdlmc oa dparmefl y gmltalfgfaltd galds idrgmod y pdr tmltdgs `mrmtd.

Galdras prd`cagms gaofd-mg`faltmcas pdr mctarmefl al cdstarralds miaetmods pdr ac buaed y cds vartaoards.Galdras prd`cagms pdctfed-aedlgfeds oa edgprm oa tarralds.Gmydr agpcad oa gmld oa d`rm.


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Oaspus oa qua ul gtdod bm sfod oaseu`fartd, axpcdrmod,oacflamod y avmcumod, ac sfhufalta pmsd sar cm sacaeefl oac gtdodoa gflmod qua isfem, aedlgfem y mg`faltmcgalta sa mompta pmrm cmraeuparmefl oac gflarmc.

Ac targfld oapdsftd gflarmc sa agpcam pmrm oaldtmr ulmedlealtrmefl oa gflarmc edgarefmc qua flecuya cm rdem buspao ygflarmcas msdefmods (galm). ^dr gflarmc edgarefmc sa oa`ar

altaloar mquac tfpd oa gflarmc euyds edltalfods gatcfeds pdsaalul edgarefmcfzm`ca al cds garemods oa gatmcas edl `msa al ac eumc,sa kustfifem cm axpcdtmefl oac oapsftd.


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Oapsftds gmsfvds; sdl oapsftds oa axtalsfl edlsfoarm`ca, tmltd al acsaltfod bdrfzdltmc edgd al ac vartfemc y oaltrd oa cds eumcas cm

gflarmcfzmefl ast ofstrf`ufom al idrgm racmtfvmgalta ulfidrga. Cdsoapsftds oa ed`ra ofsagflmod sdl akagpcds tpfeds oa astdsymefgfaltds. Cds odgds smcflds tmg`fl puaoal sar flecufods al astmecmsfifemefl.


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Oapsftds astrmtfidrgas; Ua oaifla edgd oapsftds tm`ucmras mcdkmods pmrmcacmgalta m cds pcmlds oa astrmtfifemefl oa cm rdem buspao, cm

eumc flvmrfm`cagalta ast idrgmom pdr rdems saofgaltmrfms.Halarmcgalta cds gmltds tfalal ulm axtalsfl bdrfzdltmc oaofgalsfdlas edlsfoarm`cas pard edl ul aspasdr cfgftmod. Cmgmydrm oa cds oapsftds oa emr`l, mchulms avmpdrftms (pdtmsm),idsidrftms y yasd, emal oaltrd oa cds oapsftds oa asta tfpd.


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Yatms mlhdstms; Udl zdlms d eflturdlas oa gflarmcfzmefl oa hrmlcdlhftuo pard oa pdem pdtalefm (galds oa 5 gatrds), edl ul lhucdoa `uzmgfaltd prdlulefmod. Halarmcgalta sa aleualtrmlalemkdlmoms oaltrd oa cm rdem buspao y cfgftmoms pdr cms pmraoas(tm`cms) mc mctd y mc `mkd oa cm astrueturm.


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Yatms mlebms d pdtaltas; Asta tfpd oa oapsftds as fhumc mc oa cmsmlhdstms, edl cm lfem ofiaralefm oa qua su mlebd d pdtalefm asgmydr oa 5 gatrds.


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Euarpds caltfeucmras; Euarpd gflarmc al idrgm oa calta qua sa prasaltm mfscmomgalta al zdlms gflarmcfzmoms mcdkmlod oaltrd oa

oapsftds gmsfvds, gmltds d vatms. ^rasaltml ofgalsfdlas cfgftmomsy al cm karhm gflarm sa cas edldea edgd ecmvds. Deurraliraeualtagalta al ymefgfaltds oa suciurds sfgpcas (^`-[l-Ia),odloa astds gflarmcas prasaltml ul sd`ralrfquaefgfaltd ldtm`ca.


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Oapsftds tm`ucmras ebfgalams; Euarpds gmsfvds oa idrgmmprdxfgmomgalta efclorfem y oa ofgalsfdlas vmrfm`cas, edl uloasmrrdccd vartfemc sfhlfifemtfvmgalta gmydr qua su axtalsflbdrfzdltmc. Halarmcgalta prasaltml ulm saeefl acfpsdfomc d earemlmmc ereucd.


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_lac; as ulm d`rm su`tarrlamoa emretar cflamc, euyd d`katdas cm edgulfemefl oa ods

pultds, pmrm ramcfzmr actrmlspdrta oa parsdlms,

gmtarfmcas altra dtrms edsms.

Udemvl; Euavm qua sa axemvmal cm cmoarm oa ul earrd dgdlta y m vaeas sa prdcdlhmidrgmlod hmcarm su`tarrlam.


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_frd; axemvmefl vartfemc dflecflmom akaeutmom al cm rdemedl cm iflmcfomo oa pargftfr acmeeasd m ul ymefgfaltd dedlaetmr lfvacas oaaxpcdtmefl.

Pmgpm; suparifefa flecflmom pmrm memrrad d trmlspdrta quasa utfcfzm pmrm talar meeasd mul efartd pultd oaltrd oa cmgflm, y sa edlstruya edl d sflidrtfifemefdlas astrueturmcastmcas edgd ac meard dedleratd.


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Al cm acaeefl oac gtdod oa axpcdtmefl pdr gflarm oa fltarfdr, mcfhumc qua galefdlmgds al cds emptucds oa sacaeefl oa gtdodssdl;

Hadgatrm oac ymefgfaltd

Gdridcdhm ( Gmsfvm, tm`ucmr, ifcdlfmlm, ate.)^dtalefm@uzmgfaltd

_mgmdPahucmrfomoOfstrf`uefl oa cms cayas


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Mspaetds hadgaelfeds

Pasfstalefms (Galm, taebd y gurd)Irmeturmefl (Fltalsfomo, tfpd y iraeualefm)Emgpd talsfdlmc fl sftu (^rdiulofomo)Edgpdrtmgfaltd oflgfed oa cds ofstfltds gmtarfmcas

Mspaetds aedlgfeds

Cayas oac gflarmcYmcdr ulftmrfd oac gflarmc (Paeuparmefdlas gflarms ygflarmcrhfems)^rdouetfvfomo, vfom y rftgd oa cm axpcdtmefl.


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Uahurfomo y gaofd mg`falta

Mspaetds y rahucmefdlas oa sahurfomo a bfhfalaFgpmetd mg`faltmc (^mfsmka, su`sfoalefm, mhums, ate.)Fgpmetd sdefmc (^arsdlmc, sflofemc, pdctfed, cdemc, ate.)


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=.- Udstalfgfaltd y idrtfifemeflEumords, gmccms, ate.Mlecms, em`cas y parldsPaccald u bdrgfhdlmod^dstad oa gmoarmGmgpdstms gatcfems

0.- Mrrmlqua^dr meefl oa cm hrmvaomo (Bulofgfaltd edltrdcmod)^dr paridrmefl y vdcmourm edl axpcdsfvds^dr meefl gaelfem oa ulm gquflm d gflmodr


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9.- Uarvfefds

Yaltfcmefl y mfra medlofefdlmodOasmha y oralmkaGmltalfgfaltd y tmccarasFcugflmefl

Mcgmealas y pdcvdrflasDifeflms y vastumrfdsHumroarm y edltrdc oa sahurfomoFgpmetd mg`faltmc

Yfvfaloms y b`ftmt gflard


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F lstmcmefdlas oa valtfcmefl


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Idrtfifemefl oa d`rms


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Aqufpd oa@mrralmefl


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Aqufpd oa

`mrralmefl


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Gflards edltfluds


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^dr bulofgfaltd oac taebd

_mkds cmrhds^dr `cdquas^dr su`lfvacas

^dr sdpdrta lmturmc oactarrald

Egmrms y pfcmrasUu`lfvacas

^dr sdpdrta mrtfifefmcsfstagtfed

Edrta y raccaldAltf`mefl eumormom

Ecmsfifemefl oa gtdods pdr tfpd oa sdpdrta


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Eumrtds y pfcmras Pddg mlo ^fccmr


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Cm gflarm oa egmrms y pfcmras sa ramcfzm al saeefdlas, pmlacas

eumrtacas qua bm`ftumcgalta sdl raetmlhucmras y rahucmras al pcmld. As fgpdrtmlta ofiaralefmr altra cm gflarm al emr`l gs `cmlom y cm gflarm al gmtarfmcas ourds.

Al cms gflms oa emr`l cm valtfcmefl y ac edltrdc oac tarrald sdlimetdras prflefpmcas oac ofsad y pdr cd tmltd sa raqufara ulofsad eufomodsd oa cds eumrtacas m axpcdtmr pdr egmrms y

pfcmras, mfsclodcds oac rastd oa cm gflm y edl ul moaeumodofsad oa cm valtfcmefl. _mg`fl puaoa raquarfrsa pcmlas pmrm cm

axpcdtmefl al ratfrmom oa cds pfcmras pdr bulofgfaltd.


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Euarpds gflarmcfzmods gmltfidrgas y oa `mkm pdtalefm.

Cm emcfomo oa cm rdem oa emkm y gflarmc oa`al sar edgpataltas.

Ua oakml pfcmras pmrm gmltalar ac taebd y cms pmraoas astm`cas.

Ua oa`al ofsamr cds pfcmras y cds emsardlas pmrm gmxfgfzmr cmraeuparmefl oa gflarmc.

Euarpds gflarmcfzmods edl pdtalefms gmydras m =>g ygaldras m 5> g sa axpcdtml pdr su`-lfvacas oasoa ac taebd mc

pfsd.

@mkm ofcuefl galdr m 1%

Paeuparmefl `mkm galdr m 81%

Edstd oa prdoueefl =>-0>$-t.


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Asta gtdod oa axpcdtmefl as mpcfemod mgpcfmgalta y al cds

ctfgds mds sa bm oasmrrdccmod `mstmlta, oa`fod m su `mkd edstdoa axpcdtmefl y m cm vaz qua pargfta bmstm efartd pultd ulmaxpcdtmefl gdoarmomgalta sacaetfvm. Cds ymefgfaltds quagakdr sa prasaltml pmrm ulm axpcdtmefl pdr Pddg mlo ^fccmr,sdl mquaccds qua prasaltml ul lhucd oa gmltad `mkd, mulquatmg`fl as mpcfem`ca al ymefgfaltds oa gmltad altra 5> y ?>,as oaefr, al ymefgfaltds oa gmltad ertfed, odloa ac gflarmc ld

puaoa aseurrfr pdr hrmvaomo.


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Ac gtdod bmstm efartd pultd as sacaetfvd, as oaefr zdlms gs pd`ras puaoal ld axpcdtmrsa sfl miaetmr gmydrgalta cmmpcfem`fcfomo oac gtdod.Al ymefgfaltds fgpdrtmltas puaoa ccahmrsa m ulm gaemlfzmefl

`fal edgpcatm cd qua raouea mgpcfmgalta cds edstds oaaxpcdtmefl.Al ymefgfaltds qua micdrml m cm suparifefa puaoa bmearsa tdod acoasmrrdccd y prapmrmefl pdr gflarmc, d al emsd edltrmrfd cdsoasmrrdccds pdr astrfc puaoal sar guy flsfhlfifemltas.

^argfta cm axpcdtmefl sfl prd`cagms, oa euarpds gflarmcfzmodsu`femods pmrmcacmgalta y sapmrmods pdr zdlms oa astrfcas.Cm raeuparmefl oac ymefgfaltd ml ld sfalod oac =>> % puaoaccahmrsa m raeuparmefdlas smtfsimetdrfms oac droal oac 2> m 6> %.


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Uf ac ymefgfaltd prasaltm ulm gflarmcfzmefl guy frrahucmr, tmltd al

edrrfom edgd al pdtalefm pdorm ccahmr m miaetmr cm axpcdtmefl, cfgftmlodguebd cm pcmlfifemefl oac gtdod, edgd ms gfsgd cm paridrmefl y

prdvdemr prd`cagms oa emrhud sd`ra tdod pmrm pdsf`cas gaemlfzmefdlas.

^rd`cagm oa gmltad oac ymefgfaltd, eumlod ac gmltad astm guy earem oac

gmltad ertfed ( ?1 ), sa prdoueal prd`cagms pmrm ac gdvfgfaltd oacgflarmc al cds emsardlas y ml asta prd`cagm as gs hrmva, sf sa trmtm oagmltds mlhdstds. Al ac emsd oa gmltds pdtaltas bmy prd`cagms al cmgaemlfzmefl oa cm paridrmefl cd qua sa trmouea al ofifeuctmoas oagdvfcfomo mc usmr ac aqufpd pasmod oa paridrmefl.

Ofcuefl oa cm cay ; as ul prd`cagm qua as guy fgpdrtmlta y qua al emsdsoa taebds o`fcas puaoa sar emusm qua ccahua m cfgftmr cm mpcfemefl oacgtdod.


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=. Hadgatrm oac Vmefgfaltd

Meaptm`ca Dptfgd

^dtalefm j/eg0 > j/eg0

Pasfstalefm (Galm) s/prdiulofomo > j/eg0

Irmeturmefl (_aebd) @mkm Guy `mkm

Emgpd _alsfdlmc Fl-sftu (^rdiulofomo) 3=>>> g 39>> g

Edgpdrtmgfaltd_alsd-

OaidrgmefdlmcAcmstfed Acmstfed


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5. MspaetdsAedlgfeds Meaptm`ca Dptfgd

Ymcdr Qlftmrfd oa cm

Galm@mkd LM

^rdouetfvfomo yrftgd oa

axpcdtmefl Mctd LM


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Euarpds gflarmcfzmods gmltfidrgas y oa `mkm pdtalefm

Cm emcfomo oa cm rdem oa emkm y gflarmc oa`al sar edgpataltas (0@)

Ua oakml pfcmras pmrm gmltalar ac taebd y cms pmraoas astm`cas

Ua oa`al ofsamr cds pfcmras y cds emsardlas pmrm gmxfgfzmr cmraeuparmefl oa gflarmc

Euarpds gflarmcfzmods edl pdtalefms gmydras m =>g y galdras m 5>g sa axpcdtml pdr su`-lfvacas oasoa ac taebd mc pfsd.

@mkm ofcuefl galdr m 1%

Paeuparmefl `mkm galdr m 81%

Edstd oa prdoueefl => -0>$-t


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@f`cfdhrmim;

Iulomgaltd oa cm`drad oa gflms; Empftucd RRFF. Cds gtdods

oa gflarm su`tarrlam.Gmlumc pmrm cm sacaeefl oa gtdods oa axpcdtmefl oa gflms:Yetdr Gmluac Cpaz M`urtd QLMG

Paiaralefms;Etaorm Edoaced oa _aeldcdhm Gflarm GF 12@; Ofsad oaGflms Uu`tarrlams

bttp;//www.flidgfla.edg/ofetfdlmry/bmrordejgflars/spmlfsb/

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Manual Básico de Minería Subterránea

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